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[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 23 de marzo de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente de los Estados Unidos de América ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente de los Estados Unidos de América ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir los datos de registro relativos a los objetos lanzados al espacio ultraterrestre por los Estados Unidos en enero de 2022 (véase el anexo)[1].", "Los Estados Unidos solicitan que los objetos espaciales contenidos en el anexo del presente documento se consignen en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre que mantienen las Naciones Unidas. Al presentar esta solicitud, los Estados Unidos señalan que, en consonancia con su práctica de registro de larga data, no son necesariamente el Estado de lanzamiento de cada uno de los objetos espaciales que registran. Los Estados Unidos formulan esta solicitud con ánimo de contribuir a la eficacia práctica de los tratados, y suministran información en la mayor medida posible.", "Anexo", "Datos de registro de los objetos espaciales lanzados por los Estados Unidos de América en enero de 2022[2]", "La información que figura a continuación complementa los datos de registro de los objetos espaciales lanzados por los Estados Unidos al 31 de enero de 2022.", "[TABLE]", "[1] Los datos sobre los objetos espaciales a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 11 de abril de 2022.", "[2] ^(*) Los datos de registro se consignan en la forma en que se recibieron." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 23 March 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit registration data on objects launched into outer space by the United States for January 2022 (see annex).[1]", "The United States requests that the space objects contained in the annex to the present document be placed on the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space maintained by the United Nations. In submitting this request, the United States notes that, consistent with its long-standing registration practice, the United States is not necessarily a launching State for each of the space objects it registers. The United States makes this request in the spirit of contributing to the practical effectiveness of the treaties and is providing information to the greatest extent practicable.", "Annex", "Registration data on space launches by the United States of America for January 2022[2]", "The following report supplements the registration data on United States space launches as at 31 January 2022.", "[TABLE]", "[1] ¹ The data on space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The registration data are reproduced in the form in which they were received." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_1050
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 23 March 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United States to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit the registration data on objects launched into outer space by the United States in January 2022 (see annex)[1].", "The United States requests that space objects contained in the annex to the present document be included in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space maintained by the United Nations. In submitting this request, the United States notes that, consistent with its long-standing record practice, they are not necessarily the launching State of each of the space objects they record. The United States makes this request in order to contribute to the practical effectiveness of treaties, and provides information to the greatest extent possible.", "Annex", "Registration data on space objects launched by the United States of America in January 2022[2]", "The information below complements the registration data for space objects launched by the United States as at 31 January 2022.", "[TABLE]", "[1] The data on space objects referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) Registration data are disclosed in the manner in which they were received." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 18 de mayo de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir información adicional relativa al final de la vida útil de los objetos espaciales Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR) y OWLID000235 (2021-060S) (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Información suplementaria sobre objetos espaciales registrados anteriormente por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte[2]", "Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional 1998-067SM del Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales\n Nombre del objeto espacial Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Estado de registro Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte", "Documento de registro ST/SG/SER.E/1002", "Fecha y territorio o lugar 14 de junio de 2021 a las 09.05 horas de lanzamiento UTC; despliegue desde la Estación Espacial Internacional (EEI)", "Parámetros orbitales básicos", "Período nodal 92,7 minutos", "Inclinación 51,62 grados", "Apogeo 422 kilómetros", "Perigeo 418 kilómetros", "Función general del objeto El objetivo del satélite SOAR es hacer espacial una demostración de materiales aerodinámicos (en concreto, materiales que reflejan especularmente el oxígeno atómico en el entorno del flujo molecular libre) y del control aerodinámico de la actitud y la órbita. Sus cargas útiles son un espectrómetro de masas iónicas y neutras, para caracterizar el entorno atmosférico y de flujo, y aletas orientables desplegadas, con diferentes revestimientos superficiales, que se usarán como superficies aerodinámicas.", "Fecha de 14 de marzo de 2022 UTC desintegración/reentrada/ retiro de órbita", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Cambio de la situación de las operaciones\n Fecha en que el objeto espacial 14 de marzo de 2022 UTC dejó de estar en funcionamiento", "OWLID000235", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional 2021-060S del Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales\n Nombre del objeto espacial OWLID000235", "Estado de registro Reino Unido", "Documento de registro ST/SG/SER.E/1008", "Designación o número de 48983 registro nacional", "Fecha y territorio o lugar 1 de julio de 2021 a las 12.48.33 de lanzamiento horas UTC; Vostochny (Federación de Rusia)", "Parámetros orbitales básicos", "Período nodal 109,4 minutos", "Inclinación 87,9 grados", "Apogeo 1.197 kilómetros", "Perigeo 1.193 kilómetros", "Función general del objeto Satélite de comunicaciones espacial", "Fecha de 29 de marzo de 2022 a las 21.45 desintegración/reentrada/ horas UTC retiro de órbita", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Cambio de la situación de las operaciones\n Fecha en que el objeto espacial 29 de marzo de 2022 a las 21.45 horas dejó de estar en funcionamiento UTC", "Fecha en que se trasladó el 29 de marzo de 2022 a las 21.45 horas objeto espacial a una órbita de UTC eliminación", "Condiciones físicas en el El satélite estaba a unas cuantas momento en que se trasladó el órbitas de volver a entrar en la objeto espacial a una órbita de atmósfera. eliminación", "Propietario o encargado de la Network Access Associates Limited explotación del objeto espacial", "Sitio web www.oneweb.world/", "Vehículo de lanzamiento Soyuz", "Información suplementaria También llamado SL0265", "[1] Los datos sobre los objetos espaciales a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 13 de junio de 2022.", "[2] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 18 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information concerning the end of life of the space objects Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR) and OWLID000235 (2021-060S) (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on space objects previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 1998-067SM international designator\n Name of the space object Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "State of registry United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1002", "Date and territory or location 14 June 2021 at 0905 hours UTC; of launch deployment from the International Space Station (ISS)", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 92.7 minutes", "Inclination 51.62 degrees", "Apogee 422 kilometres", "Perigee 418 kilometres", "General function of the space SOAR is to demonstrate aerodynamic object materials (specifically, materials which specularly reflect atomic oxygen in the free molecular flow environment), and aerodynamic attitude and orbit control. The payloads include an ion and neutral mass spectrometer to characterize the flow/atmospheric environment, and deployed steerable fins with different surface coatings to be used as aerodynamic surfaces", "Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 14 March 2022 UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change of status in operations\n Date when the space object 14 March 2022 UTC was no longer functional", "OWLID000235", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2021-060S international designator\n Name of the space object OWLID000235", "State of registry United Kingdom", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1008", "National designator/registration 48983 number", "Date and territory or location 1 July 2021 at 1248 hours, 33 seconds of launch UTC; Vostochny, Russian Federation", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 87.9 degrees", "Apogee 1,197 kilometres", "Perigee 1,193 kilometres", "General function of the space Communications satellite object", "Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change of status in operations\n Date when the space object 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC was no longer functional", "Date when the space object 29 March 2022 at 2145 hours UTC was moved to a disposal orbit", "Physical conditions when the The satellite was a few orbits from space object was moved to a re-entering the atmosphere disposal orbit", "Space object owner or operator Network Access Associates Limited", "Website www.oneweb.world/", "Launch vehicle Soyuz", "Other information Also known as SL0265", "[1] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_1056
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 18 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna)", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), pursuant to article IV of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information regarding the end of the useful life of space objects Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR) and OWLID000235 (see annex).", "Annex", "Supplementary information on space objects previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "International designation 1998-067SM of the Space Research Committee Name of the Space Object Satellite for Orbital Aerodynamics Research (SOAR)", "Status of registration United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1002", "Date and territory or location 14 June 2021 at 09.05 UTC launch hours; deployment from the International Space Station (ISS)", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 92.7 minutes", "Inclination 51.62 degrees", "Apogee 422 kilometers", "Perigee 418 kilometres", "General function of the object The purpose of the SOAR satellite is to make space a demonstration of aerodynamic materials (specifically, materials that mirror speculatively atomic oxygen in the environment of free molecular flow) and aerodynamic control of attitude and orbit. Its useful loads are an ionic and neutral mass spectrometer, to characterize the atmospheric and flow environment, and unfolded orientable fins, with different surface coatings, which will be used as aerodynamic surfaces.", "Date of 14 March 2022 UTC disintegration/reentry/ orbit withdrawal", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change in the status of operations Date the space object 14 March 2022 UTC ceased to be operational", "OWLID000235", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "International designation 2021-060S of the Space Research Committee Name of space object OWLID000235", "Status of registration United Kingdom", "Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/1008", "Designation or number of 48983 national registry", "Date and territory or place 1 July 2021 at 12.48.33 UTC hours; Vostochny (Russian Federation)", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 87.9 degrees", "Apogee 1.197 kilometres", "Perigee 1.193 kilometres", "General function of satellite space communications object", "Date of 29 March 2022 at 21.45 decay/reentry/UTC hours orbit withdrawal", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Change in the status of operations Date the space object 29 March 2022 at 21.45 hours ceased to operate UTC", "Date of transfer on 29 March 2022 to 21.45 space object hours to a phase-out UTC orbit", "Physical conditions in the satellite was a few times when orbits were moved back into the space object into an atmosphere orbit.", "Owner or manager of the Network Access Associates Limited exploitation of the space object", "Website www.oneweb.world/", "Soyuz launch vehicle", "Supplementary information Also called SL0265", "[1] The data on space objects referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre[1]", "Nota verbal de fecha 30 de mayo de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Canadá ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente del Canadá ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena) tiene el honor de transmitir información relativa a los objetos espaciales del Canadá (objetos espaciales Kepler), con indicación de la información técnica requerida de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), en el que el Canadá es Estado parte. Además, la lista incluye información adicional sobre un objeto ya inscrito en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (LEO-1) (véase el anexo)[2].", "Anexo", "Datos de registro de objetos espaciales lanzados por el Canadá[3]", "Designación Nombre Estado de Otros Estados Documento de Fecha de Lugar de Parámetros Función general internacional registro de registro de un lanzamiento lanzamiento orbitales del objeto lanzamiento objeto espacial (UTC) básicos espacial registrado anteriormente\n Período Inclinación Apogeo Perigeo(km) nodal (grados) (km) (minutos)", "2018-008C KEPLER-0 Canadá China - 19 de enero Centro de 95,2 97,4 544,4 522,0 Tecnología y (KIPP) de 2018 a las Lanzamiento transferencia 04:12:00 de Satélites de datos horas de Jiuquan (China)", "2018-096L KEPLER-1 Canadá India - 29 de SHAR, 93,8 97,4 479,1 457,6 Tecnología y (CASE) noviembre de Sriharikota transferencia 2018 a las (India) de datos 04:27:30 horas", "2020-061AZ KEPLER-2 Canadá Francia - 3 de Centro 95,2 97,5 538,2 532,7 Tecnología y (TARS) septiembre de Espacial de transferencia 2020 a las la Guayana de datos 01:51:10 (Guayana horas Francesa)", "2020-068P KEPLER-4 Canadá Federación de - 28 de Cosmódromo de 95,7 97,7 569,9 554,0 Tecnología y (ANTILLES) Rusia septiembre de Plesetsk transferencia 2020 a las (Federación de datos 11:20:00 de Rusia) horas", "2020-068N KEPLER-5 Canadá Federación de - 28 de Cosmódromo de 95,7 97,7 569,6 554,1 Tecnología y (AMIDALA) Rusia septiembre de Plesetsk transferencia 2020 a las (Federación de datos 11:20:00 de Rusia) horas", "2021-022Z KEPLER-6 Canadá Federación de - 22 de marzo Cosmódromo de 95,5 97,5 567,7 536,6 Tecnología y (ROCINANTE) Rusia, de 2021 a las Baikonur transferencia Kazajstán 06:07:12 (Kazajstán) de datos horas", "2021-022T KEPLER-7 Canadá Federación de - 22 de marzo Cosmódromo de 95,6 97,5 567,6 537,1 Tecnología y (C3PO) Rusia, de 2021 a las Baikonur transferencia Kazajstán 06:07:12 (Kazajstán) de datos horas", "2021-006BR KEPLER-8 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 537,1 527,2 Tecnología y (AMAROK) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006DX KEPLER-9 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 537,8 527,9 Tecnología y (ARTEMIS) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006CS KEPLER-10 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 535,7 523,0 Tecnología y (BABY YODA) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006CU KEPLER-11 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 538,2 527,4 Tecnología y (DANEEL) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006AK KEPLER-12 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 536,6 522,5 Tecnología y (BOBA) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006AT KEPLER-13 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 536,5 523,4 Tecnología y (LUCKY) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006DS KEPLER-14 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,2 97,4 538,5 528,8 Tecnología y (STELLA) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2021-006BA KEPLER-15 Canadá Estados - 24 de enero Cabo 95,1 97,5 537,0 528,4 Tecnología y (SUDORMRF) Unidos de de 2021 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:00:00 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2022-002CB KEPLER-16 Canadá Estados - 13 de enero Cabo 95,2 97,5 542,2 529,1 Tecnología y (ASTRAEUS) Unidos de de 2022 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:25:39 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2022-002CD KEPLER-17 Canadá Estados - 13 de enero Cabo 95,2 97,5 542,9 529,2 Tecnología y (KARINA) Unidos de de 2022 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:25:39 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2022-002U KEPLER-18 Canadá Estados - 13 de enero Cabo 95,2 97,5 542,4 524,9 Tecnología y (BLIP-A) Unidos de de 2022 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:25:39 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2022-002BV KEPLER-19 Canadá Estados - 13 de enero Cabo 95,2 97,5 543,0 529,0 Tecnología y (TBD) Unidos de de 2022 a las Cañaveral transferencia América 15:25:39 (Estados de datos horas Unidos de América)", "2018-004C LEO 1 Canadá ST/SG/SER.E/996 12 de enero 99,08 99,2 1 001 428 - de 2018", "[1] ^(*) Publicado nuevamente por razones técnicas el 17 de agosto de 2022.", "[2] Los datos sobre los objetos espaciales a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 13 de junio de 2022.", "[3] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "[1]", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 30 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) has the honour to submit information concerning Canadian space objects (Kepler space objects), indicating the technical information required under the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), to which Canada is a State party. Furthermore, the list includes additional information on an object already entered in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space (LEO 1) (see annex).[2]", "Annex", "Registration information on space objects launched by Canada[3]", "[TABLE]", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on 16 August 2022.", "[2] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[3] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_1060
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space[1]", "Note verbale dated 30 May 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations (Vienna) has the honour to transmit information concerning space objects of Canada (Kepler space objects), indicating the technical information required under the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), to which Canada is a State party. In addition, the list includes additional information on an object already registered in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space (LEO-1) (see annex)[2].", "Annex", "Registration data on space objects launched by Canada[3]", "Designation Name State of Other States Document of Parameter Place Date General function international registration of an orbital launch of the space object launch object (UTC) registered previously Period Inclination Apogee Perigeo(km) nodal (grades) (km) (minutes)", "2018-008C KEPLER-0 Canada China - January 19 Center of 95,2 97,4 544,4 522,0 Technology and (KIPP) of 2018 to launch transfer 04:12:00 time data satellites from Jiuquan (China)", "2018-096L KEPLER-1 Canada India - 29 SHAR, 93,8 97,4 479,1 457,6 Technology and (CASE) November Sriharikota transfer 2018 to (India) data 04:27:30 hours", "2020-061AZ KEPLER-2 Canada France - 3 Centre 95.2 97.5 538.2 532.7 Technology and (TARS) September Space transfer 2020 to Guayana data 01:51:10 (Guayana time Francesa)", "2020-068P KEPLER-4 Canada - 28 Cosmodrome Federation of 95.7 97.7 569.9 554.0 Technology and (ANTILLES) Russia September Plesetsk transfer 2020 to (Data Federation 11:20:00 Russia) hours", "2020-068N KEPLER-5 Canada - 28 Cosmodrome Federation of 95.7 97.7 569.6 554.1 Technology and (AMIDALA) Russia September Plesetsk transfer 2020 to (Data Federation 11:20:00 Russia) hours", "2021-022Z KEPLER-6 Canada Federation - 22 March Cosmodrome of 95.5 97.5 567,7 536.6 Technology and (ROCINANTE) Russia, from 2021 to the Baikonur transfer Kazakhstan 06:07:12 (Kazakhstan) data hours", "2021-022T KEPLER-7 Canada Federation - 22 March Cosmodrome of 95,6 97,5 567,6 537,1 Technology and (C3PO) Russia, from 2021 to the Baikonur transfer Kazakhstan 06:07:12 (Kazakhstan) data hours", "2021-006BR KEPLER-8 Canada - January 24th Cabo 95.1 97.5 537.1 527.2 Technology and (AMAROK) The United States of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Hournaments United States of America)", "2021-006DX KEPLER-9 Canada - January 24th Cabo 95.1 97.5 537.8 527.9 Technology and (ARTEMIS) The United States of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Hands of America)", "2021-006CS KEPLER-10 Canada - January 24 Cape 95.1 97.5 535.7 523.0 Technology and (BABY YODA) 2021 transfer to the Cañaveral America 15:00:00 (United States of America)", "2021-006CU KEPLER-11 Canada - 24 January Cape 95,1 97,5 538,2 527,4 Technology and (DANEEL) United of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Earth America)", "2021-006AK KEPLER-12 Canada - January 24th Cabo 95.1 97.5 536.6 522,5 Technology and (BOBA) United States of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Hournaments United States of America)", "2021-006AT KEPLER-13 Canada - January 24th Cabo 95.1 97.5 536.5 523.4 Technology and (LUCKY) United States of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Hournal details United States of America)", "2021-006DS KEPLER-14 Canada - January 24 Cape 95,2 97,4 538,5 528,8 Technology and (STELLA) United of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Hands of America)", "2021-006BA KEPLER-15 Canada - January 24 Cape 95,1 97,5 537,0 528,4 Technology and (SUDORMRF) The United States of 2021 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:00:00 (Automatic data)", "2022-002CB KEPLER-16 Canada - 13 January Cape 95,2 97,5 542,2 529,1 Technology and (ASTRAEUS) United of 2022 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:25:39 (United States of America)", "2022-002CD KEPLER-17 Canada - 13 January Cape 95.2 97.5 542,9 529.2 Technology and (KARINA) United of 2022 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:25:39 (United States of America)", "2022-002U KEPLER-18 Canada - 13 January Cape 95.2 97.5 542,4 524,9 Technology and (BLIP-A) United of 2022 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:25:39 (United States of America)", "2022-002BV KEPLER-19 Canada - 13 January Cape 95.2 97.5 543.0 529.0 Technology and (TBD) United of 2022 to the Cañaveral transfer America 15:25:39 (United States of America)", "2018-004C LEO 1 Canada ST/SG/SER.E/996 12 January 99.08 99.2 1 001 428 - 2018", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on August 17, 2022.", "[2] The data on space objects referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 13 June 2022.", "[3] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 15 de junio de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente de Alemania ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente de Alemania ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir información sobre un objeto espacial lanzado por Alemania (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Datos de registro de un objeto espacial lanzado por Alemania[2]", "GMS-T", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional del 2021-004A Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales\n Nombre del objeto espacial GMS-T", "Designación o número de D-R092 registro nacional", "Estado de registro Alemania", "Otros Estados de lanzamiento Nueva Zelandia y Estados Unidos de América", "Fecha y territorio o lugar de 20 de enero de 2021 a las 07.26.00 horas lanzamiento UTC; Complejo de Lanzamientos 1 Rocket Lab, Mahia (Nueva Zelandia)", "Parámetros orbitales básicos", "Período nodal 109,4 minutos", "Inclinación 90,0 grados", "Apogeo 1.229 kilómetros", "Perigeo 1.198 kilómetros", "Función general del objeto La función general del satélite GMS-T es espacial poner en servicio las frecuencias de las bandas Ka y Ku", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Propietario o encargado dela explotación del objetoespacial\tOHB Cosmos International LaunchServices GmbH, Bremen (Alemania)\n Sitio web www.ohb-cosmos.de/ \n Vehículo de lanzamiento Electron Información suplementaria\tServicios de lanzamientoproporcionados por Rocket Lab USA;satélite fabricado y sometido apruebas por OHB Suecia; operacionesrealizadas por OHB Cosmos y OHB Suecia \n\tEstá previsto que el objeto espacialdeje de estar en funcionamiento en2023", "[1] Los datos sobre el objeto espacial a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 17 de junio de 2022.", "[2] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 June 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit information concerning a space object launched by Germany (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Registration data on a space object launched by Germany[2]", "GMS-T", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2021-004A international designator\n Name of space object GMS-T", "National D-R092 designator/registration number", "State of registry Germany", "Other launching States New Zealand and United States of America", "Date and territory or location 20 January 2021 at 0726 hours 0 seconds of launch UTC; Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1, Mahia, New Zealand", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 90.0 degrees", "Apogee 1 229 kilometres", "Perigee 1 198 kilometres", "General function of space The general function of the GMS-T object satellite is to bring into use the Ka- and Ku-band frequencies", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Space object owner oroperator\tOHB Cosmos International LaunchServices GmbH, Bremen, Germany\n Website www.ohb-cosmos.de/ \n Launch vehicle Electron Other information\tLaunch services provided by Rocket LabUSA; satellite manufacturing andtesting performed by OHB Sweden;operations performed by OHB Cosmos andOHB Sweden \n\tThe year in which the space object isexpected to no longer be functional is2023", "[1] ¹ The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 17 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_1061
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 June 2022 from the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit information on a space object launched by Germany (see annex)[1].", "Annex", "Registration data for a space object launched by Germany[2]", "GMS-T", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "International designation of 2021-004A Space Research Committee Name of space object GMS-T", "Designation or number of D-R092 national registry", "Status of registration Germany", "Other launch States New Zealand and United States of America", "Date and place of 20 January 2021 at 07.26.00 hours UTC launch; Rocket Lab launch Complex, Mahia, New Zealand", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 109.4 minutes", "Inclination 90.0 degrees", "Apogee 1,229 kilometres", "Perigee 1.198 kilometres", "General function of the object The general function of the GMS-T satellite is space to service the frequencies of the Ka and Ku bands", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Proprietary or responsible for the exploitation of the objectspace OHB Cosmos International LaunchServices GmbH, Bremen (Germany) Website www.ohb-cosmos.de/ Launch vehicle Electron Supplementary information Launch services provided by Rocket Lab USA;satellite manufactured and subject to approval by OHB Sweden; operations performed by OHB Cosmos and OHB Sweden The space object is expected to operate 23", "[1] The data on the space object referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 17 June 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 16 de diciembre de 2021 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir información suplementaria relativa al cambio de ubicación del objeto espacial HYLAS­1 (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Información suplementaria sobre un objeto espacial registrado anteriormente por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte[2]", "HYLAS-1", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional delComité de InvestigacionesEspaciales\t2010-065A\n Nombre del objeto espacial HYLAS-1 \nEstado de registro\tReino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte Documentos de registro ST/SG/SER.E/618 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.1 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.2 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.4 ST/SG/SER.E/917 \n ST/SG/SER.E/984 \nFecha y territorio o lugar delanzamiento\t26 de noviembre de 2010 a las18.39 horas UTC; Centro Espacialde la Guayana (Kurú, GuayanaFrancesa)\n Parámetros orbitales básicos \n Período nodal 1.440 minutos \n Inclinación 0,04 grados \n Apogeo 35.794 kilómetros \n Perigeo 35.779 kilómetros \nFunción general del objetoespacial\tSatélite de comunicaciones", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Parámetros orbitales básicos \nUbicación en la órbitageoestacionaria\t81 grados oeste\nCambio de posición del objetoespacial\t\n Posición orbital anterior 117,5 grados este \n Nueva posición orbital 81 grados oeste \nPropietario o encargado de laexplotación del objetoespacial\tAvanti Communications Group PLC\n Vehículo de lanzamiento Ariane 5", "[1] Los datos sobre el objeto espacial a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 21 de diciembre de 2021.", "[2] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 16 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information concerning the change of location of the space object HYLAS-1 (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "HYLAS-1", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Researchinternational designator\t2010-065A\n Name of space object HYLAS-1 \nState of registry\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern IrelandRegistration documents\tST/SG/SER.E/618ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.1 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.2 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.4 ST/SG/SER.E/917 \n ST/SG/SER.E/984 \nDate and territory or locationof launch\t26 November 2010 at 1839 hoursUTC; Guiana Space Centre, Kourou,French Guiana\n Basic orbital parameters \n Nodal period 1,440 minutes \n Inclination 0.04 degrees \n Apogee 35,794 kilometres \n Perigee 35,779 kilometres \n General function of space object Communications satellite", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Basic orbital parameters \n Geostationary position 81 degrees West \nChange of position of thespace object\t\n Previous orbital position 117.5 degrees East \n New orbital position 81 degrees West \n Space object owner or operator Avanti Communications Group PLC \n Launch vehicle Ariane 5", "[1] The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_618_ADD.5
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 16 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit supplementary information on the change in the location of the HYLAS­1 space object (see annex)[1].", "Annex", "Supplementary information on a space object previously recorded by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "HYLAS-1", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Registration documents ST/SG/SER.E/618/Add.3 ST/SG/SER Basic orbital parameters Nodal period 1,440 minutes Inclination 0.04 degrees Apollo 35,794 kilometers Perigeo 35,779 kilometers General function of the satellite communications object", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Basic orbital parameters Location in the orbitgeostatic 81 degrees west Position change of the objectspace Previous orbital position 117.5 degrees east New orbital position 81 degrees west Owner or in charge of the exploitation of the Avanti Communications Group PLC Launch vehicle Ariane 5", "[1] The data on the space object referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 15 de diciembre de 2021 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir información suplementaria relativa al objeto espacial RemoveDebris (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Información suplementaria sobre un objeto espacial registrado anteriormente por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte[2]", "RemoveDebris", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional delComité de InvestigacionesEspaciales\t1998-067NT\n Nombre del objeto espacial RemoveDebris \nEstado de registro\tEl Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña eIrlanda del Norte\n Documento de registro ST/SG/SER.E/864 \nFecha y territorio o lugar delanzamiento\t20 de junio de 2018 a las11.35.00 horas UTC; EstaciónEspacial Internacional (EEI)\n Parámetros orbitales básicos \n Período nodal 92,6 minutos \n Inclinación magnética 51,64 grados \n Apogeo 404 kilómetros \n Perigeo 400 kilómetros \nFunción general del objetoespacial\tDemostración de tecnología\nFecha dedesintegración/reentrada/ retirode órbita\t4 de diciembre de 2021 a las07.10 horas UTC", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Propietario o encargado de la Surrey Space Centre explotación del objeto espacial\n Vehículo de lanzamiento Despliegue espacial desde la EEI", "[1] Los datos sobre los objetos espaciales a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 21 de diciembre de 2021.", "[2] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit additional information on the space object RemoveDebris (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "RemoveDebris", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Researchinternational designator\t1998-067NT\n Name of space object RemoveDebris \nState of registry\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britainand Northern Ireland\n Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/864 \nDate and territory or locationof launch\t20 June 2018 at 1135 hours 0seconds UTC; International SpaceStation (ISS)\n Basic orbital parameters \n Nodal period 92.6 minutes \n Inclination 51.64 degrees \n Apogee 404 kilometres \n Perigee 400 kilometres \n General function of space object Technology demonstration \n Date of decay/re-entry/deorbit 4 December 2021 at 0710 hours UTC", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Space object owner or operator Surrey Space Centre\n Launch vehicle Space deployment from ISS", "[1] ¹ The data on the space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_864_ADD.1
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 15 December 2021 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit supplementary information on the space object RemoveDebris (see annex)[1].", "Annex", "Supplementary information on a space object previously recorded by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "RemoveDebris", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "International Designation of the Research CommitteeSpatials 1998-067NT Name of space object RemoveDebris Registration status The United Kingdom of Great Britain Northern Ireland Registration document ST/SG/SER.E/864 Date and territory or place of launch 20 June 2018 at 11.35.00 UTC; International Space Station (EEI) Basic orbital parameters Nodal period 92.6 minutes", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Owner or manager of the Surrey Space Centre exploitation of the space object Launch vehicle Space deployment from the ISS", "[1] The data on space objects referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 21 December 2021.", "[2] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 1 de abril de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), tiene el honor de confirmar que el objeto espacial AMC-18 debe figurar en el registro nacional de los Estados Unidos de América y, por tanto, ha sido trasladado al Registro Suplementario de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre del Reino Unido (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Información suplementaria sobre un objeto espacial registrado anteriormente por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte[2]", "AMC-18", "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Designación internacional del 2006-054B Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales\n Nombre del objeto espacial AMC-18", "Estado de registro Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte", "Documentos de registro ST/SG/SER.E/554", "Fecha y territorio o lugar de 8 de diciembre de 2006 a las 05.00 lanzamiento horas UTC; Guayana Francesa", "Parámetros orbitales básicos", "Período nodal 1.436 minutos", "Inclinación 1,8 grados", "Apogeo 35.796 kilómetros", "Perigeo 35.774 kilómetros", "Función general del objeto Satélite de comunicaciones espacial", "Información suplementaria facultativa destinada al Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Ubicación en la órbitageoestacionaria\t83 grados de longitud oeste\nInformación suplementaria\tEl Reino Unido confirma que elobjeto espacial SES AMC-18 hasido trasladado del registronacional del Reino Unido alRegistro Suplementario de ObjetosLanzados al EspacioUltraterrestre del Reino Unido.", "[1] Los datos sobre el objeto espacial a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 11 de abril de 2022.", "[2] ^(*) La información, cuyo formato ha sido ajustado por la Secretaría, se presentó utilizando el formulario preparado en cumplimiento de la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 1 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna) has the honour to confirm that the space object AMC-18 should be held on the national registry of the United States of America and therefore has been moved to the United Kingdom Supplementary Registry of Outer Space Objects (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Additional information on a space object previously registered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "AMC-18", "Information provided in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Committee on Space Research 2006-054B international designator\n Name of space object AMC-18", "State of registry United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration documents ST/SG/SER.E/554", "Date and territory or location of 8 December 2006 at 0500 hours UTC; launch French Guiana", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 1,436 minutes", "Inclination 1.8 degrees", "Apogee 35,796 kilometres", "Perigee 35,774 kilometres", "General function of space object Communications satellite", "Additional voluntary information for use in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Geostationary position 83 degrees West \nOther information\tThe United Kingdom confirms thatthe space object SES AMC-18 hasbeen moved from the UnitedKingdom’s national registry tothe United Kingdom SupplementaryRegistry of Outer Space Objects", "[1] The data on the space object referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101 and has been reformatted by the Secretariat." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_554_ADD.1
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 1 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations (Vienna), has the honour to confirm that the space object AMC-18 should be included in the national registry of the United States of America and has therefore been transferred to the United Kingdom Supplementary Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space (see annex)[1].", "Annex", "Supplementary information on a space object previously recorded by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[2]", "AMC-18", "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "International Designation of 2006-054B Space Research Committee Name of Space Object AMC-18", "Status of registration United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Registration documents ST/SG/SER.E/554", "Date and place of 8 December 2006 at 05.00 UTC hours launch; French Guiana", "Basic orbital parameters", "Nodal period 1.436 minutes", "Inclination 1.8 degrees", "Apogee 35,796 kilometres", "Perigee 35,774 kilometres", "General function of satellite space communications object", "Optional supplementary information for the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Location in the orbitgeostataria 83 degrees west longitude Supplementary information The United Kingdom confirms that the SES AMC-18 space object has been transferred from the United Kingdom national registry to the United Kingdom Supplementary Register of Objects Launched into the United Kingdom's Landscaping Space.", "[1] Data on the space object referred to in the annex were provided in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 11 April 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The information, which was adjusted by the Secretariat, was submitted using the form prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/101." ]
[ "Información proporcionada de conformidad con el Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre", "Nota verbal de fecha 11 de abril de 2022 dirigida al Secretario General por la Misión Permanente de Nueva Zelandia ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena)", "La Misión Permanente de Nueva Zelandia ante las Naciones Unidas (Viena), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo IV del Convenio sobre el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre (resolución 3235 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General, anexo), tiene el honor de transmitir adjunta información sobre los objetos lanzados al espacio ultraterrestre desde Nueva Zelandia en el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio de 2021 y el 31 de marzo de 2022 (véase el anexo)[1].", "Anexo", "Información sobre los objetos espaciales lanzados por Nueva Zelandia, incluidos los lanzados desde el territorio de Nueva Zelandia, así como los lanzados desde fuera del territorio de Nueva Zelandia con arreglo a los permisos de lanzamiento de cargas útiles desde el extranjero autorizados por Nueva Zelandia[2]^(,)[3]", "I. Objetos registrados por Nueva Zelandia", "A. Objetos lanzados por Nueva Zelandia en el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio de 2021 y el 31 de marzo de 2022", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha y hora Otros Estados Parámetros Función Información internacional nacional de de orbitales general suplementaria lanzamiento lanzamiento básicos del objeto facultativa (hora de espacial Nueva Zelandia)\n Período Inclinación Apogeo Perigeo Propietario o Vehículo de Sitio web nodal (grados) (km) (km) encargado de lanzamiento (minutos) la explotación de la carga útil", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 Cuerpo de 1 de marzo Estados 94,92 97,09 555 475 Cuerpo de Rocket Lab USA Electron www.rocketlabusa.com cohete de 2022, Unidos de cohete Electron 09.37 horas América con etapa de empuje (“kick stage”)", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Cuerpo de 1 de marzo Estados 87,78 97,70 192 137 Cuerpo de Rocket Lab USA Electron www.rocketlabusa.com cohete de 2022, Unidos cohete Electron 09.37 horas", "B. Objetos lanzados desde fuera del territorio de Nueva Zelandia, con arreglo a los permisos de lanzamiento de cargas útiles desde el extranjero autorizados por Nueva Zelandia, en el período comprendido entre el 1 de junio de 2021 y el 31 de marzo de 2022", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha de Estado de Otros Estados Parámetros Función general Información internacional nacional lanzamiento registro de orbitales del objeto suplementaria (UTC) lanzamiento básicos espacial facultativa\n Período Inclinación Apogeo Perigeo (km) Propietario o Vehículo de Sitio nodal (grados) (km) encargado de la lanzamiento web (minutos) explotación de la carga útil", "2021-059L NZ-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 30 de junio Nueva Estados 95,04 97,54 526 514 Comunicaciones e Swarm Falcon 9 - de 2021 Zelandia Unidos Internet de los Technologies v.1.2 (bloque objetos (IoT) Inc. (Swarm NZ 5) Limited)", "2021-059N NZ-2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 30 de junio Nueva Estados 95,04 97,54 526 514 Comunicaciones Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - de 2021 Zelandia Unidos e IoT Limited v.1.2 (bloque 5)", "2021-059J NZ-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 30 de junio Nueva Estados 95,05 97,54 526 515 Comunicaciones Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - de 2021 Zelandia Unidos e IoT Limited v.1.2 (bloque 5)", "2021-059D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 30 de junio Nueva Estados 95,05 97,54 526 515 Comunicaciones Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - de 2021 Zelandia Unidos e IoT Limited v.1.2 (bloque 5)", "2022-026M NZ-2022-08 SpaceBEENZ-11 15 de marzo Nueva Estados 95,12 97,5 544 505 Comunicaciones Swarm NZ Astra - de 2022 Zelandia Unidos e IoT Limited Rocket 3.3", "Nota: los SpaceBEENZ-7 a 11 se lanzaron desde fuera del territorio de Nueva Zelandia con arreglo a los permisos de lanzamiento de cargas útiles desde el extranjero autorizados por Nueva Zelandia. Nueva Zelandia registra esos satélites porque los titulares de dichos permisos son entidades con sede en Nueva Zelandia.", "C. Objetos que ya no se encuentran en órbita", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha y hora Función Fecha de internacional nacional de general del reentrada lanzamiento objeto (UTC) (hora de espacial Nueva Zelandia)\n 2021-106C NZ-2021-16 Desechos de 18 de Desechos - 12 de marzo Electron - noviembre adaptador de de 2022 adaptador de de 2021, carga útil carga útil 14.38 horas", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 Desechos de 9 de Desechos - 21 de marzo Electron - diciembre adaptador de de 2022 adaptador de de 2021, carga útil carga útil 13.02 horas", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Cuerpo de 1 de marzo de Cuerpo de 15 de marzo cohete 2022, 09.37 cohete de 2022 Electron horas", "D. Objetos identificados en un informe anterior que siguen en órbita pero ya no están en funcionamiento", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha de Función Fecha en que el internacional nacional lanzamiento general objeto espacial (UTC) del objeto dejó de estar en espacial funcionamiento (UTC)", "Ninguno", "E. Objetos identificados en un informe anterior que han sido trasladados a una órbita de eliminación", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha de Función Ubicación en la Fecha en que Condiciones físicas en el internacional nacional lanzamiento general órbita se trasladó momento del traslado del (UTC) del objeto geoestacionaria el objeto objeto espacial a una espacial (grados este) espacial a órbita de eliminación una órbita de (cambio de órbita, eliminación pasivación y otras medidas recomendadas en las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales)", "Ninguno", "F. Objetos cuyo registro o propiedad se transmitió de Nueva Zelandia a otro país", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha del Identidad del Identidad del Posición Nueva Cambio de internacional nacional traspaso de nuevo anterior orbital posición la función la propietario o propietario o anterior orbital del objeto supervisión encargado de encargado de espacial (UTC) la la explotación explotación", "Ninguno", "G. Objetos cuyo registro o propiedad se transmitió a Nueva Zelandia", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha del Identidad del Identidad del Posición Nueva Cambio de internacional nacional traspaso de nuevo anterior orbital posición la función la propietario o propietario o anterior orbital del objeto supervisión encargado de encargado de espacial (UTC) la la explotación explotación", "Ninguno", "H. Objetos cuyo registro o propiedad se transmitió de un país a otro, excluida Nueva Zelandia", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha del Identidad del Identidad del Posición Nueva Cambio de internacional nacional traspaso de nuevo anterior orbital posición la función la propietario o propietario o anterior orbital del objeto supervisión encargado de encargado de espacial (UTC) la la explotación explotación", "Ninguno", "II. Modificaciones de la información presentada anteriormente", "Ninguna.", "III. Notificación de los objetos espaciales lanzados desde Nueva Zelandia en marzo de 2022", "Los siguientes objetos espaciales no han sido registrados por Nueva Zelandia.", "Objetos lanzados por Nueva Zelandia", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha y hora Otros Estados Parámetros Función general Información internacional nacional de de orbitales del objeto suplementaria lanzamiento lanzamiento básicos espacial facultativa (hora de Nueva Zelandia)\n Período Inclinación Apogeo Perigeo (km) Propietario o Vehículo de Sitio web nodal (grados) (km) encargado de lanzamiento (minutos) la explotación de la carga útil", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta 1 de marzo Japón 95,93 97,78 572 554 Teleobservación Synspective Inc. Electron www.synspective.com de 2022, 09.37 horas", "Nota: parámetros orbitales determinados el 1 de abril de 2022 (fuente: www.space-track.org).", "IV. Objetos lanzados por Nueva Zelandia que ya no están en órbita", "Los siguientes objetos espaciales no han sido registrados por Nueva Zelandia.", "Designación Designación Nombre Fecha y hora Otros Estados Función general Fecha de internacional nacional de de del objeto reentrada lanzamiento lanzamiento espacial (UTC)", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 Dove Pioneer 21 de enero Estados Teleobservación 22 de de 2018, Unidos septiembre 01.43 horas de 2019 (UTC)", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 SpaceBEE-9 29 de junio Estados Demostración de 16 de de 2019, Unidos tecnología y diciembre de 16.30 horas comunicaciones 2021 (hora de Nueva Zelandia)", "Nota: parámetros orbitales determinados el 1 de abril de 2022 (fuente: www.space-track.org).", "[1] Los datos sobre los objetos espaciales a que se hace referencia en el anexo se consignaron en el Registro de Objetos Lanzados al Espacio Ultraterrestre el 4 de mayo de 2022.", "[2] ^(*) Los datos se consignan en la forma en que se recibieron.", "[3] ^(**) Se especifican en www.space-track.org." ]
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 11 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit herewith information concerning objects launched into outer space from New Zealand during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022 (see annex).[1]", "Annex", "Information on space objects launched by New Zealand, including from New Zealand territory, as well as from outside New Zealand territory on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand[2]", "I. Objects registered by New Zealand", "A. Objects launched by New Zealand during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "International National Name Date and Other Basic General Additional designator designator time launching orbital function voluntary of the States parameters of the information launch space (New object Zealand time)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) (km) or operator vehicle", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 Electron 1 March United 94.92 97.09 555 475 Rocket Rocket Lab Electron www.rocketlabusa.com Kick Stage 2022, States of body USA Rocket 0937 America Body hours", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Electron 1 March United 87.78 97.70 192 137 Rocket Rocket Lab Electron www.rocketlabusa.com Rocket 2022, States body USA Body 0937 hours", "B. Objects launched outside New Zealand territory, on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand, during the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "International National Name Date of State of Other Basic General function Additional designator designator the registry launching orbital of the space voluntary launch States parameters object information (UTC)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee (km) Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) or operator vehicle", "2021-059L NZ-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 30 June New United 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications Swarm Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and Internet of Technologies v.1.2 Things (IoT) Inc. (Swarm NZ (Block 5) Limited)", "2021-059N NZ-2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 30 June New United 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059J NZ-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 30 June New United 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2021-059D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 30 June New United 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - 2021 Zealand States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (Block 5)", "2022-026M NZ-2022-08 SpaceBEENZ-11 15 March New United 95.12 97.5 544 505 Communications Swarm NZ Astra - 2022 Zealand States and IoT Limited Rocket 3.3", "Note: SpaceBEENZ-7 to 11 were launched outside of New Zealand territory on the basis of overseas payload permits authorized by New Zealand. New Zealand is registering these satellites because the payload permit holders are New Zealand entities.", "C. Objects no longer in orbit", "International National Name Date and General Date of designator designator time function of re-entry of the the space (UTC) launch object (New Zealand time)\n 2021-106C NZ-2021-16 Electron 18 November Debris – 12 March debris – 2021, 1438 payload 2022 payload hours adapter adapter", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 Electron 9 December Debris – 21 March debris – 2021, 1302 payload 2022 payload hours adapter adapter", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Electron 1 March Rocket body 15 March Rocket Body 2022, 0937 2022 hours", "D. Objects identified in a previous report that remain in orbit but are no longer operational", "International National Name Date of the General Date when space designator designator launch function object was no (UTC) of the longer functional space (UTC) object", "None", "E. Objects identified in a previous report that have been moved to a disposal orbit", "International National Name Date of General Geostationary Date when Physical conditions when designator designator the function position space space object was moved to launch of the (degrees East) object was a disposal orbit (change (UTC) space moved to a in orbit, passivation and object disposal other measures orbit recommended in space debris mitigation guidelines)", "None", "F. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred from New Zealand to another country", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "G. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred to New Zealand", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "H. Objects the registration or ownership of which has been transferred from one country to another, excluding New Zealand", "International National Name Date of Identity Identity Previous New Change of designator designator change in of the new of the orbital orbital function supervision owner or previous position position of (UTC) operator owner or the space operator object", "None", "II. Revisions to previously reported information", "No revisions.", "III. Notification of space objects launched from New Zealand in March 2022", "The following space objects are not registered by New Zealand.", "Objects launched by New Zealand", "International National Name Date and Other Basic General Additional designator designator time of launching orbital function voluntary the States parameters of the information launch space (New object Zealand time)\n Nodal period Inclination Apogee Perigee Payload owner Launch Website (minutes) (degrees) (km) (km) or operator vehicle", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta 1 March Japan 95.93 97.78 572 554 Remote Synspective Electron www.synspective.com 2022, sensing Inc. 0937 hours", "Note: Orbital parameters identified as at 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "IV. Objects launched by New Zealand that are no longer in orbit", "The following space objects are not registered by New Zealand.", "International National Name Date and Other General function Date of designator designator time of launching of the space re-entry the States object (UTC) launch", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 Dove Pioneer 21 United Remote sensing 22 January States September 2018, 2019 0143 hours (UTC)", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 SpaceBEE-9 29 June United Technology 16 December 2019, States demonstration 2021 1630 and hours communications (New Zealand time)", "Note: Orbital parameters identified as at 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "[1] ¹ The data on space objects referenced in the annex were entered into the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 4 May 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The data are reproduced in the form in which they were received.", "^(**) As identified on www.space-track.org." ]
ST_SG_SER.E_1052
[ "Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space", "Note verbale dated 11 April 2022 from the Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations (Vienna), in accordance with article IV of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (General Assembly resolution 3235 (XXIX), annex), has the honour to transmit herewith information on objects launched into outer space from New Zealand for the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022 (see annex)[1].", "Annex", "Information on space objects launched by New Zealand, including those launched from New Zealand ' s territory, as well as those launched from outside New Zealand on the basis of New Zealand ' s permits to launch useful cargo from abroad authorized by New Zealand[2]^(,)[3]", "I. Objects registered by New Zealand", "A. Objects launched by New Zealand for the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "Designation Designation Name Date and time Other States Parameters Function National international information of supplementary general orbitals launch basic of the optional object (New Zealand space time) Period Inclination Apogee Perigee Owner or Nodal Website Vehicle (grade) (km) (km) charged launch (minutes) exploitation of the useful load", "2022-020B NZ-2022-02 1 March body States 94,92 97,09 555 475 Rocket Lab USA Electron www.rocketlabusa.com rocket 2022, United Electron rocket 09.37 hours America with push stage (“kick stage”)", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Body of 1 March States 87,78 97,70 192 137 Rocket Lab USA Electron www.rocketlabusa.com rocket of 2022, United rocket Electron 09.37 hours", "B. Objects launched from outside the territory of New Zealand, pursuant to permits for the launch of useful cargo from abroad authorized by New Zealand, for the period from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2022", "Designation Designation Name Date of State of Other States Parameters General function International national launch record of orbitals of the supplementary object (UTC) optional spatial base launch Period Inclination Apogee Perigeo (km) Owner or Nodal Site Vehicle (grades) (km) responsible for the web launch (minutos) exploitation of the useful load", "2021-059L NZ-2022-04 SpaceBEENZ-7 June 30 New States 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications and Swarm Falcon 9 - from 2021 Zealand United Technologies Internet v.1.2 (block objects (IoT) Inc. (Swarm NZ 5) Limited)", "2021-059N NZ-2022-05 SpaceBEENZ-8 30 June New States 95.04 97.54 526 514 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - of 2021 United States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (block 5)", "2021-059J NZ-2022-06 SpaceBEENZ-9 30 June New States 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - of 2021 United States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (block 5)", "2021-059D NZ-2022-07 SpaceBEENZ-10 June 30 New States 95.05 97.54 526 515 Communications Swarm NZ Falcon 9 - from 2021 United States and IoT Limited v.1.2 (block 5)", "2022-026M NZ-2022-08 SpaceBEENZ-11 15 March New States 95.12 97.5 544 505 Communications Swarm NZ Astra - from 2022 United States and IoT Limited Rocket 3.3", "Note: SpaceBEENZ-7 to 11 were launched from outside New Zealand in accordance with New Zealand ' s permits for the launch of useful cargo from abroad authorized by New Zealand. New Zealand records such satellites because the holders of such permits are New Zealand-based entities.", "C. Objects no longer in orbit", "Designation Designation Name Date and time Function Date of national general re-entry of the object re-entry (UTC) (New Zealand space time) 2021-106C NZ-2021-16 Wastes of 18 Wastes - March 12 Electron - November 2022 adapter adapter 2021, payload payload 14.38 hours", "2021-120C NZ-2021-25 Wastes of 9 Wastes - March 21 Electron - December adapter of 2022 adapter of 2021, payload useful load 13.02 hours", "2022-020C NZ-2022-03 Body of March 15th Corps rocket 2022, 09.37 rocket of 2022 Electron hours", "D. Objects identified in an earlier report that remain in orbit but are no longer in operation", "Designation Designation Name Function Date Date When the international general launch of space object (UTC) of the object ceased to be in space operation (UTC)", "None", "E. Objects identified in an earlier report that have been transferred to a phase-out orbit", "Designation Designation Name Function date Location on the date on which physical conditions at the international general launch orbit were moved time of the transfer of the (UTC) from the geostationary object to a space object (grades east) to a space deletion orbit (orbit change, passive elimination and other measures recommended in the Guidelines for the Reduction of Space Wastes)", "None", "F. Objects whose registration or ownership was transmitted from New Zealand to another country", "Designation Designation Name Date of Identity of the Position New Change of national international transfer back previous orbital position the function of the owner or owner or previous orbital of the supervise object responsible for space manager (UTC) exploitation", "None", "G. Objects for which registration or ownership was transmitted to New Zealand", "Designation Designation Name Date of Identity of the Position New Change of national international transfer back previous orbital position the function of the owner or owner or previous orbital of the supervise object responsible for space manager (UTC) exploitation", "None", "H. Objects whose registration or ownership was transmitted from one country to another, excluding New Zealand", "Designation Designation Name Date of Identity of the Position New Change of national international transfer back previous orbital position the function of the owner or owner or previous orbital of the supervise object responsible for space manager (UTC) exploitation", "None", "II. Amendments to the information presented above", "None.", "III. Notification of space objects launched from New Zealand in March 2022", "The following space objects have not been registered by New Zealand.", "Objects launched by New Zealand", "Designation Designation Name Date and time Other States Parameters General function National orbital information of the supplementary launch object optional spatial basics (New Zealand time) Period Inclination Apogee Perigeo (km) Owner or Vehicle of Nodal Website (grades) (km) charged launch (minutes) the exploitation of the useful load", "2022-020A NZ-2022-01 StriX-Beta March 1, Japan 95,93 97,78 572 554 Remote Sensing Synspective Inc. Electron www.synspective.com from 2022, 09.37 hours", "Note: orbital parameters determined on 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "IV. Objects launched by New Zealand that are no longer in orbit", "The following space objects have not been registered by New Zealand.", "Designation Designation Name Date & Time Other States General Function Date of national object of re-entry space launch object (UTC)", "2018-010A NZ-2018-006 Dove Pioneer January 21st, 2018 Remote Sensing 22nd, United States September 01.43 hours 2019 (UTC)", "2019-037F NZ-2019-016 SpaceBEE-9 June 29th Demonstration of 16 of 2019, United technology and December 16.30 p.m. communications 2021 (New Zealand time)", "Note: orbital parameters determined on 1 April 2022 (source: www.space-track.org).", "[1] The data on space objects referred to in the annex were reflected in the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space on 4 May 2022.", "[2] ^(*) The data is recorded in the form in which they were received.", "[3] ^(**) They are specified at www.space-track.org." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones", "Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 4 del programa", "Informe del Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto", "Informe del Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto sobre la labor de su 38º período de sesiones (21 y 22 de junio de 2022)", "Índice", "Párrafos Página", "Introducción 1–8 2", "I. Cuestiones de organización y de procedimiento 9–10 3", "II. Informe Anual del Director General correspondiente 11–12 3 a 2021 (tema 3), y Gestión orientada a los resultados: información actualizada sobre la aplicación del marco programático de mediano plazo, 2022–2025 (tema 3 a))", "III. Respuesta de la ONUDI a la pandemia de COVID-19 13–14 3 (tema 12)", "IV. Situación financiera de la ONUDI, incluidos los 15–16 3 saldos no utilizados de las consignaciones de créditos (tema 5)", "V. Informe del grupo de trabajo oficioso sobre 17–18 4 cuestiones relacionadas con el Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto (tema 6)", "VI. Movilización de recursos financieros (tema 7) 19–20 4", "VII. Informe del Auditor Externo correspondiente a 2021 21–22 5 (tema 4)", "VIII. Gestión general de riesgos (tema 8) 23–24 5", "IX. Propuestas de actualización del plan de inversiones 25–26 5 de mediano plazo (tema 9)", "X. Tercer Decenio del Desarrollo Industrial para 27–28 6 África (DDIA III) (tema 10)", "XI. Reforma del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para el 29–30 6 desarrollo (tema 11)", "XII. Fecha del 39º período de sesiones (tema 13) 31–32 6", "XIII. Aprobación del informe (tema 14) y clausura del 38º 33–34 6 período de sesiones", "Anexo", "Lista de documentos presentados en el 38º período 7 de sesiones", "Introducción", "1. El Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto celebró su 38º período de sesiones en la Sede de la ONUDI, en el Centro Internacional de Viena, los días 21 y 22 de junio de 2022. El período de sesiones del Comité se celebró en un formato híbrido, con participación presencial y en línea. Participaron en el período de sesiones los 26 miembros[1] del Comité, a saber: Alemania, Argelia, Argentina, Austria, Brasil, Burkina Faso, China, Egipto, España, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Finlandia, Ghana, Hungría, India, Irán (República Islámica del), Italia, Japón, Malta, Marruecos, México, Pakistán, Polonia, Túnez, Türkiye y Uruguay.", "2. Participaron también en el período de sesiones los siguientes 64 Miembros de la ONUDI: Afganistán, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaiyán, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarús, Benin, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chequia, Chile, Chipre, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, El Salvador, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovenia, Estado de Palestina, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordania, Kenya, Kirguistán, Kuwait, Lesotho, Líbano, Libia, Luxemburgo, Madagascar, Malasia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Noruega, Omán, Países Bajos, Panamá, Perú, Qatar, República Árabe Siria, República de Corea, República Democrática Popular Lao, República Dominicana, República Popular Democrática de Corea, Rumania, Senegal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Sudáfrica, Sudán, Suecia, Tailandia, Ucrania, Venezuela (República Bolivariana de), Viet Nam y Yemen.", "3. Estuvieron representadas las siguientes organizaciones: Comunidad Internacional del Coco (ICC), Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG), Liga de los Estados Árabes (LEA), Organización de Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro (CEMN), Organización de Normalización del CCG (GSO) y Unión Europea (UE).", "4. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 17 de su Reglamento, el Comité eligió por aclamación al Excmo. Sr. Alessandro Cortese (Italia) como Presidente; al Excmo. Sr. Aftab Ahmad Khokher (Pakistán), al Sr. Hazem Zaki (Egipto) y a la Sra. Andrea Nemes (Hungría) como Vicepresidentes; y a la Sra. María Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez (Uruguay) como Relatora.", "5. El programa aprobado por el Comité para su 38º período de sesiones figura en el documento PBC.38/1/Rev.1. Tras la aprobación del programa y de un calendario de trabajo propuesto por la Presidencia, el Director General hizo una declaración introductoria, que el Comité tuvo debidamente en cuenta al examinar los temas del programa pertinentes.", "6. El informe del Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto se presenta a la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 10.4 d) de la Constitución.", "7. El informe contiene las conclusiones a las que llegó el Comité. En el anexo del presente informe figura la lista de los documentos presentados al Comité en este período de sesiones.", "8. Las conclusiones del Comité que figuran a continuación contienen recomendaciones sobre las medidas que la Junta podría adoptar en su 50º período de sesiones o que guardan relación con la labor de ese período de sesiones:", "Conclusión Tema Página", "2022/2 Situación financiera de la ONUDI 4", "2022/3 Movilización de recursos financieros 4", "2022/4 Fecha del 39º período de sesiones 6", "I. Cuestiones de organización y de procedimiento", "9. El 21 de junio, el Comité examinó una propuesta de la Presidencia para optimizar la utilización de los recursos disponibles para la prestación de servicios de conferencias y aprobó la siguiente conclusión, eliminando el plazo de notificación previa de 24 horas para la suspensión de la aplicación de artículos:", "Conclusión 2022/1 Utilización de los recursos disponibles para la prestación de servicios de conferencias", "El Comité, con el fin de optimizar la utilización de los recursos disponibles para la prestación de servicios de conferencias, decidió suspender con efecto inmediato el artículo 24 de su Reglamento, relativo al quorum, durante las sesiones de su 38º período de sesiones únicamente y a condición de que en dichas sesiones no se adoptaran decisiones sobre cuestiones de fondo.", "10. El Comité decidió organizar consultas oficiosas durante el período de sesiones con el objetivo de facilitar la redacción de las conclusiones y encomendó la presidencia de esas consultas a los Vicepresidentes Sr. Hazem Zaki (Egipto) y Sra. Andrea Nemes (Hungría). El Comité, además, fijó el plazo para la recepción de proyectos de conclusión a las 16.15 horas del 21 de junio de 2022, y decidió cerrar la lista de oradores a las 10.00 horas del 22 de junio de 2022.", "II. Informe Anual del Director General correspondiente a 2021 (tema 3), y Gestión orientada a los resultados: información actualizada sobre la aplicación del marco programático de mediano plazo, 2022–2025 (tema 3 a))", "11. El 21 de junio, el Comité examinó el Informe Anual de la ONUDI 2021 (PBC.38/2), el informe del Director General titulado “Gestión orientada a los resultados: información actualizada sobre la aplicación del marco programático de mediano plazo, 2022-2025” y una actualización de ese informe (PBC.38/5 y CRP.5).", "12. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre los temas 3 y 3 a).", "III. Respuesta de la ONUDI a la pandemia de COVID-19 (tema 12)", "13. El 21 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General que contenía información sobre la respuesta de la ONUDI a la pandemia de COVID-19 (PBC.38/12).", "14. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre el tema 12.", "IV. Situación financiera de la ONUDI, incluidos los saldos no utilizados de las consignaciones de créditos (tema 5)", "15. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre la situación financiera de la ONUDI (PBC.38/4) y una nota de la Secretaría sobre la situación de las cuotas (PBC.36/CRP.4).", "16. El 22 de junio, tras examinar un proyecto de conclusión sobre la situación financiera de la ONUDI, presentado por la Presidencia (PBC.38/L.2), el Comité aprobó la siguiente conclusión:", "Conclusión 2022/2", "El Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto recomendó a la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial que aprobara el siguiente proyecto de decisión:", "“La Junta de Desarrollo Industrial:", "a) Toma nota de la información que figura en el documento IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4;", "b) Insta a los Estados Miembros y antiguos Estados Miembros que aún no hayan pagado sus cuotas, incluidos los anticipos al Fondo de Operaciones y los atrasos de años anteriores, a que lo hagan sin demora;", "c) Solicita al Director General que prosiga sus gestiones y contactos con los Estados Miembros y los antiguos Estados Miembros para recaudar las sumas pendientes”.", "V. Informe del grupo de trabajo oficioso sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto (tema 6)", "17. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó el informe de las copresidencias del grupo de trabajo oficioso sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto y una actualización de ese informe (PBC.38/6 y CRP.6).", "18. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por las copresidencias sobre el tema 6.", "VI. Movilización de recursos financieros (tema 7)", "19. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre la movilización de recursos financieros (PBC.38/7/Rev.1); el capítulo 8 del Informe Anual de la ONUDI 2021, relativo a los resultados en materia de financiación (PBC.38/2); y una nota de la Secretaría sobre los proyectos aprobados con cargo al Fondo para el Desarrollo Industrial, los fondos fiduciarios temáticos e individuales y otras contribuciones voluntarias en 2021 (PBC.38/CRP.7).", "20. El 22 de junio, tras examinar un proyecto de conclusión sobre la movilización de recursos financieros, presentado por la Presidencia (PBC.38/L.3), el Comité aprobó la siguiente conclusión:", "Conclusión 2022/3", "El Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto recomendó a la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial que aprobara el siguiente proyecto de decisión:", "“La Junta de Desarrollo Industrial:", "a) Toma nota de la información contenida en el documento IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1;", "b) Decide delegar en el Director General la facultad de aprobar de manera equitativa y transparente los proyectos, previamente preparados y convenidos por la Secretaría de la ONUDI y las partes y donantes interesados, que se financiarán con cargo al Fondo para el Desarrollo Industrial en 2022 y 2023 de conformidad con las prioridades definidas en el marco programático de mediano plazo 2022‑2025 (IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8);", "c) Alienta a los Estados Miembros y otros asociados en la financiación a que aumenten sus contribuciones voluntarias a la ONUDI, incluidas las destinadas al Fondo Fiduciario para las Alianzas, así como a la Cuenta Especial de Contribuciones Voluntarias para Actividades Básicas y el Fondo para Grandes Inversiones de Capital;", "d) Alienta también a todos los asociados en la financiación a que consideren la posibilidad de contribuir a los fondos programables, concretamente para que la ONUDI pueda responder con rapidez a las solicitudes de asistencia y elaborar y ejecutar sus actividades programáticas de manera ágil y coordinada;", "e) Solicita a los Estados Miembros que consideren la posibilidad de hacer contribuciones a la ONUDI para que esta pueda trabajar con fuentes de financiación que requieran financiación conjunta, ya sea haciendo contribuciones a los fondos fiduciarios especiales o aportando fondos para fines especiales en los planos nacional o mundial;", "f) Alienta a los Gobiernos de los países receptores a que desempeñen un papel activo en lo que respecta a compartir con la ONUDI la responsabilidad de movilizar fondos para actividades prioritarias convenidas conjuntamente y, en concreto, a que tomen la iniciativa en cuanto a determinar los fondos disponibles en los países y obtener acceso a ellos, incluidas las oportunidades de participación en la financiación de los gastos a nivel local, y los fondos provenientes de asociados en la financiación bilaterales, de fondos fiduciarios de donantes múltiples, del Banco Mundial y de otras instituciones de financiación del desarrollo;", "g) Recomienda enérgicamente a los Estados Miembros que cooperen con la Organización y la apoyen en sus esfuerzos por elaborar y promover sus programas e iniciativas en el contexto del desarrollo internacional, y en especial por medio de conferencias internacionales y otras formas de diálogo, a fin de garantizar que se conozcan bien esas iniciativas, se reconozca su importancia para los objetivos internacionales de desarrollo y se les asignen recursos”.", "VII. Informe del Auditor Externo correspondiente a 2021 (tema 4)", "21. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó el informe del Auditor Externo sobre las cuentas de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial correspondientes al ejercicio económico comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2021 (PBC.38/3); una nota de la secretaría que contenía los anexos del informe del Auditor Externo sobre las cuentas de la ONUDI correspondientes al ejercicio económico comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2021 (sin auditar) (PBC.38/CRP.2); y una nota del Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente que contenía observaciones sobre el informe del Auditor Externo (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "22. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada sobre el tema 4.", "VIII. Gestión general de riesgos (tema 8)", "23. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre la gestión general de riesgos (PBC.38/8).", "24. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre el tema 8.", "IX. Propuestas de actualización del plan de inversiones de mediano plazo (tema 9)", "25. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre las propuestas del plan de inversiones de mediano plazo, 2022-2025 (PBC.38/9).", "26. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre el tema 9.", "X. Tercer Decenio del Desarrollo Industrial para África (DDIA III) (tema 10)", "27. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre el Tercer Decenio del Desarrollo Industrial para África (DDIA III) (PBC.38/10).", "28. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre el tema 10.", "XI. Reforma del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo (tema 11)", "29. El 22 de junio, el Comité examinó un informe del Director General sobre la reforma del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo (PBC.38/11).", "30. El 22 de junio, por sugerencia de la Presidencia, el Comité tomó nota de la información proporcionada por el Director General sobre el tema 11.", "XII. Fecha del 39º período de sesiones (tema 13)", "31. El 22 de junio, el Comité tomó nota de la información contenida en el programa anotado (PBC.38/1/Add.1) sobre las fechas reservadas para los órganos normativos de la ONUDI en 2022 y 2023.", "32. El 22 de junio, tras examinar un proyecto de conclusión sobre la fecha del 39º período de sesiones, presentado por la Presidencia (PBC.38/L.4), el Comité aprobó la siguiente conclusión:", "Conclusión 2022/4", "El Comité de Programa y de Presupuesto decidió celebrar su 39º período de sesiones del 15 al 17 de mayo de 2023.", "XIII. Aprobación del informe (tema 14) y clausura del 38º período de sesiones", "33. El 22 de junio, el Comité aprobó la versión en inglés del informe sobre la labor de su 38º período de sesiones (PBC.38/L.1), en el entendimiento de que se encomendaría a la Relatora la tarea de finalizar las versiones del informe en los demás idiomas, en consulta con los representantes designados.", "34. El Comité clausuró su 38º período de sesiones el 22 de junio de 2022 por la tarde.", "Anexo", "Lista de documentos presentados en el 38º período de sesiones", "Tema delprograma\tSignatura\tTítulo\n1\tElección dela Mesa\t-\t-\n2\tAprobacióndel programa\tPBC.38/1\tPrograma provisional\n PBC.38/1/Add.1\tPrograma provisional anotado\n PBC.38/CRP.1 List of documents \n3\tInforme Anualdel DirectorGeneralcorrespondientea 2021\tPBC.38/2IDB.50/2\tInforme Anual de la ONUDI 2021\n3a)\tGestiónorientada alosresultados:informaciónactualizadasobre laaplicacióndel marcoprogramáticode medianoplazo,2022‑2025\tPBC.38/5IDB.50/5\tGestión orientada a losresultados: informaciónactualizada sobre laaplicación del marcoprogramático de mediano plazo,2022–2025. Informe delDirector General\n PBC.38/CRP.5\tACTUALIZACIÓN – Managing forResults: Update on theimplementation of themedium-term programmeframework, 2022–2025. Reportby the Director General\n4\tInforme delAuditor Externocorrespondientea 2021\tPBC.38/3IDB.50/3\tInforme del Auditor Externosobre las cuentas de la ONUDIcorrespondientes al ejercicioeconómico comprendido entre el1 de enero y el 31 dediciembre de 2021\n PBC.38/CRP.2\tAnnexes to the report of theExternal Auditor on theaccounts of UNIDO for thefinancial year 1 January to 31December 2021 (unaudited).\n PBC.38/CRP.3\tComments on the Report of theExternal Auditor. Note by theUNIDO Independent OversightAdvisory Committee\n5\tSituaciónfinanciera dela ONUDI,incluidos lossaldos noutilizados delasconsignacionesde créditos\tPBC.38/4IDB.50/4\tSituación financiera de laONUDI. Informe del DirectorGeneral\n PBC.38/CRP.4\tStatus of assessedcontributions. Note by theSecretariat\n6\tInforme delgrupo detrabajooficiososobrecuestionesrelacionadascon el Comitéde Programa ydePresupuesto\tPBC.38/6IDB.50/6\tInforme del grupo de trabajooficioso sobre cuestionesrelacionadas con el Comité dePrograma y de PresupuestoInforme de los Copresidentes\n PBC.38/CRP.6\tUpdate on the report by theinformal working group onProgramme and BudgetCommittee-related issues.Report by the Co-Chairs\n7\tMovilizaciónde recursosfinancieros\tPBC.38/7/Rev.1IDB.50/7/Rev.1\tMovilización de recursosfinancieros. Informe delDirector General\n PBC.38/2,capítulo 8IDB.50/2,capítulo 8\tResultados en materia definanciación. Informe Anual dela ONUDI 2021\n PBC.38/CRP.7\tProjects approved under theIndustrial Development Fund,thematic and individual trustfunds, and other voluntarycontributions in 2021\n8\tGestióngeneral deriesgos\tPBC.38/8IDB.50/8\tGestión general de riesgos.Informe del Director General\n9\tPropuestas deactualizacióndel plan deinversionesde medianoplazo\tPBC.38/9IDB.50/9\tPropuestas relativas al plande inversiones de medianoplazo, 2022–2025. Informe delDirector General\n10\tTercerDecenio delDesarrolloIndustrialpara África(DDIA III)\tPBC.38/10IDB.50/10\tInforme sobre el TercerDecenio del DesarrolloIndustrial para África (DDIAIII). Informe del DirectorGeneral\n11\tReforma delsistema delas NacionesUnidas parael desarrollo\tPBC.38/11IDB.50/11\tReforma del sistema de lasNaciones Unidas para eldesarrollo. Informe delDirector General\n12\tRespuesta dela ONUDI a lapandemiade COVID‑19\tPBC.38/12IDB.50/12\tRespuesta de la ONUDI a lapandemia de COVID‑19. Informedel Director General\n13\tFecha del 39ºperíodo desesiones\tPBC.38/1/Add.1\tPrograma provisional anotado\n14\tAprobacióndel informe\tIDB.50/13\tInforme del Comité de Programay de Presupuesto sobre lalabor de su 38º período desesiones (21 y 22 de junio de2022)", "[1] De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el Artículo 10.1 de la Constitución de la ONUDI, el Comité se compondrá de 27 miembros de la Organización elegidos por la Conferencia. Sigue vacante un cargo correspondiente a un Estado de la Lista B. Actualmente el Comité está compuesto por 26 miembros." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Agenda item 4 \nReport of the Programme andBudget Committee", "Report of the Programme and Budget Committee on the work of its thirty-eighth session (21–22 June 2022)", "Contents", "Paragraphs\tPage\t\nIntroduction 1–8 2I.Organizational 9–10 3 and procedural \nmatters II. Annual 11–12 3 Report of the Director General for 2021 (item 3) and Managing for results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025 (item 3 \n (a)) III.UNIDO’s 13–14 3 response to the COVID-19 pandemic \n(item12) IV. Financial 15–16 3 situation of UNIDO, including unutilized balances of appropriations \n(item 5) V.Report 17–18 4 by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues \n(item 6) VI.Mobilization 19–20 4 of financial resources \n(item 7) VII. Report 21–22 5 of the External Auditor for 2021 \n(item 4) VIII.General 23–24 5 risk management \n(item 8) IX.Updated 25–26 5 medium-term investment proposals \n(item 9) X. Third 27–28 5 Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDAIII) \n(item10) XI. United 29–30 5 Nations development system reform \n(item11) XII.Date 31–32 6 of the thirty-ninth session \n(item13) XIII.Adoption 33–34 6 of the report (item14) and closure of the thirty-eighth \nsession \nAnnex Listofdocumentssubmittedto 7 thethirty-eighth \nsession", "Introduction", "1. The Programme and Budget Committee held its thirty-eighth session at UNIDO headquarters, Vienna International Centre, on 21 and 22 June 2022. The Committee was held in a hybrid format involving in-person and virtual participation. All 26 Members[1] of the Committee participated in the session: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain, Tunisia, Türkiye and Uruguay.", "2. The following 64 Members of UNIDO also attended the session: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czechia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, State of Palestine, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam and Yemen.", "3. The following organizations were represented: Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), European Union (EU), GCC Standardization Organisation (GSO), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), International Coconut Community (ICC) and the League of Arab States (LAS).", "4. In accordance with rule 17 of its rules of procedure, the Committee elected by acclamation H.E. Mr. Alessandro Cortese (Italy) as Chair; H.E. Mr. Aftab Ahmad Khokher (Pakistan), Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt), and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary) as Vice-Chairs; and Ms. Maria Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez (Uruguay) as Rapporteur.", "5. The agenda for the thirty-eighth session as adopted by the Committee is contained in document PBC.38/1/Rev.1. Following the adoption of the agenda and the approval of a schedule of work proposed by the Chair, the Director General made an introductory statement that was duly taken into account by the Committee in the consideration of the relevant agenda items.", "6. The report of the Programme and Budget Committee is submitted to the Industrial Development Board in accordance with Article 10.4 (d) of the Constitution.", "7. The report contains the conclusions reached by the Committee. The annex to the present report contains a list of documents submitted to the Committee at its current session.", "8. The following conclusions of the Committee contain recommendations that call for action by the Board at its fiftieth session or are of relevance to the work of that session:", "Conclusion Subject Page", "2022/2 Financial situation of UNIDO 4", "2022/3 Mobilization of financial resources 4", "2022/4 Date of the thirty-ninth session 6", "I. Organizational and procedural matters", "9. On 21 June, the Committee considered a proposal by the Chair to optimize the utilization of available conference-servicing resources and adopted the following conclusion, waiving its twenty-four hour notice period for the suspension of rules:", "Conclusion 2022/1 Utilization of available conference-servicing resources", "The Committee, with the aim of utilizing the available conference-servicing resources to the maximum extent possible, decided to suspend with immediate effect rule 24 of its rules of procedure relating to the quorum, for the meetings of its thirty-eighth session only, provided no substantive decisions were taken at those meetings.", "10. The Committee decided to set up informal, in-session consultations with the aim of facilitating the drafting of conclusions and entrusted the Vice-Chairs Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt) and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary) to chair those consultations. The Committee furthermore set the deadline for the receipt of draft conclusions at 4.15 p.m. on 21 June 2022, and decided to close the list of speakers at 10 a.m. on 22 June 2022.", "II. Annual Report of the Director General for 2021 (item 3), and Managing for results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025 (item 3 (a))", "11. On 21 June, the Committee considered the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 (PBC.38/2), a report by the Director General on Managing for Results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025, and an update thereto (PBC.38/5 and CRP.5).", "12. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 3 and 3(a).", "III. UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (item 12)", "13. On 21 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (PBC.38/12).", "14. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 12.", "IV. Financial situation of UNIDO, including unutilized balances of appropriations (item 5)", "15. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the financial situation of UNIDO (PBC.38/4) and a note by the Secretariat on the status of assessed contributions (PBC.36/CRP.4).", "16. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the financial situation of UNIDO, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.2), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/2", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Takes note of the information contained in document IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4;", "(b) Urges those Member States and former Member States that have not yet paid their assessed contributions, including advances to the Working Capital Fund and prior years’ arrears, to do so without delay;", "(c) Requests the Director General to pursue his efforts and contacts with Member States and former Member States to effect the collection of arrears.”", "V. Report by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues (item 6)", "17. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report by the Co-Chairs of the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues and an update thereto (PBC.38/6 and CRP.6).", "18. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Co-Chairs on item 6.", "VI. Mobilization of financial resources (item 7)", "19. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the mobilization of financial resources (PBC.38/7/Rev.1); chapter 8 of the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 on funding performance (PBC.38/2); and a note by the Secretariat on projects approved under the Industrial Development Fund, thematic and individual trust funds, and other voluntary contributions in 2021 (PBC.38/CRP.7).", "20. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the mobilization of financial resources, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.3), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/3", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Takes note of the information contained in document IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1;", "(b) Decides to delegate to the Director General the authority to approve in an equitable and transparent manner projects for financing, previously prepared and agreed by the UNIDO Secretariat and the concerned parties and donors, under the Industrial Development Fund in 2022 and 2023 in accordance with the priorities defined in the medium-term programme framework 2022–2025 (IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8);", "(c) Encourages Member States and other funding partners to increase their voluntary contributions to UNIDO, including for the Partnership Trust Fund as well as the Special Account of Voluntary Contributions for Core Activities (SAVCCA) and the Major Capital Investment Fund (MCIF);", "(d) Also encourages all funding partners to consider contributing programmable funds, specifically to enable UNIDO to respond rapidly to requests for assistance and develop and implement its programmatic activities in a prompt and coordinated manner;", "(e) Requests Member States to consider contributing to UNIDO to enable the Organization to work with funding sources requiring co-funding, either through contributing to the dedicated trust funds or by special purpose funding at country or global level;", "(f) Encourages governments of recipient countries to play an active role in sharing with UNIDO the responsibility for mobilizing funds for jointly agreed priority activities, and specifically to take the lead in identifying and accessing funds available at the country level, including local cost-sharing opportunities, and funds from bilateral funding partners, multi-donor trust funds, the World Bank as well as other development finance institutions;", "(g) Strongly recommends that Member States cooperate with and support the Organization in its efforts to develop and promote its programmes and initiatives in the international development context, and especially through international conferences and other forms of dialogue, in order to ensure that these initiatives are well known, their relevance for international development targets are recognized, and resources are made available.”", "VII. Report of the External Auditor for 2021 (item 4)", "21. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (PBC.38/3); a note by the Secretariat containing the annexes to the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (unaudited) (PBC.38/CRP.2); and a note by the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee, providing comments on the report of the External Auditor (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "22. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided on item 4.", "VIII. General risk management (item 8)", "23. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on general risk management (PBC.38/8).", "24. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 8.", "IX. Updated medium-term investment proposals (item 9)", "25. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the medium-term investment proposals, 2022-2025 (PBC.38/9).", "26. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 9.", "X. Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDA III) (item 10)", "27. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDA III) (PBC.38/10).", "28. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 10.", "XI. United Nations development system reform (item 11)", "29. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director General on the United Nations development system reform (PBC.38/11).", "30. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director General on item 11.", "XII. Date of the thirty-ninth session (item 13)", "31. On 22 June, the Committee took note of the entry contained in the annotated agenda (PBC.38/1/Add.1) on the dates reserved for the policymaking organs of UNIDO in 2022 and 2023.", "32. On 22 June, after consideration of a draft conclusion on the date of the thirty-ninth session, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.4), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/4", "The Programme and Budget Committee decided to hold its thirty-ninth session from 15 to 17 May 2023.", "XIII. Adoption of the report (item 14) and closure of the thirty-eighth session", "33. On 22 June, the Committee adopted the English language report on the work of its thirty-eighth session (PBC.38/L.1) on the understanding that the Rapporteur would be entrusted with the task of finalizing the language versions of the report in consultation with the designated representatives.", "34. The Committee closed its thirty-eighth session in the afternoon of 22 June 2022.", "Annex", "List of documents submitted to the thirty-eighth session", "Agenda item Symbol Title\n 1 Election of - - officers", "2 Adoption of the PBC.38/1 Provisional agenda agenda", "PBC.38/1/Add.1 Annotated provisional agenda", "PBC.38/CRP.1 List of documents", "3 Annual Report of PBC.38/2 Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 the Director IDB.50/2 General for 2021", "3 (a) Managing for PBC.38/5 Managing for Results: Update on results: Update on IDB.50/5 the implementation of the the implementation medium-term programme framework, of the medium-term 2022–2025. Report by the programme Director General framework, 2022–2025", "PBC.38/CRP.5 UPDATE – Managing for Results: Update on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025. Report by the Director General", "4 Report of the PBC.38/3 Report of the External Auditor External Auditor IDB.50/3 on the accounts of UNIDO for the for 2021 financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021", "PBC.38/CRP.2 Annexes to the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (unaudited).", "PBC.38/CRP.3 Comments on the Report of the External Auditor. Note by the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "5 Financial situation PBC.38/4 Financial situation of UNIDO. of UNIDO, including IDB.50/4 Report by the Director General unutilized balances of appropriations", "PBC.38/CRP.4 Status of assessed contributions. Note by the Secretariat", "6 Report by the PBC.38/6 Report by the informal working informal working IDB.50/6 group on Programme and Budget group on Programme Committee-related issues. Report and Budget by the Co-Chairs Committee-related issues", "PBC.38/CRP.6 Update on the report by the informal working group on Programme and Budget Committee-related issues. Report by the Co-Chairs", "7 Mobilization of PBC.38/7/Rev.1 Mobilization of financial financial resources IDB.50/7/Rev.1 resources. Report by the Director General", "PBC.38/2, Funding performance. Annual chapter 8 Report of UNIDO 2021 IDB.50/2, chapter 8", "PBC.38/CRP.7 Projects approved under the Industrial Development Fund, thematic and individual trust funds, and other voluntary contributions in 2021", "8 General risk PBC.38/8 General risk management. Report management IDB.50/8 by the Director General", "9 Updated medium-term PBC.38/9 Medium-term investment investment IDB.50/9 proposals, 2022–2025. Report by proposals the Director General", "10 Third Industrial PBC.38/10 Report on the Third Industrial Development Decade IDB.50/10 Development Decade for Africa for Africa (IDDA (IDDA III). Report by the III) Director General", "11 United Nations PBC.38/11 United Nations development development system IDB.50/11 system reform. Report by the reform Director General", "12 UNIDO’s response to PBC.38/12 UNIDO’s response to the COVID-19 the COVID-19 IDB.50/12 pandemic. Report by the Director pandemic General", "13 Date of the PBC.38/1/Add.1 Annotated provisional agenda thirty-ninth session", "14 Adoption of the IDB.50/13 Report of the Programme and report Budget Committee on the work of its thirty-eighth session (21–22 June 2022)", "[1] As per Article 10.1 of the UNIDO Constitution, the Committee shall consist of 27 Members of the Organization elected by the Conference. One seat from List B remains vacant. Currently the Committee consists of 26 members." ]
IDB.50_13
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session", "Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Agenda item 4", "Report of the Programme and Budget Committee", "Report of the Programme and Budget Committee on the work of its thirty-eighth session (21 and 22 June 2022)", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "Introduction 1-8 2", "I. Organizational and procedural matters 9-10 3", "II. Annual report of the Director-General for 11-12 3 to 2021 (item 3), and Results-oriented management: updated information on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022-2025 (item 3 (a))", "III. UNIDO ' s response to the COVID-19 pandemic 13-14 3 (item 12)", "IV. Financial situation of UNIDO, including 15-16 3 unexpended balances of appropriations (item 5)", "V. Report of the informal working group on 17-18 4 issues related to the Programme and Budget Committee (item 6)", "VI. Mobilization of financial resources (item 7) 19-20 4", "VII. Report of the External Auditor for 2021 21–22 5 (item 4)", "VIII. General risk management (item 8) 23–24 5", "IX. Proposals for updating the investment plan 25–26 5 medium-term (item 9)", "X. Third Industrial Development Decade for 27–28 6 Africa (DDIA III) (item 10)", "XI. Reform of the United Nations system for 29-30 6 development (item 11)", "XII. Date of the thirty-ninth session (item 13) 31–32 6", "XIII. Adoption of the report (item 14) and closure of the thirty-eighth 33-34 6 session", "Annex", "List of documents submitted at the thirty-eighth session 7", "Introduction", "1. The Programme and Budget Committee held its thirty-eighth session at UNIDO Headquarters at the Vienna International Centre on 21 and 22 June 2022. The session of the Committee was held in a hybrid format, with presenceal and online participation. The Committee ' s 26 members[1] participated in the session: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Malta, Morocco, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, Tunisia, Türkiye and Uruguay.", "2. Also participating in the session were the following 64 Members of UNIDO: Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Ecuador, El Salvador, Philippines, State of Palestine, Honduras, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Myanmar,", "3. The following organizations were represented: International Coco Community (ICC), Gulf Cooperation Council (CCG), League of Arab States (LEA), Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (CEMN), GCC (GSO) Organization and European Union (EU).", "4. In accordance with article 17 of its Rules of Procedure, the Committee elected H.E. by acclamation. Mr. Alessandro Cortese (Italy) as President; H.E. Mr. Aftab Ahmad Khokher (Pakistan), Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt) and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary) as Vice-Presidents; and Ms. María Elizabeth Bogosián Álvarez (Uruguay) as Rapporteur.", "5. The agenda adopted by the Committee for its thirty-eighth session is contained in document PBC.38/1/Rev.1. Following the adoption of the agenda and proposed timetable of work by the Chair, the Director-General made an introductory statement, which was duly taken into account by the Committee in its consideration of the relevant agenda items.", "6. The report of the Programme and Budget Committee is submitted to the Industrial Development Board in accordance with article 10.4 (d) of the Constitution.", "7. The report contains the conclusions reached by the Committee. The list of documents submitted to the Committee at this session is contained in the annex to the present report.", "8. The Committee ' s conclusions below contain recommendations on the actions that the Board may take at its fiftieth session or which relate to the work of that session:", "Conclusion Item", "2022/2 Financial situation of UNIDO 4", "2022/3 Mobilization of financial resources 4", "2022/4 Date of the thirty-ninth session 6", "I. Organizational and procedural matters", "9. On 21 June, the Committee considered a proposal by the Chair to optimize the use of available conference-servicing resources and approved the following conclusion, eliminating the 24-hour pre-report period for the suspension of the implementation of articles:", "Conclusion 2022/1 Use of available conference-servicing resources", "The Committee, with a view to optimizing the use of the resources available for the provision of conference services, decided to immediately suspend article 24 of its rules of procedure, relating to the quorum, during its thirty-eighth session only and provided that no substantive decisions were taken at those meetings.", "10. The Committee decided to organize informal consultations during the session with the objective of facilitating the drafting of conclusions and entrusted the chairmanship of those consultations to the Vice-Chairs, Mr. Hazem Zaki (Egypt) and Ms. Andrea Nemes (Hungary). The Committee also set the deadline for the receipt of draft conclusion at 4.15 p.m. on 21 June 2022, and decided to close the list of speakers at 10 a.m. on 22 June 2022.", "II. Annual report of the Director-General for 2021 (item 3), and Results-oriented management: updated information on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025 (item 3 (a))", "11. On 21 June, the Committee considered the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 (PBC.38/2), the report of the Director-General entitled " Results-oriented management: updated information on the implementation of the medium-term programme framework, 2022-2025 " and an update on that report (PBC.38/5 and CRP.5).", "12. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on items 3 and 3 (a).", "III. UNIDO ' s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (item 12)", "13. On 21 June, the Committee considered a report by the Director-General containing information on UNIDO ' s response to the COVID-19 pandemic (PBC.38/12).", "14. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on item 12.", "IV. Financial situation of UNIDO, including unutilized balances of appropriations (item 5)", "15. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on the financial situation of UNIDO (PBC.38/4) and a note by the Secretariat on the status of assessed contributions (PBC.36/CRP.4).", "16. On 22 June, after considering a draft conclusion on the financial situation of UNIDO, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.2), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/2", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Notes the information contained in document IDB.50/4-PBC.38/4;", "(b) Urges Member States and former Member States that have not yet paid their assessed contributions, including advances to the Working Capital Fund and previous years ' arrears, to do so without delay;", "(c) Requests the Director-General to continue his efforts and contacts with Member States and former Member States to raise outstanding amounts.”", "V. Report of the informal working group on issues related to the Programme and Budget Committee (item 6)", "17. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report of the co-chairs of the informal working group on issues related to the Programme and Budget Committee and an update on that report (PBC.38/6 and CRP.6).", "18. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the co-chairs on item 6.", "VI. Mobilization of financial resources (item 7)", "19. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on the mobilization of financial resources (PBC.38/7/Rev.1); chapter 8 of the Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 on funding results (PBC.38/2); and a note by the Secretariat on projects approved under the Industrial Development Fund, thematic and individual trust funds and other voluntary contributions in 2021 (PBC.38/CRP.7).", "20. On 22 June, after considering a draft conclusion on the mobilization of financial resources, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.3), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/3", "The Programme and Budget Committee recommended to the Industrial Development Board the adoption of the following draft decision:", "“The Industrial Development Board:", "(a) Notes the information contained in document IDB.50/7/Rev.1-PBC.38/7/Rev.1;", "(b) Decides to delegate to the Director-General the authority to approve projects in an equitable and transparent manner, previously prepared and agreed by the UNIDO Secretariat and interested parties and donors, to be funded from the Industrial Development Fund in 2022 and 2023 in accordance with the priorities defined in the medium-term programme framework 2022-2025 (IDB.49/8-PBC.37/8);", "(c) Encourages Member States and other funding partners to increase their voluntary contributions to UNIDO, including those for the Partnership Trust Fund, as well as the Special Account for Voluntary Contributions for Basic Activities and the Fund for Large Capital Investments;", "(d) Also encourages all funding partners to consider contributing to programmeable funds, specifically to enable UNIDO to respond rapidly to requests for assistance and to develop and implement its programmatic activities in a streamlined and coordinated manner;", "(e) Requests Member States to consider making contributions to UNIDO to enable UNIDO to work with funding sources that require joint funding, either by making contributions to special trust funds or by providing special-purpose funds at the national or global levels;", "f) Encourages the Governments of recipient countries to play an active role in sharing with UNIDO the responsibility to mobilize funds for agreed priority activities jointly and, in particular, to take the lead in identifying and gaining access to available funds in countries, including opportunities for cost-sharing at the local level, and funds from bilateral funding partners, multi-donor trust funds,", "(g) It strongly recommends that Member States cooperate with and support the Organization in its efforts to develop and promote its programmes and initiatives in the context of international development, and in particular through international conferences and other forms of dialogue, in order to ensure that such initiatives are well known, their importance for international development goals and resources are recognized”.", "VII. Report of the External Auditor for 2021 (item 4)", "21. On 22 June, the Committee considered the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period from 1 January to 31 December 2021 (PBC.38/3); a note by the secretariat containing the annexes to the report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial period from 1 January to 31 December 2021.", "22. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided on item 4.", "VIII. General risk management (item 8)", "23. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on overall risk management (PBC.38/8).", "24. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on item 8.", "IX. Proposals for updating the medium-term investment plan (item 9)", "25. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on the proposals for the medium-term investment plan, 2022-2025 (PBC.38/9).", "26. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on item 9.", "X. Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (DDIA III) (item 10)", "27. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on the Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (DDIA III) (PBC.38/10).", "28. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on item 10.", "XI. Reform of the United Nations development system (item 11)", "29. On 22 June, the Committee considered a report of the Director-General on the reform of the United Nations development system (PBC.38/11).", "30. On 22 June, at the suggestion of the Chair, the Committee took note of the information provided by the Director-General on item 11.", "XII. Date of the thirty-ninth session (item 13)", "31. On 22 June, the Committee took note of the information contained in the annotated agenda (PBC.38/1/Add.1) on the dates reserved for UNIDO policymaking organs in 2022 and 2023.", "32. On 22 June, after considering a draft conclusion on the date of the thirty-ninth session, submitted by the Chair (PBC.38/L.4), the Committee adopted the following conclusion:", "Conclusion 2022/4", "The Programme and Budget Committee decided to hold its thirty-ninth session from 15 to 17 May 2023.", "XIII. Adoption of the report (item 14) and closure of the thirty-eighth session", "33. On 22 June, the Committee adopted the English version of the report on the work of its thirty-eighth session (PBC.38/L.1), on the understanding that the Rapporteur would be entrusted with the task of finalizing the versions of the report in the other languages, in consultation with the designated representatives.", "34. The Committee closed its thirty-eighth session on 22 June 2022 in the afternoon.", "Annex", "List of documents submitted at the thirty-eighth session", "Agenda item Symbol Title 1 Election of officers - - 2 Adoption of the agenda PBC.38/1 Provisional agenda PBC.38/1/Add.1 Provisional agenda annotated PBC.38/CRP.1 List of documents 3 Annual report of the DirectorGeneralcorrespondientea 2021 PBC.38/2IDB.50/2 Annual report of UNIDO 2021 3a) Management oriented to the results: Report of Director General PBC.38/CRP.5 UPDATE – Managing forResults: Update on theimplementation of themedium-term programmeframework, 2022–2025. Reportby the Director General 4 Report of the External Auditor 2021 PBC.38/3IDB.50/3 Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of UNIDOcorrespondents to the financial period from 1 January to 31 December 2021 PBC.38/CRP.2 Annexes to the report of theExternal Auditor on theaccounts of UNIDO for thefinancel year 1 January to 31December 2021 (unaudited). PBC.38/CRP.3 Comments on the Report of theExternal Auditor. Note by theUNIDO Independent OversightAdvisory Committee 5 Financial position of UNIDO, including unused balances of credits PBC.38/4IDB.50/4 Financial position of UNIDO. Report of the DirectorGeneral PBC.38/CRP.4 Status of assessedcontributions. Note by theSecretariat 6 Report of the working group on issues related to the Committee for Programme and Budget Report of the Co-Chairs PBC.38/6IDB.50/6 Report of the working group on issues related to the Programme and Budget CommitteeReport of the Co-Chairs PBC.38/CRP.6 Update on the report by theinformal working group onChair7/Reportgramme and BudgetCommitte Report of Director General PBC.38/2, Chapter 8IDB.50/2, Chapter 8 Financial Results. Annual Report of UNIDO 2021 PBC.38/CRP.7 Projects approved under theIndustrial Development Fund,thematic and individual trustfunds, and other voluntarycontributions in 2021 8 Managementgeneral deries PBC.38/8IDB.50/8 General risk management.Report of the Director General 9 Proposals for updating the medium-term investment plan PBC.38/9IDB.50/9 Report of Director-General 10 Third Decade of Industrial Development for Africa (DDIA III) PBC.38/10IDB.50/10 Report on the Third Decade of Industrial Development for Africa (DDIAIII). Report of the DirectorGeneral 11 United Nations System Reform for Development PBC.38/11IDB.50/11 United Nations System Reform for Development. Report of Director-General 12 UNIDO ' s response to the COVID-19 pandemic PBC.38/12IDB.50/12 UNIDO ' s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Report of the Director-General 13 Date of the thirty-ninth session PBC.38/1/Add.1 Annotated provisional agenda 14 Adoption of the report IDB.50/13 Report of the Programme and Budget Committee on the preparation of its thirty-eighth session (21 and 22 June2022)", "[1] In accordance with Article 10.1 of the UNIDO Constitution, the Committee shall consist of 27 members of the Organization elected by the Conference. A position for a State on List B remains vacant. The Committee is currently composed of 26 members." ]
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A_AC.291_10
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[ "Septuagésimo séptimo período desesiones Tema 109 de la listapreliminar[1] \nPrevención del delito y justiciapenal", "Seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "El presente informe se ha redactado en cumplimiento de la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, en que la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presentara un informe sobre la aplicación de esa resolución. Contiene un resumen de las deliberaciones del 31^(er) período de sesiones de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, que se celebró en Viena del 16 al 20 de mayo de 2022, en relación con el seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal. El informe también contiene una reseña de las medidas adoptadas por la Comisión, como órgano preparatorio y de seguimiento de los congresos de las Naciones Unidas sobre delincuencia, y de las actividades llevadas a cabo por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, para dar seguimiento a la Declaración de Kioto sobre la Promoción de la Prevención del Delito, la Justicia ‎Penal y el Estado de Derecho: Hacia el Cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. De conformidad con la resolución, el informe también contiene información sobre las propuestas presentadas por los Estados Miembros sobre otros medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto.", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe se ha redactado en cumplimiento de la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, titulada “Decimocuarto Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal”, en que la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones le presentara un informe sobre la aplicación de esa resolución.", "2. En la resolución, la Asamblea General invitó a los Gobiernos a que tuvieran en cuenta la Declaración de Kioto sobre la Promoción de la Prevención del Delito, la Justicia ‎Penal y el Estado de Derecho: Hacia el Cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible al formular leyes y directrices normativas y a que hicieran todo lo posible, según procediera, para implementar los principios que esta contenía, de conformidad con los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "3. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que pidiera a los Estados Miembros que presentasen propuestas sobre otros medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto, a fin de que la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal las examinara y adoptara medidas al respecto en su 31^(er) período de sesiones.", "4. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea General solicitó a la Comisión que examinara la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto en un tema permanente de su programa titulado “Seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y preparativos del 15º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal”.", "5. El presente informe contiene un resumen de las deliberaciones del 31^(er) período de sesiones de la Comisión, que se celebró en Viena del 16 al 20 de mayo de 2022, sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal. En el presente informe se ofrece información sobre las medidas adoptadas por la Comisión, como organismo encargado de preparar y hacer un seguimiento de los congresos de las Naciones Unidas sobre el delito, y sobre las actividades realizadas por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC) para dar seguimiento a la Declaración de Kioto. De conformidad con el párrafo 12 de la resolución, el informe también contiene información sobre las propuestas presentadas por los Estados Miembros sobre otros medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto.", "6. El informe complementa el presentado por el Secretario General sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso y los preparativos del 15º Congreso (E/CN.15/2022/11), que fue examinado por la Comisión en su 31^(er) período de sesiones. También complementa el informe del Secretario General sobre la aplicación de los mandatos del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal, con especial referencia a las actividades de cooperación técnica de la UNODC (A/77/127), presentado para su examen por la Asamblea General en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, según lo dispuesto por la Asamblea en su resolución 76/187.", "II. Seguimiento y aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto sobre la Promoción de la Prevención del Delito, la Justicia ‎Penal y el Estado de Derecho: Hacia el Cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible", "A. Examen por la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal en su 31^(er) período de sesiones", "7. El 14º Congreso se celebró en Kioto (Japón) del 7 al 12 de marzo de 2021 y su tema principal fue “Promoción de la prevención del delito, la justicia penal y el estado de derecho: hacia el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030”. Reunió a más de 5.000 participantes que acudieron en representación de 152 Estados Miembros —una cifra no alcanzada anteriormente—, junto con 114 organizaciones no gubernamentales, 37 organizaciones intergubernamentales, 600 expertos y un número considerable de entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas e institutos de la red del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal.", "8. Al comienzo de la serie de sesiones de alto nivel, los Estados Miembros adoptaron la Declaración de Kioto, en la que acordaron acciones concretas relacionadas con cuatro pilares: promover la prevención del delito, promover el sistema de justicia penal, promover el estado de derecho y promover la cooperación y la asistencia técnica a nivel internacional para prevenir y combatir todas las formas de delincuencia, incluso en el contexto de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19).", "9. De conformidad con la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto en su 31^(er) período de sesiones en el marco del tema permanente de su programa titulado “Seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y preparativos del 15º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal”.", "10. En relación con este tema del programa, la Comisión tuvo ante sí, para su examen, el informe pertinente del Secretario General (E/CN.15/2022/11), que contenía una reseña de las medidas adoptadas por la Comisión y de las actividades realizadas por la UNODC para dar seguimiento al 14º Congreso y proporcionaba información sobre los preparativos del 15º Congreso. También contenía información sobre las propuestas de los Estados Miembros presentadas antes del 24 de febrero de 2022 relativas a otros medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto[2]. Por último, incluía recomendaciones, entre otras cosas en relación con los preparativos del 15º Congreso.", "11. La Comisión también examinó un documento de sesión que contenía el resumen del Presidente sobre los debates temáticos de la Comisión acerca de la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1). De conformidad con la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, la primera ronda de debates temáticos se había celebrado del 10 al 12 de noviembre de 2021 y se había centrado en el primer pilar de la Declaración de Kioto (promover la prevención del delito). Se había facilitado un intercambio interactivo entre expertos y encargados de formular políticas nacionales, entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, organizaciones intergubernamentales y la sociedad civil sobre las buenas prácticas, los retos y las lecciones aprendidas en la promoción de la prevención del delito[3].", "12. En su resumen, el Presidente de la Comisión en su 30º período de sesiones alentó a los Estados Miembros y a las partes interesadas a iniciar los preparativos oportunos para las sesiones temáticas de 2022 con el fin de facilitar la participación de los expertos pertinentes con vistas a intercambiar buenas prácticas y debatir cómo aplicar con éxito el segundo pilar de la Declaración de Kioto (promover el sistema de justicia penal).", "13. La Comisión examinó además un documento de sesión que contenía el resumen del Presidente de los debates de los expertos sobre los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2). De conformidad con el párrafo 87 de la Declaración de Kioto y con la resolución 76/185 de la Asamblea General sobre la prevención y lucha contra los delitos que repercuten en el medio ambiente, del 14 al 16 de febrero de 2022 se habían celebrado debates de expertos entre períodos de sesiones, en los que se había fomentado un debate interactivo sobre formas concretas de mejorar las estrategias y las respuestas para prevenir y combatir eficazmente estos delitos y reforzar la cooperación internacional a nivel operacional en esta materia[4].", "14. En su resumen, el Presidente puso de relieve los esfuerzos y las actuaciones concertadas para prevenir y combatir los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente eran una contribución esencial para la plena aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto. También reiteró la importancia de mantener y recopilar las buenas prácticas y las enseñanzas extraídas que las delegaciones y los expertos habían puesto en común durante los debates, con vistas a aprender de las experiencias de los demás y comprender mejor las dificultades que aguardaban, así como las herramientas que habían arrojado resultados positivos.", "15. Para facilitar el examen del tema del programa relativo al seguimiento del 14º Congreso, la Secretaria de la Comisión hizo una declaración introductoria. Formularon declaraciones los representantes de la Arabia Saudita, el Canadá, Chile, los Estados Unidos de América, el Japón, Libia y Tailandia. Los observadores de Irán (República Islámica del), Venezuela (República Bolivariana de) y la Unión Europea también formularon declaraciones. Formuló una declaración además el observador del Instituto de Asia y el Lejano Oriente para la Prevención del Delito y el Tratamiento del Delincuente.", "16. Se expresó agradecimiento al Japón, país anfitrión del 14º Congreso, por haber organizado el Congreso, que había sido un éxito, sobre todo en vista de las dificultades que había planteado la pandemia de COVID-19. Se subrayó la importancia de transformar en acciones concretas los compromisos asumidos en la Declaración de Kioto. Algunos oradores transmitieron información sobre diversas iniciativas nacionales y regionales dirigidas a llevar a la práctica los compromisos asumidos en los cuatro pilares de la Declaración, entre otras cosas en lo relativo a la aplicación de las reglas y normas de las Naciones Unidas, la ejecución de estrategias de prevención del delito y justicia penal centradas en los miembros vulnerables de la sociedad, incluso en relación con la pandemia del COVID-19, y los esfuerzos por aumentar la eficiencia y la eficacia de la asistencia judicial recíproca y la extradición. Otros ejemplos nacionales mencionados estaban centrados, entre otras cosas, en las medidas adoptadas para fortalecer el sistema de justicia penal, incluida la reducción de la reincidencia mediante iniciativas de rehabilitación y reintegración. Algunos oradores hicieron referencia a la necesidad de afrontar la violencia contra las mujeres y los niños y formular políticas en el ámbito de la justicia que respondieran a las cuestiones de género, tuvieran en cuenta las necesidades de los niños y estuvieran basadas en los derechos humanos. Se subrayó la importancia de prestar asistencia técnica a los Estados Miembros que la solicitasen para contribuir a la aplicación por los países de la Declaración de Kioto y se acogió con satisfacción el apoyo prestado por la UNODC a ese respecto.", "17. Varios oradores destacaron el vínculo entre la prevención del delito, la justicia penal, el estado de derecho y los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional por implementar la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Varios oradores subrayaron la importancia de aumentar la conciencia respecto a la Declaración de Kioto y la importante función que desempeñaba el sistema de justicia penal en la promoción del estado de derecho en apoyo del desarrollo sostenible. Varios oradores acogieron con beneplácito el proceso de seguimiento de la Declaración de Kioto, en particular la organización de los debates temáticos de la Comisión sobre la aplicación de la Declaración. Además, se acogieron con satisfacción los esfuerzos realizados por la UNODC y los Estados Miembros desde la adopción de la Declaración, en particular en relación con las reglas y normas sobre la prevención de la reincidencia.", "18. Se hizo referencia a la actividad especial de alto nivel del Presidente centrada en la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto, que había tenido lugar el primer día del 31^(er) período de sesiones de la Comisión. Se expresó reconocimiento al Japón por haber presentado una resolución sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso y los preparativos del 15º Congreso. En referencia a los preparativos del 15º Congreso, se subrayó la importancia de asegurar la adopción oportuna del programa sustantivo y la posterior pronta elaboración de la guía para las deliberaciones y los talleres preparatorios, en estrecha coordinación con los institutos de la red del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal.", "B. Medidas adoptadas por la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal en su 31^(er) período de sesiones", "19. El viernes 20 de mayo de 2022, la Comisión adoptó medidas sobre el proyecto de resolución titulado “Seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y preparativos del 15º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal” y recomendó, a través del Consejo Económico y Social, su aprobación por la Asamblea General. En esa resolución, la Asamblea General reiteraría su invitación a los Gobiernos a que, al formular leyes y directrices de políticas, tuvieran en cuenta la Declaración de Kioto y a que, cuando procediera, hicieran todo lo posible por aplicar los principios que en ella se enunciaban, de conformidad con los propósitos y principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "20. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea General acogería con beneplácito la iniciativa del Gobierno del Japón de trabajar con la UNODC, y por conducto de la Comisión, para asegurar el seguimiento apropiado de la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto. La Asamblea General solicitaría a la Comisión que, de conformidad con su mandato, siguiera poniendo en práctica las medidas políticas y operacionales adecuadas para dar seguimiento a la Declaración de Kioto, entre otras cosas celebrando debates temáticos entre períodos de sesiones con el fin de facilitar el intercambio de información, buenas prácticas y enseñanzas extraídas entre los Estados Miembros y las partes interesadas pertinentes, con sujeción a la disponibilidad de recursos extrapresupuestarios.", "21. La Asamblea General decidiría que el 15º Congreso se celebrase en 2026, sin perjuicio de las fechas de celebración de los siguientes congresos de las Naciones Unidas sobre prevención del delito y justicia penal, y con miras a mantener el ciclo quinquenal de los congresos, en vista del intensivo proceso de seguimiento emprendido por la Comisión en la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto.", "22. La Asamblea invitaría a los Estados Miembros a presentar sus sugerencias en relación con el tema general, los temas del programa y los temas de los seminarios del 15º Congreso, y solicitaría al Secretario General que incluyera esas sugerencias en el informe sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso y los preparativos del 15º Congreso que se habría de presentar a la Comisión en su 32º período de sesiones.", "23. Además, la Asamblea recomendaría que, sobre la base de la experiencia y el éxito del 14º Congreso, se hiciera todo lo posible por que el tema general, los temas del programa y los temas de los seminarios del 15º Congreso estuvieran interrelacionados y por que los temas del programa y los de los seminarios fueran sencillos y limitados en número, y alentaría a realizar actividades paralelas que se centrasen en los temas del programa y los seminarios y los complementasen. La Asamblea General solicitaría a la Comisión que en su 32º período de sesiones aprobara el tema general, los temas del programa y los temas de los seminarios del 15º Congreso.", "24. Por último, la Asamblea General solicitaría al Secretario General que en su septuagésimo octavo período de sesiones le presentase un informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución.", "C. Otras actividades de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal en su 31^(er) período de sesiones", "25. La Comisión ha promovido ampliamente los compromisos en materia de políticas contenidos en la Declaración de Kioto. El 16 de mayo de 2022, al margen del 31^(er) período de sesiones, el Presidente de la Comisión, en colaboración con el Gobierno del Japón, celebró un evento especial de alto nivel sobre un enfoque multifacético para llevar a la práctica las disposiciones de la Declaración de Kioto sobre el terreno. El evento especial fue una oportunidad para hacer un balance e informar sobre las iniciativas puestas en marcha desde la adopción de la Declaración de Kioto en marzo de 2021, en particular sobre los esfuerzos realizados a nivel institucional dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, a nivel intergubernamental a través de la Comisión y a nivel programático, así como los esfuerzos a nivel nacional y regional, incluso por parte de las partes interesadas, para aplicar los compromisos asumidos en la Declaración de Kioto. Los participantes examinaron el desarrollo y los resultados del 14º Congreso y compartieron la experiencia de celebrar una conferencia internacional a gran escala durante la pandemia.", "26. Además, en julio de 2022, al margen del foro político de alto nivel sobre el desarrollo sostenible de ese año, la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal celebrará un acto paralelo en línea junto con la Comisión de Estupefacientes sobre la utilización de la acción internacional para hacer frente a las repercusiones de la COVID-19 en las drogas y la delincuencia y las respuestas multidisciplinarias integradas de la Comisión de Estupefacientes y la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal (Leveraging international action to address the impact of COVID-19 on drugs and crime: integrated multidisciplinary responses by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). El acto paralelo servirá para dar a conocer, entre otras cosas, el trabajo realizado por la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal sobre las interrelaciones entre los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, por un lado, y el estado de derecho y la prevención del delito y la justicia penal, por otro. Se transmitirá información sobre las contribuciones de la Comisión a la implementación de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.", "D. Medidas adoptadas por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "27. La UNODC emprendió una serie de iniciativas con vistas a garantizar un enfoque global del seguimiento del 14º Congreso. Se constituyó un equipo de tareas interdivisional para fortalecer la coordinación y la cooperación en toda la Oficina para la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto y los preparativos del 15º Congreso. El equipo de tareas, integrado por representantes de todas las divisiones de la UNODC y encabezado por la Secretaría de los Órganos Rectores, se reúne periódicamente.", "28. El equipo de tareas interdivisional elaboró, para uso interno, una matriz de aplicación en la que se describen de manera sucinta las actividades realizadas por la UNODC y sus asociados en apoyo de la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto. Esas actividades se centran en el seguimiento institucional dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, el seguimiento intergubernamental a través de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y el seguimiento programático a través de las divisiones sustantivas de la UNODC. La matriz se puede ordenar según distintos criterios, incluidos los pilares de la Declaración, las áreas temáticas y los resultados de la Estrategia 2021-2025 de la UNODC y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible a los que contribuyen las actividades.", "29. Teniendo en cuenta que cada vez se dependía más de los canales de comunicación en línea, la secretaría de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal puso en marcha una herramienta de aprendizaje electrónico sobre la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto[5]. La herramienta, que consta de tres módulos interactivos, proporciona información sobre los antecedentes de la Declaración, su relación con la Agenda 2030 y las esferas sustantivas que abarca. La herramienta también contiene información sobre la cartera de asistencia técnica de la UNODC en las esferas pertinentes.", "30. En junio de 2022, la Secretaría de los Órganos Rectores organizó una sesión informativa en línea para los Estados Miembros sobre la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto en inglés, francés y español. Asistieron a la sesión informativa funcionarios nacionales responsables de la planificación y aplicación de las políticas de prevención del delito y justicia penal, así como de la planificación y solicitud de asistencia técnica a la UNODC en este sentido. Durante la sesión informativa, se compartió información sobre la asistencia técnica proporcionada por la UNODC en las esferas sustantivas que abarcaba la Declaración.", "31. En el segundo semestre de 2022 se celebrará una sesión informativa para los institutos de la red del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal y las organizaciones no gubernamentales pertinentes, con el fin de facilitar un debate exhaustivo entre múltiples partes interesadas sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso.", "32. Además del seguimiento institucional, la Oficina llevó a cabo una amplia gama de actividades programáticas para la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto[6].", "III. Propuestas sobre otros medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto", "33. De conformidad con la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, se envió una nota verbal a los Estados Miembros con la solicitud de que presentaran propuestas sobre los medios para dar un seguimiento apropiado a la Declaración de Kioto. Hasta el 30 de marzo se habían recibido un total de 10 propuestas, presentadas por el Canadá, Chequia, Filipinas, la India, el Japón, Malí, Marruecos, Qatar, Rumania y Türkiye.", "34. En sus propuestas, muchos de estos Estados Miembros destacaron la importancia de compartir la información, incluida la inteligencia, y las mejores prácticas, así como de reforzar la cooperación internacional entre los organismos encargados de la aplicación de la ley en los ámbitos temáticos abarcados por la Declaración de Kioto. Se propuso establecer diferentes foros de cooperación, como redes de cooperación regional y grupos de expertos intergubernamentales de composición abierta o grupos de trabajo, para que los profesionales nacionales pudieran compartir sus conocimientos, experiencias, buenas prácticas y desafíos en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal. Algunos Estados Miembros hicieron referencia al Foro de Justicia Penal para Asia y el Pacífico organizado por el Japón y la UNODC en febrero de 2022, que había servido de foro para la cooperación entre las autoridades centrales encargadas de la asistencia judicial recíproca en materia penal y las autoridades competentes que se ocupan del tratamiento y la rehabilitación de los delincuentes en esa región.", "35. Varios Estados Miembros tomaron nota con satisfacción de la primera ronda de los debates temáticos entre períodos de sesiones de la Comisión sobre la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto celebrados del 10 al 12 de noviembre de 2021. Se propuso la creación de una plataforma en línea dedicada a la Declaración de Kioto que abarcaría, entre otras cosas, los progresos realizados en la aplicación de la Declaración y los recursos compartidos en el contexto de los debates temáticos. También se propuso ir más allá de los debates temáticos e invitar a los Estados Miembros a presentar informes periódicos voluntarios sobre la aplicación de las recomendaciones contenidas en la Declaración de Kioto, para darles una mayor difusión. Otra propuesta fue que la UNODC desarrollara un conjunto de indicadores generales relacionados con los cuatro pilares de la Declaración de Kioto y que elaborara cuestionarios sobre la aplicación de la Declaración que fueran cumplimentados periódicamente por todas las partes interesadas y utilizados por la UNODC.", "36. Se observó que la UNODC desempeñaba un papel crucial en la prestación de asistencia técnica y de fomento de la capacidad en el ámbito de la prevención del delito y la justicia penal. Se recomendó que los Estados Miembros siguieran estableciendo asociaciones con la UNODC a ese respecto. Se subrayó la importancia de llevar a cabo una formación continua para las autoridades competentes en los ámbitos conexos, entre otras cosas con respecto a la asistencia judicial recíproca y la ética judicial.", "37. Varios Estados Miembros destacaron la importancia de incorporar la perspectiva de género en las estrategias de prevención del delito y justicia penal.", "38. Se señaló que uno de los medios más importantes para garantizar un seguimiento adecuado de la Declaración de Kioto era la financiación que debían aportar los Estados Miembros, en particular los que disponían de capacidad financiera y técnica, para las actividades y programas destinados a transformar los compromisos políticos establecidos en la Declaración en proyectos sobre el terreno, especialmente en los países en desarrollo y los países menos adelantados.", "IV. Observaciones finales", "39. En los próximos años, la Declaración de Kioto será el principal compromiso político internacional en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal y guiará la acción mundial en este sentido. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que adopten medidas concertadas para avanzar en la aplicación de los compromisos contraídos en la Declaración, incluso a través de la Comisión, como principal órgano normativo de las Naciones Unidas en materia de delincuencia.", "40. Teniendo en cuenta el éxito de la primera ronda de los debates temáticos entre períodos de sesiones y la respuesta positiva recibida de las partes interesadas pertinentes a ese respecto, aliento a la Comisión a que continúe en la misma línea para promover el intercambio de información, buenas prácticas y experiencias entre los Estados Miembros, las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, otras organizaciones intergubernamentales y la sociedad civil, con miras a dar un seguimiento eficaz a la Declaración de Kioto.", "41. La amplia difusión de los compromisos en materia de políticas que se enuncian en la Declaración de Kioto y el intercambio de información sobre su cumplimiento entre los Estados Miembros y otras partes interesadas pertinentes son esenciales para garantizar un enfoque integral del seguimiento de la Declaración. A este respecto, aliento a la Comisión a seguir manteniendo informados a todos los interesados de las actividades realizadas en seguimiento de la Declaración de Kioto mediante la celebración de eventos paralelos, incluidos los que tienen lugar en la Asamblea General y el Consejo Económico y Social.", "42. En la Declaración de Kioto, los Estados Miembros reafirmaron la función de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito como entidad principal de las Naciones Unidas que prestaba apoyo a los Estados Miembros en el ámbito de la prevención del delito y la justicia penal. A ese respecto, aliento a la UNODC a que siga reforzando la coordinación y la cooperación institucionales, a que garantice un enfoque integral del seguimiento del 14º Congreso y a que siga llevando a cabo actividades programáticas con miras a apoyar a los Estados Miembros en la aplicación de los compromisos que se enuncian en la Declaración de Kioto y mantenerlos informados de la labor realizada al respecto.", "43. La elección temprana del país anfitrión del 15º Congreso ofrece a la Comisión una oportunidad de celebrar consultas que faciliten la planificación y coordinación oportunas de los preparativos pertinentes. Aliento a la Comisión a que siga llevando a cabo consultas entre los Estados Miembros para definir el país anfitrión, con el fin de facilitar la planificación y coordinación oportunas de los preparativos pertinentes. En el mismo sentido, insto a los Estados Miembros a presentar sus sugerencias en relación con el tema general, los temas del programa y los temas de los seminarios del 15º Congreso.", "44. La cooperación multilateral y la colaboración con múltiples partes interesadas son cruciales para avanzar en la prevención del delito, la justicia penal y el estado de derecho como parte de los esfuerzos para lograr la Agenda 2030. Invito a la Comisión a que siga colaborando, en el seguimiento de la Declaración de Kioto y en la preparación del 15º Congreso, con otras partes interesadas pertinentes, incluidas las organizaciones intergubernamentales, los institutos de la red del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal, la sociedad civil y el mundo académico.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] Las propuestas recibidas después de esa fecha figuran en un documento de sesión (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3).", "[3] Véase también E/CN.15/2022/11.", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Disponible en https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php?lang=es.", "[6] Véanse también E/CN.15/2022/11 y A/77/127." ]
[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-seventh session a report on the implementation of that resolution. It contains a summary of the deliberations at the thirty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, which was held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, on the follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The report also contains an overview of the action taken by the Commission, as the preparatory and follow-up body for the United Nations crime congresses, and of the activities conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Pursuant to the resolution, the report further includes information on proposals submitted by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, entitled “Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-seventh session a report on the implementation of that resolution.", "2. In the resolution, the General Assembly invited Governments to take into consideration the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development when formulating legislation and policy directives and to make every effort, where appropriate, to implement the principles contained therein, in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "3. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek proposals by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration, for consideration and action by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session.", "4. Also in the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission to review the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration under the standing item on its agenda entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "5. The present report provides a summary of the deliberations at the thirty-first session of the Commission, which was held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, on the follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. It contains an overview of the action taken by the Commission, as the preparatory and follow-up body for the United Nations crime congresses, and of the activities conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration. Pursuant to paragraph 12 of the resolution, the report further includes information on proposals submitted by Member States on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "6. The report complements the report of the Secretary-General on follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress (E/CN.15/2022/11), which was considered by the Commission at its thirty-first session. It also complements the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of UNODC (A/77/127), submitted for the consideration by the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, as mandated by the Assembly in its resolution 76/187.", "II. Follow-up to and implementation of the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", "A. Consideration by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "7. The Fourteenth Congress was held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021 under the overall theme “Advancing crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law: towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda”. It brought together more than 5,000 participants representing a record 152 Member States, along with 114 non-governmental organizations, 37 intergovernmental organizations, 600 individual experts and a considerable number of United Nations system entities and institutes belonging to the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network.", "8. At the beginning of the high-level segment, Member States adopted the Kyoto Declaration, in which they agreed on concrete actions related to four pillars – advancing crime prevention; advancing the criminal justice system; promoting the rule of law; and promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime – including against the backdrop of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "9. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission reviewed the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration at its thirty-first session under the standing item on its agenda entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "10. Under that agenda item, the Commission had before it, for its consideration, the relevant report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.15/2022/11) containing an overview of the action taken by the Commission and the activities conducted by UNODC in follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and provided information on the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. It also contained information on proposals submitted by Member States before 24 February 2022 on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.[2] Finally, it included recommendations, including with regard to the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress.", "11. The Commission also considered a conference room paper containing the Chair’s summary on the thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1). Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the first round of thematic discussions had been held from 10 to 12 November 2021 and had been focused on the first pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (Advancing crime prevention). An interactive exchange had been facilitated among national experts and policymakers, United Nations system entities, intergovernmental organizations and civil society on good practices, challenges and lessons learned in advancing crime prevention.[3]", "12. In his summary, the Chair of the Commission at its thirtieth session encouraged Member States and interested stakeholders to initiate timely preparations for the 2022 thematic sessions to facilitate the participation of relevant experts with a view to sharing good practices and discussing how to successfully implement the second pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (Advancing the criminal justice system).", "13. The Commission further considered a conference room paper containing the Chair’s summary of the expert discussions on crimes that affect the environment (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2). Pursuant to paragraph 87 of the Kyoto Declaration and to General Assembly resolution 76/185 on preventing and combating crimes that affect the environment, intersessional expert discussions had been conducted from 14 to 16 February 2022, fostering an interactive debate on concrete ways to improve strategies and responses to effectively prevent and combat crimes that affect the environment, and to strengthen international cooperation in that area at the operational level.[4]", "14. In his summary, the Chair highlighted that joint efforts and actions to prevent and combat crimes that affect the environment were a key contribution to the full implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. He also reiterated the importance of retaining and collecting the good practices and lessons learned that delegations and experts had shared during the discussions, with a view to learning from the experiences of others and developing a better understanding of the challenges faced, as well as the tools that had yielded positive results.", "15. To facilitate consideration of the agenda item on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress, the Secretary to the Commission made an introductory statement. Statements were made by the representatives of Canada, Chile, Japan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and the United States of America. The observers for Iran (Islamic Republic of), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and the European Union, also made statements. A statement was also made by the observer for the Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.", "16. Appreciation was expressed to Japan as the host country of the Fourteenth Congress for organizing a successful congress, in particular in the light of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of transforming the commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration into concrete action was underscored. Some speakers shared information on national and regional efforts to implement the commitments made in the four pillars of the Declaration, including with regard to the implementation of United Nations standards and norms, the implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice strategies that were focused on vulnerable members of society, including in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, and efforts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of mutual legal assistance and extradition. Further national examples shared were focused on, among others, steps taken to strengthen the criminal justice system, including reducing recidivism through rehabilitation and reintegration efforts. Some speakers made reference to the need to address violence against women and children and to develop gender-responsive, child-sensitive and human rights-based justice policies. The importance of providing technical assistance to requesting Member States in support of national implementation of the Kyoto Declaration was underlined, and the support provided by UNODC in that regard was welcomed.", "17. A number of speakers highlighted the link between crime prevention, criminal justice, the rule of law and the international community’s efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The importance of raising awareness of the Kyoto Declaration and the important role of the criminal justice system in promoting the rule of law in support of sustainable development were underlined by a number of speakers. Several speakers welcomed the Kyoto Declaration follow-up process, in particular the organization of the thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Declaration. Furthermore, efforts undertaken by UNODC and Member States since the adoption of the Declaration, including in relation to standards and norms on preventing reoffending, were welcomed.", "18. Reference was made to the Chair’s high-level special event that had been held on the first day of the thirty-first session of the Commission and had been focused on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. Appreciation was expressed to Japan for the tabling of a resolution on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. In reference to the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress, the importance of ensuring the timely adoption of the substantive agenda and the subsequent early preparation of the discussion guide and the preparatory workshops, in close coordination with the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, was underscored.", "B. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "19. On Friday, 20 May 2022, the Commission took action on the draft resolution, entitled “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”, and recommended, through the Economic and Social Council, its adoption by the General Assembly. In that resolution, the General Assembly would reiterate its invitation to Governments to take into consideration the Kyoto Declaration when formulating legislation and policy directives and to make every effort, where appropriate, to implement the principles contained therein in conformity with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "20. In the same resolution, the General Assembly would welcome the initiative of the Government of Japan to work with UNODC, and through the Commission, in ensuring appropriate follow-up to the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. The General Assembly would request the Commission, in accordance with its mandate, to continue to implement the appropriate policy and operational measures for the follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration, including through the holding of intersessional thematic discussions to facilitate the sharing of information, good practices and lessons learned among Member States and relevant stakeholders, subject to the availability of extrabudgetary resources.", "21. The General Assembly would decide to hold the Fifteenth Congress in 2026, without prejudice to the timing of subsequent United Nations congresses on crime prevention and criminal justice and with a view to maintaining the five-year cycle of the congresses, in the light of the intensive follow-up process undertaken by the Commission in the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration.", "22. The Assembly would invite Member States to provide their suggestions in relation to the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress and request the Secretary-General to include those suggestions in the report on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress to be submitted to the Commission at its thirty-second session.", "23. Furthermore, the Assembly would recommend that, building on the experience and the success of the Fourteenth Congress, all efforts be made to ensure that the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress were interrelated and that the agenda items and workshop topics were streamlined and limited in number, and encourage the holding of side events that were focused on and complemented the agenda items and workshops. The General Assembly would request the Commission to approve at its thirty-second session the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress.", "24. The General Assembly would finally request the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-eighth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "C. Other activities of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "25. The Commission has widely promoted the policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration. On 16 May 2022, on the margins of its thirty-first session, the Chair of the Commission, in cooperation with the Government of Japan, held a high-level special event on a multifaceted approach to turning the Kyoto Declaration into action on the ground . The special event was an opportunity to take stock of and report on the initiatives launched since the adoption of the Kyoto Declaration in March 2021, focusing on efforts undertaken at the institutional level within the United Nations system; at the intergovernmental level through the Commission; and at the programmatic level, as well as efforts at the national and regional levels, including by stakeholders, to implement the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration. Participants reviewed the conduct and outcome of the Fourteenth Congress and shared the experience of holding a large-scale international conference during the pandemic.", "26. In addition, in July 2022, on the margins of the 2022 high-level political forum on sustainable development, the Crime Commission will hold an online side event together with the Commission on Narcotic Drugs entitled “Leveraging international action to address the impact of COVID-19 on drugs and crime: integrated multidisciplinary responses by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”. The side event will serve to raise awareness, inter alia, about the work undertaken by the Crime Commission on the interlinkages between the Sustainable Development Goals, on one hand, and the rule of law and crime prevention and criminal justice on the other. Information will be shared on the contributions made by the Commission to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "D. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "27. UNODC undertook a number of initiatives with a view to ensuring a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress. An interdivisional task team was established to strengthen Office-wide coordination and cooperation in the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration and in the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. The task team, comprising representatives from all UNODC divisions and led by the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies, meets periodically.", "28. The interdivisional task team developed, for internal use, an implementation matrix that provides an overview of activities undertaken by UNODC and its partners in support of the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. Those activities are focused on institutional follow-up within the United Nations system, intergovernmental follow-up through the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and programmatic follow-up through the substantive divisions of UNODC. The matrix can be sorted according to different criteria, including the pillars of the Declaration, the thematic areas and outcomes of the UNODC Strategy 2021–2025, and the Sustainable Development Goals to which activities contribute.", "29. Taking into account the increased reliance on online channels of communication, the secretariat of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice launched an e-learning tool on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration.[5] The tool, which comprises three interactive modules, provides information on the background to the Declaration, its relationship to the 2030 Agenda and the substantive areas covered in the Declaration. The tool also contains information on the UNODC portfolio of technical assistance in relevant areas.", "30. In June 2022, the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies held an online briefing for Member States on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in English, French and Spanish. The briefing was attended by national officials responsible for the planning and implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice policies and for planning and requesting technical assistance from UNODC in that regard. During the briefing, information was shared on technical assistance provided by UNODC in the substantive areas covered by the Declaration.", "31. A briefing will be held in the second half of 2022 for the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network and relevant non-governmental organizations to facilitate a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder discussion on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress.", "32. In addition to the institutional follow-up, the Office carried out a wide range of programmatic activities in implementing the Kyoto Declaration.[6]", "III. Proposals on other ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration", "33. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, a note verbale was sent to Member States with a request to submit proposals on ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration. By the deadline of 30 March, a total of 10 proposals had been received, from Canada, Czechia, India, Japan, Mali, Morocco, the Philippines, Qatar, Romania and Türkiye.", "34. In their proposals, many of those Member States highlighted the importance of sharing of information, including intelligence, and best practices, as well as of strengthening international cooperation among law enforcement agencies in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration. It was proposed to establish different forums for cooperation, such as regional cooperation networks and open-ended intergovernmental expert groups or working groups, to enable national practitioners to share their knowledge, experience, good practices and challenges with regard to crime prevention and criminal justice. Some Member States made reference to the Criminal Justice Forum for Asia and the Pacific convened by Japan and UNODC in February 2022, which had served as a forum for cooperation among central authorities responsible for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and competent authorities engaging in offender treatment and rehabilitation in that region.", "35. Several Member States took note with appreciation of the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration, held from 10 to 12 November 2021. It was proposed to create an online platform dedicated to the Kyoto Declaration that would cover, inter alia, the progress made in implementing the Kyoto Declaration and the resources shared in the context of the thematic discussions. It was also proposed to go beyond the thematic discussions and invite Member States to provide voluntary periodic reports on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Kyoto Declaration, for broader dissemination. Another proposal was that UNODC develop a set of general indicators related to the four pillars of the Kyoto Declaration and to design questionnaires on the implementation of the Declaration to be completed periodically by all relevant stakeholders and used by UNODC.", "36. It was noted that UNODC played a crucial role in the provision of capacity-building and technical assistance in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. It was recommended that Member States continue to build partnerships with UNODC in that regard. The importance was underscored of conducting continuous training for competent authorities in related fields, including with regard to mutual legal assistance and judicial ethics.", "37. A number of Member States highlighted the importance of mainstreaming a gender perspective in crime prevention and criminal justice strategies.", "38. It was noted that one of the most important ways and means of ensuring appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration was funding to be provided by Member States, in particular those with financial and technical capacities, for activities and programmes aimed at transforming the political commitments set out in the Declaration into projects on the ground, particularly in developing and less developed countries.", "IV. Concluding observations", "39. In the years to come, the Kyoto Declaration will be the main international political commitment on crime prevention and criminal justice and guide global action in that regard. I urge Member States to take concerted action to advance the implementation of the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration, including through the Commission as the principal policymaking body of the United Nations in crime-related matters.", "40. Considering the successful outcome of the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions and the positive feedback received from relevant stakeholders in that regard, I encourage the Commission to continue in the same vein to foster the exchange of information, good practices and lessons learned among Member States, United Nations system entities, other intergovernmental organizations and civil society, with a view to effectively following up on the Kyoto Declaration.", "41. The wide dissemination of the policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and the sharing of information on the implementation of the Declaration among Member States and other relevant stakeholders are the key to ensuring a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Declaration. In that regard, I encourage the Commission to continue to keep all relevant stakeholders informed of the activities implemented in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration by holding side events, including those taking place at the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council.", "42. In the Kyoto Declaration, Member States reaffirmed the role of UNODC as the leading entity of the United Nations supporting Member States in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. I encourage UNODC in that regard to further strengthen institutional coordination and cooperation, to ensure a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress, and to continue to implement programmatic activities with a view to supporting Member States in the implementation of the commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and to keep Member States informed of the work undertaken in that regard.", "43. The early identification of the host country for the Fifteenth Congress offers the Commission an opportunity to engage in consultations facilitating the timely planning and coordination of the relevant preparatory arrangements. I encourage the Commission to conduct further consultations among Member States to identify the host country so as to facilitate the timely planning and coordination of the relevant preparatory arrangements. In the same vein, I urge Member States to provide their suggestions in relation to the overall theme, the agenda items and the topics for the workshops for the Fifteenth Congress.", "44. Multilateral cooperation and multi-stakeholder partnership are crucial in advancing crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law as part of efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda. I invite the Commission to continue to engage, in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration and in preparation for the Fifteenth Congress, with other relevant stakeholders, including intergovernmental organizations, the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, civil society and academia.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] Proposals received after that date are contained in a conference room paper (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3).", "[3] See also E/CN.15/2022/11.", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Available at https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php.", "[6] See also E/CN.15/2022/11 and A/77/127." ]
A_77_128
[ "Twenty-seventh session Item 109 of the roster Crime prevention and justice", "Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been drafted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventieth session a report on the implementation of that resolution. It contains a summary of the deliberations of the 31^(er) session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, in connection with the follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The report also provides an overview of the measures taken by the Commission, as a preparatory and follow-up body to United Nations congresses on crime, and of the activities undertaken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, to follow up on the Kyoto Declaration on the Promotion of Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In accordance with the resolution, the report also contains information on proposals submitted by Member States on other means for appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been drafted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, entitled " Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice " , in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventieth session a report on the implementation of that resolution.", "2. In the resolution, the General Assembly invited Governments to take into account the Kyoto Declaration on the Promotion of Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by formulating normative laws and guidelines and to make every effort, as appropriate, to implement the principles contained therein, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "3. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to request Member States to submit proposals on other means for appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration, in order for the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice to consider and take action thereon at its thirty-first session.", "4. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission to consider the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration on a standing agenda item entitled “Follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "5. The present report contains a summary of the deliberations of the 31^(er) session of the Commission, held in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022, on the follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The present report provides information on the measures taken by the Commission, as a body responsible for preparing and monitoring United Nations congresses on crime, and on the activities undertaken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to follow up on the Kyoto Declaration. In accordance with paragraph 12 of the resolution, the report also contains information on proposals submitted by Member States on other means of appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "6. The report complements the report submitted by the Secretary-General on follow-up to the fourteenth Congress and preparations for the fifteenth Congress (E/CN.15/2022/11), which was considered by the Commission at its 31^(er) session. It also supplements the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of UNODC (A/77/127), submitted for consideration by the General Assembly at its seventieth session, as mandated by the Assembly in its resolution 76/187.", "II. Follow-up to and implementation of the Kyoto Declaration on the Promotion of Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", "A. Review by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its thirty-first session", "7. The fourteenth Congress was held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021 and its main theme was “Promotion of crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law: towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda”. It brought together more than 5,000 participants who came on behalf of 152 Member States — a figure not previously reached — together with 114 non-governmental organizations, 37 intergovernmental organizations, 600 experts and a significant number of entities of the United Nations system and institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network.", "8. At the beginning of the high-level segment, Member States adopted the Kyoto Declaration, in which they agreed on concrete actions related to four pillars: promoting crime prevention, promoting the criminal justice system, promoting the rule of law and promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and combat all forms of crime, including in the context of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19).", "9. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission considered the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration at its thirty-first session under the standing agenda item entitled “Follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”.", "10. Under this agenda item, the Commission had before it, for its consideration, the relevant report of the Secretary-General (E/CN.15/2022/11), which contained an account of the actions taken by the Commission and the activities undertaken by UNODC to follow up the fourteenth Congress and provided information on the preparations for the fifteenth Congress. It also contained information on the proposals of Member States submitted by 24 February 2022 on other means for appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration[2]. Finally, it included recommendations, including in connection with the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress.", "11. The Commission also considered a conference room paper containing the Chairman ' s summary of the Commission ' s thematic discussions on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/181, the first round of thematic discussions had been held from 10 to 12 November 2021 and had focused on the first pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (promoting crime prevention). An interactive exchange between experts and national policymakers, entities of the United Nations system, intergovernmental organizations and civil society on good practices, challenges and lessons learned in promoting crime prevention had been facilitated.[3]", "12. In its summary, the Chairman of the Commission at its thirtieth session encouraged Member States and stakeholders to initiate timely preparations for the thematic sessions of 2022 in order to facilitate the participation of relevant experts to share good practices and discuss how to successfully implement the second pillar of the Kyoto Declaration (promote the criminal justice system).", "13. The Commission further considered a conference room paper containing the Chairman ' s summary of the expert discussions on environmental crimes (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2). In accordance with paragraph 87 of the Kyoto Declaration and General Assembly resolution 76/185 on the prevention and control of environmental-related crimes, intersessional expert discussions had been held from 14 to 16 February 2022, in which an interactive discussion had been encouraged on specific ways of improving strategies and responses to effectively prevent and combat these crimes and strengthening international cooperation at the operational level in this area.", "14. In his summary, the President highlighted concerted efforts and actions to prevent and combat environmental crimes were an essential contribution to the full implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. It also reiterated the importance of maintaining and collecting good practices and lessons learned that delegations and experts had shared during the discussions, with a view to learning from the experiences of others and better understanding the challenges they faced, as well as the tools that had yielded positive results.", "15. In order to facilitate consideration of the agenda item on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress, the Secretary of the Commission made an introductory statement. Statements were made by the representatives of Saudi Arabia, Canada, Chile, Japan, Libya and Thailand. The observers for Iran (Islamic Republic of), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and the European Union also made statements. A statement was also made by the observer for the Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.", "16. Appreciation was expressed to Japan, the host country of the fourteenth Congress, for organizing the Congress, which had been a success, especially in view of the difficulties posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The importance of transforming the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration into concrete actions was stressed. Some speakers reported on various national and regional initiatives aimed at implementing the commitments made on the four pillars of the Declaration, including in the implementation of United Nations standards and norms, the implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice strategies focused on vulnerable members of society, including in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, and efforts to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of mutual legal assistance and extradition. Other national examples were focused, inter alia, on measures taken to strengthen the criminal justice system, including reducing recidivism through rehabilitation and reintegration initiatives. Some speakers referred to the need to address violence against women and children and to formulate justice policies that respond to gender issues, take into account the needs of children and are human rights-based. The importance of providing technical assistance to Member States requesting it to contribute to the implementation by countries of the Kyoto Declaration and welcomed the support provided by UNODC in that regard.", "17. Several speakers highlighted the link between crime prevention, criminal justice, the rule of law and the efforts of the international community to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Several speakers stressed the importance of increasing awareness of the Kyoto Declaration and the important role played by the criminal justice system in promoting the rule of law in support of sustainable development. Several speakers welcomed the follow-up process to the Kyoto Declaration, in particular the organization of the thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Declaration. In addition, the efforts made by UNODC and Member States since the adoption of the Declaration were welcomed, in particular with regard to the rules and standards on the prevention of recidivism.", "18. Reference was made to the special high-level activity of the Chairman focused on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration, which had taken place on the first day of the 31^(er) session of the Commission. Appreciation was expressed to Japan for having submitted a resolution on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. Referring to the preparations for the Fifteenth Congress, the importance of ensuring the timely adoption of the substantive agenda and the prompt elaboration of the guide for the deliberations and preparatory workshops was stressed, in close coordination with the institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network.", "B. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its 31^(er) session", "19. On Friday, 20 May, 2022, the Commission took action on the draft resolution entitled " Follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice " and recommended, through the Economic and Social Council, its adoption by the General Assembly. In that resolution, the General Assembly would reiterate its invitation to Governments, in formulating legislation and policy guidelines, to take into account the Kyoto Declaration and, where appropriate, to make every effort to implement the principles contained therein, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.", "20. In the same resolution, the General Assembly would welcome the initiative of the Government of Japan to work with UNODC, and through the Commission, to ensure appropriate follow-up to the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. The General Assembly would request the Commission, in accordance with its mandate, to continue to implement appropriate political and operational measures to follow up on the Kyoto Declaration, including by holding intersessional thematic discussions to facilitate the exchange of information, good practices and lessons learned between Member States and relevant stakeholders, subject to the availability of extrabudgetary resources.", "21. The General Assembly would decide that the fifteenth Congress would be held in 2026, without prejudice to the dates of the following United Nations congresses on crime prevention and criminal justice, and with a view to maintaining the five-year cycle of the congresses, in view of the intensive follow-up process undertaken by the Commission in the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration.", "22. The Assembly would invite Member States to submit their suggestions under the general item, agenda items and topics for the seminars of the fifteenth Congress, and would request the Secretary-General to include those suggestions in the report on follow-up to the fourteenth Congress and preparations for the fifteenth Congress to be submitted to the Commission at its thirty-second session.", "23. In addition, the Assembly would recommend that, on the basis of the experience and success of the fourteenth Congress, every effort should be made to ensure that the general theme, agenda items and topics of the seminars of the fifteenth Congress were interrelated and that the agenda items and those of the seminars were simple and limited in number, and would encourage parallel activities focusing on the agenda items and seminars and complement them. The General Assembly would request the Commission at its thirty-second session to adopt the general item, agenda items and topics for the seminars of the fifteenth Congress.", "24. Finally, the General Assembly would request the Secretary-General to submit to it at its seventy-eighth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "C. Other activities of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice at its 31^(er) session", "25. The Commission has widely promoted policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration. On 16 May 2022, outside the 31^(er) session, the Chairman of the Commission, in collaboration with the Government of Japan, held a special high-level event on a multifaceted approach to implement the provisions of the Kyoto Declaration on the ground. The special event was an opportunity to take stock and report on the initiatives launched since the adoption of the Kyoto Declaration in March 2021, in particular on the efforts made at the institutional level within the United Nations system, at the intergovernmental level through the Commission and at the programmatic level, as well as efforts at the national and regional levels, including by stakeholders, to implement the commitments made in the Kyoto Declaration. Participants discussed the development and outcomes of the fourteenth Congress and shared the experience of holding a large-scale international conference during the pandemic.", "26. In addition, in July 2022, on the margins of the high-level political forum on sustainable development of that year, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice will hold an online side event with the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the use of international action to address the impact of COVID-19 on drugs and crime and the integrated multidisciplinary responses of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Leveraging international action to address). The side event will serve to publicize, inter alia, the work of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice on the interrelationships between the Sustainable Development Goals, on the one hand, and the rule of law and the prevention of crime and criminal justice on the other. Information on the Commission ' s contributions to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will be transmitted.", "D. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "27. UNODC undertook a number of initiatives to ensure a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress. An interdivisional task force was established to strengthen coordination and cooperation across the Office for the Implementation of the Kyoto Declaration and preparations for the Fifteenth Congress. The task force, composed of representatives of all UNODC divisions and led by the Secretariat of the Governing Bodies, meets regularly.", "28. The interdivisional task force developed, for internal use, an implementation matrix that summarizes the activities undertaken by UNODC and its partners in support of the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration. These activities focus on institutional follow-up within the United Nations system, intergovernmental follow-up through the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and programmatic follow-up through the substantive divisions of UNODC. The matrix can be ordered according to different criteria, including the pillars of the Declaration, the thematic areas and the results of UNODC Strategy 2021-2025 and the Sustainable Development Goals to which the activities contribute.", "29. Taking into account the increasing reliance on online channels of communication, the secretariat of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice launched an e-learning tool on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration[5]. The tool, consisting of three interactive modules, provides information on the background of the Declaration, its relationship with the 2030 Agenda and the substantive areas it covers. The tool also contains information on the UNODC technical assistance portfolio in the relevant areas.", "30. In June 2022, the Secretariat of the Governing Bodies organized an online briefing for Member States on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in English, French and Spanish. The briefing was attended by national officials responsible for the planning and implementation of crime prevention and criminal justice policies, as well as the planning and request for technical assistance to UNODC in this regard. During the briefing, information was shared on the technical assistance provided by UNODC in the substantive areas covered by the Declaration.", "31. A briefing for the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network institutes and relevant non-governmental organizations will be held in the second half of 2022 to facilitate a comprehensive multi-stakeholder discussion on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress.", "32. In addition to institutional follow-up, the Office carried out a wide range of programmatic activities for the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration[6].", "III. Proposals on other means for appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration", "33. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/181, a note verbale was sent to Member States with a request for proposals on ways and means of appropriate follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration. A total of 10 proposals, submitted by Canada, Czech Republic, India, Japan, Mali, Morocco, Qatar, Romania and Türkiye, had been received by 30 March.", "34. In their proposals, many of these Member States emphasized the importance of sharing information, including intelligence, and best practices, as well as strengthening international cooperation among law enforcement agencies in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration. It was proposed to establish different forums for cooperation, such as regional cooperation networks and open-ended intergovernmental expert groups or working groups, so that national professionals could share their knowledge, experiences, good practices and challenges in crime prevention and criminal justice. Some Member States referred to the Asia Pacific Criminal Justice Forum organized by Japan and UNODC in February 2022, which had provided a forum for cooperation between the central authorities responsible for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and the competent authorities dealing with the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders in that region.", "35. Several Member States noted with satisfaction the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions of the Commission on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration held from 10 to 12 November 2021. It was proposed to establish an online platform dedicated to the Kyoto Declaration, including progress in the implementation of the Declaration and shared resources in the context of thematic discussions. It was also proposed to go beyond the thematic discussions and invite Member States to submit voluntary periodic reports on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Kyoto Declaration, to disseminate them more widely. Another proposal was for UNODC to develop a set of general indicators related to the four pillars of the Kyoto Declaration and to develop questionnaires on the implementation of the Declaration that were regularly completed by all stakeholders and used by UNODC.", "36. It was noted that UNODC played a crucial role in providing technical and capacity-building assistance in crime prevention and criminal justice. It was recommended that Member States continue to establish partnerships with UNODC in this regard. The importance of continuing training for relevant authorities in the related fields, including with regard to mutual legal assistance and judicial ethics, was stressed.", "37. Several Member States stressed the importance of gender mainstreaming in crime prevention and criminal justice strategies.", "38. It was noted that one of the most important means to ensure proper follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration was the funding to be provided by Member States, in particular those with financial and technical capacity, for activities and programmes aimed at transforming the political commitments set out in the Declaration into field projects, especially in developing countries and least developed countries.", "IV. Concluding remarks", "39. In the coming years, the Kyoto Declaration will be the main international political commitment to crime prevention and criminal justice and will guide global action in this regard. I urge Member States to take concerted action to advance the implementation of the commitments made in the Declaration, including through the Commission, as the principal policymaking organ of the United Nations on crime.", "40. Taking into account the success of the first round of the intersessional thematic discussions and the positive response received from relevant stakeholders in this regard, I encourage the Commission to continue along the same lines to promote the exchange of information, good practices and experiences among Member States, entities of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental organizations and civil society, with a view to ensuring effective follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration.", "41. The wide dissemination of policy commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and the exchange of information on their implementation among Member States and other relevant stakeholders are essential to ensuring a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Declaration. In this regard, I encourage the Commission to continue to keep all stakeholders informed of the activities carried out in follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration through parallel events, including those taking place in the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council.", "42. In the Kyoto Declaration, Member States reaffirmed the role of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as the principal United Nations entity supporting Member States in the area of crime prevention and criminal justice. In this regard, I encourage UNODC to continue to strengthen institutional coordination and cooperation, to ensure a comprehensive approach to the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress and to continue to carry out programmatic activities with a view to supporting Member States in the implementation of the commitments contained in the Kyoto Declaration and to keep them informed of the work done in this regard.", "43. The early election of the host country of the Fifteenth Congress provides the Commission with an opportunity for consultations to facilitate the timely planning and coordination of relevant preparations. I encourage the Commission to continue to conduct consultations among Member States to define the host country in order to facilitate the timely planning and coordination of relevant preparations. In the same vein, I urge Member States to present their suggestions under the general item, the agenda items and the topics of the seminars of the fifteenth Congress.", "44. Multilateral cooperation and multi-stakeholder collaboration are crucial to advancing crime prevention, criminal justice and the rule of law as part of efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda. I invite the Commission to continue to collaborate, in the follow-up to the Kyoto Declaration and in the preparation of the Fifteenth Congress, with other relevant stakeholders, including intergovernmental organizations, institutes of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme network, civil society and academia.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] The proposals received after that date are contained in a conference room paper (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.3).", "[3] See also E/CN.15/2022/11.", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Available at https://golearn.unodc.org/lms/login/index.php?lang=es.", "[6] See also E/CN.15/2022/11 and A/77/127." ]
[ "Comité Especial encargado deElaborar una ConvenciónInternacional Integral sobre laLucha contra la Utilización delas Tecnologías de laInformacióny las Comunicaciones con FinesDelictivos Tercer período de sesiones \nNueva York, 29 de agosto a 9 deseptiembre de 2022", "Programa provisional anotado", "Programa provisional", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones.", "2. Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos.", "3. Presentación por parte de la Presidenta del Comité del informe relativo a la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones con múltiples partes interesadas, celebrada los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2022.", "4. Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional.", "5. Disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica.", "6. Disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas.", "7. Disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación.", "8. Disposiciones finales.", "9. Preámbulo.", "10. Otros asuntos.", "11. Aprobación del informe.", "12. Clausura del período de sesiones.", "Anotaciones", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones", "En su resolución 74/247, la Asamblea General decidió establecer un comité intergubernamental especial de expertos de composición abierta, representativo de todas las regiones, a fin de elaborar una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos, teniendo plenamente en cuenta los instrumentos internacionales y las iniciativas existentes en los planos nacional, regional e internacional para combatir la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos, en particular, la labor y los resultados del Grupo de Expertos encargado de Realizar un Estudio Exhaustivo sobre el Delito Cibernético, de carácter intergubernamental y de composición abierta.", "El Comité Especial encargado de Elaborar una Convención Internacional Integral sobre la Lucha contra la Utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones con Fines Delictivos celebró un período de sesiones de organización en Nueva York del 10 al 12 de mayo de 2021.", "El 26 de mayo de 2021, la Asamblea General aprobó la resolución 75/282, en la que dispuso, entre otras cosas, que el Comité celebraría al menos seis períodos de sesiones de diez días cada uno y un período de sesiones de clausura, y que le presentaría un proyecto de convención en su septuagésimo octavo período de sesiones. El Comité Especial celebró un período de sesiones sobre cuestiones de organización en Nueva York el 24 de febrero de 2022, su primer período de sesiones en Nueva York del 28 de febrero al 11 de marzo de 2022 y su segundo período de sesiones en Viena del 30 de mayo al 10 de junio de 2022.", "En el período de sesiones sobre cuestiones de organización, el Comité Especial celebró elecciones para cubrir dos puestos vacantes de la Vicepresidencia con candidatos de los Estados de Asia y el Pacífico y de los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe y aprobó la lista de otras organizaciones no gubernamentales pertinentes, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, instituciones académicas y entidades del sector privado que podían participar en el Comité, de conformidad con el párrafo 9 de la resolución 75/282. En su primer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial aprobó una hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo con el fin de facilitar el cumplimiento de su mandato mediante la adopción de un procedimiento bien planificado, organizado y transparente, y también aprobó la estructura de la convención. Además, el Comité Especial examinó los objetivos y el alcance de la convención y celebró un intercambio preliminar de opiniones sobre sus elementos fundamentales. En su segundo período de sesiones, el Comité Especial realizó una primera lectura de los capítulos sobre criminalización, disposiciones generales y medidas procesales y de aplicación de la ley, e intercambió opiniones sobre la base de las propuestas presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros.", "De conformidad con la hoja de ruta aprobada por el Comité Especial en su primer período de sesiones, el tercer período de sesiones del Comité Especial se declarará abierto en Nueva York el lunes 29 de agosto de 2022, a las 10.00 horas, en el Salón del Consejo de Administración Fiduciaria. El período de sesiones se celebrará en un formato híbrido (en persona y en línea), con interpretación simultánea en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas y con dos reuniones de tres horas al día, una por la mañana y otra por la tarde, en el entendimiento de que las intervenciones en línea, utilizando una plataforma de interpretación a distancia, no superarán los 30 minutos por reunión, tal como decidieron los Estados Miembros mediante un procedimiento de acuerdo tácito el 24 de junio de 2022. En el sitio web dedicado al período de sesiones se publicará información adicional para los participantes, incluida la relativa a las medidas de mitigación de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) y las modalidades de participación[1].", "2. Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos", "El texto de la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo del Comité Especial (A/AC.291/7, anexo II), aprobado en su primer período de sesiones, contiene orientaciones para que el Comité cumpla sus mandatos previstos para el período comprendido entre su primer período de sesiones y su período de sesiones de clausura, que se celebrará en 2024, incluidos los temas sustantivos del programa de todas las reuniones.", "El presente programa provisional anotado se preparó con arreglo a la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo, donde se prevé que el Comité Especial examine las disposiciones de la convención sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo.", "Documentación", "Programa provisional anotado (A/AC.291/11)", "3. Presentación por parte de la Presidenta del Comité del informe relativo a la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones con múltiples partes interesadas, celebrada los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2022", "La Asamblea General, en el párrafo 10 de su resolución 75/282, alentó a la Presidenta del Comité Especial a que organizase consultas entre los períodos de sesiones para solicitar aportes de una amplia gama de interesados sobre la elaboración del proyecto de convención.", "Conforme a la resolución 75/282 y la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo del Comité Especial, la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones con múltiples partes interesadas se celebró en Viena los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2022. Además, con arreglo a la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo, la Presidenta, con el apoyo de la secretaría, preparó un informe que se publicó en el sitio web del Comité Especial con antelación al tercer período de sesiones y que este tiene ante sí como documento de sesión.", "De acuerdo con el párrafo 17 de la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo del Comité Especial, la Presidenta realizará una exposición sobre su informe relativo a la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones con múltiples partes interesadas.", "Documentación", "Informe de la Presidenta relativo a la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones del Comité Especial (A/AC.291/CRP.12)", "4. Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará una primera lectura de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial basará su labor en las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura de la convención aprobada en su primer período de sesiones, lo que podrá facilitar que se llegue a un acuerdo y se determinen las cuestiones pertinentes que habrán de negociarse.", "Para examinar el tema 4 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, que está disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas y se ha enviado a los Estados Miembros, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del capítulo sobre cooperación internacional, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "5. Disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará también una primera lectura de las disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial examinará las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca de las disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura aprobada de la convención.", "Para examinar el tema 5 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del capítulo sobre asistencia técnica, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13).", "6. Disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará también una primera lectura de las disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial examinará las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca de las disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura aprobada de la convención.", "Para examinar el tema 6 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del capítulo sobre medidas preventivas, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "7. Disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará una primera lectura de las disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial examinará las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca de las disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura aprobada de la convención.", "Para examinar el tema 7 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del capítulo sobre el mecanismo de aplicación, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "8. Disposiciones finales", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará también una primera lectura de las disposiciones finales, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial examinará las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca de las disposiciones finales presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura aprobada de la convención.", "Para examinar el tema 8 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones finales, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del capítulo sobre las disposiciones finales, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "9. Preámbulo", "En su tercer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial hará también una primera lectura del preámbulo, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial examinará las sugerencias de redacción concretas o las observaciones generales acerca del preámbulo presentadas por escrito por los Estados Miembros y articuladas con arreglo a los capítulos que conforman la estructura aprobada de la convención.", "Para examinar el tema 9 del programa, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí una recopilación de las propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto del preámbulo, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con la hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo. El Comité Especial también tendrá ante sí un documento de sesión, basado en la recopilación mencionada, con las propuestas recibidas de los Estados Miembros en forma de proyectos de disposiciones, ordenados según el artículo.", "Además, el Comité Especial tendrá ante sí un documento con preguntas orientativas acerca del preámbulo, disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas.", "Documentación", "Recopilación de propuestas y contribuciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como el preámbulo y las disposiciones finales de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/12)", "Preguntas orientativas sobre los capítulos relativos a la cooperación internacional, la asistencia técnica, las medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos (A/AC.291/13)", "Recopilación de los proyectos de disposiciones presentados por los Estados Miembros sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, así como las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "10. Otros asuntos", "El Comité Especial podrá examinar otros asuntos en el marco del tema 10 del programa. La secretaría no tiene conocimiento de ninguna cuestión que deba examinarse en el marco de este tema del programa, por lo que no se prevé ningún documento en relación con él.", "11. Aprobación del informe", "El Comité Especial aprobará un informe sobre su período de sesiones, cuyo proyecto preparará el Relator en coordinación con la secretaría.", "12. Clausura del período de sesiones", "Está previsto que la Presidenta del Comité Especial clausure el período de sesiones el viernes 9 de septiembre de 2022.", "Anexo", "Propuesta de organización de los trabajos[2]", "Fecha y hora Tema del Título o descripción programa", "Lunes 29 de agosto", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 1 Apertura del período de sesiones", "2 Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos", "3 Presentación por parte de la Presidenta del Comité del informe relativo a la segunda consulta entre períodos de sesiones con múltiples partes interesadas, celebrada los días 13 y 14 de junio de 2022", "4 Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 4 Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional (continuación)", "Martes 30 de agosto", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 4 Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 4 Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional (continuación)", "Miércoles 31 de agosto", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 4 Disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 5 Disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica", "Jueves 1 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 5 Disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 5 Disposiciones sobre asistencia técnica (continuación)", "Viernes 2 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 6 Disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 6 Disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas (continuación)", "Lunes 5 de septiembre Feriado oficial de las Naciones Unidas", "Martes 6 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 6 Disposiciones sobre medidas preventivas (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 7 Disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación", "Miércoles 7 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 7 Disposiciones sobre el mecanismo de aplicación (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 8 Disposiciones finales", "Jueves 8 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 9 Preámbulo", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 9 Preámbulo (continuación)", "Viernes 9 de septiembre", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 10 Otros asuntos", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 11 Aprobación del informe", "12 Clausura del período de sesiones", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html.", "[2] ^(*) El horario propuesto para cada tema del programa tiene carácter indicativo. Si se finalizase un tema más temprano de lo previsto, se empezaría con el siguiente." ]
[ "Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate aComprehensive InternationalConvention on Countering the Useof Information andCommunications Technologies forCriminal Purposes Third session \nNew York, 29 August–9 September2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work.", "3. Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022.", "4. Provisions on international cooperation.", "5. Provisions on technical assistance.", "6. Provisions on preventive measures.", "7. Provisions on the mechanism of implementation.", "8. Final provisions.", "9. Preamble.", "10. Any other business.", "11. Adoption of the report.", "12. Closure of the session.", "Annotations", "1. Opening of the session", "In its resolution 74/247, the General Assembly decided to establish an open-ended ad hoc intergovernmental committee of experts, representative of all regions, to elaborate a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, taking into full consideration existing international instruments and efforts at the national, regional and international levels on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, in particular the work and outcomes of the open-ended intergovernmental Expert Group to Conduct a Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime.", "The Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes held an organizational session in New York from 10 to 12 May 2021.", "On 26 May 2021, the General Assembly adopted resolution 75/282, in which it decided, inter alia, that the Committee should convene at least six sessions of 10 days each, and a concluding session, and provide a draft convention to the General Assembly at its seventy-eighth session. The Ad Hoc Committee held a session on organizational matters in New York on 24 February 2022. It held its first session in New York from 28 February to 11 March 2022 and its second session in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022.", "At the session on organizational matters, the Ad Hoc Committee held elections to fill two vacant Vice-Chair positions from Asia-Pacific States and Latin American and Caribbean States, and adopted the list of other relevant non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities that may participate in the Committee, in line with paragraph 9 of resolution 75/282. At its first session, the Ad Hoc Committee adopted a road map and mode of work with a view to facilitating the fulfilment of the Committee’s mandate through a well-planned, organized and transparent approach, and also adopted the structure of the convention. In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee considered the objectives and scope of the convention and held a preliminary exchange of views on key elements of the convention. At its second session, the Ad Hoc Committee undertook a first reading of the chapters on criminalization, general provisions, and procedural measures and law enforcement, and exchanged views on the basis of the written submissions of Member States.", "In line with the road map approved by the Ad Hoc Committee at its first session, the third session of the Ad Hoc Committee will be opened in New York on Monday, 29 August 2022, at 10 a.m. in the Trusteeship Council Chamber. The session will be held in a hybrid format (in person and online), with simultaneous interpretation in the six official languages of the United Nations and with two three-hour meetings per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, on the understanding that the online interventions, using a remote interpretation platform, are not to exceed 30 minutes per meeting, as decided by Member States by means of a silence procedure on 24 June 2022. Further information for participants, including on any coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mitigation measures and participation modalities, will be made available on the website of the session.[1]", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "The road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee (A/AC.291/7, annex II), which were approved at its first session, provide guidance for the Committee to fulfil its mandates from the first session to the concluding session, to be held in 2024, including the substantive agenda items for all meetings.", "The present annotated provisional agenda was prepared in line with the road map and mode of work, which foresees that the Ad Hoc Committee will examine the provisions of the convention on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble.", "Documentation", "Annotated provisional agenda (A/AC.291/11)", "3. Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "In paragraph 10 of its resolution 75/282, the General Assembly encouraged the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee to host intersessional consultations to solicit inputs from a diverse range of stakeholders on the elaboration of the draft convention.", "In accordance with resolution 75/282 and the road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee, the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders was held in Vienna on 13 and 14 June 2022. Furthermore, pursuant to the road map and mode of work, the Chair, with the support of the secretariat, prepared a report, which was made available on the website of the Ad Hoc Committee in advance of the third session, and is before the Ad Hoc Committee as a conference room paper.", "In line with paragraph 17 of the road map and mode of work for the Ad Hoc Committee, the Chair will present her report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders.", "Documentation", "Chair’s report on the second intersessional consultation of the Ad Hoc Committee (A/AC.291/CRP.12)", "4. Provisions on international cooperation", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will undertake a first reading of the provisions on international cooperation, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will conduct its work on the basis of the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on international cooperation, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the structure of the convention approved at its first session, which may facilitate the reaching of agreement and identification of relevant issues for negotiation.", "For the consideration of agenda item 4, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations and has been circulated to Member States, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on international cooperation, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "5. Provisions on technical assistance", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will also undertake a first reading of the provisions on technical assistance, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on technical assistance, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 5, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on technical assistance, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on technical assistance, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "6. Provisions on preventive measures", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will further undertake a first reading of the provisions on preventive measures, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on preventive measures, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 6, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on preventive measures, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on preventive measures, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "7. Provisions on the mechanism of implementation", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will undertake a first reading of the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 7, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on the mechanism of implementation, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on the mechanism of implementation, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "8. Final provisions", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will also undertake a first reading of the final provisions, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the final provisions, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 8, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the final provisions, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the chapter on final provisions, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "9. Preamble", "The Ad Hoc Committee at its third session will further undertake a first reading of the preamble, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will examine the written submissions of Member States, in the form of specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the preamble, articulated in line with the chapters contained in the approved structure of the convention.", "For the consideration of agenda item 9, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the preamble, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in line with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, containing the proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, arranged according to article.", "In addition, the Ad Hoc Committee will have before it a document containing guiding questions on the preamble, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the mechanism of implementation, the preamble and the final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guiding questions on the chapters on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation and the final provisions, and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "10. Any other business", "The Ad Hoc Committee may address any other matters under agenda item 10. As no issues to be raised under the agenda item have come to the attention of the secretariat, no documentation regarding the item is foreseen.", "11. Adoption of the report", "The Ad Hoc Committee is to adopt a report on its session, the draft of which will be prepared by the Rapporteur in coordination with the secretariat.", "12. Closure of the session", "The Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee is expected to close the session on Friday, 9 September 2022.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work[2]", "Date/time Agenda Title or description item", "Monday, 29 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 1 Opening of the session", "2 Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "3 Presentation by the Committee Chair of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multi-stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "4 Provisions on international cooperation", "3–6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Tuesday, 30 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Wednesday, 31 August", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance", "Thursday, 1 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "Friday, 2 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures", "3–6 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures (continued)", "Monday, 5 September Official United Nations holiday", "Tuesday, 6 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 6 Provisions on preventive measures (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 7 Provisions on the mechanism of implementation", "Wednesday, 7 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 7 Provisions on the mechanism of implementation (continued)", "3–6 p.m. 8 Final provisions", "Thursday, 8 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 9 Preamble", "3–6 p.m. 9 Preamble (continued)", "Friday, 9 September", "10 a.m.–1 p.m. 10 Any other business", "3–6 p.m. 11 Adoption of the report", "12 Closure of the session", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html.", "[2] ^(*) The proposed timetable for each agenda item is indicative in nature. Should an item be finalized earlier, the following agenda item will be taken up." ]
A_AC.291_11
[ "Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Comprehensive International Convention on the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for the Purpose of Criminal Procedures Third session New York, 29 August-9 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work.", "3. Presentation by the Chairperson of the Committee of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multiple stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022.", "4. Provisions on international cooperation.", "5. Provisions on technical assistance.", "6. Provisions on preventive measures.", "7. Provisions on the implementation mechanism.", "8. Final provisions.", "9. Preamble.", "10. Other business.", "11. Adoption of the report.", "12. Closure of the session.", "Annotations", "1. Opening of the session", "In its resolution 74/247, the General Assembly decided to establish an ad hoc open-ended intergovernmental committee of experts, representative of all regions, to develop a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, taking fully into account international instruments and existing initiatives at the national, regional and international levels to combat the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, in particular the work of the Intergovernmental Study and", "The Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Comprehensive International Convention on the Fight against the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Matters held an organizational session in New York from 10 to 12 May 2021.", "On 26 May 2021, the General Assembly adopted resolution 75/282, which provided, inter alia, that the Committee would hold at least six sessions of 10 days each and one closing session, and that it would submit a draft convention to it at its seventieth session. The Ad Hoc Committee held a session on organizational matters in New York on 24 February 2022, its first session in New York from 28 February to 11 March 2022 and its second session in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022.", "At the organizational session, the Special Committee held elections to fill two vacant posts of the Vice-Chair with candidates from Asian and Pacific States and Latin American and Caribbean States and approved the list of other relevant non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities that could participate in the Committee, in accordance with paragraph 9 of resolution 75/282. At its first session, the Special Committee adopted a road map and mode of work to facilitate the implementation of its mandate through the adoption of a well-planned, organized and transparent procedure, and also approved the structure of the convention. In addition, the Special Committee considered the objectives and scope of the convention and held a preliminary exchange of views on its fundamental elements. At its second session, the Special Committee first read the chapters on criminalization, general provisions and procedural and law enforcement, and exchanged views on the basis of written proposals submitted by Member States.", "In accordance with the road map adopted by the Special Committee at its first session, the third session of the Special Committee will be opened in New York on Monday, 29 August, 2022, at 10 a.m. in the Trusteeship Council Chamber. The session will be held in a hybrid format (in person and online), with simultaneous interpretation in the six official languages of the United Nations and with two meetings of three hours a day, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, on the understanding that online interventions, using a remote interpretation platform, will not exceed 30 minutes per meeting, as decided by Member States through a tacit agreement procedure on 24 June 2022. Additional information for participants, including on coronavirus disease mitigation measures (COVID-19) and modalities of participation, will be posted on the session website[1].", "2. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "The text of the road map and mode of work of the Ad Hoc Committee (A/AC.291/7, annex II), adopted at its first session, contains guidance for the Committee to fulfil its mandates for the period from its first session to its closing session, to be held in 2024, including the substantive agenda items of all meetings.", "The present annotated provisional agenda was prepared in accordance with the road map and mode of work, where the Special Committee is expected to consider the provisions of the convention on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and the preamble.", "Documentation", "Annotated provisional agenda (A/AC.291/11)", "3. Presentation by the Chairperson of the Committee of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multiple stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "The General Assembly, in paragraph 10 of its resolution 75/282, encouraged the Chairperson of the Ad Hoc Committee to organize intersessional consultations to request inputs from a wide range of stakeholders on the elaboration of the draft convention.", "Pursuant to resolution 75/282 and the road map and mode of work of the Special Committee, the second intersessional consultation with multiple stakeholders was held in Vienna on 13 and 14 June 2022. In addition, the Chairperson, with the support of the secretariat, prepared a report on the Special Committee ' s website in advance of the third session and before it as a conference room paper.", "In accordance with paragraph 17 of the road map and mode of work of the Special Committee, the Chairperson will make a presentation on her report on the second intersessional consultation with multiple stakeholders.", "Documentation", "Report of the Chairperson on the second intersessional consultation of the Special Committee (A/AC.291/CRP.12)", "4. Provisions on international cooperation", "At its third session, the Ad Hoc Committee will first read the provisions on international cooperation, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Ad Hoc Committee shall base its work on specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on international cooperation submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters forming the structure of the convention adopted at its first session, which may facilitate agreement and identify relevant issues to be negotiated.", "In order to consider agenda item 4, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, which is available in the six official languages of the United Nations and has been sent to Member States, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a paper with guidance questions on the chapter on international cooperation, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "5. Provisions on technical assistance", "At its third session, the Special Committee will also make a first reading of the provisions on technical assistance, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will consider specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on technical assistance submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters forming the approved structure of the convention.", "In order to consider agenda item 5, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on technical assistance provisions, available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a paper with guidance questions on the chapter on technical assistance, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13).", "6. Provisions on preventive measures", "At its third session, the Special Committee will also make a first reading of the provisions on preventive measures, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will consider specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on preventive measures submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters that constitute the approved structure of the convention.", "To consider agenda item 6, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States on preventive measures, available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a paper with guidance questions on the chapter on preventive measures, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "7. Provisions on the implementation mechanism", "At its third session, the Ad Hoc Committee will first read the provisions on the implementation mechanism, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will consider specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the provisions on the mechanism of implementation submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters that make up the approved structure of the convention.", "To consider agenda item 7, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding the provisions on the implementation mechanism, available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a paper with guidance questions on the chapter on the implementation mechanism, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "8. Final provisions", "At its third session, the Special Committee will also make a first reading of the final provisions, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will consider specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the final provisions submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters forming the approved structure of the convention.", "To consider agenda item 8, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States in respect of final arrangements, available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a document with guidance questions on the chapter on the final provisions, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "9. Preamble", "At its third session, the Ad Hoc Committee will also make a first reading of the preamble, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will consider specific drafting suggestions or general comments on the preamble submitted in writing by Member States and articulated in accordance with the chapters that make up the approved structure of the convention.", "To consider agenda item 9, the Special Committee will have before it a compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States in respect of the preamble, available in the six official languages of the United Nations, in accordance with the road map and mode of work. The Special Committee will also have before it a conference room paper, based on the above-mentioned compilation, with proposals received from Member States in the form of draft provisions, as ordered by the article.", "In addition, the Special Committee will have before it a paper with guidance questions on the preamble, available in the six official languages of the United Nations.", "Documentation", "Compilation of proposals and contributions submitted by Member States regarding provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the preamble and final provisions of a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/12)", "Guidance questions on chapters relating to international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as the final provisions and preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes (A/AC.291/13)", "Compilation of draft provisions submitted by Member States on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, as well as final provisions and the preamble (A/AC.291/CRP.13)", "10. Other matters", "The Special Committee may consider other matters under agenda item 10. The secretariat is not aware of any issues to be considered under this agenda item, and no documents are expected under this agenda item.", "11. Adoption of the report", "The Special Committee will adopt a report on its session, the draft of which will be prepared by the Rapporteur in coordination with the secretariat.", "12. Closure of the session", "The Chairperson of the Special Committee is expected to close the session on Friday, 9 September 2022.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work[2]", "Date and time Item of Title or programme description", "Monday, 29 August", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. Opening of the session", "2 Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "3 Submission by the Chairperson of the Committee of the report on the second intersessional consultation with multiple stakeholders, held on 13 and 14 June 2022", "4 Provisions on international cooperation", "3 - 6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Tuesday, 30 August", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 4 Arrangements on international cooperation (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 4 Provisions on international cooperation (continued)", "Wednesday, 31 August", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 4 Arrangements on international cooperation (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance", "Thursday, 1 September", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 5 Provisions on technical assistance (continued)", "Friday, 2 September", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 6 Preventive measures provisions", "3 - 6 Provisions on preventive measures (continued)", "Monday, 5 September Official United Nations Fair", "Tuesday, 6 September", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 6 Preventive measures (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 7 Arrangements on the implementation mechanism", "Wednesday, 7 September", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 7 Arrangements on the implementation mechanism (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 8 Final Provisions", "Thursday, 8 September", "10:00 to 13:00 9 Preamble", "3 - 6 p.m. 9 Preamble (continued)", "Friday, 9 September", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 10 Other matters", "3 - 6 p.m. 11 Adoption of the report", "12 Closure of the session", "[1] www.unodc.org/unodc/en/cybercrime/ad_hoc_committee/ahc_third_session/main.html.", "[2] ^(*) The schedule proposed for each agenda item is indicative. If an earlier theme was finalized, the following would begin." ]
[ "Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Trata dePersonas \n Viena, 29 y 30 de junio de 2022", "Proyecto de informe", "Adición", "II. Recomendaciones (continuación)", "A. Recomendaciones generales", "1. El Grupo de Trabajo recomendó a la Conferencia de las Partes que examinara la siguiente recomendación para su aprobación:", "Recomendación 2", "Los Estados partes deberían considerar la posibilidad de establecer un órgano independiente financiado con fondos públicos cuyas funciones consistirían en prestar asistencia letrada gratuita a las víctimas de la trata, entre otras cosas para procesos judiciales no penales, y solicitar la protección de los derechos sociales y la regularización migratoria, y que tendría prerrogativas como el acceso a las investigaciones completas, la facultad de solicitar la diligencia debida en materia de investigación a las autoridades investigadoras y el poder judicial, así como la facultad de solicitar directamente documentos e información a los organismos públicos, sin necesidad de una orden judicial.", "IV. Organización de la reunión (continuación)", "B. Declaraciones", "1. En relación con los temas 2 y 3 del programa, formularon declaraciones los representantes de las siguientes partes en el Protocolo contra la Trata de Personas: Angola, Argelia, Chile, Egipto, Estado de Palestina, Estados Unidos de América, Sudán, Federación de Rusia, Francia, Indonesia, Jordania, Malasia, México, Paraguay, Sri Lanka, Türkiye y Uruguay.", "2. Formularon declaraciones también los observadores de la República Islámica del Irán.", "3. El Grupo de Trabajo escuchó además una declaración de la observadora de la Organización Internacional de Policía Criminal-INTERPOL.", "4. La representante de la misión permanente de observación de la Santa Sede formuló una declaración." ]
[ "Working Group on Trafficking inPersons \n Vienna, 29–30 June 2022", "Draft Report", "Addendum", "II. Recommendations (continued)", "A. General recommendations", "1. The Working Group recommended that the Conference of the Parties consider the following recommendations for adoption.", "Recommendation 2", "States parties should consider the creation of a publicly funded and independent body, with functions to provide free legal assistance to trafficking victims, including for non-criminal justice proceedings, and request social rights protection and migratory regularization, with prerogatives such as access to full investigation, a power to request investigative due diligence from investigating authorities and the judiciary, as well as a power to request documents and information from public agencies directly, without requiring a court order.", "IV. Organization of the meeting (continued)", "B. Statements", "2. Under agenda items 2 and 3, statements were made by representatives of the following parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol: Algeria, Angola, Chile, Egypt, France, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Mexico, Paraguay, Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Sudan, Türkiye, United States of America and Uruguay.", "3. The observers for the Islamic Republic of Iran also made statements.", "4. The Working Group also heard a statement by the observer for the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).", "5. The representative from the permanent observer mission of The Holy See also made a statement." ]
CTOC_COP_WG.4_2022_L.1_ADD.1
[ "Working Group on Trafficking in Persons Vienna, 29 and 30 June 2022", "Draft report", "Addendum", "II. Recommendations (continued)", "A. General recommendations", "1. The Working Group recommended that the Conference of the Parties consider the following recommendation for adoption:", "Recommendation 2", "States parties should consider establishing an independent body funded by public funds whose functions would be to provide free legal assistance to victims of trafficking, including for non-criminal judicial proceedings, and to seek the protection of social rights and migration regularization, and which would have prerogatives such as access to full investigations, the power to request due diligence in the field of investigation to investigating authorities and the judiciary, as well as the authority to request a direct order.", "IV. Organization of the meeting (continued)", "B. Statements", "1. Under agenda items 2 and 3, statements were made by the representatives of the following parties to the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons: Angola, Algeria, Chile, Egypt, State of Palestine, Sudan, France, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Mexico, Paraguay, Sri Lanka, Türkiye and Uruguay.", "2. Statements were also made by the observers for the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "3. The Working Group also heard a statement by the observer for the International Criminal Police Organization.", "4. The representative of the Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See made a statement." ]
[ "77º período de sesiones \nTema 109 de la listapreliminar[1]Prevención del delito y justiciapenal", "Prevención del delito y justicia penal", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General, de conformidad con la resolución 75/194 de la Asamblea, el informe de la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción sobre su noveno período de sesiones, celebrado en Sharm el-Sheikh (Egipto) del 13 al 17 de diciembre de 2021 (CAC/COSP/2021/17).", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50." ]
[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Crime prevention and criminal justice", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly, pursuant to Assembly resolution 75/194, the report of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption on its ninth session, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 13 to 17 December 2021 (CAC/COSP/2021/17).", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50." ]
A_77_125
[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the list of experts[1] Crime prevention and justice", "Crime prevention and criminal justice", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly, in accordance with Assembly resolution 75/194, the report of the Conference of States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption on its ninth session, held at Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 13 to 17 December 2021 (CAC/COSP/2021/17).", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50." ]
[ "Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación Primera parte de la continuacióndel 13^(er) período de sesiones \n Viena, 8 y 9 de septiembre de 2022", "Programa provisional anotado", "Adición", "Anotaciones", "1. Cuestiones de organización", "a) Apertura del período de sesiones", "La primera parte de la continuación del 13^(er) período de sesiones del Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación se declarará abierta el jueves 8 de septiembre de 2022 a las 15.00 horas en la Sala de Plenos M del Edificio M del Centro Internacional de Viena. En función de la evolución de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), en estos momentos se prevé que la reunión se celebrará en formato presencial, con pocas oportunidades de formular declaraciones a distancia a través de una plataforma en línea. A su debido tiempo se comunicará más información sobre el formato del período de sesiones, que también se publicará en el sitio web dedicado al período de sesiones.", "b) Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos", "En su resolución 8/2, la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción solicitó al Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación que siguiera celebrando períodos de sesiones ordinarios por lo menos una vez al año, sobre la base de un programa provisional anotado y de un programa de trabajo que se publicarían lo antes posible para que los Estados partes pudieran definir la composición de las delegaciones y prepararse para mantener deliberaciones específicas y eficientes sobre los principales temas del período de sesiones y, tomando en consideración las instrucciones de la Conferencia, estar en condiciones de adaptar los temas que se tratarían para maximizar la eficacia de sus deliberaciones y los resultados de su labor, con sujeción a la disponibilidad de los recursos existentes.", "El programa provisional del 13^(er) período de sesiones del Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación fue aprobado por el Grupo en su 12º período de sesiones, celebrado del 14 al 18 de junio de 2021.", "La propuesta de organización de los trabajos de la primera parte de la continuación del 13^(er) período de sesiones (véase el anexo) se preparó con arreglo a las orientaciones que figuran en el plan de trabajo para los órganos subsidiarios de la Conferencia, que fue aprobado por la Mesa de la Conferencia. En virtud de ese plan de trabajo, habida cuenta de la resolución 8/2 de la Conferencia, el Grupo debía examinar el tema 2, titulado “Funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción”.", "2. Funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción", "En su resolución 8/2, la Conferencia, entre otras cosas, reconoció que continuar el proceso de evaluación del funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación antes de que concluyera el segundo ciclo de examen sobre la base de las experiencias obtenidas en el primero podría contribuir considerablemente al logro de resultados útiles, y que ese proceso debería iniciarse sin perjuicio de la continuación posterior de esa labor una vez finalizado el segundo ciclo de examen. En la misma resolución, la Conferencia solicitó además al Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación que, con el apoyo de la secretaría, siguiera reuniendo información pertinente, incluidas las opiniones de los Estados partes, sobre el desempeño del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación, con miras a continuar, cuando resultara adecuado, su evaluación del funcionamiento del Mecanismo, conforme a lo previsto en el párrafo 48 de los términos de referencia y en la decisión 5/1, y, a ese respecto, que siguiera informando a la Conferencia de los avances realizados, teniendo presente la solicitud formulada en el párrafo 5 de la resolución 3/1 de que se evaluaran los términos de referencia al concluir cada ciclo de examen. En ese sentido se señala a la atención del Grupo la nota de la Secretaría titulada “Opiniones de los Estados partes sobre el funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción” (CAC/COSP/2021/4), que contiene un resumen de las opiniones recibidas y que debe leerse junto con un documento de sesión (CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3) en que se recogen todas las opiniones presentadas por los Estados partes sobre el funcionamiento del Mecanismo, en la forma en que se recibieron.", "También en la resolución 8/2, la Conferencia alentó a los Estados partes a que, con ayuda de la secretaría, transmitieran voluntariamente sus perspectivas en el Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación, sin perjuicio de los mandatos existentes del Grupo y los términos de referencia del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación, sobre las posibles formas de avanzar tras la conclusión de la primera fase de examen, y solicitó que el Grupo presentara su informe a la Conferencia en su décimo período de sesiones.", "Además, en la declaración política titulada “Nuestro compromiso común de afrontar eficazmente los desafíos y aplicar medidas para prevenir y combatir la corrupción y reforzar la cooperación internacional”, aprobada por la Asamblea General en su período extraordinario de sesiones contra la corrupción, celebrado en 2021, los Estados Miembros, entre otras cosas, acogieron con beneplácito los logros del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación en la promoción de los esfuerzos de las partes para cumplir plenamente las obligaciones que les imponía la Convención, e instaron a las partes en la Convención a que ultimaran sus exámenes en el marco del Mecanismo de manera oportuna con miras a finalizar los ciclos de examen primero y segundo dentro de su período de ejecución acordado. Asimismo, los Estados Miembros se comprometieron a realizar un seguimiento pleno y eficaz de las conclusiones y observaciones del proceso de examen y acogieron con beneplácito los esfuerzos de la Conferencia para evaluar el funcionamiento del Mecanismo y adaptar, cuando procediera, los procedimientos y requisitos para el seguimiento.", "Por otra parte, en el 13^(er) período de sesiones del Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación, celebrado del 13 al 17 de junio de 2022, se sugirió que el Grupo comenzara a debatir la cuestión de la siguiente fase de examen y que la secretaría preparara un análisis detallado para que el Grupo lo examinara en su siguiente período de sesiones, el cual también debería tener en cuenta las conclusiones que figuraban en el informe titulado “Funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción, en particular su segundo ciclo de examen y las medidas necesarias para su finalización” (CAC/COSP/2019/12).", "El Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación tuvo ante sí, para su examen, un documento de sesión en el que figuraba un análisis de la marcha de los exámenes y una evaluación de los distintos elementos del proceso de examen, con miras a ofrecer enseñanzas extraídas que pudieran facilitar las deliberaciones del Grupo sobre la siguiente fase de examen.", "Se alienta a las delegaciones a que compartan sus opiniones sobre el funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación y las enseñanzas extraídas al respecto, así como las buenas prácticas y las dificultades asociadas a la realización de los exámenes que puedan servir de base y orientación para las deliberaciones del Grupo sobre la segunda fase de examen.", "Además, a fin de lograr sinergias, las delegaciones tal vez deseen analizar el papel del Grupo con respecto al seguimiento de aspectos pertinentes de la declaración política aprobada por la Asamblea General en su período extraordinario de sesiones contra la corrupción celebrado en 2021.", "7. Otros asuntos", "El Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación tal vez desee examinar otros asuntos en el marco del tema 7 del programa.", "9. Aprobación del informe del Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación sobre la primera parte de la continuación de su 13^(er) período de sesiones", "El Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación aprobará un informe sobre la primera parte de la continuación de su 13^(er) período de sesiones.", "Anexo", "Propuesta de organización de los trabajos", "Fecha y hora Tema Título o descripción", "Jueves 8 de septiembre de 2022", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 1 a) Apertura del período de sesiones", "1 b) Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos", "2 Funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción", "Viernes 9 de septiembre de 2022", "10.00 a 13.00 horas 2 Funcionamiento del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción (continuación)", "15.00 a 18.00 horas 7 Otros asuntos", "9 Aprobación del informe del Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación sobre la primera parte de la continuación de su 13^(er) período de sesiones" ]
[ "Implementation Review Group First resumed thirteenth session \n Vienna, 8 and 9 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Addendum", "Annotations", "1. Organizational matters", "(a) Opening of the session", "The first resumed thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group will be opened on Thursday, 8 September 2022, at 3 p.m., at the Vienna International Centre, M-Building, Plenary Room M. Subject to developments relating to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, it is currently planned that the session will be held in person, with limited opportunities to deliver statements remotely through an online platform. Further information on the format of the session will be communicated in due course and will be made available on the website of the session.", "(b) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption requested the Implementation Review Group to continue to hold regular sessions at least once a year, based on an annotated provisional agenda and programme of work issued as early as possible in order to enable the States parties to plan the composition of the delegations and prepare for focused and efficient discussions on the main topics of the session, and, while taking into consideration the directions of the Conference, being able to adjust topics of discussion to maximize the effectiveness of its discussions and work outcomes, subject to the availability of existing resources.", "The provisional agenda for the thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group was adopted by the Group at its twelfth session, held from 14 to 18 June 2021.", "The proposed organization of work for the first resumed thirteenth session (see annex) was prepared in line with the guidance contained in the workplan for the subsidiary bodies of the Conference, which was approved by the Bureau of the Conference, whereby, in view of Conference resolution 8/2, the Group was to discuss item 2, entitled “Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption”.", "2. Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference, inter alia, acknowledged that continuing the process of evaluation of the performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption before the completion of the second review cycle on the basis of the experiences gained in the first review cycle could significantly contribute to useful outcomes, and that that process should be started without prejudice to any subsequent continuation of such work following the completion of the second review cycle. In the same resolution, the Conference requested the Implementation Review Group to continue to collect, with the support of the secretariat, relevant information, including the views of States parties, pertaining to the performance of the Implementation Review Mechanism, with a view to continuing, at the appropriate time, the Group’s assessment of the performance of the Mechanism, as provided for in paragraph 48 of the terms of reference of the Mechanism and Conference decision 5/1, and in that regard to continue to report to the Conference on progress made, bearing in mind the request in paragraph 5 of the Conference resolution 3/1 for the evaluation of the terms of reference at the conclusion of each review cycle. In this regard, the attention of the Group is drawn to the note by the Secretariat entitled “Views of States parties on the performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption” (CAC/COSP/2021/4), which contains a summary of the views received and which should be read in conjunction with a conference room paper (CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3) containing all of the views submitted by States parties on the performance of the Mechanism, in the form in which they were received.", "Also in resolution 8/2, the Conference encouraged States parties, with the help of the secretariat, to voluntarily share their views in the Implementation Review Group, without prejudice to the existing mandates of the Group and the terms of reference of the Implementation Review Mechanism, on the possible ways forward following the end of the first review phase, and requested that the Group submit its report to the Conference at its tenth session.", "In addition, in the political declaration entitled “Our common commitment to effectively addressing challenges and implementing measures to prevent and combat corruption and strengthen international cooperation”, adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021, Member States, inter alia, welcomed the achievements of the Implementation Review Mechanism in furthering parties’ efforts to fully implement their obligations under the Convention, and urged parties to the Convention to complete their reviews under the Mechanism in a timely manner so as to conclude the first and second review cycles within their agreed period of performance. Member States further committed to fully and effectively following up on the conclusions and observations from the review process, and welcomed the efforts by the Conference to assess the performance of the Mechanism and adapt, where appropriate, procedures and requirements for the follow-up.", "Moreover, at the thirteenth session of the Implementation Review Group, held from 13 to 17 June 2022, it was suggested that the Group should start discussing the matter of the next review phase and that a detailed analysis should be prepared by the secretariat for the consideration of the Group at its next session, which should also take into account the findings contained in the report entitled “Performance of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, in particular its second review cycle and the measures required for its completion” (CAC/COSP/2019/12).", "The Implementation Review Group will have before it for its consideration a conference room paper providing an analysis of the progress made in conducting the reviews and an assessment of the different elements of the review process, with a view to providing lessons learned that can assist the Group in its deliberations on the next review phase.", "Delegations are encouraged to share their views on the performance of the Implementation Review Mechanism and the lessons learned with regard to its performance, as well as good practices and challenges in conducting the reviews that could inform and guide the Group in its deliberations on the second review phase.", "Moreover, delegates may wish to discuss the role of the Group with regard to the follow-up on relevant aspects of the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021, so as to ensure synergies.", "7. Other matters", "Under agenda item 7, the Implementation Review Group may wish to discuss any other matters.", "9. Adoption of the report of the Implementation Review Group on its first resumed thirteenth session", "The Implementation Review Group is to adopt a report on its first resumed thirteenth session.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work", "Date and time\tItem\tTitle or description \nThursday, 8September 2022 3–6 p.m. 1 Opening of the session \n (a) \n\t1(b)\tAdoption of the agenda andorganization of work\n\t2\tPerformance of the Mechanism forthe Review of Implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Corruption\nFriday, 9 September2022 \n10 a.m.–1 p.m.\t2\tPerformance of the Mechanism forthe Review of Implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Corruption (continued)\n 3–6 p.m. 7 Other matters \n\t9\tAdoption of the report on thefirst resumed thirteenth sessionof the Implementation Review Group" ]
CAC_COSP_IRG_2022_1_ADD.1
[ "Implementation Review Group Part One of the resumed 13^(er) session Vienna, 8 and 9 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "Addendum", "Annotations", "1. Organizational matters", "(a) Opening of the session", "The first part of the resumed 13^(er) session of the Implementation Review Group will be declared open on Thursday, 8 September, 2022, at 3 p.m. in the M Building Plenary Room of the Vienna International Centre. Depending on the evolution of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), the meeting is now expected to be held in a face-to-face format, with few opportunities to make distant statements through an online platform. Further information on the format of the session will be reported in due course, which will also be posted on the website devoted to the session.", "(b) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption requested the Implementation Review Group to continue to hold regular sessions at least once a year, on the basis of an annotated provisional agenda and a programme of work to be issued as soon as possible to enable States parties to define the composition of delegations and to prepare themselves for specific and efficient deliberations on the main themes of the session, and to adapt their work to the maximum of their consideration.", "The provisional agenda for the 13^(er) session of the Implementation Review Group was approved by the Group at its twelfth session, from 14 to 18 June 2021.", "The proposed organization of work for the first part of the resumed 13^(er) session (see annex) was prepared in accordance with the guidelines contained in the workplan for the subsidiary bodies of the Conference, which was approved by the Bureau of the Conference. Under that workplan, in the light of Conference resolution 8/2, the Group should consider item 2, entitled “Execution of the United Nations Convention against Corruption Implementation Review Mechanism”.", "2. Operation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption Review Mechanism", "In its resolution 8/2, the Conference, inter alia, recognized that continuing the process of evaluating the functioning of the Implementation Review Mechanism before the completion of the second review cycle on the basis of the experiences gained in the former could contribute significantly to the achievement of useful results, and that that process should be initiated without prejudice to the subsequent continuation of that work after the completion of the second review cycle. In the same resolution, the Conference further requested the Implementation Review Group, with the support of the secretariat, to continue to collect relevant information, including the views of States parties, on the performance of the Implementation Review Mechanism, with a view to continuing, where appropriate, its evaluation of the operation of the Mechanism, as provided for in paragraph 48 of the terms of reference and decision 5/1, and, in that regard, to continue to report to the Conference, In that connection, the Group ' s attention is drawn to the note by the Secretariat entitled " Views of States Parties on the functioning of the United Nations Convention against Corruption Review Mechanism " (CAC/COSP/2021/4), which contains a summary of the views received and should be read in conjunction with a conference room paper (CAC/COSP/2021/CRP.3) containing all the views submitted by States parties,", "Also in resolution 8/2, the Conference encouraged States parties, with the help of the secretariat, to voluntarily transmit their perspectives to the Implementation Review Group, without prejudice to the existing mandates of the Group and the terms of reference of the Implementation Review Mechanism, on possible ways of making progress following the conclusion of the first phase of review, and requested that the Group submit its report to the Conference at its tenth session.", "In addition, in the political declaration entitled “Our common commitment to effectively address the challenges and implement measures to prevent and combat corruption and to strengthen international cooperation”, adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption, held in 2021, Member States, inter alia, welcomed the achievements of the Implementation Review Mechanism in promoting the efforts of the parties to fully meet their obligations under the Convention, and called for the final review of the Convention in a timely manner. Member States also committed to full and effective follow-up to the conclusions and observations of the review process and welcomed the efforts of the Conference to assess the functioning of the Mechanism and to adapt, where appropriate, the procedures and requirements for follow-up.", "On the other hand, at the 13^(er) session of the Implementation Review Group, held from 13 to 17 June 2022, it was suggested that the Panel begin to discuss the issue of the next phase of review and that the secretariat prepare a detailed analysis for the Panel to review at its next session, which should also take into account the conclusions contained in the report entitled “Function of the United Nations Implementation Review Mechanism” in the second/12 cycle.", "The Implementation Review Group had before it, for its consideration, a conference room paper containing an analysis of the progress of the reviews and an assessment of the various elements of the review process, with a view to providing lessons learned that could facilitate the deliberations of the Panel on the next review phase.", "Delegations are encouraged to share their views on the functioning of the Implementation Review Mechanism and lessons learned thereon, as well as good practices and difficulties associated with the conduct of the reviews that may serve as a basis and guidance for the Panel ' s deliberations on the second phase of review.", "In addition, in order to achieve synergies, delegations may wish to discuss the role of the Group in monitoring relevant aspects of the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption in 2021.", "7. Other matters", "The Implementation Review Group may wish to consider other matters under agenda item 7.", "9. Adoption of the report of the Implementation Review Group on the first part of its resumed 13^(er) session", "The Implementation Review Group will adopt a report on the first part of its resumed 13^(er) session.", "Annex", "Proposed organization of work", "Date and time Subject Title or description", "Thursday, 8 September 2022", "3 - 6 p.m. 1 (a) Opening of the session", "1. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "2 Operation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption Review Mechanism", "Friday, 9 September 2022", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m. 2 Operation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption Review Mechanism (continued)", "3 - 6 p.m. 7 Other matters", "9 Adoption of the report of the Implementation Review Group on the first part of its resumed 13^(er) session" ]
[ "[]", "Naciones Unidas", "Informe de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos", "65º período de sesiones", "(1 a 10 de junio de 2022)", "Asamblea General", "Documentos Oficiales Septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones Suplemento núm. 20", "Asamblea General", "Documentos Oficiales", "Septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones", "Suplemento núm. 20", "Informe de la Comisión", "sobre la utilización del Espacio", "Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos", "65º período de sesiones", "(1 a 10 de junio de 2022)", "[] Naciones Unidas • Nueva York, 2022", "Nota", "Las signaturas de los documentos de las Naciones Unidas se componen de letras y cifras. La mención de una de tales signaturas indica que se hace referencia a un documento de las Naciones Unidas.", "[30 de junio de 2022]", "Índice", "Capítulo Página\nI.Introducción 1A.Reunionesde 1 los órganos \nsubsidiarios B.Aprobación 1 del \nprograma C. 2 Eleccióndela \n Mesa D. 2 \nComposición \nE.Asistencia 2\nF.Declaracionesgenerales 3G.Aprobación 8 del informedela \nComisión II.Recomendaciones 8 y \ndecisiones A.Mediosde 8 reservarel espacioultraterrestre \nparafinespacíficos B. 11 Informedela Subcomisiónde Asuntos Científicosy Técnicossobresu 59º períodode \nsesiones 1. 11 Programade las NacionesUnidasde AplicacionesdelaTecnología \nEspacial 2.Latecnología 13 espacialal servicio \ndeldesarrollosocioeconómicosostenible 3.Cuestionesrelativasala 13 teleobservacióndelaTierra mediantesatélites,incluidas las aplicaciones para lospaísesendesarrolloylavigilancia delmedio \nambienteterrestre 4. 14 \nDesechosespaciales 5.Apoyoala 15 gestióndedesastresbasadoen \nsistemasespaciales 6.Novedadesen 16 los sistemasmundialesdenavegación por \nsatélite 7.Clima 17 \nespacial 8. 18 Objetos \ncercanosalaTierra 9.Sostenibilidadalargoplazode 18 las actividadesenel \nespacioultraterrestre 10. 21 Funciónfuturaymétodode trabajodela \nComisión 11. 21 Utilizaciónde fuentesde energía nuclearenel \nespacioultraterrestre 12.El 22 espacioylasalud \nmundial 13.Examen 23 del carácterfísicoyde losatributos técnicosdelaórbita geoestacionariaysu utilizaciónyaplicaciones, inclusoenlaesferade lascomunicaciones espaciales, así comootrascuestionesrelativasa losadelantosde lascomunicaciones espaciales, teniendoespecialmenteencuenta las necesidadesy losinteresesde lospaísesen desarrollo, sinperjuiciode \nlasfuncionesdelaUniónInternacionaldeTelecomunicaciones 14. 24 Intercambio generaldeopinionessobre loscielos oscurosy silenciosos parala cienciayla \nsociedad 15. 25 Proyectode programa provisional del 60º períodode sesionesdela Subcomisiónde Asuntos Científicosy \nTécnicos C. 26 Informedela Subcomisiónde AsuntosJurídicossobresu 61^(er) períodode \nsesiones 1. 26 Informaciónsobre las actividadesde lasorganizaciones internacionales intergubernamentalesyno gubernamentales relacionadas conel derecho del \nespacio 2.Situaciónyaplicaciónde 27 loscinco tratadosde las NacionesUnidasrelativosal \nespacioultraterrestre 3.Cuestionesrelativasaladefinicióny 28 delimitación del espacioultraterrestreyel caráctery utilizacióndelaórbita geoestacionaria, incluidalaconsideracióndemediosyarbitrios para asegurarla utilización racionalyequitativadelaórbita geoestacionaria, \nsindesconocerelpapeldelaUniónInternacionaldeTelecomunicaciones 4. 29 Legislación nacionalpertinenteala exploracióny utilización del espacioultraterrestre \nconfinespacíficos 5. 29 Fomentodelacapacidaden materiade derecho del \nespacio 6. 30 Funciónfuturaymétodode trabajodela \nComisión 7. 30 Intercambio generalde informaciónyopinionessobre losmecanismosjurídicosrelativosa las medidasdereduccióny eliminaciónde los desechos espaciales, teniendoencuentalalabordela Subcomisiónde Asuntos Científicosy \nTécnicos 8. 31 Intercambio generalde informaciónsobre los instrumentosde las NacionesUnidas sinfuerza jurídica obligatoriarelativosal \nespacioultraterrestre 9. 32 Intercambio generaldeopinionessobre los aspectosjurídicosdela gestión del tráfico \nespacial 10. 33 Intercambio generaldeopinionessobrelaaplicación del derechointernacionala las actividadesde lossatélites \npequeños 11. 33 Intercambio generaldeopinionessobre posibles modelosdenormasjurídicassobre las actividadesde exploración, explotacióny utilizaciónde los \nrecursosespaciales 12.Propuestasala 36 Comisiónsobrela Utilización del EspacioUltraterrestre conFinesPacíficosdenuevostemas para quela Subcomisiónde AsuntosJurídicos los examineensu 62º períodode \nsesiones D.El 37 \nespacioyeldesarrollosostenible \nE.Beneficiosderivadosdelatecnologíaespacial:examendelasituaciónactual 39F.El 40 espacioyel \n agua G.El 42 \nespacioyelcambioclimático H.La 44 utilizacióndelatecnología espacialenel sistemade las \nNacionesUnidas I. 45 Funciónfuturaymétodode trabajodela \nComisión J. 47 \nExploracióneinnovaciónespaciales K.Laagenda 50 \n“Espacio2030” L.Otros 52 \nasuntos 1. 52 Composiciónde lasmesasdela Comisiónyde sus órganos subsidiarios \nparaelperíodo2024–2025 2. 53 Composicióndela \nComisión \n3.Condicióndeobservador 534.Otros 54 \nasuntos 5. 55 Programa5 “Utilización del espacioultraterrestre confines pacíficos”: proyectode plan del programa para 2023yejecución del programaen \n 2021 6. 55 Proyectode programa provisional del 66º períodode sesionesdela \nComisión M.Calendariode 56 trabajodela Comisióny sus órganos \nsubsidiarios \nAnexo Proyectoderesoluciónsobreel 57 espacioylasalud \nmundial", "Capítulo I", "Introducción", "1. La Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos celebró su 65º período de sesiones en Viena del 1 al 10 de junio de 2022, en un formato híbrido (presencial y en línea). Los integrantes de la Mesa de la Comisión fueron los siguientes:", "Presidencia Omran Sharaf (Emiratos Árabes Unidos)", "Primera Vicepresidencia Jenni Tapio (Finlandia)", "Segunda Vicepresidencia/Relatoría Oleg Ventskovsky (Ucrania)", "A. Reuniones de los órganos subsidiarios", "2. La Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos celebró su 59º período de sesiones en Viena del 7 al 18 de febrero de 2022, en un formato híbrido y bajo la presidencia de Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay). La Comisión tuvo ante sí el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258).", "3. La Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos celebró su 61^(er) período de sesiones en Viena del 28 de marzo al 8 de abril de 2022, también en un formato híbrido, bajo la presidencia de Nomfuneko Majaja (Sudáfrica). La Comisión tuvo ante sí el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260).", "B. Aprobación del programa", "4. En su 786ª sesión, celebrada el 1 de junio, la Comisión aprobó el siguiente programa:", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones.", "2. Aprobación del programa.", "3. Elección de la Mesa.", "4. Declaración de la Presidencia.", "5. Intercambio general de opiniones.", "6. Medios de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos.", "7. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos sobre su 59º período de sesiones.", "8. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre su 61^(er) período de sesiones.", "9. El espacio y el desarrollo sostenible.", "10. Beneficios derivados de la tecnología espacial: examen de la situación actual.", "11. El espacio y el agua.", "12. El espacio y el cambio climático.", "13. La utilización de la tecnología espacial en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "14. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión.", "15. Exploración e innovación espaciales.", "16. La agenda “Espacio2030”‎.", "17. Otros asuntos.", "18. Informe de la Comisión a la Asamblea General.", "C. Elección de la Mesa", "5. En la 786ª sesión de la Comisión, celebrada el 1 de junio, se eligió a Omran Sharaf (Emiratos Árabes Unidos) Presidente de la Comisión, a Jenni Tapio (Finlandia) Primera Vicepresidenta, y a Oleg Ventskovsky (Ucrania) Segundo Vicepresidente/Relator para el período 2022-2023.", "6. En la misma sesión, la Comisión hizo suya la elección de Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) como Presidente de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos y de Nomfuneko Majaja (Sudáfrica) como Presidenta de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos para el período 2022-2023.", "D. Composición", "7. De conformidad con las resoluciones de la Asamblea General 1472 A (XIV), 1721 E (XVI), 3182 (XXVIII), 32/196 B, 35/16, 49/33, 56/51, 57/116, 59/116, 62/217, 65/97, 66/71, 68/75, 69/85, 71/90, 72/77, 74/82 y 76/76 y las decisiones de la Asamblea 45/315, 67/412, 67/528, 70/518 y 73/517, la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos quedó integrada por los siguientes 100 Estados: Albania, Alemania, Angola, Arabia Saudita, Argelia, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaiyán, Bahrein, Bangladesh, Belarús, Bélgica, Benin, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Brasil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Camerún, Canadá, Chad, Chequia, Chile, China, Chipre, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dinamarca, Ecuador, Egipto, El Salvador, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, España, Estados Unidos de América, Etiopía, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Finlandia, Francia, Ghana, Grecia, Hungría, India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Iraq, Israel, Italia, Japón, Jordania, Kazajstán, Kenya, Kuwait, Líbano, Libia, Luxemburgo, Malasia, Marruecos, Mauricio, México, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Níger, Nigeria, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Omán, Países Bajos, Pakistán, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Polonia, Portugal, Qatar, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, República Árabe Siria, República de Corea, República Dominicana, Rumania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Sudáfrica, Sudán, Suecia, Suiza, Tailandia, Túnez, Türkiye, Ucrania, Uruguay, Venezuela (República Bolivariana de) y Viet Nam.", "E. Asistencia", "8. Asistieron al período de sesiones representantes de los siguientes 84 Estados miembros de la Comisión: Alemania, Angola, Arabia Saudita, Argelia, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaiyán, Bangladesh, Belarús, Bélgica, Brasil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canadá, Chequia, Chile, China, Chipre, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dinamarca, Ecuador, Egipto, El Salvador, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, España, Estados Unidos de América, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Finlandia, Francia, Ghana, Grecia, Hungría, India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Iraq, Israel, Italia, Japón, Jordania, Kazajstán, Kenya, Kuwait, Líbano, Luxemburgo, Malasia, Marruecos, Mauricio, México, Nigeria, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Omán, Países Bajos, Pakistán, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Polonia, Portugal, Qatar, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, República Árabe Siria, República de Corea, República Dominicana, Rumania, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Sudáfrica, Suecia, Suiza, Tailandia, Túnez, Türkiye, Ucrania, Uruguay y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de).", "9. Asistieron al período de sesiones representantes de la Unión Europea, en su calidad de observadora permanente ante la Comisión, de conformidad con las resoluciones 65/276 y 73/91 de la Asamblea General.", "10. En su 786ª sesión, la Comisión decidió admitir como observador, a solicitud de ese Estado, a Uzbekistán, para que asistiera al período de sesiones e hiciera uso de la palabra en él, según procediera, en el entendimiento de que ello no prejuzgaría futuras solicitudes de esa índole ni entrañaría decisión alguna de la Comisión respecto de la condición del solicitante.", "11. En su 786ª sesión, la Comisión decidió admitir también como observador, a solicitud de ese Estado, a la Santa Sede, para que asistiera al período de sesiones e hiciera uso de la palabra en él, según procediera, en el entendimiento de que ello no prejuzgaría futuras solicitudes de esa índole ni entrañaría decisión alguna de la Comisión respecto de la condición del solicitante.", "12. Asistieron al período de sesiones observadores de la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme de la Secretaría, el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones.", "13. Asistieron al período de sesiones observadores de las siguientes organizaciones intergubernamentales que gozan de la condición de observador permanente ante la Comisión: Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra (CEOS), Instituto Internacional para la Unificación del Derecho Privado (UNIDROIT), Organización de Cooperación Espacial de Asia y el Pacífico (APSCO), Organización Europea de Telecomunicaciones por Satélite, Organización Europea para la Investigación Astronómica en el Hemisferio Austral, Organización Internacional de Telecomunicaciones Cósmicas (Intersputnik) y Square Kilometre Array Observatory.", "14. Asistieron también al período de sesiones observadores de las siguientes organizaciones no gubernamentales que gozan de la condición de observador permanente ante la Comisión: Comité Científico de Física Solar y Terrestre (SCOSTEP), Consorcio Universitario de Ingeniería Espacial-Global (UNISEC-Global), For All Moonkind, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Institute of Space Law (IISL), International Law Association (ILA), Moon Village Association, Open Lunar Foundation, Premio Internacional del Agua Príncipe Sultán bin Abdulaziz (PSIPW), Secure World Foundation, Sociedad Espacial Nacional (NSS), Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), Unión Astronómica Internacional (UAI), y World Space Week Association.", "15. En su 786ª sesión, la Comisión decidió admitir como observadora, a solicitud de esa organización, a The Hague Institute for Global Justice para que asistiera al período de sesiones e hiciera uso de la palabra en él, según procediera, en el entendimiento de que ello no prejuzgaría futuras solicitudes de esa índole ni entrañaría decisión alguna de la Comisión respecto de la condición de la entidad solicitante.", "16. En el documento A/AC.105/2022/INF/1 figura una lista de los representantes de los Estados miembros de la Comisión, de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y de otras organizaciones que asistieron al período de sesiones.", "F. Declaraciones generales", "17. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones representantes de los siguientes Estados miembros de la Comisión: Alemania, Angola, Argelia, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarús, Bélgica, Brasil, Canadá, Chequia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Egipto, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovenia, España, Estados Unidos, Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Finlandia, Francia, Grecia, India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Iraq, Israel, Italia, Japón, Kenya, Luxemburgo, Malasia, Marruecos, México, Nigeria, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, Países Bajos, Pakistán, Paraguay, Perú, Portugal, Qatar, Reino Unido, República de Corea, República Dominicana, Rumania, Singapur, Sudáfrica, Suecia, Suiza, Tailandia, Türkiye, Ucrania, Uruguay y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). El representante de Túnez formuló una declaración en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China. El representante de Egipto formuló una declaración en nombre del Grupo de los Estados de África. El representante de la Unión Europea, en su calidad de observador permanente, formuló una declaración en nombre de la Unión Europea y de sus Estados miembros. También hicieron declaraciones los observadores de las siguientes organizaciones: APSCO, CEOS, For All Moonkind, IAF, IISL, National Space Society, Open Lunar Foundation, Organización Europea de Telecomunicaciones por Satélite, SGAC, Square Kilometre Array Observatory, The Hague Institute for Global Justice, UNIDROIT, UNISEC-Global y World Space Week Association.", "18. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento a Marius-Ioan Piso (Rumania), Presidente saliente, a Francis Chizea (Nigeria), Primer Vicepresidente saliente, y Nicolás Botero Varón (Colombia), Segundo Vicepresidente saliente, por la excelencia de la labor desempeñada y los logros alcanzados durante su mandato.", "19. En la 786ª sesión, celebrada el 1 de junio, el Presidente formuló una declaración en la que recordó que en 2022 se había celebrado el 65º aniversario del lanzamiento al espacio ultraterrestre del primer satélite artificial de la Tierra, el Sputnik 1, el 55º aniversario de la entrada en vigor del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre y el 50º aniversario del programa del Satélite de Teleobservación Terrestre (Landsat). El Presidente resaltó la importancia de fortalecer la colaboración internacional, promover el cumplimiento de los tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, fomentar el acceso equitativo al espacio y alentar las iniciativas de intercambio de conocimientos. Destacó asimismo que el papel que desempeñaban la investigación y el desarrollo en la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales era esencial para el desarrollo sostenible en la Tierra, la protección y preservación del medio del espacio ultraterrestre y la exploración del universo.", "20. El Presidente dispensó una cordial bienvenida a Angola, Bangladesh, Eslovenia, Kuwait y Panamá, que eran los miembros más recientes de la Comisión; con ellos el número de Estados miembros de la Comisión alcanzó la simbólica cifra de 100. El Presidente también dio la bienvenida a Open Lunar Foundation, Square Kilometre Array Observatory y el UNIDROIT, que eran las organizaciones internacionales intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales que más recientemente habían adquirido la condición de observadoras ante la Comisión.", "21. También en la 786ª sesión, el Director Interino de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre hizo una declaración en la que analizó la labor que la Oficina había llevado a cabo. Destacó que la Oficina había seguido adaptándose a los retos que planteaba la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), adoptando y utilizando nuevas soluciones y aplicándolas en las diversas actividades a fin de garantizar la prestación de servicios y la adopción de un enfoque orientado a la obtención de resultados. La demanda de los servicios que la Oficina prestaba a los Estados Miembros seguía aumentando y, en ese contexto, el Director Interino subrayó las actividades actuales y futuras de la Oficina, incluidas las que realizaba en colaboración con diversos interesados, en particular en beneficio de los países en desarrollo. Asimismo, el Director Interino anunció que se jubilaría y dejaría la Oficina en los próximos meses.", "22. La Comisión expresó su profundo agradecimiento al Director Interino de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, Niklas Hedman, quien durante mucho tiempo había prestado un valioso apoyo a la cooperación internacional para la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, en particular en su calidad de Secretario de la Comisión y sus subcomisiones, cargo que había desempeñado durante más de 15 años.", "23. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “El plan espacial de la CONAE”, a cargo del representante de la Argentina;", "b) “Proyección del sistema espacial nacional”, a cargo del representante de Chile;", "c) “Presentación de casos en que se aplica el Sistema de Navegación por Satélite BeiDou”, a cargo de la representante de China;", "d) “La competición CanSat del Irán”, a cargo del representante de la República Islámica del Irán;", "e) “La exploración humana del espacio lejano: avances y planes”, a cargo del representante de los Estados Unidos;", "f) “El imperativo de proteger el patrimonio cultural en el espacio ultraterrestre”, a cargo de la observadora de For All Moonkind;", "g) “Una sola voz para la juventud en la política espacial y la promoción del espacio: presentación de la Plataforma de Promoción y Políticas de la Generación Espacial”, a cargo de la observadora del SGAC.", "24. La Comisión observó que las actividades espaciales se habían seguido intensificando en años recientes debido a la entrada de cada vez más agentes en el ámbito espacial y al aumento considerable del número de objetos que se lanzaban al espacio ultraterrestre.", "25. La Comisión convino en que, junto con sus subcomisiones, y con el apoyo de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, seguía siendo el único foro internacional encargado de promover la cooperación internacional en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos.", "26. La Comisión estuvo de acuerdo en que el aumento del número de Estados que se habían hecho miembros de la Comisión en los últimos años era una clara señal del reconocimiento internacional de la valiosa labor que llevaba a cabo ese órgano intergubernamental.", "27. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que se debía prestar apoyo al establecimiento de un sistema internacional basado en normas, con las Naciones Unidas como eje, y a la adopción de un enfoque multilateral de los asuntos internacionales, y de que la Comisión contribuía a ese sistema, entre otras cosas mediante el desarrollo del derecho internacional del espacio y de reglas y normas internacionales, directrices, mejores prácticas y otras medidas de transparencia y fomento de la confianza.", "28. Se expresó la opinión de que, con miras a hacer frente a los obstáculos derivados del continuo desarrollo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre, era imperativo mantener un orden internacional en el espacio ultraterrestre basado en el derecho internacional, con las Naciones Unidas como núcleo.", "29. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la comunidad internacional debería esforzarse más y buscar todos los medios posibles para aprovechar plenamente la Comisión y sus subcomisiones a fin de alcanzar los objetivos comunes de todos los países sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el espacio.", "30. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el acceso universal y equitativo al espacio ultraterrestre para todos los países, sin discriminación, la utilización equitativa y racional del espacio ultraterrestre en beneficio e interés de toda la humanidad; el principio de no apropiación del espacio ultraterrestre, incluidos la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes, la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de las actividades espaciales, y la prevención de la carrera armamentística en el espacio ultraterrestre y del emplazamiento de armas de cualquier tipo en el espacio ultraterrestre eran los principios más importantes que debían regir las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "31. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, si bien algunos países habían alcanzado hitos importantes en las actividades espaciales, otros apenas estaban empezando a desarrollar sus propios programas y políticas espaciales, y de que era esencial que las actividades de exploración espacial no dejaran atrás a los países en desarrollo ni los dejaran en una posición injustamente desfavorecida. Por tanto, la creación de capacidad y la asistencia técnica eran factores fundamentales para ampliar las capacidades de quienes trabajaban en ese ámbito, y les permitían adquirir pericia y conocimientos de países con capacidad espacial más avanzada.", "32. Algunas delegaciones subrayaron la contribución del Observatorio Espacial del Clima en la evaluación de los datos espaciales para responder al cambio climático. Se observó que el Observatorio Espacial del Clima estaba disponible para participar en las deliberaciones orientadas a preparar la contribución de la Comisión a la Cumbre del Futuro.", "33. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la utilización y exploración del espacio ultraterrestre habían de llevarse a cabo exclusivamente con fines pacíficos, con miras a lograr una visión compartida del futuro, en provecho y en interés de todos los países, sea cual fuere su grado de desarrollo económico o científico, y de conformidad con el corpus de derecho internacional aplicable.", "34. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la Comisión debía dedicar más atención a hacer frente a los problemas que planteaba el emplazamiento de megaconstelaciones en la órbita terrestre baja, incluidos los factores relacionados con la utilización sostenible y equitativa de las órbitas y las frecuencias, así como la accesibilidad del espacio ultraterrestre.", "35. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos y la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos deberían colaborar más estrechamente entre sí, en particular en lo referente a aquellos temas que se superponían o estaban interrelacionados.", "36. Algunas delegaciones observaron con pesar la decisión de un Estado de destruir intencionadamente su propio vehículo espacial mediante un misil antisatélite de ascenso directo, con la consiguiente creación de desechos que amenazaban los vuelos espaciales humanos y robóticos; señalaron la necesidad de aplicar plenamente las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión, así como aquellas Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre que estuvieran relacionadas con los desechos, y acogieron con beneplácito los compromisos de abstenerse de realizar ensayos destructivos con misiles antisatélite de ascenso directo.", "37. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión y su secretaría debían proseguir las iniciativas y estudiar el modo de seguir estrechando la coordinación y la colaboración en relación con la labor de ambas subcomisiones, así como con los órganos que guardaban una estrecha relación con el mandato de la Comisión, como otros órganos de las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones internacionales, cuando procediera, ya que eso permitiría resolver cuestiones transversales de manera coordinada, pertinente y oportuna.", "38. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el creciente apoyo a los Acuerdos de Ártemis sobre los Principios para la Cooperación en la Exploración y la Utilización Civiles de la Luna, Marte, los Cometas y los Asteroides con Fines Pacíficos demostraba el valor de los Acuerdos como marco operacional para garantizar que la exploración del espacio con fines pacíficos siguiera siendo transparente, segura y sostenible.", "39. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la cooperación en la estación lunar internacional de investigación, iniciada por China y la Federación de Rusia, estaba avanzando y ofrecía nuevas oportunidades para explorar el espacio a todos los asociados interesados.", "40. Algunas delegaciones reiteraron que se oponían a la creación de un nuevo centro regional de formación en ciencia y tecnología espaciales en la región euroasiática afiliado a las Naciones Unidas y acogido por la Academia de la Empresa Estatal ROSCOSMOS, a propuesta del Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia. Esas delegaciones eran también de la opinión de que, a pesar de que la Asamblea General, en su resolución 76/76, había tomado nota con satisfacción de los progresos para crear el centro regional, ante los acontecimientos recientes no estaban en condiciones de aceptar ninguna afiliación de dicho centro regional a las Naciones Unidas.", "41. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión, en su 64º período de sesiones, había tomado nota de que, tras la misión de evaluación de la propuesta de creación del centro regional, se había recomendado aceptar el ofrecimiento de la Federación de Rusia de establecer el centro regional, de que la Comisión había acogido con beneplácito los avances relacionados con el establecimiento del centro regional y de que, por lo tanto, no era preciso que la Comisión alcanzase ningún otro acuerdo a ese respecto. La delegación que expresó esta opinión también informó a la Comisión de que el centro ya se encontraba en funcionamiento y estaba prestando servicios. El Centro había aceptado como estudiantes a más de 100 solicitantes de varios países de la región.", "42. Algunas delegaciones pidieron que no se añadiera una dimensión política a las tecnologías o los servicios espaciales, en particular dando a un vehículo de lanzamiento el nombre de una región en conflicto.", "43. Se expresó la opinión de que los países con capacidad espacial que poseían tecnologías avanzadas de lanzamiento espacial mantenían el pleno derecho a llamar sus vehículos de lanzamiento espacial y sus vehículos espaciales como consideraran oportuno.", "44. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito la publicación por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre de su informe anual correspondiente a 2021, que contenía una reseña completa de las actividades, la labor de cooperación y los programas de asociación de la Oficina y los logros alcanzados por esta en 2021.", "45. La Comisión hizo notar con aprecio las exposiciones que se habían presentado en la rotonda del Centro Internacional de Viena con ocasión de su 65º período de sesiones: una exposición sobre el proyecto E.T.PACK, que ofrecía una solución tecnológica al problema de la proliferación de los desechos espaciales, organizada por España; una exposición sobre los Acuerdos de Ártemis, organizada por los Estados Unidos; y una exposición titulada “Las estrellas inspiradoras”, sobre el concepto de la inclusión, organizada por la UAI.", "46. La Comisión hizo notar con aprecio la donación del Gobierno de Polonia a la exposición permanente de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre de un retrato de Manfred Lachs, que fue el primer Presidente de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos y uno de los expertos en derecho internacional del espacio más influyentes.", "47. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento por la organización de las siguientes actividades durante el período de sesiones:", "a) “Promover la #IgualdadDeGenero en el espacio”, organizada por la República de Corea y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre;", "b) “La industria espacial emergente@COPUOS 2022”, organizada por Eslovaquia;", "c) “Sensibilización y creación de capacidad en relación con la aplicación de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre: informe del estudio sobre los interesados”, organizada por el Reino Unido y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre;", "d) “Intercambios de opiniones y oportunidades para la juventud en el ámbito del espacio”, organizada por los Estados Unidos y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre;", "e) “Avance de la política lunar: mesa redonda”, organizada por Moon Village Association, Open Lunar Foundation, Secure World Foundation y SGAC;", "f) “Acceso al Espacio para Todos: oportunidades para los Estados Miembros”, organizada por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre;", "g) “Sesión informativa virtual para los delegados de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos: ¿Qué es la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre de las Naciones Unidas y por qué es de interés para usted?”, organizada por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "G. Aprobación del informe de la Comisión", "48. Tras examinar los diversos temas del programa sometidos a su consideración, la Comisión, en su 801ª sesión, celebrada el 10 de junio de 2022, aprobó su informe a la Asamblea General, que contenía las recomendaciones y decisiones que figuran a continuación.", "Capítulo II", "Recomendaciones y decisiones", "A. Medios de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos", "49. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión siguió examinando con carácter prioritario los medios de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos y siguió examinando desde una perspectiva más amplia la seguridad espacial y las cuestiones conexas que serían cruciales para garantizar que las actividades espaciales se llevaran a cabo de forma segura y responsable, incluidos los medios para fomentar la cooperación internacional, regional e interregional a tal fin.", "50. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema del programa representantes del Brasil, el Canadá, China, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), el Japón, México, los Países Bajos, la República de Corea y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). También formuló una declaración el observador de Secure World Foundation. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema, además, representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "51. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “Detección de microdesechos espaciales mediante ADLER-1”, a cargo del representante de Austria;", "b) “Cartografía del riesgo de colisión en la órbita terrestre baja”, a cargo del representante de los Estados Unidos;", "c) “Oportunidades y prácticas para mejorar la seguridad y la sostenibilidad espaciales”, a cargo de la representante de los Estados Unidos;", "d) “Normas de seguridad en pro de la seguridad espacial: cómo la elaboración de normas puede fortalecer el principio de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos”, a cargo de la observadora de SGAC.", "52. La Comisión convino en que, por sus actividades en las esferas científica, técnica y jurídica, y mediante la promoción del diálogo internacional y del intercambio de información sobre diversos temas relacionados con la exploración y la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, le correspondía desempeñar una función esencial en el objetivo de garantizar que el espacio ultraterrestre se reservara para fines pacíficos.", "53. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era responsabilidad de todos los países con capacidad espacial preservar y promover los beneficios del espacio ultraterrestre obtenidos para todos gracias a los avances realizados en la tecnología espacial y sus aplicaciones.", "54. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, a fin de asegurar la utilización sostenible y pacífica del espacio ultraterrestre, era importante que las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre se llevaran a cabo de conformidad con el derecho internacional y las reglas, las normas y los reglamentos internacionales.", "55. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que las medidas de transparencia y de fomento de la confianza eran indispensables para garantizar que el espacio ultraterrestre fuera utilizado con fines pacíficos. Las mismas delegaciones se refirieron al informe del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Medidas de Transparencia y Fomento de la Confianza en las Actividades Relativas al Espacio Ultraterrestre (A/68/189) de 2013 y alentaron a los Estados a aplicar sus recomendaciones y las medidas apropiadas.", "56. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, aunque la Comisión no era un foro dedicado al desarme en el espacio ultraterrestre, seguía desempeñando un papel único y fundamental en la gobernanza global y la cooperación internacional en el espacio ultraterrestre, y debía reforzar ese papel.", "57. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la labor de la Comisión en una amplia gama de ámbitos aseguraba que el espacio ultraterrestre se utilizara con fines pacíficos y era un factor clave para prevenir el riesgo de una carrera armamentista y la militarización del espacio ultraterrestre y que, por consiguiente, la labor de la Comisión complementaba y apoyaba a otros foros para prevenir una carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "58. Algunas delegaciones reafirmaron que las cuestiones específicamente relacionadas con la prevención de la carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre y la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre para actividades de seguridad nacional y asuntos conexos se debatían más adecuadamente en los foros cuyos mandatos se centraban en esas cuestiones, como la Conferencia de Desarme, la Comisión de Desarme y la Primera Comisión de la Asamblea General.", "59. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que mediante normas se podría crear el clima de confianza necesario para desarrollar futuras medidas jurídicamente vinculantes por las que se rigiera el espacio y, en ese contexto, acogieron con beneplácito el informe del Secretario General sobre la reducción de las amenazas relacionadas con el espacio mediante normas, reglas y principios de conductas responsables (A/76/77) y la labor del grupo de trabajo de composición abierta sobre la reducción de las amenazas relacionadas con el espacio mediante normas, reglas y principios de conductas responsables, porque profundizaba en el debate sobre las normas espaciales.", "60. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la amenaza de la militarización del espacio ultraterrestre ponía de relieve la importancia del diálogo y la negociación internacionales encaminados a elaborar normas jurídicamente vinculantes en materia de transparencia y fomento de la confianza, habida cuenta de que las medidas jurídicamente no vinculantes no abordaban de manera suficiente la amenaza de una carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre. La delegación que expresó esa opinión también consideraba fundamental que las medidas jurídicamente vinculantes se centraran en reafirmar el interés común del espacio ultraterrestre para usos y fines pacíficos, de acuerdo con los principios vigentes del derecho internacional.", "61. Algunas delegaciones reafirmaron que era crucial prevenir una carrera armamentista en el espacio ultraterrestre y el emplazamiento de armas de cualquier tipo en él, y exhortaron a todos los Estados, en particular a los que tenían una capacidad importante en materia espacial, a que contribuyeran activamente a la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos con el propósito de prevenir su militarización y se abstuvieran de emplazar en él armas de cualquier tipo, así como de realizar cualquier otra acción contraria a ese objetivo. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que preservar el medio del espacio ultraterrestre a largo plazo exigía el compromiso de la comunidad internacional de velar por que nunca se emplazaran armas en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "62. Algunas delegaciones reiteraron que el proyecto de tratado para la prevención del emplazamiento de armas en el espacio ultraterrestre y de la amenaza del uso de la fuerza contra objetos espaciales, preparado por China y la Federación de Rusia, debía tenerse más presente, habida cuenta de que allanaba el camino para asegurar la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos.", "63. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la destrucción deliberada de objetos espaciales que generaban grandes cantidades de desechos espaciales multiplicaba de manera indiscriminada el riesgo de colisión de objetos espaciales en órbita y constituía un comportamiento irresponsable que menoscabaría la sostenibilidad y estabilidad de la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre.", "64. Algunas delegaciones expresaron preocupación por los ensayos antisatélite que generaban desechos espaciales y pusieron de relieve que los Estados deberían abstenerse de utilizar o poner a prueba esas capacidades. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que el compromiso anunciado recientemente por los Estados Unidos y, posteriormente, el Canadá, de no realizar ensayos destructivos de misiles antisatélite de ascenso directo constituía un avance positivo hacia la formulación de normas de comportamiento responsable en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "65. Se expresó la opinión de que era dudoso que esa iniciativa fuera eficaz para mantener el espacio para fines pacíficos. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que el compromiso de no ensayar determinados tipos de armas antisatélite no significaba un compromiso de no utilizarlas.", "66. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión debería seguir ofreciendo una plataforma para celebrar debates no politizados y promover la formulación por los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales de directrices doctrinales que tuvieran por objeto preservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos y, de ese modo, mantener la paz y la seguridad internacionales y fortalecer la cooperación internacional y el entendimiento mutuo.", "67. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión debía centrarse en los retos que planteaba el desarrollo de los vuelos espaciales comerciales, promover el fortalecimiento de reglamentos nacionales eficaces sobre la participación del sector espacial comercial en las actividades militares y garantizar que las actividades espaciales de las entidades no gubernamentales fueran acordes con los fines pacíficos, y al mismo tiempo incrementar la transparencia a nivel internacional. También era necesario otorgar importancia a la seguridad de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre y fortalecer la investigación, celebrar debates amplios y buscar soluciones a los riesgos que planteaban las megaconstelaciones para la seguridad.", "68. La Comisión observó que en septiembre de 2022 se celebraría en Nairobi la Semana Espacial de África, que serviría de plataforma innovadora para que los interesados de la industria espacial africana deliberaran acerca de la expansión de esa industria e intensificaran los esfuerzos por promover y facilitar la cooperación intraafricana e internacional en la esfera de las actividades espaciales.", "69. La Comisión observó también que del 30 de noviembre al 3 de diciembre de 2021 se había celebrado en línea el 27º período de sesiones del Foro Regional de Organismos Espaciales de Asia y el Pacífico, cuyo tema había sido “Ampliar la innovación espacial mediante alianzas diversas”.", "70. La Comisión observó que del 9 al 11 de noviembre de 2021 se había celebrado en línea la 15ª reunión del Consejo de la APSCO. El Consejo había aprobado el plan de ejecución de proyectos de la APSCO para 2021-2025 y la modificación de las normas sobre actividades de cooperación de la APSCO.", "71. La Comisión recomendó que en su 66º período de sesiones, en 2023, se siguiera examinando con carácter prioritario el tema de los medios de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos.", "B. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos sobre su 59º período de sesiones", "72. La Comisión tomó nota con aprecio del informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos sobre su 59º período de sesiones (A/AC.105/1258), en el que se reflejaban los resultados de sus deliberaciones sobre los temas examinados por la Subcomisión de conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General.", "73. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento a Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) por su competente liderazgo como Presidente durante el 59º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión.", "74. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Alemania, Australia, Austria, el Brasil, el Canadá, Chile, China, los Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, Finlandia, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Italia, el Japón, Sudáfrica, Suiza, el Reino Unido y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). El representante de Marruecos hizo una declaración en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China. El observador de la UAI también formuló una declaración. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema, además, representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "75. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “La misión HERA: procesamiento de la visión tridimensional y métodos de visualización para analizar el impacto de DART en Dimorphos”, a cargo del representante de Austria;", "b) “Observación de la Tierra en tiempo real para una gestión de desastres reactiva”, a cargo de los representantes de Austria;", "c) “Las megaconstelaciones en órbita terrestre baja están influyendo profundamente en las actividades espaciales del mundo”, a cargo del representante de China;", "d) “El impacto de la misión Double Asteroid Redirection Test”, a cargo del representante de los Estados Unidos.", "1. Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial", "a) Actividades del Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial", "76. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a las actividades del Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 54 a 74).", "77. La Comisión observó que las esferas prioritarias del Programa eran la vigilancia del medio ambiente, la gestión de los recursos naturales, las comunicaciones por satélite, la reducción del riesgo de desastres, la utilización de los sistemas mundiales de navegación por satélite (GNSS), la Iniciativa sobre Ciencia Espacial Básica, el cambio climático, la Iniciativa sobre Tecnología Espacial Básica, la Iniciativa sobre Tecnología Espacial en Beneficio de la Humanidad y la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas.", "78. La Comisión tomó nota de las actividades del Programa realizadas en 2021 y de las previstas para 2022, que figuraban en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 59 a 69).", "79. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento a la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre por la manera en que se habían realizado las actividades del Programa, en particular en 2021, con los limitados fondos disponibles. La Comisión también expresó su reconocimiento a los Gobiernos y las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales que habían patrocinado las actividades. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que se seguía avanzando en la ejecución de las actividades del Programa correspondientes a 2022.", "80. La Comisión expresó su preocupación por el hecho de que los recursos financieros de que disponía el Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial seguían siendo limitados, e hizo hincapié en que era importante que se dotara a la Oficina de los recursos necesarios, incluida una financiación suficiente, para ayudar a un mayor número de países a acceder a los beneficios de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y sus aplicaciones, en consonancia con el espíritu del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre y de la Agenda “Espacio2030”.", "81. La Comisión observó que los CubeSats desarrollados por los equipos de Kenya, Guatemala y Mauricio, ganadores en las rondas 1ª, 2ª y 3ª, respectivamente, se habían desplegado desde la Estación Espacial Internacional en el marco del Programa de Cooperación de las Naciones Unidas y el Japón para el Despliegue de Satélites CubeSat desde el Módulo Experimental Japonés de la Estación Espacial Internacional, conocido como “KiboCUBE”. Actualmente, los equipos de Indonesia, la República de Moldova y el Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA), ganadores en las rondas 3ª, 4ª y 5ª, respectivamente, estaban desarrollando sus CubeSats en el marco del programa. La Comisión observó también que el programa KiboCUBE se había convertido en un instrumento esencial para la creación de capacidad en materia de ciencia y tecnología espaciales y que, a ese respecto, la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre y la Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial (JAXA) habían anunciado que prolongarían el programa KiboCUBE hasta finales de diciembre de 2024 y habían añadido una nueva oportunidad educativa llamada “Academia KiboCUBE”.", "82. La Comisión observó que el Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial seguía ejecutando la iniciativa Acceso al Espacio para Todos, que se centraba en desarrollar la capacidad de los Estados Miembros para acceder a los beneficios del espacio y ofrecía a sus asociados tanto oportunidades de investigación con las que desarrollar las tecnologías necesarias para enviar equipo físico al espacio, como acceso a instalaciones terrestres y orbitales únicas para realizar experimentos en microgravedad, además de acceso a datos espaciales y capacitación para utilizarlos, incluida capacitación para el uso de datos astronómicos, con el fin de situar a esos países en la escena espacial internacional y permitir una creación de capacidad exhaustiva en ciencia y tecnología espaciales.", "83. La Comisión solicitó a la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre que siguiera trabajando con la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos en la definición de las prioridades del Programa.", "84. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que el Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial había seguido realzando, promoviendo y fomentando la cooperación con los Estados Miembros en los planos regional y mundial con el fin de apoyar a los centros regionales de formación en ciencia y tecnología espaciales afiliados a las Naciones Unidas.", "85. La Comisión observó que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre seguía colaborando estrechamente con los centros regionales de formación en ciencia y tecnología espaciales afiliados a las Naciones Unidas, a saber, el Centro Regional Africano de Formación en Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales, institución anglófona; el Centro Regional Africano para la Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales, institución francófona; el Centro de Formación en Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales para Asia y el Pacífico; el Centro Regional de Enseñanza de Ciencia y Tecnología del Espacio para América Latina y el Caribe; el Centro Regional de Formación en Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales para Asia Occidental, y el Centro Regional de Educación en Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales para Asia y el Pacífico (China). A ese respecto, la Comisión tomó nota con agradecimiento del importante apoyo financiero y en especie que prestaban a los centros los países anfitriones de los centros regionales de formación en ciencia y tecnología espaciales afiliados a las Naciones Unidas.", "b) Sistema Internacional de Satélites de Búsqueda y Salvamento", "86. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que en la actualidad el Sistema Internacional de Satélites de Búsqueda y Salvamento (COSPAS-SARSAT), que proporcionaba cobertura mundial de balizas de emergencia, transportadas por buques, aeronaves y usuarios individuales de todo el mundo, estaba integrado en esos momentos por 43 Estados miembros y 2 organizaciones participantes. La Comisión también señaló que en 2021 el programa había ayudado a rescatar a 330 personas de situaciones potencialmente mortales en todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos y sus aguas circundantes, y que desde 1982, año en que se inició el programa, el COSPAS-SARSAT había prestado apoyo en más de 48.000 rescates en todo el mundo.", "2. La tecnología espacial al servicio del desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible", "87. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a la tecnología espacial al servicio del desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 79 a 88).", "88. La Comisión hizo suyas las decisiones y recomendaciones de la Subcomisión sobre ese tema del programa (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 88).", "89. La Comisión tomó nota del informe del Grupo de Trabajo Plenario de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, que se había vuelto a convocar bajo la presidencia de Prakash Chauhan (India) (A/AC.105/1258, anexo I).", "90. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales, así como sus aplicaciones, eran esenciales para afrontar eficazmente los retos actuales y futuros para el desarrollo social y económico y la sostenibilidad, como los desastres naturales, la seguridad alimentaria, el cambio climático y la seguridad de los recursos naturales, y señalaron que las actividades espaciales eran cruciales para la realización de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y de la Agenda “Espacio2030”, en particular como parte de los esfuerzos para apoyar el crecimiento económico sostenible, mejorar la calidad de vida y gestionar el medio ambiente mundial. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que era importante que la Oficina estuviera dotada de los recursos necesarios, incluida financiación suficiente, para ayudar a un mayor número de países a obtener acceso a los beneficios de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y sus aplicaciones.", "3. Cuestiones relativas a la teleobservación de la Tierra mediante satélites, incluidas las aplicaciones para los países en desarrollo y la vigilancia del medio ambiente terrestre", "91. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo a la teleobservación de la Tierra mediante satélites, incluidas las aplicaciones para los países en desarrollo y la vigilancia del medio ambiente terrestre, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 89 a 98).", "92. La Comisión tomó nota de las iniciativas internacionales y regionales de los Estados que utilizaban datos de teleobservación para apoyar el desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible, especialmente en beneficio de los países en desarrollo.", "93. En el curso de las deliberaciones, se informó a las delegaciones del papel fundamental que desempeñaba la teleobservación en la toma de decisiones bien informadas y de los programas de cooperación a nivel nacional e internacional que utilizaban datos obtenidos desde el espacio y aplicaciones conexas. Algunos ejemplos de ello eran los servicios de cartografía territorial y seguridad de las fronteras; la planificación del uso de la tierra; la gestión de recursos naturales y minerales; la silvicultura; la determinación y el registro de los derechos de propiedad; instrumentos para cartografiar la vegetación, los cultivos y el suelo y las características hidrológicas y de las cuencas hidrográficas a fin de apoyar la agricultura de precisión y la planificación rural; la determinación de tierras cultivables; la irrigación y la detección de aguas subterráneas; la meteorología, la previsión del tiempo y la alerta temprana de tormentas graves; la gestión de desastres y la respuesta de emergencia; el cambio climático y la protección ambiental; la vigilancia de la temperatura de los océanos y del nivel del mar; la vigilancia de la calidad del aire para detectar la presencia de aerosoles y contaminantes, incluida la vigilancia de las variables climáticas esenciales para contribuir a estudios internacionales; la promoción del desarrollo sostenible, la gestión de los ecosistemas; la cartografía y los estudios de los glaciares y las nevadas; la vigilancia de los cultivos y los suelos para el riego y la detección de aguas subterráneas; la vigilancia del clima espacial y los sistemas de alerta temprana para proteger la infraestructura crítica, y la vigilancia de los movimientos de los animales.", "94. La Comisión observó que importantes iniciativas, como el Grupo de Observaciones de la Tierra (GEO) y el CEOS, desempeñaban un importante papel a la hora de promover y facilitar la compartición de datos de teledetección y, a ese respecto, acogió con satisfacción el compromiso continuo de muchos Estados Miembros en ese ámbito.", "4. Desechos espaciales", "95. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a los desechos espaciales, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 99 a 123).", "96. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que en 2022 se celebraría el 15º aniversario de la resolución 62/217 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea había hecho suyas las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión, e instó a los países que todavía no lo hubieran hecho a que consideraran la posibilidad de aplicar de manera voluntaria las Directrices.", "97. La Comisión también observó con satisfacción que muchos Estados y organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales estaban aplicando medidas de reducción de los desechos espaciales que estaban en consonancia con las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales y las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión (A/74/20, anexo II), y que varios Estados habían armonizado sus normas nacionales de reducción de los desechos espaciales con dichas directrices.", "98. Además, la Comisión observó que algunos Estados utilizaban como puntos de referencia en sus marcos de regulación de las actividades espaciales nacionales las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales elaboradas por la Comisión o las preparadas por el Comité Interinstitucional de Coordinación en materia de Desechos Espaciales (IADC), la norma 24113:2011 de la ISO (Sistemas espaciales: requisitos en materia de reducción de los desechos espaciales) y la recomendación UIT-R S.1003 de la UIT (Protección medioambiental de la órbita de los satélites geoestacionarios). La Comisión observó también que algunos Estados estaban cooperando en el marco de apoyo a la vigilancia y el seguimiento en el espacio financiado por la Unión Europea y en el programa de seguridad de la ESA.", "99. La Comisión observó además que un número cada vez mayor de Estados venía adoptando medidas concretas para reducir los desechos espaciales, como la mejora del diseño de los vehículos de lanzamiento y de los vehículos espaciales, el retiro de órbita de satélites, la pasivación, la prolongación de la vida útil, las operaciones al final de la vida útil y la elaboración de programas informáticos y modelos específicos para reducir esos desechos.", "100. La Comisión observó además que el IADC, cuya labor inicial había servido como base de las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión, había actualizado sus propias Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales en 2022.", "101. La Comisión tomó nota con preocupación de la cuestión de los desechos espaciales y de las dificultades que suponía la proliferación de los desechos espaciales para la exploración y utilización futuras del espacio ultraterrestre.", "102. La Comisión convino que se siguiera invitando a los Estados Miembros y a las organizaciones internacionales reconocidas como observadores permanentes ante la Comisión a presentar informes acerca de investigaciones sobre los desechos espaciales, la seguridad de los objetos espaciales con fuentes de energía nuclear a bordo, los problemas relativos a la colisión de esos objetos con desechos espaciales, y el modo en que se estaban aplicando las directrices para la reducción de desechos espaciales.", "103. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la cuestión de los desechos espaciales se debía tratar de modo que no obstaculizara el aumento de la capacidad espacial de los países en desarrollo.", "104. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante que los nuevos agentes espaciales no se vieran perjudicados por las actividades históricas de los agentes espaciales establecidos.", "105. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que afrontar los retos que planteaba el emplazamiento de megaconstelaciones en la órbita terrestre baja, incluidos los relacionados con el uso sostenible de la órbita y las frecuencias, debería revestir prioridad en los trabajos de la Comisión.", "106. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los países y otros actores con capacidad espacial avanzada, especialmente aquellos que desplegaban megaconstelaciones, debían prestar la debida atención a la aplicación de las medidas voluntarias pertinentes, como las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales y las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre, y subrayaron la importancia de reforzar la capacidad de los países en desarrollo para la aplicación voluntaria de esas medidas.", "107. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, dado que los desechos orbitales eran consecuencia de las operaciones pasadas y en curso de los principales países con capacidad espacial, estos debían aceptar la responsabilidad principal tanto de mitigar la situación como de ayudar técnica y financieramente a los países en desarrollo y con capacidad espacial incipiente a cumplir las directrices para la reducción de los desechos espaciales.", "108. Se expresó la opinión de que al debatir la reducción de los desechos, así como la gestión del tráfico espacial, era necesario promover la transparencia y las medidas de fomento de la confianza en las actividades espaciales para evitar errores de cálculo y malentendidos.", "5. Apoyo a la gestión de desastres basado en sistemas espaciales", "109. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo al apoyo a la gestión en caso de desastres basado en sistemas espaciales, que figuraban en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 124 a 136).", "110. La Comisión tomó nota de la importancia de la información obtenida desde el espacio para la gestión de desastres y la respuesta de emergencia, utilizando datos de teleobservación y satélites de observación de la Tierra para desarrollar sistemas de alerta temprana multirriesgos y el análisis de los efectos de los desastres naturales de todo tipo, incluida la vigilancia de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19).", "111. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito las actividades organizadas por la Plataforma de las Naciones Unidas de Información Obtenida desde el Espacio para la Gestión de Desastres y la Respuesta de Emergencia (ONU-SPIDER), que contribuían al desarrollo de la capacidad para utilizar todos los tipos de información obtenida desde el espacio en apoyo del ciclo completo de gestión de desastres. A ese respecto, la Comisión tomó nota de las actividades y la labor de fomento de la capacidad que ONU-SPIDER había llevado a cabo en 2021, como la generación de información obtenida desde el espacio adaptada a los países en situación de necesidad (véase A/AC.105/1250), que realizaba con el apoyo continuo de su red de asociados, y tomó nota también de los beneficios de su portal de conocimientos (www.un-spider.org), un sitio web de información, comunicación y ayuda a los procesos destinado a fomentar el intercambio de información, la compartición de experiencias, la creación de capacidad y el apoyo y los servicios consultivos técnicos.", "112. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, a fin de reforzar la preparación para casos de desastre y la respuesta de emergencia en el plano nacional, la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre debería aumentar las actividades de fomento de la capacidad de ONU-SPIDER ofreciendo más misiones de asesoramiento técnico y programas de capacitación, en particular a los países en desarrollo.", "113. La Comisión observó que recientemente se habían celebrado varias conferencias internacionales relacionadas con la gestión de desastres, como la Tercera Conferencia sobre Sistemas de Alerta Temprana Multirriesgos, celebrada en Bali (Indonesia) los días 23 y 24 de mayo, y el Simposio Planeta Vivo de la ESA, celebrado en Bonn (Alemania) del 23 al 27 de mayo, en las que se había resaltado el uso de las tecnologías espaciales en la gestión de desastres.", "114. La Comisión observó también el apoyo que los Estados habían venido prestando al Grupo de Trabajo sobre Desastres del CEOS y al programa internacional COSPAS-SARSAT.", "115. La Comisión observó con aprecio las contribuciones financieras y de recursos humanos hechas por Alemania, China y Francia a ONU-SPIDER y las contribuciones en especie, incluida la aportación de expertos, que algunos Estados miembros de la Comisión y oficinas regionales de apoyo habían hecho en 2021 para apoyar las actividades realizadas por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre a través de ONU-SPIDER, así como su labor de compartición de experiencias con otros países interesados. A ese respecto, la Comisión alentó a otros Estados miembros y observadores permanentes a que prestaran todo el apoyo necesario, a título voluntario, a las actividades y programas de la Oficina, como ONU-SPIDER, incluido un mayor apoyo financiero, para que la Oficina pudiera atender mejor a las solicitudes de asistencia de los Estados Miembros y cumplir la totalidad de su plan de trabajo en los años siguientes.", "6. Novedades en los sistemas mundiales de navegación por satélite", "116. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a las novedades en los sistemas mundiales de navegación por satélite, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 137 a 157).", "117. La Comisión tuvo ante sí la nota de la Secretaría titulada “15ª reunión del Comité Internacional sobre los Sistemas Mundiales de Navegación por Satélite” (A/AC.105/1251).", "118. La Comisión observó que el Comité Internacional sobre los Sistemas Mundiales de Navegación por Satélite (ICG), como mecanismo óptimo de cooperación, ofrecía la ventaja de proporcionar un foro flexible en el que los proveedores y usuarios de los GNSS podían debatir todos los asuntos relacionados con el uso de las señales de múltiples GNSS.", "119. La Comisión tomó nota de la labor del ICG dirigida a crear un volumen de servicio espacial interoperable basado en constelaciones de múltiples GNSS, que permitiría una navegación mejorada para las operaciones espaciales más allá de la órbita geoestacionaria, y de que estaba previsto que se utilizaran servicios de GNSS en el espacio cislunar.", "120. La Comisión tomó nota de los esfuerzos de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre por promover el uso de los GNSS en sus iniciativas de fomento de la capacidad y difusión de información, en particular en los países en desarrollo, así como de la función que desempeñaba la Oficina en su calidad de secretaría ejecutiva del ICG en la coordinación de las reuniones anuales del ICG y de su Foro de Proveedores.", "121. La Comisión observó que la 15ª reunión del ICG y la 24ª reunión del Foro de Proveedores, organizadas por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, habían tenido lugar en Viena del 27 de septiembre al 1 de octubre de 2021, y que la 16ª reunión del ICG sería acogida por los Emiratos Árabes Unidos y se celebraría en Abu Dabi del 9 al 14 de octubre de 2022.", "7. Clima espacial", "122. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo al clima espacial, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 158 a 172).", "123. La Comisión observó que el clima espacial, causado por la variabilidad solar, era un motivo de preocupación internacional debido a la amenaza potencial que suponía para los sistemas espaciales, los vuelos espaciales con personas a bordo y las infraestructuras terrestres y espaciales de las que dependía cada vez más la sociedad. Como tal, debía abordarse desde una perspectiva mundial, mediante la cooperación y la coordinación internacionales, para poder predecir eventos del clima espacial que pudieran ser extremos y mitigar sus efectos a fin de asegurar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "124. La Comisión tomó nota de una serie de actividades nacionales e internacionales de investigación, capacitación y educación emprendidas para mejorar la comprensión científica y técnica de los efectos adversos del clima espacial, lo que permitiría reforzar la resiliencia mundial frente a la amenaza que planteaban, con el objetivo de facilitar la aplicación de las directrices B.6 y B.7, relacionadas con el clima espacial, de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión.", "125. La Comisión tomó nota con reconocimiento de que el Grupo de Expertos en Clima Espacial de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos había celebrado reuniones paralelamente al 59º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión, en 2022, así como entre períodos de sesiones. La Comisión también tomó nota del documento presentado a la Subcomisión titulado “Proyecto de informe final del Grupo de Expertos en Clima Espacial: hacia una mejor coordinación internacional de los servicios relacionados con el clima espacial” (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401), que contenía seis recomendaciones de alto nivel, y expresó su agradecimiento al Relator del Grupo de Expertos, Ian Mann, por su dedicada labor.", "126. La Comisión hizo suya la decisión acordada por la Subcomisión de considerar el informe (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401) como el informe final del Grupo de Expertos y publicarlo con la signatura A/AC.105/C.1/122, tal como había quedado reflejado en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 172).", "127. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante que la comunidad internacional del clima espacial hallara un mecanismo para coordinar y continuar su labor.", "8. Objetos cercanos a la Tierra", "128. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a los objetos cercanos a la Tierra, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 173 a 190).", "129. La Comisión tomó nota con reconocimiento de la labor realizada por la Red Internacional de Alerta de Asteroides (IAWN) y el Grupo Asesor para la Planificación de Misiones Espaciales (SMPAG) a fin de velar por que todos los países, en particular los países en desarrollo cuya capacidad para predecir y mitigar el impacto de esos objetos era limitada, estuviesen al tanto de las posibles amenazas.", "130. La Comisión observó que, si la red mundial de observatorios astronómicos detectara una amenaza creíble de impacto, la importante información disponible acerca de esa amenaza sería proporcionada por la IAWN y difundida a todos los Estados Miembros por conducto de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "131. La Comisión tomó nota de la importancia de las iniciativas y actividades emprendidas por los países a fin de desarrollar las capacidades para el descubrimiento, la observación, la alerta temprana y la mitigación de objetos cercanos a la Tierra potencialmente peligrosos, que contribuían a reforzar la colaboración internacional y el intercambio de información, y, a ese respecto, puso de relieve la importancia de contribuir a la labor de la IAWN y del SMPAG.", "132. La Comisión hizo notar el lanzamiento de la primera misión de demostración de tecnología de defensa planetaria de la historia, el Ensayo de Reorientación de un Asteroide Binario (DART) de la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y el Espacio (NASA) de los Estados Unidos, en noviembre de 2021, que demostraría la técnica de desviación por impacto cinético. La Comisión señaló también que, a modo de seguimiento, estaba previsto que la misión Hera de la ESA se encontrara con el sistema de asteroides Didymos en 2026 para realizar una valiosa evaluación del ensayo de la técnica de desviación de la misión DART.", "133. La Comisión tomó nota de que en los sitios web de la IAWN (http://iawn.net) y el SMPAG (http://smpag.net) figuraba más información sobre las reuniones de ambas entidades, para las que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre desempeñaba las funciones de secretaría permanente.", "134. La Comisión observó que la Séptima Conferencia de Defensa Planetaria de la Academia Internacional de Astronáutica se había celebrado del 26 al 30 de abril de 2021, acogida por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre en cooperación con la ESA, y que la Octava Conferencia de Defensa Planetaria se celebraría en el Centro Internacional de Viena del 3 al 7 de abril de 2023, acogida por la Oficina en cooperación con la ESA y con el país anfitrión, Austria.", "9. Sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre", "135. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 191 a 209) e hizo suyas las decisiones de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 208 y 209) y del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre bajo la presidencia de Umamaheswaran R. (India) (A/AC.105/1258, anexo II, párrs. 7 a 9 y apéndice).", "136. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Documento de sesión presentado por la Federación de Rusia relativo a la aplicación de la directriz A.1 (Aprobar, revisar y modificar, según sea necesario, los marcos reguladores nacionales de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre) de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, en inglés y ruso únicamente);", "b) Documento de sesión presentado por la Federación de Rusia relativo a la contribución del Centro de Formación en Ciencia y Tecnología Espaciales en la Región Euroasiática al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los Estados miembros de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos para aplicar las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10, en inglés y ruso únicamente);", "c) Documento de sesión presentado por la Federación de Rusia en el que figuraban consideraciones sobre las principales tareas pendientes para garantizar la seguridad de las operaciones espaciales en el contexto de la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11, en inglés y ruso únicamente).", "137. La Comisión recordó con aprecio que, en el 59º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre había acordado y aprobado su mandato, sus métodos de trabajo y plan de trabajo (A/AC.105/1258, anexo II, párr. 7, y apéndice).", "138. La Comisión recordó también que el Grupo de Trabajo concedería la misma importancia a cada uno de los tres elementos del marco de orientación (A/AC.105/1258, anexo II, apéndice, párrs. 6 y 7).", "139. La Comisión recordó además que el Grupo de Trabajo había acordado celebrar consultas oficiosas, en un formato híbrido, en noviembre de 2022 (A/AC.105/1258, anexo II, párr. 9).", "140. Se informó a la Comisión de que varios Estados miembros habían finalizado evaluaciones internas de su aplicación de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, o bien las estaban finalizando.", "141. También se informó a la Comisión de una serie de medidas e iniciativas nacionales, regionales e internacionales de carácter científico, técnico, jurídico y de política que se habían adoptado o se estaban adoptando para aplicar las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión.", "142. Se informó a la Comisión, además, acerca de la continuación del proyecto de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre titulado “Concienciación y fomento de la capacidad en relación con la aplicación de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre”, que había sido posible gracias al apoyo financiero del Reino Unido. En la segunda fase del proyecto se había elaborado un informe de estudio de las partes interesadas (véase spacesustainability.unoosa.org).", "143. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión constituían las mejores prácticas para la utilización segura y responsable del espacio ultraterrestre y eran fundamentales en el mantenimiento del espacio ultraterrestre para las generaciones futuras.", "144. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante compartir experiencias y examinar las mejores prácticas y las lecciones aprendidas sobre la aplicación práctica a nivel nacional de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión, ya que ello mejoraría la comunicación general, la cooperación internacional, la concienciación y la creación de capacidad.", "145. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que sería útil que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos llevara a cabo una revisión y evaluación de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión.", "146. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos se había convertido en uno de los principales foros para los debates relativos a la sostenibilidad espacial, y se diferenciaba de otros foros porque aplicaba un enfoque “ascendente” para abordar las prácticas seguras y sostenibles relativas a la utilización del espacio.", "147. Se expresó la opinión de que existían múltiples plataformas paralelas en las que se examinaba la materia que había sido competencia de la Comisión durante años, incluidos temas que formaban parte del mandato del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre, y de que ello constituía una duplicación directa de funciones. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que la labor internacional realizada de acuerdo con el principio inviolable del consenso era la única manera de garantizar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre en interés de la comunidad mundial en su conjunto.", "148. Se expresó la opinión de que las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión eran claras y prácticas y estaban probadas, lo que significaba que tanto su aplicación como su eficacia habían quedado demostradas por los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales, y de que las Directrices no socavaban las obligaciones jurídicas existentes ni obstaculizaban la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, en particular su utilización por parte de los nuevos agentes espaciales.", "149. Se expresó la opinión de que, sobre todo, las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión eran una indicación positiva de los esfuerzos por mitigar la degradación ambiental, ya que contenían recomendaciones que promovían prácticas más positivas desde el punto de vista medioambiental en el diseño y el funcionamiento de las misiones espaciales.", "150. Se expresó la opinión de que las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión constituían el primer conjunto completo de normas que regulaban las actividades espaciales contemporáneas, y de que debían mantenerse actualizadas, o complementarse, a la vista de los retos actuales y futuros que planteaba el desarrollo de la actividad económica y científica generada en torno a los recursos espaciales.", "151. Se expresó la opinión de que las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión habían dado lugar a unas mejores conversaciones en el plano nacional sobre las consecuencias de la sostenibilidad espacial para llevar a cabo actividades espaciales nacionales y elaborar marcos reguladores más sólidos, junto con posiciones nacionales coordinadas.", "152. Se expresó la opinión de que las actividades de exploración espacial no debían dejar atrás a los países en desarrollo ni dejarlos en una posición injustamente desfavorecida, y de que la única manera de garantizar la sostenibilidad de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre era seguir llevando los beneficios derivados de él a toda la humanidad mediante una cooperación y una colaboración mayores.", "153. Se expresó la opinión de que, para lograr los objetivos principales de la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre, era importante que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos se concentrara en ámbitos como la creación y el fomento de capacidades, así como en la transferencia de tecnología a los países en desarrollo, todo ello en el marco de la cooperación internacional, y con el fin de que las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre se aplicaran de forma plena, eficaz y no discriminatoria.", "154. Se expresó la opinión de que comprender qué era lo que impedía a los países aplicar las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión era fundamental para entender la forma de las futuras actividades de creación de capacidad.", "155. Se expresó la opinión de que los planes del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre consistentes en determinar y estudiar las dificultades y examinar posibles nuevas directrices resultaban pertinentes debido, entre otras cosas, al interés de los Estados y las empresas comerciales en proyectos de remoción activa de desechos espaciales, así como el desarrollo de planes y programas para la exploración y utilización de la Luna. La delegación que expresó esa opinión recordó que en los documentos de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10 y A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11 figuraban otras aportaciones sustantivas relacionadas con el Grupo de Trabajo.", "156. Se expresó la opinión de que el examen de las cuestiones relativas a los desechos espaciales, los cielos oscuros y silenciosos para la ciencia y la sociedad, los objetos cercanos a la Tierra y la utilización de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre podría contribuir a asegurar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que, por ello, en las deliberaciones sobre esas cuestiones se debían tener en cuenta las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "157. Se expresó la opinión de que la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre debía mantenerse como tema ordinario del programa de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, a fin de asegurar que la discusión de los aspectos técnicos en los que se había progresado en el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre continuara y recibiera una mayor atención por parte de todas las delegaciones.", "158. Se expresó la opinión de que la Calificación de la Sostenibilidad Espacial, que había elaborado un consorcio dirigido por el Foro Económico Mundial y gestionado por el Instituto Federal de Tecnología de Lausana (Suiza), contribuiría a reforzar un comportamiento responsable y sostenible en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "10. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión", "159. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a la función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 210 a 233).", "160. La Comisión recordó que, en su 62º período de sesiones, había decidido incluir en los programas de ambas subcomisiones un tema ordinario titulado “Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión” para que se pudiera deliberar acerca de cuestiones intersectoriales (A/74/20, párr. 321 h)).", "11. Utilización de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre", "161. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo a la utilización de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 224 a 237).", "162. La Comisión hizo suyas las recomendaciones de la Subcomisión y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Utilización de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre, al que se había vuelto a convocar bajo la presidencia de Sam A. Harbison (Reino Unido), incluida la prórroga por un año del plan de trabajo plurianual del Grupo de Trabajo, con el fin de finalizar el informe a la Subcomisión acerca del resultado del plan de trabajo plurianual y explorar opciones para recopilar información sobre los avances en el conocimiento, las prácticas y los planes relativos a futuras aplicaciones de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 237, y anexo III).", "163. La Comisión tomó nota de que, a ese respecto, el Grupo de Trabajo había celebrado una serie de reuniones entre períodos de sesiones, facilitadas por la secretaría, y de que el Grupo de Trabajo había celebrado dos reuniones oficiosas paralelamente al 65º período de sesiones de la Comisión, los días 7 y 8 de junio de 2022, para avanzar en su labor.", "164. La Comisión reconoció que algunos Estados y una organización intergubernamental internacional estaban elaborando instrumentos jurídicos y normativos, o estaban considerando la posibilidad de elaborarlos, relativos a la utilización segura de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre, teniendo en cuenta el contenido y los requisitos de los Principios Pertinentes a la Utilización de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre y del Marco de Seguridad relativo a las Aplicaciones de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre elaborado conjuntamente por la Subcomisión y el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica.", "165. A ese respecto, la Comisión también observó que el Grupo de Trabajo desempeñaba una importante labor para permitir un intercambio continuado de información encaminado a promover una comprensión y un desarrollo mayores de los procesos eficaces para garantizar la utilización segura de la energía nuclear en el espacio, dado el renovado interés en el uso de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre que había abierto el sistema solar a la exploración y había hecho posible la observación y comprensión de cuerpos planetarios oscuros y distantes que de otro modo serían inalcanzables, así como el uso de fuentes de energía nuclear para la propulsión en el espacio de vehículos espaciales como tecnología potencial para las misiones tripuladas y de carga a Marte y las misiones científicas al sistema solar exterior, puesto que permitiría realizar misiones, tanto con personas a bordo como robóticas, más rápidas y sólidas.", "166. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que debería haber un mecanismo permanente para un diálogo estructurado sobre el tema a nivel multilateral, y de que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Utilización de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre debería recomendar a la Subcomisión las nuevas disposiciones que serían necesarias para llevar adelante la elaboración de directrices de seguridad para posibles usos futuros de las fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "12. El espacio y la salud mundial", "167. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo al espacio y la salud mundial, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 238 a 249).", "168. La Comisión hizo suyas las recomendaciones y decisiones sobre el tema formuladas por la Subcomisión y su Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Espacio y la Salud Mundial, que se reunió bajo la presidencia de Antoine Geissbühler (Suiza), incluidas las decisiones relativas al establecimiento de la Plataforma para el Espacio y la Salud Mundial y la Red para el Espacio y la Salud Mundial (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 249 y anexo IV, párr. 7).", "169. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento a la delegación de Suiza por facilitar las consultas oficiosas sobre el texto del proyecto de resolución relativo al espacio y la salud mundial, que figuraba en el documento A/AC.105/L.328, durante el período de sesiones en curso de la Comisión.", "170. Se expresó la opinión de que el texto del proyecto de resolución podría haberse mejorado aún más si en él se hubiera reconocido la importancia de la investigación médica humana para comprender mejor la ecología, la psicología, la ergonomía, la genética, la educación física, la nutrición y otras ciencias. La delegación que expresó esa opinión también hizo hincapié en el carácter no discriminatorio de la cooperación internacional en el ámbito de la salud mundial y destacó que los objetivos relativos al desarrollo y la mejora de los sistemas sanitarios no debían verse obstaculizados por motivaciones políticas.", "171. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el proyecto de resolución sobre el espacio y la salud mundial (véase el anexo), recogía de manera eficaz la función decisiva de la tecnología y los datos espaciales en el ámbito de la salud pública. Esas delegaciones acogieron con satisfacción la presentación de ese proyecto de resolución para su aprobación y subrayaron la importancia de avanzar en esa labor para compartir los beneficios de las actividades espaciales en pro de la salud mundial.", "172. En su 790ª sesión, celebrada el 3 de junio de 2022, la Comisión hizo suyo el proyecto de resolución sobre el espacio y la salud mundial, que figura en el anexo I del presente informe. La Comisión observó que el proyecto de resolución, tal y como lo había hecho suyo, se presentaría a la Asamblea General en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, en 2022, para su aprobación en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Cooperación internacional para la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos”.", "173. La Comisión tomó nota de la amplia gama de actividades relacionadas con el espacio y la salud mundial y reconoció la contribución de la ciencia, la tecnología y las aplicaciones espaciales a la prevención y el control de enfermedades, la promoción de la salud y el bienestar de las personas, el tratamiento de los problemas de salud mundiales, el fomento de la investigación médica, la promoción de prácticas sanitarias y la prestación de servicios de atención de la salud a las personas y las comunidades, incluso en las zonas rurales donde el acceso a la atención de la salud era limitado.", "174. La Comisión tomó nota del papel vital de la ciencia, la tecnología y las aplicaciones espaciales para hacer frente a la pandemia de COVID-19 y de su papel fundamental en el apoyo al rastreo de contactos, la determinación de las zonas afectadas, la modelización de la propagación de la enfermedad y el seguimiento de su transmisión, la conectividad para el trabajo a distancia, la telesalud y la comunicación, así como los métodos para hacer frente al aislamiento social.", "175. La Comisión acogió con satisfacción el informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Espacio y la Salud Mundial relativo a la labor realizada con arreglo a su plan de trabajo plurianual (A/AC.105/C.1/121) y expresó su agradecimiento al Presidente del Grupo de Trabajo por sus dedicados esfuerzos y su hábil liderazgo en la dirección de la labor del Grupo de Trabajo en el marco de su plan de trabajo plurianual.", "176. La Comisión tomó nota con satisfacción de la mesa redonda sobre el tema “Promover la salud mundial mediante el uso de las tecnologías espaciales”, organizada por Suiza durante el Foro de la Salud de Ginebra, que se había celebrado en mayo de 2022 y durante el cual se presentaron la Plataforma para el Espacio y la Salud Mundial y la Red para el Espacio y la Salud Mundial, con la participación de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Centro de Satélites de las Naciones Unidas y el GEO.", "177. La Comisión observó que se había invitado a los Estados Miembros a que hallaran a personas expertas y las alentaran a participar en la Red para el Espacio y la Salud Mundial.", "178. La Comisión acordó que el tema del programa titulado “El espacio y la salud mundial” pasaría a ser un tema ordinario del programa de la Subcomisión a partir de 2023.", "13. Examen del carácter físico y de los atributos técnicos de la órbita geoestacionaria y su utilización y aplicaciones, incluso en la esfera de las comunicaciones espaciales, así como otras cuestiones relativas a los adelantos de las comunicaciones espaciales, teniendo especialmente en cuenta las necesidades y los intereses de los países en desarrollo, sin perjuicio de las funciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones", "179. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo al examen del carácter físico y los atributos técnicos de la órbita geoestacionaria y su utilización y aplicaciones, incluso en la esfera de las comunicaciones espaciales, así como otras cuestiones relativas a la evolución de las comunicaciones espaciales, teniendo especialmente en cuenta las necesidades y los intereses de los países en desarrollo, sin perjuicio de las funciones de la UIT; esas deliberaciones habían quedado reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 250 a 261).", "180. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la órbita geoestacionaria era un recurso natural limitado y expuesto al riesgo de saturación, lo que atentaba contra la sostenibilidad de las actividades en ese entorno, que su uso debía racionalizarse y que debía ponerse a disposición de todos los Estados, en condiciones equitativas, independientemente de su capacidades técnicas actuales, teniendo en cuenta especialmente las necesidades de los países en desarrollo y la situación geográfica de determinados países.", "14. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los cielos oscuros y silenciosos para la ciencia y la sociedad", "181. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema titulado “Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los cielos oscuros y silenciosos para la ciencia y la sociedad”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 262 a 276).", "182. La Comisión acogió con satisfacción la inclusión del intercambio general de opiniones sobre los cielos oscuros y silenciosos para la ciencia y la sociedad en el programa de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos como cuestión concreta y tema de debate, lo cual era un importante reconocimiento de que las observaciones astronómicas, tanto para la astronomía óptica como para la radioastronomía, eran un aspecto esencial de las actividades espaciales y debían protegerse de las interferencias.", "183. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito las contribuciones a las deliberaciones que habían hecho la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas, España y la UAI sobre Cielos Oscuros y Silenciosos para la Ciencia y la Sociedad (véanse A/AC.105/1255 y A/AC.105/1257) y el simposio de la industria organizado por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre sobre el tema de los cielos oscuros y silenciosos, que se había celebrado paralelamente al 59º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 43 a 48), y tomó nota de las recomendaciones resultantes de esos eventos.", "184. La Comisión observó la iniciativa de la UAI de invitar a las delegaciones a que colaboraran con su Centro para la Protección del Cielo Oscuro y Silencioso frente a las Interferencias de las Constelaciones Satelitales, que se había inaugurado recientemente y había comenzado a funcionar el 1 de abril de 2022, con el objetivo de coordinar los esfuerzos internacionales multidisciplinarios de colaboración con instituciones y personas de todo el mundo para ayudar a mitigar el impacto negativo de las constelaciones de satélites en las observaciones de astronomía óptica y radioastronomía desde tierra, así como en el disfrute del cielo nocturno por parte de la humanidad.", "185. La Comisión tomó nota de los esfuerzos realizados por algunos países para proteger los radiotelescopios y las zonas de silencio radioeléctrico de las constelaciones satelitales, y del compromiso continuado entre la comunidad astronómica y la satelital, así como de la importancia de la cooperación continua entre todos los agentes pertinentes, en particular la industria espacial, los operadores de constelaciones satelitales y la comunidad astronómica para velar por la protección del cielo oscuro y silencioso frente a las interferencias de las constelaciones satelitales.", "186. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que se necesitaba la labor de múltiples partes interesadas para elaborar soluciones prácticas destinadas a abordar los impactos no deseados de las constelaciones satelitales en la astronomía.", "187. Se expresó la opinión de que no se habían tenido debidamente en cuenta los efectos adversos de las constelaciones satelitales en la visibilidad de los cielos nocturnos para la astronomía terrestre, y de que esa cuestión, que formaba parte del mandato de la Comisión, requería una regulación acordada internacionalmente.", "15. Proyecto de programa provisional del 60º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos", "188. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo al proyecto de programa provisional de su 60º período de sesiones, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 277 a 281).", "189. La Comisión hizo suyas las recomendaciones y decisiones sobre ese tema formuladas por la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 279 y 281).", "190. Sobre la base de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en su 59º período de sesiones, la Comisión convino en que la Subcomisión examinara los siguientes temas en su 60º período de sesiones:", "1. Aprobación del programa.", "2. Declaración de la Presidencia.", "3. Intercambio general de opiniones y presentación de los informes sobre las actividades nacionales.", "4. Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Espacial.", "5. La tecnología espacial al servicio del desarrollo socioeconómico sostenible.", "6. Cuestiones relativas a la teleobservación de la Tierra mediante satélites, incluidas las aplicaciones para los países en desarrollo y la vigilancia del medio ambiente terrestre.", "7. Desechos espaciales.", "8. Apoyo a la gestión de desastres basado en sistemas espaciales.", "9. Novedades en los sistemas mundiales de navegación por satélite.", "10. Clima espacial.", "11. Objetos cercanos a la Tierra.", "12. Sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "(Labor prevista para 2023 según el plan de trabajo plurianual del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 209, y párr. 18 del apéndice del anexo II))", "13. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión.", "14. El espacio y la salud mundial.", "15. Utilización de fuentes de energía nuclear en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "(Labor prevista para 2023 según el plan de trabajo plurianual prorrogado del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Utilización de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre (A/AC.105/1258, párr. 237 y anexo III, párr. 5))", "16. Examen del carácter físico y de los atributos técnicos de la órbita geoestacionaria y su utilización y aplicaciones, incluso en la esfera de las comunicaciones espaciales, así como otras cuestiones relativas a los adelantos de las comunicaciones espaciales, teniendo especialmente en cuenta las necesidades y los intereses de los países en desarrollo, sin perjuicio de las funciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones.", "(Cuestión concreta y tema de debate)", "17. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los cielos oscuros y silenciosos para la ciencia y la sociedad.", "(Cuestión concreta y tema de debate)", "18. Proyecto de programa provisional del 61^(er) período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos.", "19. Informe a la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos.", "191. La Comisión acordó que durante el 60º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos volverían a reunirse el Grupo de Trabajo Plenario, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Utilización de Fuentes de Energía Nuclear en el Espacio Ultraterrestre y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "192. La Comisión convino en que, de conformidad con el acuerdo al que se llegó en el 44º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, celebrado en 2007 (A/AC.105/890, anexo I, párr. 24), el simposio que se celebraría en el 60º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión organizado por el Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales versaría sobre el tema de la acción climática y la contribución a ella desde el espacio.", "C. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre su 61^(er) período de sesiones", "193. La Comisión tomó nota con aprecio del informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre su 61^(er) período de sesiones (A/AC.105/1260), en que figuraban los resultados de sus deliberaciones sobre los temas examinados por la Subcomisión de conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General.", "194. La Comisión expresó su gratitud a Nomfuneko Majaja (Sudáfrica) por su competente liderazgo como Presidenta del 61^(er) período de sesiones de la Subcomisión.", "195. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Alemania, Austria, el Brasil, el Canadá, Chile, China, la Federación de Rusia, Finlandia, Grecia, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Italia, el Japón, Luxemburgo, la República de Corea, el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos, y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). El representante de Marruecos también hizo declaraciones en nombre del Grupo de los 77 y China. Además, durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema del programa representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "196. La Comisión escuchó una ponencia titulada “Informe sobre los progresos realizados en relación con las iniciativas del Foro Regional de Organismos Espaciales de Asia y el Pacífico para mejorar la capacidad de formulación de leyes y políticas relativas al espacio en la región de Asia y el Pacífico”, a cargo de la representante del Japón.", "1. Información sobre las actividades de las organizaciones internacionales intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales relacionadas con el derecho del espacio", "197. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Información sobre las actividades de las organizaciones internacionales intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales relacionadas con el derecho del espacio”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 36 a 38).", "2. Situación y aplicación de los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre", "198. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo a la situación y aplicación de los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 39 a 51).", "199. La Comisión hizo suyas las decisiones y recomendaciones de la Subcomisión y de su Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Situación y Aplicación de los Cinco Tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al Espacio Ultraterrestre, que se había vuelto a convocar bajo la presidencia de Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd (Alemania) (A/AC.105/1260, anexo I, párrs. 7 a 15).", "200. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los debates del Grupo de Trabajo relacionados con la situación y aplicación de los cinco tratados, con la aplicación del derecho internacional a los satélites pequeños y con cuestiones más amplias como el registro de satélites, así como la elaboración en el Grupo de Trabajo del amplio documento titulado “Llevar los beneficios del espacio a todos los países: documento de orientación sobre el marco jurídico de las actividades espaciales”, (A/AC.105/C.2/117), habían servido de útil ayuda a la Subcomisión y habían contribuido de manera significativa a la formulación de legislación y políticas espaciales nacionales en diversos países.", "201. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos era el foro adecuado para promover el desarrollo progresivo del derecho internacional del espacio para la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, y de que era necesaria una mayor interacción con la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos para velar por que las normas jurídicas siguieran siendo pertinentes y aplicables a las actividades espaciales actuales y previstas.", "202. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, a la luz de la creciente participación y el potencial en evolución del sector privado en las actividades espaciales, la negociación de un instrumento internacional jurídicamente vinculante que definiera y orientara claramente las actividades comerciales en el espacio ultraterrestre podría desempeñar un papel importante en una mayor utilización del espacio ultraterrestre y en el estímulo las actividades espaciales en beneficio de la humanidad, y podría ayudar a velar por que los derechos de los países en desarrollo se tuvieran en cuenta y esos países no quedaran excluidos de los beneficios de la exploración espacial.", "203. Se expresó la opinión de que, si bien los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre constituían la piedra angular del derecho internacional del espacio, y se acogía con satisfacción una mayor adhesión por parte de un número cada vez mayor de países, era necesario seguir desarrollando y complementando los tratados para poder dar respuesta a las nuevas cuestiones que fueran surgiendo, como el aumento de las entidades no gubernamentales y los agentes del sector privado que participaban en actividades relativas al espacio ultraterrestre.", "204. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el derecho internacional del espacio era un elemento clave que permitía a los agentes prosperar en un entorno seguro y predecible y, a ese respecto, el cumplimiento de la obligación establecida en el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre de autorizar y supervisar las actividades de las entidades no gubernamentales que se dedicaban a las actividades espaciales era crucial para proporcionar la seguridad jurídica necesaria para fomentar las inversiones a gran escala del sector privado en las actividades espaciales.", "205. Se expresó la opinión de que, a medida que las actividades espaciales evolucionaban, las normas, reglas y principios que regían las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre también debían evolucionar, y de que mantener y actualizar la legislación nacional sobre la autorización y la supervisión continua de las entidades no gubernamentales era una forma de promover la certeza y la previsibilidad para los actores del sector privado que participaban en actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que la compartición de información sobre la legislación nacional de los Estados que abordaba las obligaciones derivadas del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre podría fomentar una comprensión y un enfoque comunes de la interpretación y la aplicación del Tratado.", "206. Se expresó la opinión de que era importante completar o aplicar tanto las recomendaciones para mejorar la práctica de los Estados y las organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales en cuanto al registro de objetos espaciales, que figuraban en la resolución 62/101 de la Asamblea General, como las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos (A/74/20, anexo II), a fin de hacer frente a la tendencia de las megaconstelaciones con cientos o incluso miles de objetos espaciales no registrados, que podrían repercutir en la astronomía terrestre, la órbita terrestre y la atmósfera superior de la Tierra.", "3. Cuestiones relativas a la definición y delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre y el carácter y utilización de la órbita geoestacionaria, incluida la consideración de medios y arbitrios para asegurar la utilización racional y equitativa de la órbita geoestacionaria, sin desconocer el papel de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones", "207. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Cuestiones relativas a la definición y delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre y el carácter y utilización de la órbita geoestacionaria, incluida la consideración de medios y arbitrios para asegurar la utilización racional y equitativa de la órbita geoestacionaria, sin desconocer el papel de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 52 a 77).", "208. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la falta de una definición o delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre acarreaba inseguridad jurídica respecto de la aplicabilidad del derecho del espacio y del derecho aéreo, y de que debían aclararse las cuestiones concernientes a la soberanía nacional y el límite entre el espacio aéreo y el espacio ultraterrestre a fin de reducir la posibilidad de que se plantearan controversias entre los Estados.", "209. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que no era necesario definir o delimitar el espacio ultraterrestre.", "210. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la órbita geoestacionaria, recurso natural limitado y en claro peligro de saturación, debía utilizarse de manera racional y ponerse al alcance de todos los Estados, independientemente de la capacidad técnica que tuvieran en esos momentos. Ello daría a los Estados acceso a la órbita geoestacionaria en igualdad de condiciones, teniendo presentes, en particular, las necesidades y los intereses de los países en desarrollo, así como la ubicación geográfica de determinados países, y teniendo en cuenta los procesos de la UIT y las normas y decisiones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas.", "211. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la órbita geoestacionaria no debía ser objeto de apropiación nacional, ya fuera mediante el uso, el uso reiterado o la ocupación, ni de ninguna otra manera, y de que su utilización debía regirse por las disposiciones aplicables del derecho internacional.", "212. Se expresó la opinión de que la órbita geoestacionaria debía considerarse una zona específica y una parte especial del espacio ultraterrestre que requería una gobernanza técnica y jurídica específica, y por ello debía estar sujeta a un régimen sui géneris.", "213. Se expresó la opinión de que existían deficiencias en el acceso equitativo a la órbita geoestacionaria. Por tanto, se debía considerar la posibilidad de adoptar diversas medidas como, por ejemplo, establecer un grupo de trabajo específico de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos, modificar el correspondiente tema del programa de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos a fin de poder examinar los aspectos técnicos de la cuestión, crear un grupo intergubernamental de expertos, y colaborar de manera más estrecha con la UIT en cuestiones relacionadas con la utilización equitativa de los recursos orbitales.", "4. Legislación nacional pertinente a la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos", "214. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre el tema del programa relativo a la legislación nacional pertinente a la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 78 a 91).", "215. La Comisión hizo suya la recomendación de la Subcomisión sobre ese tema del programa (véase A/AC.105/1260, párr. 91).", "216. La Comisión observó que diversas actividades realizadas por los Estados miembros pretendían examinar, fortalecer, elaborar o redactar leyes y políticas nacionales relativas al espacio, así como reformar o establecer la gobernanza de sus actividades espaciales nacionales.", "217. La Comisión tomó nota con satisfacción de la sinopsis actualizada de los marcos reglamentarios nacionales para las actividades espaciales que la Secretaría había preparado (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9). Ese documento permitía a los Estados comprender los marcos reguladores nacionales en vigor, dar a conocer experiencias acerca de las prácticas nacionales e intercambiar información sobre los marcos jurídicos de los países.", "218. La Comisión tomó nota de la labor de ámbito regional que había realizado el grupo de estudio de la Iniciativa de Legislación Espacial Nacional, del Foro Regional de Organismos Espaciales de Asia y el Pacífico. La Iniciativa había pasado a una segunda fase que abarcaba la aplicación de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos (A/74/20, anexo II), y se habían unido al grupo de estudio nuevos Estados, con lo cual ya eran 12 los Estados que participaban en el estudio.", "219. La Comisión convino que la legislación espacial nacional se debía elaborar de acuerdo con el derecho internacional.", "220. Se expresó la opinión de que la legislación espacial nacional no debía incluir normas relacionadas con la comercialización del espacio ultraterrestre.", "5. Fomento de la capacidad en materia de derecho del espacio", "221. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema del programa relativo al fomento de la capacidad en materia de derecho del espacio, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 92 a 102).", "222. La Comisión hizo suya la recomendación de la Subcomisión sobre ese tema del programa (A/AC.105/1260, párr. 102).", "223. La Comisión convino en que, con el fin de crear la capacidad nacional necesaria para garantizar el cumplimiento del derecho internacional del espacio por parte del número cada vez mayor de agentes que realizaban actividades espaciales, era indispensable la cooperación internacional en materia de investigación, capacitación y educación sobre derecho del espacio.", "224. La Comisión observó con reconocimiento que varias entidades gubernamentales y no gubernamentales emprendían esfuerzos en los planos nacional, regional e internacional para crear capacidad en el ámbito del derecho del espacio.", "225. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el fomento de la capacidad en materia de derecho del espacio era un instrumento fundamental que se debía mejorar mediante la cooperación internacional, y de que se necesitaba más apoyo por parte de la Oficina y de los Estados miembros para fomentar la cooperación Norte-Sur y Sur-Sur con miras a facilitar la compartición de conocimientos y experiencia en el ámbito del derecho del espacio.", "226. La Comisión tomó nota con satisfacción de que el proyecto Derecho del Espacio para Nuevos Agentes Espaciales tenía como objetivo proporcionar apoyo para mejorar la capacidad de elaboración de leyes y políticas espaciales nacionales.", "227. La Comisión tomó nota con aprecio de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas y Chile sobre Derecho y Política del Espacio, que se había celebrado en línea del 10 al 12 de mayo de 2022. Señaló que esos eventos contribuían a crear capacidad en materia de derecho del espacio al poner en contacto a expertos, profesionales y representantes gubernamentales, de la industria y de la sociedad civil que trabajaban en ese ámbito.", "6. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión", "228. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión sobre el tema relativo a la función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 103 a 121).", "229. La Comisión hizo suyas las decisiones de la Subcomisión consignadas en su informe (A/AC.105/1260, párr. 106).", "7. Intercambio general de información y opiniones sobre los mecanismos jurídicos relativos a las medidas de reducción y eliminación de los desechos espaciales, teniendo en cuenta la labor de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos", "230. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre el tema del programa relativo al intercambio general de información y opiniones sobre los mecanismos jurídicos relativos a las medidas de reducción y eliminación de los desechos espaciales, teniendo en cuenta la labor de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 122 a 149).", "231. La Comisión hizo suyas las decisiones de la Subcomisión consignadas en su informe (A/AC.105/1260, párr. 149).", "232. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que el hecho de que la Asamblea General, en su resolución 62/217, hubiera hecho suyas las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión había significado un gran avance en la tarea de impartir orientación sobre la forma de mitigar el problema de los desechos espaciales, e instó a todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas a que estudiaran la posibilidad de aplicar voluntariamente las Directrices.", "233. La Comisión observó con satisfacción que algunos Estados habían adoptado medidas para aplicar las directrices y normas reconocidas internacionalmente sobre los desechos espaciales, incluidas las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión y las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión, mediante la incorporación de disposiciones pertinentes en su legislación interna.", "234. Se expresó la opinión de que la Subcomisión debería ampliar su examen de las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales de la Comisión, teniendo en cuenta que las plataformas espaciales con fuentes de energía nuclear a bordo podrían generar desechos espaciales y que esas plataformas podrían colisionar con desechos espaciales. La delegación que expresó esa opinión también manifestó su preocupación por la reentrada atmosférica de esos desechos en el hemisferio sur, en particular en la región del Pacífico Sur, y exhortó a los Estados de lanzamiento a adoptar medidas para controlar y evitar la generación de desechos espaciales.", "235. Se expresó la opinión de que las recomendaciones del Grupo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Medidas de Transparencia y Fomento de la Confianza en las Actividades relativas al Espacio Ultraterrestre y de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre contribuiría a la observación y la reducción de los desechos espaciales y a la realización de operaciones espaciales seguras y sostenibles.", "236. Se expresó la opinión de que era necesario elaborar nuevos instrumentos vinculantes para reducir los desechos espaciales.", "237. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante abordar la cuestión de los desechos espaciales por medios jurídicos, y de que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos debía debatir cuestiones jurídicas tales como el Estado de registro, la jurisdicción, el control y la responsabilidad por los daños causados a los objetos espaciales.", "238. Se expresó la opinión de que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos debía cooperar estrechamente con la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos para examinar cuestiones relacionadas con los problemas de los desechos espaciales y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades espaciales, y para elaborar definiciones reconocidas internacionalmente de los términos básicos en el ámbito de los desechos espaciales de origen humano.", "239. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito las recientes actualizaciones y adiciones introducidas en el compendio de normas de reducción de los desechos espaciales aprobadas por los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales, y alentó a los Estados y a las organizaciones pertinentes a que contribuyeran a ese compendio.", "8. Intercambio general de información sobre los instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria relativos al espacio ultraterrestre", "240. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre el tema del programa relativo al intercambio general de información sobre los instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 150 a 164).", "241. La Comisión tomó nota también del compendio de mecanismos adoptados por los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales en relación con los instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre había publicado en una página web dedicada a tal fin, e invitó a los Estados miembros de la Comisión y a las organizaciones intergubernamentales internacionales que gozaban de la condición de observadoras permanentes ante ella a que siguieran presentando respuestas a la Secretaría para incorporarlas al compendio.", "242. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante que se elaboraran instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria que complementasen y apoyasen los tratados vigentes de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, fuesen receptivos a las novedades en relación con las actividades espaciales y contribuyesen a seguir mejorando la seguridad y la sostenibilidad de las actividades realizadas en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "243. Algunas delegaciones recordaron la Declaración sobre la Cooperación Internacional en la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre en Beneficio e Interés de Todos los Estados, Teniendo Especialmente en Cuenta las Necesidades de los Países en Desarrollo, señalaron que era un instrumento importante para promover la cooperación internacional con miras a que todos los Estados se beneficiaran al máximo de la utilización de las aplicaciones espaciales, e instaron a todos los países con capacidad espacial a que contribuyeran a promover y fomentar la cooperación internacional sobre una base equitativa, prestando especial atención a los intereses de los países en desarrollo y a reforzar el papel de la Comisión como principal plataforma para el intercambio de información en el ámbito de la cooperación internacional en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre.", "244. Se expresó la opinión de que los instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria eran también un modo importante de establecer códigos de conducta para velar por la utilización segura y sostenible del espacio ultraterrestre. La delegación que expresó esa opinión exhortó a los Estados a que apoyaran al grupo de trabajo de composición abierta establecido por la Asamblea General en su resolución 76/231 y siguieran colaborando con él en la elaboración de normas, reglas y principios de conductas responsables en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "9. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los aspectos jurídicos de la gestión del tráfico espacial", "245. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los aspectos jurídicos de la gestión del tráfico espacial”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 165 a 178).", "246. La Comisión hizo suya la recomendación de la Subcomisión de que se siguiera examinando el tema del programa, en particular habida cuenta de la complejidad y el congestionamiento cada vez mayores del medio espacial causados por el número creciente de objetos presentes en el espacio ultraterrestre, la diversificación de los agentes en el espacio ultraterrestre y el aumento de las actividades espaciales.", "247. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que esos fenómenos planteaban un desafío para la seguridad y sostenibilidad de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre.", "248. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que sería oportuno y esencial elaborar un régimen mundial de gestión del tráfico espacial, que contribuiría a la creación, el desarrollo y la aplicación de normas internacionales comunes, ya que las cuestiones relativas a la seguridad y la sostenibilidad de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre eran una preocupación cada vez mayor para todos los agentes espaciales y la sociedad.", "249. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que también era importante adoptar normas y principios de conducta responsable en el espacio ultraterrestre, en particular un compromiso general de los Estados de abstenerse de realizar experimentos con armas antisatélite que produjeran desechos orbitales de larga duración.", "250. Se expresó la opinión de que, si bien los tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre y las normas internacionales de la UIT ya contenían disposiciones básicas relativas a la gestión del tráfico espacial, y aunque varias cuestiones relacionadas con la gestión del tráfico espacial ya habían quedado abarcadas por instrumentos internacionales no vinculantes, como las Directrices para la Reducción de Desechos Espaciales y las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Comisión, era urgente elaborar un régimen internacional de gobernanza del tráfico espacial compuesto por disposiciones técnicas y reglamentarias que pudieran colmar las lagunas jurídicas de los instrumentos existentes. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que la Subcomisión era el foro adecuado para crear ese enfoque multilateral global con vistas a gestionar eficazmente el tráfico espacial, y de que cualquier iniciativa singular de ámbito nacional o regional a ese respecto conllevaba el riesgo de fragmentación jurídica, lo que podría conducir a un deterioro de la seguridad de las actividades espaciales.", "251. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el actual derecho internacional del espacio, con el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre como piedra angular, proporcionaba el régimen jurídico básico para la gestión del tráfico espacial. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que todos los Estados debían preservar el orden internacional en el espacio ultraterrestre sobre la base del derecho internacional y velar por la seguridad de las operaciones de los vehículos espaciales.", "252. Se expresó la opinión de que, para estudiar los futuros enfoques de la gestión del tráfico espacial, no era necesario contar con una definición y delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre.", "10. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre la aplicación del derecho internacional a las actividades de los satélites pequeños", "253. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión relativas al tema del programa titulado “Intercambio general de opiniones sobre la aplicación del derecho internacional a las actividades de los satélites pequeños”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (documento A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 179 a 202).", "254. La Comisión observó que el tema seguía figurando en el programa de la Subcomisión y convino en que ello contribuía a abordar y dar a conocer cuestiones relacionadas con la utilización de satélites pequeños.", "255. La Comisión observó que las actividades en las que se utilizaban satélites pequeños debían llevarse a cabo en consonancia con el derecho internacional del espacio, independientemente del tamaño de esos satélites.", "256. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que las mencionadas actividades de los satélites pequeños debían llevarse a cabo en consonancia con el marco normativo internacional vigente.", "257. Se informó a la Comisión sobre los programas de los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales centrados en el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de los satélites pequeños y sobre los marcos normativos aplicables al desarrollo y la utilización de satélites pequeños.", "258. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, teniendo en cuenta el papel fundamental de los objetos espaciales, independientemente de su tamaño, en el desarrollo socioeconómico de los Estados Miembros, la Comisión y sus subcomisiones no deberían crear un régimen jurídico especial ni ningún otro mecanismo que pudiera imponer limitaciones al diseño, la construcción, el lanzamiento y la utilización de objetos espaciales.", "259. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los acontecimientos que estaban teniendo lugar en el espacio ultraterrestre, como el número cada vez mayor de grandes constelaciones, se debían tener en cuenta en los debates relativos al registro de objetos espaciales.", "260. Se expresó la opinión de que las megaconstelaciones tenían consecuencias para la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre y de que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos debía mantener debates específicos sobre ese tema.", "11. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre posibles modelos de normas jurídicas sobre las actividades de exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales", "261. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Intercambio general de opiniones sobre posibles modelos de normas jurídicas sobre las actividades de exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales”, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 203 a 230).", "262. La Comisión hizo suyas las decisiones y recomendaciones de la Subcomisión y de su grupo de trabajo establecido en relación con ese tema del programa, que se había vuelto a convocar bajo la presidencia de Andrzej Misztal (Polonia) y la vicepresidencia de Steven Freeland (Australia) (A/AC.105/1260, anexo II, párrs. 5 a 8).", "263. La Comisión tomó nota de que el grupo de trabajo establecido en el marco de ese tema del programa se había denominado Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Aspectos Jurídicos de las Actividades relacionadas con los Recursos Espaciales, y había acordado su plan de trabajo detallado y sus métodos de trabajo, que figuraban en el apéndice del informe del Grupo de Trabajo (A/AC.105/1260, anexo II).", "264. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el documento de trabajo presentado por Alemania, Austria, Bélgica, Chequia, Finlandia, Luxemburgo, Noruega, Portugal y Rumania (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21) había contribuido a la aprobación del plan de trabajo del Grupo de Trabajo y contenía propuestas para la conferencia internacional sobre recursos espaciales que se convocaría bajo los auspicios de las Naciones Unidas, según lo previsto en el documento A/AC.105/1260, anexo II.", "265. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el mejor modo de coordinar la exploración, la explotación y la utilización de los recursos espaciales era a nivel internacional, en foros multilaterales como la Comisión y sus subcomisiones, a fin de velar por que el espacio ultraterrestre se siguiera utilizando y explorando con fines pacíficos y de manera sostenible, y para garantizar que esas actividades se efectuasen en consonancia con el derecho internacional y en beneficio e interés de todos los Estados.", "266. Se expresó la opinión de que cualquier resultado del Grupo de Trabajo, ya fuera en forma de recomendaciones o de un conjunto de principios, que estableciera el marco para las actividades de utilización de los recursos espaciales, debería llevarse a cabo de modo que se garantizara que las normas establecidas por los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre se aplicaran a las actividades relacionadas con los recursos espaciales de una manera que no impidiera el progreso tecnológico ni las actividades espaciales privadas, sin dejar de cumplir la promesa contenida en el artículo I del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre de que la exploración y la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre se realizaran en provecho y en interés de todos los Estados.", "267. Se expresó la opinión de que la progresión del tema del programa relativo a los recursos espaciales, que había pasado de ser un tema de debate a un grupo de trabajo orientado a la consecución de objetivos, podría ser un posible modelo para el método de trabajo futuro de la Subcomisión en su conjunto, ya que demostraba el interés conjunto de los Estados en trabajar multilateralmente para obtener resultados concretos y prácticos sobre cuestiones difíciles de interés común y proporcionar una orientación jurídica útil para todos los agentes espaciales.", "268. Se expresó la opinión de que cabía acoger con beneplácito la adopción del plan de trabajo quinquenal del Grupo de Trabajo para aclarar importantes disposiciones del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que, en el desarrollo del marco de las actividades de los recursos espaciales se debía aplicar un enfoque gradual, y el resultado debería ser coherente con los principios fundamentales del derecho internacional del espacio establecidos en el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "269. Algunas delegaciones observaron que el número de Estados que habían firmado los Acuerdos de Ártemis sobre los Principios para la Cooperación en la Exploración y la Utilización Civiles de la Luna, Marte, los Cometas y los Asteroides con Fines Pacíficos había aumentado a 20, y expresaron la opinión de que los Acuerdos representaban un conjunto de compromisos en los que se establecían las normas y principios que guiarían a esos Estados en la exploración de la Luna, Marte y más allá. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que los Acuerdos de Ártemis se basaban en el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre y demostraban que los signatarios estaban comprometidos a comportarse de forma responsable y transparente al ampliar la presencia humana más allá de la Tierra.", "270. Se expresó la opinión de que un principio clave establecido en los Acuerdos de Ártemis era la transparencia, y de que los Estados debían seguir comprometiéndose a compartir y difundir información sobre sus políticas espaciales nacionales y sus planes de exploración del espacio. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que era imperativo que los debates multilaterales se centraran en determinar instrumentos prácticos para compartir de forma transparente información sobre las actividades lunares de los Estados que fueran coherentes con las obligaciones y compromisos internacionales derivados del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "271. Se expresó la opinión de que, si bien los Acuerdos de Ártemis podían servir como punto de partida, y algunas de sus disposiciones eran fácilmente aceptables, algunos aspectos se tendrían que reducir y deberían conciliarse con un entendimiento más amplio del principio de no apropiación, a fin de lograr un mayor apoyo.", "272. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que toda actividad de exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales debía realizarse de conformidad con los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre, que establecían el derecho internacional del espacio, y de que toda actividad de los Estados, individualmente o como un club de países, que quedara fuera del marco multilateral de las Naciones Unidas conduciría a una fragmentación de la cooperación entre los Estados miembros de la Comisión y debía evitarse.", "273. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el Acuerdo que Debe Regir las Actividades de los Estados en la Luna y Otros Cuerpos Celestes ofrecía una inspiración significativa para la labor del Grupo de Trabajo, ya que ese instrumento contenía disposiciones en las que se pedía el establecimiento de un régimen internacional para la explotación de los recursos espaciales, y dado que dicha explotación estaba a punto de ser viable. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que un régimen internacional de esa índole sería una forma de tener en cuenta tanto los esfuerzos de los países que habían contribuido directa o indirectamente a la exploración de la Luna como los intereses de los países en desarrollo.", "274. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que una interpretación autorizada de los principios importantes contenidos en el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre, como los principios de no apropiación y de libre exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre, permitiría a los Estados asumir compromisos concretos en el futuro para las actividades relacionadas con los recursos espaciales. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que un entendimiento común de la obligación del Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre de llevar a cabo actividades espaciales con la debida consideración de los intereses correspondientes de los demás Estados partes en el Tratado, y un entendimiento común de qué actos constituían o no constituían esa debida consideración, ayudarían a garantizar que los recursos espaciales siguieran estando a disposición de todos.", "275. Se expresó la opinión de que, dado que solo un número limitado de Estados podría llevar a cabo actividades relacionadas con los recursos espaciales, era importante asegurar que la acumulación de activos resultante de esas actividades no se concentrara en manos de unos pocos interesados, y de que en el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre se esbozaban comportamientos socialmente responsables que apoyaban unas actividades espaciales pacíficas, inclusivas y sostenibles, promoviendo al mismo tiempo la participación internacional de un modo que tuviera en cuenta las necesidades e intereses particulares de los países en desarrollo.", "276. Se expresó la opinión de que, al elaborar un marco para las actividades relacionadas con los recursos espaciales, se debía velar por que hubiera una mayor interacción con la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, de modo que el marco resultante respondiera a las actividades reales realizadas. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que era necesario elaborar un conjunto de definiciones reconocidas internacionalmente de los términos básicos relacionados con las actividades relativas a los recursos espaciales, como primer paso para elaborar normas jurídicas que rigieran esas actividades, y de que un conjunto de definiciones solo podría prepararse con aportaciones técnicas.", "277. Se expresó la opinión de que los recursos espaciales no incluían las radiofrecuencias ni las órbitas, como la órbita geoestacionaria, ya que esos recursos eran competencia de la UIT.", "278. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, al elaborar un marco para la exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales, el Grupo de Trabajo podría tomar en consideración la labor ya realizada en esa esfera, por ejemplo, los elementos que podrían constituir una base para la elaboración de un marco internacional sobre las actividades relativas a los recursos espaciales, redactados por el Grupo Internacional de Trabajo de La Haya sobre la Gobernanza de los Recursos Espaciales y que se habían recogido en un documento de trabajo publicado en todos los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas (A/AC.105/C.2/L.315).", "12. Propuestas a la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos de nuevos temas para que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos los examine en su 62º período de sesiones", "279. La Comisión tomó nota de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre el tema del programa relativo a las propuestas a la Comisión de nuevos temas para que la Subcomisión los examine en su 62º período de sesiones, reflejadas en el informe de la Subcomisión (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 231 a 244).", "280. Sobre la base de las deliberaciones de la Subcomisión en su 61^(er) período de sesiones, la Comisión acordó que la Subcomisión examinara los siguientes temas sustantivos en su 62º período de sesiones:", "Temas ordinarios", "1. Aprobación del programa.", "2. Declaración de la Presidencia.", "3. Intercambio general de opiniones.", "4. Información sobre las actividades de las organizaciones internacionales intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales relacionadas con el derecho del espacio.", "5. Situación y aplicación de los cinco tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al espacio ultraterrestre.", "6. Cuestiones relativas a:", "a) la definición y delimitación del espacio ultraterrestre;", "b) el carácter y utilización de la órbita geoestacionaria, incluida la consideración de medios y arbitrios para asegurar la utilización racional y equitativa de la órbita geoestacionaria, sin desconocer el papel de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones.", "7. Legislación nacional pertinente a la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos.", "8. Fomento de la capacidad en materia de derecho del espacio.", "9. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión.", "Temas examinados en relación con los planes de trabajo", "10. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre posibles modelos de normas jurídicas sobre las actividades de exploración, explotación y utilización de los recursos espaciales.", "(Labor prevista para 2023 según el plan de trabajo plurianual del Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Aspectos Jurídicos de las Actividades relacionadas con los Recursos Espaciales (A/AC.105/1260, párr. 206, y anexo II, apéndice))", "Cuestiones concretas/temas de debate", "11. Intercambio general de información y opiniones sobre los mecanismos jurídicos relativos a las medidas de reducción y eliminación de los desechos espaciales, teniendo en cuenta la labor de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos.", "12. Intercambio general de información sobre los instrumentos de las Naciones Unidas sin fuerza jurídica obligatoria relativos al espacio ultraterrestre.", "13. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre los aspectos jurídicos de la gestión del tráfico espacial.", "14. Intercambio general de opiniones sobre la aplicación del derecho internacional a las actividades de los satélites pequeños.", "Temas nuevos", "15. Propuestas a la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos de nuevos temas para que la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos los examine en su 63^(er) período de sesiones.", "281. La Comisión convino en que en el 62º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión se volviera a convocar al Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Situación y Aplicación de los Cinco Tratados de las Naciones Unidas relativos al Espacio Ultraterrestre, al Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Definición y Delimitación del Espacio Ultraterrestre y al Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Aspectos Jurídicos de las Actividades relacionadas con los Recursos Espaciales.", "282. La Comisión hizo suyo el acuerdo al que había llegado la Subcomisión relativo a celebrar un simposio durante el 62º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión, de conformidad con el informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos (A/AC.105/1260).", "283. Se expresó la opinión de que la Subcomisión debería revisar periódicamente los temas del programa con vistas a suspender los temas en los que no hubiera interés o que ya no parecieran necesarios, o bien establecer un plan de trabajo para obtener resultados específicos en los temas de interés. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que era importante que se pudieran reintroducir los temas previamente suspendidos si hubiera interés o resultara necesario.", "D. El espacio y el desarrollo sostenible", "284. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “El espacio y el desarrollo sostenible”.", "285. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Alemania, China, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, Francia, la India, Indonesia, el Japón, Kazajstán, México, los Países Bajos, Sudáfrica, Tailandia y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). También formularon declaraciones los observadores del Square Kilometre Array Observatory y de la Asociación de la Semana Mundial del Espacio. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema, además, representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "286. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Informe del Foro Espacial Mundial de las Naciones Unidas y Austria sobre el tema “El espacio para la acción climática” (A/AC.105/1266);", "b) Informe sobre la reunión de expertos de las Naciones Unidas, el Brasil y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos relativa a El Espacio para las Mujeres: iniciativas, retos y oportunidades para las mujeres en el espacio (A/AC.105/1267).", "287. Se presentaron a la Comisión las siguientes ponencias relativas al tema:", "a) “Las aplicaciones satelitales para la gestión de emergencias en China (2021–2022)”, a cargo del representante de China;", "b) “La protección del entorno del espacio ultraterrestre contribuye a la sostenibilidad de las actividades espaciales”, a cargo del representante de China;", "c) “Aplicaciones de observación de la Tierra desarrolladas por la India para el desarrollo y la gobernanza nacionales”, a cargo del representante de la India;", "d) “Actividades de creación de capacidad en el ámbito del espacio realizadas en la India: novedades recientes”, a cargo del representante de la India;", "e) “La tecnología espacial: contribución al desarrollo sostenible en el Irán”, a cargo del representante de Irán (República Islámica de);", "f) “Principios espaciales sostenibles de la JAXA: contribuciones de la JAXA a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible”, a cargo de la representante de Japón;", "g) “El espacio para la seguridad alimentaria”, a cargo de la representante de los Países Bajos;", "h) “Seguimiento de desastres y construcción de información espacial mediante imágenes del Satélite de Observación de la Tierra de Corea”, a cargo del representante de la República de Corea;", "i) “Proyecto emblemático de la Red Inteligente de Telescopios y Datos del grupo Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica (BRICS): red mundial de telescopios ópticos estatales BRICS”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia;", "j) “Programa de capacitación en tecnología espacial innovadora, transversal y avanzada para los países en desarrollo”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia;", "k) “Sistemas de vigilancia remota para estudiar los ecosistemas marinos”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia;", "l) “Creación de capacidad para una industria espacial naciente”, a cargo del representante de Filipinas.", "288. La Comisión reiteró su reconocimiento del importante papel de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y sus aplicaciones para la ejecución de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, en particular los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, la aplicación del Marco de Sendái para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015–2030, y el cumplimiento de los compromisos contraídos por los Estados partes en el Acuerdo de París relativo al cambio climático.", "289. La Comisión tomó nota del valor que tenían la tecnología espacial y sus aplicaciones, así como la información y los datos obtenidos desde el espacio, en pro del desarrollo sostenible, en particular para la mejora de la formulación y la aplicación de políticas y los programas de acción relacionados con la protección del medio ambiente, la gestión de tierras y recursos hídricos, el desarrollo urbano y rural, los ecosistemas marinos y costeros, la atención de la salud, el cambio climático, la reducción de los riesgos de desastre y la respuesta de emergencia, la energía, la infraestructura, la navegación, la vigilancia sísmica, la gestión de los recursos naturales, las nieves y los glaciares, la biodiversidad, la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria.", "290. La Comisión tomó nota con satisfacción de la celebración de la serie de Foros Espaciales Mundiales, organizados por la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre en cooperación con los Gobiernos de Austria y de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos.", "291. La Comisión tomó nota de la información proporcionada por los Estados sobre las medidas que habían adoptado para integrar las actividades intersectoriales a nivel nacional, regional e internacional e incorporar información y datos geoespaciales obtenidos desde el espacio en todos los procesos y mecanismos relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible.", "292. La Comisión también tomó nota de la información proporcionada por los Estados sobre sus actividades y programas encaminados a aumentar la conciencia y la comprensión de la sociedad respecto de las aplicaciones de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales para atender las necesidades de desarrollo.", "293. La Comisión observó la importante función que seguía desempeñando la Estación Espacial Internacional en la investigación científica en pro del desarrollo sostenible.", "294. La Comisión observó con satisfacción las numerosas actividades de divulgación que los Estados llevaban a cabo en el plano regional para crear capacidad mediante la formación y la capacitación para el uso de las aplicaciones de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales en favor del desarrollo sostenible.", "295. La Comisión observó el valor de la cooperación y las alianzas internacionales para la realización de todo el potencial de la ciencia, la tecnología y las aplicaciones espaciales en pro del desarrollo sostenible.", "296. La Comisión tomó nota de que la Cuarta Conferencia Ministerial sobre Aplicaciones Espaciales para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Asia y el Pacífico se celebraría en Indonesia en octubre de 2022.", "E. Beneficios derivados de la tecnología espacial: examen de la situación actual", "297. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “Beneficios derivados de la tecnología espacial: examen de la situación actual”.", "298. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Argelia, el Brasil, la Federación de Rusia, la India, Italia, México, Sudáfrica y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "299. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “El proyecto SAOCOM como motor de creación de capacidad nacional”, a cargo del representante de la Argentina;", "b) “Vigilancia de los peligros naturales mediante el satélite electromagnético Zhengheng-1 y los satélites de teleobservación Gaofen (GF)”, a cargo de la representante de China;", "c) La red de interferometría de muy larga base de nueva generación de la Federación de Rusia”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia.", "300. La Comisión tomó nota de la información proporcionada por los Estados sobre sus prácticas nacionales relativas a los beneficios derivados de la tecnología espacial, en las que habían participado diversos agentes, entre ellos el sector privado y los círculos académicos.", "301. La Comisión tomó nota de que en el sitio web de la NASA se podía consultar su publicación titulada “Spinoff 2022”. La Comisión expresó su agradecimiento a la NASA por la serie de publicaciones “Spinoff”, que se había distribuido a las delegaciones todos los años desde el 43^(er) período de sesiones de la Comisión, celebrado en 2000.", "302. La Comisión tomó nota de las innovaciones logradas en numerosas esferas, como la agricultura; el cultivo vertical bajo techo; la descontaminación, incluso de sustancias químicas tóxicas; la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos y naturales; la silvicultura y la detección de incendios forestales; la geología; la geofísica; la conservación de los ecosistemas; la identificación y el desarrollo de tierras cultivables; los depósitos pesqueros y minerales; la salud; la medicina; las prótesis; la biología; la química; el medio ambiente; la educación; la electrónica; la comunicación; la navegación y la cronometría; las aplicaciones de los materiales; el almacenamiento de energía; el transporte; la seguridad; el acceso a Internet; la transmisión, el procesamiento, el análisis y el almacenamiento de datos mediante láser, y la gestión de desastres. Además, observó que muchas de las tecnologías creadas para aplicaciones espaciales y cuya licencia pertenecía a organismos espaciales se habían transferido a entidades industriales y habían dado lugar a aplicaciones prácticas en la sociedad. En particular, agentes comerciales habían desarrollado varios tipos de equipos de apoyo médico que utilizaban tecnología derivada del espacio para hacer frente a la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19).", "303. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los programas de transferencia de tecnología de los organismos espaciales facilitaban el desarrollo económico de diversos sectores, lo cual permitía, a su vez, poner innovaciones a disposición de emprendedores, empresas, entidades académicas y organismos públicos. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que esos programas habían contribuido a iniciativas estratégicas para crear un ecosistema espacial internacional integrado que fomentara el crecimiento del sector privado y la autosuficiencia industrial, atrajera la inversión empresarial extranjera y alentara la colaboración internacional.", "304. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que las entidades del sector público encargadas de trabajar directamente con la industria y el mundo académico habían apoyado la participación comercial y facilitado la aplicación de la tecnología derivada del espacio para lograr un uso generalizado y unos mayores beneficios socioeconómicos.", "305. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que, como resultado de un estudio a largo plazo sobre los efectos socioeconómicos de la inversión del sector público en el sector espacial, podrían identificarse beneficios en la forma en que los proveedores y usuarios de tecnología derivada del espacio habían mejorado su rendimiento y su potencial de innovación. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que, en particular, los productos y servicios que se habían derivado de la tecnología espacial, como por ejemplo, las tecnologías de observación de la Tierra, de navegación y de cronometría, mejoraban la disponibilidad comercial de una amplia variedad de productos y servicios y contribuían a una investigación y un desarrollo más eficaces y eficientes.", "306. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los programas de teleobservación, geoespaciales y de observación de la Tierra, en particular las imágenes, los datos y los análisis, eran importantes para la gestión de desastres y la respuesta de emergencia, la planificación urbana y agrícola, la cartografía de la salud, la energía, la inocuidad alimentaria, la vigilancia de las fronteras, el control de los cultivos ilícitos y de la minería ilícita, la logística, la industria de la construcción, el turismo, la ecología, la lucha contra la desertificación y el apoyo al tratamiento de grandes volúmenes de datos mediante tecnologías de redes neuronales, inteligencia artificial y aprendizaje automático. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que esos programas eran importantes para lograr la sostenibilidad de los proyectos y ayudaban a fundamentar las decisiones de las entidades afectadas por el cambio climático.", "F. El espacio y el agua", "307. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “El espacio y el agua”.", "308. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Argelia, el Brasil, Francia, la India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), el Japón, México y Tailandia. El observador del Premio Internacional del Agua Príncipe Sultán bin Abdulaziz también hizo una declaración sobre el tema. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones también formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "309. Durante el debate, las delegaciones examinaron las actividades de cooperación relacionadas con el agua y presentaron ejemplos de programas nacionales y actividades de cooperación bilateral, regional e internacional que demostraban los efectos beneficiosos de la cooperación y las políticas internacionales en el uso compartido de datos de teleobservación.", "310. La Comisión observó que el agua y las cuestiones conexas se estaban convirtiendo en uno de los problemas ambientales más graves del siglo XXI. La Comisión observó también que, a fin de contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, era importante aprovechar las tecnologías, aplicaciones, prácticas e iniciativas espaciales posibilitadas por la observación del agua desde el espacio.", "311. La Comisión observó que se utilizaban numerosas plataformas espaciales para hacer frente a los problemas relacionados con el agua, y que en la ordenación de los recursos hídricos se utilizaban con mucha frecuencia datos obtenidos desde el espacio. La Comisión observó también que la tecnología espacial y sus aplicaciones, unidas a tecnologías no espaciales, eran importantes para abordar muchas cuestiones relacionadas con el agua, como la observación y el estudio del nivel del mar, los ciclos hidrológicos mundiales y las pautas climáticas inusuales; la representación cartográfica de las masas de agua superficiales, los cursos de agua y las cuencas, incluida la cartografía de sus variabilidades estacionales y anuales; la vigilancia de los niveles de volumen del agua en los embalses; la evaluación de los procesos de sedimentación en embalses y ríos; la escorrentía de los ríos; el seguimiento de la evapotranspiración; los valores estimados para los parámetros de calidad del agua; la estimación de las escorrentías de deshielo de las nieves; el seguimiento de los recursos hídricos subterráneos; la planificación y gestión de los embalses y los proyectos de riego; la alerta temprana en relación con desastres hidrológicos; la vigilancia y mitigación de los efectos de las inundaciones, las sequías, los tifones, los ciclones, los desprendimientos de tierras y los desbordamientos repentinos de lagos glaciares; el control de la humedad del suelo; la reutilización del agua de drenaje agrícola; la recogida de agua de lluvia; la identificación de posibles zonas de desarrollo de aguas subterráneas; el logro de una mayor puntualidad y exactitud de los pronósticos; y la detección de situaciones de emergencia, como incendios, contaminación, salinización, floraciones en el agua, accidentes en cañerías y derrames de petróleo.", "312. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el cambio climático se había convertido en una cuestión crucial para la estabilidad de la gestión de los recursos hídricos, ya que había causado graves sequías y desastres relacionados con el agua así como hundimientos de terreno, a nivel mundial.", "313. Se expresó la opinión de que la tecnología espacial apoyaba la vigilancia de la calidad del agua en ríos, lagos, humedales y aguas costeras, especialmente en masas de agua grandes y remotas, incluida la vigilancia de los contaminantes en las masas de agua, y de que la tecnología espacial aportaba conocimientos en relación con los desastres ecológicos tales como los vertidos industriales o la contaminación por fuentes no localizadas que podían afectar a las aguas subterráneas a nivel regional.", "314. La Comisión observó que el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6, relativo al agua limpia y el saneamiento para todos, no podría alcanzarse si no se aplicaba una gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y se le daba seguimiento de manera satisfactoria.", "315. Se expresó la opinión de que la tecnología y las aplicaciones espaciales tenían el potencial de contribuir al desarrollo de políticas relacionadas con el agua y a los esfuerzos coordinados para lograr el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6.", "316. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era necesario desarrollar políticas, fomentar la capacidad, intercambiar conocimientos, transferir tecnología, acceder a datos basados en el espacio y a datos in situ, y pensar de forma interdisciplinar en relación con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible a fin de crear capacidad entre las partes interesadas para utilizar información basada en el espacio y promover la innovación destinada a empoderar a las comunidades para hacer frente a los nuevos riesgos relacionados con los recursos hídricos.", "317. La Comisión tomó nota del valor del portal Space4Water de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Exterior, y se resaltó el papel del portal en la difusión del uso de la tecnología espacial para fines relacionados con el agua.", "318. La Comisión tomó nota de que la Quinta Conferencia Internacional sobre la Utilización de la Tecnología Espacial en la Ordenación de los Recursos Hídricos, acogida por el Gobierno de Ghana y copatrocinada por el Premio Internacional del Agua Príncipe Sultán bin Abdulaziz, se había celebrado del 10 al 13 de mayo de 2022 en Accra.", "G. El espacio y el cambio climático", "319. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “El espacio y el cambio climático”.", "320. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Austria, China, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los Estados Unidos, Francia, la India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), el Japón, Kenya, México, Nigeria, los Países Bajos y el Reino Unido. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones también formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "321. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “El observatorio espacial de China para el cambio climático y la respuesta a este”, a cargo del representante de China;", "b) “Plan de aplicación del sensor geoestacionario de vigilancia ambiental (GEMS) para la investigación del cambio climático”, a cargo de la representante de la República de Corea;", "c) “Contribución de Copernicus a los esfuerzos mundiales de vigilancia de las emisiones de CO₂”, a cargo del observador permanente de la Unión Europea;", "d) “Beneficios de la energía solar espacial”, a cargo del observador de National Space Society.", "322. La Comisión señaló que el cambio climático era uno de los retos mundiales más acuciantes de nuestro tiempo y subrayó la creciente utilidad de la tecnología espacial para proporcionar datos fundamentales sobre el clima que permitieran comprender mejor el cambio climático, mitigarlo y adaptarse a él, y para vigilar la aplicación del Acuerdo de París, subrayando asimismo la importancia de las observaciones desde el espacio para comprender el cambio climático. La Comisión también señaló la importancia de las observaciones desde el espacio para la consecución del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 13, relativo a la acción por el clima.", "323. La Comisión hizo notar la labor emprendida en los planos nacional, regional e internacional con miras al desarrollo y la explotación de satélites de observación de las condiciones atmosféricas, así como la importancia de las asociaciones de múltiples interesados y de las acciones para hacer frente al cambio climático mediante observaciones desde el espacio y tecnologías espaciales. A ese respecto, la Comisión hizo notar la contribución del Grupo de Trabajo III al Sexto Informe de Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático, publicado en abril de 2022, en el que el Grupo de Trabajo exhortó a la adopción de medidas urgentes para limitar el calentamiento global a 1,5 °C, y la función esencial que desempeñaban las tecnologías y aplicaciones espaciales en el proceso que había de llevar a una transformación inocua para el clima. La Comisión hizo notar también que más de la mitad de las 54 variables utilizadas por el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático se podían medir únicamente gracias a la importante contribución de la tecnología espacial.", "324. La Comisión hizo notar el interés expresado por los organismos y organizaciones internacionales asociados, entre ellos la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, en sumarse y contribuir a los esfuerzos del Observatorio Espacial del Clima, creado por una iniciativa del Centro Nacional de Estudios Espaciales de Francia (CNES) que había sido aprobada por más de 20 organismos espaciales en la Declaración de París adoptada en la Cumbre Un Planeta el 11 de diciembre de 2017. A tal fin, se había firmado una declaración conjunta de interés en Le Bourget (Francia) el 17 de junio de 2019 en la que se encomendaba al Observatorio el objetivo principal de producir y distribuir datos e información apropiados, oportunos y fiables sobre los efectos del cambio climático en los planos nacional y regional, utilizando tecnologías espaciales, medidas específicas y modelos pertinentes cotejados con indicadores socioeconómicos, con el fin de definir y aplicar medidas de mitigación del cambio climático y adaptación a este.", "325. La Comisión señaló que el Observatorio Espacial del Clima había elaborado su Carta, que se había presentado a los 36 organismos espaciales que hasta la fecha habían firmado la declaración de interés. A ese respecto, la Comisión señaló también que la Carta del Observatorio Espacial del Clima, que entraría en vigor el 1 de septiembre de 2022, permitiría al Observatorio Espacial del Clima ocupar el lugar que le correspondía entre las diversas redes multilaterales dedicadas a la lucha contra el cambio climático, encomendándole la tarea de facilitar la movilización de instrumentos espaciales para la acción climática y apoyar la aplicación del Acuerdo de París sobre el cambio climático.", "326. La Comisión observó que, como parte de la iniciativa El Espacio para la Acción Climática de Austria, el Simposio de las Naciones Unidas y Austria, de carácter anual, se celebraría del 12 al 15 de septiembre de 2022 y estaría dedicado al tema “El espacio para la acción climática: experiencias y mejores prácticas en relación con la adaptación al cambio climático y la mitigación de sus efectos y el apoyo a la sostenibilidad en la Tierra”. La Comisión observó también que se crearía una página web dedicada específicamente a la iniciativa “El Espacio para la Acción Climática” en el sitio web de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, como parte de la labor que la Oficina llevaba a cabo para ayudar a los Estados Miembros a lograr el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 13, relativo a la acción climática.", "327. La Comisión observó que el 26º período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático se había celebrado con éxito en Glasgow (Reino Unido) en 2021, bajo la presidencia del Reino Unido y en asociación con Italia. Durante el período de sesiones se había hecho hincapié en la importancia de la acción climática basada en el espacio. A ese respecto, la Comisión observó también que el 27º período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático se celebraría bajo la presidencia de Egipto del 7 al 18 de noviembre de 2023.", "328. La Comisión tomó conocimiento de varias alianzas bilaterales que realizaban actividades relacionadas con el cambio climático en el ámbito de la observación de la Tierra, así como de programas espaciales nacionales que otorgaban gran prioridad a la labor de construir, lanzar y explotar sistemas satelitales de observación de la Tierra para hacer un seguimiento de las manifestaciones y los efectos del cambio climático.", "329. La Comisión señaló la utilidad de las observaciones desde satélites y las aplicaciones de la observación de la Tierra para vigilar las variables esenciales del clima y los retos conexos, como el aumento de la desertificación y los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, hacer un seguimiento de los cambios en el nivel del mar, las concentraciones de dióxido de carbono y el derretimiento del hielo marino y de la masa de nieve terrestre y recopilar datos sobre zonas remotas como desiertos, océanos, casquetes polares y glaciares.", "330. La Comisión señaló también que era importante apoyar la cooperación internacional para la observación de la Tierra, en particular por conducto de organizaciones establecidas desde hacía tiempo, como la Organización Meteorológica Mundial, el CEOS, el Grupo de Coordinación sobre Satélites Meteorológicos, el Sistema Mundial de Observación del Clima, el GEO y la APSCO. A ese respecto, la Comisión señaló que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre estaba finalizando el informe sobre el ejercicio cartográfico estratégico que tenía por objeto ofrecer un panorama más completo de las diversas capacidades técnicas y de coordinación de políticas de las entidades intergubernamentales existentes en cuanto a la utilización de las tecnologías espaciales para apoyar la mitigación, la adaptación, la resiliencia y la vigilancia en relación con el cambio climático.", "H. La utilización de la tecnología espacial en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "331. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “La utilización de la tecnología espacial en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas”.", "332. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Austria, la India, Indonesia y México. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones también formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "333. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Informe de la Reunión Interinstitucional sobre las Actividades relativas al Espacio Ultraterrestre acerca de su 40º período de sesiones (A/AC.105/1263);", "b) Documento de sesión que contenía una versión preliminar del informe especial de la Reunión Interinstitucional sobre las Actividades relativas al Espacio Ultraterrestre sobre la coordinación de las actividades relativas al espacio ultraterrestre en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la acción climática (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15).", "334. Se presentaron a la Comisión las siguientes ponencias relativas al tema:", "a) “El Observatorio Ruso-Cubano: objetivos, instrumentos y tareas”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia;", "b) “Impactos cósmicos en la Tierra: examen de las consecuencias”, a cargo de los representantes de la Federación de Rusia.", "335. La Comisión observó que el 40º período de sesiones de la Reunión Interinstitucional sobre las Actividades relativas al Espacio Ultraterrestre (ONU­Espacio) se había celebrado el 14 de diciembre de 2021 en línea. La Comisión observó también que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre estaba colaborando con la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico con miras a organizar conjuntamente el 41^(er) período de sesiones de ONU-Espacio.", "336. La Comisión observó además que ONU-Espacio había acordado publicar en 2022 un documento en el que se destacarían las actividades relativas al espacio ultraterrestre en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "337. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito el informe especial de ONU-Espacio sobre la coordinación de las actividades relacionadas con el espacio en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la acción climática (que se publicaría próximamente con la signatura A/AC.105/1264) y expresó su agradecimiento a ONU-Espacio y a la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, en su calidad de secretaría de ONU-Espacio, por la redacción de dicho informe.", "338. La Comisión alentó a las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a que participaran, según correspondiera, en los esfuerzos de coordinación de ONU-Espacio.", "339. La Comisión observó que el tercer segmento del programa Capacitación y Ensamblaje de Nanosatélites en el marco de Unispace, de la Organización de Investigación Espacial de la India (UNNATI), se llevaría a cabo del 15 de octubre al 15 de diciembre de 2022 en coordinación con la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, y alentó a los Estados Miembros, especialmente a los que aspiraban a participar en actividades espaciales, a que presentaran sus solicitudes para participar en ese programa y beneficiarse de él.", "I. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión", "340. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión”.", "341. Hicieron declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de Alemania, Australia, el Canadá, Chile, China, los Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, Francia, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), el Japón, México, los Países Bajos, la República de Corea, Suiza, el Reino Unido y Venezuela (República Bolivariana de). Durante el intercambio general de opiniones también formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "342. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Nota de la Secretaría sobre la gobernanza y método de trabajo de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos y sus órganos subsidiarios (A/AC.105/C.1/L.384);", "b) Documento presentado por el Canadá, los Estados Unidos, el Japón y el Reino Unido relativo a los preparativos para un diálogo entre múltiples interesados sobre el espacio ultraterrestre como parte de la Cumbre del Futuro de las Naciones Unidas (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.17, en inglés únicamente).", "343. La Comisión recordó las deliberaciones sobre el tema recogidas en el informe sobre su 64º período de sesiones (A/76/20, párrs. 281 a 300), el informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos sobre su 59º período de sesiones (A/AC.105/1258, párrs. 210 a 223) y el informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre su 61^(er) período de sesiones (A/AC.105/1260, párrs. 103 a 121).", "344. La Comisión convino en examinar los asuntos relacionados con la Cumbre del Futuro de las Naciones Unidas en relación con el tema del programa titulado “Otros asuntos”.", "345. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la Comisión debía centrarse exclusivamente en la promoción de la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, y de que las cuestiones relativas a la prevención de la escalada de los conflictos que pudieran surgir del uso de armas contra sistemas espaciales o de la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre en actividades militares y otras actividades de seguridad nacional debían tratarse en los foros de las Naciones Unidas dedicados a cuestiones de desarme.", "346. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión debía aumentar su interacción con las principales comisiones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para permitir un asesoramiento y una cooperación mayores en cuestiones como las fuentes de energía nuclear y el desarme.", "347. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que era importante aumentar la coordinación, la interacción y las sinergias entre las dos subcomisiones en lo relativo a las cuestiones intersectoriales, en particular la sostenibilidad a largo plazo y los recursos espaciales.", "348. Se expresó la opinión de que el desarrollo y la aplicación de futuros procedimientos que posibilitaran el debate sobre temas de interés y la adopción de decisiones haría posible lograr una mayor eficiencia y dinámica en la labor de la Comisión.", "349. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que no se debían añadir temas nuevos a los programas de la Comisión y sus subcomisiones hasta que se retirasen otros temas.", "350. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que los temas del programa debían estudiarse de manera consecutiva, sin que ello fuese óbice para la celebración de reuniones de grupos de trabajo.", "351. Se expresó la opinión de que no se debía dar la palabra a las organizaciones observadoras hasta que todos los Estados miembros hubieran tenido la oportunidad de intervenir en relación con un tema del programa.", "352. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión debería estudiar formas nuevas e innovadoras de hacer participar en sus actividades del mejor modo posible a los interesados pertinentes, como los de la industria, el mundo académico y la sociedad civil.", "353. Se expresó la opinión de que era necesario que la Comisión mejorara y enriqueciera sus métodos de trabajo, reforzara su propio papel de liderazgo y adoptara medios más eficaces para interactuar con procesos no gubernamentales en el marco de su reglamento y de las prácticas existentes a fin de adaptarse a las realidades y necesidades cambiantes.", "354. Se expresó la opinión de que la labor de otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas con respecto a asuntos relacionados con el espacio debería coordinarse estrechamente con la labor de la Comisión, y de que las entidades de las Naciones Unidas que participaban en ONU-Espacio deberían presentar información actualizada periódicamente a la Comisión.", "355. Se expresó la opinión de que era necesario apoyar la labor de los centros regionales de formación en ciencia y tecnología espaciales afiliados a las Naciones Unidas, e intensificar los intercambios y la colaboración entre los diferentes centros regionales a fin de fortalecer la capacidad de los países en desarrollo, teniendo una especial consideración por los países con capacidad espacial emergente y los países en desarrollo.", "356. Se expresó la opinión de que era importante promover el desarrollo de las capacidades humanas en los países emergentes para que pudieran aprovechar los beneficios de la tecnología espacial para el desarrollo.", "357. Se expresó la opinión de que era importante mantener en los futuros períodos de sesiones el formato híbrido del período de sesiones en curso, lo que incluía la transmisión en directo por Internet de las sesiones plenarias con interpretación en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, y a ese respecto se destacó la importancia de la disponibilidad de transmisiones web sin dificultades técnicas y de grabaciones digitales completas.", "358. Se expresó la opinión de que la organización de los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión y sus subcomisiones en un formato híbrido debería seguir siendo una medida excepcional que requeriría una aprobación previa por consenso.", "359. Se expresó la opinión de que debería establecerse un procedimiento para casos de fuerza mayor destinado a velar por la continuidad de la labor de la Comisión en situaciones de crisis, como la causada por la pandemia de COVID-19.", "360. Se expresó la opinión de que la Comisión debería hacer un llamamiento al grupo de trabajo de composición abierta establecido en virtud de la resolución 76/231 de la Asamblea General para que se abstuviera de examinar cuestiones que estaban cubiertas por la Comisión y reflejadas en las decisiones que había adoptado antes de que se estableciera el grupo de trabajo.", "361. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la resolución 76/231 de la Asamblea General era suficiente para definir claramente el mandato del grupo de trabajo de composición abierta. Las delegaciones que expresaron esa opinión eran también del parecer de que el grupo de trabajo de composición abierta estaba abierto a la participación de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, y de que sería más apropiado hacer el llamamiento para evitar solapamientos entre la labor de la Comisión y la del grupo de trabajo en las reuniones del propio grupo de trabajo.", "362. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la votación registrada en contra de la resolución 76/231 de la Asamblea General, así como las abstenciones en la votación, demostraban el carácter contencioso del grupo de trabajo de composición abierta.", "363. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que el examen de cuestiones relativas a la seguridad y la estabilidad era competencia de la Comisión de Desarme y de Seguridad Internacional (Primera Comisión) de la Asamblea General.", "364. Algunas delegaciones expresaron la opinión de que la labor de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, que incluía la elaboración de las Directrices relativas a la Sostenibilidad a Largo Plazo de las Actividades en el Espacio Ultraterrestre, ponía de manifiesto el papel de la Comisión en el aumento de la sostenibilidad y la seguridad de las operaciones espaciales.", "365. La Comisión observó con aprecio de que el 27 de octubre de 2022 se celebraría en Nueva York una mesa redonda conjunta de la Comisión de Desarme y de Seguridad Internacional (Primera Comisión) y la Comisión Política Especial y de Descolonización (Cuarta Comisión) de la Asamblea General sobre los posibles retos respecto de la seguridad y la sostenibilidad de las actividades espaciales, con el apoyo conjunto de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre y la Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme, y convino en que en la mesa redonda conjunta se examinaran cuestiones transversales entre la labor de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos y la del grupo de trabajo de composición abierta.", "J. Exploración e innovación espaciales", "366. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “Exploración e innovación espaciales”.", "367. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Azerbaiyán, China, Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, Francia, la India, Indonesia, Italia, el Japón, Luxemburgo, México, la República de Corea, Rumania, Suiza y Tailandia. También hicieron declaraciones los observadores de Moon Village Association, Open Lunar Foundation y Secure World Foundation. Además, durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones relacionadas con el tema del programa representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "368. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Documento de sesión presentado por la Moon Village Association, en que figuraba un informe preparado por esa entidad relativo a la situación y el plan del Grupo Mundial de Expertos en Actividades Lunares Sostenibles (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12, en inglés únicamente);", "b) Documento de sesión presentado por la Moon Village Association, en que figuraba un informe preparado por esa entidad relativo al Día Internacional de la Luna y el estado del apoyo a la aplicación (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13, en inglés únicamente);", "c) Documento de sesión presentado por México y Rumania en que figuraba una propuesta de incluir un subtema anual del programa titulado “Coordinación de las actividades lunares sostenibles”, como parte del tema del programa “Exploración e innovación espaciales”, en el 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, en 2023 (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14, en inglés únicamente).", "369. Se presentaron a la Comisión las siguientes ponencias relativas al tema:", "a) “Oasis lunar: visiones arquitectónicas para un hábitat lunar integrado”, a cargo de la representante de Austria;", "b) “Progresos en la exploración de China del espacio profundo”, a cargo del representante de China;", "c) “La actividad de investigación científica de Italia en la misión Minerva”, a cargo del representante de Italia;", "d) “El vehículo orbital lunar Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO): la primera misión lunar de la República de Corea”, a cargo del representante de la República de Corea;", "e) “Nuevo mapa de rayos X del universo con el observatorio Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG)”, a cargo de un representante de la Federación de Rusia;", "f) “El proyecto E.T.PACK: una solución tecnológica para el problema de la proliferación de los desechos espaciales”, a cargo del representante de España;", "g) “Esrange: el centro espacial más versátil del mundo - nuevos servicios para un futuro sostenible”, a cargo del representante de Suecia;", "h) “El primer Día Internacional de la Luna”, a cargo del observador de la Moon Village Association;", "i) “Estado actual del programa PRESTO del Comité Científico de Física Solar y Terrestre para la predictibilidad del acoplamiento solar-terrestre variable”, a cargo del observador del Comité Científico de Física Solar y Terrestre;", "j) “El plan del Grupo de Proyectos de Exploración Espacial para asegurar un camino diverso, sostenible y emocionante para el futuro de la exploración espacial”, a cargo de la observadora del Space Generation Advisory Council.", "370. La Comisión recordó el origen del tema del programa que se estaba examinando y la labor del Equipo de Acción sobre Exploración e Innovación, que había elaborado el primer informe de las Naciones Unidas en que se hacía hincapié en la importancia de la exploración humana del espacio más allá de la órbita terrestre baja (véase A/AC.105/1168).", "371. La Comisión observó con agradecimiento que, en el período de sesiones en curso, las delegaciones habían compartido información y novedades sobre iniciativas de exploración e innovación espaciales, en particular detalles sobre actividades y programas nacionales, así como ejemplos de cooperación internacional bilateral, regional y multilateral.", "372. La Comisión observó que, en el curso de las deliberaciones, se había facilitado información, por ejemplo, sobre actividades de investigación y desarrollo; lanzamientos de objetos espaciales; programas de vuelos espaciales con personas a bordo; actividades de exploración robótica; actividades y oportunidades de cooperación relacionadas con la Estación Espacial Internacional y la Estación espacial de China; numerosas misiones a la Luna, Marte, las lunas de Marte, el Sol y asteroides; experimentos realizados mediante satélites, módulos de aterrizaje, vehículos todoterreno y helicópteros para explorar el sistema solar e investigar temas científicos; el retorno de muestras a la Tierra; el proyecto de estación internacional de investigación lunar; el proyecto de puesto avanzado lunar Gateway; un telescopio de nueva generación que pronto revelaría imágenes de estrellas y galaxias que se habían formado hacía más de 13.000 millones de años; los satélites CubeSat como demostración de la tecnología de pequeños vehículos espaciales; un vehículo todoterreno presurizado y tripulado que se utilizaría como medio de transporte; las capacidades de seguimiento y gestión espaciales; avances en la tecnología de cohetes; usos innovadores de la fabricación aditiva y la inteligencia artificial; avances en la tecnología de utilización de recursos in situ; los nuevos usos de los datos y las aplicaciones de la teleobservación; un centro de coordinación de actividades de exploración e innovación espaciales; un centro de innovación para los recursos espaciales; la elaboración de libros blancos, estrategias, consorcios, planes, hojas de ruta, estrategias y leyes nacionales sobre el espacio; los compromisos contraídos entre los Gobiernos respecto de marcos comunes que debían guiar la cooperación en el ámbito de la exploración espacial; cumbres espaciales; una conferencia ministerial: exposiciones sobre temas relacionados con la exploración e innovación espaciales; una semana dedicada a los recursos espaciales; un festival aeroespacial y tecnológico; un concurso anual de satélites modelo y el aumento de los recursos humanos y financieros que se destinaban a la exploración y la innovación espaciales.", "373. La Comisión observó también la importancia de la colaboración entre todas las partes interesadas en las actividades de exploración e innovación en el espacio, incluidos los Gobiernos y los organismos gubernamentales, las entidades no gubernamentales, las instituciones académicas, los centros de investigación científica y técnica, la industria y el sector privado, para promover la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos y el desarrollo seguro y sostenible de las actividades en el espacio ultraterrestre en beneficio de toda la humanidad.", "374. La Comisión observó además la conveniencia de integrar a los países en desarrollo en las actividades de exploración espacial a fin de lograr que esas actividades tuviesen un carácter abierto e inclusivo a escala mundial.", "375. La Comisión observó los esfuerzos realizados para promover la industria espacial, en particular entre las personas jóvenes, y para fomentar el desarrollo del capital humano en los ámbitos de la exploración espacial y la innovación.", "376. La Comisión observó también la labor de promoción de la diversidad y la inclusión en las actividades de exploración e innovación espaciales.", "377. La Comisión observó además que la exploración y la innovación espaciales a menudo eran fuente de inspiración y motivación para que las personas jóvenes siguieran estudios y carreras profesionales en los campos de la ciencia, la tecnología, la ingeniería y las matemáticas (materias CTIM), así como en los ámbitos jurídico, normativo y de las comunicaciones.", "378. Se expresó la opinión de que el sector espacial desempeñaba un papel clave en la diversificación económica, ya que ofrecía un gran valor añadido. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que la economía espacial ya no se desarrollaba únicamente mediante la innovación tecnológica, sino también mediante la innovación comercial, y de que existían importantes oportunidades a ese respecto para las empresas, las instituciones y los ciudadanos.", "379. Se expresó la opinión de que, dado que los proyectos espaciales eran complejos y costosos, era necesario promover la cooperación y el comercio internacionales, intercambiar conocimientos y abrir mercados para productos y servicios. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que, en lugar de que todos los países intentaran abarcar todas las áreas, era muy recomendable que los países se centraran en segmentos tecnológicos específicos y los desarrollaran, a fin de posicionarse como líderes mundiales en áreas concretas.", "380. Se expresó la opinión de que el principal requisito para que un país iniciara la exploración e innovación espaciales era la firme determinación de los dirigentes de ese país de considerar el espacio como un área estratégica, lo que incluía el compromiso de los dirigentes de desarrollar la exploración e innovación espaciales mediante un plan a largo plazo, la creación de instituciones de apoyo y una inversión adecuada y sostenida.", "381. Se expresó la opinión de que, dado que los países con capacidad espacial incipiente desempeñarían un papel importante en la futura exploración espacial en el ámbito mundial, se debería debatir de manera más activa la cooperación entre los países con capacidad espacial incipiente, así como la cooperación entre los países líderes y los emergentes.", "382. Se expresó la opinión de que las diversas asociaciones de investigación, que habían aparecido como centros de competencia para desarrollar y crear tecnología espacial y de cohetes —desde el diseño hasta los productos listos para usar—, servían para incubar ideas, creaban beneficios derivados, optimizaban la infraestructura espacial y aumentaban la eficiencia económica bajo el control de los organismos estatales, y concentraban personal altamente cualificado en el marco de una única estructura organizativa.", "383. Se expresó la opinión de que ya se había demostrado la eficacia de la interacción entre las estructuras estatales pertinentes, las pequeñas y medianas empresas, los equipos de innovación de las universidades y un sistema no estatal de financiación de empresas innovadoras, en particular en relación con las aceleradoras de empresas, a través de las cuales se hacía una selección de empresas emergentes para satisfacer las necesidades de la industria.", "384. Se expresó la opinión de que el espacio ultraterrestre contenía fuentes de energía prácticamente ilimitadas y grandes cantidades de materiales útiles y tenía el potencial sin explotar de proporcionar a la humanidad una abundancia de recursos en el futuro, y de que las innovaciones y novedades conexas podrían aumentar la resiliencia de las sociedades para hacer frente a los desafíos futuros.", "385. Se expresó la opinión de que los principales objetivos de la exploración e innovación espaciales debían ser la sostenibilidad, el diseño “de la cuna a la cuna” y la viabilidad, utilizando tecnología verde para reducir el impacto negativo que el ser humano tenía en el planeta. La delegación que expresó esa opinión era también del parecer de que se debían utilizar nuevas ideologías, métodos y productos para detectar y sustituir los actuales hábitos derrochadores o perjudiciales que se habían desarrollado a lo largo del tiempo, mejorar la calidad del medio ambiente terrestre y corregir el rumbo hacia un futuro rico en recursos.", "386. Se expresó la opinión de que el destino del espíritu humano era explorar, y de que las campañas de exploración que respondían al reto de adentrarse cada vez más en el espacio estaban en consonancia con ese espíritu y con el de la Comisión.", "387. La Comisión examinó la propuesta contenida en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14.", "K. La agenda “Espacio 2030”", "388. De conformidad con la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “La agenda ʻEspacio2030ʼ”.", "389. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Alemania, la Argentina, Austria, China, Indonesia, el Japón, Kenya, Nigeria, Noruega, el Reino Unido, la República de Corea y Suiza. También formuló una declaración el observador de Square Kilometre Array Observatory. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones, además, formularon declaraciones sobre el tema representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "390. Se presentaron a la Comisión las ponencias siguientes:", "a) “El programa de educación de la Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)”, a cargo del representante de Argentina;", "b) “La misión lunar polar LUNA-25”, a cargo del representante de la Federación de Rusia.", "391. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito la adopción por parte de la Asamblea General, en su resolución 76/3, de la Agenda “Espacio2030” y su plan de aplicación como documento político de alto nivel que mostraba cómo las actividades espaciales podían contribuir a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, el Acuerdo de París sobre el cambio climático y el Marco de Sendái para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres, y ponía de relieve los amplios beneficios sociales de esas actividades y el papel esencial de las tecnologías y aplicaciones espaciales y de los datos obtenidos desde el espacio en el fomento del crecimiento y la prosperidad económicos en beneficio de la comunidad internacional. La Comisión también encomió la labor de la Mesa del Grupo de Trabajo encargado de la Agenda “Espacio2030” y de la secretaría para facilitar la finalización y adopción de ese documento emblemático.", "392. La Comisión observó el hincapié que se hacía en la Agenda “Espacio2030” en el fortalecimiento de las alianzas y la cooperación entre los Estados Miembros, las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales, la industria y las entidades del sector privado, a fin de garantizar que, mediante una labor conjunta y aprovechando la experiencia práctica y las contribuciones de los distintos interesados, los beneficios del espacio quedaran al alcance de todas las personas en cualquier parte del mundo. A ese respecto, la Comisión observó también que era importante establecer alianzas y realizar esfuerzos concertados para colmar la brecha existente en la utilización de datos obtenidos desde el espacio para la planificación y la adopción de decisiones en los países en desarrollo.", "393. La Comisión observó que, al aplicar la Agenda “Espacio2030”, los Estados contribuían a una serie de mecanismos, programas, proyectos y plataformas internacionales y regionales relacionados con el espacio, y se beneficiaban de ellos, así como de instrumentos e iniciativas que había elaborado o estaba elaborando la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre (véase la resolución 76/3 de la Asamblea General, párrs. 24 y 25).", "394. La Comisión observó que las acciones enumeradas en los cuatro objetivos generales de la Agenda “Espacio2030”, que se estructuraban en torno a los cuatro pilares de la economía espacial, la sociedad espacial, la accesibilidad espacial y la diplomacia espacial, habían sido adoptadas por varios Estados en el marco de sus programas y planes espaciales nacionales con el fin de aumentar los beneficios económicos derivados del espacio, reforzar el papel del sector espacial como importante motor del desarrollo nacional sostenible, aumentar la participación de distintos sectores de la sociedad, la industria, el mundo académico, la investigación y los usuarios finales, y facilitar la integración del sector espacial en otros sectores.", "395. La Comisión observó también que la Agenda “Espacio2030” contenía una visión estratégica que abordaba áreas y objetivos clave de la labor futura de la Comisión, sus subcomisiones y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, como foros únicos para la cooperación internacional en la exploración y utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos, para el fomento del diálogo entre los países con capacidad espacial y aquellos que comenzaban a adquirirla, y para la promoción de una mayor participación de todos los países en las actividades espaciales, en particular mediante iniciativas de creación de capacidad.", "396. La Comisión acogió con beneplácito la intención del Paraguay, país que ocupaba la presidencia de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, de incluir la siguiente referencia a la Agenda “Espacio2030” en la declaración ministerial del foro político de alto nivel sobre el desarrollo sostenible que se celebraría en julio de 2022: “La Agenda ʻEspacio2030ʼ: el espacio como motor del desarrollo sostenible y su plan de aplicación, aprobados por la Asamblea General en su resolución 76/3, representan una estrategia orientada al futuro para reafirmar y fortalecer la contribución de las actividades espaciales de los Estados miembros de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos en la utilización de los instrumentos espaciales en pro de la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible”.", "397. Se expresó la opinión de que la Agenda “Espacio2030” era importante para varios países, ya que también tenía por objeto promover y reforzar la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre para una economía de los océanos sostenible.", "398. Se expresó la opinión de que los Estados Miembros y otros donantes debían considerar la posibilidad de proporcionar a la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre medios suficientes para que pudiera cumplir su mandato plena y eficazmente y apoyar a los Estados Miembros en la aplicación de la Agenda “Espacio2030”.", "399. Se expresó la opinión de que la iniciativa “Space for Impact” del Instituto Federal de Tecnología de Lausana (Suiza) estaba contribuyendo a la aplicación de la Agenda “Espacio2030” en el marco de los objetivos relativos a la economía espacial y a la educación espacial.", "400. La Comisión observó que, como parte del proyecto El Espacio para las Mujeres, de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, la reunión de expertos sobre el Espacio para las Mujeres se celebraría en Daejeon (República de Corea) del 16 al 19 de agosto de 2022, y que, basándose en los resultados de la reunión de expertos del año anterior, organizada por el Brasil y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en cooperación con la Oficina, se realizaría una encuesta para hacer balance de los niveles actuales de representación de las mujeres en las agencias e instituciones espaciales de todo el mundo.", "401. La Comisión también observó que el Cuarto Foro Espacial Mundial, destinado a fortalecer las alianzas y el diálogo entre la comunidad mundial para apoyar la aplicación de la Agenda “Espacio2030”, se celebraría en Viena del 12 al 15 de diciembre de 2022 y estaría organizado por Austria y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre.", "402. La Comisión observó que la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre tenía la intención de preparar la Agenda “Espacio2030” y su plan de aplicación en forma de publicación, con el fin de aumentar su visibilidad y llegar a una comunidad internacional más amplia.", "403. La Comisión observó que se alentaba a los Estados a que siguieran informando sobre la aplicación de la Agenda “Espacio2030”, teniendo en cuenta también que la Comisión llevaría a cabo un examen de mitad de período de los progresos realizados en la aplicación de la Agenda en 2025, y un examen final en 2030, e informaría a la Asamblea General sobre los resultados.", "404. La Comisión recordó su decisión de mantener el presente tema en el programa de cada uno de sus períodos de sesiones hasta 2030, a fin de que los Estados miembros de la Comisión y sus observadores permanentes pudieran compartir sus experiencias en relación con la aplicación de la Agenda “Espacio2030” y su plan de aplicación.", "L. Otros asuntos", "405. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 76/76 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión examinó el tema del programa titulado “Otros asuntos”.", "406. Formularon declaraciones en relación con el tema representantes de Alemania, el Canadá, China, los Estados Unidos, la Federación de Rusia, el Japón, México y Suiza. La representante de la Unión Europea, en su calidad de observadora permanente, también formuló una declaración en nombre de la Unión Europea y de sus Estados miembros. Durante el intercambio general de opiniones formularon declaraciones sobre el tema, además, representantes de otros Estados miembros.", "1. Composición de las mesas de la Comisión y de sus órganos subsidiarios para el período 2024–2025", "407. La Comisión recordó que en el párrafo 11 de su resolución 58/89, la Asamblea General había hecho suyo el acuerdo alcanzado por la Comisión sobre la futura composición de la Mesa de la Comisión y las de sus órganos subsidiarios (A/58/20, anexo II, párrs. 5 a 9), basado en las medidas relativas a los métodos de trabajo de la Comisión y sus órganos subsidiarios (véanse A/52/20, anexo I, y A/58/20, anexo II, apéndice III), que la Asamblea había hecho suyas anteriormente, en su resolución 52/56.", "408. La Comisión recordó también que, de conformidad con las medidas relativas a la futura composición de la Mesa de la Comisión y las de sus órganos subsidiarios, la Comisión debería llegar a un acuerdo, en su 65° período de sesiones, acerca de todos los cargos de las mesas para el período 2024-2025.", "409. La Comisión observó que ningún grupo regional había presentado sus candidaturas, por lo que alentó a los grupos regionales a que presentaran las candidaturas requeridas, o bien antes de que la Cuarta Comisión examinara el proyecto de resolución sobre la cooperación internacional para la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos en el septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, en 2022, o bien antes del 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión, en 2023.", "2. Composición de la Comisión", "410. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de Guatemala de formar parte de la Comisión (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.3) y decidió recomendar a la Asamblea General en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, en 2022, que Guatemala pasara a ser miembro de la Comisión.", "411. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de Uzbekistán de formar parte de la Comisión (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.4) y decidió recomendar a la Asamblea General en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, en 2022, que Uzbekistán pasara a ser miembro de la Comisión.", "3. Condición de observador", "412. En lo que respecta a las organizaciones no gubernamentales que habían solicitado la condición de observador permanente ante la Comisión, esta recordó el acuerdo al que había llegado en su 53^(er) período de sesiones, en 2010 (A/65/20, párr. 311), de que esa condición se otorgaría a las organizaciones no gubernamentales, con carácter provisional, por un período de tres años, hasta recibir información sobre la situación de las solicitudes de otorgamiento de la condición de entidad consultiva ante el Consejo Económico y Social presentadas por esas organizaciones; que la condición de observador provisional podría prorrogarse por un año en caso necesario, y que otorgaría la condición de observador permanente a esas organizaciones no gubernamentales una vez que recibiera la confirmación de su reconocimiento como entidad consultiva ante el Consejo.", "413. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de la Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre de pasar a ser observadora permanente ante la Comisión. La solicitud y la correspondencia conexa figuraban en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5, que la Comisión tuvo ante sí.", "414. La Comisión decidió otorgar a la Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre la condición de observadora ante la Comisión, con carácter provisional, por un período de tres años, hasta que se recibiera información sobre la situación de la solicitud de otorgamiento de la condición de entidad consultiva ante el Consejo Económico y Social presentada por esa organización.", "415. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de la Access Space Alliance de pasar a ser observadora permanente ante la Comisión. La solicitud y la correspondencia conexa figuraban en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6, que la Comisión tuvo ante sí.", "416. La Comisión decidió otorgar a la Access Space Alliance la condición de observadora ante la Comisión, con carácter provisional, por un período de tres años, hasta que se recibiera información sobre la situación de la solicitud de otorgamiento de la condición de entidad consultiva ante el Consejo Económico y Social presentada por esa organización.", "417. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de The Hague Institute for Global Justice de pasar a ser observador permanente ante la Comisión. La solicitud y la correspondencia conexa figuraban en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7, que la Comisión tuvo ante sí.", "418. La Comisión decidió otorgar a The Hague Institute for Global Justice la condición de observador ante la Comisión, con carácter provisional, por un período de tres años, hasta que se recibiera información sobre la situación de la solicitud de otorgamiento de la condición de entidad consultiva ante el Consejo Económico y Social presentada por esa organización.", "419. La Comisión tomó nota de la solicitud de International Peace Alliance (Space) de pasar a ser observadora permanente ante la Comisión. La solicitud y la correspondencia conexa figuraban en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8, que la Comisión tuvo ante sí.", "420. La Comisión decidió otorgar a la International Peace Alliance (Space) la condición de observadora ante la Comisión, con carácter provisional, por un período de tres años, hasta que se recibiera información sobre la situación de la solicitud de otorgamiento de la condición de entidad consultiva ante el Consejo Económico y Social presentada por esa organización.", "4. Otros asuntos", "421. La Comisión tomó nota de un documento oficioso preparado por el Presidente de la Comisión, que se había puesto a disposición de la Comisión en el período de sesiones en curso, y observó que el Presidente había señalado que la Comisión y sus subcomisiones desempeñaban un papel especial como plataformas únicas para la cooperación internacional en la exploración y la utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos y, por tanto, que era importante que en sus respectivos períodos de sesiones de 2023 debatieran, según procediera, acerca de la Cumbre del Futuro que tendría lugar en septiembre de 2023; que la secretaría debería informar de los preparativos de la Cumbre del Futuro en los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión y sus subcomisiones que se celebrarían en 2023; que el Presidente de la Comisión, en consulta con las mesas de la Comisión y de sus subcomisiones, tenía la intención de presentar en el 60º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos, en 2023, los elementos propuestos para su examen ulterior; que la mesa redonda conjunta de las Comisiones Primera y Cuarta de la Asamblea General, en su septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, en 2022, tal vez abordaría la Cumbre del Futuro y su diálogo entre múltiples interesados sobre el espacio ultraterrestre; que el tema de la Cumbre del Futuro se trataría en el Foro Espacial Mundial de 2022 y en una posible conferencia de las Naciones Unidas y Portugal sobre la gestión y la sostenibilidad de las actividades espaciales que se celebraría en el primer semestre de 2023; y que la base general para los preparativos de la Cumbre del Futuro y su diálogo entre múltiples interesados sobre el espacio ultraterrestre debería ser reconocer plenamente el papel y la labor de la Comisión y sus subcomisiones, con el apoyo de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre, y tener plenamente en cuenta la Agenda “Espacio2030” que se había aprobado.", "422. Algunas delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito el documento oficioso de la Presidencia y expresaron la opinión de que en él se esbozaba una excelente manera de preparar la contribución de la Comisión con vistas a la Cumbre del Futuro y al diálogo entre múltiples interesados.", "423. Se expresó la opinión de que era poco probable que el formato de múltiples interesados de la Cumbre del Futuro que había propuesto el Secretario General sirviera a su propósito de proporcionar los medios para un proceso decisorio fructífero sobre cuestiones clave de la agenda espacial mundial.", "5. Programa 5 “Utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos”: proyecto de plan del programa para 2023 y ejecución del programa en 2021", "424. La Comisión tuvo ante sí los siguientes documentos:", "a) Documento de sesión sobre el programa 5 (Utilización del espacio ultraterrestre con fines pacíficos) y el proyecto de plan del programa para 2023 (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16, en inglés únicamente);", "b) Proyecto de presupuesto por programas para 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect.6)).", "425. La Comisión acogió con satisfacción la exposición formulada por el Director Interino de la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre sobre el proyecto de plan del programa para 2023 y la información proporcionada por la Oficina sobre los principales ámbitos de trabajo.", "426. La Comisión estuvo de acuerdo con el proyecto de plan del programa.", "427. La Comisión observó que la nota a pie de página d, del anexo I del proyecto de presupuesto por programas para 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect.6)), debía corregirse para reflejar el nombre correcto del Ministerio de Gestión de Emergencias de China.", "6. Proyecto de programa provisional del 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión", "428. La Comisión recomendó que en su 66º período de sesiones, que se celebraría en 2023, se examinaran los siguientes temas:", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones.", "2. Aprobación del programa.", "3 Declaración de la Presidencia.", "4. Intercambio general de opiniones.", "5. Medios de reservar el espacio ultraterrestre para fines pacíficos.", "6. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos sobre su 60º período de sesiones.", "7. Informe de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos sobre su 62º período de sesiones.", "8. El espacio y el desarrollo sostenible.", "9. Beneficios derivados de la tecnología espacial: examen de la situación actual.", "10. El espacio y el agua.", "11. El espacio y el cambio climático.", "12. La utilización de la tecnología espacial en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "13. Función futura y método de trabajo de la Comisión.", "14. Exploración e innovación espaciales.", "15. La Agenda “Espacio2030”‎.", "16. Otros asuntos.", "17. Informe de la Comisión a la Asamblea General.", "429. La Comisión observó que, en el lapso entre períodos de sesiones, posiblemente se podría llegar a un acuerdo sobre la propuesta contenida en el documento de sesión A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14 de incluir, únicamente durante un año, “Coordinación de actividades lunares sostenibles” como subtema del tema del programa “Exploración e innovación espaciales” en el 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión, que se podrían seguir celebrando deliberaciones al respecto durante el 60º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos y el 62º período de sesiones de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos y que, a ese respecto, los Estados miembros de la Comisión deberían ser informados del acuerdo que se alcanzara en ese sentido con antelación suficiente al 66º período de sesiones de la Comisión.", "M. Calendario de trabajo de la Comisión y sus órganos subsidiarios", "430. La Comisión acordó el siguiente calendario provisional para su período de sesiones y los períodos de sesiones de sus subcomisiones en 2023:", "Fecha\tLugar \nSubcomisión de AsuntosCientíficos y Técnicos\t6 a 17 de febrerode 2023\tViena\nSubcomisión de Asuntos Jurídicos\t20 a 31 de marzo de2023\tViena\nComisión sobre la Utilización delEspacio Ultraterrestre con FinesPacíficos\t31 de mayo a 9 dejuniode 2023\tViena", "Anexo", "Proyecto de resolución sobre el espacio y la salud mundial", "La Asamblea General,", "Recordando sus resoluciones 51/122, de 13 de diciembre de 1996, 54/68, de 6 de diciembre de 1999, 59/2, de 20 de octubre de 2004, 66/71, de 9 de diciembre de 2011, 69/85, de 5 de diciembre de 2014, 70/1, de 25 de septiembre de 2015, 71/90, de 6 de diciembre de 2016, 73/91, de 7 de diciembre de 2018, y 76/3, de 25 de octubre de 2021,", "Recordando también las recomendaciones contenidas en la resolución titulada “El Milenio Espacial: Declaración de Viena sobre el Espacio y el Desarrollo Humano”, aprobada por la Tercera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos[1], en la que los Estados participantes pidieron que se adoptaran medidas tendientes a mejorar los servicios de salud pública ampliando y coordinando servicios espaciales para telemedicina y para luchar contra las enfermedades infecciosas,", "Recordando además el 50º aniversario de la Primera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos (UNISPACE+50) y su prioridad temática 5, relativa a la intensificación de la cooperación espacial al servicio de la salud mundial,", "Reconociendo la importancia de la contribución de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y sus aplicaciones a los esfuerzos dirigidos a dar cumplimiento a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible[2], en particular el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 3, relativo a garantizar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de todos a todas las edades, y consciente de que la labor realizada en el sector de la salud en el espacio puede contribuir al desarrollo sostenible, especialmente con programas que tengan por objeto mejorar la calidad de vida de diversas maneras, por ejemplo, mejorando la salud humana,", "Poniendo de relieve que el objetivo general 2 de la Agenda “Espacio2030”[3] de utilizar el potencial del espacio para resolver los problemas cotidianos y aprovechar las innovaciones relacionadas con el espacio para mejorar la calidad de vida podría alcanzarse fortaleciendo la cooperación relacionada con el espacio en apoyo de la salud mundial, mejorando la utilización y aplicación de la medicina, la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales, las innovaciones en el ámbito de la salud mundial, la cooperación y la compartición de información sin dejar de proteger la privacidad de los datos personales, y los instrumentos para mejorar los avances en la investigación y la rapidez y eficacia de las intervenciones de salud pública y atención de la salud, y mejorando la creación de capacidad en la medicina, la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales,", "Convencida de la importancia de la ciencia espacial, la tecnología espacial y las aplicaciones espaciales, y reconociendo la contribución que estas realizan, para potenciar las ciencias de la vida en el espacio y las tecnologías sanitarias digitales, como la telesalud, la telemedicina[4] y la teleepidemiología, con miras a la prevención y el control de enfermedades y problemas relacionados con la salud mundial, la promoción de la salud humana, la salud ambiental, la salud animal y la obtención y el suministro de alimentos y el avance de las investigaciones médicas y las prácticas sanitarias, incluida la prestación de servicios de atención de la salud a las personas y las comunidades, independientemente de su ubicación geográfica, como medio de promover el acceso equitativo, asequible y universal a la salud para todos,", "Observando con preocupación que entre las deficiencias en los ámbitos de la telemedicina y la telesalud se encuentran la escasa implantación de las tecnologías digitales en los sistemas de salud pública y en la atención sanitaria, así como la falta de normas armonizadas para el intercambio de datos entre los fabricantes de equipo médico,", "Observando con satisfacción la labor de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, sus órganos subsidiarios y la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre de la Secretaría en el ámbito del espacio y la salud mundial, en particular en el marco del equipo de acción 6, relativo a la salud pública, establecido para aplicar las recomendaciones de la Tercera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, así como de la iniciativa de seguimiento del equipo de acción 6, el Grupo de Expertos sobre el Espacio y la Salud Mundial, la prioridad temática 5 de UNISPACE+50, relativa a la intensificación de la cooperación en el espacio al servicio de la salud mundial, y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Espacio y la Salud Mundial de la Subcomisión de Asuntos Científicos y Técnicos de la Comisión, y acogiendo con beneplácito su informe sobre la labor realizada con arreglo a su plan de trabajo plurianual[5],", "Profundamente preocupada por los devastadores efectos causados a nivel mundial por las enfermedades infecciosas de reciente aparición y otras emergencias que repercuten en la salud, como la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), en detrimento de la vida humana, la sociedad y el desarrollo, e instando a la comunidad internacional a adoptar el enfoque de “Una sola salud” fortaleciendo la función de las soluciones basadas en el espacio, en particular la telesalud, en las actividades de vigilancia, preparación y respuesta,", "1. Alienta a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, las organizaciones intergubernamentales, los Gobiernos y el sector privado a que procuren establecer una coordinación eficaz en todas las actividades espaciales más importantes que sean pertinentes para la salud mundial;", "2. Alienta a las autoridades sanitarias y los organismos espaciales a nivel nacional a que establezcan relaciones oficiales de cooperación, y acoge con satisfacción la existencia de redes intersectoriales que fomentan el intercambio de ideas entre los sectores espacial y sanitario;", "3. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que establezcan un entorno respaldado por políticas y mecanismos de gobernanza, teniendo debidamente en cuenta las cuestiones jurídicas y éticas, con miras a eliminar las dificultades para facilitar la utilización efectiva de las tecnologías espaciales en pro de la salud mundial, incluidas las soluciones de telemedicina y otras tecnologías emergentes;", "4. Alienta también a los Estados Miembros a que fomenten políticas de compartición de datos abiertos y criterios participativos encaminados a promover y aumentar el acceso a toda la información geoespacial que sea de interés para la salud mundial, incluidos los datos de teleobservación y de observación de la Tierra, en la medida de lo posible;", "5. Alienta además a los Estados Miembros a que posibiliten la interoperabilidad organizativa y técnica y promuevan las actividades de investigación e innovación con objeto de facilitar el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y su aplicación en el sector de la salud;", "6. Insta a las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones intergubernamentales a que apoyen un desarrollo más amplio de soluciones espaciales, así como el acceso a ellas y su aplicación de forma equitativa, en favor de la salud mundial, la salud pública, también en lo que respecta a las epidemias y las pandemias, la respuesta a emergencias que puedan tener repercusiones en la salud y la atención a las distintas necesidades de los Estados Miembros en materia de salud, y alienta a que se aplique una variedad más amplia de soluciones espaciales en pro del desarrollo sostenible, por ejemplo, mediante alianzas público-privadas;", "7. Alienta a los Estados Miembros y las entidades participantes a que redoblen esfuerzos en lo relativo al geoetiquetado de todos los bienes que sean de utilidad para los sistemas de salud, incluidos los sistemas de información sanitaria, y a que pongan esos bienes a disposición de los interesados con miras a promover la consecución de los objetivos de salud;", "8. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que reconozcan la pertinencia, en cuanto a la obtención de beneficios económicos y sociales en la Tierra, del acceso al medio espacial y a medios análogos[6] a efectos de investigación y desarrollo de relación con las ciencias de la salud y la vida, especialmente en la esfera de la salud de los astronautas;", "9. Alienta también a los Estados Miembros a que promuevan activamente la cooperación internacional en la esfera de la medicina espacial sobre la base de la igualdad de oportunidades para todos los participantes interesados y con miras a seguir promoviendo la exploración del espacio ultraterrestre por la humanidad, y a que promuevan el desarrollo y las aplicaciones científicos y tecnológicos en interés de la salud mundial;", "10. Alienta además a los Estados Miembros a que realicen simulacros y ejercicios apropiados para medir su estado de preparación operacional y su capacidad de respuesta, así como su capacidad de utilizar de manera apropiada las tecnologías espaciales al responder a los eventos relacionados con la salud mundial;", "11. Acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento de una plataforma de cooperación especializada, polifacética y de acceso mundial con sede en Ginebra con el objetivo de promover una colaboración efectiva en cuestiones relativas al espacio y la salud mundial entre los Estados Miembros, las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, otras organizaciones internacionales y demás entidades pertinentes;", "12. Pone de relieve que deberían supervisarse y recopilarse anualmente todas las actividades importantes, los documentos de referencia y los planes pertinentes al espacio al servicio de la salud mundial que realicen o preparen las entidades de las Naciones Unidas, en particular la Organización Mundial de la Salud, otras organizaciones internacionales y los Estados miembros de la Comisión sobre la Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, así como, en la medida de lo posible, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y otros agentes no gubernamentales, y pone de relieve también que esa recopilación anual de actividades debería servir de referencia para encontrar y analizar deficiencias y oportunidades y difundirse ampliamente en un esfuerzo por sensibilizar a los agentes pertinentes en ese ámbito y promover la cooperación entre ellos;", "13. Reconoce la importancia de analizar y evaluar las funciones y los intereses de los agentes actuales en el ámbito del espacio y la salud mundial a fin de promover la sinergia, la complementariedad, la cooperación y la coordinación entre todos ellos;", "14. Pone de relieve la necesidad de fortalecer, de manera equitativa y sostenible, la coordinación y cooperación intersectoriales para llevar a cabo actividades eficaces de creación de capacidad en los planos internacional, regional, nacional y subnacional relacionadas con la aplicación de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales en el ámbito de la salud mundial;", "15. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que impliquen a las instituciones de enseñanza y otros mecanismos de creación de capacidad en los esfuerzos por motivar a los jóvenes profesionales de la salud para que adquieran competencias y habilidades vinculadas al espacio desde el comienzo de sus carreras;", "16. Acuerda promover las actividades de creación de capacidad que organicen las entidades de las Naciones Unidas y demás agentes pertinentes, con el objetivo de seguir creando conciencia entre quienes aplican el enfoque “Una sola salud” acerca de la importante contribución de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales y de estimular su cooperación en ese ámbito, con objeto de aumentar el número de organizaciones y demás agentes del sector de la salud que contribuyan activamente a la utilización de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales;", "17. Solicita a la Oficina de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre que refuerce, con los recursos existentes, la creación de capacidad y el establecimiento de redes en África, Asia y el Pacífico y América Latina y el Caribe, a través de proyectos regionales de cooperación técnica y que preste apoyo a proyectos sobre el terreno para reforzar la colaboración entre los sectores del espacio y la salud mundial como estrategia eficaz para hacer un mejor uso de la ciencia y la tecnología espaciales de modo que los Estados beneficiarios tengan acceso a la salud mundial y para aprovechar mejor las oportunidades que ofrece la colaboración bilateral o multilateral;", "18. Alienta a los Estados Miembros a que promuevan los vínculos entre el mundo académico, los expertos nacionales, las autoridades reguladoras de las telecomunicaciones y las autoridades científicas y tecnológicas con miras a mejorar el acceso a las tecnologías digitales y los sistemas de información y su utilización en la atención sanitaria.", "[1] Informe de la Tercera Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre con Fines Pacíficos, Viena, 19 a 30 de julio de 1999 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, núm. de venta: S.00.I.3), cap. I, resolución 1.", "[2] Resolución 70/1.", "[3] Resolución 76/3.", "[4] El término “telemedicina” se refiere en general a la utilización de las telecomunicaciones, las comunicaciones por satélite y la tecnología de la información para prestar asistencia sanitaria clínica a distancia y comprende numerosas ramas activas y pertinentes, como la telecardiología, la teleradiología, la teleoftalmología, la teleoncología, la telefarmacia, la telecirugía, la teledermatología y otras disciplinas en desarrollo.", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121.", "[6] Entre los medios análogos al espacio figuran los vuelos parabólicos, los estudios sobre el reposo en cama y las expediciones a la Antártida y otros entornos aislados, reducidos y extremos que simulan el medio espacial en la Tierra." ]
[ "[]", "United Nations", "Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1–10 June 2022)", "General Assembly", "Official Records Seventy-seventh Session Supplement No. 20", "General Assembly", "Official Records", "Seventy-seventh Session", "Supplement No. 20", "Report of the Committee", "on the Peaceful Uses of", "Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1–10 June 2022)", "[] United Nations • New York, 2022", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[30 June 2022]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1 A. 1 \nMeetingsofsubsidiarybodies B. 1 Adoptionof \ntheagenda C. 2 Electionof \nofficers \nD.Membership 2\nE.Attendance 2 F. 3 \nGeneralstatements G. 7 Adoptionof thereportof \ntheCommittee II.Recommendations 7 and \ndecisions A. 7 Ways andmeansof maintainingouterspace for peaceful \npurposes B.Reportof 10 theScientific andTechnical Subcommitteeon its fifty-ninth \nsession 1.United 10 NationsProgrammeonSpace \nApplications 2.Spacetechnology 12 for sustainablesocioeconomic \ndevelopment 3. 12 Matters relatingtoremote sensingof theEarthbysatellite,including applications fordevelopingcountries andmonitoringof the Earth’s \nenvironment \n4.Spacedebris 135.Space-system-based 14 disastermanagement \nsupport 6.Recent 15 developmentsinglobalnavigationsatellite \nsystems 7.Space 15 \nweather 8.Near-Earth 16 \nobjects \n9.Long-termsustainabilityofouterspaceactivities 1610.Future 19 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee 11. 19 Useof nuclearpower \nsourcesinouterspace 12.Space 20 \nandglobalhealth 13. 21 Examinationof the physicalnature andtechnicalattributesof thegeostationaryorbit and its utilization andapplications,includingin thefieldofspace communications,as wellasotherquestions relatingto developmentsinspace communications,takingparticular accountof theneeds andinterestsofdevelopingcountries, withoutprejudiceto the roleof \ntheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion 14. 21 General exchangeofviewson dark andquietskies for science and \nsociety 15.Draft 22 provisionalagenda for the sixtieth sessionof theScientific andTechnical \nSubcommittee C.Reportof 23 theLegal Subcommitteeon its sixty-first \nsession 1. 24 Informationon theactivitiesofinternationalintergovernmental and non-governmentalorganizations relatingtospace \n law 2.Status 24 and applicationof the fiveUnited Nations \ntreatiesonouterspace 3. 25 Matters relatingto thedefinition and delimitationofouterspace and thecharacter and utilizationof thegeostationaryorbit,includingconsiderationof ways andmeanstoensure the rational andequitable useof thegeostationaryorbit withoutprejudiceto the roleof \ntheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion 4. 25 National legislation relevantto the peaceful exploration and \nuseofouterspace 5.Capacity-buildinginspace 26 \n law 6.Future 26 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee 7. 27 General exchangeof information andviewsonlegalmechanisms relatingtospacedebrismitigation and remediationmeasures,taking into account the workof theScientific andTechnical \nSubcommittee 8. 28 General exchangeof informationon non-legally bindingUnited Nations \ninstrumentsonouterspace 9. 28 General exchangeofviewson thelegal aspectsofspace \ntrafficmanagement 10. 29 General exchangeofviewson the applicationofinternational lawto \nsmall-satelliteactivities 11. 30 General exchangeofviewsonpotentiallegalmodels foractivitiesin the exploration, exploitation and \nutilizationofspaceresources 12.Proposalsto 32 theCommitteeon the Peaceful UsesofOuterSpace for newitemstobeconsideredby theLegal Subcommitteeat its sixty-second \nsession D.Space 33 and sustainable \ndevelopment E. 35 Spin-off benefitsofspace technology:reviewof \ncurrentstatus F.Space 36 \nandwater G.Space 37 and \nclimatechange H. 39 Useofspacetechnologyin theUnited \nNationssystem I.Future 40 role andmethodof workof \ntheCommittee J.Space 42 exploration \nandinnovation K. 45 \n“Space2030”agenda L.Other 46 \nmatters 1. 47 Compositionof the bureauxof theCommittee and itssubsidiarybodies for \ntheperiod2024–2025 2.Membershipof 47 \ntheCommittee 3. 47 \nObserverstatus 4.Other 48 \nmatters 5.Programme5,“Peaceful 49 usesofouter space”: proposedprogramme plan for theperiod 2023 andprogramme performance for \n 2021 6.Draft 49 provisionalagenda for the sixty-sixth sessionof \ntheCommittee M. 50 Scheduleof workof theCommittee and \nitssubsidiarybodies \nAnnex Draftresolutiononspace 51 \nandglobalhealth", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its sixty-fifth session in Vienna from 1 to 10 June 2022, in a hybrid format (in person and online). The officers of the Committee were as follows:", "Chair Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates)", "First Vice-Chair Jenni Tapio (Finland)", "Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine)", "A. Meetings of subsidiary bodies", "2. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its fifty-ninth session in Vienna from 7 to 18 February 2022, in a hybrid format, with Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) as Chair. The report of the Subcommittee was before the Committee (A/AC.105/1258).", "3. The Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its sixty-first session in Vienna from 28 March to 8 April 2022, also in a hybrid format, with Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) as Chair. The report of the Subcommittee was before the Committee (A/AC.105/1260).", "B. Adoption of the agenda", "4. At its 786th meeting, on 1 June, the Committee adopted the following agenda:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Election of officers.", "4. Statement by the Chair.", "5. General exchange of views.", "6. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes.", "7. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session.", "8. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session.", "9. Space and sustainable development.", "10. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status.", "11. Space and water.", "12. Space and climate change.", "13. Use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "14. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "15. Space exploration and innovation.", "16. “Space2030” Agenda.", "17. Other matters.", "18. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "C. Election of officers", "5. At the 786th meeting of the Committee, on 1 June, Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates) was elected Chair of the Committee, Jenni Tapio (Finland) was elected First Vice-Chair, and Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine) was elected Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur for the period 2022–2023.", "6. At the same meeting, the Committee endorsed the election of Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) as Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) as Chair of the Legal Subcommittee for the period 2022–2023.", "D. Membership", "7. In accordance with General Assembly resolutions 1472 A (XIV), 1721 E (XVI), 3182 (XXVIII), 32/196 B, 35/16, 49/33, 56/51, 57/116, 59/116, 62/217, 65/97, 66/71, 68/75, 69/85, 71/90, 72/77, 74/82, 76/76 and decisions 45/315, 67/412, 67/528, 70/518 and 73/517, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was composed of the following 100 States: Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Viet Nam.", "E. Attendance", "8. Representatives of the following 84 States members of the Committee attended the session: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).", "9. The session was attended by representatives of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer of the Committee and in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 65/276 and 73/91.", "10. At its 786th meeting, the Committee decided to admit Uzbekistan as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "11. At its 786th meeting, the Committee also decided to admit the Holy See as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "12. Observers for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Telecommunications Union and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat attended the session.", "13. The session was attended by observers for the following intergovernmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee: Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, European Space Agency (ESA), European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) and Square Kilometre Array Observatory.", "14. The session was also attended by observers for the following non-governmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee: For All Moonkind, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Astronomical Union (IAU), International Institute of Space Law (IISL), International Law Association (ILA), Moon Village Association (MVA), National Space Society (NSS), Open Lunar Foundation, Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW), Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), Secure World Foundation, Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), University Space Engineering Consortium-Global (UNISEC-Global) and World Space Week Association.", "15. At its 786th meeting, the Committee decided to admit the Hague Institute for Global Justice as an observer, at its request, to attend the session and to address it, as appropriate, on the understanding that it would be without prejudice to further requests of that nature and that doing so would not involve any decision of the Committee concerning status.", "16. A list of representatives of States members of the Committee, United Nations entities and other organizations attending the session is contained in A/AC.105/2022/INF/1.", "F. General statements", "17. Statements were made by representatives of the following States members of the Committee during the general exchange of views: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). The representative of Tunisia made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The representative of Egypt made a statement on behalf of the Group of African States. The representative of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer, made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. Further statements were made by the observers for APSCO, CEOS, the European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, For All Moonkind, the Hague Institute for Global Justice, IAF, IISL, the National Space Society, the Open Lunar Foundation, SGAC, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory, UNIDROIT, UNISEC-Global and World Space Week Association.", "18. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Marius-Ioan Piso (Romania), the outgoing Chair, Francis Chizea (Nigeria), the outgoing First Vice-Chair, and Nicolás Botero Varón (Colombia), the outgoing Second Vice-Chair/Rapporteur, for their excellent work and achievements during their terms of office.", "19. At the 786th meeting, on 1 June, the Chair delivered a statement in which he recalled that 2022 had marked the sixty-fifth anniversary of the launch into outer space of the first human-made Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, the fifty-fifth anniversary of the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty and the fiftieth anniversary of the Land Remote Sensing Satellite (Landsat) programme. He highlighted the importance of strengthening international collaboration, promoting compliance with the United Nations treaties on outer space, fostering fair access to space and encouraging knowledge-sharing initiatives. He also stressed the role of research and development in space science and technology as fundamental for sustainable development on Earth, the protection and preservation of the outer space environment and the exploration of the universe.", "20. The Chair warmly welcomed Angola, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Panama and Slovenia as the newest members of the Committee, which brought the membership of the Committee to the milestone number of 100 member States. The Chair also welcomed the Open Lunar Foundation, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory and UNIDROIT as the newest international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations with observer status with the Committee.", "21. Also at the 786th meeting, the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs made a statement in which he reviewed the work carried out by the Office. He stressed how the Office had continued to adapt to the challenges posed by the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, adopting and making use of new solutions and applying them across the range of activities to ensure service delivery and a results-driven approach. The demand for the services provided by the Office to Member States continued to expand, and in that context he underlined the current and upcoming activities of the Office, including those conducted in partnership with various stakeholders, in particular for the benefit of developing countries. The Acting Director also announced that he would retire from the Office in the coming months.", "22. The Committee expressed its deep appreciation to the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, Niklas Hedman, who had provided valuable long-standing support for the international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, in particular in the role of Secretary of the Committee and its subcommittees for more than a decade and a half.", "23. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “CONAE space plan”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Projection of the national space system”, by the representative of Chile;", "(c) “BeiDou Navigation Satellite System: sharing of application cases”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The Iranian CanSat competition”, by the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "(e) “Progress and plans for deep space human exploration”, by the representative of the United States;", "(f) “The imperative to protect cultural heritage in outer space”, by the observer for For All Moonkind;", "(g) “A united voice for youth in space policy and advocacy: introducing the Space Generation Advocacy and Policy Platform (SGAPP)”, by the observer for SGAC.", "24. The Committee noted that space activities had continued to intensify in recent years, with increasingly more actors entering the space arena and significantly more objects being launched into outer space.", "25. The Committee agreed that, together with its subcommittees, and with the support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the Committee remained the unique international forum tasked with promoting international cooperation in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space.", "26. The Committee agreed that the increasing number of States becoming members of the Committee in recent years was a clear signal of the international recognition of the value of the work of the intergovernmental body.", "27. Some delegations expressed the view that a rules-based international system, with the United Nations at its core, and a multilateral approach to international affairs should be supported, and that the Committee contributed to that system, including through the development of international space law, international norms and standards, guidelines, best practices and other transparency and confidence-building measures.", "28. The view was expressed that, with a view to addressing the challenges arising from the continuous development of outer space activities, it was imperative to uphold an international order in outer space based on international law, with the United Nations at its core.", "29. Some delegations expressed the view that the international community should make further efforts and explore all possible ways and means of making full use of the Committee and its subcommittees to achieve the common objectives of all nations on space-related issues.", "30. Some delegations expressed the view that universal and equal access to outer space for all countries without discrimination, equitable and rational use of outer space for the benefit and in the interests of all humankind, the principle of non-appropriation of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, international cooperation in the development of space activities, and the prevention of an arms race in outer space and placement of weapons of any kind in outer space were the most important principles that should govern the activities in outer space.", "31. Some delegations expressed the view that while some countries had reached important milestones in space activities, others were only starting to develop their own space programmes and policies and that it was crucial that developing countries not be left behind or unfairly disadvantaged by space exploration efforts. Therefore, capacity-building and technical assistance were key factors for expanding the abilities of those working in the field, enabling them to gain expertise and knowledge from more advanced spacefaring nations.", "32. Some delegations underlined the contribution of the Space Climate Observatory in the evaluation of space data to respond to climate change. It was noted that the Space Climate Observatory was available to participate in the deliberations for preparing the Committee’s contribution to the Summit of the Future.", "33. Some delegations expressed the view that the use and exploration of outer space were to be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes, with a view to realizing a shared vision for the future, for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and in conformity with the body of applicable international law.", "34. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should give more dedicated consideration to addressing the challenges posed by the placement of megaconstellations in low Earth orbit, including those considerations related to the sustainable and equitable use of orbits and frequencies as well as accessibility of outer space.", "35. Some delegations expressed the view that the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee should work more closely with each other, in particular on overlapping and interrelated subject matters.", "36. Some delegations noted with regret one State’s decision to conduct the intentional destruction of its own spacecraft with a direct-ascent anti-satellite missile, resulting in debris that threatened human and robotic space flight, noted the need to implement the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and debris-related Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to their fullest extent, and welcomed commitments to refrain from destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile testing.", "37. The view was expressed that the Committee and its secretariat should continue initiatives and study ways to further enable closer coordination and engagement on the work of the two subcommittees, and with bodies that were closely interlinked with the mandate of the Committee, such as other United Nations bodies and other international organizations, when applicable, as this would ensure coordinated, relevant and timely resolution of cross-cutting issues.", "38. Some delegations expressed the view that the growing support for the Artemis Accords on the Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes demonstrated the value of the Accords as an operational framework to ensure that the peaceful exploration of space remained transparent, safe and sustainable.", "39. Some delegations expressed the view that cooperation on the international lunar research station initiated by China and the Russian Federation was advancing and provided new opportunities for space exploration for all interested partners.", "40. Some delegations reiterated their opposition to the establishment of a new regional centre for space science and technology education in the Eurasian region, affiliated to the United Nations, hosted by the Roscosmos Corporate Academy, as proposed by the Government of the Russian Federation. Those delegations were also of the view that although the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/76, had noted with satisfaction the progress in the establishment of the regional centre, in the light of recent developments, they were not in a position to accept any affiliation of that regional centre to the United Nations.", "41. The view was expressed that the Committee, at its sixty-fourth session, had noted that the evaluation mission on the proposed establishment of the regional centre had resulted in a recommendation to accept the offer of the Russian Federation to establish the regional centre, that the Committee had welcomed the progress on the establishment of the regional centre, and that therefore no additional agreement was required by the Committee. The delegation expressing that view also informed the Committee that the centre was already operational and providing services. Over 100 applicants from various countries in the region have been successfully accepted by the Centre as students.", "42. Some delegations called for refraining from adding a political dimension to space technologies or services, in particular by naming a launcher after a region involved in a conflict.", "43. The view was expressed that spacefaring nations possessing advanced space launch technologies preserve the full right to name their space launch vehicles and spaceships as they find appropriate.", "44. The Committee welcomed the publication by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of its Annual Report 2021, which contained a comprehensive account of the Office’s activities, cooperation, partnership programmes and achievements in 2021.", "45. The Committee noted with appreciation the exhibitions presented in the Rotunda of the Vienna International Centre in conjunction with its sixty-fifth session: an exhibition on the E.T.PACK project, a technological solution for the space debris proliferation problem, organized by Spain; an exhibition on the Artemis Accords, organized by the United States; and an exhibition entitled “Inspiring stars”, on the concept of inclusion, organized by IAU.", "46. The Committee noted with appreciation the donation by the Government of Poland to the permanent exhibit of the Office for Outer Space Affairs of a painting of Manfred Lachs, the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee and one of the most influential scholars in international space law.", "47. The Committee expressed its appreciation for the organization of the following events during the session:", "(a) “Advancing #GenderEquality in Space”, organized by the Republic of Korea and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(b) “Emerging Space@COPUOS 2022”, organized by Slovakia;", "(c) “Awareness-raising and capacity-building related to the implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (LTS Guidelines): stakeholder study report”, organized by the United Kingdom and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(d) “Youth space exchanges and opportunities”, organized by the United States and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(e) “Progressing lunar policy: a round table”, organized by Moon Village Association, the Open Lunar Foundation, the Secure World Foundation and SGAC;", "(f) “Access to Space for All: opportunities for Member States”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(g) “Virtual briefing for COPUOS delegates: what is UNOOSA and why is it relevant for you?”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "G. Adoption of the report of the Committee", "48. After considering the various items before it, the Committee, at its 801st meeting, on 10 June 2022, adopted its report to the General Assembly containing the recommendations and decisions set out below.", "Chapter II", "Recommendations and decisions", "A. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes", "49. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee continued its consideration, as a matter of priority, of ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes and its consideration of the broader perspective of space security and associated matters that would be instrumental in ensuring the safe and responsible conduct of space activities, including ways to promote international, regional and interregional cooperation to that end.", "50. The representatives of Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under this item. A statement was also made by the observer for the Secure World Foundation. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by other member States.", "51. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “Micro-space debris detection with ADLER-1”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Mapping collision risk in low Earth orbit”, by the representative of the United States;", "(c) “Opportunities and practices to enhance space safety and sustainability”, by the representative of the United States;", "(d) “Safety norms for space security: how the development of norms can strengthen the peaceful purposes principle”, by the observer for SGAC.", "52. The Committee agreed that through its work in the scientific, technical and legal fields, as well as through the promotion of international dialogue and the exchange of information on various topics relating to the exploration and use of outer space, it had a fundamental role to play in ensuring that outer space was maintained for peaceful purposes.", "53. Some delegations expressed the view that it was the responsibility of all spacefaring nations to preserve and promote the benefits of outer space for all, through the advances made in space technology and its applications.", "54. Some delegations expressed the view that in order to ensure the sustainable and peaceful use of outer space, it was crucial that outer space activities were carried out in accordance with international law, rules, regulations and norms.", "55. Some delegations expressed the view that transparency and confidence-building measures were essential to ensuring the peaceful uses of outer space. The same delegations referred to the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities (A/68/189) of 2013 and encouraged States to implement its recommendations and appropriate measures.", "56. Some delegations expressed the view that although the Committee was not a forum dedicated to disarmament in outer space, it still played a fundamental and unique role in global governance and international cooperation on outer space and should strengthen that role.", "57. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee’s work in a wide range of fields ensured the peaceful use of outer space and was a key factor in preventing the risk of an arms race and the militarization of outer space and that therefore the Committee’s work complemented and supported other forums for preventing an arms race in outer space.", "58. Some delegations reaffirmed that issues specifically associated with the prevention of an arms race in outer space and the use of outer space for national security activities and related matters were more appropriately discussed in forums whose mandates focused on those issues, such as the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee of the General Assembly.", "59. Some delegations expressed the view that norms could create the climate of confidence that was necessary to develop future legally binding measures governing space and, in that context, welcomed the report of the Secretary-General on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours (A/76/77) and the work of the open-ended working group on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours because it deepened the discussion on space norms.", "60. Some delegations expressed the view that the threat of militarization of outer space underscored the importance of international dialogue and negotiation aimed at creating legally binding norms for transparency and confidence-building because non-legally binding measures did not sufficiently address the threat of an arms race in outer space. The delegations expressing that view also found it fundamental that legally binding measures should focus on reaffirming the shared interest of outer space for peaceful use and purposes, in accordance with the existing principles of international law.", "61. Some delegations reaffirmed that it was crucial to prevent an arms race in outer space and the placement of weapons of any kind in outer space, and called upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the peaceful use of outer space in order to prevent its militarization and to refrain from placing weapons of any kind in outer space or any other action contrary to that objective. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the preservation of the outer space environment in the long term required the commitment of the international community to ensuring that no weapons were ever placed in outer space.", "62. Some delegations reiterated that more consideration should be given to the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat of use of force against space objects, prepared by China and the Russian Federation, as it paved the way for ensuring the use of outer space for peaceful purposes.", "63. Some delegations expressed the view that the intentional destruction of space objects generating large amounts of space debris indiscriminately increased the risk of collisions of on-orbit space objects and was an irresponsible behaviour that would undermine the sustainable and stable use of outer space.", "64. Some delegations expressed concern about anti-satellite tests that generated space debris and emphasized that States should refrain from using or testing those capabilities. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the recent announcement by the United States, followed by Canada, committing not to conduct destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile testing was a positive step towards formulating norms of responsible behaviour in outer space.", "65. The view was expressed that it was doubtful that such an initiative was effective for maintaining space for peaceful purposes. The same delegation expressed the view that the commitment not to test certain types of anti-satellite weapons did not mean a commitment not to use them.", "66. The view was expressed that the Committee should remain a platform for non-politicized discussions and should promote the development of doctrinal guidelines of States and intergovernmental organizations aimed at preserving outer space for peaceful purposes, thereby maintaining international peace and security and strengthen international cooperation and mutual understanding.", "67. The view was expressed that the Committee should focus on the challenges posed by the development of commercial space flight, promote the strengthening of effective national regulations on commercial space participation in military activities, and ensure that space activities of non-governmental entities were consistent with peaceful purposes, and at the same time enhance transparency at the international level. It was also necessary to attach importance to the safety of outer space activities and strengthen research, hold extensive discussions and seek solutions to the safety risks posed by megaconstellations.", "68. The Committee noted that Africa Space Week would be held in Nairobi in September 2022 and would provide an innovative platform for African space industry stakeholders to deliberate on expanding Africa’s space industry and strengthen efforts to promote and enable intra-Africa and international cooperation on space activities.", "69. The Committee noted that the twenty-seventh session of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum, on the theme “Expand space innovation through diverse partnerships”, had been held online from 30 November to 3 December 2021.", "70. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of the Council of APSCO had been held online from 9 to 11 November 2021. The Council had approved the APSCO project implementation plan for 2021–2025 and the amendment of the rules on cooperative activities of APSCO.", "71. The Committee recommended that, at its sixty-sixth session, in 2023, consideration of the item on ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes should be continued, on a priority basis.", "B. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session", "72. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258), which contained the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "73. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) for his able leadership as Chair during the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee.", "74. The representatives of Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. The representative of Morocco made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The observer for IAU also made a statement. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by other member States.", "75. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “HERA mission: three-dimensional vision processing and visualization methods to analyse the DART impact on Dimorphos”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Real-time Earth observation for responsive disaster management”, by the representatives of Austria;", "(c) “LEO megaconstellations are deeply influencing space activities of the world”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test”, by the representative of the United States.", "1. United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "(a) Activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "76. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 54–74).", "77. The Committee noted that the priority areas of the Programme were environmental monitoring, natural resource management, satellite communications, disaster risk reduction, the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), the Basic Space Science Initiative, climate change, the Basic Space Technology Initiative, the Human Space Technology Initiative, and biodiversity and ecosystems.", "78. The Committee took note of the activities of the Programme carried out in 2021 and planned for 2022, as presented in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 59–69).", "79. The Committee expressed its appreciation to the Office for Outer Space Affairs for the manner in which the activities of the Programme had been implemented, in particular, in 2021, with the limited funds available. The Committee also expressed its appreciation to the Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that had sponsored the activities. The Committee noted with satisfaction that further progress was being made in the implementation of the activities of the Programme for 2022.", "80. The Committee expressed its concern that the financial resources available to the United Nations Programme on Space Applications remained limited and emphasized that it was important that the Office was equipped with the necessary resources, including sufficient funding, to assist a greater number of countries in having access to the benefits of space science and technology and its applications in line with the spirit of the Outer Space Treaty as well as the “Space2030” Agenda.", "81. The Committee noted that CubeSats developed by teams from Kenya, Guatemala and Mauritius, winners in the first, second and third rounds, respectively, had been deployed from the International Space Station through the United Nations/Japan Cooperation Programme on CubeSat Deployment from the International Space Station Japanese Experiment Module, known as “KiboCUBE”. Teams from Indonesia, the Republic of Moldova and the Central American Integration System (SICA), winners in the third, fourth and fifth rounds, respectively, were currently developing their CubeSats under the programme. The Committee further noted that the KiboCUBE programme had become an essential tool for capacity-building in space science and technology and that, in that regard, the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) had announced the extension of the KiboCUBE programme until the end of December 2024 and had added a new educational opportunity called “KiboCUBE Academy”.", "82. The Committee noted that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications continued to implement the Access to Space for All initiative, which was focused on developing the capacity of Member States to access the benefits of space and which offered to its partners research opportunities to develop the technologies needed to send hardware into space, access to unique ground and orbital facilities for experiments in microgravity and access to space data and training on their use, including the use of astronomical data, placing those countries in the international space arena and enabling in-depth capacity-building in space science and technology.", "83. The Committee requested the Office for Outer Space Affairs to continue to work with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on defining the priorities of the Programme.", "84. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications had continued to emphasize, promote and foster cooperation with Member States at the regional and global levels to support the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations.", "85. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs continued to closely collaborate with the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations, namely the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education – in English Language, the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology – in French Language; the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific, the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Western Asia and the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China). In that connection, the Committee noted with appreciation that the host countries of the regional centres for space science and technology education, affiliated to the United Nations, were providing significant financial and in-kind support to the centres.", "(b) International Satellite System for Search and Rescue", "86. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the International Satellite System for Search and Rescue (COSPAS-SARSAT), which provided worldwide coverage of emergency beacons, carried on vessels and aircraft and by individual users around the world, currently had 43 member States and 2 participating organizations. The Committee also noted that in 2021 the programme had helped to rescue 330 people from potentially life-threatening situations throughout the United States and its surrounding waters, and since 1982, the start of the programme, COSPAS-SARSAT had supported more than 48,000 rescues worldwide.", "2. Space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development", "87. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 79–88).", "88. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee on the item (A/AC.105/1258, para. 88).", "89. The Committee took note of the report of the Working Group of the Whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, reconvened under the chairmanship of Prakash Chauhan (India) as Chair (A/AC.105/1258, annex I).", "90. Some delegations expressed the view that space science and technology and their applications were essential to effectively addressing current and future challenges to social and economic development and sustainability, such as natural disasters, food security, climate change and natural resource security, and noted that space activities were crucial to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals and the “Space2030” Agenda, in particular as part of efforts to support sustainable economic growth, improve the quality of life and manage the global environment. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that it was important to ensure that the Office was equipped with the necessary resources, including sufficient funding, to assist a greater number of countries in gaining access to the benefits of space science and technology and their applications.", "3. Matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment", "91. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 89–98).", "92. The Committee noted that international and regional initiatives of States used remote sensing data to support sustainable socioeconomic development, in particular for the benefit of developing countries.", "93. In the course of the discussions, delegations were informed of the critical role that remote sensing played in well-informed decision-making and of cooperation programmes at the national and international levels that utilized space-derived data and applications. Examples included services for territorial mapping and border security, land-use planning, management of natural and mineral resources, forestry, the identification and recording of property rights, tools for mapping vegetation, crops and soil and watershed and hydrologic features to support precision agriculture and rural planning, the identification of arable land, irrigation and groundwater detection, meteorology and weather forecasting and early warning of severe storms, disaster management and emergency response, climate change and environmental protection, oceanographic temperature and sea level monitoring, monitoring air quality for aerosols and pollutants, including the monitoring of essential climate variables to contribute to international studies, promoting sustainable development, ecosystems management, glacier and snowfall mapping and studies, crop and soil monitoring for irrigation and groundwater detection, space weather monitoring and early warning systems to protect critical infrastructure and animal movement monitoring.", "94. The Committee noted that important initiatives such as the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and CEOS played an important role in promoting and facilitating the sharing of remote sensing data, and, in this regard, welcomed the continued commitment of many Member States in that area.", "4. Space debris", "95. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space debris, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 99–123).", "96. The Committee noted with satisfaction that 2022 marked the fifteenth anniversary of the endorsement by the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/217, of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, and urged those countries that had not yet done so to consider implementing the Guidelines on a voluntary basis.", "97. The Committee also noted with satisfaction that many States and international intergovernmental organizations were implementing space debris mitigation measures consistent with the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee (A/74/20, annex II) and that a number of States had harmonized their national space debris mitigation standards with those guidelines.", "98. In addition, the Committee noted that some States were using the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and/or the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), ISO standard 24113:2011 (Space systems: space debris mitigation requirements) and ITU recommendation ITU-R S.1003 (Environmental protection of the geostationary-satellite orbit) as reference points in their regulatory frameworks for national space activities. The Committee also noted that some States were cooperating under the space surveillance and tracking support framework funded by the European Union and in the space safety programme of ESA.", "99. The Committee also noted that an increasing number of States were adopting concrete measures to mitigate space debris, including the improvement of the design of launch vehicles and spacecraft, the de-orbiting of satellites, passivation, life extension, end-of-life operations and the development of specific software and models for space debris mitigation.", "100. The Committee further noted that IADC, whose initial work had served as the basis for the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, had updated its own Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines in 2022.", "101. The Committee took note with concern of the issue of space debris and the challenges that the proliferation of space debris posed to the future exploration and use of outer space.", "102. The Committee agreed that Member States and international organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee should continue to be invited to provide reports on research on space debris, the safety of space objects with nuclear power sources on board, problems relating to the collision of such space objects with space debris and the ways in which debris mitigation guidelines were being implemented.", "103. Some delegations expressed the view that the issue of space debris should be addressed in a manner that would not jeopardize the development of the space capabilities of developing countries.", "104. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important that new space actors were not burdened as a result of the historical activities of established space actors.", "105. Some delegations expressed the view that addressing the challenges posed by the placement of megaconstellations in low Earth orbit, including those related to the sustainable use of orbit and frequencies, should be made a priority in the work of the Committee.", "106. Some delegations expressed the view that advanced spacefaring countries and other actors, especially those deploying megaconstellations, to pay due regard to the application of the relevant voluntary measures such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities and underscored the importance of strengthening the capacity of developing countries for the voluntary implementation of those measures.", "107. Some delegations expressed the view that, since orbital debris was the consequence of the past and ongoing operations of major spacefaring nations, those nations should accept the primary responsibility both for alleviating the situation and for assisting the developing and emerging spacefaring nations technically and financially in meeting space debris mitigation guidelines.", "108. The view was expressed that in discussing debris mitigation as well as space traffic management, it was necessary to promote transparency and confidence-building measures in space activities to avoid miscalculations and misunderstandings.", "5. Space-system-based disaster management support", "109. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space-system-based disaster management support, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 124–136).", "110. The Committee noted the importance of space-based information for disaster management and emergency response, utilizing remote sensing data and Earth observation satellites for developing multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster impact analysis for all types of natural disasters, including for monitoring the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "111. The Committee welcomed the activities organized by the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER), which supported the development of capacity to use all types of space-based information in support of the full disaster management cycle. In that regard, the Committee took note of the UN-SPIDER activities and capacity-strengthening efforts, including the generation of tailored space-based information for countries in need in 2021 (see A/AC.105/1250), which were carried out with the continued support of its network of partners, as well as the benefits of the UN-SPIDER knowledge portal (www.un-spider.org), a web-based platform for information, communication and process support that fostered the exchange of information, the sharing of experiences, capacity-building and technical advisory support and services.", "112. Some delegations expressed the view that in order to strengthen disaster preparedness and emergency response at the national level, the Office for Outer Space Affairs should increase the capacity-building activities of UN-SPIDER by offering more technical advisory missions and training programmes, in particular to developing countries.", "113. The Committee noted the holding of several international conferences recently related to disaster management, such as the Third Multi-Hazard Early Warning Conference, which was held in Bali, Indonesia, on 23 and 24 May, and the ESA Living Planet Symposium, held in Bonn, Germany, from 23 to 27 May, highlighting the use of space technologies in disaster management.", "114. The Committee also noted the support that States had been providing to the Working Group on Disasters of CEOS and the international COSPAS-SARSAT programme.", "115. The Committee noted with appreciation the financial and staff resource contributions made by China, France and Germany to UN-SPIDER and the in-kind contributions, including the provision of experts, made by some States members of the Committee and by the regional support offices in 2021 in support of the activities conducted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs through UN-SPIDER, as well as their efforts to share experience with other interested countries. In that regard, the Committee encouraged other member States and permanent observers to provide to the activities and programmes of the Office, including UN-SPIDER, all necessary support on a voluntary basis, including increased financial support, to enable it to better respond to Member States’ requests for assistance and to fully carry out its workplan in the coming years.", "6. Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems", "116. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on recent developments in global navigation satellite systems, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 137–157).", "117. The Committee had before it the note by the Secretariat entitled “Fifteenth meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems” (A/AC.105/1251).", "118. The Committee noted that the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), as an optimal cooperation mechanism, offered the benefit of providing a flexible forum in which GNSS providers and users discussed all matters regarding the use of multiple GNSS signals.", "119. The Committee noted the work of ICG aimed at creating an interoperable, multi-GNSS space service volume, which would enable improved navigation for space operations beyond geostationary Earth orbit and that GNSS services were expected to be employed in cislunar space.", "120. The Committee noted the efforts by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in promoting the use of GNSS through its capacity-building and information dissemination initiatives, in particular in developing countries, as well as the role of the Office as the executive secretariat of ICG in coordinating the annual meetings of ICG and its Providers’ Forum.", "121. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of ICG and the twenty-fourth meeting of the Providers’ Forum, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, had been held in Vienna from 27 September to 1 October 2021 and that the sixteenth meeting of ICG would be hosted by the United Arab Emirates and be held in Abu Dhabi, from 9 to 14 October 2022.", "7. Space weather", "122. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space weather, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 158–172).", "123. The Committee noted that space weather, which was caused by solar variability, was an international concern owing to the potential threat it posed to space systems, human space flight and ground- and space-based infrastructures upon which society was increasingly dependent. As such, it needed to be addressed in a global manner, through international cooperation and coordination, in order to be able to predict potentially severe space weather events and mitigate their impact so that the long-term sustainability of outer space activities was ensured.", "124. The Committee noted a number of national and international activities undertaken in the fields of research, training and education to improve the scientific and technical understanding of the adverse effects of space weather and thus strengthen global resilience to its threat, with the goal of facilitating the implementation of the space weather-related guidelines B.6 and B.7 of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "125. The Committee noted with appreciation that the Expert Group on Space Weather of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee had held meetings on the margins of the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee, in 2022, as well as in the intersessional period. The Committee also noted the document submitted to the Subcommittee entitled “Draft final report of the Expert Group on Space Weather: towards improved international coordination for space weather services” (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401), which contained six high-level recommendations, and expressed its appreciation to the Rapporteur of the Expert Group, Ian Mann, for his dedicated work.", "126. The Committee endorsed the decision that was agreed by the Subcommittee to consider the report (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401) as a final report of the Expert Group and to issue the report under the symbol A/AC.105/C.1/122, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, para. 172).", "127. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important for the international space weather community to find a mechanism to coordinate and continue its work.", "8. Near-Earth objects", "128. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on near-Earth objects, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 173–190).", "129. The Committee noted with appreciation the work done by the International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG) to ensure that all nations, in particular developing countries with limited capacity to predict and mitigate the impact of a near-Earth object, were aware of potential threats.", "130. The Committee noted that, should a credible threat of impact be identified by the worldwide network of astronomical observatories, the important information available on that threat would be provided by IAWN and disseminated to all Member States through the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "131. The Committee noted the importance of national efforts and activities aimed at developing capabilities in the discovery, observation, early warning and mitigation of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects that contributed to strengthening international collaboration and information-sharing, and in that regard highlighted the importance of contributing to the work of IAWN and SMPAG.", "132. The Committee noted the launch of the first-ever planetary defence technology demonstration mission, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, in November 2021, which would demonstrate the kinetic impact deflection technique. The Committee also noted that, as a follow-up, the Hera mission of ESA was planned to encounter the Didymos asteroid system in 2026 to provide a valuable assessment of the deflection technique test of the DART mission.", "133. The Committee noted that further information on the meetings of IAWN and SMPAG, to which the Office for Outer Space Affairs served as the permanent secretariat, had been made available on their websites (http://iawn.net and http://smpag.net).", "134. The Committee noted that the seventh International Academy of Astronautics Planetary Defense Conference had been held from 26 to 30 April 2021, hosted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with ESA, and that the eighth Planetary Defense Conference was to be held at the Vienna International Centre from 3 to 7 April 2023, hosted by the Office in cooperation with ESA and the host country, Austria.", "9. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities", "135. The Committee took note of the discussion by the Subcommittee under the item on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 191–209) and endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 208 and 209) and of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities under the chairmanship of Umamaheswaran R. (India) (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, paras. 7–9 and appendix).", "136. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Implementation of the LTSSA Guideline ‘A.1 Adopt, revise and amend, as necessary, national regulatory frameworks’” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9);", "(b) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Contribution of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in the Eurasian Region to strengthening the capacity of COPUOS member States to implement the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10);", "(c) Conference room paper by the Russian Federation entitled “Considerations on key unresolved tasks of ensuring safety of space operations in the context of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11).", "137. The Committee recalled with appreciation that, at the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee, the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities had agreed on and adopted its terms of reference, methods of work and workplan (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 7, and appendix).", "138. The Committee also recalled that the Working Group would attach equal importance to each of the three elements of the guiding framework (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, appendix, paras. 6 and 7).", "139. The Committee further recalled that the Working Group had agreed to hold informal consultations, in a hybrid format, in November 2022 (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 9).", "140. The Committee was informed that a number of States members had already either completed, or were currently completing, internal assessments of their implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.", "141. The Committee was also informed of a number of national, regional and international scientific, technical, legal and policy measures and initiatives that had been, or were currently being undertaken, to implement the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee.", "142. The Committee was further informed about the continuation of the project of the Office for Outer Space Affairs entitled “Awareness-raising and capacity-building related to the implementation of the LTS Guidelines”, made possible through financial support provided by the United Kingdom, which had, in the second phase of the project, produced a stakeholder study report (see spacesustainability.unoosa.org).", "143. Some delegations expressed the view that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee constituted best practices for the safe and responsible use of outer space and were critical to maintaining outer space for future generations.", "144. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to share experiences and review best practices and lessons learned in the practical national implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee because it would enhance overall communication, international cooperation, awareness-raising and capacity-building.", "145. Some delegations expressed the view that it would be useful for the Legal Subcommittee to carry out a review and assessment of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee.", "146. The view was expressed that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space had become a principal forum for space sustainability discussions, setting itself apart from other forums by developing a “bottom-up” approach to addressing safe and sustainable practices with regard to the use of space.", "147. The view was expressed that there were multiple parallel platforms considering the subject matter that had been under the purview of the Committee for years, that this included topics that were within the mandate of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, and that this constituted a direct duplication of functions. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that international work undertaken in accordance with the inviolable principle of consensus was the only way to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities in the interest of the world community as a whole.", "148. The view was expressed that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were clear, practical and proven, meaning that both their implementation and efficacy had been demonstrated by States and international intergovernmental organizations, and that the Guidelines neither undermined existing legal obligations nor hampered the use of outer space, in particular its use by emerging space actors.", "149. The view was expressed that, above all, the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were a positive indication of efforts to alleviate environmental degradation as they contained recommendations that promoted more environmentally positive practices in the design and operation of space missions.", "150. The view was expressed that the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee were the first complete body of rules governing contemporary space activities and that they must be kept up-to-date, or supplemented, in view of current and future challenges posed by the development of economic and scientific activity generated around space resources.", "151. The view was expressed that Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee had led to improved domestic conversations on the implications of space sustainability for pursuing national space activities and for the development of stronger regulatory frameworks, along with coordinated national positions.", "152. The view was expressed that developing countries should not be left behind or unfairly disadvantaged by space exploration efforts and that the only way to ensure the sustainability of outer space activities was to continue to deliver the benefits derived from those activities to humanity as a whole through enhanced cooperation and collaboration.", "153. The view was expressed that, in order to achieve the main objectives of long-term sustainability of outer space activities, it was important for the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to concentrate on areas such as building and promoting capacities, as well as the transfer of technology to developing countries, all within the framework of international cooperation, and for the full, effective and non-discriminatory operationalization of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "154. The view was expressed that understanding what was stopping countries from being able to implement the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee was critical to understanding the form of future capacity-building activities.", "155. The view was expressed that plans of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to identify and study challenges and consider possible new guidelines were of relevance due, among other things, to the interest of States and commercial companies in projects for the active removal of space debris, as well as the development of plans and programmes for the exploration and use of the Moon. The delegation expressing that view recalled that further substantive inputs related to the Working Group could be found in conference room papers A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10 and A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11.", "156. The view was expressed that consideration of the issues of space debris, dark and quiet skies for science and society, near-Earth objects and the use of nuclear power sources in outer space could contribute to ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that therefore, deliberations on those issues should take into account the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.", "157. The view was expressed that the long-term sustainability of outer space activities should be retained as a regular item on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to ensure that the discussion of the technical aspects on which progress had been made in the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities continued and received greater attention from all delegations.", "158. The view was expressed that the Space Sustainability Rating, developed by a consortium led by the World Economic Forum and operated by the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, would contribute to and reinforce responsible and sustainable behaviour in outer space.", "10. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "159. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the future role and method of work of the Committee, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210–233).", "160. The Committee recalled its decision, made at its sixty-second session, to introduce a regular item entitled “Future role and method of work of the Committee” on the agendas of both subcommittees to allow for discussion of cross-cutting issues (A/74/20, para. 321 (h)).", "11. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space", "161. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 224–237).", "162. The Committee endorsed the recommendations of the Subcommittee and the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, reconvened under the chairmanship of Sam A. Harbison (United Kingdom), including the extension of the Working Group’s multi-year workplan by one year in order to finalize the report to the Subcommittee on the outcome of the multi-year workplan and explore options for gathering information about advances in knowledge, practices and plans for future space nuclear power source applications (A/AC.105/1258, para. 237, and annex III).", "163. The Committee noted that, in that connection, a series of intersessional meetings had been held by the Working Group, facilitated by the secretariat, and that the Working Group had held two informal meetings on the margins of the sixty-fifth session of the Committee, on 7 and 8 June 2022, to advance its work.", "164. The Committee acknowledged the fact that some States and an international intergovernmental organization were developing, or considering developing, legal and regulatory instruments on the safe use of nuclear power sources in outer space, taking into account the content and requirements of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and of the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space, which was developed jointly by the Subcommittee and the International Atomic Energy Agency.", "165. The Committee in that regard also noted the importance of the work of the Working Group to allow for the continued sharing of information to promote further understanding and development of effective processes to ensure the safe use of nuclear power in space, given the renewed interest in the use of nuclear power sources in outer space that had opened the solar system to exploration, making it possible to observe and understand dark, distant planetary bodies that would otherwise be unreachable, as well as the use of nuclear power sources for the in-space propulsion of spacecraft as a potential technology for crewed and cargo missions to Mars and scientific missions to the outer solar system, enabling faster and more robust human and robotic missions.", "166. Some delegations expressed the view that there should be an ongoing mechanism for a structured exchange on the topic at the multilateral level, and that the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space should recommend to the Subcommittee the new arrangements that would be needed to take forward the development of safety guidelines for potential future uses of nuclear power sources in outer space.", "12. Space and global health", "167. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on space and global health, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 238–249).", "168. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on the item made by the Subcommittee and its Working Group on Space and Global Health, convened under the chairmanship of Antoine Geissbühler (Switzerland), including the decisions regarding the establishment of the Space and Global Health Platform and the Space and Global Health Network (A/AC.105/1258, para. 249, and annex IV, para. 7).", "169. The Committee expressed appreciation to the delegation of Switzerland for facilitating informal consultations on the text of the draft resolution on space and global health, as contained in A/AC.105/L.328, during the current session of the Committee.", "170. The view was expressed that the text of the draft resolution could have been further enhanced through the acknowledgement of the importance of human medical research for improving understanding of ecology, psychology, ergonomics, genetics, physical education, nutrition and other sciences. The delegation expressing that view also stressed the non-discriminatory character of international cooperation in the domain of global health and emphasized that goals to develop and improve health-care systems should not be hindered by political motivations.", "171. Some delegations expressed the view that the draft resolution on space and global health (see annex), effectively captured the crucial role of space data and technology in the public health domain. Those delegations welcomed the submission of that draft resolution for adoption and underlined the importance of advancing that work in order to share the benefits of space activities for global health.", "172. At its 790th meeting, on 3 June 2022, the Committee endorsed the draft resolution on space and global health, contained in annex I to the present report. The Committee noted that the draft resolution, as endorsed, would be submitted to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, for adoption by the Assembly under the agenda item entitled “International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space”.", "173. The Committee noted the broad array of activities relevant to space and global health and acknowledged the contribution of space science, space technology and space applications to the prevention and control of diseases, the promotion of human health and welfare, the addressing of global health issues, the advancement of medical research, the advancement of health practices and the provision of health-care services to individuals and communities, including in rural areas with limited access to health care.", "174. The Committee noted the vital role of space science, space technology and space applications in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, and their critical role in support of contact tracing, the identification of affected areas, modelling the spread of the disease and monitoring its transmission, connectivity for remote working, telehealth and communication, as well as methods of coping with social isolation.", "175. The Committee welcomed the report of the Working Group on Space and Global Health on the work conducted under its multi-year workplan (A/AC.105/C.1/121) and expressed its gratitude to the Chair of the Working Group for his dedicated efforts and able leadership in guiding the work of the Working Group under its multi-year workplan.", "176. The Committee took note with appreciation of the round table on the topic “Advancing global health using space technologies”, organized by Switzerland during the Geneva Health Forum held in May 2022, during which the Space and Global Health Platform and the international Space and Global Health Network were presented, with the participation of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Satellite Centre and GEO.", "177. The Committee noted that Member States had been invited to identify experts and encourage them to participate in the Space and Global Health Network.", "178. The Committee agreed that the agenda item entitled “Space and global health” was to be made a regular item on the agenda of the Subcommittee from 2023 onwards.", "13. Examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union", "179. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of ITU, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 250–261).", "180. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit was a limited natural resource that was at risk of becoming saturated, thereby threatening the sustainability of space activities in that environment, that its use should be rationalized, and that it should be made available to all States, under equitable conditions, irrespective of their current technical capabilities, taking into particular account the needs of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries.", "14. General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society", "181. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 262–276).", "182. The Committee welcomed the inclusion of the general exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee as a single issue/item for discussion, as an important recognition of the fact that astronomical observations for both optical and radio astronomy were an essential aspect of space activities and should be protected from interference.", "183. The Committee welcomed the contributions made to the discussion by the United Nations/Spain/IAU Conference on Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society (see A/AC.105/1255 and A/AC.105/1257) and the industry symposium organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the topic of dark and quiet skies on the margins of the fifty-ninth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 43–48) and took note of the recommendations resulting from those events.", "184. The Committee noted the initiative taken by IAU in inviting delegations to engage with its recently opened Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference, which began operation on 1 April 2022, aimed at coordinating collaborative multidisciplinary international efforts with institutions and individuals worldwide to help mitigate the negative impact of satellite constellations on ground-based optical and radio astronomy observations as well as on humanity’s enjoyment of the night sky.", "185. The Committee noted the efforts to protect radio telescopes and radio quiet zones from satellite constellations carried out in some countries and the continuous engagement between the astronomical and satellite communities, as well as the importance of continued cooperation among all relevant actors, in particular the space industry, satellite constellation operators and the astronomical community, to ensure the protection of the dark and quiet sky from satellite constellation interference.", "186. Some delegations expressed the view that multi-stakeholder efforts to develop practical solutions to address the unintended impacts of satellite constellations on astronomy were needed.", "187. The view was expressed that the adverse effects of satellite constellations on the visibility of the night skies for ground-based astronomy had not been adequately considered and that the matter, which fell within the mandate of the Committee, called for an internationally agreed regulation.", "15. Draft provisional agenda for the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "188. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the draft provisional agenda for its sixtieth session, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 277–281).", "189. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on the item made by the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 279–281).", "190. On the basis of the deliberations of the Subcommittee at its fifty-ninth session, the Committee agreed that the following items should be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixtieth session:", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views and introduction of reports submitted on national activities.", "4. United Nations Programme on Space Applications.", "5. Space technology for sustainable socioeconomic development.", "6. Matters relating to remote sensing of the Earth by satellite, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth’s environment.", "7. Space debris.", "8. Space-system-based disaster management support.", "9. Recent developments in global navigation satellite systems.", "10. Space weather.", "11. Near-Earth objects.", "12. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the multi-year workplan of the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (A/AC.105/1258, para. 209 and para. 18 of the appendix to annex II))", "13. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "14. Space and global health.", "15. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the extended multi-year workplan of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space (A/AC.105/1258, para. 237 and annex III, para. 5))", "16. Examination of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its utilization and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other questions relating to developments in space communications, taking particular account of the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union.", "(Single issue/item for discussion)", "17. General exchange of views on dark and quiet skies for science and society.", "(Single issue/item for discussion)", "18. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-first session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "19. Report to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.", "191. The Committee agreed that the Working Group of the Whole, the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, and the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities should be reconvened at the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "192. The Committee agreed that, in accordance with the agreement reached at the forty-fourth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, held in 2007 (A/AC.105/890, annex I, para. 24), the symposium to be organized by the Committee on Space Research at the sixtieth session of the Subcommittee should be on the topic of climate action and the contribution from space.", "C. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session", "193. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260), which contained the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "194. The Committee expressed its appreciation to Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa) for her able leadership as Chair during the sixty-first session of the Subcommittee.", "195. The representatives of Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. Statements were also made by the representative of Morocco on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the agenda item were also made by other member States.", "196. The Committee heard a presentation entitled “Progress report on the initiatives of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum for enhancing space policy and law capacity in the Asia-Pacific region”, by the representative of Japan.", "1. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law", "197. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 36–38).", "2. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space", "198. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 39–51).", "199. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee and its Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd (Germany) (A/AC.105/1260, annex I, paras. 7–15).", "200. Some delegations expressed the view that the discussions in the Working Group on the status and application of the five treaties, on the application of international law to small satellites and on broader issues such as the registration of satellites, as well as the preparation in the Working Group of the wide-ranging document entitled “Bringing the benefits of space to all countries: a guidance document on the legal framework for space activities” (A/AC.105/C.2/117), had all provided useful assistance to the Subcommittee and significantly contributed to formulating national space legislation and policies in various countries.", "201. Some delegations expressed the view that the Legal Subcommittee was the right forum for promoting the progressive development of international space law for the peaceful uses of outer space, and that greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee was necessary to ensure that legal rules remained relevant and applicable to current and planned space activities.", "202. Some delegations expressed the view that, in the light of the increasing participation and the evolving potential of the private sector in space activities, the negotiation of an international legally binding instrument that clearly defined and guided commercial activities in outer space could play an important role in expanding the use of outer space and stimulate space activities for the benefit of humanity, and could help to ensure that the rights of developing countries were considered and that those countries were not excluded from the benefits of space exploration.", "203. The view was expressed that while the five United Nations treaties on outer space formed the cornerstone of international space law, and greater adherence by a growing number of countries was welcomed, the treaties needed to be further developed and complemented in order to be able to respond to new developments such as the rise of non-governmental entities and private sector actors in outer space.", "204. Some delegations expressed the view that international space law was a key enabler that allowed actors to flourish in a safe and predictable environment, and that in that regard, meeting the obligation in the Outer Space Treaty to authorize and supervise the activities of non-governmental entities engaged in space activities played a crucial role in providing the legal certainty necessary to encourage large-scale investments by the private sector in space activities.", "205. The view was expressed that, as space activities evolved, the norms, rules and principles that guided outer space activities must also evolve, and that maintaining and updating domestic legislation on the authorization and continuing supervision of non-governmental entities was a way to promote certainty and predictability for private sector actors in outer space. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that sharing information on States’ national legislation that addressed obligations under the Outer Space Treaty could encourage a common understanding and approach to the interpretation and implementation of the Treaty.", "206. The view was expressed that it was important to complete or implement the recommendations on enhancing the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects, as contained in General Assembly resolution 62/101 and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), in order to address the trend of megaconstellations with hundreds or even thousands of unregistered space objects, which could have an impact on ground-based astronomy, the Earth orbit and the Earth’s upper atmosphere.", "3. Matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union", "207. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the agenda item on matters relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of ITU, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 52–77).", "208. Some delegations expressed the view that the lack of a definition or delimitation of outer space brought about legal uncertainty concerning the applicability of space law and air law and that matters concerning State sovereignty and the boundary between airspace and outer space needed to be clarified in order to reduce the possibility of disputes among States.", "209. Some delegations expressed the view that it was not necessary to define or delimit outer space.", "210. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit, as a limited natural resource clearly in danger of saturation, needed to be used rationally and should be made available to all States, irrespective of their current technical capacities. That would give States access to the geostationary orbit under equitable conditions, taking into account, in particular, the needs and interests of developing countries and the geographical position of certain countries, and taking into account the processes of ITU and relevant norms and decisions of the United Nations.", "211. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit was not to be subject to national appropriation, by means of use, repeated use or occupation or by any other means, and that its utilization was to be governed by applicable international law.", "212. The view was expressed that the geostationary orbit should be viewed as a specific area and special part of outer space that needed specific technical and legal governance and thus should be regulated by a sui generis regime.", "213. The view was expressed that there were shortcomings in equitable access to the geostationary orbit. Several actions should therefore be considered, such as the establishment of a dedicated working group of the Legal Subcommittee, modifications to the corresponding agenda item of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in order to consider technical aspects of the issue, the establishment of an intergovernmental panel of experts, and closer cooperation with ITU on issues related to the equitable utilization of orbital resources.", "4. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space", "214. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on national legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 78–91).", "215. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Subcommittee on this agenda item (see A/AC.105/1260, para. 91).", "216. The Committee noted various activities of member States to review, strengthen, develop or draft national space laws and policies, as well as to reform or establish their governance of national space activities.", "217. The Committee noted with satisfaction the update prepared by the Secretariat to the schematic overview of national regulatory frameworks for space activities (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9), which enabled States to gain an understanding of existing national regulatory frameworks, share experiences on national practices and exchange information on national legal frameworks.", "218. The Committee took note of the regional efforts by the National Space Legislation Initiative study group of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum. The Initiative had moved on to a second phase that covered the implementation of the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), and new States had joined the study group, making for a total of 12 States involved in the study.", "219. The Committee agreed that national space legislation should be developed in accordance with international law.", "220. The view was expressed that national space legislation should not include regulations associated with the commercialization of outer space.", "5. Capacity-building in space law", "221. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on capacity-building in space law, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (see A/AC.105/1260, paras. 92–102).", "222. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Subcommittee on this agenda item (see A/AC.105/1260, para. 102).", "223. The Committee agreed that, in order to build the national capacity necessary to ensure that the increasing number of participants in space activities complied with international space law, international cooperation in research, training and education in space law was essential.", "224. The Committee noted with appreciation that a number of national, regional and international efforts to build capacity in space law were being undertaken by governmental and non-governmental entities.", "225. Some delegations expressed the view that capacity-building in space law was a fundamental tool that should be enhanced through international cooperation and that greater support was needed from the Office and member States to foster both North-South and South-South cooperation with a view to facilitating the sharing of knowledge and expertise in the field of space law.", "226. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the Space Law for New Space Actors project was aimed at providing support to enhance capacity in developing national space law and policy.", "227. The Committee noted with appreciation the United Nations/Chile Conference on Space Law and Policy, held online from 10 to 12 May 2022. It noted that such events contributed to capacity-building in space law by connecting space law experts, practitioners and representatives of government, industry and civil society.", "6. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "228. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item on the future role and method of work of the Committee, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 103–121).", "229. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee as reflected in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 106).", "7. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "230. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on the general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, as reflected in the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 122–149).", "231. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee as reflected in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 149).", "232. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the endorsement by the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/217, of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee had been a crucial step in providing guidance on ways to mitigate the problem of space debris, and urged all States Members of the United Nations to consider voluntary implementation of the Guidelines.", "233. The Committee noted with satisfaction that some States had taken measures to implement internationally recognized guidelines and standards relating to space debris, including the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee, through relevant provisions in their national legislation.", "234. The view was expressed that the Subcommittee should expand its review of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee, taking into account that space debris may be generated by space platforms with nuclear power sources on board and that such platforms may collide with space debris. The delegation expressing that view also expressed concern over the atmospheric re-entry of such debris in the southern hemisphere, in particular in the South Pacific region, and called upon launching States to adopt measures to avoid the generation of space debris.", "235. The view was expressed that the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities, as well as the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities in Outer Space, would contribute to the monitoring and mitigation of space debris and to the conduct of space operations in a safe and sustainable manner.", "236. The view was expressed that it was necessary to develop new, binding instruments to reduce space debris.", "237. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to address the space debris issue through legal means, and that the Legal Subcommittee should discuss legal issues such as the State of registry, jurisdiction, control and liability for damage to space objects.", "238. The view was expressed that the Legal Subcommittee should closely cooperate with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to address issues related to the problems of space debris and the long-term sustainability of space activities and to develop internationally recognized definitions of basic terms in the field of human-caused space debris.", "239. The Committee welcomed recent updates and additions to the compendium of space debris mitigation standards adopted by States and international organizations, and encouraged States and relevant organizations to contribute to the compendium.", "8. General exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space", "240. The Committee took note of the discussion within the Legal Subcommittee under the item on the general exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 150–164).", "241. The Committee took note of the compendium on mechanisms adopted by States and international organizations in relation to non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space, which the Office for Outer Space Affairs had made available on a dedicated web page, and invited States members of the Committee and international intergovernmental organizations having permanent observer status with the Committee to continue to submit responses to the Secretariat for inclusion in the compendium.", "242. Some delegations expressed the view that the importance of the development of non-legally binding United Nations instruments that complemented and supported the existing United Nations treaties on outer space, were responsive to new developments in space activities and contributed to further enhancing the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "243. Some delegations recalled the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, noting that it was an important instrument for the promotion of international cooperation with a view to maximizing the benefits of the utilization of space applications for all States, and called upon all spacefaring nations to contribute to promoting and fostering international cooperation on an equitable basis, with particular attention to the interests of developing countries and to strengthening the role of the Committee as the main platform for the exchange of information in the field of international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space.", "244. The view was expressed that non-legally binding United Nations instruments were also an important means of establishing codes of conduct to ensure the safe and sustainable use of outer space. The delegation expressing that view called upon States to support and continue to work with the open-ended working group established by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/231 to develop norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours in outer space.", "9. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management", "245. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 165–178).", "246. The Committee endorsed the recommendation by the Subcommittee to continue to consider the item, in particular in view of the increasingly complex and congested space environment resulting from the growing number of objects in outer space, the diversification of actors in outer space and the increase in space activities.", "247. Some delegations expressed the view that those phenomena posed a challenge to the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "248. Some delegations expressed the view that the development of a global space traffic management regime, which would contribute to the creation, development and implementation of common international rules, would be timely and essential, since the issues concerning the safety, security and sustainability of outer space activities were a growing concern for all space actors and society.", "249. Some delegations expressed the view that it was also important to adopt norms and principles of responsible behaviour in outer space, in particular a general commitment by States to refrain from experiments with anti-satellite weapons producing long-lasting orbital debris.", "250. The view was expressed that although the United Nations treaties on outer space as well as the international regulations of ITU already contained basic provisions relevant to the management of space traffic, and although a number of issues related to space traffic management had already been covered by non-binding international instruments, such as the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Guidelines on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space of the Committee, there was an urgent need for the development of an international space traffic governance regime consisting of technical and regulatory provisions that could fill the legal gaps in existing instruments. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that the Subcommittee was the appropriate forum to develop such a comprehensive multilateral approach with a view to effectively managing space traffic, and that any singular national or regional efforts in that regard carried the risk of legal fragmentation, which could lead to a deterioration of the safety of space activities.", "251. Some delegations expressed the view that existing international space law, with the Outer Space Treaty as its cornerstone, provided the basic legal regime for space traffic management. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that all States should preserve the international order in outer space based on international law and ensure the safety of spacecraft operations.", "252. The view was expressed that a definition and delimitation of outer space was not required in the consideration of future space traffic management approaches.", "10. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities", "253. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 179–202).", "254. The Committee noted that the item continued to be on the agenda of the Subcommittee and agreed that its retention contributed to addressing and raising awareness of issues relating to the use of small satellites.", "255. The Committee noted that activities involving small satellites should be carried out in compliance with international space law, regardless of the size of those satellites.", "256. Some delegations expressed the view that the above-mentioned small-satellite activities should be conducted in compliance with the existing international regulatory framework.", "257. The Committee was informed about programmes of States and international organizations focused on the development and operation of small satellites and about regulatory frameworks applicable to the development and use of small satellites.", "258. Some delegations expressed the view that, considering the essential role of space objects, regardless of their size, in the socioeconomic development of Member States, the Committee and its Subcommittees should not create an ad hoc legal regime or any other mechanisms that might impose limitations on the design, construction, launch and use of space objects.", "259. Some delegations expressed the view that ongoing developments in outer space, such as the rising number of large constellations, should be taken into consideration in discussions on the registration of space objects.", "260. The view was expressed that megaconstellations had implications for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and that the Legal Subcommittee should conduct targeted discussions on that topic.", "11. General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources", "261. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Subcommittee under the item entitled “General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources”, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 203–230).", "262. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee and its working group established under this agenda item, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Andrzej Misztal (Poland) and the vice-chairmanship of Steven Freeland (Australia) (A/AC.105/1260, annex II, paras. 5–8).", "263. The Committee noted that the working group established under that agenda item had been named the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities and had agreed on its detailed workplan and methods of work, which were contained in the appendix to the report of the Working Group (A/AC.105/1260, annex II).", "264. Some delegations expressed the view that the working paper submitted by Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal and Romania (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21) had contributed to the adoption of the workplan of the Working Group and contained proposals for the international space resources conference to be convened under the auspices of the United Nations, as foreseen in A/AC.105/1260, annex II.", "265. Some delegations expressed the view that the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources were best coordinated at the international level, through multilateral forums, such as the Committee and its Subcommittees, for the peaceful and sustainable exploration and use of outer space in order to ensure that those activities were carried out in accordance with international law and for the benefit and in the interests of all States.", "266. The view was expressed that any output of the Working Group, be it in the form of recommendations or a set of principles, that laid out the framework for space resource utilization activities, should be undertaken in a way that ensured that the rules established by the five United Nations treaties on outer space were applied to space resource activities in a manner that did not impede technological progress and private space activities, while at the same time realizing the promise in article I of the Outer Space Treaty that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all States.", "267. The view was expressed that the progression of the agenda item on space resources, which had moved from a topic of discussion to a goal-oriented working group, could be a potential model for future methods of work for the Subcommittee as a whole, as it demonstrated the concerted interest of States in working multilaterally to deliver specific and practical outcomes on difficult matters of common concern and provide useful legal guidance for all space actors.", "268. The view was expressed that the adoption of the five-year workplan of the Working Group to clarify important provisions of the Outer Space Treaty was to be welcomed. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that a step-by-step approach to developing the framework for space resource activities should be used and that the output should be consistent with the fundamental principles of international space law set out in the Outer Space Treaty.", "269. Some delegations noted that the number of States that had signed the Artemis Accords on the Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes had grown to 20, and expressed the view that the Accords represented a set of commitments laying out the rules and principles that would guide those States in the exploration of the Moon, Mars and beyond. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that the Artemis Accords were grounded in the Outer Space Treaty and that they demonstrated that signatories were committed to behaving responsibly and transparently as they expanded the human presence beyond the Earth.", "270. The view was expressed that a key principle set out in the Artemis Accords was transparency and that States should remain committed to sharing and disseminating information on their national space policies and space exploration plans. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that it was imperative that multilateral discussions focus on identifying practical tools for sharing information about States’ lunar activities in a transparent way that were consistent with international obligations and commitments stemming from the Outer Space Treaty.", "271. The view was expressed that, while the Artemis Accords could serve as a starting point, with some of its provisions readily acceptable, some aspects would need to be pared back and reconciled with a broader understanding of the principle of non-appropriation in order to achieve greater support.", "272. Some delegations expressed the view that any activity in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources should be conducted in accordance with the five United Nations treaties on outer space, which established international space law, and that any activity by States, individually or as a club of countries, outside of the multilateral framework of the United Nations would lead to fragmentation of cooperation among States members of the Committee and should be avoided.", "273. Some delegations expressed the view that the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies offered meaningful inspiration for the work of the Working Group, as that instrument contained provisions calling for the establishment of an international regime for the exploitation of space resources and as such exploitation was about to become feasible. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that such an international regime would be a way to consider both the efforts of those countries that have contributed directly or indirectly to the exploration of the Moon and the interests of developing countries.", "274. Some delegations expressed the view that an authoritative interpretation of important principles found in the Outer Space Treaty, such as the principles of non-appropriation and the free exploration and use of outer space, would enable States to make concrete future commitments for space resource activities. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that a common understanding of the obligation in the Outer Space Treaty to conduct space activities with due regard for the corresponding interests of all other States parties to the Treaty, and a common understanding of what acts constituted, or did not constitute, due regard, would help to ensure that space resources remained available to all.", "275. The view was expressed that because only a limited number of States would be able to carry out space resource activities, it was important to ensure that the accumulation of assets resulting from such activities was not concentrated in the hands of just a few stakeholders, and that the Outer Space Treaty outlined socially responsible behaviours that supported peaceful, inclusive and sustainable space activities while promoting international participation in a way that took into account the particular needs and interests of developing countries.", "276. The view was expressed that, in developing a framework for space resource activities, greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee should be ensured so that the resulting framework was responsive to the actual activities undertaken. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that there was a need to develop an internationally recognized set of definitions for basic terms related to space resource activities as a first step in developing legal rules governing such activities, and that a set of definitions could only be prepared with technical input.", "277. The view was expressed that space resources did not include radio frequencies or orbits, such as the geostationary orbit, as those resources fell under the remit of ITU.", "278. Some delegations expressed the view that, in developing a framework for the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources, the Working Group could consider existing work that had been done in that area, such as the building blocks for the development of an international framework on space resource activities developed by the Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group, available as a working paper in all official languages of the United Nations (A/AC.105/C.2/L.315).", "12. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-second session", "279. The Committee took note of the discussion of the Legal Subcommittee under the item on proposals to the Committee for new items to be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixty-second session, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 231–244).", "280. On the basis of the deliberations of the Subcommittee at its sixty-first session, the Committee agreed that the following substantive items should be considered by the Subcommittee at its sixty-second session:", "Regular items", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views.", "4. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law.", "5. Status and application of the five United Nations treaties on outer space.", "6. Matters relating to:", "(a) The definition and delimitation of outer space;", "(b) The character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit without prejudice to the role of the International Telecommunication Union.", "7. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space.", "8. Capacity-building in space law.", "9. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "Items under workplans", "10. General exchange of views on potential legal models for activities in the exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources.", "(Work for 2023 as reflected in the multi-year workplan of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities (A/AC.105/1260, para. 206 and annex II, appendix))", "Single issues/items for discussion", "11. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and remediation measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "12. General exchange of information on non-legally binding United Nations instruments on outer space.", "13. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management.", "14. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small-satellite activities.", "New items", "15. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for new items to be considered by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-third session.", "281. The Committee agreed that the Working Group on the Status and Application of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities should be reconvened at the sixty-second session of the Subcommittee.", "282. The Committee endorsed the agreement reached by the Subcommittee that a symposium be held during the sixty-second session of the Subcommittee in accordance with the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260).", "283. The view was expressed that the Subcommittee should periodically review agenda items with a view to either suspending items in which there was a lack of interest or which no longer appeared necessary, or establishing a workplan to realize specific outcomes under items of interest. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that it was important that previously suspended items could be reintroduced if there was interest in or a need for doing so.", "D. Space and sustainable development", "284. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and sustainable development”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "285. The representatives of China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. The observers for the Square Kilometre Array Observatory and the World Space Week Association also made statements. During the general exchange of views, representatives of other member States also made statements relating to the item.", "286. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Report on the United Nations/Austria World Space Forum on the theme “Space 4 climate action” (A/AC.105/1266);", "(b) Report on the United Nations/Brazil/United Arab Emirates Space for Women expert meeting on the theme “Initiatives, challenges and opportunities for women in space” (A/AC.105/1267).", "287. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Satellite application in emergency management in China (2021–2022)”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “Protecting the outer space environment contributes to sustainable space activities”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “India’s earth observation applications for national development and governance”, by the representative of India;", "(d) “Capacity-building activities in the field of space in India: an update”, by the representative of India;", "(e) “Space technology: contribution to sustainable development in Iran”, by the representative of Iran (Islamic Republic of);", "(f) “JAXA sustainable space principles: contributions of JAXA to the Sustainable Development Goals”, by the representative of Japan;", "(g) “Space for food security”, by the representative of the Netherlands;", "(h) “Disaster monitoring and construction of spatial information using Korea Land Observation Satellite images”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(i) “Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) Intelligent Telescope and Data Network (BITDN) flagship project: BRICS State global optical telescope network”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(j) “Innovative, cross-cutting, advanced space technology training programme for developing countries”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(k) “Remote monitoring systems to study marine ecosystems”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(l) “Capacity-building for a nascent space industry”, by the representative of the Philippines.", "288. The Committee reiterated its acknowledgement of the significant role of space science and technology and their applications in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular for the Sustainable Development Goals, in the realization of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and in the fulfilment by States parties of their commitments to the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "289. The Committee noted the value of space technology and applications, as well as that of space-derived data and information, to sustainable development, including in improving the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes of action relating to environmental protection, land and water management, urban and rural development, marine and coastal ecosystems, health care, climate change, disaster risk reduction and emergency response, energy, infrastructure, navigation, seismic monitoring, natural resource management, snow and glaciers, biodiversity, agriculture and food security.", "290. The Committee noted with satisfaction the holding of the series of World Space Forums, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with the Governments of Austria and the United Arab Emirates.", "291. The Committee took note of the information provided by States on their efforts to integrate cross-sectoral activities at the national, regional and international levels and to incorporate space-derived geospatial data and information into all sustainable development processes and mechanisms.", "292. The Committee also took note of the information provided by States on their actions and programmes aimed at increasing awareness and understanding in society of the applications of space science and technology for meeting development needs.", "293. The Committee noted the continued and important role played by the International Space Station in scientific research for sustainable development.", "294. The Committee noted with satisfaction the large number of outreach activities carried out by States at the regional level to build capacity through education and training in the use of space science and technology applications for sustainable development.", "295. The Committee noted the value of international cooperation and partnerships for the realization of the full potential of space science, technology and applications for sustainable development.", "296. The Committee noted that the fourth Ministerial Conference on Space Applications for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific would be held in Indonesia in October 2022.", "E. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status", "297. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "298. The representatives of Algeria, Brazil, India, Italy, Mexico, the Russian Federation, South Africa, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were made by representatives of other member States.", "299. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “The SAOCOM project as a national capacity-building engine”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Natural hazards monitoring using the Zhengheng-1 electromagnetic satellite and Gaofen (GF) remote sensing satellites”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “Russian new-generation very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) network”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "300. The Committee took note of the information provided by States on their national practices regarding spin-offs from space technology involving various actors, including the private sector and academia.", "301. The Committee noted that the publication entitled “Spinoff 2022”, issued by NASA, was available on the NASA website. The Committee expressed its gratitude to NASA for the “Spinoff” publication series, which had been made available to delegations every year since the forty-third session of the Committee, in 2000.", "302. The Committee took note of innovations in numerous areas, such as agriculture, indoor vertical farming, pollution and toxic chemical remediation, sustainable water and natural resource management, forestry and wildfire detection, geology, geophysics, ecosystem preservation, the identification and development of arable land, fisheries and mineral deposits, health, medicine, prosthetics, biology, chemistry, the environment, education, electronics, communication, navigation and timing, materials applications, energy storage, transport, safety, Internet access, laser data transfer, processing, analytics and storage, and disaster management. In addition, it noted that many of the technologies developed for space applications and licensed by space agencies had been transferred to industries and had led to practical applications in society. In particular, various types of medical support equipment that utilized space spin-off technology had been developed by commercial actors to address the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "303. Some delegations expressed the view that technology transfer programmes of space agencies facilitated economic development in various industries, which in turn allowed innovations to be made available to entrepreneurs, companies, academia and government agencies. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that those programmes had contributed to strategic initiatives to create an integrated international space ecosystem that fostered private sector growth, industrial self-reliance, attracted foreign business investment and encouraged international collaboration.", "304. Some delegations expressed the view that dedicated public sector entities tasked with working directly with industry and academia had supported commercial participation and facilitated the application of space-derived technology to achieve widespread use and greater socioeconomic benefit.", "305. Some delegations expressed the view that as a result of a long-term study on the socioeconomic effects of public sector investment in the space sector, benefits could be identified in how suppliers and users of space-derived technology had improved their performance and innovation potential. The delegation expressing that view also expressed the view that, in particular, products and services that were spun off from space technology, including Earth observation, navigation and timing technology, improved the commercial availability of a wide variety of products and services and contributed to more effective and efficient research and development.", "306. Some delegations expressed the view that remote sensing, geospatial and Earth observation programmes, in particular images, data and analysis, were important for disaster management and emergency response, urban and agricultural planning, mapping health, energy, food safety, border surveillance, the control of illicit crops and illicit mining, logistics, the construction industry, tourism, ecology, combating desertification and supporting the processing of large volumes of data through neural network technologies, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The delegations expressing that view also expressed the view that those programmes were important to achieving sustainable projects and helped to inform the decisions of entities affected by climate change.", "F. Space and water", "307. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and water”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "308. The representatives of Algeria, Brazil, France, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico and Thailand made statements under the item. The observer for the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water also made a statement under the item. During the general exchange of views, other member States also made statements relating to the item.", "309. In the course of the discussion, delegations reviewed water-related cooperation activities, giving examples of national programmes and bilateral, regional and international cooperation that demonstrated the beneficial effect of international cooperation and policies on the sharing of remote sensing data.", "310. The Committee noted that water and the issues related to it were becoming some of the most critical environmental problems of the twenty-first century. The Committee also noted that, in order to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, it was important to make use of space technologies, applications, practices and initiatives enabled by space-borne observations of water.", "311. The Committee noted that a large number of space-borne platforms addressed water-related issues and that space-derived data were used extensively in water management. The Committee also noted that space technology and applications, combined with non-space technologies, played an important role in addressing many water-related issues, including the observation and study of sea levels, global water cycles and unusual climate patterns; the mapping of surface water bodies, watercourses and basins, including the mapping of their seasonal and annual variabilities; the monitoring of water volume levels in dam reservoirs; the assessment of sedimentation processes in reservoirs and rivers; river run-off; the monitoring of evapotranspiration; the estimated values for water quality parameters; the estimation of snowmelt run-off; the monitoring of groundwater resources; the planning and management of reservoirs and irrigation projects; early warning with regard to hydrological disasters; the monitoring and mitigation of the effects of floods, droughts, typhoons, cyclones, landslides and glacial lake outburst floods; the monitoring of soil moisture; the reuse of agricultural drainage water; the harvesting of rain; the identification of prospective zones of groundwater development; the improvement of the timeliness and accuracy of forecasts; and the identification of emergency situations, such as fires, pollution, salinization, water blooms, pipeline accidents and oil spills.", "312. Some delegations expressed the view that climate change had become a crucial issue for stable water management, as it had caused serious droughts and water-related disasters, as well as sinking land, around the world.", "313. The view was expressed that space-based technology supported the monitoring of water quality in rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal waters, especially in large and remote water bodies, including the monitoring of contaminants in water bodies, and that space technology contributed insights in relation to ecological disasters, such as industrial spills or diffuse pollution sites that could impact groundwater at the regional level.", "314. The Committee noted that Sustainable Development Goal 6, on clean water and sanitation for all, could not be achieved without the successful implementation and monitoring of integrated water resource management.", "315. The view was expressed that space technology and applications had the potential to contribute to the development of water-related policies and coordinated efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.", "316. Some delegations expressed the view that there was a need for policy development, capacity-building, knowledge exchange, technology transfer, access to space-based data and in situ data, and interdisciplinary thinking with regard to the Sustainable Development Goals in order to build the capacity of stakeholders to use space-based information and promote innovation to empower communities to deal with emerging risks related to water resources.", "317. The Committee noted the value of the Space4Water portal of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and the role of the portal in the dissemination of the use of space technology for water-related purposes was highlighted.", "318. The Committee took note of the holding of the fifth International Conference on the Use of Space Technology for Water Resources Management, which was hosted by the Government of Ghana and co-sponsored by the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water from 10 to 13 May 2022 in Accra.", "G. Space and climate change", "319. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and climate change”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "320. The representatives of Austria, China, France, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "321. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “Space observatory for climate change and response in China”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “Geostationary Environment Monitoring Sensor (GEMS) application plan for climate change research”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(c) “Copernicus contribution to global efforts on monitoring CO₂ emissions”, by the permanent observer for the European Union;", "(d) “Benefits of space solar power”, by the observer for the National Space Society.", "322. The Committee noted that climate change was one of the most pressing global challenges of our time and underscored the growing value of space-based technology in providing critical climate data to better understand, mitigate and adapt to climate change and monitor implementation of the Paris Agreement, underscoring as well the importance of space-based observations for understanding climate change. The Committee also noted the importance of space-based observations for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.", "323. The Committee noted the efforts undertaken at the national, regional and international levels in developing and operating satellites for observing atmospheric conditions, as well as the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and actions to tackle climate change by utilizing space-based observations and technologies. In that regard, the Committee noted the Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, released in April 2022, in which the Working Group called for urgent action to limit global warming to 1.5°C degrees, and the essential role of space technologies and applications on the path to climate-friendly transformation. It also noted that more than half of the 54 variables used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could be measured only with the central contribution of space-based technology.", "324. The Committee noted the interest expressed by international partner agencies and organizations, including the Office for Outer Space Affairs, to join and contribute to the efforts of the Space Climate Observatory, which was created upon the initiative of the National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) of France, which had been approved by more than 20 space agencies in the Paris Declaration adopted at the One Planet Summit on 11 December 2017, and for which a joint declaration of interest had been signed at Le Bourget, France, on 17 June 2019, giving the Observatory the main objective of producing and distributing adequate, timely and reliable data and information on the impacts of climate change at the national and regional levels, using space technologies, targeted measures and relevant models cross-referenced with socioeconomic indicators, in order to define and implement climate change mitigation and adaption.", "325. The Committee further noted that the Space Climate Observatory had developed its Charter, which was presented to the 36 space agencies that were currently signatories to the declaration of interest. In that regard, the Committee noted that the Charter of the Space Climate Observatory, which would enter into force on 1 September 2022, would enable the Observatory to take its place among the multilateral networks working to fight climate change, giving the Observatory the task of facilitating the mobilization of space tools for climate action and supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.", "326. The Committee noted that as part of the “Space4ClimateAction” initiative of Austria, the annual United Nations/Austria symposium would be held from 12 to 15 September 2022 on the topic of “Space for climate action: experiences and best practices in mitigating and adapting to climate change and supporting sustainability on Earth”. The Committee also noted that a dedicated web page on the “Space4ClimateAction” initiative, hosted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, would be created as part of the Office’s efforts to support Member States in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.", "327. The Committee noted the successful holding, in Glasgow, United Kingdom, in 2021, of the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, under the presidency of the United Kingdom and in partnership with Italy, at which the importance of space-based climate action was highlighted. In that regard, the Committee also noted that the twenty-seventh session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would be held under the presidency of Egypt from 7 to 18 November 2023.", "328. The Committee noted a number of bilateral partnerships in climate change-related activities in the area of Earth observation, as well as space programmes at the national level that made it a high priority to build, launch and operate Earth observation satellite systems to track the manifestations and effects of climate change.", "329. The Committee noted the usefulness of satellite observations and Earth observation applications for monitoring essential climate variables and related challenges such as increased desertification and extreme weather events, tracking changes in sea level, carbon dioxide concentrations, sea ice depletion and terrestrial snow mass and gathering data on remote areas such as deserts, oceans, the polar caps and glaciers.", "330. The Committee also noted that it was important to support international cooperation for Earth observation, including through long-established organizations such as the World Meteorological Organization, CEOS, the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites, the Global Climate Observing System, GEO and APSCO. In that regard, the Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was currently finalizing the report on the strategic mapping exercise aimed at providing a more complete understanding of the range of technical and policy coordination capabilities of existing intergovernmental entities in using space technologies to support climate change mitigation, adaptation, resilience and monitoring.", "H. Use of space technology in the United Nations system", "331. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Use of space technology in the United Nations system”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "332. The representatives of Austria, India, Indonesia and Mexico made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "333. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on its fortieth session (A/AC.105/1263);", "(b) Conference room paper containing an advance version of the special report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on coordination of space-related activities within the United Nations system for climate action (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15).", "334. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Russian–Cuban Observatory: objectives, instruments and tasks”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(b) “Cosmic impacts on the Earth: assessment of the consequences”, by the representatives of the Russian Federation.", "335. The Committee noted that the fortieth session of Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities (UN-Space) had been held on 14 December 2021 in an online format. The Committee also noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was working with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific to jointly organize the forty-first session of UN-Space.", "336. The Committee further noted that UN-Space had agreed to issue in 2022 a publication highlighting space-related activities within the United Nations system.", "337. The Committee welcomed the forthcoming special report of UN-Space on coordination of space-related activities within the United Nations system for climate action (to be issued under the symbol A/AC.105/1264) and expressed its appreciation to UN-Space and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, in its capacity as the secretariat of UN-Space, for preparing that report.", "338. The Committee encouraged entities of the United Nations system to participate, as appropriate, in the coordination efforts of UN-Space.", "339. The Committee noted that the third segment of the Unispace Nanosatellite Assembly and Training by the Indian Space Research Organization (UNNATI) programme would be conducted from 15 October to 15 December 2022 in coordination with the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and encouraged Member States, especially those aspiring to participate in space activities, to apply and benefit from that programme.", "I. Future role and method of work of the Committee", "340. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Future role and method of work of the Committee”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "341. The representatives of Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) made statements under the item. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "342. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Note by the Secretariat on the governance and method of work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its subsidiary bodies (A/AC.105/C.1/L.384);", "(b) Paper submitted by Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States entitled “Preparations for a multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space as part of a United Nations Summit of the Future” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.17).", "343. The Committee recalled the deliberations on the item as reflected in the report of the Committee on its sixty-fourth session (A/76/20, paras. 281–300), the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee at its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210–223) and the report of the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 103–121).", "344. The Committee agreed to consider matters relating to the United Nations Summit of the Future under the agenda item entitled “Other matters”.", "345. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should focus exclusively on promoting the peaceful uses of outer space, while matters of preventing escalation of conflict that could arise from the use of weapons against space systems, or the use of outer space for military and other national security activities, should be dealt with in the forums for disarmament of the United Nations.", "346. The view was expressed that the Committee should increase its interaction with the main committees of the United Nations system to allow for greater advice and cooperation on issues such as nuclear energy sources and disarmament.", "347. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to increase coordination, interaction and synergies between the two subcommittees on cross-cutting issues, in particular long-term sustainability and space resources.", "348. The view was expressed that the development and implementation of future procedures that allowed for debate on topics of interest and decision-making would make it possible to achieve greater efficiency and dynamics in the work of the Committee.", "349. Some delegations expressed the view that new items should be added to the agenda of the Committee and its subcommittees only when other items were removed.", "350. Some delegations expressed the view that agenda items should be considered in sequential order while not precluding the holding of working group meetings.", "351. The view was expressed that all member States should first be given the opportunity to speak under an agenda item, and only then should the floor be given to observer organizations.", "352. The view was expressed that the Committee should consider new and innovative ways to best engage relevant stakeholders, such as those from industry, academia and civil society, in its activities.", "353. The view was expressed that it was necessary for the Committee to improve and enrich its working methods, strengthen its own leading role and adopt more effective means to interact with non-governmental processes within the framework of its rules of procedure and existing practices, in order to adapt to changing realities and needs.", "354. The view was expressed that the work of other United Nations entities with regard to space-related issues should be closely coordinated with the work of the Committee and that the Committee should receive regular updates from United Nations entities participating in UN-Space.", "355. The view was expressed that it was necessary to support the work of the regional centres for space science and technology education affiliated to the United Nations and to strengthen exchanges and collaboration between different regional centres to build the capacity of developing countries, giving special consideration to emerging spacefaring countries and developing countries.", "356. The view was expressed that it was important to promote the development of human capacities in emerging countries to allow them to harness the benefits of space technology for development.", "357. The view was expressed that it was important to maintain at future sessions the hybrid format of the current session, which included live webcasting of plenary meetings with interpretation into the six official languages of the United Nations, and in that regard the importance of the availability of a smooth webcast and comprehensive digital recordings was stressed.", "358. The view was expressed that the organization of sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees in a hybrid format should remain an exceptional measure and would require prior approval by consensus.", "359. The view was expressed that a procedure to be followed in cases of force majeure should be established to ensure the continuity of the work of the Committee in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.", "360. The view was expressed that the Committee should appeal to the open-ended working group established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/231 to abstain from considering issues that were covered by the Committee and reflected in its decisions taken before the establishment of the working group.", "361. Some delegations expressed the view that General Assembly resolution 76/231 was sufficient to clearly define the mandate of the open-ended working group. The delegations expressing that view were also of the view that the open-ended working group was open to the participation of all States Members of the United Nations and that the call to avoid overlaps between the work of the Committee and that of the working group would more appropriately be made in the meetings of the working group itself.", "362. Some delegations expressed the view that the recorded votes against General Assembly resolution 76/231, as well as the abstentions from voting, demonstrated the contentious nature of the open-ended working group.", "363. Some delegations expressed the view that the consideration of issues relating to security and stability was within the purview of the Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee) of the General Assembly.", "364. Some delegations expressed the view that the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which included the development of the Guidelines for the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, evidenced the Committee’s role in enhancing the sustainability, security and safety of space operations.", "365. The Committee noted with appreciation that a joint panel discussion of the Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee) and the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) of the General Assembly on possible challenges to space security and sustainability, with the joint support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Office for Disarmament Affairs, would be held in New York on 27 October 2022, and agreed that the joint panel discussion should discuss cross-cutting issues between the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and that of the open-ended working group.", "J. Space exploration and innovation", "366. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space exploration and innovation”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "367. The representatives of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, Thailand and the United States made statements under the item. The observers for the Moon Village Association, the Open Lunar Foundation and the Secure World Foundation also made statements. During the general exchange of views, other statements relating to the agenda item were also made by other member States.", "368. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper entitled “Report of the Moon Village Association on the Global Expert Group on Sustainable Lunar Activities – status/plan” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12);", "(b) Conference room paper entitled “Report of the Moon Village Association of the International Moon Day – support implementation status” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13);", "(c) Conference room paper by Mexico and Romania entitled “Proposal for inclusion of a yearly agenda sub-item ‘Coordination for sustainable lunar activities’ under the agenda item ‘Space exploration and innovation’, at the sixty-sixth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in 2023” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14).", "369. The Committee heard the following presentations under the item:", "(a) “Lunar Oasis: architectural visions for an integrated lunar habitat”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Progress of China’s deep space exploration”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “Italian scientific research activity in the Minerva mission”, by the representative of Italy;", "(d) “Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO): the first lunar mission of the Republic of Korea”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(e) “New X-ray map of the universe with the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) Observatory”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(f) “The E.T.PACK project: a technological solution for the space debris proliferation problem”, by the representative of Spain;", "(g) “Esrange: the most versatile space centre in the world – new services to enable a sustainable future”, by the representative of Sweden;", "(h) “The first International Moon Day”, by the observer for the Moon Village Association;", "(i) “Current status of the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics PRESTO programme for predictability of the variable solar-terrestrial coupling”, by the observer for the Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics;", "(j) “The Space Exploration Project Group’s plan to ensure a diverse, sustainable and exciting path for the future of space exploration”, by the observer for the Space Generation Advisory Council.", "370. The Committee recalled the origin of the present agenda item and the work of the Action Team on Exploration and Innovation, which had produced the first-ever United Nations report emphasizing the importance of human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit (see A/AC.105/1168).", "371. The Committee noted with appreciation that delegations had, at the present session, shared information and updates on space exploration and innovation endeavours, including details on national activities and programmes, as well as examples of bilateral, regional and multilateral international cooperation.", "372. The Committee noted that, in the course of the discussions, information had been provided on, inter alia, research and development activities; space object launches; human space flight programmes; robotic exploration activities; activities and cooperation opportunities related to the International Space Station and the China Space Station; numerous missions to the Moon, Mars, the moons of Mars, the Sun and asteroids; satellite-, lander-, rover- and helicopter-based experiments to explore the solar system and to research scientific topics; samples returned to the Earth; the planned international lunar research station; the planned Gateway lunar outpost; a next-generation telescope that would soon reveal images of stars and galaxies that formed more than 13 billion years ago; CubeSats that demonstrated small spacecraft technology; a pressurized crewed rover to be used as a means of transportation; space tracking and management capabilities; developments in rocket technology; innovative uses of additive manufacturing and artificial intelligence; developments in in situ resource utilization technology; novel uses of remote sensing data and applications; a space exploration innovation hub centre; an innovation centre for space resources; the development of national space white papers, strategies, consortiums, plans, road maps, strategies and laws; commitments made among Governments on common frameworks to guide cooperation in space exploration; space summits; a ministerial conference; exhibitions on space exploration and innovation themes; a space resources week; an aerospace and technology festival; a yearly model satellite competition; and increasing human and financial resources being committed to space exploration and innovation.", "373. The Committee also noted the importance of collaboration between all stakeholders in space exploration and innovation activities, including Governments and government agencies, non-governmental entities, academic institutions, scientific and technical research centres, industry and the private sector, to advance the peaceful exploration and use of outer space and the safe and sustainable development of outer space activities for the benefit of all humankind.", "374. The Committee further noted the desirability of integrating developing countries into space exploration efforts to ensure that space exploration activities were open and inclusive on a global scale.", "375. The Committee noted efforts to promote the space industry, in particular among young people, and to foster the development of human capital in the areas of space exploration and innovation.", "376. The Committee also noted efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in space exploration and innovation activities.", "377. The Committee further noted that space exploration and innovation often inspired and encouraged young people to pursue studies and careers in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM subjects), as well as in the legal, policy and communications fields.", "378. The view was expressed that the space sector played a key role in economic diversification, offering high added value. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that the space economy was no longer developing solely through technological innovation but also through commercial innovation, and that there were substantial opportunities in that regard for businesses, institutions and citizens.", "379. The view was expressed that, as space projects were complex and expensive, it was necessary to promote international cooperation and trade, to exchange knowledge and to open markets for products and services. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that instead of all countries attempting to cover all areas, it was highly recommended that countries focus on specific technological niches and develop them so as to position themselves as world leaders in particular fields.", "380. The view was expressed that the main requirement for a country to commence space exploration and innovation was the firm determination of the country’s leaders to consider space as a strategic area, and that included the leaders’ commitment to developing space exploration and innovation through a long-term plan, the creation of supporting institutions, and adequate and sustained investment.", "381. The view was expressed that, as emerging space nations would play an important role in future global space exploration, cooperation among emerging space countries, as well as cooperation between leading and emerging countries, should be more actively discussed.", "382. The view was expressed that the various research associations that had emerged as centres of competence for the development and creation of rocket and space technology – from design to ready-to-use products – served to incubate ideas, created spin-off benefits, optimized space infrastructure and increased economic efficiency under the control of State bodies, and concentrated highly qualified personnel within the framework of a single organizational structure.", "383. The view was expressed that the interaction among relevant State structures, small and medium-sized businesses, university innovation teams and a system of non-State venture financing had already proved its effectiveness, in particular in relation to business accelerators, through which there was a focused selection of start-up companies to meet the needs of industry.", "384. The view was expressed that outer space contained virtually unlimited energy sources and vast amounts of useful materials and had untapped potential to provide an abundance of resources to humanity in the future, and that related innovations and developments could strengthen the resilience of societies for meeting future challenges.", "385. The view was expressed that the main goals of space exploration and innovation should be sustainability, cradle-to-cradle design and viability, using green technology to reduce the negative impacts that humans have on the planet. The delegation expressing that view was also of the view that new ideologies, methods and products should be used to identify and replace existing wasteful or harmful habits developed over time, improve the quality of the Earth’s environment and bring about a course correction towards a resource-rich future.", "386. The view was expressed that it was the destiny of the human spirit to explore, and that exploration campaigns responding to the challenge of going deeper into space were in line with that spirit and with the spirit of the Committee.", "387. The Committee considered the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14.", "K. “Space2030” Agenda", "388. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “‘Space2030’ Agenda”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "389. The representatives of Argentina, Austria, China, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, Norway, the Republic of Korea, Switzerland and the United Kingdom made statements under the item. A statement was also made by the observer for the Square Kilometre Array Observatory. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "390. The Committee heard the following presentations:", "(a) “The National Commission on Space Activities (CONAE) education programme”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Lunar Polar Mission LUNA-25”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "391. The Committee welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/3, of the “Space2030” Agenda and its implementation plan as a high-level political document that showcased how space activities could contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the broad societal benefits of such activities and the essential role of space technologies and applications and space-derived data in furthering economic growth and prosperity for the international community. The Committee also commended the work of the Bureau of the Working Group on the “Space2030” Agenda and the secretariat in facilitating the finalization and adoption of that milestone document.", "392. The Committee noted the emphasis of the “Space2030” Agenda on strengthened partnerships and cooperation among Member States, United Nations entities, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, industry and private sector entities in order to ensure that, through joint efforts and by taking advantage of the practical experience and contributions of different stakeholders, the benefits of space were brought to everyone, everywhere. In that regard, the Committee also noted the importance of partnerships and concerted efforts to bridge the gap in the use of space-derived data for planning and decision-making in developing countries.", "393. The Committee noted that, in implementing the “Space2030” Agenda, States contributed to and benefited from a number of space-related international and regional mechanisms, programmes, projects and platforms, as well as from tools and initiatives that had been developed or were being developed by the Office for Outer Space Affairs (see General Assembly resolution 76/3, paras. 24 and 25).", "394. The Committee noted that the actions listed under the four overarching objectives of the “Space2030” Agenda, which were structured around the four pillars of space economy, space society, space accessibility and space diplomacy, had been taken by several States as part of their national space programmes and plans with a view to increasing the economic benefits derived from space, strengthening the role of the space sector as an important engine of sustainable national development, increasing the participation of various sectors of society, industry, academia, researchers and end users, and facilitating the integration of the space sector with other sectors.", "395. The Committee also noted that the “Space2030” Agenda contained a strategic vision that addressed key areas and objectives of the future work of the Committee, its subcommittees and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, as unique forums for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, for fostering dialogue among spacefaring and emerging space nations and for promoting the increased involvement of all countries in space activities, including through capacity-building initiatives.", "396. The Committee welcomed the intention of Paraguay, in its capacity as Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, to seek the inclusion of a reference to the “Space2030” Agenda in the ministerial declaration of the high-level political forum on sustainable development to be held in July 2022, as follows: “The ‘Space2030’ Agenda: space as a driver of sustainable development and its implementation plan, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/3, represent a forward-looking strategy for reaffirming and strengthening the contribution of space activities of States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in the use of space tools for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.", "397. The view was expressed that the “Space2030” Agenda was important for several countries, as it also aimed to promote and strengthen the use of outer space for a sustainable ocean economy.", "398. The view was expressed that Member States and other donors should consider providing sufficient means to the Office for Outer Space Affairs so that it could fully and effectively implement its mandate and support Member States in the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda.", "399. The view was expressed that the Space for Impact Initiative of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, was contributing to implementing to the “Space2030” Agenda under both the space economy and space education objectives.", "400. The Committee noted that, as part of the Space for Women project of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the Space for Women expert meeting would be held in Daejeon, Republic of Korea, from 16 to 19 August 2022, and that, building on the results of the previous year’s expert meeting, organized by Brazil and the United Arab Emirates in cooperation with the Office, a survey would be conducted to take stock of the current levels of female representation in space agencies and institutions around the world.", "401. The Committee further noted that the fourth World Space Forum, aimed at strengthening partnerships and dialogue among the global community to support the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda, would be held in Vienna from 12 to 15 December 2022 and be organized by Austria and the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "402. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs intended to make the “Space2030” Agenda and implementation plan available as a publication in order to increase its visibility and outreach to a broader international community.", "403. The Committee noted that States were encouraged to continue to report on the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda, also taking into account that the Committee would carry out a midterm review of progress made in implementing the Agenda in 2025, and a final review in 2030, and report to the General Assembly on the results.", "404. The Committee recalled its decision to retain the present item on its agenda for each session through 2030 in order to allow for an exchange among States members of the Committee and its permanent observers on their experiences in implementing the “Space2030” Agenda and implementation plan.", "L. Other matters", "405. The Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Other matters”, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "406. The representatives of Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Switzerland and the United States made statements under the agenda item. The representative of the European Union, in its capacity as permanent observer, also made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. During the general exchange of views, statements relating to the item were also made by representatives of other member States.", "1. Composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies for the period 2024–2025", "407. The Committee recalled that in paragraph 11 of its resolution 58/89, the General Assembly had endorsed the agreement reached by the Committee on the future composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies (A/58/20, annex II, paras. 5–9), on the basis of the measures relating to the working methods of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies (see A/52/20, annex I, and A/58/20, annex II, appendix III), which had previously been endorsed by the Assembly in its resolution 52/56.", "408. The Committee further recalled that, in accordance with the measures relating to the future composition of the bureaux of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies, the Committee should reach agreement at its sixty-fifth session on all officers of the bureaux for the period 2024–2025.", "409. The Committee noted that no regional groups had made their nominations, and therefore encouraged regional groups to make the required nominations either before the consideration by the Fourth Committee of the draft resolution on international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space at the seventy-seventh session of the General Assembly, in 2022, or before the sixty-sixth session of the Committee, in 2023.", "2. Membership of the Committee", "410. The Committee took note of the application of Guatemala for membership in the Committee (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.3) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, that Guatemala should become a member of the Committee.", "411. The Committee took note of the application of Uzbekistan for membership in the Committee (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.4) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, that Uzbekistan should become a member of the Committee.", "3. Observer status", "412. With regard to the applications of non-governmental organizations for the status of permanent observer with the Committee, the Committee recalled its agreement at its fifty-third session, in 2010 (A/65/20, para. 311), that observer status would be granted to non-governmental organizations on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of their application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, that the provisional observer status could be extended for an additional year, if necessary, and that it would grant permanent observer status to such non-governmental organizations upon confirmation of their consultative status with the Council.", "413. The Committee took note of the application of the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5.", "414. The Committee decided to grant the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "415. The Committee took note of the application of the Access Space Alliance for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6.", "416. The Committee decided to grant the Access Space Alliance the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "417. The Committee took note of the application of the Hague Institute for Global Justice for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7.", "418. The Committee decided to grant the Hague Institute for Global Justice the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "419. The Committee took note of the application of the International Peace Alliance (Space) for permanent observer status with the Committee. The application and the relevant correspondence were before the Committee in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8.", "420. The Committee decided to grant the International Peace Alliance (Space) the status of observer, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending information on the status of its application for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "4. Other matters", "421. The Committee took note of a non-paper by the Chair of the Committee, made available at the present session of the Committee, and noted that the Chair had noted the special role of the Committee and its subcommittees as unique platforms for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes and therefore the importance of their discussion, at their respective sessions in 2023, as appropriate, of the Summit of the Future to take place in September 2023; that the secretariat was to report on the status of the preparations for the Summit of the Future at the sessions of the Committee and its subcommittees to be held in 2023; that the Chair of the Committee, in consultation with the bureaux of the Committee and its subcommittees, intended to present, at the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, in 2023, proposed elements for further consideration; that the joint panel discussion of the First and Fourth Committees of the General Assembly, at its seventy-seventh session, in 2022, might address the Summit of the Future and its multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space; that the topic of the Summit of the Future would be addressed at the World Space Forum 2022 and at a potential United Nations/Portugal conference on the topic of the management and sustainability of space activities to be held in the first half of 2023; and that the overarching basis for the preparations of the Summit of the Future and its multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space should be to fully acknowledge the role and work of the Committee and its subcommittees, supported by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and to take full account of the adopted “Space2030” Agenda.", "422. Some delegations welcomed the non-paper by the Chair and expressed the view that it outlined an excellent way forward to prepare the contribution of the Committee in view of the Summit of the Future and the multi-stakeholder dialogue.", "423. The view was expressed that the multi-stakeholder format of the Summit of the Future proposed by the Secretary-General was unlikely to serve its purpose by providing the means for a fruitful decision-making process on key issues of the global space agenda.", "5. Programme 5, “Peaceful uses of outer space”: proposed programme plan for the period 2023 and programme performance for 2021", "424. The Committee had before it the following:", "(a) Conference room paper entitled “Programme 5, ‘Peaceful uses of outer space’: proposed programme plan for the period 2023” (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16);", "(b) Proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect. 6)).", "425. The Committee welcomed the presentation by the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the proposed programme plan for the period 2023 and the information provided by the Office on key areas of work.", "426. The Committee agreed on the proposed programme plan.", "427. The Committee noted that footnote d of annex I to the proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect. 6)) should be corrected to reflect the correct name of the Ministry of Emergency Management of China.", "6. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-sixth session of the Committee", "428. The Committee recommended that the following items should be considered at its sixty-sixth session, in 2023:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Statement by the Chair.", "4. General exchange of views.", "5. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes.", "6. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its sixtieth session.", "7. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-second session.", "8. Space and sustainable development.", "9. Spin-off benefits of space technology: review of current status.", "10. Space and water.", "11. Space and climate change.", "12. Use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "13. Future role and method of work of the Committee.", "14. Space exploration and innovation.", "15. “Space2030” Agenda.", "16. Other matters.", "17. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "429. The Committee noted that an agreement on the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14 to include “Coordination for sustainable lunar activities” as a one-year sub-item of the agenda item on “Space exploration and innovation” at the sixty-sixth session of the Committee could possibly be reached in the intersessional period, that further discussions could be held during the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the sixty-second session of the Legal Subcommittee, and that, in that connection, States members of the Committee should be informed well in advance of the sixty-sixth session of the Committee of any such agreement reached in that regard.", "M. Schedule of work of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies", "430. The Committee agreed on the following tentative timetable for its session and those of its subcommittees in 2023:", "Date\tLocation \nScientific and Technical Subcommittee\t6–17 February2023\tVienna\nLegal Subcommittee\t20–31 March2023\tVienna\nCommittee on the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space\t31 May–9 June2023\tVienna", "Annex", "Draft resolution on space and global health", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/122 of 13 December 1996, 54/68 of 6 December 1999, 59/2 of 20 October 2004, 66/71 of 9 December 2011, 69/85 of 5 December 2014, 70/1 of 25 September 2015, 71/90 of 6 December 2016, 73/91 of 7 December 2018 and 76/3 of 25 October 2021,", "Recalling also the recommendations contained in the resolution entitled “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development”, adopted by the third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,[1] in which participating States called for action to improve public health services by expanding and coordinating space-based services for telemedicine and for controlling infectious diseases,", "Recalling further the fiftieth anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE+50) and its thematic priority 5, on strengthened space cooperation for global health,", "Acknowledging the importance of the contribution of space science and technology and their applications to efforts towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,[2] in particular Sustainable Development Goal 3, on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, and conscious that the work done in the space health sector can contribute to sustainable development, especially with programmes aimed at enhancing the quality of life in various ways, including improving human health,", "Emphasizing that overarching objective 2 of the “Space2030” Agenda,[3] to harness the potential of space to solve everyday challenges and leverage space-related innovation to improve the quality of life, could be attained by strengthening space-related cooperation in support of global health, by improving the use and application of space medicine, science and technology, innovations in the global health domain, cooperation and the sharing of information, while protecting the privacy of personal data, and tools to improve research advancement and the timeliness and effectiveness of public health and health-care interventions, and by enhancing capacity-building in space medicine, science and technology,", "Convinced of the importance, and recognizing the existing contributions, of space science, space technology and space applications to enhance space life sciences and digital health technologies, such as telehealth, telemedicine[4] and tele-epidemiology, for the prevention and control of diseases and global health issues, the promotion of human health, environmental health, animal health and food sourcing and supply, and the advancement of medical research and health practices, including the provision of health-care services to individuals and communities irrespective of geographical location as a means of promoting equitable, affordable and universal access to health for all,", "Noting with concern that among the gaps in the areas of telemedicine and telehealth are the limited uptake of digital technologies in public health systems and health care, as well as the lack of harmonized data-sharing standards among the various manufacturers of medical equipment,", "Noting with satisfaction the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, its subsidiary bodies and the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the Secretariat in the area of space and global health, including in the framework of action team 6, on public health, established to implement the recommendations of the third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, as well as the action team 6 follow-up initiative, the Expert Group on Space and Global Health, UNISPACE+50 thematic priority 5, on strengthened space cooperation for global health, and the Working Group on Space and Global Health of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee, and welcoming its report on the work conducted under its multi-year workplan,[5]", "Deeply concerned about the devastating global effects of emerging infectious diseases and other emergencies with an impact on health, including the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, to the detriment of human life, society and development, and urging the international community to embrace a One Health approach by strengthening the role of space-based solutions, in particular telehealth, in monitoring, preparedness and response activities,", "1. Encourages United Nations entities, intergovernmental organizations, Governments and the private sector to pursue effective coordination in all key space activities relevant to global health;", "2. Encourages formalized cooperation between health authorities and space authorities at the domestic level, and welcomes existing cross-sectoral networks that foster the exchange of ideas between the space and health sectors;", "3. Encourages Member States to establish a policy-enabled environment and governance mechanisms, with due consideration of legal and ethical issues, for removing challenges to facilitating the effective use of space-based technologies in support of global health, including telemedicine solutions and other emerging technologies;", "4. Also encourages Member States to promote open data-sharing policies and participatory approaches to developing and improving access to all geospatial information relevant to global health, including remote sensing and Earth observation data, whenever possible;", "5. Further encourages Member States to enable organizational and technical interoperability and promote research and innovation activities to facilitate the development and implementation of space-based science and technology in the health sector;", "6. Urges United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations to support the wider development of, equitable access to and application of space solutions for global health, public health, including epidemics and pandemics, emergencies that may have an impact on health, and the individual health needs of Member States, and encourages the implementation of a broader range of space solutions for sustainable development, including public-private partnerships;", "7. Encourages Member States and participating entities to advance their efforts related to the geotagging of all assets relevant to health systems, including health information systems, and to make them available to further the attainment of health goals;", "8. Encourages Member States to recognize the relevance of access to the space environment and space analogues[6] for health and life sciences research and development, especially in the area of astronaut health for social and economic benefits on Earth;", "9. Also encourages Member States to actively promote international cooperation in the field of space medicine on the basis of equal opportunities for all interested participants and in the interests of the further exploration of outer space by humankind, and further scientific and technological development and applications in the interests of global health;", "10. Further encourages Member States to conduct appropriate drills and exercises to benchmark their operational preparedness and response capacities and capabilities for the appropriate use of space technologies in responding to global health events;", "11. Welcomes the establishment of a dedicated, cooperative, globally accessible, multifaceted platform based in Geneva to promote effective collaboration on space and global health issues among Member States, United Nations entities, other international organizations and relevant actors;", "12. Emphasizes that all key activities, reference documents and plans relevant to space for global health carried out or prepared by United Nations entities should be monitored and compiled on an annual basis, including those of the World Health Organization, other international organizations and States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, as well as, to the extent possible, non-governmental organizations and other non-governmental actors, and also emphasizes that the resulting annual compilation of activities should serve as a reference to identify and discuss gaps and opportunities and should be shared broadly in an effort to raise awareness and promote cooperation among relevant actors in this domain;", "13. Recognizes the importance of analysing and assessing the roles and interests of current actors in the domain of space and global health, with the aim of promoting synergy, complementarity, cooperation and coordination among all actors;", "14. Emphasizes the need to enhance, in an equitable and sustainable manner, intersectoral coordination and cooperation for effective international, regional, national and subnational capacity-building activities relevant to the application of space science and technology in the field of global health;", "15. Encourages Member States to engage learning institutions and other capacity-building mechanisms in motivating young health professionals, at an early stage, to acquire space-related skills and abilities;", "16. Agrees to promote capacity-building events, to be organized by United Nations entities and other relevant actors, with the objective of further promoting awareness of and engagement with regard to the important contribution of space science and technology among actors applying One Health approaches, with a view to increasing the number of organizations and other actors in the health domain that are actively engaged in using space science and technology;", "17. Requests the Office for Outer Space Affairs to strengthen, within existing resources, capacity-building and networking in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, through regional technical cooperation projects, and to support field projects for strengthening collaboration between the space and global health sectors as an efficient strategy for making better use of space science and technology for access to global health for beneficiary States and taking better advantage of opportunities offered by bilateral or multilateral collaboration;", "18. Encourages Member States to foster linkages between academia, national experts, telecommunications regulatory authorities and science and technology authorities with a view to improving access to and the use of digital technologies and information systems in health care.", "[1] Report of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 19–30 July 1999 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.00.I.3), chap. I, resolution 1.", "[2] Resolution 70/1.", "[3] Resolution 76/3.", "[4] The term “telemedicine” is used broadly to refer to the use of telecommunications, satellite communications and information technology to provide clinical health care from a distance and includes many active and relevant subfields, such as tele-cardiology, tele-radiology, tele-ophthalmology, tele-oncology, tele-pharmacy, tele-surgery, tele-dermatology and other developing fields.", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121.", "[6] Space analogues include parabolic flights, bed rest studies and expeditions to Antarctica and other isolated, confined and extreme environments that simulate the space environment on Earth." ]
A_77_20
[ "[]", "United Nations", "Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1-10 June 2022)", "General Assembly", "Official Records Seventh Session Supplement No. 20", "General Assembly", "Official Records", "Seventh session", "Supplement No. 20", "Report of the Commission", "on the use of Space", "Outer Space", "Sixty-fifth session", "(1-10 June 2022)", "[] United Nations • New York, 2022", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[30 June 2022]", "Contents", "Chapter Page I. Introduction 1A.Meetings of 1 subsidiary bodies B. Adoption 1 of agenda C. 2 Election of officers D. 2 Composition E. Attendance 2 F.General statements 3G.Adoption 8 of the report of Commission II. Recommendations 8 and decisions A.Mediade 8 reserve the paraphic superterrestrial space B. 11 Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session 1. 11 United Nations Programme of Applications for Space Technology 2.Latechnology 13 spaceal service of unsustainable economic development 3.Relative questions 13 remote sensing of the land through satellites, including applications for countries in development and the monitoring of the land environment 4. 14 Spatial wastes 5.Apoyoala 15 managededesastressbased on spatial systems 6.Newsen 16 world systemsdenavegation by satellite 7.Clima 17 space 8. 18 Near objectsLand 9.SustainabilityLongplazode 18 activitiesin Spacetraterrestrial 10. 21 Function and Method of Work of the Commission 11. 21 Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Spaceultraterrestrial 12.The 22 World Spaceylasalud 13. Exam 23 of the physical nature and of the technical attributes of the geostationary or its useyaplications, even in the sphere of the spatial communications, as well as other questions related to the endelantos of the spatial communications, especially considering the needs and the interests of the countries in development, without the prejudice of the 14th International Telecommunication 24 General exchange of views on the dark and silent heavens for science and society 15. 25 Draft provisional agenda for the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee C. 26 Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its 61^(er) session 1. 26 Information on the activities of the international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations related to the right of space 2.Situation of 27 the five treaties of the United NationsUnidasrelatives to the space of the land.Relative questions and 28 delimitation of the space of the land and the character and use of the geostationary orbit, including the consideration of the mediums and rationale for the use of the space. 29 National legislation to continue exploration and use of space-traterrestrial confinespacíficos 5. 29 Encouraging the right of space 6. 30 Function and Method of Work of the Commission 7. 30 General exchange of informationyopiniones on juridical mechanisms related to the measures of reduction and disposal of space debris, having found the Sub-Commission on Scientific and Technical Affairs 8. 31 General exchange of information on the instruments of the United Nations obligatory legal defences and space-traterrestrials 9. 32 General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management 10. 33 General exchange of views on the application of the international law to the activities of the small satellites 11. 33 General exchange of views on possible juridical models on the activities of exploration, exploitation and use of the Spanish resources 12.Proposal 36 Commission on the Use of SpaceUltraterrestrial withFinesNew topics for the Subcommission on Juridical Affairs to consider them at its sixty-second session D.The 37 space and the developmental ones The 40 Space & Water G. The 42 Space & Spam H.The 44 Space Use of Space Technology in the United Nations systemUnids I. 45 Function and Method of Work of the Commission J. 47 ExplorationSpatial Innovations K.Laagenda 50 \"Space2030\" L.Other 52 Issues 1. 52 Composition of the Messeuses of the Commission and its subsidiary bodies for the period2024–2025 2. 53 Composition of the Commission 3.Observer Condition 534.Other 54 matters 5. 55 Programme5 " Use of space-traterrestrial peaceful confines ": draft programme plan for 2023 programme execution in 2021 6. 55 Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-sixth session of the Commission M.Calendariode 56 work of the Commission and its subsidiary bodies ANNEX Draft resolution on 57 global spaceylasalud", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its sixty-fifth session in Vienna from 1 to 10 June 2022 in a hybrid format (presence and online). The officers of the Commission were as follows:", "Presidency Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates)", "First Vice-President Jenni Tapio (Finland)", "Second Vice-Chairperson/Rapporteur Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine)", "A. Meetings of subsidiary bodies", "2. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its fifty-ninth session in Vienna from 7 to 18 February 2022, in a hybrid format and under the chairmanship of Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay). The Committee had before it the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258).", "3. The Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space held its 61^(er) session in Vienna from 28 March to 8 April 2022, also in a hybrid format, under the chairmanship of Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa). The Committee had before it the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1260).", "B. Adoption of the agenda", "4. At its 786th meeting, on 1 June, the Committee adopted the following agenda:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Election of officers.", "4. Statement by the Chair.", "5. General exchange of views.", "6. Ways and means to reserve outer space for peaceful purposes.", "7. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session.", "8. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session.", "9. Space and sustainable development.", "10. Benefits derived from space technology: review of the current situation.", "11. Space and water.", "12. Space and climate change.", "13. The use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "14. Future role and method of work of the Commission.", "15. Space exploration and innovation.", "16. The “Space2030” agenda.", "17. Other business.", "18. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "C. Election of officers", "5. At the 786th meeting of the Commission, on 1 June, Omran Sharaf (United Arab Emirates) was elected Chairman of the Commission, Jenni Tapio (Finland) First Vice-Chairperson, and Oleg Ventskovsky (Ukraine) Second Vice-Chairperson/Rapporteur for the period 2022-2023.", "6. At the same meeting, the Committee endorsed the election of Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) as Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and Nomfuneko Maja (South Africa) as Chair of the Legal Subcommittee for the period 2022-2023.", "D. Membership", "7. United States of America, United States of America, United States of America", "E. Assistance", "8. Saudi Arabia, Germany, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, China, Cyprus, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Lebanon, Russian Federation, Finland, France", "9. The session was attended by representatives of the European Union, as a permanent observer to the Commission, in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 65/276 and 73/91.", "10. At its 786th meeting, the Commission decided to admit, at the request of that State, Uzbekistan to attend and take the floor at the session, as appropriate, on the understanding that this would not prejudge future requests of that nature or entail any decision of the Commission regarding the status of the applicant.", "11. At its 786th meeting, the Commission also decided to admit, at the request of that State, the Holy See, to attend the session and to take the floor thereon, as appropriate, on the understanding that this would not prejudge future requests of that nature or imply any decision of the Commission regarding the status of the applicant.", "12. The session was attended by observers from the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Telecommunication Union.", "13. The session was attended by observers from the following intergovernmental organizations that enjoy standing observer status with the Commission: European Space Agency (ESA), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), Asian and Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), European Satellite Telecommunication Organization, European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Hemistral Organization", "14. The session was also attended by observers from the following non-governmental organizations that enjoy standing observer status with the Commission: Scientific Committee on Solar and Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), University Consortium on Space-Global Engineering (UNISEC-Global), For All Moonkind, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Institute of Space Law (IISL), International Law Association (ILA), Moon Advisory Association bin Space", "15. At its 786th meeting, the Commission decided to admit, at the request of that organization, the Hague Institute for Global Justice to attend the session and to speak thereon, as appropriate, on the understanding that this would not prejudge future requests of that nature or imply any decision of the Commission regarding the status of the requesting entity.", "16. A list of representatives of States members of the Commission, United Nations entities and other organizations attending the session is contained in document A/AC.105/2022/INF/1.", "F. General statements", "17. During the general exchange of views, statements were made by the representatives of the following States members of the Commission: Angola, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Slovenia, Finland, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, United States The representative of Tunisia made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The representative of Egypt made a statement on behalf of the African Group. The representative of the European Union, in his capacity as a permanent observer, made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. Statements were also made by the observers for the following organizations: APSCO, CEOS, For All Moonkind, IAF, IISL, National Space Society, Open Lunar Foundation, European Satellite Telecommunication Organization, SGAC, Square Kilometre Array Observatory, The Hague Institute for Global Justice, UNIDROIT, UNISEC-Global and World Space Week Association.", "18. The Commission expressed its appreciation to Marius-Ioan Piso (Romania), outgoing President, Francis Chizea (Nigeria), outgoing First Vice President, and Nicolás Botero Varón (Colombia), outgoing Second Vice President, for the excellence of the work performed and the achievements made during his term.", "19. At the 786th meeting, on 1 June, the President made a statement recalling that in 2022 the 65th anniversary of the launch into outer space of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, the 55th anniversary of the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty and the fiftieth anniversary of the Land Remote Sensing Satellite (Landsat) programme had been held. The President stressed the importance of strengthening international collaboration, promoting compliance with United Nations treaties on outer space, promoting equitable access to space and encouraging knowledge-sharing initiatives. He also stressed that the role of research and development in space science and technology was essential for sustainable development on Earth, the protection and preservation of the outer space environment and the exploration of the universe.", "20. The Chairman gave a cordial welcome to Angola, Bangladesh, Slovenia, Kuwait and Panama, which were the most recent members of the Commission; with them the membership of the Commission reached the symbolic figure of 100. The Chairman also welcomed Open Lunar Foundation, Square Kilometre Array Observatory and UNIDROIT, which were the most recent international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that had become observers to the Commission.", "21. Also at the 786th meeting, the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs made a statement analysing the work of the Office. He stressed that the Office had continued to adapt to the challenges posed by the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), adopting and using new solutions and applying them in various activities to ensure the delivery of services and the adoption of a results-oriented approach. The demand for the services provided by the Office to Member States continued to increase and, in that context, the Acting Director stressed the current and future activities of the Office, including those carried out in collaboration with various stakeholders, in particular for the benefit of developing countries. The Acting Director also announced that he would retire and leave the Office in the coming months.", "22. The Committee expressed its deep appreciation to the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, Niklas Hedman, who for a long time had provided valuable support for international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, in particular as the Secretary of the Committee and its subcommissions, which he had served for more than 15 years.", "23. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “The CONAE space plan”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Projection of the national space system”, by the representative of Chile;", "(c) “Presenting cases in which the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System is implemented”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The CanSat competition of Iran”, by the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "(e) “Human exploration of distant space: progress and plans”, by the representative of the United States;", "(f) “The imperative to protect cultural heritage in outer space”, by the observer for For All Moonkind;", "(g) “A single voice for youth in space policy and the promotion of space: presentation of the Space Generation Promotion and Policy Platform”, by the observer for SGAC.", "24. The Committee noted that space activities had continued to intensify in recent years owing to the entry of more and more space actors and the significant increase in the number of objects launched into outer space.", "25. The Committee agreed that, together with its subcommissions, and with the support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, it remained the only international forum to promote international cooperation in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space.", "26. The Committee agreed that the increase in the number of States that had become members of the Commission in recent years was a clear sign of the international recognition of the valuable work of that intergovernmental body.", "27. Some delegations expressed the view that support should be provided for the establishment of a rules-based international system, with the United Nations as a focal point, and for the adoption of a multilateral approach to international affairs, and that the Commission contributed to that system, including through the development of international space law and international standards, guidelines, best practices and other transparency and confidence-building measures.", "28. The view was expressed that, with a view to addressing obstacles arising from the continuing development of outer space activities, it was imperative to maintain an international order in outer space based on international law with the United Nations as a core.", "29. Some delegations expressed the view that the international community should make greater efforts and seek all possible means to take full advantage of the Commission and its subcommissions in order to achieve the common objectives of all countries on space-related issues.", "30. Some delegations expressed the view that universal and equitable access to outer space for all countries, without discrimination, the equitable and rational use of outer space for the benefit and interest of all mankind; the principle of non-appropriation of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, international cooperation in the development of space activities, and the prevention of the arms race in outer space and the placement of weapons of any kind in outer space should be the most important principles of outer space.", "31. Some delegations expressed the view that, while some countries had reached important milestones in space activities, others were just beginning to develop their own space programmes and policies, and that it was essential that space exploration activities should not leave developing countries behind or leave them in an unfairly disadvantaged position. Capacity-building and technical assistance were therefore key factors in expanding the capacities of those working in that area, enabling them to acquire expertise and knowledge from countries with more advanced space capabilities.", "32. Some delegations stressed the contribution of the Climate Space Observatory in assessing space data to respond to climate change. It was noted that the Climate Space Observatory was available to participate in discussions aimed at preparing the Commission ' s contribution to the Future Summit.", "33. Some delegations expressed the view that the use and exploration of outer space should be carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes, with a view to achieving a shared vision of the future, for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and in accordance with the applicable international corpus of law.", "34. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should devote more attention to addressing the challenges posed by the placement of megaconstellations in the low Earth orbit, including factors related to the sustainable and equitable use of orbits and frequencies, as well as the accessibility of outer space.", "35. Some delegations expressed the view that the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee should work more closely with each other, in particular on those topics that were overlapping or interrelated.", "36. Some delegations noted with regret the decision of a State to intentionally destroy its own space vehicle through a direct promotion anti-satellite missile, with the consequent creation of debris that threatened human and robotic space flights; noted the need to fully implement the Committee ' s Space Debris Reduction Guidelines, as well as those Guidelines on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities that were related to abstention,", "37. The view was expressed that the Commission and its secretariat should continue the initiatives and consider ways and means of further strengthening coordination and collaboration in relation to the work of both subcommissions, as well as with bodies that were closely related to the mandate of the Commission, such as other United Nations bodies and other international organizations, where appropriate, as that would allow for a coordinated, relevant and timely resolution of cross-cutting issues.", "38. Some delegations expressed the view that the growing support for the Artemis Agreements on the Principles for Cooperation in the Exploration and Civil Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets and Asteroides for Pacific Purposes demonstrated the value of the Agreements as an operational framework to ensure that the exploration of space for peaceful purposes remained transparent, safe and sustainable.", "39. Some delegations expressed the view that cooperation at the international lunar research station, initiated by China and the Russian Federation, was advancing and offered new opportunities to explore space for all concerned partners.", "40. Some delegations reiterated their opposition to the establishment of a new regional centre for space science and technology training in the United Nations-affiliated Eurasian region and hosted by the ROSCOSMOS State Enterprise Academy, on the proposal of the Government of the Russian Federation. Those delegations were also of the view that, despite the fact that the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/76, had noted with satisfaction the progress made towards the establishment of the regional centre, they were not in a position to accept any affiliation of that regional centre to the United Nations.", "41. The view was expressed that the Commission, at its sixty-fourth session, had noted that, following the assessment mission of the proposal for the establishment of the regional centre, it had been recommended to accept the offer of the Russian Federation to establish the regional centre, that the Commission had welcomed progress on the establishment of the regional centre and that there was therefore no need for the Commission to reach any other agreement in that regard. The delegation that expressed this view also informed the Committee that the centre was already operational and serviced. The Centre had accepted as students more than 100 applicants from several countries in the region.", "42. Some delegations requested that a political dimension not be added to space technologies or services, in particular by giving a launch vehicle the name of a conflicting region.", "43. The view was expressed that space-capable countries possessing advanced space launch technologies had the full right to call their space launch vehicles and space vehicles as they considered appropriate.", "44. The Committee welcomed the publication by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of its annual report for 2021, which contained a full account of the activities, cooperation and partnership programmes of the Office and the achievements of the Office in 2021.", "45. The Committee noted with appreciation the presentations that had been presented at the Vienna International Centre roundabout at its sixty-fifth session: an exhibition on the E.T.PACK project, which provided a technological solution to the problem of the proliferation of space debris, organized by Spain; an exhibition on the Arrtemis Agreements, organized by the United States; and an exhibition entitled “The Inspiring Stars” on the concept of inclusion, organized by the UAI.", "46. The Committee noted with appreciation the donation of the Government of Poland to the permanent presentation of the Office for Outer Space Affairs of a portrait of Manfred Lachs, which was the first Chair of the Legal Subcommittee and one of the most influential international law experts.", "47. The Commission expressed its appreciation for the organization of the following activities during the session:", "(a) “Promoting the #Generity in Space”, organized by the Republic of Korea and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(b) “The emerging space industry@COPUOS 2022”, organized by Slovakia;", "(c) “Sensitization and capacity-building in relation to the implementation of the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities: report of the study on stakeholders”, organized by the United Kingdom and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(d) “Exchanges of views and opportunities for youth in space”, organized by the United States and the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(e) “Avance lunar policy: round table”, organized by Moon Village Association, Open Lunar Foundation, Secure World Foundation and SGAC;", "(f) “Access to Space for All: Opportunities for Member States”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs;", "(g) “Virtual briefing for delegates of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: What is the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and why is it of interest to you?”, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "G. Adoption of the report of the Commission", "48. Following its consideration of the various agenda items, the Committee, at its 801st meeting, on 10 June 2022, adopted its report to the General Assembly containing the following recommendations and decisions.", "Chapter II", "Recommendations and decisions", "A. Ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes", "49. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee continued to consider, as a matter of priority, ways and means of reserving outer space for peaceful purposes and to continue to examine, from a broader perspective, space security and related issues that would be crucial to ensuring that space activities were conducted safely and responsibly, including ways and means of enhancing international, regional and interregional cooperation to that end.", "50. Statements in connection with the agenda item were made by the representatives of Brazil, Canada, China, the United Arab Emirates, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). The observer for Secure World Foundation also made a statement. During the general exchange of views, statements were made on the subject, in addition, by representatives of other member States.", "51. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “Space micro-desk detection through ADLER-1”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Cartography of the risk of collision in the low Earth orbit”, by the representative of the United States;", "(c) " Opportunities and practices for improving space security and sustainability " , by the representative of the United States;", "(d) “Security standards for space security: how the development of standards can strengthen the principle of the peaceful reservation of outer space”, by the observer for SGAC.", "52. The Committee agreed that, for its activities in the scientific, technical and legal fields, and through the promotion of international dialogue and the exchange of information on various topics related to the exploration and use of outer space, it was incumbent upon it to play an essential role in ensuring that outer space was reserved for peaceful purposes.", "53. Some delegations expressed the view that it was the responsibility of all space-capable countries to preserve and promote the benefits of outer space for all through progress in space technology and its applications.", "54. Some delegations expressed the view that, in order to ensure the sustainable and peaceful use of outer space, it was important for outer space activities to be carried out in accordance with international law and international norms, standards and regulations.", "55. Some delegations expressed the view that transparency and confidence-building measures were essential to ensuring that outer space was used for peaceful purposes. The same delegations referred to the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-building Measures in Outer Space Activities (A/68/189) of 2013 and encouraged States to implement their recommendations and appropriate measures.", "56. Some delegations expressed the view that, although the Committee was not a forum dedicated to disarmament in outer space, it continued to play a unique and fundamental role in global governance and international cooperation in outer space, and should strengthen that role.", "57. Some delegations expressed the view that the work of the Committee in a wide range of areas ensured that outer space was used for peaceful purposes and was a key factor in preventing the risk of an arms race and the militarization of outer space and that the work of the Committee therefore complemented and supported other forums to prevent an arms race in outer space.", "58. Some delegations reaffirmed that issues specifically related to the prevention of the arms race in outer space and the use of outer space for national security and related matters would be more adequately discussed in forums whose mandates focused on such issues, such as the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee of the General Assembly.", "59. Some delegations expressed the view that standards could create the climate of confidence needed to develop future legally binding measures that would govern space and, in that context, welcomed the report of the Secretary-General on reducing space-related threats through responsible standards, rules and principles of conduct (A/76/77) and the work of the open-ended working group on reducing space-related threats through sound rules, rules, and discussions.", "60. Some delegations expressed the view that the threat of the militarization of outer space underscored the importance of international dialogue and negotiation aimed at developing legally binding rules on transparency and confidence-building, given that non-legally binding measures did not adequately address the threat of an arms race in outer space. The delegation that expressed that view also considered it essential that legally binding measures focus on reaffirming the common interest of outer space for peaceful uses and purposes, in accordance with the existing principles of international law.", "61. Some delegations reaffirmed that it was crucial to prevent an arms race in outer space and the placement of weapons of any kind in outer space, and called upon all States, in particular those with significant space capabilities, to contribute actively to the peaceful uses of outer space in order to prevent its militarization and refrain from deploying weapons of any kind, as well as any other action contrary to that objective. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that preserving the medium of long-term outer space required the commitment of the international community to ensure that weapons were never placed in outer space.", "62. Some delegations reiterated that the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and the threat of use of force against space objects, prepared by China and the Russian Federation, should be taken into account in view of the pacific search for outer space.", "63. Some delegations expressed the view that the deliberate destruction of space objects that generated large quantities of space debris indiscriminately increased the risk of collision of space objects in orbit and constituted irresponsible behaviour that would undermine the sustainability and stability of the use of outer space.", "64. Some delegations expressed concern about the anti-satellite testing of space debris and emphasized that States should refrain from using or testing such capabilities. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that the recently announced commitment by the United States and subsequently Canada not to conduct destructive tests of direct-ascent anti-satellite missiles was a positive step towards the formulation of responsible behaviour standards in outer space.", "65. The view was expressed that it was doubtful that such an initiative would be effective in maintaining space for peaceful purposes. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that the commitment not to test certain types of anti-satellite weapons did not mean a commitment not to use them.", "66. The view was expressed that the Committee should continue to provide a platform for non-politicized discussions and to promote the formulation by States and intergovernmental organizations of doctrinal guidelines aimed at preserving outer space for peaceful purposes and thus maintaining international peace and security and strengthening international cooperation and mutual understanding.", "67. The view was expressed that the Commission should focus on the challenges posed by the development of commercial space flights, promote the strengthening of effective national regulations on the participation of the commercial space sector in military activities and ensure that the space activities of non-governmental entities are in line with peaceful purposes, while increasing transparency at the international level. It was also necessary to attach importance to the security of outer space activities and to strengthen research, engage in comprehensive discussions and seek solutions to the risks posed by mega-constellations for security.", "68. The Committee noted that Africa ' s Space Week would be held in Nairobi in September 2022, which would serve as an innovative platform for African space industry stakeholders to discuss the expansion of that industry and to intensify efforts to promote and facilitate intra-African and international cooperation in the area of space activities.", "69. The Committee also noted that from 30 November to 3 December 2021 the twenty-seventh session of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum had been held online, the theme of which had been “Enhancing space innovation through diverse partnerships”.", "70. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of the APSCO Council had been held online from 9 to 11 November 2021. The Council had approved the APSCO project implementation plan for 2021-2025 and the modification of APSCO cooperation standards.", "71. The Committee recommended that at its sixty-sixth session, in 2023, the topic of ways and means of maintaining outer space for peaceful purposes should continue to be considered as a matter of priority.", "B. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session", "72. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258), reflecting the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "73. The Commission expressed its appreciation to Juan Francisco Facetti (Paraguay) for his competent leadership as Chairman during the fifty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission.", "74. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). The representative of Morocco made a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. The observer for IAU also made a statement. During the general exchange of views, statements were made on the subject, in addition, by representatives of other member States.", "75. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “The HERA mission: three-dimensional vision processing and visualization methods to analyse the impact of DART on Dimorphos”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Real-time Earth observation for the management of reactive disasters”, by the representatives of Austria;", "(c) “The megaconstellations in low Earth orbit are deeply affecting the world’s space activities”, by the representative of China;", "(d) “The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test mission”, by the representative of the United States.", "1. United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "(a) Activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications", "76. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the item on the activities of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 54-74).", "77. The Committee noted that the priority areas of the Programme were environmental monitoring, natural resource management, satellite communications, disaster risk reduction, the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), the Basic Space Science Initiative, climate change, the Basic Space Technology Initiative, the Space Benefit Technology Initiative, biodiversity and ecosystems.", "78. The Committee took note of the activities of the Programme carried out in 2021 and of the activities planned for 2022, as contained in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 59-69).", "79. The Committee expressed its appreciation to the Office for Outer Space Affairs for the manner in which the activities of the Programme had been carried out, in particular in 2021, with the limited funds available. The Commission also expressed its appreciation to the Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that had sponsored the activities. The Committee noted with satisfaction the continuing progress in the implementation of the Programme ' s activities for 2022.", "80. The Committee expressed concern that the financial resources available to the United Nations Programme on Space Applications remained limited, and emphasized that it was important to provide the Office with the necessary resources, including adequate funding, to help a larger number of countries to access the benefits of space science and technology and their applications, in line with the spirit of the Outer Space Treaty and the " Space Agenda " .", "81. The Committee noted that the CubeSats developed by the teams of Kenya, Guatemala and Mauritius, winners in rounds 1a, 2a and 3a, respectively, had been deployed from the International Space Station under the United Nations/Japan Satellite Deployment Programme CubeSat from the Japanese Experimental Module of the International Space Station, known as “KiboBE”. Currently, the teams from Indonesia, the Republic of Moldova and the Central American Integration System (SICA), winners in the 3rd, 4th and 5th rounds, respectively, were developing their CubeSats under the programme. The Committee also noted that the KiboCUBE programme had become an essential tool for capacity-building in space science and technology, and that, in that regard, the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) had announced that they would continue the KiboCUBE programme until the end of December 2024 and added a new educational opportunity called “ KiboCUBE Academy”.", "82. The Committee noted that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications continued to implement the Access to Space for All initiative, which focused on developing the capacity of Member States to access the benefits of space and provided their partners with both research opportunities to develop the technologies necessary to send physical equipment to space, as well as access to unique terrestrial and orbital facilities for micro-gravity experiments, as well as access to space-based data and training for use,", "83. The Committee requested the Office for Outer Space Affairs to continue to work with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on the definition of the priorities of the Programme.", "84. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the United Nations Programme on Space Applications had continued to enhance, promote and promote cooperation with Member States at the regional and global levels to support the United Nations-affiliated regional space science and technology training centres.", "85. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs continued to work closely with the regional centres for space science and technology training affiliated to the United Nations, namely, the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education, the Anglophone Institute; the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology, the French-speaking Institute; the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Asia and the Pacific; the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology In that regard, the Committee noted with appreciation the important financial and in-kind support provided to the centres by the host countries of the regional centres for space science and technology training affiliated to the United Nations.", "(b) International System of Satellites for Search and Rescue", "86. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the International System of Satellites for Search and Rescue (COSPAS-SARSAT), which provided global coverage of emergency beacons, transported by ships, aircraft and individual users worldwide, was currently composed of 43 member States and 2 participating organizations. The Commission also noted that in 2021 the programme had helped to rescue 330 people from life-threatening situations throughout the territory of the United States and its surrounding waters, and that since 1982, when the programme began, COSPAS-SARSAT had supported more than 48,000 rescues worldwide.", "2. Space technology at the service of sustainable socio-economic development", "87. The Committee took note of the Sub-Commission ' s deliberations on the topic of space technology in the service of sustainable socio-economic development, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 79-88).", "88. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Sub-Commission on that agenda item (A/AC.105/1258, para. 88).", "89. The Committee took note of the report of the Working Group of the Whole of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Prakash Chauhan, India (A/AC.105/1258, annex I).", "90. Some delegations expressed the view that space science and technology, as well as their applications, were essential for effectively addressing current and future challenges for social and economic development and sustainability, such as natural disasters, food security, climate change and natural resource security, and noted that space activities were crucial to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the " Space 2030 " Agenda, in particular as part of efforts to support sustainable economic growth and to manage the environment. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that it was important for the Office to have the necessary resources, including sufficient funding, to help a larger number of countries gain access to the benefits of space science and technology and their applications.", "3. Earth remote sensing issues through satellites, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth ' s environment", "91. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the agenda item on remote sensing of the Earth through satellites, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth ' s environment, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 89-98).", "92. The Commission noted the international and regional initiatives of States using remote sensing data to support sustainable socio-economic development, especially for the benefit of developing countries.", "93. In the course of the discussions, delegations were informed of the key role of remote sensing in informed decision-making and national and international cooperation programmes that used space-based data and related applications. Examples of this include land mapping and border security services; land use planning; natural and mineral resource management; forestry; identification and registration of property rights; tools for mapping vegetation, crops and soil; and hydrological hazards and watershed monitoring to support precision agriculture and rural planning; identification of agricultural land", "94. The Committee noted that important initiatives, such as the Earth Observation Group (GEO) and CEOS, played an important role in promoting and facilitating the sharing of remote sensing data and, in that regard, welcomed the continued commitment of many Member States in that area.", "4. Space debris", "95. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the item on space debris, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 99-123).", "96. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the fifteenth anniversary of General Assembly resolution 62/217, in which the Assembly had endorsed the Committee ' s Space Debris Reduction Guidelines, would be celebrated in 2022, and urged those countries that had not yet done so to consider the possibility of voluntarily implementing the Guidelines.", "97. The Committee also noted with satisfaction that many States and international intergovernmental organizations were implementing space debris mitigation measures that were in line with the Space Debris Reduction Guidelines and the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities of the Committee (A/74/20, annex II), and that several States had harmonized their national space debris mitigation standards with those guidelines.", "98. In addition, the Committee noted that some States used as benchmarks in their national space activities regulatory frameworks the Space Debris Reduction Guidelines developed by the Commission or those prepared by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), ISO 24113:2011 (Space Systems: Space Debris Reduction Requirements) and ITU-R Recommendation S.1003. The Commission also noted that some States were cooperating in the framework of support for monitoring and monitoring in space funded by the European Union and the ESA security programme.", "99. The Committee further noted that an increasing number of States had taken concrete steps to reduce space debris, such as the improvement of the design of launch vehicles and space vehicles, the withdrawal of satellite orbit, passiveness, lifelong extension, end-of-life operations and the development of specific software and models to reduce such debris.", "100. The Committee further noted that IADC, whose initial work had served as the basis of the Committee ' s Space Debris Reduction Guidelines, had updated its own Space Debris Reduction Guidelines in 2022.", "101. The Committee noted with concern the issue of space debris and the difficulties posed by the proliferation of space debris in the future exploration and use of outer space.", "102. The Committee agreed that Member States and international organizations recognized as permanent observers to the Commission should continue to be invited to report on research on space debris, the safety of space objects with nuclear power sources on board, problems relating to collision of space debris objects, and how the guidelines for the reduction of space debris were being applied.", "103. Some delegations expressed the view that the issue of space debris should be addressed so as not to hinder the enhancement of the space capacity of developing countries.", "104. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important for new space actors not to be adversely affected by the historical activities of established space actors.", "105. Some delegations expressed the view that addressing the challenges posed by the emplacement of mega-constellations in the low Earth orbit, including those related to the sustainable use of orbit and frequencies, should give priority to the work of the Commission.", "106. Some delegations expressed the view that countries and other actors with advanced space capabilities, especially those with mega-constellations, should pay due attention to the implementation of relevant voluntary measures, such as the Space Debris Reduction Guidelines and the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities, and stressed the importance of strengthening the capacity of developing countries for the voluntary implementation of those measures.", "107. Some delegations expressed the view that, since orbital debris were the result of past and ongoing operations of major space-capable countries, they should accept the primary responsibility for both mitigating the situation and technically and financially assisting developing and space-capable countries in complying with space debris mitigation guidelines.", "108. The view was expressed that in discussing waste reduction, as well as space traffic management, there was a need to promote transparency and confidence-building measures in space activities to avoid miscalculation and misunderstandings.", "5. Space system-based disaster management support", "109. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the agenda item on support for space-based disaster management, as contained in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 124-136).", "110. The Committee noted the importance of space-based information for disaster management and emergency response, using remote sensing data and Earth observation satellites to develop multi-risk early warning systems and analysis of the effects of natural disasters of all types, including monitoring of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19).", "111. The Committee welcomed the activities organized by the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and the Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER), which contributed to capacity-building to use all types of space-based information in support of the full disaster management cycle. In this regard, the Committee took note of the capacity-building activities and work undertaken by UN-SPIDER in 2021, such as the generation of space-appropriate information to countries in need (see A/AC.105/1250), which provided ongoing support for its network of partners, and also noted the benefits of its knowledge portal (www.un-spider.org), an advisory and exchange website.", "112. Some delegations expressed the view that, in order to strengthen disaster preparedness and emergency response at the national level, the Office for Outer Space Affairs should increase UN-SPIDER capacity-building activities by providing more technical advisory missions and training programmes, in particular to developing countries.", "113. The Committee noted that a number of international conferences related to disaster management had recently been held, such as the Third Conference on Multi-Risk Early Warning Systems, held in Bali, Indonesia, on 23 and 24 May, and the ESA Living Planet Symposium, held in Bonn, Germany, from 23 to 27 May, highlighting the use of space technologies in disaster management.", "114. The Commission also noted the support that States had been providing to the CEOS Working Group on Disasters and the COSPAS-SARSAT international programme.", "115. The Committee noted with appreciation the financial and human resources contributions made by Germany, China and France to UN-SPIDER and in-kind contributions, including the provision of experts, which some States members of the Committee and regional support offices had made in 2021 to support the activities of the Office for Outer Space Affairs through UN-SPIDER, as well as their work in sharing experiences with other interested countries. In that regard, the Commission encouraged other member States and permanent observers to provide all necessary support, on a voluntary basis, to the activities and programmes of the Office, such as UN-SPIDER, including increased financial support, so that the Office could better respond to requests for assistance from Member States and fulfil its entire work plan in the following years.", "6. Developments in global navigation satellite systems", "116. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the topic on developments in global navigation satellite systems, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 137-157).", "117. The Committee had before it the note by the Secretariat entitled “15th meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems” (A/AC.105/1251).", "118. The Committee noted that the International Committee on Global Satellite Navigation Systems (ICG), as an optimal mechanism for cooperation, offered the advantage of providing a flexible forum in which GNSS providers and users could discuss all matters related to the use of multiple GNSS signals.", "119. The Committee took note of the work of the ICG to create an interoperable space service volume based on multiple GNSS constellations, which would allow for improved navigation for space operations beyond the geostationary orbit, and that GNSS services were expected to be used in the cyclone space.", "120. The Committee noted the efforts of the Office for Outer Space Affairs to promote the use of GNSS in its capacity-building and information dissemination initiatives, in particular in developing countries, as well as the role of the Office as the executive secretariat of ICG in coordinating the annual meetings of ICG and its Providers Forum.", "121. The Committee noted that the fifteenth meeting of ICG and the twenty-fourth meeting of the Providers ' Forum, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs, had taken place in Vienna from 27 September to 1 October 2021, and that the sixteenth meeting of ICG would be hosted by the United Arab Emirates and would be held in Abu Dhabi from 9 to 14 October 2022.", "7. Space weather", "122. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the space climate item, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 158-172).", "123. The Committee noted that the space climate, caused by solar variability, was an international concern because of the potential threat it posed to space systems, space flights with on-board persons and the Earth and Space Infrastructures to which society increasingly depended. As such, it should be addressed from a global perspective, through international cooperation and coordination, in order to predict space weather events that could be extreme and mitigate their impact in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.", "124. The Committee took note of a number of national and international research, training and education activities undertaken to improve the scientific and technical understanding of the adverse effects of the space climate, thereby strengthening global resilience against the threat posed, with the aim of facilitating the implementation of the Committee ' s guidelines B.6 and B.7 on space climate, of the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities.", "125. The Committee noted with appreciation that the Group of Experts on Space Climate of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee had held meetings in parallel with the fifty-ninth session of the Subcommittee, in 2022, as well as between sessions. The Committee also took note of the paper submitted to the Subcommission entitled " Final report of the Group of Experts on Space Climate: towards better international coordination of space-related services " (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401), which contained six high-level recommendations, and expressed its appreciation to the Rapporteur of the Group of Experts, Ian Mann, for his dedicated work.", "126. The Committee endorsed the decision agreed by the Sub-Commission to consider the report (A/AC.105/C.1/L.401) as the final report of the Group of Experts and to publish it as document A/AC.105/C.1/122, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, para. 172).", "127. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important for the international community to find a mechanism for coordinating and continuing its work.", "8. Near-Earth objects", "128. The Committee took note of the Sub-Commission ' s deliberations on the subject of near-Earth objects, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 173-1990).", "129. The Committee noted with appreciation the work of the International Asteroid Alert Network (IAWN) and the Advisory Group on Space Mission Planning (SMPAG) to ensure that all countries, in particular developing countries whose capacity to predict and mitigate the impact of such objects was limited, were aware of potential threats.", "130. The Committee noted that, should the global network of astronomical observatories detect a credible impact threat, the important information available on that threat would be provided by IAWN and disseminated to all Member States through the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "131. The Commission noted the importance of country-based initiatives and activities to develop capacities for the discovery, observation, early warning and mitigation of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects, which contributed to strengthening international collaboration and information-sharing, and, in this regard, emphasized the importance of contributing to the work of IAWN and SMPAG.", "132. The Commission noted the launch of the first planetary defence technology demonstration mission in history, the Reorientation Trial of a Binary Asteroid (DART) of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in November 2021, which would demonstrate the technique of deviation by kinetic impact. The Commission also noted that, as a follow-up, the ESA Hera mission was expected to meet the Didymos asteroid system in 2026 to conduct a valuable assessment of the DART mission diversion technique test.", "133. The Committee noted that more information on the meetings of both entities was available on IAWN (http://iawn.net) and SMPAG (http://smpag.net), for which the Office for Outer Space Affairs served as the permanent secretariat.", "134. The Committee noted that the Seventh Planetary Defence Conference of the International Academy of Astronautics had been held from 26 to 30 April 2021, hosted by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with ESA, and that the Eighth Planetary Defence Conference would be held at the Vienna International Centre from 3 to 7 April 2023, hosted by the Office in cooperation with ESA and the host country, Austria.", "9. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities", "135. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the topic on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 191-209) and endorsed the decisions of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 208 and 209) and of the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities).", "136. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Conference room paper submitted by the Russian Federation on the implementation of guideline A.1 (Approving, revising and modifying, as necessary, national regulatory frameworks for outer space activities) of the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, English and Russian only);", "(b) Conference room paper submitted by the Russian Federation on the contribution of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in the Eurasian Region to strengthening the capacity of States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to implement the Guidelines on Sustainability to Long-term Activities in Outer Space (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.10, English and Russian only);", "(c) Conference room paper submitted by the Russian Federation containing considerations on major outstanding tasks to ensure the safety of space operations in the context of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11, English and Russian only).", "137. The Committee recalled with appreciation that, at the fifty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission, the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities had agreed and adopted its mandate, working methods and workplan (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 7, and appendix).", "138. The Committee also recalled that the Working Group would attach the same importance to each of the three elements of the guidance framework (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, appendix, paras. 6 and 7).", "139. The Committee further recalled that the Working Group had agreed to hold informal consultations in a hybrid format in November 2022 (A/AC.105/1258, annex II, para. 9).", "140. The Committee was informed that several member States had completed internal assessments of their implementation of the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, or were finalizing them.", "141. The Committee was also informed of a number of national, regional and international scientific, technical, legal and policy measures and initiatives that had been or were being taken to implement the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities.", "142. The Committee was further informed of the continuation of the draft of the Office for Outer Space Affairs entitled " Awareness and capacity-building regarding the implementation of the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities " , which had been made possible by the financial support of the United Kingdom. A study report of stakeholders had been prepared in the second phase of the project (see spacesustainability.unoosa.org).", "143. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee ' s Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space were best practices for the safe and responsible use of outer space and were critical in maintaining outer space for future generations.", "144. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to share experiences and consider best practices and lessons learned on the practical implementation at the national level of the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities, as this would enhance general communication, international cooperation, awareness-raising and capacity-building.", "145. Some delegations expressed the view that it would be useful for the Legal Subcommittee to undertake a review and appraisal of the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities.", "146. The view was expressed that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space had become one of the main forums for discussions on space sustainability, and differed from other forums because it applied an “ascendant” approach to addressing safe and sustainable space use practices.", "147. The view was expressed that there were multiple parallel platforms examining the subject matter that had been within the competence of the Committee for years, including themes that were part of the mandate of the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, and that this constituted a direct duplication of functions. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that the international work done in accordance with the inviolable principle of consensus was the only way to ensure the long-term sustainability of outer space activities in the interests of the global community as a whole.", "148. The view was expressed that the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities were clear and practical and proven, which meant that both their implementation and effectiveness had been demonstrated by States and international intergovernmental organizations, and that the Guidelines did not undermine existing legal obligations or hinder the use of outer space, in particular its use by new space actors.", "149. The view was expressed that, in particular, the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities were a positive indication of efforts to mitigate environmental degradation, as they contained recommendations that promoted more environmentally positive practices in the design and operation of space missions.", "150. The view was expressed that the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space were the first complete set of standards regulating contemporary space activities, and that they should be kept up-to-date, or complemented, in view of the current and future challenges posed by the development of economic and scientific activity generated around space resources.", "151. The view was expressed that the Committee ' s Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities had led to better discussions at the national level on the implications of space sustainability for national space activities and to develop stronger regulatory frameworks, together with coordinated national positions.", "152. The view was expressed that space exploration activities should not leave developing countries behind or leave them in an unjustly disadvantaged position, and that the only way to ensure the sustainability of outer space activities was to continue to bring benefits from it to all of humanity through greater cooperation and collaboration.", "153. The view was expressed that, in order to achieve the main objectives of the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, it was important for the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to focus on such areas as capacity-building and capacity-building, as well as on the transfer of technology to developing countries, all within the framework of international cooperation, and in order to ensure that the Long-term Guidelines on Outer Sustainability are non-discriminatory.", "154. The view was expressed that understanding what prevented countries from implementing the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities was essential to understanding the form of future capacity-building activities.", "155. The view was expressed that the plans of the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to identify and study difficulties and consider possible new guidelines were relevant, inter alia, because of the interest of States and business enterprises in active space debris removal projects, as well as the development of plans and programmes for the exploration and use of the Moon. The delegation that expressed that view recalled that other substantive inputs related to the Working Group were contained in conference room papers A/AC.105/2022/CRP.9, A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11 and A/AC.105/2022/CRP.11.", "156. The view was expressed that consideration of space debris, dark and silent skies for science and society, near-Earth objects and the use of nuclear power sources in outer space could contribute to ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that discussions on those issues should therefore take into account the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities.", "157. The view was expressed that the long-term sustainability of outer space activities should be retained as an ordinary item on the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, in order to ensure that the discussion of the technical aspects in which progress had been made in the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities would continue and receive greater attention from all delegations.", "158. The view was expressed that the Space Sustainability Rating, which had developed a consortium led by the World Economic Forum and managed by the Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (Switzerland), would help to strengthen responsible and sustainable behaviour in outer space.", "10. Future role and method of work of the Commission", "159. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission on the item on the future role and method of work of the Commission, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210-233).", "160. The Commission recalled that, at its sixty-second session, it had decided to include in the programmes of both subcommissions a regular item entitled “Progressive operation and method of work of the Commission” for discussion on cross-cutting issues (A/74/20, para. 321 (h)).", "11. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space", "161. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the agenda item on the use of nuclear energy sources in outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 224-237).", "162. The Committee endorsed the recommendations of the Sub-Commission and the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Sam A. Harbison (United Kingdom), including the one-year extension of the multi-year workplan of the Working Group, with a view to finalizing the report to the Sub-Commission on the outcome of the multi-year workplan, and exploring options for the compilation of information on future sources of the year.", "163. The Committee noted that, in this regard, the Working Group had held an intersessional meeting, facilitated by the secretariat, and that the Working Group had held two informal meetings in parallel with the sixty-fifth session of the Commission, on 7 and 8 June 2022, to advance its work.", "164. The Committee recognized that some States and an international intergovernmental organization were developing or considering developing legal and policy instruments on the safe use of nuclear energy sources in outer space, taking into account the content and requirements of the Principles Pertinent to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and the Security Framework on the Applications of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space jointly developed by the Sub-Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency.", "165. In this regard, the Committee also noted that the Working Group was engaged in important work to allow for continued exchange of information aimed at promoting greater understanding and development of effective processes to ensure the safe use of nuclear energy in space, given the renewed interest in the use of nuclear power sources in outer space that had opened the solar system to exploration and made possible the observation and understanding of dark and distant planetary bodies,", "166. Some delegations expressed the view that there should be a permanent mechanism for a structured dialogue on the subject at the multilateral level, and that the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space should recommend to the Sub-Commission new arrangements that would be necessary to advance the development of safety guidelines for possible future uses of nuclear energy sources in outer space.", "12. Space and global health", "167. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the topic of global space and health, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 238-249).", "168. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on the subject made by the Sub-Commission and its Working Group on Space and World Health, which met under the chairmanship of Antoine Geissbühler (Switzerland), including decisions on the establishment of the Platform for Global Space and Health and the Global Space and Health Network (A/AC.105/1258, para. 249 and annex IV, para. 7).", "169. The Committee expressed its appreciation to the delegation of Switzerland for facilitating informal consultations on the text of the draft resolution on global space and health, contained in document A/AC.105/L.328, during the current session of the Commission.", "170. The view was expressed that the text of the draft resolution could have been further improved if it had recognized the importance of human medical research to better understand ecology, psychology, ergonomics, genetics, physical education, nutrition and other sciences. The delegation that expressed that view also emphasized the non-discriminatory nature of international cooperation in the field of global health and stressed that the development and improvement of health systems should not be hampered by political motivation.", "171. Some delegations expressed the view that the draft resolution on global space and health (see annex), effectively reflected the critical role of space technology and data in the field of public health. Those delegations welcomed the introduction of that draft resolution for adoption and stressed the importance of moving forward in that effort to share the benefits of space activities for global health.", "172. At its 790th meeting, on 3 June 2022, the Commission endorsed the draft resolution on global space and health, contained in annex I to the present report. The Committee noted that the draft resolution, as endorsed, would be submitted to the General Assembly at its seventieth session, in 2022, for adoption under the agenda item entitled “International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space”.", "173. The Committee noted the wide range of space and global health-related activities and recognized the contribution of space science, technology and applications to disease prevention and control, the promotion of human health and well-being, the treatment of global health problems, the promotion of medical research, the promotion of health practices and the provision of health-care services to individuals and communities, including in rural areas where access was limited to health care.", "174. The Committee noted the vital role of space science, technology and applications in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and its key role in supporting the tracing of contacts, identifying affected areas, modelling the spread of the disease and monitoring its transmission, connectivity for remote work, tele-health and communication, as well as methods for addressing social isolation.", "175. The Committee welcomed the report of the Working Group on Space and World Health on its work under its multi-year workplan (A/AC.105/C.1/121) and expressed its appreciation to the Chairman of the Working Group for his dedicated efforts and skilled leadership in the direction of the work of the Working Group in the context of its multi-year workplan.", "176. The Committee noted with satisfaction the panel discussion on " Promoting global health through the use of space technologies " , organized by Switzerland during the Geneva Health Forum, held in May 2022, during which the Platform for Global Space and Health and the Global Space and Health Network were presented, with the participation of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Satellite Centre and the United Nations.", "177. The Committee noted that Member States had been invited to find expert individuals and encourage them to participate in the Global Space and Health Network.", "178. The Committee agreed that the agenda item entitled " Space and global health " would become an ordinary item on the agenda of the Sub-Commission from 2023.", "13. Review of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its use and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other issues relating to the advancement of space communications, taking into account the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the functions of the International Telecommunication Union", "179. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations on the agenda item on the review of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its use and applications, including in the area of space communications, as well as other issues relating to the evolution of space communications, with particular regard to the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the functions of ITU; those discussions had been reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (26/12).", "180. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit was a limited natural resource and exposed to the risk of saturation, which undermined the sustainability of activities in that environment, that its use should be rationalized and that it should be made available to all States, on an equitable basis, irrespective of their current technical capacities, taking into account especially the needs of developing countries and the geographical situation of certain countries.", "14. General exchange of views on the dark and silent skies for science and society", "181. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission on the item entitled “General exchange of views on the dark and silent skies for science and society”, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 262-276).", "182. The Committee welcomed the inclusion of the general exchange of views on the dark and silent skies for science and society in the agenda of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee as a specific issue and topic of discussion, which was an important recognition that astronomical observations, for both optical astronomy and radio astronomy, were an essential aspect of space activities and should be protected from interference.", "183. The Committee welcomed the contributions to the deliberations of the United Nations, Spain and IAU on Dark and Silent Skys for Science and Society (see A/AC.105/1255 and A/AC.105/1257) and the industry symposium organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the theme of dark and silent skies, which had been held in parallel to the fifty-ninth session of the Scientific Subcommittee,", "184. The Commission noted the initiative of IAU to invite delegations to collaborate with its Center for the Protection of Dark and Silent Sky in the face of the Interferences of the Satellite Constellations, which had recently been opened and had begun to operate on 1 April 2022, with the objective of coordinating the multidisciplinary international efforts of collaboration with institutions and people around the world to help mitigate the negative impact of the satellites", "185. The Commission took note of the efforts made by some countries to protect the radio telescopes and the radio-electric silence zones of the satellite constellations, and of the continued commitment between the astronomical community and the satellite, as well as the importance of continued cooperation among all relevant actors, in particular the space industry, the operators of satellite constellations and the dark astronomical community to ensure the protection of the sky", "186. Some delegations expressed the view that multi-stakeholder efforts were needed to develop practical solutions to address the unwanted impacts of satellite constellations on astronomy.", "187. The view was expressed that the adverse effects of satellite constellations on the visibility of the night sky for terrestrial astronomy had not been duly taken into account, and that that issue, which was part of the Commission ' s mandate, required an internationally agreed regulation.", "15. Draft provisional agenda for the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "188. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission on the item on the draft provisional agenda for its sixtieth session, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 277-281).", "189. The Committee endorsed the recommendations and decisions on this subject made by the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 279 and 281).", "190. On the basis of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission at its fifty-ninth session, the Commission agreed that the Sub-Commission should consider the following items at its sixtieth session:", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views and reporting on national activities.", "4. United Nations Programme on Space Applications.", "5. Space technology at the service of sustainable socioeconomic development.", "6. Land remote sensing issues through satellites, including applications for developing countries and monitoring of the Earth ' s environment.", "7. Space debris.", "8. Space-based disaster management support.", "9. Developments in global navigation satellite systems.", "10. Space weather.", "11. Near to Earth objects.", "12. Long-term sustainability of outer space activities.", "(Arrival planned for 2023 under the multi-year workplan of the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (A/AC.105/1258, para. 209, and para. 18 of the appendix to annex II)))", "13. Future role and method of work of the Commission.", "14. Space and global health.", "15. Use of nuclear power sources in outer space.", "(Abor planned for 2023 under the multi-year workplan extended by the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space (A/AC.105/1258, para. 237 and annex III, para. 5))", "16. Review of the physical nature and technical attributes of the geostationary orbit and its use and applications, including in the field of space communications, as well as other issues relating to the advancement of space communications, taking into account the needs and interests of developing countries, without prejudice to the functions of the International Telecommunication Union.", "(Concrete question and discussion item)", "17. General exchange of views on the dark and silent skies for science and society.", "(Concrete question and discussion item)", "18. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-first session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "19. Report to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.", "191. The Committee agreed that during the sixtieth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, the Working Group of the Whole, the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and the Working Group on Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities would reconvene.", "192. The Committee agreed that, in accordance with the agreement reached at the forty-fourth session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, held in 2007 (A/AC.105/890, annex I, para. 24), the symposium to be held at the sixtieth session of the Subcommittee organized by the Committee on Space Research would deal with and contribute to climate action from space.", "C. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session", "193. The Committee took note with appreciation of the report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260), containing the results of its deliberations on the items considered by the Subcommittee in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76.", "194. The Commission expressed its gratitude to Nomfuneko Maja (South Africa) for his competent leadership as Chair of the 61^(er) session of the Sub-Commission.", "195. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, Greece, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). The representative of Morocco also made statements on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. In addition, statements on the agenda item were made by representatives of other member States during the general exchange of views.", "196. The Committee heard a presentation entitled " Progress report on the initiatives of the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum to enhance the capacity for formulating space laws and policies in the Asia-Pacific region " , by the representative of Japan.", "1. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law", "197. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission under the agenda item entitled “Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to the law of space”, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 36-38).", "2. Status and implementation of the five United Nations treaties on outer space", "198. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the agenda item on the status and implementation of the five United Nations treaties on outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 39-51).", "199. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Subcommittee and its Working Group on the Status and Implementation of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd (Germany) (A/AC.105/1260, annex I, paras. 7-15).", "200. Some delegations expressed the view that the Working Group ' s discussions relating to the status and implementation of the five treaties, with the application of international law to small satellites and broader issues such as satellite registration, as well as the elaboration in the Working Group of the comprehensive paper entitled " To bring the benefits of space to all countries: guidance document on the legal framework of space activities " (A/AC.105/C.2/117) had made a useful contribution to the national policy-based Subcommittee.", "201. Some delegations expressed the view that the Legal Subcommittee was the appropriate forum to promote the progressive development of international space law for the peaceful uses of outer space, and that greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee was necessary to ensure that legal standards remained relevant and applicable to current and planned space activities.", "202. Some delegations expressed the view that, in the light of the growing involvement and evolving potential of the private sector in space activities, the negotiation of a legally binding international instrument that clearly defined and guided commercial activities in outer space could play an important role in greater use of outer space and in stimulating space activities for the benefit of humanity, and could help ensure that the rights of developing countries were taken into account and those countries were not excluded.", "203. The view was expressed that, while the five United Nations treaties on outer space constituted the cornerstone of international space law, and welcomed increased adherence by an increasing number of countries, further development and complementarity of treaties were needed in order to respond to emerging issues, such as the increase in non-governmental entities and private sector actors involved in outer space activities.", "204. Some delegations expressed the view that international space law was a key element that enabled actors to thrive in a safe and predictable environment and, in that regard, the fulfilment of the obligation set out in the Outer Space Treaty to authorize and monitor the activities of non-governmental entities engaged in space activities was crucial to providing the necessary legal security to promote large-scale private sector investments in space activities.", "205. The view was expressed that, as space activities evolved, standards, rules and principles governing outer space activities should also evolve, and that maintaining and updating national legislation on the continued authorization and monitoring of non-governmental entities was a way of promoting certainty and predictability for private sector actors involved in outer space activities. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that the sharing of information on national legislation of States dealing with obligations under the Outer Space Treaty could foster a common understanding and approach to the interpretation and application of the Treaty.", "206. The view was expressed that it was important to complete or implement both the recommendations for improving the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations regarding the registration of space objects, as contained in General Assembly resolution 62/101, as well as the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), in order to address the unregistered terrestrial orbit,", "3. Issues relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and use of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit, without disregarding the role of the International Telecommunication Union", "207. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations under the agenda item entitled " Questions relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space and the character and use of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit, without disregarding the role of the International Telecommunication Union " , as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/12).", "208. Some delegations expressed the view that the lack of a definition or delimitation of outer space entailed legal insecurity regarding the applicability of space law and air law, and that issues relating to national sovereignty and the boundary between airspace and outer space should be clarified in order to reduce the possibility of disputes between States.", "209. Some delegations expressed the view that there was no need to define or delimit outer space.", "210. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit, a limited natural resource and a clear danger of saturation, should be used rationally and made available to all States, irrespective of their technical capacity at that time. This would give States access to the geostationary orbit on an equal basis, bearing in mind, in particular, the needs and interests of developing countries, as well as the geographical location of certain countries, and taking into account ITU processes and relevant United Nations standards and decisions.", "211. Some delegations expressed the view that the geostationary orbit should not be subject to national appropriation, either through repeated use, use or occupation, or in any other way, and that its use should be governed by the applicable provisions of international law.", "212. The view was expressed that the geostationary orbit should be considered a specific area and a special part of outer space that required specific technical and legal governance, and should therefore be subject to a sui generis regime.", "213. The view was expressed that there were gaps in equitable access to the geostationary orbit. Consideration should therefore be given to taking a number of measures, such as establishing a specific working group of the Legal Subcommittee, changing the relevant agenda item of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee in order to be able to examine the technical aspects of the issue, creating an intergovernmental expert group, and working more closely with ITU on issues related to the equitable use of orbital resources.", "4. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space", "214. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Legal Subcommittee on the agenda item on national legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 78-91).", "215. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Sub-Commission on that agenda item (see A/AC.105/1260, para. 91).", "216. The Committee noted that various activities undertaken by member States sought to review, strengthen, develop or draft national space laws and policies, as well as reform or establish the governance of their national space activities.", "217. The Committee noted with satisfaction the updated overview of the national regulatory frameworks for space activities prepared by the Secretariat (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.9). That document enabled States to understand existing national regulatory frameworks, to share experiences on national practices and to share information on the legal frameworks of countries.", "218. The Committee noted the regional work undertaken by the study group of the National Space Law Initiative, the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum. The Initiative had moved to a second phase covering the implementation of the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (A/74/20, annex II), and had joined the new States study group, with 12 States participating in the study.", "219. The Commission agreed that national space legislation should be developed in accordance with international law.", "220. The view was expressed that national space legislation should not include rules relating to the commercialization of outer space.", "5. Capacity-building in space law", "221. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Subcommittee on the agenda item on capacity-building in space law, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 92-102).", "222. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Sub-Commission on that agenda item (A/AC.105/1260, para. 102).", "223. The Committee agreed that, in order to build the necessary national capacity to ensure compliance with international space law by the increasing number of actors engaged in space activities, international cooperation in research, training and education on space law was indispensable.", "224. The Commission noted with appreciation that several governmental and non-governmental entities undertook efforts at the national, regional and international levels to build capacity in the area of space law.", "225. Some delegations expressed the view that capacity-building in space law was a key instrument that should be enhanced through international cooperation, and that more support was needed by the Office and member States to promote North-South and South-South cooperation with a view to facilitating the sharing of knowledge and experience in space law.", "226. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the Space Law Project for New Space Agents was aimed at providing support to improve the capacity for the development of national space laws and policies.", "227. The Commission noted with appreciation the United Nations and Chile Conference on Space Law and Policy, which had been held online from 10 to 12 May 2022. He noted that these events contributed to building capacity in space law by bringing in contact with experts, practitioners and government representatives, industry and civil society working in that area.", "6. Future role and method of work of the Commission", "228. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission on the item on the future role and method of work of the Commission, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 103-12 121).", "229. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Sub-Commission contained in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 106).", "7. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and disposal measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee", "230. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Legal Subcommittee on the agenda item on the general exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and disposal measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, as reflected in the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 122-149).", "231. The Committee endorsed the decisions of the Sub-Commission contained in its report (A/AC.105/1260, para. 149).", "232. The Committee noted with satisfaction that the endorsement by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/217 of the Committee ' s Guidelines for the Reduction of Spatial Wastes had been a major step in providing guidance on how to mitigate the problem of space debris, and urged all States Members of the United Nations to consider the possibility of voluntarily implementing the Guidelines.", "233. The Committee noted with satisfaction that some States had taken steps to implement internationally recognized guidelines and standards on space debris, including the Committee ' s Guidelines for Space Debris Reduction and the Committee ' s Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities, through the incorporation of relevant provisions in their domestic legislation.", "234. The view was expressed that the Subcommittee should expand its consideration of the Committee ' s Space Debris Reduction Guidelines, bearing in mind that space platforms with nuclear power sources on board could generate space debris and that such platforms could collide with space debris. The delegation that expressed that view also expressed concern about the atmospheric re-entry of such wastes in the southern hemisphere, particularly in the South Pacific region, and called upon launching States to take steps to control and prevent the generation of space debris.", "235. The view was expressed that the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-building Measures in Outer Space Activities and the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities would contribute to the observation and reduction of space debris and the safe and sustainable space operations.", "236. The view was expressed that new binding instruments for reducing space debris needed to be developed.", "237. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to address the issue of space debris by legal means, and that the Legal Subcommittee should discuss legal issues such as the State of registration, jurisdiction, control and liability for damages caused to space objects.", "238. The view was expressed that the Legal Subcommittee should cooperate closely with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee to discuss issues related to space debris problems and the long-term sustainability of space activities, and to develop internationally recognized definitions of basic terms in the field of human-origin space debris.", "239. The Committee welcomed recent updates and additions to the compendium of space debris reduction standards adopted by States and international organizations, and encouraged States and relevant organizations to contribute to this compendium.", "8. General exchange of information on United Nations instruments without binding legal force relating to outer space", "240. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Legal Subcommittee on the agenda item on the general exchange of information on United Nations instruments without binding legal force relating to outer space, as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 150-164).", "241. The Committee also took note of the compendium of mechanisms adopted by States and international organizations in relation to United Nations instruments without binding legal force relating to outer space, which had been published by the Office for Outer Space Affairs on a dedicated website for that purpose, and invited States members of the Committee and international intergovernmental organizations that enjoyed the status of permanent observers to continue to submit replies to the Secretariat to incorporate them into the compendium.", "242. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important for United Nations instruments to be developed without mandatory legal force to complement and support existing United Nations treaties on outer space to be receptive to developments in space activities and to contribute to further improving the security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "243. Some delegations recalled the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for the Benefit and Interest of All States, with special consideration of the needs of the developing countries, noted that it was an important instrument for promoting international cooperation with a view to maximizing the use of space applications by all States, and urged all countries with space capabilities to contribute to the promotion and enhancement of international cooperation on an equitable basis for the sharing of outer space.", "244. The view was expressed that United Nations instruments without mandatory legal force were also an important way of establishing codes of conduct to ensure the safe and sustainable use of outer space. The delegation that expressed that view called upon States to support the open-ended working group established by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/231 and to continue to work with it in the development of norms, rules and principles of responsible conduct in outer space.", "9. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management", "245. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations under the agenda item entitled " General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management " , as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 165-178).", "246. The Committee endorsed the recommendation of the Subcommittee that the agenda item be further considered, in particular in view of the increasing complexity and congestion of the space environment caused by the increasing number of objects present in outer space, the diversification of actors in outer space and the increase in space activities.", "247. Some delegations expressed the view that such phenomena posed a challenge to the security and sustainability of outer space activities.", "248. Some delegations expressed the view that it would be timely and essential to develop a global regime for the management of space traffic, which would contribute to the creation, development and implementation of common international standards, as issues relating to the security and sustainability of outer space activities were a growing concern for all space actors and society.", "249. Some delegations expressed the view that it was also important to adopt rules and principles of responsible conduct in outer space, in particular a general commitment of States to refrain from conducting experiments with anti-satellite weapons that produced long-term orbital debris.", "250. The view was expressed that, while the United Nations treaties on outer space and the international standards of ITU already contained basic provisions relating to the management of space traffic, and although a number of issues related to the management of space traffic had already been covered by non-binding international instruments, such as the Space Debris Reduction Guidelines and the Long-Term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities, it was possible to develop a regulatory framework for international trafficking, The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that the Sub-Commission was the appropriate forum for creating such a comprehensive multilateral approach with a view to effectively managing space traffic, and that any unique national or regional initiative in that regard entailed the risk of legal fragmentation, which could lead to a deterioration in the security of space activities.", "251. Some delegations expressed the view that the current international space law, with the Outer Space Treaty as a cornerstone, provided the basic legal regime for the management of space traffic. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that all States should preserve international order in outer space on the basis of international law and ensure the safety of space vehicle operations.", "252. The view was expressed that, in order to consider future approaches to the management of space traffic, there was no need for a definition and delimitation of outer space.", "10. General exchange of views on the application of international law to the activities of small satellites", "253. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission on the agenda item entitled " General exchange of views on the implementation of international law for the activities of small satellites " , as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (document A/AC.105/1260, paras. 179-202).", "254. The Committee noted that the item remained on the Sub-Commission ' s agenda and agreed that it contributed to addressing and disseminating issues related to the use of small satellites.", "255. The Committee noted that activities using small satellites should be carried out in line with international space law, irrespective of the size of such satellites.", "256. Some delegations expressed the view that the above-mentioned activities of small satellites should be carried out in line with the existing international normative framework.", "257. The Commission was briefed on the programmes of States and international organizations focused on the development and operation of small satellites and on policy frameworks for the development and use of small satellites.", "258. Some delegations expressed the view that, taking into account the fundamental role of space objects, regardless of their size, in the socio-economic development of Member States, the Commission and its subcommissions should not create a special legal regime or any other mechanism that could impose limitations on the design, construction, launch and use of space objects.", "259. Some delegations expressed the view that developments in outer space, such as the increasing number of large constellations, should be taken into account in the discussions on the registration of space objects.", "260. The view was expressed that mega-constellations had implications for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities and that the Legal Subcommittee should hold specific discussions on that subject.", "11. General exchange of views on possible models of legal norms on space resource exploration, exploitation and use", "261. The Committee took note of the Subcommittee ' s deliberations under the agenda item entitled " General exchange of views on possible models of legal norms on space resource exploration, exploitation and use " , as reflected in the report of the Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 203-230).", "262. The Committee endorsed the decisions and recommendations of the Sub-Commission and its working group established under that agenda item, which had been reconvened under the chairmanship of Andrzej Misztal (Poland) and Steven Freeland (Australia) (A/AC.105/1260, annex II, paras. 5-8).", "263. The Committee noted that the working group established under that agenda item had been called the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resources Activities, and had agreed on its detailed workplan and working methods, as contained in the appendix to the report of the Working Group (A/AC.105/1260, annex II).", "264. Some delegations expressed the view that the working paper submitted by Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal and Romania (A/AC.105/C.2/2022/CRP.21) had contributed to the adoption of the workplan of the Working Group and contained proposals for the international conference on space resources to be convened under the auspices of the United Nations, as envisaged in document A/AC.105/1260, annex II.", "265. Some delegations expressed the view that the best way to coordinate the exploration, exploitation and use of space resources was at the international level, in multilateral forums such as the Committee and its subcommissions, in order to ensure that outer space is continued to be used and explored for peaceful and sustainable purposes, and to ensure that such activities are carried out in line with international law and for the benefit and interest of all States.", "266. The view was expressed that any outcome of the Working Group, either in the form of recommendations or of a set of principles, establishing the framework for space-based activities, should be carried out in a manner that ensures that the standards set by the five United Nations treaties on outer space are applied to space-related activities in a manner that does not impede the technological progress or private space activities, without failing to comply with the Outer Space Treaty.", "267. The view was expressed that the progression of the agenda item on space resources, which had become a topic of discussion to an objective-oriented working group, could be a possible model for the future working method of the Subcommittee as a whole, as it demonstrated the joint interest of States in working multilaterally to achieve concrete and practical results on difficult issues of common concern and providing useful legal guidance for all space actors.", "268. The view was expressed that the adoption of the five-year workplan of the Working Group could be welcomed in clarifying important provisions of the Outer Space Treaty. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that, in the development of the space resource framework, a gradual approach should be applied, and the result should be consistent with the fundamental principles of international space law established in the Outer Space Treaty.", "269. Some delegations noted that the number of States that had signed the Artemis Agreements on the Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets and Asteroids for Pacific Purposes had increased to 20, and expressed the view that the Agreements represented a set of commitments establishing the rules and principles that would guide those States in the exploration of the Moon, Mars and beyond. The delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that the Artemis Agreements were based on the Outer Space Treaty and showed that the signatories were committed to acting responsibly and transparently by extending the human presence beyond the Earth.", "270. The view was expressed that a key principle set out in the Armis Agreements was transparency, and that States should continue to commit themselves to sharing and disseminating information on their national space policies and plans for space exploration. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that it was imperative for multilateral discussions to focus on identifying practical tools for transparent sharing information on the lunar activities of States that were consistent with international obligations and commitments under the Outer Space Treaty.", "271. The view was expressed that, while the Armis Agreements could serve as a starting point, and some of its provisions were easily acceptable, some aspects would have to be reduced and reconciled with a broader understanding of the principle of non-appropriation, in order to achieve greater support.", "272. Some delegations expressed the view that any exploration, exploitation and use of space resources should be carried out in accordance with the five United Nations treaties on outer space, which established international space law, and that any activity of States, individually or as a country club, which would be outside the multilateral framework of the United Nations would lead to fragmentation of cooperation among States members of the Commission and should be avoided.", "273. Some delegations expressed the view that the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies offered a significant inspiration for the work of the Working Group, since that instrument contained provisions calling for the establishment of an international regime for the exploitation of space resources, and given that such exploitation was about to be viable. Delegations that expressed that view also seemed that such an international regime would be a way of taking into account both the efforts of countries that had directly or indirectly contributed to the exploration of the Moon and the interests of developing countries.", "274. Some delegations expressed the view that an authoritative interpretation of the important principles contained in the Outer Space Treaty, such as the principles of non-appropriation and free exploration and use of outer space, would enable States to undertake concrete future commitments for space resource activities. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that a common understanding of the obligation of the Outer Space Treaty to carry out space activities with due consideration of the relevant interests of the other States parties to the Treaty, and a common understanding of what acts constituted or did not constitute such due consideration, would help to ensure that space resources remained available to all.", "275. The view was expressed that, since only a limited number of States could carry out space resource-related activities, it was important to ensure that the accumulation of assets resulting from such activities did not focus on the hands of a few stakeholders, and that the Outer Space Treaty outlined socially responsible behaviours that supported peaceful, inclusive and sustainable space activities, while promoting international participation in a way that took into account the particular needs and development needs.", "276. The view was expressed that, in developing a framework for space resource activities, greater interaction with the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee should be ensured so that the resulting framework would respond to actual activities undertaken. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that a set of internationally recognized definitions of the basic terms related to space resource activities should be developed as a first step in developing legal standards governing such activities, and that a set of definitions could only be prepared with technical inputs.", "277. The view was expressed that space resources did not include radio frequencies or orbits, such as the geostationary orbit, as those resources were within the competence of ITU.", "278. Some delegations expressed the view that, in developing a framework for the exploration, exploitation and use of space resources, the Working Group could take into consideration the work already undertaken in that area, for example, elements that could constitute a basis for the development of an international framework on space resource activities, drafted by the Hague International Working Group on Space Governance and which had been reflected in an official working paper issued in all United Nations languages.", "12. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for further items for consideration by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-second session", "279. The Committee took note of the deliberations of the Legal Subcommittee on the agenda item on proposals to the Commission for further items for consideration by the Sub-Commission at its sixty-second session, as reflected in the report of the Sub-Commission (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 231-244).", "280. On the basis of the deliberations of the Sub-Commission at its sixty-first session, the Commission agreed that the Sub-Commission should consider the following substantive items at its sixty-second session:", "Regular items", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Statement by the Chair.", "3. General exchange of views.", "4. Information on the activities of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations relating to space law.", "5. Status and implementation of the five United Nations treaties on outer space.", "6. Questions relating to:", "(a) The definition and delimitation of outer space;", "(b) the character and utilization of the geostationary orbit, including consideration of ways and means to ensure the rational and equitable use of the geostationary orbit, without disregarding the role of the International Telecommunication Union.", "7. National legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space.", "8. Capacity-building in space law.", "9. Future role and method of work of the Commission.", "Items considered under workplans", "10. General exchange of views on possible models of legal norms on space resource exploration, exploitation and utilization.", "(A/AC.105/1260, para. 206, and annex II, appendix)", "Specific issues/items for discussion", "11. General exchange of information and views on legal mechanisms relating to space debris mitigation and disposal measures, taking into account the work of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee.", "12. General exchange of information on United Nations instruments without binding legal force relating to outer space.", "13. General exchange of views on the legal aspects of space traffic management.", "14. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small satellite activities.", "New topics", "15. Proposals to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space for further items for consideration by the Legal Subcommittee at its sixty-third session.", "281. The Committee agreed that the sixty-second session of the Sub-Commission should reconvene the Working Group on the Status and Implementation of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space, the Working Group on the Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Working Group on the Legal Aspects of Space Resources Activities.", "282. The Committee endorsed the agreement reached by the Sub-Commission on a symposium during the sixty-second session of the Sub-Commission, in accordance with the report of the Legal Subcommittee (A/AC.105/1260).", "283. The view was expressed that the Sub-Commission should periodically review the agenda items with a view to discontinuing the items on which there was no interest or that they no longer seemed necessary, or to establish a workplan for specific results on the topics of interest. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that it was important that previously suspended items could be reintroduced if there was any interest or was necessary.", "D. Space and sustainable development", "284. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and sustainable development”.", "285. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Germany, China, the United Arab Emirates, the Russian Federation, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, Thailand and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). Statements were also made by the observers for the Square Kilometre Array Observatory and the World Space Week Association. During the general exchange of views, statements were made on the subject, in addition, by representatives of other member States.", "286. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Report of the United Nations/Austria Global Space Forum on " Space for Climate Action " (A/AC.105/1266);", "(b) Report on the United Nations, Brazil and the United Arab Emirates meeting on Space for Women: initiatives, challenges and opportunities for women in space (A/AC.105/1267).", "287. The following presentations on the subject were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “Satellite applications for emergency management in China (2021–2022)”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “The protection of the outer space environment contributes to the sustainability of space activities”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “Indian Earth Observation Implementations for National Development and Governance”, by the representative of India;", "(d) " Capacity-building activities in the field of space in India: recent developments " , by the representative of India;", "(e) “Space technology: contribution to sustainable development in Iran”, by the representative of Iran (Islamic Republic of);", "(f) “Sustainable JAXA Space Principles: JAXA Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals”, by the representative of Japan;", "(g) “The space for food security”, by the representative of the Netherlands;", "(h) “Follow-up of disasters and building of space information through images of the Korea Earth Observation Satellite”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(i) “An emblematic project of the Smart Network of Telescopes and Data of the group Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS): global network of state optical telescopes BRICS”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(j) “Innovative, transversal and advanced space technology training programme for developing countries”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(k) " Remote monitoring systems to study marine ecosystems " , by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(l) “Building capacity for an emerging space industry”, by the representative of the Philippines.", "288. The Committee reiterated its appreciation of the important role of space science and technology and its applications for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular the Sustainable Development Goals, the implementation of the 2015-2030 Trail Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the implementation of the commitments made by States parties to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.", "289. The Commission noted the value of space technology and its applications, as well as information and data from space, for sustainable development, in particular for the improvement of the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes of action related to environmental protection, land and water management, urban and rural development, marine and coastal ecosystems, health care, climate change, disaster risk reduction and the management of the environment,", "290. The Committee noted with satisfaction the holding of the series of Global Space Forums, organized by the Office for Outer Space Affairs in cooperation with the Governments of Austria and the United Arab Emirates.", "291. The Commission took note of the information provided by States on the measures they had taken to integrate cross-sectoral activities at the national, regional and international levels and to incorporate space-based geospatial information and data into all sustainable development processes and mechanisms.", "292. The Committee also took note of the information provided by States on their activities and programmes aimed at increasing the awareness and understanding of society regarding the applications of space science and technology to meet development needs.", "293. The Committee noted the continuing important role of the International Space Station in scientific research for sustainable development.", "294. The Committee noted with satisfaction the numerous outreach activities undertaken by States at the regional level to build capacity through training and training for the use of space science and technology applications for sustainable development.", "295. The Committee noted the value of international cooperation and partnerships for the full potential of space science, technology and applications for sustainable development.", "296. The Committee noted that the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Space Applications for the Sustainable Development of Asia and the Pacific would be held in Indonesia in October 2022.", "E. Benefits derived from space technology: review of the current situation", "297. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Benefits derived from space technology: review of the current situation”.", "298. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Algeria, Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, Italy, Mexico, South Africa and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). During the general exchange of views, statements were made on the item by representatives of other member States.", "299. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “The SAOCOM project as a national capacity-building engine”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “Vigilance of natural hazards through the Zhengheng-1 electromagnetic satellite and Gaofen (GF) remote sensing satellites”, by the representative of China;", "(c) The very long-standing interferometry network of new-generation Russian Federation”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "300. The Commission took note of the information provided by States on their national practices on the benefits of space technology, in which various actors, including the private sector and academia, had participated.", "301. The Commission noted that its publication entitled “Spinoff 2022” was available on the NASA website. The Commission expressed its appreciation to NASA for the series of publications “Spinoff”, which had been distributed to delegations every year since the 43^(er) session of the Commission, held in 2000.", "302. The Commission noted the innovations achieved in many areas, such as agriculture; vertical cultivation under roof; decontamination, including toxic chemicals; sustainable management of water and natural resources; forestry and detection of forest fires; geology; geophysics; conservation of ecosystems; identification and development of arable land; fisheries and minerals; health; It also noted that many of the technologies created for space applications and whose licence belonged to space agencies had been transferred to industrial entities and had resulted in practical applications in society. In particular, commercial agents had developed several types of medical support equipment using space-based technology to address the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19).", "303. Some delegations expressed the view that space agencies ' technology transfer programmes facilitated economic development in various sectors, allowing, in turn, to make innovations available to entrepreneurs, companies, academic entities and public bodies. Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that such programmes had contributed to strategic initiatives to create an integrated international space ecosystem that fostered private sector growth and industrial self-reliance, attracted foreign business investment and encouraged international collaboration.", "304. Some delegations expressed the view that public sector entities working directly with industry and academia had supported commercial participation and facilitated the application of space-based technology for widespread use and greater socio-economic benefits.", "305. Some delegations expressed the view that, as a result of a long-term study on the socio-economic impact of public sector investment in the space sector, benefits could be identified in how space-based technology providers and users had improved their performance and potential for innovation. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that, in particular, products and services that had been derived from space technology, such as Earth observation, navigation and chronometry technologies, improved the commercial availability of a wide range of products and services and contributed to more effective and efficient research and development.", "306. Some delegations expressed the view that remote sensing, geospatial and Earth observation programmes, in particular images, data and analysis, were important for disaster management and emergency response, urban and agricultural planning, health mapping, energy, food safety, border monitoring, illicit crop control and illicit mining tourism, logistics, the industry of neurology, neurology and Delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that such programmes were important for achieving project sustainability and helped to inform the decisions of entities affected by climate change.", "F. Space and water", "307. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space and water”.", "308. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Algeria, Brazil, France, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico and Thailand. The observer for the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Water Prize also made a statement on the subject. During the general exchange of views, statements on the subject were also made by representatives of other member States.", "309. During the discussion, delegations discussed water-related cooperation activities and provided examples of national programmes and bilateral, regional and international cooperation activities that demonstrated the beneficial effects of international cooperation and policies on the sharing of remote sensing data.", "310. The Committee noted that water and related issues were becoming one of the most serious environmental problems of the twenty-first century. The Committee also noted that, in order to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, it was important to use space-based technologies, applications, practices and initiatives.", "311. The Committee noted that numerous space platforms were used to address water-related problems, and that water resources management often used space-based data. The Committee also noted that space technology and its applications, coupled with non-space technologies, were important to address many water-related issues, such as sea level monitoring and surveying, global hydrological cycles and unusual climatic patterns; mapping of surface water masses, watercourses and watersheds, including the mapping of seasonal and annual variability;", "312. Some delegations expressed the view that climate change had become a crucial issue for the stability of water resources management, as it had caused serious water-related droughts and disasters as well as land sinks globally.", "313. The view was expressed that space technology supported the monitoring of water quality in rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal waters, especially in large and remote water masses, including the monitoring of pollutants in the water masses, and that space technology provided knowledge about ecological disasters such as industrial dumps or pollution from unlocated sources that could affect groundwater at the regional level.", "314. The Committee noted that Sustainable Development Goal 6, on clean water and sanitation for all, could not be achieved if integrated water management was not implemented and was monitored satisfactorily.", "315. The view was expressed that space technology and applications had the potential to contribute to the development of water-related policies and coordinated efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.", "316. Some delegations expressed the view that it was necessary to develop policies, build capacity, exchange knowledge, transfer technology, access space-based data and on-site data, and to think interdisciplinaryly about the Sustainable Development Goals to build capacity among stakeholders to use space-based information and promote innovation to empower communities to address new water-related risks.", "317. The Commission noted the value of the Space4Water portal of the Office of Outer Space Affairs, and highlighted the role of the portal in disseminating the use of space technology for water-related purposes.", "318. The Committee noted that the Fifth International Conference on the Use of Space Technology in the Water Management, hosted by the Government of Ghana and co-sponsored by the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Water Prize, had been held from 10 to 13 May 2022 in Accra.", "G. Space and climate change", "319. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Commission considered the agenda item entitled “Space and climate change”.", "320. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Austria, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. During the general exchange of views, statements on the subject were also made by representatives of other member States.", "321. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “China’s space observatory for climate change and response”, by the representative of China;", "(b) “Plan for the implementation of the geostationary environmental monitoring sensor (GEMS) for the research of climate change”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(c) “Copernicus’ contribution to global CO2 emissions monitoring efforts”, by the Permanent Observer of the European Union;", "(d) “Benefits of Space Solar Energy”, by the observer for National Space Society.", "322. The Commission noted that climate change was one of the most pressing global challenges of our time and stressed the growing use of space technology to provide critical climate data that would allow for better understanding of climate change, mitigating and adapting to it, and to monitor the implementation of the Paris Agreement, also underlining the importance of space-based observations to understand climate change. The Commission also noted the importance of space-based observations for the achievement of Goal 13 on climate action.", "323. The Committee noted the work undertaken at the national, regional and international levels with a view to the development and exploitation of atmospheric observing satellites, as well as the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and actions to address climate change through space observations and space technologies. In that regard, the Commission noted the contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, published in April 2022, in which the Working Group called for urgent action to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, and the essential role of space technologies and applications in the process of climate-friendly transformation. The Commission also noted that more than half of the 54 variables used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change could be measured only through the important contribution of space technology.", "324. The Committee noted the interest expressed by partner international agencies and organizations, including the Office for Outer Space Affairs, in joining and contributing to the efforts of the Climate Space Observatory, established by an initiative of the National Centre for Space Studies of France (CNES) which had been approved by more than 20 space agencies in the Paris Declaration adopted at the One Planet Summit on 11 December 2017. To that end, a joint statement of interest had been signed in Le Bourget, France, on 17 June 2019, entrusting the Observatory with the main objective of producing and distributing appropriate, timely and reliable data and information on the effects of climate change at the national and regional levels, using space technologies, specific measures and relevant models co-carded with socio-economic indicators, in order to define and implement climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.", "325. The Committee noted that the Climate Space Observatory had developed its Charter, which had been submitted to the 36 space agencies that had so far signed the declaration of interest. In this regard, the Committee also noted that the Charter of the Climate Space Observatory, which would enter into force on 1 September 2022, would enable the Climate Space Observatory to take its place among the various multilateral networks dedicated to combating climate change, entrusting it with the task of facilitating the mobilization of space instruments for climate action and supporting the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.", "326. The Commission noted that, as part of the Austrian Space for Climate Action initiative, the annual United Nations/Austria Symposium would be held from 12 to 15 September 2022 and would be dedicated to the theme “The Space for Climate Action: Experiences and Best Practices on Adaptation to Climate Change and Mitigation of Their Impact and Support for Earth Sustainability.” The Committee also noted that a website dedicated specifically to the " Space for Climate Action " initiative would be created on the website of the Office for Outer Space Affairs as part of the work that the Office was undertaking to assist Member States in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13 on climate action.", "327. The Commission noted that the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change had been successfully held in Glasgow, United Kingdom, in 2021, under the presidency of the United Kingdom and in partnership with Italy. During the session, emphasis had been placed on the importance of space-based climate action. In that regard, the Commission also noted that the twenty-seventh session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change would be held under the presidency of Egypt from 7 to 18 November 2023.", "328. The Committee noted several bilateral partnerships that engaged in climate change-related activities in the field of Earth observation, as well as national space programmes that accorded high priority to the work of building, launching and exploiting Earth observation satellite systems to monitor manifestations and impacts of climate change.", "329. The Commission noted the usefulness of observations from satellites and Earth observation applications to monitor critical climate variables and related challenges, such as increased desertification and extreme weather events, track changes in sea level, concentrations of carbon dioxide and melting of sea ice and the mass of land snow, and collect data on remote areas such as deserts, oceans, ice caps.", "330. The Committee also noted that it was important to support international cooperation for Earth observation, in particular through long-established organizations such as the World Meteorological Organization, CEOS, the Coordination Group on Meteorological Satellites, the Global Climate Observing System, GEO and APSCO. In that regard, the Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was finalizing the report on the strategic mapping exercise aimed at providing a more comprehensive picture of the various technical and policy coordination capacities of existing intergovernmental entities in the use of space technologies to support mitigation, adaptation, resilience and monitoring of climate change.", "H. The use of space technology in the United Nations system", "331. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “The use of space technology in the United Nations system”.", "332. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Austria, India, Indonesia and Mexico. During the general exchange of views, statements on the subject were also made by representatives of other member States.", "333. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on its fortieth session (A/AC.105/1263);", "(b) Conference room paper containing a preliminary version of the special report of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities on the coordination of outer space activities in the United Nations system for climate action (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.15).", "334. The following presentations on the subject were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “The Russian-Cuban Observatory: objectives, instruments and tasks”, by the representative of the Russian Federation;", "(b) “Cosmic issues on Earth: review of the consequences”, by the representatives of the Russian Federation.", "335. The Committee noted that the fortieth session of the Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities (UN-Space) had been held on 14 December 2021 online. The Committee also noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs was working with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific to jointly organize the 41^(er) UN-Space session.", "336. The Committee further noted that UN-Space had agreed to publish in 2022 a document highlighting outer space activities in the United Nations system.", "337. The Committee welcomed the UN-Space special report on the coordination of space-related activities in the United Nations system for climate action (to be issued shortly under document A/AC.105/1264) and expressed its appreciation to UN-Space and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, as the UN-Space secretariat, for the drafting of the report.", "338. The Commission encouraged the entities of the United Nations system to participate, as appropriate, in the coordination efforts of UN-Space.", "339. The Committee noted that the third segment of the Nanosatélites Training and Ensamblaje programme within the Unispace framework of the Indian Space Research Organization (UNNATI) would be implemented from 15 October to 15 December 2022 in coordination with the Office for Outer Space Affairs, and encouraged Member States, especially those seeking to participate in space activities, to submit their requests for participation in and participation in that programme.", "I. Future role and method of work of the Commission", "340. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled " Future operation and method of work of the Committee " .", "341. Statements on the item were made by the representatives of Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). During the general exchange of views, statements on the subject were also made by representatives of other member States.", "342. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Note by the Secretariat on the governance and working method of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its subsidiary bodies (A/AC.105/C.1/L.384);", "(b) Document submitted by Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom on preparations for a multi-stakeholder dialogue on outer space as part of the United Nations Future Summit (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.17, English only).", "343. The Committee recalled the discussions on the item contained in the report on its sixty-fourth session (A/76/20, paras. 281-300), the report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its fifty-ninth session (A/AC.105/1258, paras. 210-223) and the report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-first session (A/AC.105/1260, paras. 210-223).", "344. The Committee agreed to consider matters relating to the United Nations Future Summit under the agenda item entitled “Other matters”.", "345. Some delegations expressed the view that the Committee should focus exclusively on the promotion of the peaceful uses of outer space, and that issues relating to the prevention of escalating conflicts that might arise from the use of weapons against space systems or the use of outer space in military activities and other national security activities should be addressed in United Nations disarmament forums.", "346. The view was expressed that the Commission should enhance its interaction with the major commissions of the United Nations system to allow for greater advice and cooperation on issues such as nuclear power sources and disarmament.", "347. Some delegations expressed the view that it was important to increase coordination, interaction and synergies between the two subcommissions on cross-cutting issues, including long-term sustainability and space resources.", "348. The view was expressed that the development and implementation of future procedures that would enable discussion on issues of concern and decision-making would make it possible to achieve greater efficiency and dynamics in the work of the Commission.", "349. Some delegations expressed the view that new items should not be added to the Committee ' s programmes and its subcommissions until other items were withdrawn.", "350. Some delegations expressed the view that the agenda items should be considered in a consequential manner, without prejudice to the holding of working group meetings.", "351. The view was expressed that observer organizations should not be given the floor until all member States had had the opportunity to intervene on an agenda item.", "352. The view was expressed that the Commission should consider new and innovative ways of involving relevant stakeholders, such as industry, academia and civil society, in the best possible way.", "353. The view was expressed that it was necessary for the Commission to improve and enrich its working methods, strengthen its own leadership role and adopt more effective ways of interacting with non-governmental processes within its rules of procedure and existing practices in order to adapt to changing realities and needs.", "354. The view was expressed that the work of other United Nations entities on space-related matters should be closely coordinated with the work of the Commission, and that United Nations entities participating in UN-Space should submit regular updates to the Commission.", "355. The view was expressed that there was a need to support the work of the regional centres for space science and technology training affiliated to the United Nations, and to enhance exchanges and collaboration among the different regional centres in order to strengthen the capacity of developing countries, with a particular focus on emerging countries and developing countries.", "356. The view was expressed that it was important to promote the development of human capacities in emerging countries so that they could benefit from space technology for development.", "357. The view was expressed that it was important to maintain at future sessions the hybrid format of the current session, including the live streaming of plenary meetings with interpretation in the six official languages of the United Nations, and in that regard the importance of the availability of webcasts without technical difficulties and full digital recordings was stressed.", "358. The view was expressed that the organization of the sessions of the Commission and its subcommissions in a hybrid format should remain an exceptional measure that would require prior approval by consensus.", "359. The view was expressed that a force majeure procedure should be established to ensure the continuity of the Commission ' s work in crisis situations, such as that caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.", "360. The view was expressed that the Commission should appeal to the open-ended working group established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/231 to refrain from considering issues covered by the Commission and reflected in its decisions before the establishment of the working group.", "361. Some delegations expressed the view that General Assembly resolution 76/231 was sufficient to clearly define the mandate of the open-ended working group. The delegations that expressed that view were also of the view that the open-ended working group was open to the participation of all States Members of the United Nations, and that it would be more appropriate to appeal to avoid overlap between the work of the Commission and that of the working group at the meetings of the working group itself.", "362. Some delegations expressed the view that the recorded vote against General Assembly resolution 76/231, as well as abstentions in the voting, demonstrated the contentious nature of the open-ended working group.", "363. Some delegations expressed the view that the consideration of security and stability issues was within the competence of the Disarmament and International Security Commission (First Committee) of the General Assembly.", "364. Some delegations expressed the view that the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which included the development of the Long-term Sustainability Guidelines for Outer Space Activities, reflected the role of the Committee in enhancing the sustainability and security of space operations.", "365. The Committee noted with appreciation that a joint round table of the Disarmament and International Security Commission (First Committee) and the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) of the General Assembly on possible challenges to the safety and sustainability of space activities, with the joint support of the Office for Outer Space Affairs and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, would be held in New York, and agreed that the work of the Pacific would be considered in the context of the consideration of the cross-cutting work of the Pacific", "J. Space exploration and innovation", "366. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Space expansion and innovation”.", "367. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Switzerland and Thailand. Statements were also made by Moon Village Association, Open Lunar Foundation and Secure World Foundation observers. In addition, statements relating to the agenda item were made by representatives of other member States during the general exchange of views.", "368. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Conference room paper submitted by the Moon Village Association, containing a report prepared by that entity on the status and plan of the Global Group of Experts on Sustainable Moon Activities (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.12, English only);", "(b) Conference room paper submitted by the Moon Village Association, containing a report prepared by that entity on the International Moon Day and the status of implementation support (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.13, English only);", "(c) Conference room paper submitted by Mexico and Romania containing a proposal to include an annual sub-item of the agenda entitled " Coordination of sustainable lunar activities " as part of the agenda item " Space exploration and innovation " , at the sixty-sixth session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in 2023 (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14, in English only).", "369. The following presentations on the subject were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “Oasis lunar: architectural visions for an integrated lunar habitat”, by the representative of Austria;", "(b) “Progress in the exploration of China of deep space”, by the representative of China;", "(c) “The scientific research activity of Italy in the Minerva mission”, by the representative of Italy;", "(d) “The lunar orbital vehicle Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO): the first lunar mission of the Republic of Korea”, by the representative of the Republic of Korea;", "(e) “New X-ray map of the universe with the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma observatory (SRG)”, by a representative of the Russian Federation;", "(f) “The E.T.PACK project: a technological solution to the problem of the proliferation of space debris”, by the representative of Spain;", "(g) “Esrange: the most versatile space centre in the world - new services for a sustainable future”, by the representative of Sweden;", "(h) “The First International Moon Day”, by the observer for the Moon Village Association;", "(i) “current status of the PRESTO programme of the Scientific Committee on Solar and Terrestrial Physics for the predictability of variable solar-terrestrial coupling”, by the observer of the Scientific Committee on Solar and Terrestrial Physics;", "(j) “The plan of the Space Exploration Project Group to ensure a diverse, sustainable and exciting way for the future of space exploration”, by the observer for the Space Generation Advisory Council.", "370. The Committee recalled the origin of the agenda item under consideration and the work of the Exploration and Innovation Action Team, which had developed the first United Nations report emphasizing the importance of human exploration of space beyond the ground orbit (see A/AC.105/1168).", "371. The Committee noted with appreciation that, at the current session, delegations had shared information and developments on space exploration and innovation initiatives, including details on national activities and programmes, as well as examples of bilateral, regional and multilateral international cooperation.", "372. The Committee noted that, in the course of the discussions, information had been provided, for example, on research and development activities; launches of space objects; space flight programmes with persons on board; robotic exploration activities; activities and cooperation opportunities related to the International Space Station and the Space Station; numerous missions to the Moon, Mars, Moons, Sunshine and asteroids; experiments carried out by satellites;", "373. The Committee also noted the importance of collaboration among all stakeholders in space exploration and innovation activities, including Governments and governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, scientific and technical research centres, industry and the private sector, to promote the peaceful exploration and use of outer space and the safe and sustainable development of outer space activities for the benefit of all mankind.", "374. The Committee further noted the desirability of integrating developing countries into space exploration activities in order to ensure that such activities were open and inclusive at the global level.", "375. The Commission noted efforts to promote the space industry, particularly among young people, and to promote the development of human capital in the areas of space exploration and innovation.", "376. The Committee also noted efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in space exploration and innovation activities.", "377. The Committee further noted that space exploration and innovation were often a source of inspiration and motivation for young people to pursue professional studies and careers in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (CTIM), as well as in the legal, regulatory and communications fields.", "378. The view was expressed that the space sector played a key role in economic diversification, as it offered great added value. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that the space economy was no longer developed solely through technological innovation, but also through commercial innovation, and that there were important opportunities in that regard for companies, institutions and citizens.", "379. The view was expressed that, as space projects were complex and costly, there was a need to promote international cooperation and trade, exchange knowledge and open markets for products and services. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that, instead of all countries trying to cover all areas, it was highly recommended that countries focus on specific technological segments and develop them, in order to position themselves as world leaders in specific areas.", "380. The view was expressed that the main requirement for a country to initiate space exploration and innovation was the firm determination of that country ' s leaders to consider space as a strategic area, including the commitment of leaders to develop space exploration and innovation through a long-term plan, the creation of support institutions and adequate and sustained investment.", "381. The view was expressed that, given that emerging space-capacity countries would play an important role in future space exploration at the global level, cooperation between emerging space-capacity countries and cooperation between leading and emerging countries should be more actively discussed.", "382. The view was expressed that the various research associations, which had appeared as centres of competence to develop and create space and rocket technology — from design to ready-to-use products — served to incubate ideas, create derivative benefits, optimize space infrastructure and increase economic efficiency under the control of state agencies, and concentrated highly qualified staff within a single organizational structure.", "383. The view was expressed that the effectiveness of the interaction between relevant State structures, small and medium-sized enterprises, innovation teams at universities and a non-State financing system for innovative companies, particularly in relation to enterprise accelerators, through which a selection of emerging companies was made to meet the needs of the industry.", "384. The view was expressed that outer space contained virtually unlimited sources of energy and large quantities of useful materials and had the unexploded potential to provide mankind with an abundance of resources in the future, and that related innovations and developments could enhance the resilience of societies to meet future challenges.", "385. The view was expressed that the main objectives of space exploration and innovation should be sustainability, cradle-to-cradle design and feasibility, using green technology to reduce the negative impact that human beings had on the planet. The delegation that expressed that view was also of the view that new ideologies, methods and products should be used to detect and replace existing wasteful or harmful habits that had developed over time, improve the quality of the Earth ' s environment and correct the path towards a resource-rich future.", "386. The view was expressed that the destiny of the human spirit was to explore, and that the exploration campaigns that responded to the challenge of getting deeper into space were in line with that spirit and with that of the Commission.", "387. The Committee considered the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14.", "K. The Agenda “Space 2030”", "388. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled " The agenda bundEspacio2030 " .", "389. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Argentina, Austria, China, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, Norway, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea and Switzerland. A statement was also made by the observer for Square Kilometre Array Observatory. During the general exchange of views, statements on the subject were also made by representatives of other member States.", "390. The following presentations were presented to the Commission:", "(a) “The education programme of the National Commission on Space Activities (CONAE)”, by the representative of Argentina;", "(b) “The polar lunar mission LUNA-25”, by the representative of the Russian Federation.", "391. The Committee welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, in its resolution 76/3, of the “Space2030” Agenda and its implementation plan as a high-level political document that showed how space activities could contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Trail Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and highlighted the broad social benefits of such activities and the essential role of space-based applications. The Commission also commended the work of the Bureau of the Working Group on the Agenda “Space2030” and the secretariat to facilitate the completion and adoption of that emblematic document.", "392. The Committee noted the emphasis on the " Space 2030 " Agenda on strengthening partnerships and cooperation among Member States, United Nations entities, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, industry and private sector entities in order to ensure that, through joint work and taking advantage of the practical experience and contributions of the various stakeholders, the benefits of space will be available to all people throughout the world. In that regard, the Committee also noted that it was important to develop partnerships and to make concerted efforts to bridge the gap in the use of space-based data for planning and decision-making in developing countries.", "393. The Committee noted that, in implementing the " Space 2030 " Agenda, States contributed to a number of international and regional space-related mechanisms, programmes, projects and platforms and benefited from them, as well as tools and initiatives developed or being developed by the Office for Outer Space Affairs (see General Assembly resolution 76/3, paras. 24 and 25).", "394. The Committee noted that the actions listed in the four overall objectives of the " Space 2030 " Agenda, which were structured around the four pillars of the space economy, space society, space accessibility and space diplomacy, had been adopted by a number of States in the framework of their national space programmes and plans in order to increase the economic benefits derived from space, strengthen the role of the space sector as an important engine for sustainable national development, increase the participation of different sectors of the world,", "395. The Committee also noted that the “Space2030” Agenda contained a strategic vision that addressed key areas and objectives of the future work of the Committee, its subcommissions and the Office for Outer Space Affairs, as unique forums for international cooperation in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, for the promotion of dialogue among space-capable countries and those beginning to acquire it, and for the promotion of greater participation of all countries, through space-building efforts.", "396. The Committee welcomed Paraguay ' s intention, which was the Chair of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, to include the following reference to the " Space 2030 " agenda in the ministerial declaration of the high-level political forum on sustainable development to be held in July 2022: " The Agenda for Space Development2030 ": Space as the engine of sustainable development and its plan for implementation, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/3", "397. The view was expressed that the “Space2030” Agenda was important for several countries, as it was also intended to promote and strengthen the use of outer space for a sustainable ocean economy.", "398. The view was expressed that Member States and other donors should consider providing the Office for Outer Space Affairs with sufficient means to enable it to fulfil its full and effective mandate and to support Member States in the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda.", "399. The view was expressed that the “Space for Impact” initiative of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (Switzerland) was contributing to the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda in the framework of the objectives relating to space economy and space education.", "400. The Committee noted that, as part of the project " Space for Women " of the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the meeting of experts on Space for Women would be held in Daejeon, Republic of Korea, from 16 to 19 August 2022, and that, on the basis of the results of the expert meeting of the previous year, organized by Brazil and the United Arab Emirates in cooperation with the Office, a survey would be conducted to take stock of all levels of women in space.", "401. The Committee also noted that the Fourth World Space Forum, aimed at strengthening partnerships and dialogue among the global community to support the implementation of the Agenda “Space2030”, would be held in Vienna from 12 to 15 December 2022 and would be organized by Austria and the Office for Outer Space Affairs.", "402. The Committee noted that the Office for Outer Space Affairs intended to prepare the “Space2030” Agenda and its implementation plan in the form of publication, with a view to increasing its visibility and reaching a wider international community.", "403. The Committee noted that States were encouraged to continue to report on the implementation of the " Space 2030 " Agenda, bearing in mind also that the Commission would undertake a midterm review of progress in the implementation of the Agenda in 2025, and a final review in 2030, and report to the General Assembly on the results.", "404. The Committee recalled its decision to keep this item on the agenda of each of its sessions until 2030, so that the States members of the Commission and its permanent observers could share their experiences with the implementation of the “Space2030” Agenda and its implementation plan.", "L. Other matters", "405. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/76, the Committee considered the agenda item entitled “Other matters”.", "406. Statements in connection with the item were made by the representatives of Canada, China, the Russian Federation, Japan, Mexico and Switzerland. The representative of the European Union, as a permanent observer, also made a statement on behalf of the European Union and its member States. During the general exchange of views, statements were made on the subject, in addition, by representatives of other member States.", "1. Composition of the bureaux of the Commission and its subsidiary bodies for the period 2024–2025", "407. The Committee recalled that, in paragraph 11 of its resolution 58/89, the General Assembly had endorsed the agreement reached by the Committee on the future composition of the Bureau of the Committee and those of its subsidiary bodies (A/58/20, annex II, paras. 5-9), based on measures relating to the working methods of the Committee and its subsidiary bodies (see A/52/20, annex I, and A/58/20, annex II, appendix III), that the Assembly had done in its resolution 5256.", "408. The Committee also recalled that, in accordance with the measures relating to the future composition of the Bureau of the Commission and those of its subsidiary bodies, the Commission should agree at its sixty-fifth session on all the positions of the bureau for the period 2024-2025.", "409. The Committee noted that no regional group had submitted its nominations, and encouraged regional groups to submit the required nominations, or before the Fourth Committee considered the draft resolution on international cooperation for the peaceful uses of outer space at the seventieth session of the General Assembly, at 2022, or before the sixty-sixth session of the Committee, at 2023.", "2. Composition of the Commission", "410. The Committee took note of Guatemala ' s request for membership in the Commission (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.3) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventieth session, in 2022, that Guatemala become a member of the Commission.", "411. The Committee took note of Uzbekistan ' s request to participate in the Commission (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.4) and decided to recommend to the General Assembly at its seventieth session, in 2022, that Uzbekistan become a member of the Commission.", "3. Observer status", "412. With regard to non-governmental organizations that had requested permanent observer status with the Commission, the Committee recalled the agreement reached at its 53^(er) session, in 2010 (A/65/20, para. 311), that such a status would be granted to non-governmental organizations, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending the receipt of information on the status of applications for granting such consultative status to the Economic and Social Council;", "413. The Committee took note of the request of the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre to become a permanent observer to the Commission. The request and related correspondence were contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.5, which was before the Committee.", "414. The Commission decided to grant the Association for the Development of the Atlantic International Research Centre observer status with the Commission, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending receipt of information on the status of the request for the granting of consultative status to the Economic and Social Council submitted by that organization.", "415. The Committee took note of the request of the Access Space Alliance to become a permanent observer to the Commission. The request and related correspondence were contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.6, which was before the Committee.", "416. The Commission decided to grant the Access Space Alliance observer status to the Commission, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending receipt of information on the status of the request for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council submitted by that organization.", "417. The Committee took note of the request of The Hague Institute for Global Justice to become a permanent observer to the Commission. The request and related correspondence were contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.7, which was before the Committee.", "418. The Commission decided to grant The Hague Institute for Global Justice observer status to the Commission, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending receipt of information on the status of the request for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council submitted by that organization.", "419. The Committee took note of the request of the International Peace Alliance (Space) to become a permanent observer to the Commission. The request and related correspondence were contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.8, which was before the Committee.", "420. The Commission decided to grant the International Peace Alliance (Space) observer status to the Commission, on a provisional basis, for a period of three years, pending receipt of information on the status of the request for consultative status with the Economic and Social Council submitted by that organization.", "4. Other matters", "421. The Committee took note of an informal paper prepared by the Chairman of the Committee, which had been made available to the Committee at the current session, and noted that the Chair had indicated that the Committee and its subcommissions played a special role as unique platforms for international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes and, therefore, that it was important for the future sessions of the Committee to discuss, as appropriate,", "422. Some delegations welcomed the Chair ' s informal paper and expressed the view that it outlined an excellent way of preparing the Commission ' s contribution to the Future Summit and multi-stakeholder dialogue.", "423. The view was expressed that it was unlikely that the multi-stakeholder format of the Future Summit proposed by the Secretary-General would provide the means for a fruitful decision-making process on key issues of the global space agenda.", "5. Programme 5 " Peaceful use of outer space ": draft programme plan for 2023 and programme implementation in 2021", "424. The Committee had before it the following documents:", "(a) Conference room paper on programme 5 (Peaceful use of outer space) and the draft programme plan for 2023 (A/AC.105/2022/CRP.16, English only);", "(b) Proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect.6)).", "425. The Committee welcomed the presentation by the Acting Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs on the proposed programme plan for 2023 and the information provided by the Office on the main areas of work.", "426. The Committee agreed with the draft programme plan.", "427. The Committee noted that the footnote d, annex I to the proposed programme budget for 2023 (A/77/6 (Sect.6)), should be corrected to reflect the correct name of the Chinese Ministry of Emergency Management.", "6. Draft provisional agenda for the sixty-sixth session of the Commission", "428. The Commission recommended that the following items be considered at its sixty-sixth session, to be held in 2023:", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3 Presidential statement.", "4. General exchange of views.", "5. Ways and means to reserve outer space for peaceful purposes.", "6. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its sixtieth session.", "7. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its sixty-second session.", "8. Space and sustainable development.", "9. Benefits derived from space technology: review of the current situation.", "10. Space and water.", "11. Space and climate change.", "12. The use of space technology in the United Nations system.", "13. Future role and method of work of the Commission.", "14. Space exploration and innovation.", "15. The “Space 2030” Agenda.", "16. Other business.", "17. Report of the Committee to the General Assembly.", "429. The Committee noted that, during the intersessional period, an agreement could possibly be reached on the proposal contained in conference room paper A/AC.105/2022/CRP.14 to include, for only one year, " Coordination of sustainable lunar activities " as a sub-item of the agenda item " Spatial expansion and innovation " at the sixty-sixth session of the Commission, that discussions on this matter could continue to be held during the sixty-second session", "M. Schedule of work of the Commission and its subsidiary bodies", "430. The Commission agreed on the following provisional schedule for its session and the sessions of its subcommissions in 2023:", "Date Subcommission on Scientific and Technical Affairs 6-17 February of 2023 Vienna Legal Subcommittee 20 to 31 March2023 Vienna Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space", "Annex", "Draft resolution on space and global health", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/122 of 13 December 1996, 54/68 of 6 December 1999, 59/2 of 20 October 2004, 66/71 of 9 December 2011, 69/85 of 5 December 2014, 70/1 of 25 September 2015, 71/90 of 6 December 2016, 73/91 of 7 December 2018 and 76/3 of 25 October 2021,", "Recalling also the recommendations contained in the resolution entitled " Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development " , adopted by the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space[1], in which the participating States called for action to improve public health services by expanding and coordinating space services for telemedicine and combating infectious diseases,", "Recalling further the fiftieth anniversary of the First United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE+50) and its thematic priority 5 on the intensification of space cooperation in the service of global health,", "Recognizing the importance of the contribution of space science and technology and their applications to efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development[2], in particular Sustainable Development Goal 3, on ensuring a healthy life and promoting the well-being of all ages, and aware that the work done in the health sector in space can contribute to sustainable development, especially with programmes aimed at improving the quality of life in a variety of ways,", "Emphasizing that the overall objective 2 of the Agenda “Space2030”[3] of using the potential of space for solving daily problems and taking advantage of space-related innovations to improve quality of life could be achieved by strengthening space-related cooperation in support of global health, improving the use and application of space medicine, science and technology, innovations in the field of global health, cooperation and the sharing of information", "Convinced of the importance of space science, space technology and space applications, and acknowledging their contribution, in order to enhance the life sciences in digital health, such as tele-health, telemedicine[4] and tele-epidemiology, with a view to preventing and controlling diseases and problems related to global health, promoting human health, environmental food, animal health and research", "Noting with concern that gaps in the areas of telemedicine and telehealth include the low implementation of digital technologies in public health systems and health care, as well as the lack of harmonized standards for data exchange among medical equipment manufacturers,", "Noting with satisfaction the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, its subsidiary bodies and the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the Secretariat in the field of space and global health, in particular under Action Team 6, on public health, established to implement the recommendations of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Use of Outer Space,", "Deeply concerned at the devastating global effects of newly emerging infectious diseases and other health-related emergencies, such as the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), to the detriment of human life, society and development, and urging the international community to adopt the " One Health " approach by strengthening the role of space-based solutions, in particular the preparation of teleud and", "1. Encourages United Nations entities, intergovernmental organizations, Governments and the private sector to seek effective coordination in all major space activities relevant to global health;", "2. Encourages health authorities and space agencies at the national level to establish official cooperation relations, and welcomes the existence of cross-sectoral networks that foster the exchange of ideas between the space and health sectors;", "3. Encourages Member States to establish an environment supported by governance policies and mechanisms, with due regard to legal and ethical issues, with a view to eliminating difficulties in facilitating the effective use of space technologies for global health, including telemedicine solutions and other emerging technologies;", "4. Also encourages Member States to promote open data sharing policies and participatory approaches aimed at promoting and increasing access to all geospatial information relevant to global health, including remote sensing and Earth observation data, to the extent possible;", "5. Further encourages Member States to enhance organizational and technical interoperability and promote research and innovation to facilitate the development of space science and technology and its implementation in the health sector;", "6. Urges United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations to support the wider development of space solutions, as well as their equal access to and implementation of space solutions, for global health, public health, as well as epidemics and pandemics, the response to emergencies that may have an impact on health and attention to the different needs of Member States in the field of health, and encourages the implementation of a wider range of space-based partnerships,", "7. Encourages Member States and participating entities to redouble efforts on the geo-labelling of all assets that are useful to health systems, including health information systems, and to make such assets available to stakeholders with a view to promoting the achievement of health goals;", "8. Encourages Member States to recognize the relevance, in terms of the realization of economic and social benefits on Earth, of access to the space environment and similar means[6] for research and development in relation to health and life sciences, especially in the field of astronaut health;", "9. " Also encourages Member States to actively promote international cooperation in the field of space medicine on the basis of equal opportunities for all stakeholders and with a view to further promoting the exploration of outer space by mankind, and to promote the development and scientific and technological applications in the interest of global health;", "10. Further encourages Member States to exercise appropriate drills and exercises to measure their operational readiness and responsiveness, as well as their ability to appropriately use space technologies in responding to global health-related events;", "11. Welcomes the establishment of a Geneva-based specialized, multifaceted and global access cooperation platform to promote effective collaboration on space and global health issues among Member States, United Nations entities, other international organizations and other relevant entities;", "12. Emphasizes that all important activities, reference documents and relevant space plans for the global health service carried out or prepared by United Nations entities, in particular the World Health Organization, other international organizations and States members of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space should be monitored and compiled on an annual basis, as far as possible, by non-governmental organizations and other non-governmental actors, and also emphasizes such annual gaps", "13. Recognizes the importance of analysing and assessing the roles and interests of current actors in the field of space and global health in order to promote synergy, complementarity, cooperation and coordination among all;", "14. Emphasizes the need to strengthen, in an equitable and sustainable manner, cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation to carry out effective capacity-building activities at the international, regional, national and subnational levels related to the implementation of space science and technology in the field of global health;", "15. Encourages Member States to involve educational institutions and other capacity-building mechanisms in efforts to motivate young health professionals to acquire space-related skills and skills from the start of their careers;", "16. Agrees to promote capacity-building activities organized by United Nations entities and other relevant actors, with the objective of continuing to raise awareness among those applying the " One Health " approach on the important contribution of space science and technology and to stimulate their cooperation in this area, with a view to increasing the number of health sector organizations and other actors actively contributing to the use of space science and technology;", "17. Requests the Office for Outer Space Affairs to strengthen, with existing resources, capacity-building and networking in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, through regional technical cooperation projects and to support field projects to strengthen collaboration between the space and global health sectors as an effective strategy to make better use of space science and technology so that beneficiary States have access to global health and to build on opportunities for multilateral cooperation;", "18. It encourages Member States to promote linkages between academia, national experts, telecommunications regulatory authorities and scientific and technological authorities with a view to improving access to and use of digital technologies and information systems in health care.", "[1] Report of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 19-30 July 1999 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.00.I.3), chap. I, resolution 1.", "[2] Resolution 70/1.", "[3] Resolution 76/3.", "[4] The term “telemedicine” refers in general to the use of telecommunications, satellite communications and information technology to provide remote clinical health care and includes numerous active and relevant branches, such as telecardiology, teleradiology, teleophthalmology, teleoncology, telepharmacy, telesurgery, teledermatology and other developing disciplines.", "[5] A/AC.105/C.1/121.", "[6] Space-like means include parabolic flights, bed rest studies and expeditions to Antarctica and other isolated, reduced and extreme environments that simulate the space environment on Earth." ]
[ "Septuagésimo séptimo período desesiones Tema 109 de la listapreliminar[1] \nPrevención del delito y justiciapenal", "Cumplimiento de los mandatos del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal, con especial referencia a las actividades de cooperación técnica de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "El presente informe se ha preparado en virtud de la resolución 76/187 de la Asamblea General. Contiene un resumen de las actividades realizadas por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC) para apoyar a los Estados Miembros en su labor orientada a hacer frente a la delincuencia organizada transnacional, la corrupción y el terrorismo, y prevenir la delincuencia y fortalecer los sistemas de justicia penal, incluso en lo que respecta a las nuevas cuestiones de política.", "El informe incluye información sobre las actividades emprendidas por la Oficina para abordar las dificultades que la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID‑19) plantea a los sistemas de prevención del delito y de justicia penal.", "I. Introducción", "1. Transcurridos más de cinco años desde la puesta en marcha de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, el panorama general en relación con las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible relativas a la delincuencia y la justicia penal es desigual. La meta 16.3 relativa al fomento del estado de derecho y la garantía de la igualdad de acceso a la justicia para todos ha experimentado muy pocas mejoras. Por ejemplo, pese a la drástica reducción de la población penitenciaria mundial registrada durante la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), que pasó de 11,8 millones de personas en 2019 a 11,2 millones de personas a finales de 2020, el porcentaje de reclusos que estaban detenidos sin haber sido condenados se mantuvo relativamente sin cambios a nivel mundial[2]. Ha habido algunos avances en lo que respecta a la reducción de la violencia relacionada con la delincuencia, en consonancia con la meta 16.1 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Entre 2015 y 2020, la tasa mundial de homicidios disminuyó un 5,2 %[3]. No obstante, la impunidad por la comisión de esos delitos siguió estando generalizada. A nivel mundial, por cada 100 víctimas de homicidio registradas, solo 53 personas fueron condenadas por ese delito[4]. De ahí que la labor de prevención de la delincuencia y la justicia penal siga estando muy solicitada.", "2. La UNODC ha presentado una nueva serie de publicaciones llamada “Data Matters”, que incluye tres informes de investigación, sobre los temas de la población penitenciaria mundial, el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16 y el asesinato de mujeres y niñas por razones de género, respectivamente. Además, la UNODC publicó distintos informes de investigación sobre las repercusiones de la guerra en Ucrania en las esferas de trabajo comprendidas en su mandato, entre los que figuran dos informes titulados, “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on drug demand and supply” y “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on risks of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants”, sobre el conflicto en Ucrania y los datos clave sobre la demanda y la oferta de drogas, y el conflicto en Ucrania y los datos clave sobre los riesgos de la trata de personas y el tráfico de migrantes, respectivamente.", "3. En el presente informe se ofrece información sobre el cumplimiento de los mandatos del programa de las Naciones Unidas en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal y se tienen en cuenta las nuevas cuestiones de política y las posibles respuestas a esas cuestiones, de conformidad con la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 76/187. El informe trata de las actividades realizadas por la UNODC en las esferas temáticas comprendidas en la Declaración de Kioto sobre la Promoción de la Prevención del Delito, la Justicia Penal y el Estado de Derecho: Hacia el Cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, aprobada en el 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, celebrado en Kioto (Japón) del 7 al 12 de marzo de 2021.", "4. Debido a la persistencia de los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19, las reuniones intergubernamentales y las actividades de asistencia técnica mencionadas en este informe se llevaron a cabo en su mayor parte en formato en línea o híbrido (presencial y en línea).", "II. Medidas adoptadas por la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, incluido el seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal", "5. La Comisión celebró su 31º período de sesiones en Viena del 16 al 20 de mayo de 2022. La Comisión recomendó al Consejo Económico y Social que aprobara tres resoluciones para someterlas a la aprobación de la Asamblea General relativas a: a) el seguimiento del 14º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y los preparativos del 15º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal; b) la reducción de la reincidencia mediante la rehabilitación y la reintegración; y c) la intensificación de los esfuerzos en los planos nacional e internacional, incluso en colaboración con el sector privado, con miras a proteger a los niños de la explotación y los abusos sexuales. Además, la Comisión aprobó la resolución 31/1, titulada “Fortalecimiento del marco jurídico internacional de cooperación internacional para combatir y prevenir el tráfico ilícito de especímenes de la fauna y la flora silvestres”[5].", "6. De conformidad con la resolución 76/181 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión celebró el primer debate temático sobre la aplicación de la Declaración de Kioto en noviembre de 2021. Asimismo, en cumplimiento de la resolución 76/185 de la Asamblea General, la Comisión celebró en febrero de 2022 debates de expertos sobre los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente. Asistieron a ambos debates temáticos expertos de más de 130 Estados Miembros, así como de entidades de las Naciones Unidas, organizaciones intergubernamentales e internacionales y de la sociedad civil[6]. El informe del Secretario General sobre el tema (A/77/128) contiene más información sobre el seguimiento del 14º Congreso.", "III. Medidas adoptadas por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito en esferas temáticas", "A. Introducción. Cuestiones estratégicas", "7. La Estrategia 2021-2025 de la UNODC articula la labor de la Oficina en cinco esferas temáticas: a) abordar y contrarrestar el problema mundial de las drogas; b) prevenir y combatir la delincuencia organizada; c) prevenir y combatir la corrupción y la delincuencia económica; d) prevenir y combatir el terrorismo; y e) prevención del delito y justicia penal. La estrategia define la misión de la UNODC con relación a los tres pilares de las Naciones Unidas: la paz y la seguridad, el desarrollo y los derechos humanos. Establece compromisos para integrar plenamente la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres, los derechos humanos y el empoderamiento de los jóvenes en los programas de la UNODC, y aboga por una programación integrada, una cooperación multilateral eficaz y el establecimiento de alianzas más sólidas con las organizaciones internacionales y de la sociedad civil y el sector privado.", "8. Atendiendo al espíritu de la Estrategia, la UNODC viene colaborando con un número cada vez mayor de entidades de las Naciones Unidas y organizaciones internacionales y regionales, a las que ayuda en la preparación de documentos estratégicos y en la realización de actividades de investigación y asistencia técnica. La UNODC participa activamente en una serie de mecanismos de coordinación interinstitucional, en particular en relación con la prevención, el tratamiento y la rehabilitación de la drogodependencia, el VIH/sida, la corrupción, la lucha contra el terrorismo, los flujos financieros ilícitos, la trata de personas, la migración, la encarcelación, la actuación policial, el estado de derecho, la igualdad de género, cuestiones de derechos humanos como la discriminación racial y la protección de las minorías, el empoderamiento de los jóvenes y la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad.", "9. La UNODC siguió colaborando con organizaciones no gubernamentales, el mundo académico y el sector privado, entre otros, en talleres dirigidos a distintas partes interesadas sobre la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional. En estrecha colaboración con Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice y la Coalición de la Sociedad Civil en Apoyo a la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción (Coalición UNCAC), se aseguró la participación de la sociedad civil en todas las reuniones intergubernamentales y talleres celebrados en 2021, lo que supuso la participación de 4.071 partes interesadas de 1.253 organizaciones. Se pusieron en marcha nuevas alianzas público-privadas, en las que participaron 75 representantes del sector privado.", "10. En colaboración con la Oficina de la Presidencia de la Asamblea General, la UNODC coorganizó un debate temático de alto nivel sobre la incorporación de los jóvenes en las políticas de prevención del delito, el 6 de junio de 2022. La finalidad de esa actividad era servir de foro para que los Estados Miembros intercambiaran puntos de vista sobre cómo los jóvenes pueden ser agentes de cambio en sus comunidades, así como actores capacitados para combatir la delincuencia y defender el estado de derecho. Se prestó especial atención al establecimiento de estrategias de prevención de la delincuencia que incluyeran a los jóvenes como colaboradores activos junto con los Estados Miembros, los gobiernos locales, el ámbito académico y la sociedad civil.", "11. En mayo de 2022, la UNODC tenía presencia física en 95 países. En el contexto de la aplicación de la Visión Estratégica para América Latina y el Caribe 2021-2025, que se puso en marcha el 7 de febrero de 2022, la UNODC ha redefinido la Oficina de Colombia como la Oficina Regional para la Región Andina y el Cono Sur, que abarca además la Argentina, Chile, el Paraguay y el Uruguay y supervisa la labor de las oficinas de Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), el Ecuador y el Perú. Con ello, la UNODC pretende alcanzar la armonización programática y la optimización operacional y promover el intercambio y la reproducción de buenas prácticas y experiencias dentro y fuera de la subregión.", "12. Tras la toma del poder por los talibanes en agosto de 2021, la UNODC creó en el Afganistán la Red Estratégica de Estabilidad para hacer frente a los problemas transnacionales presentes y futuros derivados de las drogas, la delincuencia y el terrorismo en el país y sus alrededores. La red tiene por objeto promover la estabilidad, proteger a la población del Afganistán y de la región en su conjunto y fomentar la paz, los derechos humanos y el desarrollo social y económico sostenible a largo plazo, así como atender las necesidades urgentes de la crisis humanitaria.", "13. Mediante el uso de las redes locales existentes en Ucrania y en las viviendas de refugiados de los países de acogida, la UNODC elaboró y difundió materiales para cubrir las necesidades de los padres y cuidadores y mantener estructuras familiares sólidas en entornos humanitarios. Con el apoyo del Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/Sida, la UNODC ha coordinado la comunicación entre las autoridades penitenciarias de Ucrania y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil para atender las necesidades humanitarias en los centros penitenciarios.", "B. Promover la prevención del delito", "1. Hacer frente a las causas, incluidas las causas profundas, de la delincuencia; la prevención del delito de base empírica; y las estrategias de prevención del delito adaptadas a las necesidades", "14. La UNODC siguió prestando apoyo a los países para mejorar la reunión rigurosa de datos empíricos a fin de apoyar las iniciativas de prevención del delito. La UNODC, junto con el Centro de Excelencia para Información Estadística de Gobierno, Seguridad Pública, Victimización y Justicia de la UNODC y el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía de México (INEGI), con sede en México, y el Centro de Excelencia para Estadísticas sobre Delincuencia y Justicia Penal en Asia y el Pacífico, de la UNODC y Statistics Korea (KOSTAT), ubicado en la República de Corea, prestó asistencia para la creación de capacidad a 150 países en relación con los indicadores del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16, la aplicación de la Clasificación Internacional de Delitos con Fines Estadísticos, la medición de los flujos financieros ilícitos, las encuestas sobre victimización y corrupción, y la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en las estadísticas sobre delincuencia y justicia penal. Junto con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH), la UNODC creó la iniciativa para la encuesta del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16; con la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), elaboró un marco estadístico para medir los asesinatos de mujeres y niñas por razón de género (también denominados femicidio y feminicidio); y con la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, elaboró el Marco Conceptual para la Medición Estadística de Flujos Financieros Ilícitos. La Comisión de Estadística acogió con satisfacción el primer instrumento y aprobó los otros dos.", "15. La UNODC siguió utilizando sus programas mundiales, regionales y nacionales para apoyar a los Estados Miembros en la aplicación de las normas de prevención de la delincuencia, asesorándolos en el diseño y la ejecución de estrategias y programas. Ello incluyó el apoyo para conseguir mejores datos cualitativos sobre la delincuencia y la victimización mediante encuestas o mecanismos de consulta a la comunidad. En mayo de 2021, en Kirguistán se adoptó la Ley n.º 60, relativa a los aspectos básicos de la prevención del delito, en la que se define la función de una serie de agentes y se prevé el apoyo a las víctimas. Como medida complementaria, la UNODC viene prestando asistencia técnica a la aplicación del nuevo programa estatal de prevención de la delincuencia para el período 2022-2028, incluso en lo que respecta a la elaboración de planes de acción locales y la creación de capacidad. La UNODC prestó asesoramiento estratégico para el diseño de una estrategia regional de base comunitaria para prevenir los delitos marítimos y de otra índole en Nigeria, entre otras cosas organizando consultas con las partes interesadas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales locales. La evaluación de la amenaza de la delincuencia organizada en Nigeria realizada por la UNODC se sometió a examen en un taller celebrado con las principales partes interesadas en mayo de 2022. La finalidad del taller era proporcionar información sobre las estrategias adoptadas por el país para hacer frente a las amenazas correspondientes.", "16. En consonancia con el compromiso asumido en la Declaración de Kioto con el fin de intensificar los esfuerzos multidisciplinarios encaminados a prevenir la delincuencia, y como seguimiento del debate de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre el tema “Seguridad, protección y buena gobernanza en el entorno urbano: convertir la prevención del delito en una prioridad para todos”, celebrado en abril de 2021, la Oficina promovió la colaboración entre los ciudadanos y las instituciones de justicia en África, Asia y Centroamérica a fin de promover la prevención de la delincuencia a nivel local. En México y el Brasil, la UNODC contribuyó a ejecutar estrategias comunitarias para reducir la delincuencia y la violencia, promoviendo enfoques de desarrollo y situacionales para la prevención.", "2. Hacer frente a la dimensión económica de la delincuencia", "17. Por medio del Programa Mundial contra el Blanqueo de Dinero, la Ocultación del Producto del Delito y la Financiación del Terrorismo, la UNODC continuó prestando apoyo a los Estados Miembros en la elaboración y aplicación de medidas eficaces para hacer frente a la dimensión económica de la delincuencia y privar a los delincuentes y a las organizaciones delictivas de toda ganancia ilícita mediante, entre otras cosas, la detección, la localización, la incautación, el decomiso, la recuperación y la restitución del producto del delito, así como para establecer marcos nacionales sólidos para las investigaciones financieras y seguir elaborando estrategias para prevenir y combatir el blanqueo de dinero y los flujos financieros ilícitos.", "18. La UNODC siguió apoyando a los Estados Miembros en sus esfuerzos por combatir la delincuencia organizada transnacional, incluido el blanqueo del producto del delito. Las autoridades policiales, aduaneras, de inmigración y de control de fronteras, el personal de las autoridades judiciales y las unidades de inteligencia financiera siguieron beneficiándose de las actividades de la Oficina de creación de capacidad especialmente adaptadas a las necesidades.", "19. La UNODC siguió apoyando las iniciativas destinadas a recuperar el producto de la corrupción, incluso mediante los progresos realizados en el segundo ciclo del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención contra la Corrupción. En el noveno período de sesiones de la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción, los representantes de la Iniciativa para la Recuperación de Activos Robados (Iniciativa StAR) de la UNODC y el Banco Mundial presentaron los resultados preliminares de la encuesta sobre la Iniciativa para recopilar información sobre casos de recuperación de activos a nivel internacional relacionados con delitos tipificados con arreglo a la Convención contra la Corrupción y presentaron una nueva publicación sobre la ejecución directa de resoluciones extranjeras por las que se ordene la incautación o el decomiso de bienes. En su 16ª reunión, que se celebrará en 2022, el Grupo de Trabajo Intergubernamental de Composición Abierta sobre Recuperación de Activos de la Conferencia abordará las cuestiones derivadas de las resoluciones aprobadas por la Conferencia en su noveno período de sesiones, en particular las resoluciones 9/2, sobre el seguimiento del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General contra la corrupción, y 9/7, relativa al mejoramiento del uso de la información sobre los beneficiarios finales para facilitar la detección, recuperación y restitución del producto del delito.", "20. La administración de los activos embargados preventivamente, incautados y decomisados, prevista en la Convención contra la Corrupción, es fundamental para el éxito de la recuperación de activos. En 2019, la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención aprobó su resolución 8/1, en la que decidió que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Recuperación de Activos siguiera reuniendo información sobre las mejores prácticas de los Estados partes, con objeto de completar el proyecto de directrices no vinculantes para administrar bienes embargados preventivamente, incautados y decomisados[7] y actualizar un estudio sobre la gestión y la disposición eficaces de los bienes incautados y decomisados, titulado, Effective Management and Disposal of Seized and Confiscated Assets, de 2017. Actualmente, la UNODC está revisando el proyecto de directrices no vinculantes y el estudio sobre la base de la información adicional presentada por los Estados partes. La UNODC también sigue prestando asistencia técnica a ese respecto.", "3. Incorporación de la perspectiva de género, incluida la prevención de la violencia relacionada con el género, en los esfuerzos de prevención del delito", "21. La incorporación de la perspectiva de género es un componente clave del apoyo de la Oficina a los Estados Miembros en la aplicación de las normas de prevención del delito, incluso mediante la realización de encuestas y la aplicación de mecanismos de consulta a las comunidades a fin de obtener mejores datos cualitativos sobre la delincuencia y la victimización.", "22. La Oficina prestó asesoramiento estratégico para la elaboración de una estrategia nacional de prevención de la violencia de género en Sudáfrica.", "23. En marzo de 2022, la UNODC celebró dos sesiones de capacitación en línea sobre la perspectiva de género en las estadísticas sobre delincuencia y justicia penal. La primera sesión contó con 689 participantes de 19 países de América Latina y Europa, y la segunda con 232 participantes de 36 países de la región de Asia-Pacífico.", "4. La infancia y la juventud en la prevención de la delincuencia y el empoderamiento de la juventud para la prevención del delito", "24. La UNODC siguió reforzando la resiliencia de los jóvenes en el marco de sus iniciativas Juega, Vive y Educación para la Justicia, de conformidad con la resolución 76/183 de la Asamblea General. En 2021, la UNODC prestó a 15 Estados Miembros asesoramiento sobre políticas y asistencia técnica sobre la integración del deporte en las estrategias de prevención de la delincuencia, lo que permitió aumentar la capacidad de los agentes estatales y no estatales para utilizar el deporte con objeto de prevenir la violencia y la delincuencia, incluido el extremismo violento. La asistencia consistió en cursos de formación especialmente adaptados, gracias a lo que se pudo impartir formación práctica para la vida basada en el deporte, en escuelas y entornos comunitarios a más de 15.000 jóvenes, así como crear espacios seguros en comunidades marginadas mediante el reacondicionamiento de instalaciones deportivas en el Líbano, México y Uganda.", "25. Con el fin de impedir la captación de personas, entre ellas niños, por grupos terroristas y extremistas violentos, la Oficina llevó a cabo una labor de sensibilización entre los encargados de la formulación de políticas y los profesionales de Kazajstán, Kirguistán, Tayikistán, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán mediante una serie de reuniones técnicas destinadas a reforzar los marcos normativos y operacionales relativos a cuestiones jurídicas, políticas y psicosociales, de conformidad con las normas internacionales.", "C. Promover el sistema de justicia penal", "1. Salvaguarda de los derechos de las víctimas y protección de testigos y denunciantes", "26. La UNODC siguió promoviendo enfoques de justicia penal centrados en las víctimas, así como la importancia de garantizar el acceso a la asistencia, la protección y el apoyo a todas las víctimas, sin discriminación y en consonancia con la Declaración sobre los Principios Fundamentales de Justicia para las Víctimas de Delitos y del Abuso de Poder (resolución 40/34 de la Asamblea General, anexo). La Oficina puso en marcha un nuevo proyecto sobre el acceso a la justicia de las víctimas de delitos en Egipto. En Burkina Faso y el Níger, la UNODC organizó sendos talleres para profesionales de la justicia penal sobre la prestación de un apoyo eficaz a las víctimas. En Panamá, la UNODC organizó seis sesiones de formación en línea sobre investigaciones con pruebas digitales para la Defensoría del Pueblo, el Departamento de Asesoría Legal Gratuita para las Víctimas del Delito, la Dirección de Investigación Judicial y el Ministerio Público.", "27. La UNODC elaboró una segunda edición actualizada de las Disposiciones Legislativas Modelo sobre la Delincuencia Organizada, que incluye un capítulo relativo a los artículos 24 y 25 de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada, sobre la protección de testigos y víctimas.", "28. La UNODC siguió ayudando a los Estados partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción a fortalecer los mecanismos destinados a ofrecer una protección eficaz a los denunciantes. La UNODC prestó asesoramiento jurídico y asistencia legislativa a más de 15 Estados Miembros para la elaboración de marcos legislativos relacionados con la protección de los denunciantes. La UNODC también siguió colaborando con los Estados partes para establecer mecanismos de información y protección o reforzar los existentes en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para ello, la UNODC publicó una serie de nuevas directrices para la protección de los denunciantes en el sector sanitario, en árabe, español, francés, inglés y portugués, y apoyó al sector de la salud de varios Estados partes en su aplicación.", "2. Mejora de las condiciones en los establecimientos penitenciarios y reducción de la reincidencia mediante la rehabilitación y la reintegración", "29. La Oficina, junto con el Departamento de Operaciones de Paz y el ACNUDH, dirigió conjuntamente la elaboración de la “posición común del sistema de las Naciones Unidas sobre el encarcelamiento”, presentada en mayo de 2021, que sitúa la reforma penitenciaria y el tratamiento de los delincuentes como parte integral de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.", "30. Se pusieron en marcha nuevos proyectos de reforma penitenciaria destinados a mejorar el cumplimiento de las normas mínimas internacionales en el Brasil, Ghana, Nigeria, Filipinas, Tayikistán y Túnez. En otros 18 Estados Miembros, la Oficina apoyó la reforma de las leyes penitenciarias o mejoró los programas de formación de los funcionarios de prisiones. Más de 77.000 usuarios de 160 países se han inscrito en el curso de aprendizaje electrónico de la UNODC sobre las Reglas Mínimas de las Naciones Unidas para el Tratamiento de los Reclusos (Reglas Nelson Mandela), que está disponible en 13 idiomas.", "31. La UNODC siguió prestando asistencia de emergencia para mitigar los efectos de la COVID-19 en las prisiones. En Uganda, se prestó apoyo logístico para garantizar el acceso de los reclusos a las vacunas contra la COVID-19. La Oficina promovió la utilización de medidas no privativas de libertad en diez países. En Kenya, se llevó a cabo una labor de sensibilización entre los funcionarios acerca de la derivación, la negociación de la conformidad del acusado y los mecanismos de justicia tradicional respetuosos con los derechos humanos.", "32. A fin de aumentar las perspectivas de reintegración social de los reclusos, la UNODC puso en marcha programas de educación y formación profesional en Colombia, El Salvador, Marruecos y Túnez. En Túnez, la UNODC se asoció con una universidad para elaborar un programa de maestría sobre terapia cognitivo-conductual centrado en la prevención de la reincidencia, lo que allanó el camino para que esa terapia se utilice de forma habitual en las cárceles.", "33. La UNODC siguió prestando apoyo a los Estados Miembros en la gestión eficaz de presos extremistas violentos, incluidos los combatientes terroristas extranjeros detenidos, y en la prevención del riesgo de radicalización violenta en las cárceles. Quince Estados Miembros se beneficiaron de las actividades de creación de capacidad del personal penitenciario y el personal de libertad condicional, la mejora de la seguridad e inteligencia penitenciarias y la elaboración de programas de desvinculación. En Indonesia y Kazajstán, el uso de los instrumentos de evaluación de riesgos y necesidades elaborados con el apoyo de la UNODC se adoptó como política oficial del Estado.", "34. De conformidad con la resolución 76/182 de la Asamblea General, en diciembre de 2021 y abril de 2022, la UNODC celebró sendas reuniones consultivas con expertos en la materia con el fin de transmitir información sobre prácticas prometedoras para reducir la reincidencia, con vistas a elaborar estrategias modelo. Entre los temas tratados cabe citar el uso de medidas no privativas de libertad, las políticas de imposición de penas justas y los programas de rehabilitación y reinserción social en el entorno penitenciario y en la comunidad.", "3. Incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los sistemas de justicia penal", "35. Además de apoyar estrategias e iniciativas para prevenir la violencia contra la mujer, la UNODC prestó asistencia a 22 Estados Miembros para que aumentaran el acceso de las supervivientes de la violencia de género a una justicia que tenga en cuenta las cuestiones de género. Entre los principales logros se encuentran la reforma de la legislación penal relativa a la violencia sexual y la creación de una dependencia especializada en la Fiscalía General de Nepal, la adaptación y adopción de instrumentos de la UNODC por el Ministerio de Seguridad Pública, la fiscalía y el Tribunal Popular Supremo de Viet Nam, y la mejora de los mecanismos de coordinación interinstitucional nacionales y locales en Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Nepal y Viet Nam. En México, la UNODC impartió formación a 6.860 agentes de policía y 283 operadores de llamadas de emergencia en la prevención y detección de casos de violencia de género y en el tratamiento y derivación adecuados de las supervivientes. En Guatemala, la UNODC apoyó los mecanismos legales de denuncia y mejoró el registro de casos relacionados con personas lesbianas, gais, bisexuales, transgénero, queer e intersexuales, adultos mayores, personas con discapacidad e indígenas. En Kenya, la Oficina elaboró una guía de referencia rápida sobre casos de violencia sexual y de género para los fiscales. Una nueva ley modelo de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo sobre violencia de género, que se está elaborando con la colaboración de la UNODC, proporcionará un modelo para las reformas de la justicia penal centradas en las supervivientes en la región. En marzo de 2022, con motivo de la celebración del primer Día Internacional de las Juezas, la UNODC puso en marcha la campaña “Las mujeres en la justicia para la justicia”, a fin de promover el equilibrio y la receptividad respecto de las cuestiones de género en todo el espectro de la administración de justicia. La Red Mundial de Integridad Judicial, cuya labor para incorporar las cuestiones relativas a la representación de las mujeres en los sistemas judiciales fue mencionada con aprecio por la Asamblea General en la resolución mediante la que se estableció el Día Internacional, siguió trabajando en las cuestiones de género.", "4. Afrontar las vulnerabilidades de los niños y jóvenes en contacto con el sistema de justicia penal", "36. En el Brasil, en colaboración con el Consejo Nacional del Ministerio Público, la UNODC llevó a cabo un análisis de la situación del sistema de justicia juvenil, elaboró un instrumento de formación, organizó una actividad de creación de capacidad y presentó un documento de política sobre la mejora del tratamiento de los niños en conflicto con la ley. En Nigeria, la UNODC colaboró en la realización de una evaluación de 225 individuos en un reformatorio del país que condujo a la liberación de 218 personas y permitió llevar a cabo actividades de capacitación sobre el tratamiento de los niños privados de libertad.", "37. La UNODC puso en marcha un proyecto para incrementar la resiliencia ante el extremismo violento (STRIVE Juvenil), dirigido a prevenir y contrarrestar la violencia contra los niños por grupos terroristas y extremistas violentos en Indonesia, el Iraq y Nigeria. La fase inicial concluyó con la finalización de los análisis de situación, el establecimiento de mecanismos nacionales de coordinación y la aprobación de planes de trabajo adaptados a cada país. Se creó un comité científico asesor, se elaboró un marco mundial de investigación y se puso en marcha un programa de ayudas dirigido a los asociados nacionales del ámbito de la investigación. En el marco del proyecto, se celebraron dos actividades de capacitación: una en Indonesia, en diciembre de 2021, sobre la justicia para niños en el contexto de la lucha contra el terrorismo, y otra en Nigeria, en enero de 2022, sobre el tratamiento de los niños víctimas y testigos.", "38. la UNODC siguió prestando asistencia técnica en Indonesia, el Iraq, Kazajstán, Kirguistán, Tayikistán, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán sobre el tratamiento de los niños vinculados a grupos terroristas y extremistas violentos, y presentó su hoja de ruta sobre el tratamiento de los niños vinculados a grupos terroristas y grupos extremistas violentos en portugués. La UNODC organizó tres seminarios web regionales sobre prácticas prometedoras relacionadas con la rehabilitación y la reintegración de los niños repatriados de zonas de conflicto y presentó nuevos módulos de formación en línea que abordan el tema en ruso.", "5. Mejora de los procesos de investigación penal", "39. La UNODC difundió los Principios sobre Entrevistas Efectivas para Investigación y Recopilación de Información, o los “Principios de Méndez”. También elaboró tres módulos de aprendizaje en línea sobre entrevistas de investigación y los puso a prueba en Nigeria y el Pakistán. Además, la Oficina, en colaboración con la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE), la Agencia de la Unión Europea para la Formación Policial (CEPOL), el Centro Noruego de Derechos Humanos y la Asociación para la Prevención de la Tortura, impartió formación en creación de capacidad a nivel regional y nacional sobre investigaciones y entrevistas eficaces a más de 200 profesionales de instituciones encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley y otras instituciones de justicia penal de todo el mundo. En el Pakistán, la UNODC capacitó a 1.162 agentes de policía y fiscales, entre otras cosas, en la esfera de la investigación forense, la ética laboral y la cooperación entre la policía y la fiscalía, e impartió formación de formadores sobre técnicas de entrevista.", "40. La UNODC siguió apoyando la mejora de la capacidad en materia de criminalística en la labor de los funcionarios encargados de aplicar la ley, de aduanas y de los servicios postales, los laboratorios y los funcionarios del poder judicial. Ese apoyo consistió, entre otras cosas, en proporcionar cursos de capacitación normalizados, manuales, directrices, instrumentos de educación en línea y servicios relacionados con el examen de documentos de seguridad, la investigación en la escena del delito, la identificación de drogas y la manipulación y eliminación seguras y ecológicas de drogas y de los precursores utilizados en su fabricación. El Kit de Herramientas de las Naciones Unidas sobre Drogas Sintéticas se complementó con nuevos módulos especializados sobre ciberdelincuencia y seguridad postal, que proporcionaron a los países recursos prácticos de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para adoptar respuestas integrales que permitan hacer frente a las diversas formas de delincuencia relacionadas con las drogas sintéticas.", "D. Promover el estado de derecho", "1. Acceso a la justicia y a la asistencia jurídica", "41. La UNODC siguió prestando apoyo a las iniciativas de reforma del acceso a la justicia en 22 países. Entre los principales logros, cabe destacar la finalización de un proyecto conjunto con ONU-Mujeres en colaboración con el ACNUDH, en Liberia, el Senegal y Sierra Leona, en cuyo marco se reforzó la capacidad de los proveedores locales de asistencia jurídica para ofrecer servicios a quienes sobreviven a la violencia sexual y de género, se pusieron en marcha campañas de concienciación y protección de los derechos, y se elaboró un informe sobre los efectos de la COVID-19 en el acceso de las mujeres a la justicia y la asistencia jurídica. La evaluación independiente del proyecto concluyó que el proyecto había permitido a los proveedores de asistencia jurídica prestar a las mujeres una asistencia jurídica que tuviera en cuenta más y de mejor manera las cuestiones de género, en particular en las comunidades remotas y adaptándose al aumento de la demanda durante la pandemia. El proyecto apostó por la aplicación directa y práctica de aspectos decisivos del sistema de asistencia jurídica a través de la promoción y la creación desde la base de incentivos aceptados como propios por los destinatarios para la futura aprobación del marco jurídico en la materia. A nivel mundial, la Oficina aumentó el nivel de concienciación sobre la importancia de garantizar la igualdad de acceso a la justicia para todos, centrándose en las personas tradicionalmente excluidas y marginadas por motivos de discriminación. La UNODC organizó junto con el Banco Mundial una sesión sobre la pobreza y la equidad racial en el sistema de justicia penal y el fomento del desarrollo mediante el acceso a la justicia durante la Semana de Derecho, Justicia y Desarrollo del Banco Mundial celebrada en noviembre de 2021.", "2. Políticas nacionales de imposición de penas", "42. En respuesta a la crisis penitenciaria mundial provocada por el uso excesivo del encarcelamiento y el hacinamiento en las prisiones, la UNODC siguió promoviendo políticas de imposición de penas proporcionadas y el uso eficaz de medidas no privativas de libertad. La Oficina siguió prestando asistencia a los Gobiernos de Sri Lanka, Tailandia y Viet Nam para mejorar el uso de medidas no privativas de libertad que respondan a las cuestiones de género, entre otras cosas, mediante evaluaciones del uso actual de las medidas no privativas de libertad y una serie de talleres dirigidos a profesionales de la justicia penal sobre políticas y directrices de imposición de penas y la mejora de la rehabilitación y la reintegración social de los delincuentes. La UNODC también asesoró al Gobierno de Nigeria sobre políticas de imposición de penas justas en sus esfuerzos por reformar la Ley del Organismo Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas.", "3. Instituciones eficaces, sujetas a rendición de cuentas, imparciales e inclusivas", "43. La UNODC prestó asistencia técnica a fin de garantizar la integridad e imparcialidad de las fuerzas del orden y otras instituciones que forman parte del sistema de justicia penal, así como la independencia del poder judicial. Para ello, se prestó asistencia técnica a los Estados partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción, con miras a fortalecer la integridad, la transparencia, la rendición de cuentas y la inclusividad de un amplio espectro de instituciones.", "44. Además de impartir formación sobre ética e integridad a las autoridades encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley, la UNODC facilitó la evaluación del riesgo de corrupción y la elaboración de estrategias de gestión de riesgos en instituciones públicas, como el sistema penitenciario de la República Centroafricana y el poder judicial del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. La UNODC impartió programas de formación y talleres sobre integridad judicial y apoyó los esfuerzos de los Estados Miembros encaminados a elaborar códigos de ética para el poder judicial.", "45. La Red Mundial de Integridad Judicial siguió creando, con el respaldo de la UNODC, oportunidades para el intercambio de experiencias y la prestación de apoyo entre homólogos para jueces y magistrados. La UNODC difundió información sobre la Red en numerosos foros y siguió enriqueciendo su sitio web con nuevos recursos. Hasta abril de 2022, más de 70 jurisdicciones de todo el mundo se habían convertido en centros de formación para impartir el programa de la Red en materia de capacitación en ética judicial.", "46. La Oficina puso en marcha un nuevo proyecto en Kazajstán para contribuir a la implantación de un servicio de policía de proximidad, afianzar los planes de formación y optimizar la gestión de los recursos humanos de la policía, con vistas a crear un servicio policial diverso e inclusivo. La UNODC ayudó a la República Dominicana a diseñar su reforma policial y presentó recomendaciones a Tailandia sobre el proyecto de reglamento ministerial relativo al uso de la fuerza por la policía. En el Brasil, la UNODC adaptó el índice de cumplimiento policial, que mide el uso de la fuerza en tres estados. En Uzbekistán, junto con el Centro Nacional de Derechos Humanos, la UNODC organizó tres talleres sobre el uso de la fuerza dirigido a más de 1.000 agentes de policía.", "47. La UNODC prestó asistencia técnica relacionada con los procedimientos y la capacidad judiciales. En el Líbano, la Oficina estableció un sistema integral de audiencias electrónicas en determinados tribunales, prisiones y centros de detención. La UNODC facilitó dos programas de estudio en Austria y España para 42 jueces del Tribunal de Casación de Egipto. En el Brasil se celebraron 16 actividades en línea para dar a conocer los instrumentos de la UNODC sobre las audiencias de detención en los que participaron 1.906 profesionales.", "4. Medidas eficaces contra la corrupción", "48. En el momento de redactar el presente informe, había 189 partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción. En junio de 2021, la Asamblea General celebró su primer período extraordinario de sesiones contra la corrupción y adoptó una declaración política orientada hacia el futuro, que se negoció bajo los auspicios de la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción. La Conferencia ha recibido el encargo de hacer un seguimiento de la declaración política y de desarrollarla y, entre otras cosas, ha decidido celebrar una reunión entre períodos de sesiones en septiembre de 2022 para hacer un seguimiento de los logros de la declaración política.", "49. El noveno período de sesiones de la Conferencia de los Estados Partes en la Convención contra la Corrupción se celebró en Sharm el-Sheikh (Egipto) en diciembre de 2021. Asistieron a la Conferencia unos 2.000 participantes en representación de 154 Estados Miembros y numerosas organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales, y en ella se adoptaron ocho resoluciones. El Grupo de Examen de la Aplicación establecido por la Conferencia celebró su 12º período de sesiones en junio de 2021 y su continuación en septiembre del mismo año. Los períodos de sesiones ordinarios y su continuación incluyeron la celebración conjunta de distintas sesiones con el Grupo de Trabajo Intergubernamental de Composición Abierta sobre Prevención de la Corrupción en su 12ª reunión y el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Recuperación de Activos en su 15ª reunión, y la décima reunión intergubernamental de expertos de participación abierta para mejorar la cooperación internacional en el marco de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción.", "50. El primer ciclo del Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación está a punto de concluir, con 173 resúmenes e informes sobre los exámenes de los países. El segundo ciclo está avanzando, y ya se han finalizado 59 resúmenes. Si se subsanan las insuficiencias detectadas mediante esos exámenes, aumentará la eficacia de las actividades de lucha contra la corrupción. La UNODC siguió prestando asistencia técnica para poner en práctica las observaciones formuladas en los exámenes, incluso mediante la elaboración de planes de acción, estrategias y legislación contra la corrupción, y fomento de la capacidad.", "5. Medidas sociales, educativas y de otra índole", "51. La UNODC prosiguió con su labor de prevención de la delincuencia y la violencia en el marco de la iniciativa Juega, Vive, que ofrece un programa de formación práctica para la vida, basada en el deporte como complemento a la enseñanza reglada. El programa utiliza el deporte para llegar a los jóvenes en situación de riesgo que no asisten a la escuela, y permite desarrollar la capacidad de los profesores y entrenadores deportivos para que impartan una formación interactiva y refuercen la resiliencia de los jóvenes ante la delincuencia.", "52. En diciembre de 2021, la UNODC puso en marcha la iniciativa Recurso Mundial para la Educación y el Empoderamiento de la Juventud contra la Corrupción (GRACE) con el fin de seguir promoviendo el papel de la educación y la juventud en la prevención y la lucha contra la corrupción, en consonancia con la Convención contra la Corrupción y la declaración política aprobada por la Asamblea General en su período extraordinario de sesiones contra la corrupción, celebrado en 2021. La iniciativa se basa en las iniciativas de la UNODC Educación para la Justicia y la Academia Internacional contra la Corrupción, que han sido reconocidas mundialmente por sus efectos educativos en los jóvenes.", "E. Promoción de la cooperación y la asistencia técnica a nivel internacional para prevenir y combatir todas las formas de delincuencia", "1. Cooperación internacional, incluso mediante la creación de capacidad y la asistencia técnica", "53. La UNODC siguió prestando apoyo al Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos, mediante la formación de más de 1.500 funcionarios públicos de más de 120 Estados partes. En mayo de 2022, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada celebró un debate sobre el traslado de personas condenadas.", "54. La UNODC apoyó la aplicación efectiva de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada y promovió su uso como base jurídica para la cooperación internacional en materia penal, aprovechando su adhesión casi universal (190 partes en el momento de presentar el informe), incluso mediante un compendio de casos sobre el tema. La UNODC elaboró la publicación titulada Compendio de la ciberdelincuencia organizada y siguió ampliando su portal de gestión de conocimientos para el intercambio de recursos electrónicos y legislación sobre delincuencia (SHERLOC), entre otras cosas, mediante la incorporación de recursos sobre jurisprudencia, legislación y estrategias.", "55. La UNODC intensificó su apoyo a los Estados partes en la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada en la elaboración de estrategias para prevenir y combatir la delincuencia organizada, mediante la preparación de una guía práctica para formular estrategias contra la delincuencia organizada, y la prestación de asistencia relacionada con la estrategia en África, América Latina y el Caribe, y Europa Sudoriental.", "56. La UNODC publicó dos documentos temáticos, sobre la delincuencia organizada y el género, y sobre la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, respectivamente.", "57. En el marco del programa mundial de fortalecimiento de la cooperación en materia de justicia penal en las rutas de tráfico (CRIMJUST), la UNODC llevó a cabo 298 actividades de creación de capacidad técnica en América Latina y África Occidental, incluidos 44 foros de investigación de casos destinados a facilitar la cooperación y el intercambio de información para promover investigaciones posteriores a la incautación. Los foros acogieron a más de 15.051 agentes de la autoridad, fiscales y agentes de la justicia penal.", "2. Cooperación internacional para privar a los delincuentes del producto del delito", "58. La UNODC ayudó a crear y apoyar seis redes interinstitucionales de recuperación de activos por medio del Programa Mundial contra el Blanqueo de Dinero, la Ocultación del Producto del Delito y la Financiación del Terrorismo. Esas redes oficiosas de profesionales policiales y judiciales desempeñan un importante papel, al facilitar el proceso de recuperación de activos, desde el comienzo de una investigación, es decir, la localización de los activos, hasta su embargo preventivo e incautación, gestión y confiscación o decomiso. Las redes operan en África Oriental y Meridional, América Latina, el Caribe, África Occidental, Asia y el Pacífico, y Asia Occidental y Central.", "59. La UNODC siguió facilitando la labor de la Red Operativa Mundial de Organismos de Aplicación de la Ley encargados de Combatir la Corrupción, una plataforma para el intercambio de información entre pares y la cooperación oficiosa entre 96 organismos de lucha contra la corrupción de 56 países.", "60. En 2021, en el marco de la Iniciativa StAR, 18 países se beneficiaron de la asistencia de la UNODC en lo que respecta a la localización, incautación, decomiso y recuperación del producto del delito, y más de 1.800 personas recibieron formación en todo el mundo. En el marco de la iniciativa StAR, la Oficina contribuyó a 20 actividades de ámbito mundial sobre cuestiones de política y organizó tres actos especiales que se celebraron paralelamente al período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General contra la corrupción.", "3. Terrorismo en todas sus formas y manifestaciones", "61. En apoyo de la ratificación y la aplicación de los convenios y protocolos sobre terrorismo, la UNODC siguió abogando por la adhesión universal a los 19 instrumentos jurídicos internacionales contra el terrorismo, y ayudó a los Estados Miembros a adherirse a ellos y a aplicarlos a nivel nacional. Los Estados Miembros que pasaron a ser parte en varios instrumentos jurídicos internacionales relacionados con el terrorismo en 2021 son: la Arabia Saudita, Botswana, el Congo, la Federación de Rusia, Filipinas, Finlandia, Francia, Gambia, Honduras, el Iraq, Luxemburgo, los Países Bajos, Portugal, Rwanda, Seychelles, Suiza y Zimbabwe. Francia, Portugal, Suiza y Finlandia se convirtieron, respectivamente, en el séptimo, octavo, noveno y décimo Estado Miembro en ser parte de los 19 instrumentos, sumándose a Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, la República Dominicana, Kazajstán, los Países Bajos y Türkiye.", "62. La UNODC puso en marcha un proyecto destinado a reforzar los conocimientos especializados de las partes interesadas de Marruecos para desarrollar investigaciones institucionalizadas, eficaces y respetuosas con los derechos humanos y la gestión de los juicios de los combatientes terroristas extranjeros que regresan y sus familias. La UNODC organizó reuniones informativas en Indonesia, Malasia, Filipinas y Tailandia sobre la detección, el enjuiciamiento, la rehabilitación y la reintegración de los combatientes terroristas extranjeros que regresan y se reubican, así como de sus familiares y afiliados locales.", "63. En marzo de 2021, la UNODC, en colaboración con la Academia de Policía de Kostanai del Ministerio del Interior de Kazajstán, dirigió una reunión de expertos sobre el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los funcionarios de prisiones y de libertad vigilada para gestionar a los reclusos extremistas violentos y combatientes terroristas extranjeros en prisión en Kazajstán.", "64. La UNODC elaboró cuatro módulos de aprendizaje electrónico, que están disponibles en inglés y ruso, sobre consideraciones relativas a la salud mental para la rehabilitación y la reintegración de los combatientes terroristas extranjeros que regresan y sus familias. La Oficina promovió los módulos mediante cuatro seminarios web para profesionales de Kazajstán, Kirguistán, Tayikistán y Turkmenistán.", "65. La UNODC contribuyó al Programa de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra los Viajes de Terroristas, coordinado y gestionado por la Oficina de Lucha contra el Terrorismo, y ejecutado con otros asociados del programa de las Naciones Unidas. La UNODC prestó asistencia legislativa para elaborar marcos normativos sobre la información anticipada sobre los pasajeros y el registro de nombres de los pasajeros, así como apoyo operacional para establecer unidades multiinstitucionales de información sobre los pasajeros. En 2021, Azerbaiyán, Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mongolia, Marruecos, Filipinas, Sierra Leona, el Sudán, el Togo y la Comunidad del Caribe recibieron apoyo de la UNODC en el marco de este programa.", "66. En 2021, la Oficina comenzó a elaborar un nuevo marco mundial para proporcionar creación de capacidad a los Estados Miembros que lo soliciten, sobre la base de una evaluación pormenorizada independiente y de consultas con Estados Miembros, organizaciones regionales, entidades de las Naciones Unidas, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, instituciones académicas y entidades del sector privado.", "4. Formas nuevas, emergentes y cambiantes de delincuencia", "67. La UNODC siguió apoyando a los Estados Miembros en su empeño por hacer frente a formas nuevas, emergentes y cambiantes de delincuencia. La UNODC lideró los esfuerzos internacionales para hacer frente a la trata de personas y el tráfico de migrantes. En 2021, la UNODC, mediante sus programas mundiales contra la trata de personas y el tráfico de migrantes, prestó apoyo a 60 países e impartió formación a más de 5.000 profesionales.", "68. La UNODC promovió actividades encaminadas a luchar contra la trata de personas dentro de las corrientes migratorias, por ejemplo, en el marco de la iniciativa Transformando Alertas en Respuestas de la Justicia Penal para Combatir la Trata de Personas dentro de las Corrientes Migratorias (TRACK4TIP), y llegó a ocho países de América Latina y el Caribe donde se llevaron a cabo intervenciones a nivel nacional y regional. Por ejemplo, en Colombia, los inspectores de trabajo que recibieron formación de la UNODC en materia de detección y remisión de casos de trata de personas descubrieron una presunta operación de trata con fines de trabajo forzoso que afectaba a 40 migrantes venezolanos. En el marco de la asistencia legislativa de la Oficina sobre trata y tráfico de migrantes, se prestó apoyo al Iraq en la elaboración de una nota orientativa judicial relativa a los derechos de las víctimas en el proceso de justicia penal. Mediante la iniciativa Fortaleciendo Acciones Transnacionales y Respuestas Regionales Contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes (STARSOM), que aglutina a 13 países situados a lo largo de las rutas de tráfico que recorren Asia, los Estados del Golfo, África y América Latina y el Caribe, la UNODC asesoró a los funcionarios sobre cómo responder a los casos de tráfico de migrantes teniendo en cuenta los derechos humanos y la igualdad de género, con el fin de reforzar la cooperación Sur-Sur.", "69. En 2021, la UNODC puso en marcha el Observatorio sobre el Tráfico de Migrantes y publicó dos análisis de investigaciones interactivos que proporcionan representaciones geoespaciales, gráficas e infográficas del tráfico de migrantes en el Norte de África, Marruecos y a lo largo de la ruta del Mediterráneo central y occidental. La UNODC publicó un documento temático sobre el concepto de “acogida” en el Protocolo contra la Trata de Personas (The Concept of “Harbouring” in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol), que analiza la aplicación práctica de la definición de trata de personas y sus interpretaciones en las jurisdicciones nacionales. A fin de fomentar la colaboración con el sector privado, la UNODC publicó el Compendium of Promising Practices on Public-Private Partnerships to Prevent and Counter Trafficking in Persons. También publicó un estudio titulado “COVID-19 y el tráfico ilícito de migrantes: un llamamiento para salvaguardar los derechos de los migrantes objeto de tráfico ilícito que se enfrentan a mayores riesgos y vulnerabilidades”, en el que se pide que se potencien las vías de migración regular para evitar el tráfico ilícito de migrantes. Además, la UNODC publicó un conjunto de instrumentos destinados a incorporar los derechos humanos y la igualdad de género a las intervenciones de la justicia penal para hacer frente a la trata de personas y el tráfico de migrantes.", "70. El Programa Mundial sobre las Armas de Fuego puso en marcha una nueva iniciativa para apoyar la aplicación de la Hoja de Ruta para Implementar las Acciones Prioritarias del Caribe sobre la Proliferación Ilícita de Armas de Fuego y Municiones en Todo el Caribe de Manera Sostenible para 2030, al tiempo que prosiguió con su labor en otras regiones. La Oficina prestó asistencia a 31 países de África, América Latina y el Caribe, Asia Central y Europa Oriental en lo que respecta a la formulación de medidas legislativas y de política, prevención y seguridad, las respuestas de la justicia penal, la cooperación internacional y el intercambio de información, así como la vigilancia de las corrientes ilícitas de armas de fuego y las amenazas emergentes, e impartió formación a más de 4.000 profesionales. La Oficina coordinó una operación de dos semanas de duración contra el tráfico de armas de fuego en el Sahel, en la que 850 agentes de los organismos pertinentes encargados de hacer cumplir la ley se incautaron de 594 armas de fuego y varios miles de cartuchos, incluso entre presuntos terroristas. La Oficina empezó a colaborar con países de África y América Latina a fin de promover formas más avanzadas de cooperación internacional entre los países en casos complejos de tráfico de armas de fuego, en particular mediante la creación de equipos conjuntos de investigación.", "71. La UNODC siguió realizando investigaciones y prestando asistencia técnica a los Estados Miembros en sus esfuerzos por atajar el problema mundial de las drogas[8].", "72. En lo que respecta a la prevención y la represión de la violencia contra los niños, la UNODC llevó a cabo actividades de creación de capacidad en Bosnia y Herzegovina, Maldivas y Mozambique, y coorganizó cinco seminarios web para el segundo taller regional de INSPIRE, en el que participaron diez países de América Latina.", "73. La UNODC facilitó los debates de expertos celebrados por la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal en febrero de 2022, sobre los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente (véase el párrafo 6). El Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional y el Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada celebraron en mayo de 2022 un debate temático conjunto sobre el tema más específico de la aplicación práctica de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada para prevenir y combatir la delincuencia organizada transnacional que afecta al medio ambiente.", "74. La UNODC siguió fomentando la capacidad de los Estados Miembros para prevenir y combatir los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente, en particular impartiendo formación a más de 2.000 funcionarios de la justicia penal; ofreciendo mentoría a los encargados de hacer cumplir la ley y a los fiscales; fortaleciendo la capacidad de gestión del riesgo de corrupción entre las autoridades encargadas de la ordenación de la flora y fauna silvestres, los bosques y las pesquerías y de hacer cumplir la ley; respaldando las investigaciones forenses y financieras; fomentando la concienciación; y apoyando la cooperación internacional. Se elaboraron nuevos instrumentos, entre los que figuran guías de referencia rápida para investigadores y fiscales. Se pusieron en marcha nuevos proyectos sobre el tráfico de desechos y sobre los posibles vínculos entre el tráfico de especies de fauna y flora silvestres y la transmisión de enfermedades zoonóticas.", "75. En el momento de redactar el presente informe, se estaban elaborando una serie de guías legislativas para apoyar a los Estados en la adopción de leyes que tipifiquen como delito grave el tráfico de desechos, metales y otros minerales, así como los delitos relacionados con el sector pesquero, cuando proceda. Las guías proporcionan orientaciones concretas en materia legislativa a los Estados para prevenir, investigar, enjuiciar y juzgar esos delitos.", "76. En lo que respecta al tráfico de productos médicos falsificados, la UNODC organizó una reunión en el marco de la Red de Autoridades Centrales y de Fiscales de África Occidental contra la Delincuencia Organizada. (WACAP) en Dakar en noviembre de 2021, durante la que se examinaron las funciones de las distintas organizaciones que se ocupan de esa cuestión, se analizaron los instrumentos para hacer frente a la urgente necesidad de fortalecer la legislación y se acordó la creación de un grupo de trabajo sobre marcos jurídicos al amparo de la WACAP. La Oficina preparó un nuevo curso de formación normalizado sobre productos médicos falsificados e impartió formación, en colaboración con empresas farmacéuticas y organizaciones internacionales asociadas, al personal de los servicios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley de 16 países sobre detección, envasado correcto en fábrica y canales legales de distribución.", "77. En junio de 2021, la Oficina impartió sesiones de formación a nivel regional sobre la lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de bienes culturales mediante el uso de contenedores marítimos en Beirut y Panamá. También impartió formación, junto con la OSCE y el Centro de Capacitación para las Operaciones Multinacionales de Apoyo a la Paz de Grecia, sobre la protección de bienes culturales a 31 participantes de los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley y de las fuerzas armadas de 11 países.", "78. Con el fin de hacer frente al tráfico de mercancías comerciales, entre otras cosas, la Oficina siguió colaborando con los Estados Miembros en la creación de unidades de control portuario y unidades de control de carga aérea en puertos marítimos, puertos secos, fronteras terrestres y aeropuertos, así como a lo largo de vías férreas. El Programa de Control de Contenedores de la UNODC y la OMA, que actualmente opera en 73 países, impartió formación al personal de los servicios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley de primera línea sobre la aplicación de perfiles y la inspección de contenedores sospechosos de transportar mercancías ilícitas, mejorando así su capacidad para detectar el contrabando de mercancías sujetas a impuestos elevados, como el alcohol, el tabaco y los vehículos automotores, y otras mercancías ilícitas, como la fauna y flora silvestres, los productos forestales y las armas de fuego, así como para combatir las actividades de fraude comercial, como la infravaloración y la clasificación errónea.", "79. La UNODC organizó, junto con la CEPOL, un seminario web sobre delitos de odio dirigido a 100 participantes y contribuyó a la conferencia de Europa Sudoriental sobre delitos de odio organizada por la OSCE. Como ente rector del pilar de justicia penal de la red de las Naciones Unidas sobre discriminación racial y protección de las minorías, la UNODC se encargó de que la prevención de los delitos de odio, el apoyo a las víctimas y la lucha contra la discriminación racial mediante el acceso a la justicia y la reforma de la justicia penal se incluyeran en las actividades de la red, entre las que figuraba un curso experimental de formación de cuatro semanas para 13 equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países sobre el modo de luchar contra la discriminación racial en los procesos de programación.", "80. La Oficina siguió ayudando a los Estados a hacer frente a la delincuencia marítima mediante el apoyo a sus sistemas de justicia penal, desde la aplicación de la ley en el mar hasta la investigación, el procesamiento y el juicio. El Programa Mundial contra la Delincuencia Marítima ofreció cursos sobre visitas, abordajes y registros e incautaciones en centros marítimos establecidos y facilitó la celebración de juicios simulados en los que se presentaron ante los tribunales las pruebas recabadas. En el marco del Programa, la UNODC siguió ampliando sus cursos de análisis sobre el conocimiento del entorno marítimo y reforzó las alianzas con los proveedores de tecnología para mejorar la vigilancia y el patrullaje marítimos por los Estados Miembros. El Programa también se ocupó de los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente, entre otras cosas apoyando las iniciativas para combatir la contaminación marina y los delitos en el sector pesquero.", "81. A través del Programa Mundial contra el Delito Cibernético, la UNODC fomentó la capacidad para detectar, prevenir, investigar, enjuiciar y juzgar los delitos basados en la cibernética y facilitados por esta en 47 Estados Miembros, y prestó apoyo especializado en la elaboración de respuestas eficaces de la justicia penal a delitos complejos que han aumentado en número, como el abuso y la explotación sexual de menores en línea. La UNODC colaboró en la creación y el fortalecimiento de unidades especializadas en la investigación de la ciberdelincuencia, laboratorios forenses digitales y mecanismos de denuncia en Belice, El Salvador, Guatemala y el Perú, con el fin de conseguir efectos positivos en la protección de las víctimas, en particular los niños, las mujeres y las niñas. Se prestó apoyo técnico para hacer frente a la relación entre la ciberdelincuencia y otros tipos de delincuencia organizada, como el tráfico de drogas y el movimiento ilícito de fondos mediante criptomonedas y la web oscura, en coordinación con el programa mundial CRIMJUST y la Estrategia contra los Opioides de la UNODC, una respuesta interinstitucional integrada, fundamentada en cinco pilares a la crisis mundial de los opioides.", "82. El Comité Especial encargado de Elaborar una Convención Internacional Integral sobre la Lucha contra la Utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones con Fines Delictivos, establecido por la Asamblea General en su resolución 74/247, celebró su período de sesiones sobre cuestiones de organización el 24 de febrero de 2022 en Nueva York y su primer período de sesiones, del 28 de febrero al 11 de marzo de 2022 en la misma ciudad, de conformidad con la resolución 75/282 y la decisión 76/522 de la Asamblea General. En su primer período de sesiones, el Comité Especial aprobó su hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo, así como los elementos que conformarán la estructura de la futura convención. El Comité también intercambió opiniones sobre los elementos fundamentales, y sobre los objetivos y el ámbito de aplicación de la convención. En su segundo período de sesiones, celebrado en Viena del 30 de mayo al 10 de junio de 2022, el Comité Especial hizo una primera lectura de las disposiciones sobre la criminalización, las disposiciones generales y las disposiciones sobre las medidas procesales y la aplicación de la ley, conforme a su hoja de ruta y modo de trabajo.", "IV. Gobernanza y situación financiera de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "83. En el informe del Secretario General sobre la cooperación internacional para abordar y contrarrestar el problema mundial de las drogas (A/77/137) se presenta información sobre la gobernanza y la situación financiera de la UNODC.", "V. Recomendaciones", "84. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que sigan esforzándose por aplicar plenamente la Declaración de Kioto, incluso con vistas a reconstruir para mejorar tras la pandemia de COVID-19.", "Promover la prevención del delito", "85. Las Naciones Unidas están dispuestas a prestar asistencia a los Estados Miembros para hacer frente a las causas, incluidas las causas profundas, de la delincuencia. Insto a todos los Estados Miembros a que, en colaboración con los agentes no estatales, mejoren la disponibilidad y la calidad de pruebas que puedan respaldar políticas de prevención del delito que sean sostenibles, estén centradas en la comunidad, respondan a las cuestiones de género y permitan empoderar a los jóvenes.", "86. Reconociendo la importancia de las políticas y los programas de prevención eficaces para alcanzar las metas de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible relacionadas con la violencia y la delincuencia, aliento a los Estados Miembros a que refuercen sus estrategias de prevención del delito, centrándose, entre otras cosas, en el aumento de la resiliencia de los jóvenes.", "Promover el sistema de justicia penal", "87. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que apliquen políticas de justicia penal basadas en datos empíricos y refuercen el uso de la justicia restaurativa, así como la asistencia y el apoyo a las víctimas y su protección.", "88. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que incorporen la perspectiva de género en sus políticas, programas, leyes y otras medidas de justicia penal a nivel nacional, a fin de atajar, entre otras cosas, todas las formas de violencia, delincuencia y victimización relacionadas con el género, incluidos los asesinatos por razones de género.", "89. A fin de contrarrestar el uso excesivo del encarcelamiento, el hacinamiento en las prisiones y el abandono sistémico por las administraciones penitenciarias y otras entidades encargadas de la gestión de los delincuentes en la comunidad, aliento a los Estados Miembros a que reevalúen y diversifiquen sus respuestas ante el comportamiento delictivo, con miras a reducir el uso del encarcelamiento, aprovechar más el potencial que ofrecen las medidas no privativas de libertad y garantizar entornos penitenciarios seguros, humanos y rehabilitadores. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que velen por la aplicación práctica de las reglas y normas internacionales de las Naciones Unidas, en la esfera de la gestión de delincuentes, en particular las Reglas Nelson Mandela, las Reglas de las Naciones Unidas para el Tratamiento de las Reclusas y Medidas No Privativas de la Libertad para las Mujeres Delincuentes (Reglas de Bangkok) y las Reglas Mínimas de las Naciones Unidas sobre las Medidas No Privativas de la Libertad (Reglas de Tokio).", "90. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que adopten medidas para integrar la reforma de la justicia juvenil en las iniciativas generales en materia de estado de derecho y desarrollo, y que adopten y apliquen enfoques que tengan en cuenta las necesidades de los niños y las cuestiones de género e incluyan a múltiples partes interesadas, reconociendo que los niños (chicos y chicas) son diferentes de los adultos (hombres y mujeres) y que, por lo tanto, se les deben derechos, salvaguardias y respuestas propios en consonancia con el derecho internacional, con miras a proteger a los niños en todas las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales.", "91. Aliento a los Estados Miembros a que den prioridad al fortalecimiento de la capacidad y las competencias nacionales en el ámbito de las ciencias forenses y a que apoyen el establecimiento y la sostenibilidad de las redes regionales de ciencias forenses a fin de potenciar los conocimientos especializados y la capacidad para prevenir y combatir la delincuencia organizada transnacional.", "92. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que mejoren la eficacia de sus investigaciones mediante la aplicación de enfoques de base empírica en la realización de entrevistas que estén en consonancia con las normas y mejores prácticas internacionales.", "93. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que elaboren enfoques de justicia penal centrados en las víctimas y garanticen la igualdad de acceso a los programas de protección, asistencia y apoyo a las víctimas de todo tipo de delitos, incluso mediante enfoques de justicia restaurativa.", "Promover el estado de derecho", "94. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que mejoren la igualdad de acceso a la justicia para todos, fortaleciendo sus sistemas de asistencia jurídica, atajando la discriminación, reformando sus instituciones policiales y aumentando la eficacia de las investigaciones, y a que mejoren la eficacia, la rendición de cuentas, la imparcialidad y el carácter inclusivo de las instituciones de justicia penal.", "95. Aliento a los Estados Miembros a que apoyen plenamente los compromisos contraídos y las recomendaciones formuladas en el período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre los desafíos y las medidas para prevenir y combatir la corrupción y reforzar la cooperación internacional, celebrado en junio de 2021.", "Promover la cooperación y la asistencia técnica a nivel internacional para prevenir y combatir todas las formas de delincuencia", "96. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que sigan esforzándose por apoyar la aplicación efectiva de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada, en especial sus disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, y a que contribuyan de forma eficaz al Mecanismo de Examen de la Aplicación de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada y sus Protocolos, y lo apoyen.", "97. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que redoblen sus esfuerzos para establecer sistemas eficaces de lucha contra el blanqueo de dinero de conformidad con los tratados pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas y las normas aceptadas internacionalmente, incluidas, cuando proceda, las recomendaciones de órganos intergubernamentales competentes, entre otros, el Grupo de Acción Financiera, con miras a lograr el pleno cumplimiento de esas normas.", "98. La prevención del terrorismo y el extremismo violento exige enfoques integrales e inclusivos, que deben cumplir con las obligaciones del derecho internacional, incluidos los 19 instrumentos jurídicos internacionales contra el terrorismo y las resoluciones pertinentes de la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Seguridad. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que garanticen procesos de justicia penal justos, transparentes y sujetos a rendición de cuentas, basados en los principios del estado de derecho, las debidas garantías procesales y los derechos humanos, que constituyen el fundamento de toda medida eficaz para prevenir y combatir el terrorismo.", "99. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que velen por que no se castigue ni enjuicie a las víctimas de la trata por actos que hayan cometido como consecuencia directa del hecho de haber sido objeto de trata, y a que establezcan leyes, directrices, políticas y medidas de fomento de la capacidad para profesionales de la justicia penal de ámbito nacional que defiendan claramente el principio de no penalización de las víctimas de la trata.", "100. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que reviertan la reciente reducción de las vías de migración regulare en respuesta a la pandemia de la COVID-19, como medio para prevenir el tráfico de migrantes y, en particular, las formas agravadas de dicho tráfico que entrañan violencia, abusos, trata de personas, violaciones de los derechos humanos o la muerte.", "101. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que promuevan la cooperación internacional con el fin de prevenir, investigar y juzgar con eficacia el tráfico ilícito de armas de fuego y municiones, en particular con destino a los países que se encuentran en diferentes fases de conflicto y postconflicto y desde ellos, y a que den respuesta a la interconexión de ese tráfico con otras formas de delincuencia organizada y con el terrorismo.", "102. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que aprueben y apliquen estrategias y medidas integrales para proteger mejor a los niños de las formas graves de violencia, en particular, la violencia perpetrada por grupos delictivos y grupos armados, incluidos los designados como grupos terroristas y extremistas violentos, de conformidad con las reglas y las normas internacionales, y a que adopten al mismo tiempo un enfoque pansocial.", "103. Insto a los Estados Miembros a que atajen el aumento de los delitos de odio mediante la adopción de las leyes oportunas, la formación adecuada de los profesionales de la justicia penal y la recopilación de datos pertinentes y el acceso a la justicia de las víctimas, en colaboración con la sociedad civil y las organizaciones comunitarias, incluso en el contexto de la respuesta a la incitación al odio.", "104. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que, cuando proceda, aprueben o modifiquen las leyes nacionales para tipificar los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente como delitos graves, conforme a la definición contenida en el artículo 2 b) de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada.", "105. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que integren las nuevas cuestiones de política en sus políticas de prevención del delito y justicia penal y en los planes de recuperación de la pandemia. A ese respecto, aliento a los Estados Miembros a que integren las respuestas a los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente en programas nacionales e internacionales más amplios, incluidos los relativos a la biodiversidad, el cambio climático y los desechos y la contaminación; a que sigan intensificando las iniciativas de cooperación contra la ciberdelincuencia, incluso mediante la participación activa en la negociación en curso de un convenio internacional sobre la lucha contra el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos; y a que mejoren las leyes y la capacidad nacionales para responder a las formas nuevas, emergentes y en evolución de delincuencia, como el tráfico de productos médicos falsificados, el tráfico de bienes culturales y el contrabando de mercancías comerciales.", "106. Exhorto a los Estados Miembros a que proporcionen a la UNODC financiación suficiente, previsible y sostenible para que pueda llevar a cabo su labor de investigación y normativa y pueda prestar asistencia técnica en materia de prevención del delito y justicia penal.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] E/2022/55, párr. 155.", "[3] Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), “Monitoring SDG 16: a gender perspective”, Data Matters Series, núm. 4 (de próxima aparición).", "[4] UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2019, fascículo 2, pág. 78.", "[5] Véase el documento E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14, cap. I, secc. C.", "[6] Véanse los documentos de sesión que contienen los resúmenes de la Presidencia sobre los debates temáticos (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1 y E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2).", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3, anexo.", "[8] Véase el documento A/77/137." ]
[ "Seventy-seventh session Item 109 of the preliminarylist[1] \nCrime prevention and criminaljustice", "Implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/187. It contains a summary of the activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to support Member States in their efforts to counter transnational organized crime, corruption and terrorism, as well as to prevent crime and reinforce criminal justice systems, including with regard to emerging policy issues.", "The report includes information on the activities undertaken by the Office to address the challenges posed to crime prevention and criminal justice systems by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "I. Introduction", "1. More than five years into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the overall picture in relation to the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals pertaining to crime and criminal justice is mixed. Target 16.3, on promoting the rule of law and ensuring equal access to justice for all, has seen very little improvement. For example, despite the dramatic reduction in the global prison population recorded during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, from 11.8 million people in 2019 to 11.2 million people by the end of 2020, the share of prisoners held in detention without being sentenced for a crime remained relatively unchanged globally.[2] There has been some progress in terms of reducing criminal violence, in line with target 16.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Between 2015 and 2020, the global homicide rate decreased by 5.2 per cent.[3] However, impunity for such crimes remained widespread. Globally, for every 100 homicide victims recorded, only about 53 persons were convicted of homicide.[4] Hence, the work on crime prevention and criminal justice remains in high demand.", "2. UNODC launched a new publication series called “Data Matters”, which includes three research briefs, on the topics of the global prison population, Sustainable Development Goal 16, and the gender-related killing of women and girls, respectively. In addition, UNODC published research briefs on the impact of the war in Ukraine on its mandated areas of work, which included “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on drug demand and supply” and “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on risks of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants”.", "3. The present report provides information on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme and reflects emerging policy issues and possible responses, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 76/187. It addresses the activities undertaken by UNODC in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration on Advancing Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021.", "4. Owing to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intergovernmental meetings and technical assistance activities mentioned in this report were mostly conducted in online or hybrid (in-person and online) formats.", "II. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, including follow-up to Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "5. The Commission held its thirty-first session in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022. It recommended to the Economic and Social Council the approval of three resolutions for adoption by the General Assembly: (a) “Follow-up to the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the Fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”; (b) “Reducing reoffending through rehabilitation and reintegration”; and (c) “Strengthening national and international efforts, including with the private sector, to protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse”. Furthermore, the Commission adopted resolution 31/1, entitled “Strengthening the international legal framework for international cooperation to prevent and combat illicit trafficking in wildlife”.[5]", "6. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission held the first thematic discussion on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in November 2021. Moreover, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/185, the Commission held expert discussions on crimes that affect the environment in February 2022. Both thematic discussions were attended by experts from more than 130 Member States, as well as from United Nations entities, intergovernmental and international organizations and civil society.[6] More information on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the topic (A/77/128).", "III. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in thematic areas", "A. Introduction: strategic issues", "7. The UNODC Strategy 2021–2025 guides the work of the Office in five thematic areas: (a) addressing and countering the world drug problem; (b) preventing and countering organized crime; (c) preventing and countering corruption and economic crime; (d) preventing and countering terrorism; and (e) crime prevention and criminal justice. The strategy defines the mission of UNODC across the three pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, development and human rights. It sets out commitments to fully embed gender equality and the empowerment of women, human rights and youth empowerment into UNODC programmes and encourages integrated programming, effective multilateral cooperation and stronger partnerships with international and civil society organizations and the private sector.", "8. In the spirit of the Strategy, UNODC has been working with an increasing number of United Nations entities and international and regional organizations, assisting them in the preparation of strategic documents and in the implementation of research and technical assistance activities. UNODC is active in a number of inter-agency coordination mechanisms, including in relation to drug prevention, treatment and rehabilitation, HIV/AIDS, corruption, counter-terrorism, illicit financial flows, trafficking in persons, migration, incarceration, policing, the rule of law, gender equality, human rights issues such as racial discrimination and the protection of minorities, youth empowerment and disability inclusion.", "9. UNODC continued to engage with, inter alia, non-governmental organizations, academia and the private sector, in multi-stakeholder workshops on the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In close collaboration with the Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the UNCAC Civil Society Coalition, civil society participation was ensured in all intergovernmental meetings and workshops held in 2021, which involved the engagement of 4,071 stakeholders from 1,253 organizations. New public-private partnerships were initiated, involving the participation of 75 representatives from the private sector.", "10. In partnership with the Office of the President of the General Assembly, UNODC co-hosted a high-level thematic debate on the theme “Enhancing youth mainstreaming in crime prevention policies” on 6 June 2022. The aim of the event was to provide a forum for Member States to exchange views on how young people could be agents of change in their communities, as well as actors empowered to counter crime and uphold the rule of law. Special attention was given to establishing crime prevention strategies that include young people as active partners together with Member States, local governments, academia and civil society.", "11. As of May 2022, UNODC had a physical presence in 95 countries. In the context of the implementation of its Strategic Vision for Latin America and the Caribbean 2021–2025, launched on 7 February 2022, UNODC has reprofiled its Country Office in Colombia as the Regional Office for the Andean Region and the Southern Cone, additionally covering Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay and supervising the work of the country offices in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador and Peru. In doing so, UNODC seeks to achieve programmatic harmonization and operational optimization and promote the exchange and replication of good practices and experiences within and beyond the subregion.", "12. In Afghanistan, following the takeover by the Taliban in August 2021, UNODC developed the Strategic Stability Grid to address existing and emerging transnational challenges stemming from drugs, crime and terrorism in and around Afghanistan. The Grid is aimed at promoting stability, protecting people in Afghanistan and the wider region and fostering peace, human rights and long-term, sustainable social and economic development, as well as addressing urgent needs in the humanitarian crisis.", "13. Using local networks in Ukraine and in refugee shelters in host countries, UNODC developed and disseminated materials to support the needs of parents and caregivers and sustain strong families in humanitarian settings. With the support of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNODC has been coordinating communication between the prison authority of Ukraine and civil society organizations to address humanitarian needs in prison settings.", "B. Advancing crime prevention", "1. Addressing the causes, including the root causes, of crime; evidence-based crime prevention; and tailor-made crime prevention strategies", "14. UNODC continued to support countries in enhancing the rigorous collection of evidence in support of crime prevention efforts. UNODC, together with the UNODC-National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) Centre of Excellence for Statistical Information on Governance, Victims of Crime, Public Security and Justice, in Mexico, and the UNODC-Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) Centre of Excellence for Statistics on Crime and Criminal Justice in Asia and the Pacific, in the Republic of Korea, provided capacity-building support to 150 countries relating to the indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 16, the implementation of the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes, the measurement of illicit financial flows, victimization and corruption surveys, and the mainstreaming of gender in crime and criminal justice statistics. Together with the United Nations Development Programme and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNODC developed the Sustainable Development Goal 16 survey initiative; with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), it developed a statistical framework for measuring the gender-related killings of women and girls (also referred to as femicide and feminicide); and with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, it developed the Conceptual Framework for the Statistical Measurement of Illicit Financial Flows. The Statistical Commission welcomed the first tool and endorsed the two others.", "15. UNODC continued to use its global, regional and country programmes to support Member States in implementing crime prevention standards by providing advice on the design and implementation of strategies and programmes. That included support to achieve better qualitative data on crime and victimization through surveys or community consultation mechanisms. In Kyrgyzstan, Law No. 60, on the basics of crime prevention, outlining the role of a variety of actors and addressing victim support, was adopted in May 2021. As a follow-up, UNODC has been providing technical assistance for the implementation of the new State programme on crime prevention for the period 2022–2028, including in the areas of local action plan development and capacity-building. UNODC provided strategic advice for the design of a regional community-based strategy to prevent maritime and other crimes in Nigeria, including by organizing consultations with local government and non-government stakeholders. The UNODC Nigeria organized crime threat assessment was discussed at a workshop with key stakeholders in May 2022. The workshop was aimed at providing information on the country’s strategies to address related threats.", "16. In line with the commitment made in the Kyoto Declaration to enhance multidisciplinary efforts to prevent crime, and as a follow-up to the General Assembly high-level debate on the theme “Urban safety, security and good governance: making crime prevention a priority for all”, held in April 2021, the Office promoted collaboration between citizens and justice institutions in Africa, Asia and Central America to advance crime prevention at the local level. In Mexico and Brazil, UNODC supported the implementation of community-based strategies to reduce crime and violence, promoting developmental and situational approaches to prevention.", "2. Addressing the economic dimension of crime", "17. UNODC, through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism, continued to support Member States in developing and implementing effective measures to address the economic dimension of crime and deprive criminals and criminal organizations of any illicit gains through, inter alia, identifying, tracing, seizing, confiscating, recovering and returning proceeds of crime, as well as in establishing robust domestic frameworks for financial investigations, and continued to develop strategies to prevent and combat money-laundering and illicit financial flows.", "18. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to counter transnational organized crime, including the laundering of the proceeds of such crime. Law enforcement, customs, immigration and border control authorities, staff of judicial authorities and financial intelligence units continued to benefit from the Office’s tailor-made capacity-building activities.", "19. UNODC continued to support the recovery of proceeds of corruption, including through the progress made under the second cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the Convention against Corruption. At the ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption, representatives of the UNODC/World Bank Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative presented the initial findings of the Initiative’s survey to collect data on international asset recovery cases related to offences established in accordance with the Convention against Corruption, and launched a new publication on the direct enforcement of foreign restraint and confiscation decisions. At its sixteenth meeting, to be held in 2022, the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery of the Conference is to address issues stemming from the resolutions adopted by the Conference at its ninth session, in particular resolutions 9/2, on the follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly against corruption, and 9/7, on enhancing the use of beneficial ownership information to facilitate the identification, recovery and return of proceeds of crime.", "20. The administration of frozen, seized and confiscated assets, provided for in the Convention against Corruption, is fundamental to the success of asset recovery. In 2019, the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention adopted resolution 8/1, in which it decided that the Working Group on Asset Recovery should continue to collect information on best practices from States parties, with a view to completing the draft non-binding guidelines on the management of frozen, seized and confiscated assets[7] and updating the study entitled Effective Management and Disposal of Seized and Confiscated Assets, of 2017. Currently, UNODC is revising the draft non-binding guidelines and the study on the basis of additional information submitted by States parties. UNODC also continues to provide technical assistance in this regard.", "3. Mainstreaming a gender perspective, including the prevention of gender-related violence, into crime prevention efforts", "21. Mainstreaming a gender perspective is a key component of the Office’s support to Member States in implementing crime prevention standards, including through surveys and community consultation mechanisms to achieve better qualitative data on crime and victimization.", "22. The Office provided strategic advice for the development of a national strategy to prevent gender-based violence in South Africa.", "23. In March 2022, UNODC held two online training sessions on the gender perspective in crime and criminal justice statistics. The first session involved 689 participants from 19 countries in Latin America and Europe, and the second session involved 232 participants from 36 countries in the Asia-Pacific region.", "4. Children and youth in crime prevention and youth empowerment for crime prevention", "24. UNODC continued to strengthen youth resilience under its “Line Up, Live Up” and Education for Justice initiatives, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/183. In 2021, 15 Member States received policy advice and technical assistance from UNODC on integrating sport into crime prevention strategies, building the capacity of State and non-State actors in the use of sport to prevent violence and crime, including violent extremism. The assistance took the form of tailored training, thereby supporting the provision of sport-based life-skills training in schools and community settings and reaching more than 15,000 young people, as well as the creation of safe spaces in marginalized communities by refurbishing sport facilities in Lebanon, Mexico and Uganda.", "25. With a view to preventing the recruitment of individuals, including children, by terrorist and violent extremist groups, the Office raised awareness among policymakers and professionals from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan through a series of technical meetings aimed at strengthening regulatory and operational frameworks pertaining to legal, policy and psychosocial matters, in compliance with international standards.", "C. Advancing the criminal justice system", "1. Safeguarding victims’ rights and protecting witnesses and reporting persons", "26. UNODC continued to advocate for victim-centred approaches to criminal justice and for the importance of ensuring access to assistance, protection and support for all victims, without discrimination and in line with the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/34, annex). The Office started a new project on access to justice for victims of crime in Egypt. In Burkina Faso and the Niger, UNODC organized two workshops for criminal justice professionals on effective victim support. In Panama, UNODC organized six online training sessions on investigations involving digital evidence for the Office of the Public Defender, the Department of Legal Aid for Crime Victims, the Judicial Investigation Department and the Public Prosecution Office.", "27. UNODC produced an updated, second edition of the Model Legislative Provisions against Organized Crime, including a chapter relating to articles 24 and 25 of the Organized Crime Convention, on the protection of witnesses and victims.", "28. UNODC continued to support States parties to the Convention against Corruption in strengthening mechanisms to provide effective protection for reporting persons. UNODC provided legal advice and legislative assistance to more than 15 Member States for the development of legislative frameworks related to whistle-blower protection. UNODC also continued to work with States parties to establish or strengthen reporting and protection mechanisms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To that end, UNODC published new guidelines for whistle-blower protection in the health-care sector, in Arabic, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, and supported the health-care sector in several States parties in their implementation.", "2. Improving prison conditions, and reducing reoffending through rehabilitation and reintegration", "29. The Office, together with the Department of Peace Operations and OHCHR, led the development of the “United Nations system common position on incarceration”, launched in May 2021, which positions prison reform and the management of offenders as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "30. New prison reform projects aimed at enhancing compliance with international minimum standards were launched in Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, the Philippines, Tajikistan and Tunisia. In another 18 Member States, the Office supported the reform of prison legislation or enhanced the training curricula for prison officers. More than 77,000 users from 160 countries have enrolled in the UNODC e-learning course on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), which is available in 13 languages.", "31. UNODC continued to provide emergency assistance to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 in prisons. In Uganda, logistical support was mobilized to ensure prisoners’ access to COVID-19 vaccines. The Office promoted the use of non-custodial measures in 10 countries. In Kenya, officials were sensitized on diversion, plea bargaining and human rights-compliant traditional justice mechanisms.", "32. To enhance the social reintegration prospects of prisoners, UNODC initiated educational and vocational training programmes in Colombia, El Salvador, Morocco and Tunisia. In Tunisia, UNODC partnered with a university to develop a master’s degree programme on cognitive-behavioural therapy, with a focus on the prevention of recidivism, thereby paving the way for the sustainable use of such therapy in prisons.", "33. UNODC continued to support Member States in managing violent extremist prisoners, including foreign terrorist fighters in detention, and in preventing the risk of radicalization to violence in prisons. Fifteen Member States benefited from capacity-building for prison and probation staff, the enhancement of prison security and intelligence, and the development of disengagement programmes. In Indonesia and Kazakhstan, the use of risk and needs assessment tools developed with UNODC support was adopted as official State policy.", "34. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/182, UNODC, in December 2021 and April 2022, held consultative meetings with subject-matter experts to exchange information on promising practices to reduce reoffending, with a view to developing model strategies. The topics discussed included the use of non-custodial measures, fair sentencing policies, and rehabilitation and social reintegration programmes within the custodial environment and the community.", "3. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into criminal justice systems", "35. In addition to supporting strategies and initiatives to prevent violence against women, UNODC supported 22 Member States in increasing access to gender-responsive justice for survivors of gender-based violence. Key achievements included the reform of criminal laws concerning sexual violence and the establishment of a specialized unit in the Office of the Attorney General in Nepal, the adaptation and adoption of UNODC tools by the Ministry of Public Security, the prosecution service and the Supreme People’s Court in Viet Nam, and the enhancement of national and local inter-institutional coordination mechanisms in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Nepal and Viet Nam. In Mexico, UNODC trained 6,860 police officers and 283 emergency call operators in preventing and identifying cases of gender-based violence and in the appropriate treatment and referral of survivors. In Guatemala, UNODC supported legal complaints mechanisms and improved the registration of cases involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex persons, older adults, people with disabilities and indigenous people. In Kenya, the Office developed a rapid reference guide for prosecutors on cases involving sexual and gender-based violence. A new Southern African Development Community model law on gender-based violence, being developed with the support of UNODC, will provide a blueprint for survivor-centred criminal justice reforms in the region. In March 2022, on the occasion of the first-ever International Day of Women Judges, UNODC launched the campaign “Women in Justice/for Justice” to promote gender balance and gender-responsiveness across the spectrum of justice. The Global Judicial Integrity Network, whose work to incorporate women’s representation issues into judicial systems was noted with appreciation by the General Assembly in its resolution establishing the International Day, continued to address gender issues.", "4. Addressing the vulnerabilities of children and youth in contact with the criminal justice system", "36. In Brazil, in partnership with the National Council of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, UNODC conducted a situation analysis of the juvenile justice system, developed a training tool, delivered a capacity-building event and launched a policy document on improving the treatment of children in conflict with the law. In Nigeria, UNODC supported the assessment of 225 individuals in one of the borstal institutions in the country, leading to the release of 218 individuals, and delivered capacity-building events on the treatment of children deprived of liberty.", "37. UNODC launched the Strengthening Resilience to Violent Extremism (STRIVE) Juvenile project on preventing and responding to violence against children by terrorist and violent extremist groups in Indonesia, Iraq and Nigeria. The inception phase was concluded with the completion of the situation analyses, the establishment of national coordination mechanisms and the approval of tailored workplans for each country. A scientific advisory committee was established, a global research framework was developed and a grants programme for national research partners was established. Under the project, two capacity-building events were held: one in Indonesia in December 2021 on justice for children in the context of counter-terrorism and one in Nigeria in January 2022 on the treatment of child victims and witnesses.", "38. UNODC continued to deliver technical assistance in Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on the treatment of children associated with terrorist and violent extremist groups, and launched its “Roadmap on the treatment of children associated with terrorist and violent extremist groups” in Portuguese. UNODC delivered three regional webinars on promising practices relating to the rehabilitation and reintegration of child returnees from conflict zones and launched new e-learning training modules addressing the topic in Russian.", "5. Improving criminal investigation processes", "39. UNODC disseminated the Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering, or the “Méndez Principles”. In addition, the Office developed three online learning modules on investigative interviewing and piloted them in Nigeria and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Office, in partnership with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL), the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights and the Association for the Prevention of Torture, delivered regional and national capacity-building on effective investigations and interviews to more than 200 law enforcement and other criminal justice professionals globally. In Pakistan, UNODC trained 1,162 police officers and prosecutors on, inter alia, forensic investigations, work ethics, and police and prosecutor cooperation, and provided training of trainers on interviewing techniques.", "40. UNODC continued to support the enhancement of capacities relating to forensic sciences in the work of law enforcement and customs officials, postal services, laboratories and the judiciary. The support included the provision of standardized training courses, manuals, guidelines, e-learning tools and services relating to security document examination, crime scene investigation, drug identification and the safe and environmentally friendly handling and disposal of drugs and precursor chemicals used in their manufacture. The United Nations Toolkit on Synthetic Drugs was complemented with new specialized modules on cybercrime and postal security, providing countries with practical resources from across the United Nations system for implementing comprehensive responses to address various forms of crime related to synthetic drugs.", "D. Promoting the rule of law", "1. Access to justice and legal aid", "41. UNODC continued to support reform efforts for access to justice in 22 countries. Key achievements included the completion of a joint project with UN-Women, in collaboration with OHCHR, in Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Leone, which strengthened the capacities of local legal aid providers to offer services to survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, implemented campaigns on awareness and protection of legal rights, and developed a report on the impact of COVID-19 on women’s access to justice and legal aid. The independent project evaluation concluded that the project had enabled legal aid providers to deliver significantly more and better gender-sensitive legal aid to women, including in remote communities and by adapting to increased demand during the pandemic. The project invested in direct, practical implementation of key aspects of the legal aid system through advocacy and the creation of locally owned, bottom-up incentives for future adoption of relevant legal frameworks. Globally, the Office raised visibility of the importance of ensuring equal access to justice for all by centring on those historically excluded and marginalized on the basis of discrimination. UNODC co-organized with the World Bank a session entitled “Poverty and racial equity in the criminal justice system: fostering development through access to justice” during the World Bank Law, Justice and Development Week in November 2021.", "2. National sentencing policies", "42. As a measure to respond to the global prison crisis caused by the overuse of incarceration and prison overcrowding, UNODC continued to promote proportionate sentencing policies and the effective use of non-custodial measures. The Office continued its assistance to the Governments of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam in improving the use of non-custodial measures in a gender-responsive manner, including through assessments of the current use of non-custodial measures and a series of workshops for criminal justice professionals on sentencing policies and guidelines and improving the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. UNODC also advised the Government of Nigeria on fair sentencing policies in its efforts to amend the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Act.", "3. Effective, accountable, impartial and inclusive institutions", "43. UNODC provided technical assistance with a view to ensuring the integrity and impartiality of law enforcement and other institutions comprising the criminal justice system, as well as the independence of the judiciary. This included technical assistance to States parties to the Convention against Corruption, with a view to strengthening the integrity, transparency, accountability and inclusivity of a broad range of institutions.", "44. In addition to providing training on ethics and integrity to law enforcement authorities, UNODC facilitated corruption risk assessments and the development of risk-management strategies in public institutions, including in the prison system in the Central African Republic and the judiciary in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. UNODC delivered training programmes and workshops on judicial integrity and supported Member States’ efforts to develop codes of ethics for the judiciary.", "45. The UNODC-supported Global Judicial Integrity Network continued to create experience-sharing and peer support opportunities for judges and judiciaries. UNODC disseminated information about the Network in numerous forums and continued to enrich its website with new resources. As of April 2022, over 70 jurisdictions worldwide had become training sites for the implementation of the Network’s judicial ethics training package.", "46. The Office launched a new project in Kazakhstan to support the implementation of community-oriented policing, strengthen training curricula and optimize police human resources management with a view to developing a diverse and inclusive police service. UNODC supported the Dominican Republic in designing its police reform and provided recommendations to Thailand on the draft ministerial regulation on the use of force by the police. In Brazil, UNODC adapted the police compliance index used to measure the use of force in three states. In Uzbekistan, together with the National Human Rights Centre, UNODC organized three workshops on use of force for over 1,000 police officers.", "47. UNODC provided technical assistance on court procedures and judicial capacity. In Lebanon, the Office established a comprehensive e-hearing system in selected courts, prisons and detention facilities. UNODC facilitated two study programmes, in Austria and Spain, for 42 judges from the Court of Cassation of Egypt. In Brazil, 16 online events, attended by 1,906 professionals, were held to increase awareness of UNODC tools on detention hearings.", "4. Effective anti-corruption efforts", "48. At the time of reporting, there were 189 parties to the Convention against Corruption. In June 2021, the General Assembly held its first-ever special session against corruption and adopted a forward-looking political declaration, which was negotiated under the auspices of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption. The Conference has been tasked with following up and building on the political declaration and has, inter alia, decided to hold an intersessional meeting in September 2022 to follow up on the achievements of the political declaration.", "49. The ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in December 2021. The Conference was attended by more than 2,000 participants representing 154 Member States and many international and non-governmental organizations, and adopted eight resolutions. The Implementation Review Group established by the Conference held its twelfth session in June 2021 and its resumed twelfth session in September 2021. The regular and resumed sessions included meetings held jointly with the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption at its twelfth meeting, the Working Group on Asset Recovery at its fifteenth meeting and the tenth open-ended intergovernmental expert meeting to enhance international cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Corruption.", "50. The first cycle of the Implementation Review Mechanism is nearing completion, with 173 executive summaries of country review reports finalized. Work on the second cycle is advancing, with 59 executive summaries finalized. Addressing the gaps identified through these reviews will increase the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts. UNODC continued to provide technical assistance in response to the observations made in the reviews, including through the drafting of action plans, anti-corruption strategies and legislation, and capacity-building.", "5. Social, educational and other measures", "51. UNODC continued its work to prevent crime and violence under its “Line Up, Live Up” initiative, which offers a sport-based learning programme with a focus on life-skills training to complement formal education, using sport to reach at-risk young people who may not go to school and building the capacity of teachers and sports coaches to deliver interactive learning and strengthen youth resilience to crime.", "52. In December 2021, UNODC launched the Global Resource for Anti-Corruption Education and Youth Empowerment (GRACE) initiative to further promote the role of education and youth in preventing and countering corruption, in line with the Convention against Corruption and the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption held in 2021. The initiative builds on the UNODC Education for Justice and International Anti-Corruption Academy initiatives, which have been globally recognized for their educational impact on youth.", "E. Promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime", "1. International cooperation, including through capacity-building and technical assistance", "53. UNODC continued to support the Mechanism for the Review of the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto by training over 1,500 government officials from more than 120 States parties. In May 2022, the Working Group on International Cooperation of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention held a discussion on the transfer of sentenced persons.", "54. UNODC supported the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and promoted its use as a legal basis for international cooperation in criminal matters, building on its almost universal adherence (190 parties at the time of reporting), including through a dedicated digest of cases on the topic. UNODC developed the publication entitled Digest of Cyber Organized Crime and further expanded its knowledge management portal, Sharing Electronic Resources and Laws on Crime (SHERLOC), inter alia, through the addition of resources on case law, legislation and strategies.", "55. UNODC intensified its support to States parties to the Organized Crime Convention in the elaboration of strategies to prevent and counter organized crime by developing the Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit and delivering strategy-related assistance across Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South-Eastern Europe.", "56. UNODC published two issue papers, on organized crime and gender, and on the Organized Crime Convention and international human rights law, respectively.", "57. Under the global programme on strengthening criminal justice cooperation along trafficking routes (CRIMJUST), UNODC delivered 298 technical capacity-building activities in Latin America and West Africa, including 44 investigative case forums aimed at facilitating cooperation and information exchange to spur post-seizure investigations. The forums benefited more than 15,051 law enforcement officers, prosecutors and criminal justice actors.", "2. International cooperation to deprive criminals of their proceeds of crime", "58. UNODC helped to create and support six asset recovery inter-agency networks through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism. These informal networks of law enforcement and judicial practitioners play an important role, as they facilitate the complete asset recovery process, from the start of the investigation, involving the tracing of assets, to freezing and seizure, management and forfeiture or confiscation. The networks operate in Eastern and Southern Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, West Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and West and Central Asia.", "59. UNODC continued to facilitate the work of the Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities, a platform for peer-to-peer information exchange and informal cooperation among 96 anti-corruption authorities in 56 countries.", "60. In 2021, under the StAR Initiative, 18 countries benefited from UNODC assistance in tracing, seizing, confiscating and recovering proceeds of crime, and more than 1,800 people were trained globally. Under the StAR Initiative, the Office contributed to 20 global policy events and held three special events on the margins of the special session of the General Assembly against corruption.", "3. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations", "61. In support of the ratification and implementation of conventions and protocols on terrorism, UNODC continued to advocate for universal adherence to the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism, assisting Member States in becoming party to them and in implementing them at the national level. The Member States that became parties to various international legal instruments related to terrorism in 2021 were Botswana, the Congo, Finland, France, the Gambia, Honduras, Iraq, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Switzerland and Zimbabwe. France, Portugal, Switzerland and Finland became the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth Member States, respectively, to have become party to all 19 instruments, joining Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands and Türkiye.", "62. UNODC implemented a project aimed at strengthening the expertise of stakeholders in Morocco to develop institutionalized, effective and human rights-compliant investigation and trial management for returning foreign terrorist fighters and their family members. UNODC organized briefings in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand on the screening, prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration of returning and relocating foreign terrorist fighters, their family members and local affiliates.", "63. In March 2021, UNODC, in partnership with the Kostanai Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan, led an expert meeting on strengthening the capacity of prison and probation officers to manage violent extremist prisoners and foreign terrorist fighters in prison in Kazakhstan.", "64. UNODC developed four e-learning modules, available in English and Russian, addressing mental health considerations for the rehabilitation and reintegration of foreign terrorist fighter returnees and their families. The Office promoted the modules through four webinars for professionals from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.", "65. UNODC contributed to the United Nations Countering Terrorist Travel Programme, coordinated and managed by the Office of Counter-Terrorism and implemented with other United Nations programme partners. UNODC provided legislative assistance to develop normative frameworks on advance passenger information and passenger name records, as well as operational support for the establishment of multi-agency passenger information units. In 2021, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Mongolia, Morocco, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Togo and the Caribbean Community received support from UNODC in the context of the programme.", "66. In 2021, the Office initiated the development of a new global framework for providing capacity-building to requesting Member States, based on an independent in-depth evaluation and consultations with Member States, regional organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities.", "4. New, emerging and evolving forms of crime", "67. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to address new, emerging and evolving forms of crime. UNODC leads the international efforts to address trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants. Through its global programmes against trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, UNODC supported 60 countries and trained more than 5,000 practitioners in 2021.", "68. UNODC advanced efforts to counter trafficking in migration flows, for example, under the Transforming Alerts into Criminal Justice Responses to Combat Trafficking in Persons within Migration Flows (TRACK4TIP) initiative, reaching eight countries across Latin America and the Caribbean with actions at the national and regional levels. In Colombia, for example, labour inspectors trained by UNODC in the identification and referral of trafficking cases uncovered suspected trafficking for forced labour involving 40 Venezuelan migrants. The Office’s legislative assistance on trafficking and smuggling included support to Iraq for the drafting of a judicial guidance note addressing victim’s rights in the criminal justice process. Through the strengthening transregional action and responses against the smuggling of migrants (STARSOM) initiative, bringing together 13 countries located along smuggling routes that run through Asia, the Gulf States, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean, UNODC mentored officials on responding to migrant smuggling cases in a human rights-informed, gender-inclusive manner, to strengthen South-South cooperation.", "69. In 2021, UNODC launched its Observatory on Smuggling of Migrants and published two interactive research analyses that provide geospatial, graphic and infographic visualizations of the smuggling of migrants in North Africa, Morocco and along the central and western Mediterranean route. UNODC published an issue paper entitled “The concept of ‘harbouring’ in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol”, which analyses the practical application of the definition of trafficking in persons and its interpretations in national jurisdictions. To foster collaboration with the private sector, UNODC published the Compendium of Promising Practices on Public-Private Partnerships to Prevent and Counter Trafficking in Persons. It also published a study entitled “COVID-19 and the smuggling of migrants: a call for safeguarding the rights of smuggled migrants facing increased risks and vulnerabilities”, which calls for enhanced regular pathways for migration in order to prevent the smuggling of migrants. In addition, UNODC published the UNODC Toolkit for Mainstreaming Human Rights and Gender Equality into Criminal Justice Interventions to Address Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants.", "70. The Global Firearms Programme launched a new initiative to support the implementation of the Roadmap for Implementing the Caribbean Priority Actions on the Illicit Proliferation of Firearms and Ammunition across the Caribbean in a Sustainable Manner by 2030, while continuing its work in other regions. The Office assisted 31 countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Asia and Eastern Europe with regard to legislative and policy development, preventive and security measures, criminal justice responses, and international cooperation and information exchange, as well as the monitoring of illicit firearms flows and emerging threats, training more than 4,000 practitioners. The Office coordinated a two-week operation against firearms trafficking in the Sahel, in which 850 officers from relevant law enforcement agencies seized 594 firearms and several thousand rounds of ammunition, including among suspected terrorists. The Office started to engage with countries in Africa and Latin America to promote more advanced forms of international cooperation among countries on complex firearms trafficking cases, including through the establishment of joint investigative teams.", "71. UNODC continued to conduct research and provide technical assistance to Member States in their efforts to address the world drug problem.[8]", "72. With regard to the prevention of and response to violence against children, UNODC delivered capacity-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maldives and Mozambique, and co-organized five webinars for the second regional INSPIRE workshop, involving 10 Latin American countries.", "73. UNODC facilitated the expert discussions held by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in February 2022 on crimes that affect the environment (see para. 6 above). A joint thematic discussion on the more specific topic of the practical application of the Organized Crime Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment was held by the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention in May 2022.", "74. UNODC continued to build the capacity of Member States to prevent and address crimes that affect the environment, including by delivering training to over 2,000 criminal justice personnel; mentoring law enforcement officers and prosecutors; strengthening corruption risk management capacity in wildlife, forest and fisheries management and enforcement authorities; supporting forensic and financial investigations; awareness-raising; and supporting international cooperation. New tools were developed, including rapid reference guides for investigators and prosecutors. New projects were launched on waste trafficking and on the potential links between wildlife trafficking and zoonotic disease transmission.", "75. At the time of reporting, a series of legislative guides were under development to support States in adopting legislation to criminalize trafficking in waste, metals and other minerals, as well as crimes in the fisheries sector, as serious crimes, when appropriate. The guides provide concrete legislative guidance to States to prevent, investigate, prosecute and adjudicate such crimes.", "76. With regard to trafficking in falsified medical products, UNODC organized a meeting in the framework of the West African Network of Central Authorities and Prosecutors against Organized Crime (WACAP) in Dakar in November 2021, during which the roles of various organizations working on this issue were examined, tools to address the urgent need for strengthened legislation were discussed and the establishment of a working group on legal frameworks under WACAP was agreed upon. The Office developed a new standardized training course on falsified medical products and provided training, in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies and international partner organizations, to law enforcement personnel from 16 countries on identification, proper factory packaging and legitimate supply channels.", "77. The Office delivered regional training sessions on combating illicit trafficking in cultural property using shipping containers in Beirut and in Panama in June 2021. It also delivered, jointly with OSCE and the Multinational Peace Support Operations Training Centre in Greece, training on the protection of cultural property to 31 participants from law enforcement authorities and the military of 11 countries.", "78. With a view to addressing, inter alia, trafficking in commercial goods, the Office continued to work with Member States to establish port control units and air cargo control units at seaports, dry ports, land borders and airports and along railways. Currently operating in 73 countries, the UNODC-World Customs Organization (WCO) Container Control Programme provided training to front-line law enforcement personnel in profiling and inspecting cargo containers suspected of carrying illicit goods, thus enhancing their capacity to detect the smuggling of highly taxed goods, such as alcohol, tobacco and motor vehicles, as well as other illicit cargo, such as wildlife and forest products and firearms, and to counter commercial fraud, such as undervaluation and misclassification.", "79. UNODC organized with CEPOL a webinar on hate crime for 100 participants and contributed to the South-Eastern Europe Conference on Hate Crime organized by OSCE. As the lead entity for the criminal justice pillar of the United Nations network on racial discrimination and protection of minorities, UNODC ensured that the prevention of hate crime, support to victims and addressing racial discrimination through access to justice and criminal justice reform were included in network activities, which included a four-week pilot training course for 13 United Nations country teams on addressing racial discrimination in programming processes.", "80. The Office continued to assist States in responding to maritime crime by supporting their criminal justice systems, from law enforcement at sea through to investigation, prosecution and trial. The Global Maritime Crime Programme offered courses on visiting, boarding and search and seizure at established maritime centres and facilitated simulated trials in which collected evidence was presented in court. Under the Programme, UNODC continued to expand its analytical courses on maritime domain awareness and strengthened partnerships with technology providers to improve sea monitoring and patrolling by Member States. Moreover, the Programme addressed crimes that affect the environment, including by supporting efforts to tackle marine pollution and crimes in the fisheries sector.", "81. Through its Global Programme on Cybercrime, UNODC built capacities in detecting, preventing, investigating, prosecuting and sentencing cyber-dependent and cyber-facilitated crimes in 47 Member States, providing specialized support in developing efficient criminal justice responses to complex crimes that have been increasing in number, such as online child sexual abuse and exploitation. UNODC supported the establishment and strengthening of specialized cybercrime investigation units, digital forensic laboratories and reporting mechanisms in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Peru, with a view to making a positive impact on the protection of victims, including children, women and girls. Technical support to address the relationship between cybercrime and other types of organized crime, such as drug trafficking and the illicit movement of funds by means of cryptocurrencies and the dark web, was provided in coordination with the CRIMJUST global programme and the UNODC Opioid Strategy, a five-pillar, integrated inter-agency response to the global opioid crisis.", "82. The Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes, established by the General Assembly in its resolution 74/247, held its session on organizational matters in New York on 24 February 2022 and its first session in New York from 28 February to 11 March 2022, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 75/282 and General Assembly decision 76/522. At its first session, the Ad Hoc Committee approved its road map and mode of work and adopted the elements to form the structure of the future convention. The Committee also exchanged views on key elements, as well as the objectives and scope, of the convention. At its second session, held in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022, the Ad Hoc Committee undertook a first reading of the provisions on criminalization, the general provisions and the provisions on procedural measures and law enforcement, in accordance with its road map and mode of work.", "IV. Governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "83. Information on the governance and financial situation of UNODC is presented in the report of the Secretary-General on international cooperation to address and counter the world drug problem (A/77/137).", "V. Recommendations", "84. I urge Member States to continue their efforts to fully implement the Kyoto Declaration, including with a view to building back better from the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Advancing crime prevention", "85. The United Nations stands ready to assist Member States in addressing the causes, including the root causes, of crime. I urge Member States to strengthen, in cooperation with non-State actors, the availability and quality of evidence that can support crime prevention policies that are sustainable, community-focused and gender-responsive and that empower young people.", "86. Recognizing the importance of effective prevention policies and programmes for reaching the violence- and crime-related targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, I encourage Member States to strengthen their crime prevention strategies, including by focusing on enhancing youth resilience.", "Advancing the criminal justice system", "87. I urge Member States to apply evidence-based criminal justice policies and strengthen the use of restorative justice and victim assistance, protection and support.", "88. I call upon Member States to mainstream a gender perspective into their national criminal justice policies, programmes, legislation and other actions in order to, inter alia, address all forms of gender-related violence, crime and victimization, including gender-related killings.", "89. In order to address the excessive resort to incarceration, prison overcrowding and the systemic neglect by prison administrations and other entities in charge of offender management in the community, I encourage Member States to re-assess and diversify their responses to criminal behaviour with a view to reducing imprisonment, making greater use of the potential offered by non-custodial measures and ensuring safe, humane and rehabilitative prison environments. I urge Member States to ensure the practical application of United Nations standards and norms in the field of offender management, in particular the Nelson Mandela Rules, the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules).", "90. I call on Member States to adopt measures to integrate child justice reform into broader rule-of-law and developmental efforts, and to adopt and implement child-sensitive, gender-responsive and multi-stakeholder approaches, acknowledging that children(boys and girls) differ from adults (men and women) and are therefore entitled to specific rights, safeguards and responses in line with international law, with a view to protecting children across governmental and non-governmental institutions.", "91. I encourage Member States to prioritize the strengthening of national capacity and skills in the field of forensic sciences and to support the establishment and sustainability of regional forensic science networks in order to enhance expertise and capacity in preventing and combating transnational organized crime.", "92. I urge Member States to improve the effectiveness of their investigations by implementing evidence-based approaches to interviewing that are in line with international standards and best practices.", "93. I urge Member States to develop victim-centred approaches to criminal justice, ensuring equal access to protection, assistance and support for victims of all types of crimes, including by implementing restorative justice approaches.", "Promoting the rule of law", "94. I urge Member States to enhance equal access to justice for all by strengthening their legal aid systems, addressing discrimination, reforming their police institutions and increasing the effectiveness of investigations, and to improve the effectiveness, accountability, impartiality and inclusiveness of criminal justice institutions.", "95. I encourage Member States to fully support the commitments and recommendations made at the special session of the General Assembly on challenges and measures to prevent and combat corruption and strengthen international cooperation, held in June 2021.", "Promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and address all forms of crime", "96. I call upon Member States to continue efforts in support of the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention, especially its provisions on international cooperation, and to provide effective contributions and support to the Mechanism for the Review of the Implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and the Protocols thereto.", "97. I call upon Member States to redouble their efforts to establish effective anti-money-laundering systems in accordance with relevant United Nations conventions and internationally accepted standards, including, where applicable, the recommendations of relevant intergovernmental bodies, inter alia, the Financial Action Task Force, with a view to fully implementing those standards.", "98. Preventing terrorism and violent extremism requires comprehensive and inclusive approaches, which must comply with obligations under international law, including the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism and relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. I urge Member States to ensure fair, transparent and accountable criminal justice processes based on the principles of the rule of law, due process and human rights, which provide the foundation for effective measures to prevent and counter terrorism.", "99. I call upon Member States to ensure that trafficked persons are not punished or prosecuted for unlawful acts committed by them as a direct consequence of being trafficked, and to establish domestic laws, guidelines, policies and capacity-building measures for criminal justice practitioners that clearly espouse the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking.", "100. I call upon Member States to reverse the recent reduction in regular migration pathways in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as a means to prevent the smuggling of migrants and particularly aggravated forms of such smuggling involving violence, abuse, trafficking in persons, human rights violations or death.", "101. I call upon Member States to foster international cooperation to effectively prevent, investigate and adjudicate illicit trafficking in firearms and ammunition, in particular to and from countries in different conflict and post-conflict phases, and to address the interconnectedness of such trafficking with other forms of organized crime and terrorism.", "102. I call upon Member States to adopt and implement comprehensive strategies and measures to better protect children from serious forms of violence, including violence committed by criminal and armed groups, including those designated as terrorist and violent extremist groups, in accordance with international standards and norms, while adopting a whole-of-society approach.", "103. I urge Member States to address the increase in hate crime by adopting relevant legislation, providing relevant training to criminal justice professionals and ensuring relevant data collection and access to justice for victims, in partnership with civil society and community-based organizations, including in the context of responding to hate speech.", "104. I call upon Member States, in appropriate cases, to adopt or amend national legislation to criminalize offences that affect the environment as serious crimes, as defined in article 2 (b) of the Organized Crime Convention.", "105. I call upon Member States to integrate emerging policy issues into their crime prevention and criminal justice policies and pandemic recovery plans. In this regard, I encourage Member States to integrate responses to crimes that affect the environment into broader national and international agendas, including those on biodiversity, climate change, and waste and pollution; to further strengthen their cooperation against cybercrime, including through active participation in the ongoing negotiation of an international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes; and to enhance national legislation and capabilities to respond to new, emerging and evolving crimes such as trafficking in falsified medical products, trafficking in cultural property and the smuggling of commercial goods.", "106. I call upon Member States to provide adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to UNODC for its research, normative work and technical assistance in crime prevention and criminal justice matters.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] E/2022/55, para. 155.", "[3] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Monitoring SDG 16, a gender perspective”, Data Matters Series, No. 4 (forthcoming).", "[4] UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2019, booklet 2, p. 78.", "[5] See E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14, chapter I, section C.", "[6] See the conference room papers containing the Chair’s summaries of the thematic discussions (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1 and E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2).", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3, annex.", "[8] See A/77/137." ]
A_77_127
[ "Twenty-seventh session Item 109 of the roster Crime prevention and justice", "Implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, with particular reference to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared by General Assembly resolution 76/187. It contains a summary of the activities undertaken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to support Member States in their efforts to address transnational organized crime, corruption and terrorism, and to prevent crime and strengthen criminal justice systems, including with regard to emerging policy issues.", "The report includes information on the activities undertaken by the Office to address the challenges posed by the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID‐19) to crime prevention and criminal justice systems.", "I. Introduction", "1. Over five years since the launch of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the overall picture of the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals relating to crime and criminal justice is uneven. Target 16.3 on the promotion of the rule of law and the guarantee of equal access to justice for all has undergone very little improvement. For example, despite the drastic reduction of the world ' s prison population during the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), which increased from 11.8 million people in 2019 to 11.2 million people in late 2020, the percentage of prisoners detained without being convicted remained relatively unchanged globally.[2] There have been some progress in reducing crime-related violence, in line with target 16.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals. Between 2015 and 2020, the global homicide rate decreased by 5.2 per cent.[3] However, impunity for such crimes remained widespread. At the global level, for every 100 homicide victims, only 53 persons were convicted of this crime.[4] Therefore, the work of crime prevention and criminal justice remains highly requested.", "2. UNODC has submitted a new series of publications called “Data Matters”, which includes three research reports, on the issues of the world prison population, Goal 16 and the murder of women and girls on the basis of gender, respectively. In addition, UNODC published various research reports on the impact of the war on Ukraine on the areas of work covered by its mandate, including two reports entitled, “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on drug demand and supply” and “Conflict in Ukraine: key evidence on risks of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants”, on the conflict in Ukraine and the key data on demand and supply of drugs, and the conflict in Ukraine and the smuggling of migrants.", "3. The present report provides information on the implementation of the mandates of the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme and takes into account new policy issues and possible responses to those issues, in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 76/187. The report deals with the activities of UNODC in the thematic areas covered by the Kyoto Declaration on the Promotion of Crime Prevention, Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law: Towards the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted at the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, held in Kyoto, Japan, from 7 to 12 March 2021.", "4. Owing to the persistence of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the intergovernmental meetings and technical assistance activities mentioned in this report were mostly carried out in online or hybrid format (presencial and online).", "II. Action taken by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, including follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "5. The Commission held its thirty-first session in Vienna from 16 to 20 May 2022. The Commission recommended that the Economic and Social Council adopt three resolutions for adoption by the General Assembly concerning: (a) follow-up to the fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and preparations for the fifteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice; (b) reduction of recidivism through rehabilitation and reintegration; and (c) intensification of efforts at the national and international levels, including in collaboration with children In addition, the Commission adopted resolution 31/1, entitled “Strengthening the international legal framework for international cooperation to combat and prevent illicit trafficking in specimens of wildlife”[5].", "6. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/181, the Commission held the first thematic debate on the implementation of the Kyoto Declaration in November 2021. In compliance with General Assembly resolution 76/185, the Commission held in February 2022 expert discussions on environmental crimes. Both thematic expert discussions were attended by over 130 Member States, as well as United Nations entities, intergovernmental and international organizations and civil society.[6] The report of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/77/128) contains more information on the follow-up to the Fourteenth Congress.", "III. Action taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in thematic areas", "A. Introduction. Strategic issues", "7. UNODC Strategy 2021-2025 articulates the work of the Office in five thematic areas: (a) addressing and countering the world drug problem; (b) preventing and combating organized crime; (c) preventing and combating corruption and economic crime; (d) preventing and combating terrorism; and (e) crime prevention and criminal justice. The strategy defines the UNODC mission to the three pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, development and human rights. It establishes commitments to fully integrate gender equality and the empowerment of women, human rights and youth empowerment into UNODC programmes, and advocates integrated programming, effective multilateral cooperation and stronger partnerships with international organizations and civil society and the private sector.", "8. In the spirit of the Strategy, UNODC has been working with an increasing number of United Nations entities and international and regional organizations to assist in the preparation of strategic documents and in the conduct of research and technical assistance activities. UNODC is actively involved in a number of inter-agency coordination mechanisms, in particular with regard to the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependence, HIV/AIDS, corruption, counter-terrorism, illicit financial flows, trafficking in persons, migration, imprisonment, police action, the rule of law, gender equality, human rights issues such as racial discrimination and the protection of minorities, youth and empowerment of persons.", "9. UNODC continued to work with non-governmental organizations, academia and the private sector, inter alia, in workshops for various stakeholders on the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. In close collaboration with Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the Coalition of Civil Society in Support of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC Coalition), the participation of civil society in all intergovernmental meetings and workshops in 2021 was ensured, involving 4,071 stakeholders from 1,253 organizations. New public-private partnerships were launched, involving 75 private sector representatives.", "10. In collaboration with the Office of the President of the General Assembly, UNODC co-organized a high-level thematic debate on youth mainstreaming into crime prevention policies on 6 June 2022. The purpose of this activity was to provide a forum for Member States to exchange views on how young people can be agents of change in their communities, as well as actors trained to combat crime and defend the rule of law. Special attention was paid to the establishment of crime prevention strategies that included youth as active partners with Member States, local governments, academia and civil society.", "11. In May 2022, UNODC had a physical presence in 95 countries. In the context of the implementation of the Strategic Vision for Latin America and the Caribbean 2021-2025, which was launched on 7 February 2022, UNODC has redefined the Office of Colombia as the Regional Office for the Andean Region and the Southern Cone, which also covers Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay and oversees the work of the offices of Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador and Peru. UNODC thus seeks to achieve programmatic harmonization and operational optimization and promote the exchange and replication of good practices and experiences within and outside the subregion.", "12. Following the Taliban ' s seizure of power in August 2021, UNODC established the Strategic Stability Network in Afghanistan to address current and future transnational problems arising from drugs, crime and terrorism in the country and its surroundings. The network aims to promote stability, protect the people of Afghanistan and the region as a whole and to promote peace, human rights and long-term sustainable social and economic development, as well as to address the urgent needs of the humanitarian crisis.", "13. Through the use of existing local networks in Ukraine and refugee shelters in host countries, UNODC developed and disseminated materials to meet the needs of parents and caregivers and maintain strong family structures in humanitarian settings. With the support of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNODC has coordinated communication between the prison authorities in Ukraine and civil society organizations to address humanitarian needs in prisons.", "B. Promoting crime prevention", "1. Addressing the causes, including root causes, of crime; the prevention of evidence-based crime; and crime prevention strategies tailored to needs", "14. UNODC continued to support countries in improving the rigorous collection of evidence to support crime prevention efforts. UNODC, together with the Centre of Excellence for Statistical Information of Government, Public Security, Victimization and Justice of UNODC and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography of Mexico (INEGI), based in Mexico, and the Centre of Excellence for Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics in Asia and the Pacific, of UNODC and Statistics Korea (KOSTAT), located in the Republic of Korea, provided assistance for capacity-building to 150 countries in relation to the indicators of the Objective Together with the United Nations Development Programme and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNODC established the initiative for the survey of Sustainable Development Goal 16; with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), developed a statistical framework for measuring gender-based killings of women and girls (also called United Nations Femicides and Femicide Development); and The Statistical Commission welcomed the first instrument and approved the other two.", "15. UNODC continued to use its global, regional and national programmes to support Member States in the implementation of crime prevention standards, advising them in the design and implementation of strategies and programmes. This included support for better qualitative data on crime and victimization through surveys or community consultation mechanisms. In May 2021, Kyrgyzstan adopted Act No. 60 on the Basic Aspects of Crime Prevention, which defines the role of a number of actors and provides for victim support. As a complementary measure, UNODC is providing technical assistance to the implementation of the new State crime prevention programme for the period 2022-2028, including in the development of local action plans and capacity-building. UNODC provided strategic advice for the design of a regional community-based strategy to prevent maritime and other crimes in Nigeria, including through consultation with local governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. The evaluation of the crime threat organized in Nigeria by UNODC was discussed at a workshop with key stakeholders in May 2022. The purpose of the workshop was to provide information on the strategies adopted by the country to address the related threats.", "16. In line with the commitment made in the Kyoto Declaration to intensify multidisciplinary efforts to prevent crime, and as a follow-up to the high-level debate of the General Assembly on the theme “Security, protection and good governance in the urban environment: converting crime prevention to a priority for all”, in April 2021, the Office promoted collaboration between citizens and justice institutions in Africa, Asia and Central America to promote crime. In Mexico and Brazil, UNODC contributed to the implementation of community strategies to reduce crime and violence, promoting development and situational approaches to prevention.", "2. Addressing the economic dimension of crime", "17. Through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, the Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism, UNODC continued to support Member States in developing and implementing effective measures to address the economic dimension of crime and deprive offenders and criminal organizations of any illicit gain through, inter alia, the identification, location, seizure, confiscation, recovery and restitution strategies,", "18. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to combat transnational organized crime, including money-laundering. The police, customs, immigration and border control authorities, judicial authorities and financial intelligence units continued to benefit from the activities of the Office of Capacity-building that are particularly suited to the needs.", "19. UNODC continued to support initiatives to recover the proceeds of corruption, including through progress in the second cycle of the Anti-Corruption Review Mechanism. At the ninth session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention against Corruption, the representatives of the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (StAR Initiative) of UNODC and the World Bank presented the preliminary results of the survey on the Initiative to Collect Information on Cases of Recovery of International Assets related to Crimes under the Convention against Corruption and presented a new publication on the direct enforcement of foreign confiscation resolutions. At its sixteenth meeting, to be held in 2022, the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery of the Conference will address issues arising from resolutions adopted by the Conference at its ninth session, in particular resolutions 9/2, on the follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly against corruption, and 9/7, on improving the use of information on final beneficiaries to facilitate the detection, recovery and restitution of the proceeds.", "20. The administration of pre-warranted, seized and confiscated assets under the Convention against Corruption is critical to the success of asset recovery. In 2019, the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention adopted its resolution 8/1, in which it decided that the Working Group on Asset Recovery should continue to collect information on the best practices of States parties, in order to complete the draft non-binding guidelines for the administration of pre-emptive, seized and confiscated goods[7] and update a study on the effective management and disposition of confiscated, confiscated, confiscated and confiscated assets. UNODC is currently reviewing the draft non-binding guidelines and the study on the basis of additional information submitted by States parties. UNODC also continues to provide technical assistance in this regard.", "3. Gender mainstreaming, including the prevention of gender-related violence, in crime prevention efforts", "21. Gender mainstreaming is a key component of the Office ' s support to Member States in the implementation of crime prevention standards, including through surveys and the application of community consultation mechanisms to obtain better qualitative data on crime and victimization.", "22. The Office provided strategic advice for the development of a national strategy for the prevention of gender-based violence in South Africa.", "23. In March 2022, UNODC held two online gender training sessions in crime and criminal justice statistics. The first session had 689 participants from 19 countries in Latin America and Europe, and the second with 232 participants from 36 countries in the Asia-Pacific region.", "4. Children and youth in crime prevention and youth empowerment for crime prevention", "24. UNODC continued to strengthen youth resilience within the framework of its initiatives Play, Live and Education for Justice, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/183. In 2021, UNODC provided 15 Member States with policy advice and technical assistance on the integration of sport into crime prevention strategies, thereby enhancing the capacity of State and non-State actors to use sport to prevent violence and crime, including violent extremism. The assistance consisted of specially adapted training courses, which enabled practical training for sport-based life, in schools and community environments to more than 15,000 young people, as well as creating safe spaces in marginalized communities through the refurbishment of sports facilities in Lebanon, Mexico and Uganda.", "25. In order to prevent the recruitment of persons, including children, by terrorist and violent extremist groups, the Office carried out awareness-raising among policymakers and practitioners in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan through a series of technical meetings aimed at strengthening policy and operational frameworks on legal, political and psychosocial issues, in accordance with international standards.", "C. Promote the criminal justice system", "1. Protection of victims ' rights and protection of witnesses and complainants", "26. UNODC continued to promote victim-centred criminal justice approaches, as well as the importance of ensuring access to assistance, protection and support for all victims, without discrimination and in line with the Declaration on the Fundamental Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (General Assembly resolution 40/34, annex). The Office launched a new project on access to justice for victims of crimes in Egypt. In Burkina Faso and Niger, UNODC organized workshops for criminal justice practitioners on effective victim support. In Panama, UNODC organized six online training sessions on research with digital evidence for the Office of the Ombudsman, the Department of Free Legal Counsel for Crime Victims, the Directorate of Judicial Investigation and the Public Prosecutor ' s Office.", "27. UNODC developed a second updated edition of the Model Legislative Provisions on Organized Crime, which includes a chapter on articles 24 and 25 of the Organized Crime Convention on the protection of witnesses and victims.", "28. UNODC continued to assist States parties to the Convention against Corruption in strengthening mechanisms to provide effective protection to complainants. UNODC provided legal advice and legislative assistance to more than 15 Member States for the development of legislative frameworks related to the protection of complainants. UNODC also continued to work with States parties to establish information and protection mechanisms or strengthen existing ones in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To that end, UNODC issued a series of new guidelines for the protection of complainants in the health sector, in Arabic, English, French, English and Portuguese, and supported the health sector of several States parties in its implementation.", "2. Improved prison conditions and reduction of recidivism through rehabilitation and reintegration", "29. The Office, together with the Department of Peace Operations and OHCHR, jointly led the development of the “common position of the United Nations system on imprisonment”, presented in May 2021, which places prison reform and the treatment of offenders as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.", "30. New prison reform projects were launched to improve compliance with international minimum standards in Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, the Philippines, Tajikistan and Tunisia. In 18 other Member States, the Office supported the reform of prison laws or improved training programmes for prison officers. More than 77,000 users from 160 countries have registered in the UNODC e-learning course on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners ( Nelson Mandela Rules), which is available in 13 languages.", "31. UNODC continued to provide emergency assistance to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in prisons. In Uganda, logistical support was provided to ensure prisoners ' access to COVID-19 vaccines. The Office promoted the use of non-custodial measures in 10 countries. In Kenya, awareness-raising efforts were carried out among officials on diversion, negotiation of the conformity of the accused and traditional justice mechanisms respectful of human rights.", "32. In order to increase the prospects for the social reintegration of prisoners, UNODC launched education and vocational training programmes in Colombia, El Salvador, Morocco and Tunisia. In Tunisia, UNODC partnered with a university to develop a master ' s programme on cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on prevention of recidivism, which paved the way for regular use in prisons.", "33. UNODC continued to support Member States in the effective management of violent extremist prisoners, including detained foreign terrorist fighters, and in preventing the risk of violent radicalization in prisons. Fifteen Member States benefited from capacity-building activities for penitentiary and probation personnel, improved prison security and intelligence and the development of delinking programmes. In Indonesia and Kazakhstan, the use of risk assessment tools and needs developed with the support of UNODC was adopted as an official State policy.", "34. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 76/182, in December 2021 and April 2022, UNODC held consultative meetings with experts on the subject with a view to transmitting information on promising practices to reduce recidivism, with a view to developing model strategies. The topics covered include the use of non-custodial measures, fair penalties policies and rehabilitation and social reintegration programmes in the prison and community environment.", "3. Gender mainstreaming in criminal justice systems", "35. In addition to supporting strategies and initiatives to prevent violence against women, UNODC assisted 22 Member States to increase access to gender-sensitive justice for survivors of gender-based violence. Key achievements include the reform of criminal legislation on sexual violence and the establishment of a specialized unit in the Attorney-General ' s Office of Nepal, the adaptation and adoption of UNODC instruments by the Ministry of Public Security, the Prosecutor ' s Office and the Supreme People ' s Court of Viet Nam, and the improvement of national and local inter-agency coordination mechanisms in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Nepal and Viet Nam. In Mexico, UNODC trained 6,860 police officers and 283 emergency call operators in the prevention and detection of cases of gender-based violence and in the appropriate treatment and referral of survivors. In Guatemala, UNODC supported legal complaint mechanisms and improved the registration of cases involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersexual, elderly, persons with disabilities and indigenous people. In Kenya, the Office developed a quick reference guide on cases of sexual and gender-based violence for prosecutors. A new model law of the Southern African Development Community on gender-based violence, which is being developed with the collaboration of UNODC, will provide a model for criminal justice reforms focusing on survivors in the region. In March 2022, on the occasion of the first International Day of Judges, UNODC launched the " Women in Justice for Justice " campaign to promote gender balance and receptivity across the spectrum of the administration of justice. The Global Network of Judicial Integrity, whose work to mainstream women ' s representation in judicial systems was noted with appreciation by the General Assembly in the resolution establishing the International Day, continued to work on gender issues.", "4. Addressing the vulnerabilities of children and young people in contact with the criminal justice system", "36. In Brazil, in collaboration with the National Council of Public Prosecutions, UNODC conducted an analysis of the situation of the juvenile justice system, developed a training tool, organized a capacity-building activity and presented a policy paper on improving the treatment of children in conflict with the law. In Nigeria, UNODC collaborated on an assessment of 225 individuals in a country reform that led to the release of 218 persons and enabled training on the treatment of children deprived of their liberty.", "37. UNODC launched a project to increase resilience to violent extremism (STRIVE Youth), aimed at preventing and countering violence against children by terrorist and violent extremist groups in Indonesia, Iraq and Nigeria. The initial phase concluded with the completion of situational analysis, the establishment of national coordination mechanisms and the adoption of country-specific workplans. A scientific advisory committee was established, a global research framework was developed and a programme of assistance was launched for national research partners. Under the project, two training activities were held: one in Indonesia, in December 2021, on justice for children in the context of counter-terrorism, and one in Nigeria, in January 2022, on the treatment of child victims and witnesses.", "38. UNODC continued to provide technical assistance in Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on the treatment of children associated with terrorist and violent extremist groups, and presented its road map on the treatment of children associated with terrorist groups and violent extremist groups in Portuguese. UNODC organized three regional web seminars on promising practices related to the rehabilitation and reintegration of children repatriated from conflict zones and presented new online training modules addressing the issue in Russian.", "5. Improved criminal investigation processes", "39. UNODC disseminated the Principles on Effective Interviews for Information Research and Compilation, or the “Mendez Principles”. It also developed three online learning modules on research interviews and tested them in Nigeria and Pakistan. In addition, the Office, in collaboration with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union Agency for Police Training (CEPOL), the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights and the Association for the Prevention of Torture, provided capacity-building at the regional and national levels on effective research and interviews to over 200 law enforcement practitioners and other criminal justice institutions worldwide. In Pakistan, UNODC trained 1,162 police and prosecutors, including in the area of forensic research, labour ethics and cooperation between the police and the prosecution, and trained trainers on interview techniques.", "40. UNODC continued to support the enhancement of criminal capacity in the work of law enforcement, customs and postal services, laboratories and judiciary officials. This support consisted, inter alia, of providing standardized training courses, manuals, guidelines, online education instruments and services related to the review of security documents, crime scene research, drug identification and safe and ecological drug handling and disposal and precursors used in their manufacture. The United Nations Toolkit on Synthetic Drugs was complemented by new specialized modules on cybercrime and postal security, which provided countries with practical resources across the United Nations system to adopt comprehensive responses to address the various forms of crime related to synthetic drugs.", "D. Promote the rule of law", "1. Access to justice and legal assistance", "41. UNODC continued to support access to justice reform initiatives in 22 countries. Key achievements include the completion of a joint project with UN-Women in collaboration with OHCHR, Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Leone, which strengthened the capacity of local legal aid providers to provide services to those who survive sexual and gender-based violence, launched awareness-raising and rights protection campaigns, and produced a report on the impact of COVID-19 on women ' s access to justice and legal aid. The independent evaluation of the project concluded that the project had enabled legal aid providers to provide women with more gender-responsive legal aid, in particular in remote communities and adapting to increased demand during the pandemic. The project was committed to the direct and practical application of critical aspects of the legal aid system through promotion and creation from the basis of incentives accepted by the recipients for the future adoption of the legal framework in the field. At the global level, the Office increased awareness of the importance of ensuring equal access to justice for all, focusing on persons traditionally excluded and marginalized on the basis of discrimination. UNODC co-organized with the World Bank a session on poverty and racial equity in the criminal justice system and development through access to justice during World Bank Law, Justice and Development Week in November 2021.", "2. National sanctions policies", "42. In response to the global prison crisis caused by the excessive use of imprisonment and overcrowding in prisons, UNODC continued to promote policies for the imposition of sentences and the effective use of non-custodial measures. The Office continued to assist the Governments of Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam in improving the use of non-custodial gender-responsive measures, including through assessments of the current use of non-custodial measures and a series of workshops for criminal justice practitioners on penal policies and guidelines and improving the rehabilitation and social reintegration of offenders. UNODC also advised the Government of Nigeria on fair penalties policies in its efforts to reform the National Drug Enforcement Agency Act.", "3. Effective, accountable, impartial and inclusive institutions", "43. UNODC provided technical assistance to ensure the integrity and impartiality of law enforcement and other institutions within the criminal justice system, as well as the independence of the judiciary. To this end, technical assistance was provided to States parties to the Convention against Corruption, with a view to strengthening the integrity, transparency, accountability and inclusiveness of a wide range of institutions.", "44. In addition to providing ethics and integrity training to law enforcement authorities, UNODC facilitated the risk assessment of corruption and the development of risk management strategies in public institutions, such as the Central African Republic prison system and the judiciary of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. UNODC provided training programmes and workshops on judicial integrity and supported the efforts of Member States to develop codes of ethics for the judiciary.", "45. The Global Network on Judicial Integrity continued to create, with the support of UNODC, opportunities for the exchange of experiences and the provision of peer support for judges and magistrates. UNODC disseminated information on the Network in many forums and continued to enrich its website with new resources. As of April 2022, more than 70 jurisdictions around the world had become training centres to deliver the Network ' s programme on training in judicial ethics.", "46. The Office launched a new project in Kazakhstan to contribute to the establishment of a community police service, strengthen training plans and optimize the management of police human resources, with a view to creating a diverse and inclusive police service. UNODC assisted the Dominican Republic in designing its police reform and submitted recommendations to Thailand on the draft ministerial regulations on the use of force by the police. In Brazil, UNODC adapted the police compliance index, which measures the use of force in three states. In Uzbekistan, together with the National Centre for Human Rights, UNODC organized three workshops on the use of force for over 1,000 police officers.", "47. UNODC provided technical assistance related to judicial procedures and capacity. In Lebanon, the Office established a comprehensive system of electronic hearings in certain courts, prisons and detention centres. UNODC facilitated two curricula in Austria and Spain for 42 judges of the Egyptian Court of Cassation. In Brazil, 16 online activities were held to publicize UNODC instruments on detention hearings involving 1,906 professionals.", "4. Effective measures against corruption", "48. At the time of writing, there were 189 parties to the Convention against Corruption. In June 2021, the General Assembly held its first special session against corruption and adopted a forward-looking political declaration, which was negotiated under the auspices of the Conference of States Parties to the Convention against Corruption. The Conference has been mandated to follow up and develop the political declaration and, inter alia, has decided to hold an intersessional meeting in September 2022 to follow up on the achievements of the political declaration.", "49. The ninth session of the Conference of States Parties to the Convention against Corruption was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in December 2021. Some 2,000 participants representing 154 Member States and numerous international and non-governmental organizations attended the Conference and eight resolutions were adopted. The Implementation Review Group established by the Conference held its twelfth session in June 2021 and its continuation in September of the same year. Regular sessions and their continuation included joint meetings with the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Corruption Prevention at its twelfth meeting and the Working Group on Asset Recovery at its fifteenth meeting, and the tenth open-ended intergovernmental expert meeting to enhance international cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Corruption.", "50. The first cycle of the Implementation Review Mechanism is about to be completed, with 173 summaries and country review reports. The second cycle is moving forward, and 59 summaries have been completed. If the inadequacies identified through these reviews are addressed, the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities will be enhanced. UNODC continued to provide technical assistance to implement the reviews, including through the development of action plans, anti-corruption strategies and legislation, and capacity-building.", "5. Social, educational and other measures", "51. UNODC continued its efforts to prevent crime and violence within the framework of the Play, Vive initiative, which provides a practical training programme for life, based on sport as a complement to regular education. The programme uses sport to reach youth at risk who do not attend school, and allows to develop the capacity of teachers and sports trainers to provide interactive training and strengthen youth resilience to crime.", "52. In December 2021, UNODC launched the Global Resource for Education and the Empowerment of Youth against Corruption (GRACE) initiative to further promote the role of education and youth in preventing and combating corruption, in line with the Convention against Corruption and the political declaration adopted by the General Assembly at its special session against corruption, held in 2021. The initiative is based on the initiatives of UNODC Education for Justice and the International Anti-Corruption Academy, which have been recognized globally for their educational impact on young people.", "E. Promotion of international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and combat all forms of crime", "1. International cooperation, including capacity-building and technical assistance", "53. UNODC continued to support the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols, through the training of more than 1,500 public officials from over 120 States parties. In May 2022, the Working Group on International Cooperation of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention held a debate on the transfer of convicted persons.", "54. UNODC supported the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and promoted its use as a legal basis for international cooperation in criminal matters, taking advantage of its almost universal adherence (190 parties at the time of submission of the report), including through a compendium of cases on the subject. UNODC developed the publication entitled Compendium of Organized Cybercrime and continued to expand its knowledge management portal for the exchange of electronic resources and crime legislation (SHERLOC), including through the incorporation of resources on jurisprudence, legislation and strategies.", "55. UNODC increased its support to States parties to the Organized Crime Convention in the development of strategies to prevent and combat organized crime through the preparation of a practical guide to develop strategies against organized crime, and the provision of strategy-related assistance in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South-Eastern Europe.", "56. UNODC published two thematic papers, on organized crime and gender, and on the Organized Crime Convention and international human rights law, respectively.", "57. Under the global programme to strengthen criminal justice cooperation on trafficking routes (CRIMJUST), UNODC carried out 298 technical capacity-building activities in Latin America and West Africa, including 44 case research forums to facilitate cooperation and information exchange to promote post-caution research. The forums accommodated more than 15,051 officials from the authority, prosecutors and criminal justice officials.", "2. International cooperation to deprive offenders of proceeds of crime", "58. UNODC helped to create and support six inter-agency asset recovery networks through the Global Programme against Money-Laundering, the Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism. These informal networks of police and judicial professionals play an important role in facilitating the asset recovery process, from the beginning of an investigation, i.e. the location of assets, to their preventive embargo and seizure, management and confiscation or confiscation. Networks operate in Eastern and Southern Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, West Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and West and Central Asia.", "59. UNODC continued to facilitate the work of the Global Operational Network of Law Enforcement Agencies, a platform for peer-to-peer information sharing and informal cooperation among 96 anti-corruption agencies in 56 countries.", "60. In 2021, under the StAR Initiative, 18 countries benefited from UNODC assistance in tracing, seizure, confiscation and recovery of proceeds of crime, and over 1,800 people were trained worldwide. Under the StAR initiative, the Office contributed to 20 global policy activities and organized three special events that were held in parallel with the special session of the General Assembly against corruption.", "3. Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations", "61. In support of the ratification and implementation of the conventions and protocols on terrorism, UNODC continued to advocate for universal adherence to the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism, and helped Member States to accede to and implement them at the national level. Member States that became a party to several international legal instruments relating to terrorism in 2021 are: Botswana, the Congo, Finland, France, the Gambia, Honduras, Iraq, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Rwanda, Seychelles, Switzerland, the Philippines and Zimbabwe. France, Portugal, Switzerland and Finland respectively became the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth Member State to be part of the 19 instruments, joining Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands and Türkiye.", "62. UNODC launched a project to strengthen the expertise of Moroccan stakeholders to develop institutionalized, effective and respectful investigations into human rights and the management of trials of returning foreign terrorist fighters and their families. UNODC organized briefings in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand on the detection, prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration of returning and relocated foreign terrorist fighters, as well as their family and local affiliates.", "63. In March 2021, UNODC, in collaboration with the Kostanai Police Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Kazakhstan, led an expert meeting on strengthening the capacity of prison and probation officers to manage violent extremist prisoners and foreign terrorist fighters in prison in Kazakhstan.", "64. UNODC developed four e-learning modules available in English and Russian on mental health considerations for the rehabilitation and reintegration of returning foreign terrorist fighters and their families. The Office promoted the modules through four web seminars for professionals from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.", "65. UNODC contributed to the United Nations Programme to Combat Terrorist Travel, coordinated and managed by the Counter-Terrorism Office, and implemented with other partners of the United Nations programme. UNODC provided legislative assistance to develop policy frameworks on advance passenger information and passenger name registration, as well as operational support to establish multi-institutional passenger information units. In 2021, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mongolia, Morocco, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Togo and the Caribbean Community received UNODC support under this programme.", "66. In 2021, the Office began to develop a new global framework to provide capacity-building to Member States, upon request, on the basis of a detailed independent evaluation and consultations with Member States, regional organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations, academic institutions and private sector entities.", "4. New, emerging and changing forms of crime", "67. UNODC continued to support Member States in their efforts to address new, emerging and changing forms of crime. UNODC led international efforts to address trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants. In 2021, UNODC, through its global programmes against trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, supported 60 countries and trained more than 5,000 professionals.", "68. UNODC promoted efforts to combat trafficking in persons within migratory flows, for example, within the framework of the Transforming Alerts in Criminal Justice Responses to Combat Trafficking in Persons within Migration Currents (TRACK4TIP), and reached eight countries in Latin America and the Caribbean where interventions were conducted at the national and regional levels. For example, in Colombia, the labour inspectors trained by UNODC in the detection and referral of cases of trafficking in persons discovered an alleged trafficking operation for forced labour that affected 40 Venezuelan migrants. As part of the Office ' s legislative assistance on trafficking and smuggling of migrants, Iraq was supported in the development of a legal guidance note on the rights of victims in the criminal justice process. Through the Strengthening of Transnational Actions and Regional Responses against the Smuggling of Migrants (STARSOM), which brings together 13 countries across the Asia, Gulf States, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean traffic routes, UNODC advised officials on how to respond to cases of migrant trafficking taking into account human rights and gender equality, in order to strengthen South-South cooperation.", "69. In 2021, UNODC launched the Migrants Movement Observatory and published two interactive research analyses that provide geospatial, graphic and infographic representations of migrant smuggling in North Africa, Morocco and along the Central and Western Mediterranean route. UNODC published a thematic paper on the concept of “accepted” in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (The Concept of “Harbouring” in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol), which analyses the practical application of the definition of trafficking in persons and their interpretations in national jurisdictions. To promote collaboration with the private sector, UNODC published the Compendium of Promising Practices on Public-Private Partnerships to Prevent and Counter Trafficking in Persons. It also published a study entitled " COVID-19 and the smuggling of migrants: an appeal to safeguard the rights of migrants subject to illicit trafficking who face greater risks and vulnerabilities " , which calls for increased regular migration routes to prevent the smuggling of migrants. In addition, UNODC published a set of tools to incorporate human rights and gender equality into criminal justice interventions to address trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants.", "70. The Global Firearms Programme launched a new initiative to support the implementation of the Road Map to Implement Caribbean Priority Actions on the Illicit Proliferation of Firearms and Ammunition throughout the Sustainable Way Caribbean by 2030, while continuing its work in other regions. The Office assisted 31 countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Asia and Eastern Europe in formulating legislative and policy measures, prevention and security, criminal justice responses, international cooperation and information exchange, as well as monitoring illicit firearms flows and emerging threats, and trained more than 4,000 professionals. The Office coordinated a two-week operation against firearms trafficking in the Sahel, in which 850 law enforcement officers seized 594 firearms and several thousand rounds, including among suspected terrorists. The Office began working with countries in Africa and Latin America to promote more advanced forms of international cooperation among countries in complex cases of firearms trafficking, including through the establishment of joint research teams.", "71. UNODC continued to conduct research and provide technical assistance to Member States in their efforts to address the global drug problem[8].", "72. With regard to the prevention and suppression of violence against children, UNODC conducted capacity-building activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maldives and Mozambique, and co-organized five webinars for the second regional workshop of INSPIRE, involving 10 Latin American countries.", "73. UNODC facilitated expert discussions held by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in February 2022 on environmental crimes (see para. 6). The Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance of the Conference of the Parties to the Organized Crime Convention held in May 2022 a joint thematic discussion on the more specific theme of the practical implementation of the Organized Crime Convention to prevent and combat transnational organized crime affecting the environment.", "74. UNODC continued to build the capacity of Member States to prevent and combat environmental crimes, including by training more than 2,000 criminal justice officials; mentoring law enforcement and prosecutors; strengthening the risk management capacity of corruption among wildlife management authorities, forests and fisheries by supporting and enforcing the law; supporting financial and forensic research. New tools were developed, including quick reference guides for investigators and prosecutors. New projects on waste trafficking and possible links between wildlife trafficking and the transmission of zoonotic diseases were launched.", "75. At the time of writing of the present report, a number of legislative guides were being developed to support States in adopting legislation that criminalizes the trafficking of wastes, metals and other minerals, as well as fisheries-related offences, where appropriate. The guides provide specific legislative guidance to States to prevent, investigate, prosecute and prosecute such crimes.", "76. With regard to trafficking in counterfeit medical products, UNODC organized a meeting under the Central Authorities and West African Prosecutors Network against Organized Crime. (WACAP) in Dakar in November 2021, during which the functions of the various organizations dealing with this issue were discussed, tools were discussed to address the urgent need to strengthen legislation and a working group on legal frameworks under WACAP was agreed. The Office prepared a new standardized training course on counterfeit medical products and provided training, in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies and international partner organizations, to law enforcement personnel in 16 countries on detection, correct packaging in the factory and legal distribution channels.", "77. In June 2021, the Office conducted regional training sessions on combating illicit trafficking in cultural property through the use of sea containers in Beirut and Panama. It also provided training, together with OSCE and the Training Centre for Multinational Peace Support Operations of Greece, on the protection of cultural property to 31 participants from law enforcement agencies and the armed forces of 11 countries.", "78. In order to cope with the traffic of commercial goods, the Office continued to collaborate with Member States in the creation of port control units and air cargo control units in seaports, dry ports, land borders and airports, as well as along railroads. The UNODC and OMA Container Control Programme, which currently operates in 73 countries, trained first-line law enforcement personnel on the application of profiles and the inspection of containers suspected of transporting illicit goods, thereby improving their ability to detect the smuggling of goods subject to high taxes, such as alcohol, tobacco and automotive vehicles, as well as other illicit goods, such as wildlife fraud and wildlife, as well as the illicit trade-related classification", "79. UNODC organized, together with CEPOL, a web seminar on hate crimes for 100 participants and contributed to the South-East Europe conference on hate crimes organized by OSCE. As the lead of the criminal justice pillar of the United Nations network on racial discrimination and minority protection, UNODC was responsible for the prevention of hate crimes, support for victims and combating racial discrimination through access to justice and criminal justice reform being included in the activities of the network, including a four-week pilot training course for 13 United Nations country teams.", "80. The Office continued to assist States in addressing maritime crime by supporting their criminal justice systems, from law enforcement at sea to investigation, prosecution and trial. The Global Maritime Crime Programme offered courses on visits, approaches and searches and seizures in established maritime centres and facilitated the holding of simulated trials in which the evidence was brought before the courts. Within the framework of the Programme, UNODC continued to expand its maritime knowledge analysis courses and strengthened partnerships with technology providers to improve maritime monitoring and patrolling by Member States. The Programme also addressed environmental crimes, including by supporting efforts to combat marine pollution and fisheries crimes.", "81. Through the Global Cybercrime Programme, UNODC enhanced the ability to detect, prevent, investigate, prosecute and prosecute cybercrime-based crimes and facilitated by cybercrime in 47 Member States, and provided specialized support in the development of effective criminal justice responses to complex crimes that have increased in number, such as sexual abuse and exploitation of children online. UNODC collaborated on the creation and strengthening of units specialized in the investigation of cybercrime, digital forensic laboratories and complaint mechanisms in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala and Peru, in order to achieve positive effects on the protection of victims, in particular children, women and girls. Technical support was provided to address the relationship between cybercrime and other types of organized crime, such as drug trafficking and the illicit movement of funds through cryptocurrencies and the dark web, in coordination with the global programme CRIMJUST and the UNODC Opioid Strategy, an integrated inter-agency response, based on five pillars to the global opioid crisis.", "82. The Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of an International Comprehensive Convention on the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purpose, established by the General Assembly in its resolution 74/247, held its session on organizational matters on 24 February 2022 in New York and its first session, from 28 February to 11 March 2022 in the same city, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 75/282 and decision 76/522. At its first session, the Special Committee adopted its road map and mode of work, as well as the elements that will shape the structure of the future convention. The Committee also exchanged views on the fundamental elements and on the objectives and scope of the convention. At its second session, held in Vienna from 30 May to 10 June 2022, the Special Committee first read out the provisions on criminalization, general provisions and provisions on procedural measures and law enforcement, in accordance with its road map and mode of work.", "IV. Governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "83. The report of the Secretary-General on international cooperation to address and counter the world drug problem (A/77/137) provides information on the governance and financial situation of UNODC.", "V. Recommendations", "84. I urge Member States to continue their efforts to fully implement the Kyoto Declaration, including with a view to rebuilding to improve after the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Promoting crime prevention", "85. The United Nations stands ready to assist Member States in addressing the causes, including root causes, of crime. I urge all Member States, in collaboration with non-State actors, to improve the availability and quality of evidence that can support sustainable crime prevention policies, focus on the community, respond to gender issues and empower young people.", "86. Recognizing the importance of effective prevention policies and programmes to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development related to violence and crime, I encourage Member States to strengthen their crime prevention strategies, focusing, inter alia, on enhancing youth resilience.", "Promote the criminal justice system", "87. I urge Member States to implement evidence-based criminal justice policies and to strengthen the use of restorative justice, as well as assistance and support for victims and their protection.", "88. I call on Member States to mainstream a gender perspective into their national policies, programmes, laws and other criminal justice measures to address, inter alia, all forms of gender-related violence, crime and victimization, including gender-related killings.", "89. In order to counter the excessive use of imprisonment, overcrowding in prisons and systemic abandonment by prison administrations and other community-based criminal management entities, I encourage Member States to re-evaluate and diversify their responses to criminal behaviour, with a view to reducing the use of imprisonment, making greater use of the potential of non-custodial measures and ensuring safe prison environments, humans and prison inmates. I urge Member States to ensure the practical application of United Nations international standards and norms in the area of criminal management, in particular the Nelson Mandela Rules, the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and Non-Privative Measures of Freedom for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules on Non-Privative Measures of Freedom of Tokyo).", "90. I call on Member States to take measures to integrate juvenile justice reform into general rule of law and development initiatives, and to adopt and implement approaches that take into account the needs of children and gender issues and include multiple stakeholders, recognizing that children (girls and girls) are different from adults (men and women) and are therefore required to protect their rights, safeguards and responses in line with international children.", "91. I encourage Member States to give priority to strengthening national capacities and competencies in the field of forensic sciences and to support the establishment and sustainability of regional forensic science networks in order to enhance expertise and capacity to prevent and combat transnational organized crime.", "92. I urge Member States to improve the effectiveness of their research through evidence-based approaches in conducting interviews that are consistent with international standards and best practices.", "93. I urge Member States to develop victim-centred criminal justice approaches and ensure equal access to programmes for the protection, assistance and support of victims of all types of crimes, including through restorative justice approaches.", "Promote the rule of law", "94. I urge Member States to improve equal access to justice for all, strengthening their legal aid systems, addressing discrimination, reforming their police institutions and increasing the effectiveness of investigations, and to improve the effectiveness, accountability, impartiality and inclusiveness of criminal justice institutions.", "95. I encourage Member States to fully support the commitments made and recommendations made at the special session of the General Assembly on the challenges and measures to prevent and combat corruption and to strengthen international cooperation, held in June 2021.", "Promoting international cooperation and technical assistance to prevent and combat all forms of crime", "96. I call on Member States to continue their efforts to support the effective implementation of the Organized Crime Convention, in particular its provisions on international cooperation, and to contribute effectively to and support the Organized Crime Convention Review Mechanism.", "97. I call upon Member States to redouble their efforts to establish effective anti-money-laundering systems in accordance with relevant United Nations treaties and internationally accepted standards, including, where appropriate, the recommendations of relevant intergovernmental bodies, inter alia, the Financial Action Group, with a view to achieving full compliance with those standards.", "98. Prevention of terrorism and violent extremism requires comprehensive and inclusive approaches that must comply with international law obligations, including the 19 international legal instruments against terrorism and relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions. I urge Member States to ensure fair, transparent and accountable criminal justice processes based on the principles of the rule of law, due process and human rights, which constitute the basis for any effective measures to prevent and combat terrorism.", "99. I call on Member States to ensure that victims of trafficking are not punished or prosecuted for acts they have committed as a direct result of the fact that they have been trafficked, and to establish laws, guidelines, policies and capacity-building measures for national criminal justice practitioners that clearly uphold the principle of non-criminalization of victims of trafficking.", "100. I call on Member States to reverse the recent reduction of regular migration routes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as a means of preventing the smuggling of migrants and, in particular, the aggravated forms of such trafficking involving violence, abuse, trafficking in persons, human rights violations or death.", "101. I call on Member States to promote international cooperation in order to effectively prevent, investigate and prosecute illicit trafficking in firearms and ammunition, in particular for countries in different phases of conflict and post-conflict situations, and to respond to the interconnection of such trafficking with other forms of organized crime and terrorism.", "102. I call on Member States to adopt and implement comprehensive strategies and measures to better protect children from serious forms of violence, including violence perpetrated by criminal groups and armed groups, including those designated as terrorist and violent extremist groups, in accordance with international standards and norms, and to adopt a pan-social approach.", "103. I urge Member States to attack the increase in hate crimes through the adoption of appropriate laws, adequate training of criminal justice practitioners and the collection of relevant data and access to justice for victims, in collaboration with civil society and community organizations, including in the context of response to hate speech.", "104. I urge Member States, where appropriate, to adopt or amend national laws to criminalize environmental offences as serious crimes, in accordance with the definition contained in article 2 (b) of the Organized Crime Convention.", "105. I call on Member States to integrate new policy issues into their crime prevention and criminal justice policies and pandemic recovery plans. In this regard, I encourage Member States to integrate responses to environmental crimes into broader national and international programmes, including those relating to biodiversity, climate change and wastes and pollution; to continue to intensify efforts to cooperate against cybercrime, including through active participation in the ongoing negotiation of an international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal trafficking;", "106. I call on Member States to provide UNODC with adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to enable it to carry out its research and policy work and to provide technical assistance in crime prevention and criminal justice.", "[1] ^(*) A/77/50.", "[2] E/2022/55, para. 155.", "[3] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “Monitoring SDG 16: a gender perspective”, Data Matters Series, No. 4 (forthcoming).", "[4] UNODC, Global Study on Homicide 2019, fascicle 2, p. 78.", "[5] See E/2022/30-E/CN.15/2022/14, chap. I, sect. C.", "[6] See the conference room papers containing the Chair ' s summaries on thematic discussions (E/CN.15/2022/CRP.1 and E/CN.15/2022/CRP.2).", "[7] CAC/COSP/WG.2/2018/3, annex.", "[8] See document A/77/137." ]
[ "Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para", "el Derecho Mercantil Internacional", "Grupo de Trabajo III (Reforma del Sistema de Solución de Controversias entre Inversionistas y Estados)", "43^(er) período de sesiones", "Viena, 5 a 16 de septiembre de 2022", "Programa provisional anotado", "I. Programa provisional", "1. Apertura del período de sesiones.", "2. Elección de la Mesa.", "3. Aprobación del programa.", "4. Posible reforma del sistema de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (SCIE).", "5. Aprobación del informe.", "II. Composición del Grupo de Trabajo", "1. El Grupo de Trabajo está integrado por todos los Estados miembros de la Comisión, que son los siguientes: Afganistán (2028), Alemania (2025), Arabia Saudita (2028), Argelia (2025), Argentina (2028), Armenia (2028), Australia (2028), Austria (2028), Belarús (2028), Bélgica (2025), Brasil (2028), Bulgaria (2028), Camerún (2025), Canadá (2025), Chequia (2028), Chile (2028), China (2025), Colombia (2028), Côte d’Ivoire (2025), Croacia (2025), Ecuador (2025), España (2028), Estados Unidos de América (2028), Federación de Rusia (2025), Finlandia (2025), Francia (2025), Ghana (2025), Grecia (2028), Honduras (2025), Hungría (2025), India (2028), Indonesia (2025), Irán (República Islámica del) (2028), Iraq (2028), Israel (2028), Italia (2028), Japón (2025), Kenya (2028), Kuwait (2028), Malasia (2025), Malawi (2028), Malí (2025), Marruecos (2028), Mauricio (2028), México (2025), Nigeria (2028), Panamá (2028), Perú (2025), Polonia (2028), Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte (2025), República de Corea (2025), República Democrática del Congo (2028), República Dominicana (2025), Singapur (2025), Somalia (2028), Sudáfrica (2025), Suiza (2025), Tailandia (2028), Türkiye (2028), Turkmenistán (2028), Ucrania (2025), Uganda (2028), Venezuela (República Bolivariana de) (2028), Viet Nam (2025) y Zimbabwe (2025).", "2. Los Estados que no sean miembros de la Comisión y las organizaciones gubernamentales internacionales podrán asistir al período de sesiones en calidad de observadores y participar en las deliberaciones. Asimismo, las organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales invitadas podrán asistir al período de sesiones en calidad de observadoras y exponer sus opiniones sobre los asuntos en que posean conocimientos especializados o experiencia internacional, a fin de facilitar las deliberaciones durante el período de sesiones.", "III. Anotaciones sobre los temas del programa", "Tema 1. Apertura del período de sesiones", "3. El 43^(er) período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo se celebrará en el Centro Internacional de Viena del 5 al 16 de septiembre de 2022. El horario de las reuniones y la información relativa a la participación en el período de sesiones se publicarán en el sitio web del Grupo de Trabajo III.", "Tema 2. Elección de la Mesa", "4. De conformidad con la práctica seguida en períodos de sesiones anteriores a la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee elegir una persona para la Presidencia y otra para la Relatoría.", "Tema 4. Posible reforma del sistema de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (SCIE)", "5. En su 50º período de sesiones, celebrado en 2017, la Comisión confirió al Grupo de Trabajo III un mandato amplio para que estudiara la posible reforma del sistema de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (SCIE). Además, decidió que, en consonancia con los procesos de la CNUDMI, el Grupo de Trabajo, en cumplimiento de ese mandato, velara por que las deliberaciones, a la vez de aprovechar la gama más amplia posible de conocimientos especializados de que dispusieran todos los interesados, fuesen dirigidas por los Gobiernos, se nutrieran con aportes de alto nivel de todos ellos, se basaran en el consenso y fueran plenamente transparentes. El Grupo de Trabajo procedería, en primer lugar, a determinar y examinar las inquietudes relacionadas con la SCIE; en segundo lugar, a evaluar si era deseable emprender una reforma a la luz de las inquietudes que se hubiesen detectado; y, en tercer lugar, si llegaba a la conclusión de que la reforma era deseable, a elaborar las soluciones pertinentes que cabría recomendar a la Comisión. La Comisión acordó que se diera al Grupo de Trabajo un amplio margen de discrecionalidad para el cumplimiento de su mandato y que las soluciones a que se llegara se definieran teniendo en cuenta la labor que estuviesen realizando en ese momento las organizaciones internacionales pertinentes y de modo tal que cada Estado tuviera la posibilidad de elegir si deseaba, y en qué medida, adoptar la o las soluciones propuestas[1].", "6. En sus períodos de sesiones 34º a 37º, el Grupo de Trabajo señaló y examinó determinadas cuestiones de interés relacionadas con el sistema de SCIE y, a la luz de las inquietudes manifestadas, consideró que era conveniente reformar ese sistema[2].", "7. En sus períodos de sesiones 38º a 42º, el Grupo de Trabajo estudió opciones concretas para reformar el sistema de SCIE[3]. En la continuación de su 40º período de sesiones, celebrada en mayo de 2021, el Grupo de Trabajo examinó un plan de trabajo para aplicar la reforma del sistema de SCIE y las necesidades de recursos[4].", "8. En su 54º período de sesiones, celebrado en 2021, la Comisión decidió recomendar a la Asamblea General que se asignaran más recursos de conferencia (una semana de sesiones por año) y recursos humanos al Grupo de Trabajo por un único período de cuatro años, entre 2022 y 2025, a condición de que la Comisión, durante su período de sesiones anual, volviera a evaluar y, de ser necesario, reconsiderara su decisión respecto de la necesidad de asignar una semana más de tiempo de sesiones por año y recursos de apoyo al Grupo de Trabajo, teniendo en cuenta el informe del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la utilización de sus recursos[5]. El 24 de diciembre de 2021, la Asamblea General decidió asignar una semana más de tiempo de sesiones por año al Grupo de Trabajo III (Reforma del Sistema de Solución de Controversias entre Inversionistas y Estados) y los recursos humanos necesarios, siguiendo la recomendación de la Comisión (A/RES/76/229, párr. 15). La semana adicional de 2022 se destinará a celebrar el 43^(er) período de sesiones.", "9. En su 55º período de sesiones, celebrado en 2022, la Comisión se declaró satisfecha con los progresos realizados por el Grupo de Trabajo y el apoyo prestado por la secretaría[6]. La Comisión también escuchó una descripción general de la labor que llevaría a cabo el Grupo de Trabajo durante las cuatro semanas de sesiones previstas hasta la celebración del 56º período de sesiones de la Comisión, en 2023. Se alentó al Grupo de Trabajo a que sometiera al examen de la Comisión un código de conducta con comentarios y varios textos sobre mecanismos alternativos de solución de controversias a la Comisión.", "Opciones de reforma y documentación", "10. En su 43^(er) período de sesiones, se espera que el Grupo de Trabajo examine algunas de las siguientes opciones de reforma o todas ellas sobre la base de los documentos que prepare la secretaría. La programación detallada del período de sesiones se especificará en una carta que enviará la Presidencia con anterioridad al período de sesiones teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de reuniones disponible y el método de trabajo convenido por la Comisión en su 55º período de sesiones.", "Opciones de reforma\tDocumentación anterior al períodode sesiones \n Código de conducta A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 Mediación A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217 - Proyecto de disposicionessobre la mediación\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218 \n- Proyecto de directricessobre la mediación\tNormas de procedimiento ycuestiones transversales- Proyecto de disposicionessobre la desestimacióntemprana, la garantía depago de las costas, laasignación de costas, lasreconvenciones y lafinanciación por terceros\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 \n- Determinación de los daños yperjuicios y laindemnización\t\nInstrumento multilateralrelativo a la reforma delsistema de SCIE\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.221\nCentro de asesoramiento\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212/Add.1\nMecanismo multilateralpermanente: selección ynombramiento de los miembros delos tribunales que entienden encasos de SCIE y asuntos conexos\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.213", "11. Los documentos de la CNUDMI se publican en el sitio web de la Comisión una vez publicados en todos los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas. Los delegados pueden comprobar qué documentos se han publicado entrando al sitio web del Grupo de Trabajo III.", "Tema 5. Aprobación del informe", "12. En su 55º período de sesiones, la Comisión decidió que el Grupo de Trabajo III podría dedicar la última sesión de sus períodos de sesiones a deliberaciones sustantivas, en lugar de destinarla a la aprobación del informe, y mantener la práctica de aprobar el informe mediante un procedimiento escrito. Así pues, la Presidencia y la Relatoría prepararían un resumen que reflejara las deliberaciones y las conclusiones a las que se llegara durante el período de sesiones, que se distribuiría a las delegaciones en el transcurso del período de sesiones o al término de este para que formularan observaciones. A partir de las observaciones recibidas, se prepararía y distribuiría una versión revisada del resumen para que el Grupo de Trabajo lo aprobara como su informe con vistas a presentarlo ante la Comisión en su 56º período de sesiones, que estaba previsto que se celebrara en Viena, en principio del 3 al 15 de julio de 2023. En el caso de que hubiera objeciones, se presentaría como resumen de la Presidencia y la Relatoría y se sometería al examen de la Comisión para que actuara como estimara oportuno o el Grupo de Trabajo podría aprobarlo como su informe en el siguiente período de sesiones[7].", "[1] Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, septuagésimo segundo período de sesiones, suplemento núm. 17 (A/72/17), párr. 264.", "[2] Las deliberaciones y decisiones del Grupo de Trabajo correspondientes a sus períodos de sesiones 34º a 37º figuran en los documentos A/CN.9/930/Rev.1, A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1, A/CN.9/935, A/CN.9/964 y A/CN.9/970, respectivamente.", "[3] Las deliberaciones y decisiones del Grupo de Trabajo correspondientes a sus períodos de sesiones 38º a 42º figuran en los documentos A/CN.9/1004*, A/CN.9/1004/Add.1, A/CN.9/1044, A/CN.9/1050, A/CN.9/1054, A/CN.9/1086 y A/CN.9/1092.", "[4] Véase A/CN.9/1054, anexo.", "[5] Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea General, septuagésimo sexto período de sesiones, suplemento núm. 17 (A/76/17), párr. 263.", "[6] Ibid., septuagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, suplemento núm. 17 (A/77/17), en preparación.", "[7] Ibid." ]
[ "United Nations Commission onInternational Trade Law Working Group III(Investor-State DisputeSettlement Reform) Forty-third session \n Vienna, 5–16 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "I. Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Election of officers.", "3. Adoption of the agenda.", "4. Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS).", "5. Adoption of the report.", "II. Composition of the Working Group", "1. The Working Group is composed of all States members of the Commission, which are the following: Afghanistan (2028), Algeria (2025), Argentina (2028), Armenia (2028), Australia (2028), Austria (2028), Belarus (2028), Belgium (2025), Brazil (2028), Bulgaria (2028), Cameroon (2025), Canada (2025), Chile (2028), China (2025), Colombia (2028), Côte d’Ivoire (2025), Croatia (2025), Czechia (2028), Democratic Republic of the Congo (2028), Dominican Republic (2025), Ecuador (2025), Finland (2025), France (2025), Germany (2025), Ghana (2025), Greece (2028), Honduras (2025), Hungary (2025), India (2028), Indonesia (2025), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2028), Iraq (2028), Israel (2028), Italy (2028), Japan (2025), Kenya (2028), Kuwait (2028), Malawi (2028), Malaysia (2025), Mali (2025), Mauritius (2028), Mexico (2025), Morocco (2028), Nigeria (2028), Panama (2028), Peru (2025), Poland (2028), Republic of Korea (2025), Russian Federation (2025), Saudi Arabia (2028), Singapore (2025), Somalia (2028), South Africa (2025), Spain (2028), Switzerland (2025), Thailand (2028), Türkiye (2028), Turkmenistan (2028), Uganda (2028), Ukraine (2025), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2025), United States of America (2028), Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2028), Viet Nam (2025) and Zimbabwe (2025).", "2. States not members of the Commission and international governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and participate in the deliberations. In addition, invited international non-governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and represent the views of their organizations on matters where the organization concerned has expertise or international experience so as to facilitate the deliberations at the session.", "III. Annotations to agenda items", "Item 1. Opening of the session", "3. The forty-third session of the Working Group will be held from 5 to 16 September 2022 at the Vienna International Centre. Meeting hours and arrangements for participation in the session will be announced on the website of Working Group III.", "Item 2. Election of officers", "4. In accordance with its practice at sessions prior to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the Working Group may wish to elect a Chairperson and a Rapporteur.", "Item 4. Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS)", "5. At its fiftieth session in 2017, the Commission entrusted Working Group III with a broad mandate to work on the possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). It also agreed that in line with the UNCITRAL process, the Working Group would, in discharging that mandate, ensure that the deliberations, while benefiting from the widest possible breadth of available expertise from all stakeholders, would be government-led with high-level input from all governments, consensus-based and be fully transparent. The Working Group would proceed to: first, identify and consider concerns regarding ISDS; second, consider whether reform was desirable in light of any identified concerns; and third, if the Working Group were to conclude that reform was desirable, develop any relevant solutions to be recommended to the Commission. The Commission agreed that broad discretion should be left to the Working Group in discharging its mandate, and that any solutions devised would be designed taking into account the ongoing work of relevant international organizations and with a view to allowing each State the choice of whether and to what extent it wishes to adopt the relevant solution(s).[1]", "6. From its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh session, the Working Group identified and discussed concerns regarding ISDS and considered that reform was desirable in light of the identified concerns.[2]", "7. From its thirty-eighth to forty-second session, the Working Group considered concrete solutions for ISDS reform.[3] At its resumed fortieth session in May 2021, the Working Group considered a workplan to implement ISDS reform and resource requirements.[4]", "8. At its fifty-fourth session, in 2021, the Commission decided to recommend to the General Assembly that additional conference (one-week session per year) and human resources be allocated to the Working Group for a single period of four years, from 2022 to 2025, on the condition that the Commission would during its annual session re-evaluate and, if needed, revisit its decision concerning the need for allocating one additional one-week session per year and supporting resources to the Working Group taking into consideration the Working Group’s report on the use of its resources.[5] On 24 December 2021, the General Assembly decided to allocate one additional one-week session per year to Working Group III (ISDS Reform) and the necessary human resources as recommended by the Commission (A/RES/76/229, para. 15). The additional week for 2022 will be utilized for the holding of the forty-third session.", "9. At its fifty-fifth session in 2022, the Commission expressed its satisfaction with the progress made by the Working Group and the support provided by the Secretariat.[6] The Commission also heard an outline of the work to be conducted by the Working Group during the four weeks of session scheduled till the fifty-sixth session of the Commission in 2023. The Working Group was encouraged to submit to the Commission for its consideration a code of conduct with commentary and texts on alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.", "Reform options and documentation", "10. At its forty-third session, the Working Group is expected to consider some or all of the following reform options based on documents prepared by the Secretariat. The detailed scheduling of the session will be specified in a letter by the Chair in advance of the session taking into account the available conference time and the working method agreed by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session.", "Reform options Pre-session documentation \n Code of conduct A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 Mediation­ Draft provisions onmediation\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218 \n­ Draft guidelines onmediation\tProcedural rules andcross-cutting issues\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 ­ Draft provisions on earlydismissal, security forcosts, allocation of costs,counterclaims, andthird-party funding \n­ Assessment of damages andcompensation\t\nMultilateral instrument onISDS reform\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.221\nAdvisory centre\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.212/Add.1\nStanding multilateralmechanism: Selection andappointment of ISDS tribunalmembers and related matters\tA/CN.9/WG.III/WP.213", "11. UNCITRAL documents are posted on the UNCITRAL website upon their issuance in all the official languages of the United Nations. Delegates may wish to check the availability of the documents by accessing the Working Group III website.", "Item 5. Adoption of the report", "12. The Commission, at its fifty-fifth session, decided that Working Group III could use the last meeting of its sessions for substantive deliberations, rather than for the adoption of the report, and continue the practice of adopting the report by a written procedure. Accordingly, the chairperson and the rapporteur will prepare a summary reflecting the deliberations and any conclusions reached during the session, which would be circulated during or after the session for comments by delegations. Based on the comments received, a revised summary would be prepared and circulated for adoption by the Working Group as its report for submission to the fifty-sixth session of the Commission, scheduled to be held in Vienna, tentatively from 3 to 15 July 2023. In case there are objections, it will be presented as the summary of the chairperson and the rapporteur for consideration and action by the Commission as it deems appropriate or may be adopted by the Working Group as its report at the following session.[7]", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-second Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/72/17), para. 264.", "[2] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group at its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh sessions are set out in documents A/CN.9/930/Rev.1; A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1; A/CN.9/935; A/CN.9/964; and A/CN.9/970, respectively.", "[3] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group at its thirty-eighth to forty-second sessions are set out in documents A/CN.9/1004*; A/CN.9/1004/Add.1; A/CN.9/1044; A/CN.9/1050; A/CN.9/1054; A/CN.9/1086; and A/CN.9/1092.", "[4] See A/CN.9/1054, annex.", "[5] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/76/17), para. 263.", "[6] Ibid., Seventy-seventh session, Supplement No. 17 (A/77/17), under preparation.", "[7] Ibid." ]
A_CN.9_WG.III_WP.215
[ "United Nations Commission", "on International Trade Law", "Working Group III (Reform of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement System)", "43^(er) session", "Vienna, 5-16 September 2022", "Annotated provisional agenda", "I. Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session.", "2. Election of officers.", "3. Adoption of the agenda.", "4. Possible reform of the investor-State dispute resolution system (SCIE).", "5. Adoption of the report.", "II. Membership of the Working Group", "1. France (2028), Germany (2025), Algeria (2025), Argentina (2028), Armenia (2028), China (2028), Colombia (2028),", "2. States that are not members of the Commission and international governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and participate in the deliberations. In addition, invited international non-governmental organizations may attend the session as observers and present their views on matters of expertise or international experience in order to facilitate deliberations during the session.", "III. Annotations on agenda items", "Item 1. Opening of the session", "3. The 43^(er) session of the Working Group will be held at the Vienna International Centre from 5 to 16 September 2022. The schedule of meetings and information relating to participation in the session will be posted on the website of Working Group III.", "Item 2. Election of officers", "4. In accordance with the practice of pre-session sessions of the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), the Working Group may wish to elect one person for the Presidency and one for the Rapporteurship.", "Item 4. Possible reform of the investor-State dispute resolution system (SCIE)", "5. At its fiftieth session, in 2017, the Commission gave Working Group III a comprehensive mandate to consider the possible reform of the investor-State dispute resolution system (SCIE). In addition, it decided that, in line with the Commission ' s processes, the Working Group, pursuant to that mandate, should ensure that the deliberations, while taking advantage of the widest possible range of expertise available to all stakeholders, were led by Governments, were nurtured with high-level inputs from all concerned, based on consensus and fully transparent. The Working Group would first proceed to identify and consider concerns related to the IEA; secondly, to assess whether it was desirable to undertake reform in the light of the concerns identified; and thirdly, if it came to the conclusion that the reform was desirable, to develop the relevant solutions recommended to the Commission. The Commission agreed that the Working Group should be given a wide range of discretion for the fulfilment of its mandate and that the solutions to be reached should be defined in the light of the work being done at that time by the relevant international organizations and in such a way that each State would have the possibility to choose whether it wished, and to what extent, to adopt the proposed solutions[1].", "6. At its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh sessions, the Working Group identified and discussed certain issues of concern related to the SCIE system and, in the light of the concerns expressed, considered that it was desirable to reform that system[2].", "7. At its thirty-eighth to forty-second sessions, the Working Group considered specific options for reforming the SCIE system[3]. At its resumed fortieth session, held in May 2021, the Working Group considered a workplan to implement the reform of the SCIE system and resource requirements.[4]", "8. At its fifty-fourth session, in 2021, the Commission decided to recommend to the General Assembly that more conference resources (one week per year) and human resources be allocated to the Working Group for a single four-year period, between 2022 and 2025, provided that the Commission, during its annual session, would re-evaluate and, if necessary, reconsider its decision on the need to allocate one more week of support to the Working Group. On 24 December 2021, the General Assembly decided to allocate one more week of sessions per year to Working Group III (Reform of the Dispute Settlement System between Investors and States) and the necessary human resources, following the recommendation of the Commission (A/RES/76/229, para. 15). The additional week of 2022 will be devoted to the 43^(er) session.", "9. At its fifty-fifth session, in 2022, the Commission was satisfied with the progress made by the Working Group and the support provided by the secretariat.[6] The Commission also heard a general description of the work to be carried out by the Working Group during the four weeks envisaged until the fifty-sixth session of the Commission, in 2023. The Working Group was encouraged to submit to the Commission a code of conduct with comments and several texts on alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to the Commission.", "Reform and documentation options", "10. At its 43^(er) session, the Working Group is expected to consider some of the following reform options or all of them on the basis of the documents prepared by the secretariat. The detailed programming of the session will be specified in a letter to be sent by the Chair prior to the session taking into account the time of meetings available and the working method agreed upon by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session.", "Reform options Pre-session documentation Code of Conduct A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.216 Mediation A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.217 - Draft provisions on mediation A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.218 - Draft guidelines on mediation Rules of procedure and cross-cutting issues Draft provisions on dismissing time, guaranteeing coastline, allocation of coasts, reconventions and financing by third parties A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.219A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.220 - Determination of damages and prejudices and the indemnization Multilateral instrument relating to the reform of the SCIE A/CN.", "11. UNCITRAL documents are published on the Commission ' s website once published in all official languages of the United Nations. Delegates can check which documents have been issued by entering the Working Group III website.", "Item 5. Adoption of the report", "12. At its fifty-fifth session, the Commission decided that Working Group III could devote the last session of its sessions to substantive deliberations, rather than to the adoption of the report, and to maintain the practice of adopting the report through a written procedure. The Presidency and the Rapporteurship would therefore prepare a summary reflecting the deliberations and conclusions reached during the session, which would be circulated to delegations during the session or at the end of the session for comments. Based on the comments received, a revised version of the summary would be prepared and circulated for adoption by the Working Group as its report for submission to the Commission at its fifty-sixth session, which was expected to be held in Vienna, in principle from 3 to 15 July 2023. In the event that there were objections, it would be presented as a summary of the Chair and the Rapporteurship and submitted to the Commission for consideration to act as it deems appropriate or the Working Group could adopt it as its report at the next session[7].", "[1] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventieth Second Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/72/17), para. 264.", "[2] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group for its thirty-fourth to thirty-seventh sessions are contained in documents A/CN.9/930/Rev.1, A/CN.9/930/Rev.1/Add.1, A/CN.9/935, A/CN.9/964 and A/CN.9/970, respectively.", "[3] The deliberations and decisions of the Working Group for its thirty-eighth to forty-second sessions are contained in documents A/CN.9/1004*, A/CN.9/1004/Add.1, A/CN.9/1044, A/CN.9/1050, A/CN.9/1054, A/CN.9/1086 and A/CN.9/1092.", "[4] See A/CN.9/1054, annex.", "[5] Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/76/17), para. 263.", "[6] Ibid., seventy-seventh session, Supplement No. 17 (A/77/17), in preparation.", "[7] Ibid." ]
[ "11º período de sesiones Viena, 17 a 21 de octubre de2022 Temas 2, 4 y 5 del programaprovisional[1]^(*) Examen de la aplicación de laConvención de las NacionesUnidas contra la DelincuenciaOrganizada Transnacional y susProtocolos Cooperación internacional, conespecial referencia a laextradición, la asistenciajudicial recíproca y lacooperación internacional parafines de decomiso, yestablecimiento yfortalecimiento de lasautoridades centrales \n Asistencia técnica", "Informes sobre las reuniones de los órganos subsidiarios de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos e informe sobre el 65º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes", "Nota de la Secretaría", "Informes sobre las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Trata de Personas celebradas en Viena los días 12 y 13 de octubre de 2021 y 29 y 30 de junio de 2022", "1. De conformidad con la decisión 4/4 de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus protocolos, sobre la trata de personas, se estableció un grupo de trabajo provisional de composición abierta para que la asesorara y le prestara asistencia en el cumplimiento de su mandato en relación con el Protocolo para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar la Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional.", "2. En su resolución 7/1, relativa al fortalecimiento de la aplicación de la Convención y sus Protocolos, la Conferencia decidió, entre otras cosas, que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Trata de Personas fuera un elemento constante de la Conferencia y le presentara sus informes y recomendaciones.", "3. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Trata de Personas celebró su 11ª reunión los días 12 y 13 de octubre de 2021, y su 12ª reunión los días 29 y 30 de junio de 2022. De conformidad con la resolución 7/1, los informes sobre esas reuniones (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6 y CTOC/COP/WG.4/2022/4, respectivamente) se presentarán a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "Informes de las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes celebradas en Viena los días 14 y 15 de octubre de 2021 y 27 y 28 de junio de 2022", "4. En virtud de la resolución 5/3 de la Conferencia de las Partes, relativa a la aplicación del Protocolo contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes por Tierra, Mar y Aire, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, se estableció un grupo de trabajo intergubernamental provisional de composición abierta sobre el tráfico ilícito de migrantes para que asesorara y prestara asistencia a la Conferencia en el cumplimiento de su mandato en relación con el Protocolo contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes.", "5. En su resolución 7/1, la Conferencia decidió, entre otras cosas, que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes fuera un elemento constante de la Conferencia y le presentara sus informes y recomendaciones.", "6. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes celebró su octava reunión los días 14 y 15 de octubre de 2021 y su novena reunión los días 27 y 28 de junio de 2022. De conformidad con la resolución 7/1, los informes sobre esas reuniones (CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5 y CTOC/COP/WG.7/2022/4, respectivamente) se presentarán a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "Informes sobre las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Armas de Fuego celebradas en Viena del 10 al 12 de mayo de 2021 y los días 4 y 5 de mayo de 2022", "7. En virtud de la resolución 5/4 de la Conferencia de las Partes, relativa a la fabricación y el tráfico ilícitos de armas de fuego, sus piezas y componentes y municiones, se estableció un grupo de trabajo intergubernamental de composición abierta sobre armas de fuego para que asesorara y prestara asistencia a la Conferencia en el cumplimiento de su mandato en relación con el Protocolo contra la Fabricación y el Tráfico Ilícitos de Armas de Fuego, sus Piezas y Componentes y Municiones, que complementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional.", "8. En su resolución 7/1, la Conferencia decidió, entre otras cosas, que el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Armas de Fuego fuera un elemento constante de la Conferencia y le presentara sus informes y recomendaciones.", "9. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre Armas de Fuego celebró su octava reunión del 10 al 12 de mayo de 2021 y su novena reunión los días 4 y 5 de mayo de 2022. De conformidad con la resolución 7/1, los informes sobre esas reuniones (CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4 y CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4, respectivamente) se presentarán a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "Informes de las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional celebradas en Viena los días 25 y 26 de marzo de 2021 y del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2022", "10. De conformidad con la decisión 3/2 de la Conferencia de las Partes, sobre la aplicación de las disposiciones de la Convención relativas a la cooperación internacional, se estableció un grupo de trabajo de composición abierta sobre cooperación internacional como elemento constante de la Conferencia. Esa decisión se reafirmó sistemáticamente en resoluciones posteriores de la Conferencia.", "11. En su resolución 7/1, la Conferencia, entre otras cosas, alentó al Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional y al Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica a que considerasen la posibilidad de reunirse anualmente, según fuera necesario, y a que celebrasen sus reuniones en forma consecutiva, a fin de garantizar el uso eficaz de los recursos.", "12. En su resolución 10/6 sobre la prevención y la lucha contra los delitos que afectan al medio ambiente comprendidos en el ámbito de aplicación de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada, la Conferencia solicitó al Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica y al Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional que celebrasen un debate temático conjunto sobre la aplicación de la Convención para la prevención y la lucha contra los actos de la delincuencia organizada transnacional que afectan al medio ambiente y formulasen recomendaciones para que la Conferencia las examinase en su 11º período de sesiones, en el marco de sus mandatos, con miras a fomentar la aplicación práctica de la Convención.", "13. El Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional celebró su 12ª reunión los días 25 y 26 de marzo de 2021 y su 13ª reunión del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2022, inmediatamente antes de la 13ª reunión del Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica, y celebró un debate temático conjunto de conformidad con la resolución 10/6 de la Conferencia. Los informes sobre esas reuniones (CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3 y CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4, respectivamente) se presentarán a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "Informe de la reunión del Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica celebrada en Viena del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2022", "14. En su decisión 2/6, relativa a las actividades de asistencia técnica, la Conferencia de las Partes estableció un grupo de trabajo provisional de composición abierta de expertos gubernamentales sobre asistencia técnica.", "15. En su resolución 7/1, la Conferencia, entre otras cosas, alentó al Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional y al Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica a que considerasen la posibilidad de reunirse anualmente, según fuera necesario, y a que celebrasen sus reuniones en forma consecutiva, a fin de garantizar el uso eficaz de los recursos.", "16. En su resolución 10/6, la Conferencia solicitó al Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica y al Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional que celebrasen un debate temático conjunto sobre la aplicación de la Convención para la prevención y la lucha contra los actos de la delincuencia organizada transnacional que afectan al medio ambiente y formulasen recomendaciones para que la Conferencia las examinase en su 11º período de sesiones, en el marco de sus mandatos, con miras a fomentar la aplicación práctica de la Convención.", "17. La 13ª reunión del Grupo de Trabajo de Expertos Gubernamentales sobre Asistencia Técnica se celebró del 23 al 27 de mayo de 2022, inmediatamente después de la 13ª reunión del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Cooperación Internacional, y se celebró un debate temático conjunto conforme a la resolución 10/6 de la Conferencia. El informe sobre la reunión (CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/WG.3/2022/4) se presentará a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "Informe sobre el 65º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, celebrado en Viena del 14 al 18 de marzo de 2022", "18. La Comisión de Estupefacientes celebró su 65º período de sesiones del 14 al 18 de marzo de 2022 en Viena. En su resolución 65/2, relativa al fortalecimiento de la cooperación internacional para hacer frente a los vínculos entre el tráfico ilícito de drogas y el tráfico ilícito de armas de fuego, la Comisión pidió al Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito que pusiera la resolución a disposición de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal y la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional. El informe sobre el 65º período de sesiones (E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14), que contiene la resolución, se presentará a la Conferencia en su 11º período de sesiones.", "[1] ^(*) Publicado nuevamente por razones técnicas el 29 de septiembre de 2022.", "^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
[ "Eleventh session Vienna, 17–21 October 2022[1] Items 2, 4 and 5 of theprovisional agenda[2] Review of the implementation ofthe United Nations Conventionagainst Transnational OrganizedCrime and the Protocols thereto International cooperation, withparticular emphasis onextradition, mutual legalassistance and internationalcooperation for the purpose ofconfiscation, and theestablishment and strengtheningof central authorities \n Technical assistance", "Reports on the meetings of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto and report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "Note by the Secretariat", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held in Vienna on 12 and 13 October 2021 and on 29 and 30 June 2022", "1. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto decision 4/4, on trafficking in persons, an open-ended interim working group was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "2. In its resolution 7/1, on strengthening the implementation of the Convention and the Protocols thereto, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "3. The Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held its eleventh meeting on 12 and 13 October 2021 and its twelfth meeting on 29 and 30 June 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6 and CTOC/COP/WG.4/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants held in Vienna on 14 and 15 October 2021 and on 27 and 28 June 2022", "4. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties resolution 5/3, on the implementation of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, an open-ended intergovernmental interim working group on the smuggling of migrants was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "5. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "6. The Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants held its eighth meeting on 14 and 15 October 2021 and its ninth meeting on 27 and 28 June 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5 and CTOC/COP/WG.7/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Firearms held in Vienna from 10 to 12 May 2021 and on 4 and 5 May 2022", "7. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties resolution 5/4, on the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and ammunition, an open-ended intergovernmental working group on firearms was established to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "8. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Firearms would be a constant element of the Conference, forwarding its reports and recommendations to the Conference.", "9. The Working Group on Firearms held its eighth meeting from 10 to 12 May 2021 and its ninth meeting on 4 and 5 May 2022. In accordance with Conference resolution 7/1, the reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4 and CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on International Cooperation held in Vienna on 25 and 26 March 2021 and from 23 to 27 May 2022", "10. Pursuant to Conference of the Parties decision 3/2, on the implementation of the provisions on international cooperation in the Convention, an open-ended working group on international cooperation was established as a constant element of the Conference. This decision was reaffirmed consistently in subsequent resolutions of the Conference.", "11. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting on an annual basis, as needed, and to hold their meetings consecutively, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "12. In its resolution 10/6, on preventing and combating crimes that affect the environment falling within the scope of the Organized Crime Convention, the Conference requested the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the application of the Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment and to make recommendations for consideration by the Conference at its eleventh session, within their mandates, in order to promote the practical application of the Convention.", "13. The Working Group on International Cooperation held its twelfth meeting on 25 and 26 March 2021 and its thirteenth meeting from 23 to 27 May 2022, back to back with the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance, with a joint thematic discussion in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. The reports on those meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3 and CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4, respectively) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report on the meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance held in Vienna from 23 to 27 May 2022", "14. In its decision 2/6, on technical assistance activities, the Conference of the Parties established an open-ended interim working group of government experts on technical assistance.", "15. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting on an annual basis, as needed, and to hold their meetings consecutively, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "16. In its resolution 10/6, the Conference requested the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the application of the Convention for preventing and combating transnational organized crimes that affect the environment and to make recommendations for consideration by the Conference at its eleventh session, within their mandates, in order to promote the practical application of the Convention.", "17. The thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Government Experts on Technical Assistance was held from 23 to 27 May 2022, back to back with the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group on International Cooperation, with a joint thematic discussion in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. The report on the meeting (CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4) will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held in Vienna from 14 to 18 March 2022", "18. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs held its sixty-fifth session from 14 to 18 March 2022. In its resolution 65/2, on strengthening international cooperation to address the links between illicit drug trafficking and illicit firearms trafficking, the Commission requested the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to make the resolution available to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The report on the sixty-fifth session (E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14), which contains the resolution, will be made available to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on 29 September 2022.", "[2] ^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
CTOC_COP_2022_5
[ "Eleventh session Vienna, 17-21 October,2022 Items 2, 4 and 5 of the programme of delivery[1]^(*) Review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols International cooperation, with particular reference to extradition, mutual legal assistance and international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, plastering and strengthening of central authorities Technical assistance", "Reports on meetings of subsidiary bodies of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols and report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "Note by the Secretariat", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held in Vienna on 12 and 13 October 2021 and 29 and 30 June 2022", "1. In accordance with decision 4/4 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols on trafficking in persons, an open-ended interim working group was established to advise and assist it in fulfilling its mandate under the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "2. In its resolution 7/1 on strengthening the implementation of the Convention and its Protocols, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons should be a constant element of the Conference and submit its reports and recommendations to it.", "3. The Working Group on Trafficking in Persons held its eleventh meeting on 12 and 13 October 2021 and its twelfth meeting on 29 and 30 June 2022. In accordance with resolution 7/1, reports on such meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2021/6 and CTOC/COP/WG.4/2022/4, respectively) will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports of the meetings of the Working Group on the Illicit Trade in Migrants held in Vienna on 14 and 15 October 2021 and 27 and 28 June 2022", "4. Pursuant to resolution 5/3 of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, an open-ended interim intergovernmental working group on the smuggling of migrants was established to advise and assist the Conference in fulfilling its mandate under the Migrants Protocol.", "5. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on the Illicit Trade in Migrants should be a constant element of the Conference and submit its reports and recommendations to it.", "6. The Working Group on the Illicit Trade in Migrants held its eighth meeting on 14 and 15 October 2021 and its ninth meeting on 27 and 28 June 2022. In accordance with resolution 7/1, reports on such meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.7/2021/5 and CTOC/COP/WG.7/2022/4, respectively) will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports on the meetings of the Working Group on Firearms held in Vienna from 10 to 12 May 2021 and on 4 and 5 May 2022", "7. By resolution 5/4 of the Conference of the Parties on the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, an open-ended intergovernmental working group on firearms was established to advise and assist the Conference in fulfilling its mandate under the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations.", "8. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference decided, inter alia, that the Working Group on Firearms should be a constant element of the Conference and submit its reports and recommendations to it.", "9. The Working Group on Firearms held its eighth meeting from 10 to 12 May 2021 and its ninth meeting on 4 and 5 May 2022. In accordance with resolution 7/1, reports on such meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.6/2021/4 and CTOC/COP/WG.6/2022/4, respectively) will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Reports of the meetings of the Working Group on International Cooperation held in Vienna on 25 and 26 March 2021 and 23-27 May 2022", "10. In accordance with decision 3/2 of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to international cooperation, an open-ended working group on international cooperation was established as a constant element of the Conference. That decision was systematically reaffirmed in subsequent resolutions of the Conference.", "11. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting annually, as necessary, and to hold its meetings in a consecutive manner, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "12. In its resolution 10/6 on the prevention and control of environmental crimes within the scope of the Organized Crime Convention, the Conference requested the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the implementation of the Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Acts of Transnational Organized Crime that affect the environment and to make recommendations for the Conference to consider the implementation of the Convention, with a view to developing mandates for the period of the Conference.", "13. The Working Group on International Cooperation held its twelfth meeting on 25 and 26 March 2021 and its thirteenth meeting from 23 to 27 May 2022, immediately prior to the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance, and held a joint thematic discussion in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. Reports on such meetings (CTOC/COP/WG.3/2021/3 and CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/COP/WG.3/2022/4, respectively) will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report of the meeting of the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance held in Vienna from 23 to 27 May 2022", "14. In its decision 2/6 on technical assistance activities, the Conference of the Parties established an open-ended interim working group of governmental experts on technical assistance.", "15. In its resolution 7/1, the Conference, inter alia, encouraged the Working Group on International Cooperation and the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance to consider meeting annually, as necessary, and to hold its meetings in a consecutive manner, in order to ensure the effective use of resources.", "16. In its resolution 10/6, the Conference requested the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance and the Working Group on International Cooperation to hold a joint thematic discussion on the implementation of the Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Acts of Transnational Organized Crime affecting the environment and to make recommendations for consideration by the Conference at its eleventh session, within its mandates, with a view to promoting the practical implementation of the Convention.", "17. The thirteenth meeting of the Working Group of Governmental Experts on Technical Assistance was held from 23 to 27 May 2022, immediately following the thirteenth meeting of the Working Group on International Cooperation, and a joint thematic discussion was held in accordance with Conference resolution 10/6. The report on the meeting (CTOC/COP/WG.2/2022/4-CTOC/WG.3/2022/4) will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "Report on the sixty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held at Vienna from 14 to 18 March 2022", "18. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs held its sixty-fifth session from 14 to 18 March 2022 in Vienna. In its resolution 65/2 on strengthening international cooperation to address the links between illicit drug trafficking and illicit trafficking in firearms, the Commission requested the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to make the resolution available to the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The report on the sixty-fifth session (E/2022/28-E/CN.7/2022/14), which contains the resolution, will be submitted to the Conference at its eleventh session.", "[1] ^(*) Reissued for technical reasons on September 29, 2022.", "^(**) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
[ "Comisión de las NacionesUnidas para el DerechoMercantil Internacional Grupo de Trabajo III (Reformadel Sistema de Solución deControversias entreInversionistas y Estados) 43º período de sesiones \nViena, 5 a 16 de septiembrede 2022", "Posible reforma del sistema de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados (SCIE)", "Proyecto de código de conducta", "Nota de la Secretaría", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 2II.Proyecto 3 de código de \nconducta Artículo1– 3 \nDefiniciones Artículo2–Aplicación 4 \ndelCódigo \nArtículo3–Independenciaeimparcialidad 5Artículo4–Límite 6 \nrespectodelamultiplicidaddefunciones \nArtículo5–Deberdediligencia 8Artículo6– 9 [Integridady \ncompetencia] Artículo7– 9 \nComunicaciónexparte Artículo8– 10 \nConfidencialidad \nArtículo9–Honorariosygastos 12Artículo10–Obligaciónde 13 revelar \ninformación Artículo11– 15 Cumplimiento delCódigode \nConducta Anexo 15 delCódigo–Formulario para realizar una declaracióny revelar \ninformación", "I. Introducción", "1. El Grupo de Trabajo, en su 37º período de sesiones, celebrado en abril de 2019, solicitó a la secretaría que comenzara una labor preparatoria sobre un código de conducta junto con el Secretariado del Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias relativas a Inversiones (CIADI). Se sugirió que esa labor incluyera la forma en que dicho código podría aplicarse en el sistema actual de SCIE y también en el contexto de una reforma estructural, así como el modo en que se harían cumplir las obligaciones establecidas en dicho código, en particular cuando concluyeran las funciones o el mandato de un árbitro o decisor (A/CN.9/970, párr. 84).", "2. Sobre la base de la información de antecedentes proporcionada por ambas secretarías (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167), se expresó apoyo general a que se preparara un código de conducta en el 38º período de sesiones de octubre de 2019, durante el cual el Grupo de Trabajo proporcionó instrucciones concretas sobre la forma en que se llevaría a cabo esa labor (A/CN.9/1004^(*), párrs. 67 a 77). Si bien se preparó un proyecto de código de conducta (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201) para el 40º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo que se celebró en febrero de 2021, se difirieron las deliberaciones hasta un período de sesiones posterior en razón del poco tiempo disponible durante ese período de sesiones (A/CN.9/1050, párr. 116).", "3. En su 41^(er) período de sesiones de noviembre de 2021, el Grupo de Trabajo examinó los artículos 1 a 8 del proyecto de código de conducta sobre la base del proyecto preparado por ambas secretarías (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209). El Grupo de Trabajo también tuvo ante sí una nota de ambas secretarías sobre los medios de aplicación y cumplimiento (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208). Sobre la base de las deliberaciones que tuvieron lugar en ese período de sesiones (A/CN.9/1086, párrs. 17 a 143), se preparó una versión revisada de los artículos 1 a 8, que se presentó en el período de sesiones siguiente (A/CN.9/1092, anexo).", "4. En el 42º período de sesiones, celebrado en febrero de 2022, el Grupo de Trabajo examinó los artículos 9 a 11 del código de conducta que figuraban en el documento A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209. Si bien el Grupo de Trabajo había podido realizar un examen preliminar del texto del código, no estaba en condiciones de presentar un proyecto terminado a la Comisión para que esta lo examinara (A/CN.9/1092, párrs. 79 a 130). Por consiguiente, el Grupo de Trabajo solicitó a ambas secretarías que prepararan una versión revisada del código, acompañada de un comentario, para el siguiente período de sesiones, que se había previsto se celebraría en la segunda mitad de 2022 (A/CN.9/1092, párr. 129).", "5. Durante el 42º período de sesiones y como consecuencia de este, se llevaron a cabo varias reuniones informales para examinar los contenidos y la forma que se adoptaría para el código[1]. Las secretarías celebraron varias reuniones para que hubiera coherencia en el texto y para señalar las cuestiones de política que era necesario que aclarara el Grupo de Trabajo.", "6. En la presente nota figura una versión revisada del código de conducta para decisores que intervienen en los procesos de solución de controversias internacionales relativas a inversiones (en adelante, el “código”), que fue preparada conjuntamente por el Secretariado del CIADI y la secretaría de la CNUDMI, y en que se reflejan las decisiones adoptadas por el Grupo de Trabajo y las deliberaciones mantenidas por este en los períodos de sesiones anteriores. A fin de asistir al Grupo de Trabajo en sus deliberaciones, cada artículo va seguido de una nota en que se señalan las cuestiones que es necesario que el Grupo de Trabajo siga examinando y sobre las que debería adoptar una decisión.", "7. Dado que el Grupo de Trabajo estuvo de acuerdo en examinar las disposiciones aplicables a árbitros y jueces en paralelo (A/CN.9/1086, párr. 27), el código incluye disposiciones que se aplican tanto a árbitros como a jueces, aunque en el código se indica, cuando es necesario, que determinado artículo o párrafo se aplica solo a los árbitros o solo a los jueces. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee tener en cuenta cómo desea presentar el código a la Comisión, entre otras cosas, si debería estructurárselo de forma diferente. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría asegurarse de que las disposiciones del código fueran claras, lo que permitiría a los decisores entender claramente sus obligaciones y cumplirlas, en particular habida cuenta de que tendrían información limitada sobre las partes litigantes y la controversia.", "8. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee tener en cuenta que las secretarías se encuentran preparando el comentario del código (el “comentario”) para aclarar el contenido de cada artículo, explicar las consecuencias prácticas y dar ejemplos (A/CN.9/1086, párr. 20).", "9. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar medios de aplicación y cumplimiento del código, como los que se señalan en el documento A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208. También podría examinar la forma en que otras instituciones arbitrales podrían aplicar el código en casos de SCIE.", "II. Proyecto de código de conducta", "Artículo 1 – Definiciones", "A los efectos del presente Código:", "a) Por “controversia internacional relativa a inversiones” (CII) se entenderá una controversia que se plantee entre un inversionista y un Estado o una organización regional de integración económica [o cualquier subdivisión del Estado u organismo del Estado o de la organización regional de integración económica] y que se entable para que sea dirimida de conformidad con: i) un tratado que proteja las inversiones o a los inversionistas; ii) una ley que regule las inversiones extranjeras, o iii) un contrato de inversión;", "b) Por “árbitro” se entenderá una persona que es miembro de un tribunal arbitral, o miembro de un Comité ad hoc del CIADI, que sea nombrado para dirimir una CII;", "c) Por “juez” se entenderá una persona que es miembro de un mecanismo permanente para dirimir CII;", "d) Por “decisor” se entenderá un árbitro o un juez;", "e) Por “candidato” se entenderá una persona a la cual se haya contactado en relación con su posible nombramiento como árbitro, pero que no haya [sido nombrada] [aceptado el nombramiento] todavía, o una persona a quien se esté considerando nombrar como juez, pero a quien no se haya confirmado todavía en esa función, y", "f) Por “asistente” se entenderá una persona que trabaje bajo la dirección y el control de un decisor para prestar asistencia en tareas referidas a casos específicos [, según lo acordado con las partes litigantes];", "g) Por “comunicación ex parte” se entenderá toda comunicación de un candidato o decisor con una parte litigante, su letrado patrocinante, filial, subsidiaria u otra persona conexa en relación con la CII, sin la presencia o conocimiento de otra parte o partes litigantes.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "10. Se modificó el orden de las definiciones para que hubiera una mayor coherencia. En el artículo se ha incluido la definición de comunicación ex parte, que anteriormente figuraba en el artículo 7 (véase el párr. 41 infra).", "11. Las palabras “para que sea dirimida” se han añadido a continuación de las palabras “que se entable” en el apartado a) para indicar la finalidad que tiene iniciar la controversia. Para mantener la coherencia, en el apartado c) se utilizan en la versión en inglés la palabra “resolution”, en vez de “settlement”.", "12. Los términos “árbitro” y “juez” se definen en el artículo 1 como personas que son actualmente miembros de un tribunal arbitral o un mecanismo permanente. Por lo tanto, tal vez no sea necesario establecer un ámbito temporal concreto para sus respectivas obligaciones en los demás artículos del código. Las palabras que hacen alusión a un ámbito temporal se colocaron entre corchetes o se eliminaron en los artículos respectivos para que fueran examinadas por el Grupo de Trabajo (por ejemplo, el art. 3, párr. 1, y los arts. 7 y 10; véanse los párrs. 20 y 42 infra).", "13. Con respecto al apartado e), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría tener en cuenta que en el contexto del CIADI, una persona no pasa a ser miembro de un tribunal arbitral hasta que acepte el nombramiento y el CIADI haya notificado esa aceptación. A fin de dar cabida a esa práctica, el Grupo de Trabajo podría reemplazar las palabras “que no haya sido nombrada todavía” por las palabras “que no haya aceptado el nombramiento todavía” (véase el párr. 65 infra).", "14. En cuanto al apartado f), en el comentario se podría explicar que la práctica habitual es consultar a las partes litigantes acerca de quién será el asistente y las tareas que realizará. Por consiguiente, el Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar si sería necesario retener las palabras “según lo acordado con las partes litigantes” en la definición.", "Artículo 2 – Aplicación del Código", "1. El Código será aplicable a [un decisor o candidato en] un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII. El Código podrá aplicarse en cualquier otra controversia por acuerdo de las partes litigantes.", "2. Si el instrumento del que emana el consentimiento para dirimir la controversia contiene disposiciones sobre la conducta de un decisor o un candidato en un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, [se interpretará que el Código es un complemento de] [el Código complementará] dichas disposiciones. Si hubiera cualquier discrepancia entre el Código y esas disposiciones, prevalecerán estas últimas en la medida en que discrepen con el Código.", "3. El decisor adoptará todas las medidas razonables para que su asistente conozca y cumpla el presente Código, entre otras cosas, exigiéndole que firme una declaración en que afirme que ha leído el Código y lo cumplirá.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "15. Dado que el código se aplica a las personas que intervienen en un proceso de solución de controversias internacionales relativas a inversiones y no a la controversia en sí, el Grupo de Trabajo podría añadir las palabras “un decisor o un candidato” en el párrafo 1. El párrafo 1 se ha dividido en dos oraciones, y la segunda tiene por finalidad reflejar el entendimiento del Grupo de Trabajo de que sería posible para las partes litigantes ponerse de acuerdo sobre la aplicación del código a otros tipos de controversias, por ejemplo, las controversias entre Estados.", "16. La primera oración del párrafo 2 se ha simplificado para hacer referencia en ella a las “disposiciones sobre la conducta de un decisor o un candidato” en vez de a “disposiciones sobre ética o códigos de conducta para decisores o candidatos”. Ello es así porque el término “ética” tal vez no fuera claro y porque podría ser confuso utilizar la palabra “códigos” en la misma oración en que se utilizan las palabras “el Código”. También se ha simplificado la segunda oración para que dijera “cualquier discrepancia entre el Código y esas disposiciones”, en vez de “discrepancia entre una obligación establecida en el presente Código y otra recogida en el instrumento del que emana el consentimiento para que un decisor dirima la controversia”.", "17. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría tener en cuenta que, si bien el párrafo 2 se refiere al “instrumento del que emana el consentimiento para dirimir la controversia”, otros artículos del código hacen referencia a “los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables” (por ejemplo, los artículos 7 a 11). Teniendo en cuenta que puede existir una superposición entre las dos ideas, el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee analizar si corresponde hacer la distinción que se hace actualmente y si no sería suficiente explicar esa relación en el comentario.", "18. El Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar cuál sería la mejor forma de transmitir la idea de que el código es de naturaleza complementaria, dado que las palabras “se interpretará que el Código es un complemento” en el párrafo 2 podrían entenderse en el sentido de que el código meramente proporciona orientación sobre la interpretación. Otra opción sería retener solo la segunda oración del párrafo 2 a fin de indicar la regla que se aplicará para decidir qué disposiciones prevalecerán en caso de discrepancia.", "19. En cuanto a la aplicación del código, el Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar en qué medida las partes litigantes podrían excluir o modificar sus disposiciones (véanse los párrs. 24 a 26 infra).", "Artículo 3 – Independencia e imparcialidad", "1. Un decisor será independiente e imparcial [en el momento de aceptar el nombramiento o confirmación y seguirá siéndolo hasta que concluya el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII o hasta que finalice su mandato].", "2. El párrafo 1 incluye las siguientes obligaciones:", "a) no dejarse influir por lealtad a una parte litigante, una parte no litigante, una parte en el tratado que no fuera parte litigante en la controversia internacional relativa a inversiones, o cualquiera de sus letrados patrocinantes;", "b) no seguir instrucciones de ninguna organización, gobierno o persona respecto de las cuestiones abordadas en el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII;", "c) no permitir que una relación económica, empresarial, profesional o personal, pasada o presente, influya en su conducta [o su juicio];", "d) no utilizar su posición para favorecer [ningún interés económico o personal significativo] [un interés económico o personal] que pudiera tener en relación con una de las partes litigantes o en el resultado del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII;", "e) no asumir una función ni aceptar un beneficio que interferiría en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones, y", "f) no adoptar ninguna medida que cree la apariencia de falta de independencia o imparcialidad.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "20. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee considerar si resulta necesario que se incluya el ámbito temporal previsto en el párrafo 1 (el texto enmarcado entre corchetes), habida cuenta de las definiciones de “árbitro” y “juez” que figuran en el artículo 1. Retener las palabras enmarcadas entre corchetes puede plantear problemas, en particular la referencia a la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, circunstancia que diferiría según el caso (véase el párr. 28 infra). Por ejemplo, podrían generarse inconvenientes si la obligación del artículo 3 continuara aplicándose a un árbitro que hubiera renunciado o hubiera sido recusado, en los casos en que el proceso que se entablara en relación con una CII siguiera adelante.", "21. En cuanto al apartado a), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee proporcionar orientación sobre el término “lealtad” y la perspectiva desde la cual debería evaluarse esa lealtad; ambas cuestiones podrían tratarse en el comentario.", "22. En cuanto al apartado c), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría eliminar las palabras “o su juicio”, dado que la idea probablemente estaría incluida en la palabra “conducta”. A fin de armonizar la redacción con la del apartado a), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría considerar también la posibilidad de modificar el apartado c), de modo que dijera lo siguiente: “no dejarse influir por ninguna relación económica, empresarial, profesional o personal, pasada o presente”.", "23. En relación con el apartado d), el Grupo de Trabajo quizás podría considerar la posibilidad de reemplazar las palabras “ningún interés económico o personal significativo” por “un interés económico o personal”. La razón es que es el hecho de que se utilice una posición para promover un interés económico o personal en sí lo que resulta problemático, y no la envergadura del interés de que se trate. En el comentario, sin embargo, se podría explicar que en los casos en que el interés que hubiera satisfecho el decisor, sin haber tenido la intención de satisfacerlo, fuera trivial o mínimo, la conducta no implicaría necesariamente una transgresión de lo prescrito en el apartado d).", "Artículo 4 – Límite respecto de la multiplicidad de funciones", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los árbitros]", "1. A menos que las partes litigantes acuerden otra cosa, un árbitro no actuará concurrentemente [ni dentro de un plazo de tres años contados desde la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII,] como letrado patrocinante o perito en otro proceso que se entable en relación con una CII [o en cualquier otro proceso] relacionado con:", "a) la misma medida o medidas;", "b) la misma parte o partes vinculadas, o", "c) la misma disposición o disposiciones del mismo tratado.", "2. [A menos que las partes litigantes acuerden otra cosa], un árbitro no actuará concurrentemente [ni dentro de un plazo de tres años contados desde la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII] como letrado patrocinante o perito en otro proceso que se entable en relación con una CII [ni en ningún otro proceso] que se refiera a cuestiones jurídicas que sean sustancialmente tan similares que aceptar esa función constituiría un incumplimiento del artículo 3.", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los jueces]", "3. Un juez no podrá ejercer ninguna función política ni administrativa. No podrá tener ninguna otra ocupación de carácter profesional que sea incompatible con su obligación de independencia o imparcialidad o las exigencias del cargo [de un cargo desempeñado a jornada completa]. En particular, no podrá actuar como letrado patrocinante ni perito en otro proceso que se entable en relación con una CII.", "4. Un juez revelará cualquier otra función u ocupación al [Presidente] del mecanismo permanente. Toda cuestión [relativa a la aplicación del] [relativa al] párrafo 3 se dirimirá mediante decisión del mecanismo permanente.", "5. Un exjuez no podrá intervenir de modo alguno en un proceso que se hubiera entablado en relación con una CII ante el mecanismo permanente y que esté pendiente de resolución, o en que hubiese intervenido, antes de que concluya su mandato.", "6. Un exjuez no actuará como letrado patrocinante de una parte litigante o [de un tercero][de una parte no litigante] [en ninguna calidad] en un proceso que se hubiera entablado en relación con una CII ante el mecanismo permanente después de concluido su mandato, por un plazo de tres años contados desde la conclusión de su mandato.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "Derogación y modificación por las partes litigantes", "24. En relación con las palabras “a menos que las partes litigantes acuerden otra cosa” que figuran en el párrafo 1, el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría examinar en qué medida las partes litigantes pueden pactar que no se aplique el párrafo 1. Una cuestión conexa que podría examinarse sería si podría reproducirse la misma frase en el párrafo 2 o si la obligación que se establece en este último párrafo es una obligación que no puede ser derogada por las partes litigantes. En cuanto al párrafo 2, el Grupo de Trabajo quizás desee confirmar que sería el árbitro quien debería determinar si las cuestiones jurídicas son sustancialmente similares.", "25. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar si las partes litigantes tienen derecho a acordar que se apartarán de otros artículos del código. Si así fuera, un criterio que podría adoptarse sería modificar el párrafo 1 del artículo 2 de modo que dijera lo siguiente: “El Código será aplicable a un decisor o candidato en un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, con sujeción a las modificaciones que las partes acuerden”. Otra posibilidad sería incluir un párrafo en el artículo 2 u 11 que dijera lo siguiente: “Las partes litigantes podrán acordar que no se aplicará el Código o acordar modificar el efecto de sus disposiciones”, lo que haría innecesario repetir las palabras “a menos que las partes litigantes acuerden otra cosa” en los artículos pertinentes.", "26. Sin embargo, tal vez sea necesario restringir la posibilidad de que las partes litigantes excluyan la aplicación del código o la modifiquen, al menos en relación con algunos artículos (por ejemplo, el artículo 3) y podría restringírsela aún más si el instrumento en que se basara el consentimiento para dirimir la controversia (por ejemplo, un tratado) así lo estableciera, de conformidad con el artículo 2, párrafo 2. Además, el Grupo de Trabajo quizás desee examinar si las partes litigantes podrían excluir la aplicación del código o modificarlo en el contexto de un mecanismo permanente.", "Ámbito temporal de la limitación", "27. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee examinar si convendría mantener el plazo de tres años que figura entre corchetes en los párrafos 1 y 2, o cualquier otro plazo después de concluido el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII.", "28. Si el Grupo de Trabajo conservara ese plazo, sería necesario aclarar cuándo comienza a computarse habida cuenta de que “la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII” a que se hace referencia en los párrafos 1 y 2 podría diferir dependiendo de las circunstancias del caso, lo que haría difícil su aplicación.", "29. El artículo 4 sería un ejemplo de un caso en que la obligación de un decisor se extendería más allá de su mandato (algo similar a lo que ocurre con el artículo 8 sobre la confidencialidad). En otras palabras, el artículo tendría por finalidad regular la conducta de un exdecisor. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría examinar esta cuestión a la luz de las definiciones que se dan de “árbitro” y “juez” en el artículo 1 y el ámbito de aplicación en el artículo 2, párrafo 1 (véanse los párrs. 12 y 20 supra).", "30. El Grupo de Trabajo quizás podría examinar cómo se aplicaría el artículo 4 a un árbitro que hubiera sido recusado o hubiera renunciado a intervenir en un proceso entablado en relación con una CII. Esa persona ya no estaría sujeta a la limitación relativa a la actuación concurrente que se establece en el artículo 4, dado que ya no sería un árbitro según el artículo 1 b). Por otra parte, imponer una limitación por un plazo de tres años “contados desde” la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII podría tener como consecuencia no deseada que la persona pudiera actuar libremente como letrado patrocinante o perito hasta la conclusión del proceso y que la limitación comenzara solo una vez que el proceso hubiera concluido. Dado que el artículo 4 limita la participación en “otro” proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, también sería posible que el árbitro que ha sido recusado o que ha renunciado actuara como letrado patrocinante o perito en el mismo proceso que se entable en relación con una CII.", "31. Por lo tanto, el Grupo de Trabajo podría aclarar en qué medida el código debería regular la conducta de los exdecisores. Una forma de hacerlo sería seguir la redacción que se emplea en los párrafos 5 y 6 (“exjuez”) y utilizar también el término “exárbitro” en el contexto de los párrafos 1 y 2. En cualquier caso, el Grupo de Trabajo podría proporcionar orientación acerca de cómo se podría aplicar una medida a una persona que ya no fuera “decisor” en el sentido del código, y la relación entre los artículos 3 y 4.", "Otras cuestiones", "32. Aunque se había sugerido incluir las palabras “juez” antes de las palabras “letrado patrocinante” en los párrafos 1 y 2, ambos párrafos tienen como finalidad regular la práctica consistente en el ejercicio de una doble función, en la que un individuo actúa como patrocinante y decisor a la vez. Por lo tanto, los párrafos no tendrían por finalidad impedir que un árbitro interviniera en otro caso como decisor. En cambio, el que un árbitro pueda actuar concurrentemente como juez probablemente se regiría por las condiciones de su mandato como juez. El Grupo de Trabajo podría confirmar este entendimiento y evaluar si debería añadirse otro párrafo en el artículo 4 que prohibiera a un juez actuar como árbitro, lo que tendría los mismos efectos.", "33. En cuanto al párrafo 1 c), el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría examinar los efectos que una disposición de ese tipo podría tener en los tratados multilaterales (por ejemplo, el Tratado sobre la Carta de la Energía).", "34. El Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar la posibilidad de ofrecer orientación en relación con el sentido y el alcance del término “misma(s)” que se utiliza en los párrafos 1 a) a c), puesto que los factores que habría que tener en cuenta para hacer una determinación podrían diferir según se tratara de “medidas”, “partes” o “disposiciones”.", "Artículo 5 – Deber de diligencia", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los árbitros]", "1. Un árbitro:", "a) cumplirá sus obligaciones diligentemente durante todo el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII;", "b) dedicará suficiente tiempo al proceso que se entable en relación con una CII;", "c) dictará todas las decisiones oportunamente;", "[d) rechazará las obligaciones concurrentes que puedan impedirle cumplir diligentemente sus obligaciones en relación con el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, ] y", "e) no delegará su función decisoria en ninguna otra persona.", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los jueces]", "2. Un juez cumplirá diligentemente las obligaciones de su cargo de conformidad con las condiciones de su mandato.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "35. El Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar la posibilidad de eliminar el apartado d) dado que la situación a la que se refiere quedaría incluida en el apartado a) o de conservarlo como párrafo separado para que la obligación quedara expresamente establecida. Si se eliminara el apartado d), en el comentario se podría explicar que el árbitro tiene la obligación de rechazar esas obligaciones concurrentes de conformidad con el apartado a).", "36. El Grupo de Trabajo podría considerar colocar el apartado e) en el artículo 6, habida cuenta de que sería más adecuado presentar la obligación de no delegar la función decisoria como una obligación relativa a la integridad. La cuestión podría tratarse con mayor detalle en el comentario.", "37. El Grupo de Trabajo podría confirmar además que el incumplimiento de las obligaciones establecidas en los artículos 5 y 6 podría esgrimirse para fundar la alegación que formulara una parte litigante de que se ha incumplido la obligación de independencia o imparcialidad a la que se refiere el artículo 3.", "Artículo 6 – [Integridad y competencia]", "1. Un decisor:", "a) sustanciará el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII con el más alto grado de integridad, equidad [, cortesía] y competencia;", "b) tratará a todos los participantes en el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII con cortesía, y", "c) hará todo lo posible para mantener y mejorar los conocimientos, las aptitudes y las cualidades necesarias para cumplir sus obligaciones.", "[Párrafo que solo se aplica a los candidatos a árbitro]", "2. Un candidato solo aceptará un nombramiento si tiene la competencia y las aptitudes necesarias, y disponibilidad para cumplir las obligaciones de un árbitro.", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los candidatos a juez]", "3. Un candidato poseerá la competencia y las aptitudes necesarias para cumplir las obligaciones de un juez.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "38. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee confirmar que el título que se propone para el artículo 6, “Integridad y competencia” sustituye adecuadamente el título anterior, “Otras obligaciones”.", "39. El Grupo de Trabajo podría evaluar si es necesario mantener el apartado b) si se añadiera la palabra enmarcada entre corchetes en el apartado a).", "40. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez quiera examinar si sería necesario retener los párrafos 2 y 3 en el artículo 6, teniendo en cuenta que en el párrafo 2 se exige que el candidato realice una autoevaluación de su competencia y aptitudes, y que la competencia y las aptitudes necesarias de un candidato a juez probablemente se evaluarían en la etapa de selección. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar esta cuestión junto con la de si convendría incluir el artículo 11, párrafo 2, en el código (véase el párr. 67 infra).", "Artículo 7 – Comunicación ex parte", "[Párrafos que solo se aplican a los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro]", "1. Se prohíben las comunicaciones ex parte, salvo en los siguientes casos:", "a) a fin de determinar la pericia, experiencia, competencia, aptitudes y disponibilidad del candidato, y la existencia de posibles conflictos de intereses;", "b) a fin de determinar la pericia, experiencia, competencia, aptitudes y disponibilidad de un candidato a ejercer la función de árbitro presidente, y la existencia de posibles conflictos de intereses, si ambas partes litigantes están de acuerdo;", "c) según permitan los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables o por acuerdo de las partes litigantes.", "2. En cualquier caso, las comunicaciones ex parte no podrán referirse a ninguna cuestión procesal o sustantiva concerniente a un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII ni a ninguna cuestión que el candidato o árbitro pueda razonablemente prever se planteará en un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII.", "[Párrafo que solo se aplica a los jueces y candidatos a juez]", "3. Se prohíben las comunicaciones ex parte.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "41. El artículo 7 ha sido modificado para aclarar qué regla supletoria debe aplicarse a las comunicaciones ex parte, y las excepciones a esa regla. La definición de “comunicación ex parte” figura ahora en el artículo 1 g) y se ha reformulado ligeramente, para que diga lo siguiente: “Por ‘comunicación ex parte’ se entenderá toda comunicación de un candidato o decisor con una parte litigante, su letrado patrocinante, filial, subsidiaria u otra persona conexa en relación con la CII, sin la presencia o conocimiento de la otra parte o partes litigantes”.", "42. Si bien en la versión anterior del artículo 7 figuraba un marco temporal en relación con la prohibición de la comunicación ex parte (“antes de que comience el proceso que se entable para resolver dicha controversia y hasta que este concluya”), esa frase se ha eliminado en razón de las definiciones que se han incluido para los términos “candidato”, “árbitro” y “juez” (véase el párr. 12 supra). Eliminar la frase también haría innecesaria la referencia a la conclusión del proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, algo que había generado algunas inquietudes (véanse los párrs. 20 y 27 a 31 supra).", "43. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee confirmar que el árbitro que ha dictado un laudo o que ha sido recusado podría comunicarse con las partes, dado que ya no se encontraría obligado por el artículo 7. De otro modo, sería necesario prever un plazo durante el cual la comunicación ex parte estaría prohibida, como se hace en el artículo 4.", "44. El Grupo de Trabajo podría confirmar que de conformidad con el párrafo 1 b) un árbitro nombrado por una parte litigante (o un candidato a árbitro que fuera a ser nombrado por una parte litigante) estaría autorizado a discutir con la parte litigante o su letrado patrocinante las cualificaciones de un candidato para ocupar el cargo de árbitro presidente. Sin embargo, ello quedaría sujeto a que la otra parte litigante esté de acuerdo en que esa discusión puede tener lugar. No obstante, si se cumple la condición (si las partes están de acuerdo), esa discusión tal vez no estaría comprendida en la definición de comunicación ex parte, puesto que la otra parte litigante sabría de esa comunicación.", "45. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez quiera confirmar que resulta apropiado prohibir totalmente las comunicaciones ex parte en el caso de los jueces y candidatos a juez, como se establece en el párrafo 3.", "Artículo 8 – Confidencialidad", "1. Un candidato o decisor no revelará ni utilizará ninguna información relativa a un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, o adquirida en relación con un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, a menos que:", "a) la información sea de acceso público [de conformidad con los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables,], o", "b) ello se encuentre permitido de conformidad con los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables o por acuerdo de las parte litigantes.", "2. Un decisor no revelará el contenido de las deliberaciones que tengan lugar en un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII [ni ninguna opinión expresada en el curso de estas].", "3. Un decisor no comentará una decisión adoptada en el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII [a menos que esa decisión sea de acceso público].", "4. Un decisor no revelará ningún borrador de decisión en el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII.", "5. Las obligaciones que figuran en el presente artículo subsistirán una vez concluido el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII [y se seguirán aplicando indefinidamente].", "6. Las obligaciones que figuran en el presente artículo no se aplicarán en la medida en que un candidato o decisor esté obligado jurídicamente a revelar información ante un tribunal u otro órgano competente o deba revelar esa información para proteger sus derechos ante un tribunal u otro órgano competente.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "46. El párrafo 1 se ha modificado para proporcionar una norma más clara sobre cuáles son las excepciones a la obligación de confidencialidad. Las palabras “excepto a los fines de ese proceso” se han eliminado porque el artículo no tiene por finalidad regular la revelación de esa información, que se encuentra de por sí autorizada. El comentario podría aportar más información sobre esta cuestión. Cabe observar que si se volviera a utilizar esa frase en el párrafo 1, también habría que reproducirla en los otros párrafos.", "47. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría evaluar en qué medida la información que fuera “de acceso público” constituiría una excepción en el párrafo 1 a). El texto enmarcado entre corchetes da a entender que solo cuando la información sea de acceso público de conformidad con los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables dejaría de existir la obligación de no revelar esa información que se establece en el párrafo 1. En otras palabras, si la información fuera de acceso público de facto (por ejemplo, si hubiera trascendido en infracción de los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables, o si un tercero la hubiera publicado en un sitio web de acceso público), la situación no quedaría comprendida en la excepción del párrafo 1 a). El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee confirmar este entendimiento.", "48. El Grupo de Trabajo podría evaluar si la excepción prevista en el párrafo 1 b) también se aplicaría a los párrafos 2 a 4. Si así fuera, sería preferible que se contemplara una excepción general similar a la prevista en el párrafo 6, que dijera lo siguiente: “Las obligaciones que figuran en el presente artículo no se aplicarán en la medida en que ello esté permitido de conformidad con los reglamentos y los tratados aplicables o por acuerdo de las partes litigantes”.", "49. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee eliminar las palabras “ni ninguna opinión expresada en el curso de estas” que figuran en el párrafo 2, dado que esa opinión sería parte del “contenido” de las deliberaciones.", "50. Los párrafos 3 y 4 han sido modificados porque el hecho de que un decisor haya participado o no en la emisión de una decisión no constituye un factor que deba ser tenido en cuenta a la hora de imponer la obligación. Por lo tanto, se han eliminado las palabras “en que hayan participado” que figuraban en el párrafo 3 y “antes de dictarla ni ninguna decisión que hayan dictado” en el párrafo 4.", "51. En cuanto a la obligación de no comentar una decisión que se establece en el párrafo 3, el Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar: i) si esa obligación debería limitarse a “antes de que concluya el proceso entablado para resolver la controversia internacional relativa a inversiones”, lo que permitiría al decisor comentar una decisión una vez concluido el proceso, y ii) si el hecho de que la decisión sea de acceso público (texto actualmente enmarcado entre corchetes) debería ser un elemento que habría de tenerse en cuenta. En relación con esto último, si se conservaran las palabras “a menos que esa decisión sea de acceso público”, debería utilizarse el texto que figura en el párrafo 1 a) (véase el párr. 47 supra).", "52. Si se considera que el “borrador de una decisión” a que se hacía referencia en el párrafo 4 se encuentra comprendido en la “información relativa a un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII, o adquirida en relación con un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII” mencionada en el párrafo 1, el Grupo de Trabajo quizás podría considerar la posibilidad de eliminar ese párrafo y explicar la cuestión en el comentario.", "53. Se ha modificado el párrafo 5 para que no se hiciera referencia en él a la conclusión del proceso (véanse los párrs. 20 y 30 supra). El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee eliminar las palabras enmarcadas entre corchetes “y se seguirán aplicando indefinidamente”, porque podrían ser redundantes. Asimismo, podría examinar cómo se haría para asegurar el cumplimiento de la obligación prevista en el párrafo 5, ya que el código no resultaría aplicable a la persona una vez concluido el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII (véanse los párrs. 30 y 31 supra).", "Artículo 9 – Honorarios y gastos", "[Artículo que solo se aplica a los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro]", "1. Toda propuesta sobre los honorarios y gastos se comunicará a las partes litigantes a través de la entidad que administre el proceso. Si no hubiera una entidad que lo administrara, esa propuesta será comunicada por el árbitro único o el árbitro que presida el proceso.", "2. [A menos que los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables establezcan otra cosa,] un candidato o árbitro concluirá toda discusión relativa a honorarios y gastos con las partes litigantes antes [o inmediatamente después de] la constitución del tribunal arbitral.", "3. Un árbitro concluirá toda discusión relativa a honorarios y gastos de un asistente con las partes litigantes antes de contratar a este.", "4. Un árbitro llevará un registro exacto del tiempo y los gastos que le insuma el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII y velará por que el asistente también lleve un registro exacto del tiempo y los gastos.", "5. Un árbitro presentará los registros cuando solicite el desembolso de fondos o a instancia de una parte litigante.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "54. El artículo 9 se ha reestructurado para establecer el proceso que se utilizará para determinar los honorarios y los gastos, en la secuencia en que normalmente se presentan los hechos. El Grupo de Trabajo podría confirmar primero que el orden de los párrafos es el adecuado y que solo sería aplicable a los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro.", "55. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee confirmar que en el párrafo 2 se refleja lo que constituiría una práctica ideal: que los honorarios y los gastos se discutan, y que esa discusión se concluya, antes de que se constituya el tribunal arbitral. Si así fuera, el Grupo de Trabajo quizás podría considerar la posibilidad de eliminar el texto “o inmediatamente después de”, que se presenta enmarcado entre corchetes. En el comentario, sin embargo, se podría explicar que las discusiones podrían ocurrir inmediatamente después de constituido el tribunal arbitral, por ejemplo, en la primera reunión de procedimiento.", "56. En cuanto al párrafo 4, el Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar si la obligación de llevar un registro exacto del tiempo utilizado y los gastos incurridos por un asistente es del árbitro o del asistente. En cualquier caso, el árbitro debería establecer un mecanismo para que el asistente llevara ese registro, lo que podría explicarse en el comentario.", "57. El Grupo de Trabajo podría evaluar si la cuestión de la razonabilidad de los honorarios debería abordarse en el código o en el comentario, dado que ello constituiría la aplicación de una buena práctica. Por ejemplo, la cuestión se trata en el artículo 41, párrafo 1, del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI. En el comentario se podría explicar que la razonabilidad de los honorarios y los gastos dependería del monto en disputa, la complejidad del tema, el tiempo dedicado por los árbitros y cualesquiera otras circunstancias pertinentes del caso.", "Artículo 10 – Obligación de revelar información", "[Artículo que solo se aplica a los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro]\n1. Un candidato o árbitro deberá revelar todas las circunstanciasque puedan dar lugar a dudas justificadas [, incluso desde el puntode vista de las partes litigantes,] acerca de su independencia oimparcialidad.\n 2. Entre la información que se revele, se incluirá la siguiente: \na) toda relación financiera, empresarial, profesional o personalque hayan mantenido en los últimos cinco años con:\ni) toda parte litigante o entidad que haya señalado una partelitigante;\nii) el letrado o los letrados patrocinantes de una parte litiganteen el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII;\niii) los otros árbitros y peritos que intervengan en el proceso quese entable en relación con una CII, y\niv) [toda entidad que, según haya señalado una parte litigante,tenga un interés directo o indirecto en el resultado del procesoque se entable en relación con una CII, incluido el tercero queaporte financiación];\n b) todo interés financiero o personal que tengan: \ni) en el resultado de un proceso que se entable en relación con unaCII;\nii) en todo otro proceso que se entable en relación con una CIIrelativo a la misma medida o medidas, y\niii) en todo otro proceso en que participe una de las parteslitigantes o una entidad que haya señalado una parte litigante;\nc) todo proceso que se entable en relación con una CII y procesosconexos en que el candidato o árbitro intervenga o haya intervenidoen los últimos cinco años como árbitro, letrado patrocinante operito, y\nd) todo nombramiento como árbitro, letrado patrocinante o peritohecho por una parte litigante o su letrado o letrados patrocinantesen un proceso que se entable en relación con una CII o cualquierotro proceso en los últimos cinco años.\n3. [A los fines de los párrafos 1 y 2,] un candidato o árbitro hará[esfuerzos razonables][todo lo posible] para tomar conocimiento deesas circunstancias [, intereses y relaciones].\n4. Un candidato o árbitro que albergue dudas sobre su obligación derevelar alguna información, deberá pecar de celo y revelarla.\n5. Un candidato o árbitro revelará la información utilizando elformulario que figura en el Anexo, antes de [aceptar su] sunombramiento o cuando [lo acepte] [se lo nombre], y laproporcionarán a las partes litigantes, a los demás decisores en elproceso que se entable en relación con una CII, a la instituciónadministradora y a cualquier otra persona a quien el reglamento oel tratado aplicables establezcan que deba proporcionarse.\n6. Un árbitro tendrá la obligación permanente de revelarinformación nueva o la información que llegue a su conocimiento enel futuro tan pronto como tome conocimiento de ella.\n7. El hecho de no revelar la información no constituirá en sí mismo[una falta de imparcialidad o independencia] [un incumplimiento delos artículos 3 a 6 del Código].\n8. Las partes litigantes podrán renunciar a su derecho a plantearuna objeción respecto de las circunstancias que se hubieranrevelado.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "58. El artículo 10 ha sido modificado para que se aplique solo a los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro. El Grupo de Trabajo quizás quiera confirmar en qué medida se aplicarían esos párrafos a los jueces y candidatos a jueces. Se presenta un cuadro comparativo como apéndice de la presente Nota para prestar asistencia al Grupo de Trabajo en su examen.", "59. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez desee abordar la relación que existe entre los dos criterios distintos que se utilizan en el párrafo 1, así como la posible incongruencia (entre la frase “que pueda dar lugar a dudas justificadas”, que figura, por ejemplo, en el artículo 11 del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI, y “desde el punto de vista de las partes litigantes”), dado que la utilización de dos criterios haría difícil que los árbitros y candidatos a árbitro entendieran hasta qué punto deberá hacerse esa revelación.", "60. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar la situación en que un árbitro no revelara una circunstancia en la creencia de que un tercero razonable no cuestionaría su independencia o imparcialidad por ese motivo, pero que una parte litigante sí considera que plantea dudas. También podría examinar la posibilidad de establecer como requisito el umbral más elevado, en vez de utilizar dos criterios.", "61. El Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría confirmar que existe la obligación de revelar la información que se enumera en el párrafo 2, aunque ello no pudiera exigirse en virtud del párrafo 1. En otras palabras, con independencia de que la información que se suministrara de conformidad con el párrafo 2 pudiera dar lugar a dudas justificadas acerca de la independencia o imparcialidad del árbitro, este tendría la obligación de revelar esa información. La cuestión podría tratarse con mayor detalle en el comentario.", "62. El Grupo de Trabajo podría evaluar si resulta apropiado hacer referencia a una “entidad que haya señalado una parte litigante” en los apartados a) i) y b) iii). En el comentario se podría explicar que la palabra “entidad” incluiría tanto a las personas jurídicas como a las físicas. En ese contexto, el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría considerar si la redacción del apartado a) iv) resulta adecuada.", "63. El Grupo de Trabajo podría eliminar las palabras enmarcadas entre corchetes que figuran al principio del párrafo 3, dado que la necesidad de realizar esfuerzos razonables o de hacer todo lo posible se aplica a todo el artículo y no se limita necesariamente a los párrafos 1 y 2. Asimismo, podría decidir si desea utilizar las palabras “esfuerzos razonables” o “hacer todo lo posible”. Por ejemplo, en el artículo 6, párrafo 1 c), se utilizan las palabras “hará todo lo posible para mantener y mejorar los conocimientos, las aptitudes y las cualidades necesarias para cumplir sus obligaciones”. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar también si la palabra “circunstancias” es suficientemente amplia para incluir la lista de elementos que se mencionan en el párrafo 2 (relaciones, intereses, procesos, nombramientos).", "64. El Grupo de Trabajo podría señalar que el párrafo 4 (el antiguo párrafo 5) fue cambiado de lugar y ubicado más cerca del párrafo 3, en razón de que ambos párrafos tratan de la forma en que un árbitro o candidato deberán revelar la información de conformidad con los párrafos 1 y 2.", "65. El Grupo de Trabajo podría añadir las palabras “aceptar su” en el párrafo 5, siguiendo la práctica del CIADI (véase el párr. 13 supra).", "66. El párrafo 7 tiene por finalidad aclarar que el incumplimiento de la obligación de revelar información de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 10 no significa necesariamente un incumplimiento de otras disposiciones del código, en particular la obligación de independencia e imparcialidad del artículo 3. El Grupo de Trabajo podría determinar qué redacción debería utilizarse, y si debería hacerse referencia a determinados artículos del código en particular.", "Artículo 11 – Cumplimiento del Código de Conducta", "1. Un decisor o un candidato tendrán la obligación de cumplir las disposiciones aplicables del presente Código.", "[2. Un candidato no aceptará un nombramiento y un decisor renunciará o se recusará a sí mismo de intervenir en el proceso que se entable en relación con una CII si no se encuentra en condiciones de cumplir las disposiciones aplicables del Código.]", "3. Todo procedimiento de recusación o remoción y toda sanción o medida establecidos en los reglamentos y los tratados aplicables [se aplicarán al Código] [se seguirán aplicando sin perjuicio de lo que establezca el Código].", "4. Un decisor deberá remover a todo asistente que no cumpla el presente Código.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "67. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar si es necesario mantener el párrafo 1. El párrafo 2 se añadió para destacar la forma en que los candidatos y decisores deberían actuar en caso de incumplimiento real o aparente. Aunque se trataría de una disposición de cumplimiento voluntario con respecto a la cual no podrían adoptarse medidas de conformidad con el código, el Grupo de Trabajo tal vez podría examinar si convendría conservar el texto y, en caso afirmativo, si sería necesarios conservar los párrafos 2 y 3 del artículo 6 (véase el párr. 40 supra).", "68. El Grupo de Trabajo podría evaluar si el párrafo 3 refleja el entendimiento del Grupo de Trabajo de que el procedimiento de recusación (y los criterios que deben cumplirse para solicitar esta) y toda otra medida prevista en los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables seguirían aplicándose al decisor. Por consiguiente, el incumplimiento de un artículo del código no constituiría en sí mismo un motivo para solicitar la recusación o la aplicación de alguna otra medida, lo que estaría establecido en los reglamentos o los tratados aplicables.", "69. El Grupo de Trabajo podría examinar si el párrafo 4 resulta apropiado, teniendo en cuenta que el código no contiene artículos que se apliquen específicamente a los asistentes. Además, podría analizar qué consecuencias tendría que el decisor incumpliera el párrafo 4.", "Anexo del Código – Formulario para realizar una declaración y revelar información", "Anexo del Código de Conducta", "Declaración, revelación de información e información de antecedentes", "1. Declaro haber leído y entendido el Código de Conducta adjunto y me comprometo a cumplirlo.", "2. A mi leal saber y entender, no hay razones por las cuales yo no debería actuar como [árbitro] [juez] en este proceso. Soy imparcial e independiente y no me encuentro afectado por ninguno de los impedimentos mencionados en el Código de Conducta.", "3. Adjunto mi currículum actualizado a esta declaración.", "4. En cumplimiento del artículo 10 del Código de Conducta, deseo revelar o proporcionar la siguiente información:", "[INSERTAR LO QUE SEA PERTINENTE]", "5. Confirmo que a partir de la fecha de la presente declaración, no tengo más circunstancias o información para revelar. Entiendo que tengo la obligación de revelar la información nueva o la información que llegue a mi conocimiento en el futuro tan pronto como tome conocimiento de ella.", "Nota para el Grupo de Trabajo", "70. El Grupo de Trabajo podría confirmar si desea que la siguiente declaración figure en el Anexo del Código.", "Apéndice – Obligación de revelar información para jueces y candidatos a juez", "Artículo 10 – Obligación derevelar información\t\nPara árbitros y candidatos aárbitro\tPara jueces y candidatos a juez\n1. Un candidato o árbitro deberárevelar todas las circunstanciasque puedan dar lugar a dudasjustificadas [, incluso desde elpunto de vista de las parteslitigantes,] acerca de suindependencia o imparcialidad.\t<Igual> excepto por las palabras“desde el punto de vista de laspartes litigantes” que no seríanaplicables a jueces ni acandidatos a juez2. Entre la información que serevele, se incluirá lasiguiente:a) toda relación financiera,empresarial, profesional opersonal que hayan mantenido enlos últimos cinco años con:i) toda parte litigante oentidad que haya señalado unaparte litigante;ii) el letrado o los letradospatrocinantes de una partelitigante en el proceso que seentable en relación con una CII;iii) los otros árbitros yperitos que intervengan en elproceso que se entable enrelación con una CII, yiv) [toda entidad que, segúnhaya señalado una partelitigante, tenga un interésdirecto o indirecto en elresultado del proceso que seentable en relación con una CII,incluido el tercero que aportefinanciación];\t* Un juez deberá revelar lasiguiente información:a) toda relación financiera,empresarial, profesional opersonal que haya mantenido enlos últimos cinco años con:i) toda parte litigante o entidadque haya señalado una partelitigante;ii) el letrado o los letradospatrocinantes de una partelitigante en el proceso que seentable en relación con una CII;iii) Peritos en el proceso que seentable en relación con una CII,yiv) [toda entidad que, según hayaseñalado una parte litigante,tenga un interés directo oindirecto en el resultado delproceso que se entable enrelación con una CII, incluido eltercero que aporte financiación];b) todo interés financiero opersonal que tenga: b) todo interés financiero opersonal que tengan:i) en el resultado de un procesoque se entable en relación conuna CII;ii) en todo otro proceso que seentable en relación con una CIIrelativo a la misma medida omedidas, y\ti) en el resultado de un procesoque se entable en relación conuna CII;ii) en todo otro proceso que seentable en relación con una CIIrelativo a la misma medida omedidas, yiii) [No se aplica] \niii) en todo otro proceso en queparticipe una de las parteslitigantes o una entidad quehaya señalado una partelitigante;\t\nc) todo proceso que se entableen relación con una CII yprocesos conexos en que elcandidato o árbitro intervenga ohaya intervenido en los últimoscinco años como árbitro, letradopatrocinante o perito, yd) todo nombramiento comoárbitro, letrado patrocinante operito hecho por una partelitigante o su letrado oletrados patrocinantes en unproceso que se entable enrelación con una CII o cualquierotro proceso en los últimoscinco años.\t*. Un candidato a juez deberárevelar la siguiente información:c) todo proceso que se entable enrelación con una CII y procesosconexos en que el candidatointervenga o haya intervenido enlos últimos cinco años comoárbitro, letrado patrocinante operito, yd) [No se aplica]3. [A los fines de los párrafos1 y 2, ] un candidato o árbitrohará [esfuerzos razonables][todolo posible] para tomarconocimiento de esascircunstancias [, intereses yrelaciones].\t<Igual> \n4. Un candidato o árbitro quealbergue dudas sobre suobligación de revelar algunainformación, deberá pecar decelo y revelarla.\t\n5. Un candidato o árbitrorevelará la informaciónutilizando el formulario quefigura en el Anexo, antes de sunombramiento o cuando se lonombre, y la proporcionarán alas partes litigantes, a losdemás decisores en el procesoque se entable en relación conuna CII, a la instituciónadministradora y a cualquierotra persona a quien elreglamento o el tratadoaplicables establezcan que debaproporcionarse.\t5. Un candidato revelará lainformación [utilizando elformulario que figura en elAnexo] al mecanismo permanenteantes de su confirmación comojuez o en el momento en que se loconfirme como tal.\n6. Un árbitro tendrá laobligación permanente de revelarinformación nueva o lainformación que llegue a suconocimiento en el futuro tanpronto como tome conocimiento deella.\t6. Un juez revelará lainformación [utilizando elformulario que figura en elAnexo] al [Presidente] delmecanismo permanente tan prontocomo tome conocimiento de lascircunstancias mencionadas en elpárrafo 1 y tendrá la obligaciónpermanente de revelar lainformación nueva o lainformación que llegue a suconocimiento en el futuro tanpronto como tome conocimiento deella.\n7. El hecho de no revelar lainformación no constituye en símismo [una falta deimparcialidad o independencia][un incumplimiento de losartículos 3 a 6 del Código].\t<Igual>\n8. Las partes litigantes podránrenunciar a su derecho aplantear una objeción respectode las circunstancias que sehubieran revelado.\t<No se aplica>", "[1] Las reuniones informales sobre el código de conducta tuvieron lugar el 18 de noviembre de 2020, los días 3, 4 y 8 de marzo de 2021; 7 a 10 de junio de 2021; 6 a 10 de diciembre de 2021; 20 de enero de 2022; 23 y 24 de marzo de 2022, y 7 a 10 de junio de 2022 (véase https://uncitral.un.org/es/codeofconduct). La finalidad de las reuniones fue presentar los proyectos de documento de trabajo sobre el código de conducta que habían preparado las secretarías para los períodos de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo III, a fin de apoyar a las secretarías en la preparación de los documentos de trabajo y a las delegaciones en la preparación de los períodos de sesiones. En esas reuniones no se adoptaron decisiones." ]
[ "United Nations Commission onInternational Trade Law Working Group III(Investor-State DisputeSettlement Reform) Forty-third session \n Vienna, 5–16 September 2022", "Possible reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS)", "Draft Code of Conduct", "Note by the Secretariat", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II. Draft 3 Code of \nConduct Article1– 3 \nDefinitions Article2– 4 Applicationof the \n Code Article3– 5 Independence and \nImpartiality Article4–Limiton 6 \nmultipleroles Article5– 8 \nDutyofdiligence Article6–[Integrity 8 and \ncompetence] \nArticle7–Expartecommunication 9Article8– 10 \nConfidentiality Article9– 11 Fees and \nexpenses Article10–Disclosure 12 \nobligations Article11–Compliance 14 with the \n Code Annex– 14 Declaration anddisclosure \n form", "I. Introduction", "1. The Working Group, at its thirty-seventh session in April 2019, requested the Secretariat to undertake preparatory work on a code of conduct jointly with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Secretariat. It was suggested that such work could cover how such a code could be implemented in the current ISDS regime and also in the context of a structural reform, and how obligations in such a code would be enforced, particularly when the function or term of an arbitrator or adjudicator was terminated (A/CN.9/970, para. 84).", "2. Based on the background information provided by the secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167), general support was expressed for developing a code of conduct at the thirty-eighth session in October 2019, during which the Working Group provided concrete instructions on how to progress the work (A/CN.9/1004^(*), paras. 67 to 77). While a draft code of conduct (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201) was prepared for the fortieth session of the Working Group in February 2021, deliberations were deferred to a future session due to the limited time available at that session (A/CN.9/1050, para. 116).", "3. At its forty-first session in November 2021, the Working Group considered articles 1 to 8 of the draft code of conduct based on a draft prepared by the secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209). The Working Group also had before it a note by the secretariats on means of implementation and enforcement (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208). Based on the deliberations at that session (A/CN.9/1086, paras. 17–143), a revised version of articles 1 to 8 were prepared and presented at the following session (A/CN.9/1092, annex).", "4. At the forty-second session in February 2022, the Working Group considered articles 9 to 11 of the code of conduct as contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209. While the Working Group was able to conduct a first reading of the code, it was not in a position to submit a draft for consideration by the Commission (A/CN.9/1092, paras. 79–130). Accordingly, the Working Group requested the secretariats to prepare a revised version of the code and the accompanying commentary for the following session scheduled in the second half of 2022 (A/CN.9/1092, para. 129).", "5. During the above-mentioned period and subsequent to the forty-second session, a number of informal meetings took place to consider the contents and the form of the code.[1] A series of meetings were held between the secretariats to ensure consistency in the text and to identify policy questions that need to be clarified by the Working Group.", "6. This note contains a revised version of the Code of Conduct for adjudicators in international investment dispute proceedings (hereinafter, the Code) prepared jointly by the secretariats of ICSID and UNCITRAL reflecting the decisions and deliberations of the Working Group at previous sessions. To assist the Working Group in its deliberations, each article is followed by a note identifying issues that require further consideration and decision by the Working Group.", "7. As the Working Group agreed to consider provisions applicable to arbitrators and judges in parallel (A/CN.9/1086, para. 27), the Code includes provisions for arbitrators as well as judges, while indicating, where necessary, that the article or the paragraphs therein apply only to arbitrators or only to judges. The Working Group may wish to consider how it wishes to present the Code to the Commission, including whether it should be structured differently. The Working Group may wish to ensure that the provisions in the Code are clear, which would allow potential adjudicators to clearly understand and comply with their obligations, particularly as they would have limited information about the disputing parties and the dispute.", "8. The Working Group may wish to note that the commentary to the Code (the “Commentary”) is under preparation by the secretariats with the aim to clarify the content of each article, to discuss practical implications, and to provide examples (A/CN.9/1086, para. 20).", "9. The Working Group may wish to consider means of implementation and enforcement of the Code as contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208. The Working Group may wish to also consider how the Code could be implemented by other arbitral institutions administering ISDS cases.", "II. Draft Code of Conduct", "Article 1 – Definitions", "For the purposes of the Code: \n(a) “International Investment Dispute” (IID) means a disputebetween an investor and a State or a Regional Economic IntegrationOrganization (REIO) [or any constituent subdivision or agency of aState or a REIO] submitted for resolution pursuant to: (i) a treatyproviding for the protection of investments or investors;(ii) legislation governing foreign investments; or (iii) aninvestment contract;\n(b) “Arbitrator” means a person who is a member of an arbitraltribunal or an ICSID ad hoc Committee who is appointed to resolvean IID;\n(c) “Judge” means a person who is a member of a standing mechanismfor the resolution of an IID;\n (d) “Adjudicator” means an Arbitrator or a Judge; \n(e) “Candidate” means a person who has been contacted regardingpotential appointment as an Arbitrator, but who has not yet [beenappointed] [accepted the appointment], or a person who is underconsideration for appointment as a Judge, but who has not yet beenconfirmed in such role; and\n(f) “Assistant” means a person working under the direction andcontrol of an Adjudicator to assist with case-specific tasks [, asagreed with the disputing parties];\n(g) “Ex parte communication” means any communication by a Candidateor an Adjudicator with a disputing party, its legal representative,affiliate, subsidiary or other related person concerning the IID,without the presence or knowledge of the other disputing party orparties.", "Note to the Working Group", "10. The order of the definitions has been revised to enhance coherence and consistency. The definition of ex parte communication has been included in the article, while it previously appeared in article 7 (see para. 41 below).", "11. The words “for resolution” have been inserted after the words “submitted” in subparagraph (a) to indicate the purpose of the submission. To ensure consistency, subparagraph (c) also refers to the “resolution” of the IID instead of its “settlement”.", "12. The terms “arbitrator” and “judge” are defined in article 1 as those who are current members of an arbitral tribunal or a standing mechanism. Therefore, it might not be necessary to include a specific temporal scope of their respective obligations in the following articles of the Code. Such phrases have been placed within square brackets or deleted in the respective articles for consideration by the Working Group (for example, articles 3(1), 7 and 10, see paras. 20 and 42 below).", "13. With respect to subparagraph (e), the Working Group may wish to note that in the ICSID context, a person does not become a member of an arbitral tribunal until he or she accepts the appointment and that acceptance has been notified by ICSID. To allow for such practice, the Working Group may wish to replace the words “who has not yet been appointed” with the words “who has not yet accepted the appointment” (see para. 65 below).", "14. With regard to subparagraph (f), the Commentary could explain that the usual practice is that the disputing parties are consulted about the identity of the assistant and the tasks to be performed by the assistant. Therefore, the Working Group may wish to consider whether it would be necessary to retain the phrase “as agreed with the disputing parties” in the definition.", "Article 2 – Application of the Code", "1. The Code applies to [an Adjudicator or a Candidate in] an IIDproceeding. The Code may be applied in any other dispute byagreement of the disputing parties.\n2. If the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is basedcontains provisions on the conduct of an Adjudicator or a Candidatein an IID proceeding, the Code shall [be construed ascomplementing] [complement] such provisions. In the event of anyinconsistency between the Code and such provisions, the lattershall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.\n3. An Adjudicator shall take all reasonable steps to ensure thathis or her Assistant is aware of and complies with the Code,including by requiring the Assistant to sign a declaration that heor she has read and will comply with the Code.", "Note to the Working Group", "15. As the Code is to apply to individuals involved in the resolution of IIDs and not to the IID itself, the Working Group may wish to insert the words “an Adjudicator or a Candidate” in paragraph 1. Paragraph 1 has been split into two sentences, with the second sentence aiming to reflect the understanding of the Working Group that it would be possible for the disputing parties to agree on the application of the Code to any other types of disputes, including between States.", "16. The first sentence of paragraph 2 has been simplified by referring to “provisions on the conduct of an Adjudicator or a Candidate” instead of “provisions on ethics or a code of conduct for Adjudicators or Candidates”. This is because the term “ethics” might be unclear and the use of the word “code” with the word “the Code” in the same sentence might be confusing. The second sentence has also been simplified to refer to “any inconsistency between the Code and such provisions” rather than “an inconsistency between an obligation of the Code and an obligation in the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based”.", "17. The Working Group may wish to note that whereas paragraph 2 refers to “the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based”, other articles of the Code make reference to “the applicable rules or treaty” (for example, articles 7 to 11). Considering that there may be an overlap between the two notions, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the current distinction is appropriate and whether it would be sufficient to address the relationship in the Commentary.", "18. The Working Group may wish to consider how best to express the complementary nature of the Code as the words “shall be construed as complementing” in paragraph 2 might be understood as merely providing guidance on interpretation. Another option would be to retain only the second sentence of paragraph 2 for the purposes of indicating the rule on which provision shall prevail in case of any inconsistency.", "19. With regard to the application of the Code, the Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the disputing parties would be able to exclude or vary the provisions of the Code (see paras. 24–26 below).", "Article 3 – Independence and Impartiality", "1. An Adjudicator shall be independent and impartial [at the timeof acceptance of appointment or confirmation and shall remain sountil the conclusion of the IID proceeding or until the end of hisor her term of office].\n 2. Paragraph 1 includes the obligation not to: \n(a) Be influenced by loyalty to a disputing party, a non-disputingparty, anon-disputing Treaty Party, or any of their legal representatives;\n(b) Take instruction from any organization, government, orindividual regarding any matter addressed in the IID proceeding;\n(c) Allow any past or present financial, business, professional orpersonal relationship to influence his or her conduct [orjudgment];\n(d) Use his or her position to advance [any significant] [a]financial or personal interest he or she might have in one of thedisputing parties or in the outcome of the IID proceeding;\n(e) Assume a function or accept a benefit that would interfere withthe performance of his or her duties; or\n(f) Take any action that creates the appearance of a lack ofindependence or impartiality.", "Note to the Working Group", "20. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the temporal scope provided for in paragraph 1 (the square bracketed language) is necessary considering the definition of “arbitrator” and “judge” in article 1. The retention of the phrase in square brackets may raise issues, particularly with regard to the “conclusion” of the IID proceeding, which would differ depending on the case at hand (see para. 28 below). For example, questions might arise whether an arbitrator who has resigned or has been disqualified would continue to be bound by article 3 if the IID proceedings were to continue.", "21. With regard to subparagraph (a), the Working Group may wish to provide guidance on the meaning of the term “loyalty” and from whose perspective loyalty should be assessed, both of which could be elaborated in the Commentary.", "22. With regard to subparagraph (c), the Working Group may wish to delete the phrase “or judgment” as that would likely be covered by the word “conduct”. In order to align the drafting with that of subparagraph (a), the Working Group may also wish to consider modifying subparagraph (c) as follows: “Be influenced by any past or present financial, business, professional or personal relationship”.", "23. With regard to subparagraph (d), the Working Group may wish to consider replacing the words “any significant” with the word “a”. This is because it is the fact that the position is used to advance financial or personal interest that is problematic rather than the extent or level of the interest sought. The Commentary could, however, elaborate that where the interest unintentionally gained by the adjudicator was trivial or de minimis, it would not necessarily amount to a breach of subparagraph (d).", "Article 4 – Limit on multiple roles", "[Paragraphs applicable to Arbitrators only] \n1. Unless the disputing parties agree otherwise, an Arbitratorshall not act concurrently [and within a period of three yearsfollowing the conclusion of the IID proceeding,] as a legalrepresentative or an expert witness in another IID proceeding [orany other proceeding] involving:\n (a) The same measure(s); \n (b) The same or related party(parties); or \n (c) The same provision(s) of the same treaty. \n2. [Unless the disputing parties agree otherwise,] an Arbitratorshall not act concurrently [and within a period of three yearsfollowing the conclusion of the IID proceeding] as a legalrepresentative or an expert witness in another IID proceeding [orany other proceeding] involving legal issues which aresubstantially so similar that accepting such a role would be inbreach of article 3.\n [Paragraphs applicable to Judges only] \n3. A Judge shall not exercise any political or administrativefunction. He or she shall not engage in any other occupation of aprofessional nature which is incompatible with his or herobligation of independence or impartiality, or with the demands of[a full-time] [term of] office. In particular, a Judge shall notact as a legal representative or expert witness in another IIDproceeding.\n4. A Judge shall declare any other function or occupation to the[President] of the standing mechanism. Any question [on theapplication of] [regarding] paragraph 3 shall be settled by thedecision of the standing mechanism.\n5. A former Judge shall not become involved in any manner in an IIDproceeding before the standing mechanism, which was pending, orwhich he or she had dealt with, before the end of his or her termof office.\n6. A former Judge shall not act as a legal representative of adisputing party or [third][non-disputing] party [in any capacity]in an IID proceeding initiated after his or her term of officebefore the standing mechanism for a period of three years followingthe end of his or her term of office.", "Note to the Working Group", "Derogation and modification by the disputing parties", "24. With regard to the phrase “unless the disputing parties agree otherwise” in paragraph 1, the Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the disputing parties may waive the application of paragraph 1. A related question would be whether the same phrase should be replicated in paragraph 2 or whether the obligation in that paragraph is one that cannot be waived by the disputing parties. With regard to paragraph 2, the Working Group may wish to confirm that it would be the arbitrator that would need to determine whether the legal issues are substantially so similar.", "25. The Working Group may wish to consider further whether the disputing parties are free to agree to deviate from other articles of the Code. If so, one approach could be to revise article 2(1) as follows: “The Code applies to an Adjudicator or a Candidate in an IID proceeding subject to any modifications as the disputing parties may agree.” Another approach would be to include a paragraph in article 2 or 11 stating: “The disputing parties may agree to exclude the application of the Code or derogate from or vary the effect of its provisions”. This would avoid the need to repeat the phrase “unless the disputing parties agree otherwise” in the relevant articles.", "26. However, the ability of the disputing parties to derogate and modify the application of the Code might need to be restricted with regard to certain articles (for example, article 3) and may be further restricted if the instrument upon which consent to adjudicate is based (for example, a treaty) provides so in accordance with article 2(2). Furthermore, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the disputing parties would be able to exclude or modify the application of the Code in the context of a standing mechanism.", "Temporal scope of the limitation", "27. The Working Group may wish to consider whether to retain the three-year period as provided for in square brackets in paragraphs 1 and 2, or any other period of time following the IID proceeding.", "28. If the Working Group were to retain such a period of time, it would be necessary to clarify when that period commences. This is because the “conclusion of the IID proceeding” referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 could differ depending on the circumstances of the case, thus making it difficult to implement.", "29. Article 4 would be an instance where the obligation of an adjudicator extends beyond his or her term (similar to article 8 on confidentiality). In other words, the article would aim to regulate the conduct of a former adjudicator. The Working Group may wish to consider this issue in light of the definition of “arbitrator” and “judge” in article 1 and the scope of application in article 2(1) (see paras. 12 and 20 above).", "30. The Working Group may wish to also consider how article 4 would apply to an arbitrator who had been disqualified or had resigned from an IID proceeding. Such an individual would no longer be subject to the concurrent limitation in article 4 as he or she is no longer an Arbitrator in accordance with article 1(b). On the other hand, imposing the three-year limitation “following” the conclusion of the IID proceeding might inadvertently result in the individual being able to freely act as a legal representative or an expert witness until the conclusion of that proceeding and the limitation commencing only after the proceeding. As article 4 limits the participation in “another” IID proceeding, it may also be possible for the arbitrator who had been disqualified or had resigned to act as a legal representative or an expert witness in the same IID proceeding.", "31. Accordingly, the Working Group may wish to clarify the extent to which the Code should regulate the conduct of former adjudicators. One way to do so would be to use the formulation in paragraphs 5 and 6 (“former” judge) and refer also to “former” arbitrator in the context of paragraphs 1 and 2. In any case, the Working Group may wish to provide guidance on how any remedy can be enforced on an individual who is no longer an “Adjudicator” within the meaning of the Code as well as the relationship between articles 3 and 4.", "Other issues", "32. While a suggestion had been made to include the words “a Judge” before the words “a legal representative” in paragraphs 1 and 2, both paragraphs aim to regulate the practice of double-hatting, where one individual functions both in an advocacy role and an adjudicatory role. Therefore, the paragraphs would not aim to prevent an arbitrator from taking another case as an adjudicator. Instead, whether an arbitrator can act concurrently as a judge would likely be regulated by the terms of office of the judge. The Working Group may wish to confirm this understanding and consider whether an additional paragraph should be included in article 4 preventing a judge from acting as an arbitrator, which would have the same effect.", "33. With regard to subparagraph 1(c), the Working Group may wish to consider the effect such regulation could have with regard to multilateral treaties (for example, the Energy Charter Treaty).", "34. The Working Group may wish to consider providing guidance as to the meaning and scope of the term “same” that is used throughout subparagraphs 1 (a) to (c), as the factors for identification might differ between “measures”, “parties” and “provisions”.", "Article 5 – Duty of diligence", "[Paragraph applicable to Arbitrators only] \n 1. An Arbitrator shall: \n(a) Perform his or her duties diligently throughout the IIDproceeding;\n (b) Devote sufficient time to the IID proceeding; \n (c) Render all decisions in a timely manner; \n[(d) Refuse concurrent obligations that may impede his or herability to perform the duties under the IID proceeding in adiligent manner;] and\n (e) Not delegate his or her decision-making function. \n [Paragraph applicable to Judges only] \n2. A Judge shall perform the duties of his or her office diligentlyconsistent with the terms of office.", "Note to the Working Group", "35. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (d) could be deleted as it would be covered by subparagraph (a) or retained as a separate paragraph in order to make the obligation explicit. If subparagraph (d) is deleted, the Commentary could explain that under subparagraph (a), an arbitrator shall refuse such concurrent obligations.", "36. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (e) might be placed in article 6 as the obligation to not delegate decision-making function would fit better as an obligation of integrity. This could be further elaborated in the Commentary.", "37. The Working Group may wish to further confirm that a breach of the obligations in articles 5 and 6 could be presented as a fact when a disputing party asserts that the obligation of independence or impartiality in article 3 had been breached.", "Article 6 – [Integrity and competence]", "1. An Adjudicator shall: \n(a) Conduct the IID proceedings in accordance with high standardsof integrity, fairness[, civility] and competence;\n (b) Treat all participants in the IID proceeding with civility; and\n(c) Make best efforts to maintain and enhance the knowledge, skillsand qualities necessary to perform his or her duties.\n [Paragraph applicable to Arbitrator candidates only] \n2. A Candidate shall accept an appointment only if he or she hasthe necessary competence and skills, and is available to performthe duties of an Arbitrator.\n [Paragraph applicable to Judge candidates only] \n3. A Candidate shall possess the necessary competence and skills toperform the duties of a Judge.", "Note to the Working Group", "38. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the proposed heading of article 6, “Integrity and competence” is adequate as a replacement for the previous heading “Other duties”.", "39. The Working Group may wish to consider whether subparagraph (b) is necessary if the additional wording in square brackets were to be inserted in subparagraph (a).", "40. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraphs 2 and 3 would need to be retained in article 6 considering that paragraph 2 requires the Arbitrator candidate to make a self-judgment on his or her competence and skills, and that the necessary competence and skills of a Judge candidate would likely be assessed in the selection phase. The Working Group may wish to consider this question in conjunction with the question on whether to include article 11(2) in the Code (see para. 67 below).", "Article 7 – Ex parte communication", "[Paragraphs applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidatesonly]\n 1. Ex parte communication is prohibited except: \n(a) To determine the Candidate’s expertise, experience, competence,skills, availability, and the existence of any potential conflictsof interest;\n(b) To determine the expertise, experience, competence, skills,availability, and the existence of any potential conflicts ofinterest of a Candidate for presiding Arbitrator, if the disputingparties so agree;\n(c) If permitted by the applicable rules or treaty or by agreementof the disputing parties.\n2. In any case, ex parte communication shall not address anyprocedural or substantive issue relating to the IID proceeding orthose that a Candidate or an Arbitrator can reasonably anticipatewill arise in the IID proceeding.\n [Paragraph applicable to Judges and Judge candidates only] \n 3. Ex parte communication is prohibited.", "Note to the Working Group", "41. Article 7 has been revised to clarify the default rule regarding ex parte communication as well as the exceptions thereto. The definition of “ex parte communication” is now provided in article 1(g) and has been slightly redrafted to read: “Ex parte communication means any communication by a Candidate or an Adjudicator with a disputing party, its legal representative, affiliate, subsidiary or other related person concerning the IID, without the presence or knowledge of the other disputing party or parties.”", "42. While the previous version of article 7 had a temporal scope on when ex parte communication would be prohibited (“prior to the initiation of the IID proceeding and until the conclusion thereof”), that phrase had been deleted considering the definition of the terms “candidate”, “arbitrator” and “judge” (see para. 12 above). The deletion of that phrase would also avoid needing to make a reference to the “conclusion” of the IID proceeding, which posed some concerns (see paras. 20 and 27–31 above).", "43. The Working Group may wish to confirm that it would be possible for an arbitrator who had rendered the award or had been disqualified to engage with the parties as they would no longer be bound by article 7. Otherwise, it would be necessary to stipulate a time period during which ex parte communication would be prohibited similar to article 4.", "44. The Working Group may wish to confirm that subparagraph 1(b) would allow an arbitrator appointed by a disputing party (or an arbitrator candidate to be appointed by a disputing party) to discuss with the disputing party or its legal representative the qualifications of a potential candidate for the presiding arbitrator. Yet this would be subject to the agreement of the other disputing party that this can be done. However, if the condition (the disputing parties so agree) is met, such a discussion might not fall under the definition of ex parte communication as the other disputing party would be aware of the communication.", "45. The Working Group may wish to confirm that a complete prohibition of ex parte communication for Judges and Judge candidates as provided in paragraph 3 is appropriate.", "Article 8 – Confidentiality", "1. A Candidate and an Adjudicator shall not disclose or use anyinformation concerning, or acquired in connection with, an IIDproceeding unless:\n(a) The information is publicly available [in accordance with theapplicable rules or treaty,]; or\n(b) Permitted under the applicable rules or treaty or by agreementof the disputing parties.\n2. An Adjudicator shall not disclose the contents of thedeliberations in the IID proceeding [or any view expressed duringthe deliberation].\n3. An Adjudicator shall not comment on a decision in the IIDproceeding [unless it is publicly available].\n4. An Adjudicator shall not disclose any draft decision in the IIDproceeding.\n5. The obligations in this article shall survive the IID proceeding[and continue to apply indefinitely].\n6. The obligations in this article shall not apply to the extentthat a Candidate or Adjudicator is legally compelled to disclosethe information in a court or other competent body or needs todisclose such information to protect his or her rights in a courtor other competent body.", "Note to the Working Group", "46. Paragraph 1 has been revised to provide a clearer rule on the exceptions to the obligation of confidentiality. The words “except for the purposes of that proceeding” have been deleted as the article does not intend to regulate such disclosure, which are inherently allowed. The Commentary could further elaborate on this point. It should be noted that if that phrase is re-introduced in paragraph 1, it would also need to be replicated in the other paragraphs.", "47. The Working Group may wish to consider the extent to which the information being “publicly available” would form an exception in subparagraph 1(a). The square bracketed language suggests that only when the information is publicly available in accordance with the applicable rules or treaty, the non-disclosure obligation in paragraph 1 would be lifted. In other words, if the information is available to the public de facto (for example, it was leaked in violation of the applicable rules or treaty or was posted on a public website by a third party), this would not fall under the exception in subparagraph 1(a). The Working Group may wish to confirm this understanding.", "48. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the exception in subparagraph 1(b) should also apply to paragraphs 2 to 4. If so, it might be preferable to provide for a general exception similar to paragraph 6 along the following lines: “The obligations in this article shall not apply to the extent permitted under the applicable rules or treaty or by agreement of the disputing parties.”", "49. The Working Group may wish to delete the words “or any view expressed during the deliberation” in paragraph 2, as such views would form part of the “contents” of the deliberation.", "50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 have been revised in light of the fact that whether or not the adjudicator has participated or taken part in the rendering of the decision is not a factor to be considered when imposing the obligation. Therefore, the words “in which they participated” in paragraph 3 and “prior to rendering it and any decision they have rendered” in paragraph 4 have been deleted.", "51. With regard to paragraph 3 addressing the obligation to not comment on a decision, the Working Group may wish to consider: (i) whether the obligations should be limited to “prior to the conclusion of the IID proceeding” which would allow the adjudicator to comment on a decision after the proceeding; and (ii) whether the decision being publicly available (currently in square brackets) should be an element to be taken into account. With regard to the latter, if the words “unless it is publicly available” were to be retained, the formulation in paragraph 1(a) should be used (see para. 47 above).", "52. Considering that a “draft decision” referred to in paragraph 4 falls under “any information concerning, or acquired in connection with, an IID proceeding” referred to in paragraph 1, the Working Group may wish to consider deleting the paragraph leaving it to the Commentary to explain this aspect.", "53. Paragraph 5 has been revised to avoid referring to the “conclusion” of the proceedings (see paras. 20 and 30 above). The Working Group may wish to delete the words in square brackets “and continue to apply indefinitely” as they might be redundant. The Working Group may wish to consider how the obligation in paragraph 5 would be enforced as the individual would not be subject to the Code following the IID proceeding (see paras. 30–31 above).", "Article 9 – Fees and expenses", "[Article applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator Candidates only] \n1. Any proposal concerning fees and expenses shall be communicatedto the disputing parties through the institution administering theproceeding. If there is no administering institution, such proposalshall be communicated by the sole or presiding Arbitrator.\n2. [Unless the applicable rules or treaty provide otherwise,] aCandidate or an Arbitrator shall conclude any discussion concerningfees and expenses with the disputing parties before [or immediatelyupon] the constitution of the arbitral tribunal.\n3. An Arbitrator shall conclude any discussion concerning the feesand expenses of an Assistant with the disputing parties prior toengaging any Assistant.\n4. An Arbitrator shall keep an accurate record of his or her timeand expenses attributable to the IID proceeding and ensure that anAssistant also keeps an accurate record of the time and expense.\n5. An Arbitrator shall make such records available when requestingthe disbursement of funds or upon the request of a disputing party.", "Note to the Working Group", "54. Article 9 has been restructured to set out the process of determining the fees and expenses in the sequence they usually occur. The Working Group may wish to first confirm that the order of the paragraphs is adequate and that it would only be applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates.", "55. The Working Group may wish to confirm that paragraph 2 reflects best practice – that it would be ideal if the discussions concerning fees and expenses are not only conducted but also concluded prior to the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. If so, the Working Group may wish to consider deleting the square bracketed language “or immediately upon”. The Commentary could, however, explain that such discussions could take place immediately upon the constitution, for example, at the first procedural meeting.", "56. With regard to paragraph 4, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the responsibility to keep an accurate record of time and expenses spent by any assistant lies with the arbitrator or the assistant. In any case, the arbitrator should put in place a mechanism to ensure that an assistant does so. This could be explained in the Commentary.", "57. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the reasonableness of fees should be addressed in the Code or in the Commentary, as this would be reflective of best practice. For instance, it is addressed in article 41(1) of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The Commentary could explain that the reasonableness of fees and expenses would depend on the amount in dispute, the complexity of the subject-matter, the time spent by arbitrators and any other relevant circumstances of the case.", "Article 10 – Disclosure obligations", "[Article applicable to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates only] \n1. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall disclose any circumstanceslikely to give rise to justifiable doubts [, including in the eyesof the disputing parties,] as to his or her independence orimpartiality.\n 2. The following information shall be included in the disclosure: \n(a) Any financial, business, professional, or personal relationshipin the past five years with:\n(i) Any disputing party or an entity identified by a disputingparty;\n(ii) The legal representative(s) of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding;\n(iii) Other Arbitrators and expert witnesses in the IID proceeding;and\n(iv) [Any entity identified by a disputing party as having a director indirect interest in the outcome of the IID proceeding,including a third-party funder];\n (b) Any financial or personal interest in: \n (i) The outcome of the IID proceeding; \n (ii) Any other IID proceeding involving the same measure(s); and \n(iii) Any other proceeding involving a disputing party or an entityidentified by a disputing party;\n(c) All IID and related proceedings in which the Candidate or theArbitrator is currently or has been involved in the past five yearsas an Arbitrator, a legal representative or an expert witness; and\n(d) Any appointment as an Arbitrator, a legal representative, or anexpert witness by a disputing party or its legal representative(s)in an IID or any other proceeding in the past five years.\n3. [For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2,] A Candidate and anArbitrator shall make [reasonable][best] efforts to become aware ofsuch circumstances [, interests, and relationships].\n4. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall err in favour of disclosureif they have any doubt as to whether a disclosure shall be made.\n5. A Candidate and an Arbitrator shall make the disclosure usingthe form in the annex prior to or upon [acceptance of the]appointment to the disputing parties, other Adjudicators in the IIDproceeding, any administering institution and any other personsprescribed by the applicable rules or treaty.\n6. An Arbitrator shall have a continuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new or newly discovered information as soon ashe or she becomes aware of such information.\n7. The fact of non-disclosure does not in itself establish [a lackof impartiality or independence] [a breach of article 3 to 6 of theCode].\n8. The disputing parties may waive their respective rights to raisean objection with respect to circumstances that were disclosed.", "Note to the Working Group", "58. Article 10 has been revised to apply only to Arbitrators and Arbitrator candidates. The Working Group may wish to confirm the extent to which the paragraphs would apply to Judges and Judge candidates. A comparative table is provided as an appendix to this Note to assist the Working Group’s consideration.", "59. The Working Group may wish to address the relationship between the two different standards in paragraph 1 and the possible inconsistency (“likely to give rise to justifiable doubts”, provided, for instance, in article 11 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and “in the eyes of the disputing parties”), which would make it difficult for arbitrators and arbitrator candidates to understand the extent to which disclosure shall be made.", "60. The Working Group may wish to consider a situation where the arbitrator did not disclose a circumstance with the belief that a reasonable third person would not question his or her independence or impartiality based on that circumstance, but a disputing party considers it as raising doubts. The Working Group may wish to consider specifying the highest threshold rather than incorporating two standards.", "61. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the information listed in paragraph 2 needs to be disclosed even if it is not so required under paragraph 1. In other words, regardless of whether the information to be provided in accordance with paragraph 2 is likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s independence or impartiality, the arbitrator would be required to disclose such information. This can be further elaborated in the Commentary.", "62. The Working Group may wish to consider whether the reference to “an entity identified by a disputing party” in subparagraphs (a)(i) and (b)(iii) is appropriate. The Commentary could explain that the word “entity” would cover both legal and natural persons. In that context, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the formulation in subparagraph (a)(iv) is appropriate.", "63. The Working Group may wish to delete the words in square brackets at the beginning of paragraph 3 as the need to make reasonable/best efforts applies throughout the article and is not necessarily limited to paragraphs 1 and 2. The Working Group may wish to decide whether to use the term “reasonable” or “best”. For reference, article 6(1)(c) refers to “best efforts to maintain and enhance the knowledge, skills and qualities necessary to perform his or her duties”. The Working Group may wish to also consider whether the word “circumstance” is broad enough to cover the list of items mentioned in paragraph 2 (relationship, interests, proceedings, appointment).", "64. The Working Group may wish to note that paragraph 4 (formerly numbered paragraph 5) was moved and placed closer to paragraph 3, as both paragraphs deal with the manner in which an arbitrator or a candidate shall make the disclosure in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2.", "65. The Working Group may wish to insert the words “acceptance of the” in paragraph 5 in light of the ICSID practice (see para. 13 above).", "66. Paragraph 7 aims to clarify that non-compliance with the disclosure requirements in article 10 does not necessarily amount to a breach of other provisions in the Code, in particular with regard to the obligation of independence and impartiality in article 3. The Working Group may wish to determine which formulation is to be used, including whether to refer to specific articles of the Code.", "Article 11 – Compliance with the Code", "1. An Adjudicator and a Candidate shall comply with the applicableprovisions of the Code.\n[2. A Candidate shall not accept an appointment and an Adjudicatorshall resign or recuse him/herself from the IID proceeding if he orshe is not in a position to comply with the applicable provisionsof the Code.]\n3. Any disqualification and removal procedure, or any sanction andremedy, provided for in the applicable rules or treaty shall [applyto the Code] [continue to apply irrespective of the Code].\n4. An Adjudicator shall remove an Assistant who is in breach of theCode.", "Note to the Working Group", "67. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 1 is necessary. Paragraph 2 was added to highlight how candidates and adjudicators should act in the case of non-compliance or the likeliness of non-compliance. While it would be a voluntary obligation that would not be subject to any remedy under the Code, the Working Group may wish to consider whether to retain the text and if so, whether articles 6(2) and (3) are necessary (see para. 40 above).", "68. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 3 captures the understanding of the Working Group that any challenge procedure (including standards for challenge) or any remedy provided for in the applicable rules or treaty would continue to apply to the adjudicator. Accordingly, non-compliance with an article of the Code would not in itself form the basis for such challenge or remedy, which would be provided for in the applicable rules or treaty.", "69. The Working Group may wish to consider whether paragraph 4 is appropriate considering that the Code does not contain specific articles applicable to assistants. In addition, the Working Group may wish to consider what would be the consequences of adjudicator’s non-compliance with paragraph 4.", "Annex to the Code of Conduct – Declaration and disclosure form", "Annex to the Code of Conduct \n Declaration, Disclosure and Background Information \n1. I acknowledge that I have read and understood the attached Codeof Conduct and I undertake to comply with it.\n2. To the best of my knowledge, there is no reason why I should notserve as [Arbitrator][Judge] in this proceeding. I am impartial andindependent and have no impediment arising from the Code ofConduct.\n 3. I attach my current curriculum vitae to this declaration. \n4. In accordance with Article 10 of the Code of Conduct, I wish tomake the following disclosure and provide the followinginformation:\n [INSERT AS RELEVANT] \n5. I confirm that as of the date of this declaration, I have nofurther circumstance or information to disclose. I understand thatI shall make further disclosures based on new or newly discoveredinformation as soon as I become aware of such information.", "Note to the Working Group", "70. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the following declaration would be presented in the Annex to the Code.", "Appendix – Disclosure obligation for Judges and Judge candidates", "Article 10 – Disclosureobligation\t\nFor Arbitrators and Arbitratorcandidates\tFor Judges and Judge candidates\n1. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall disclose any circumstanceslikely to give rise tojustifiable doubts [, includingin the eyes of the disputingparties,] as to his or herindependence or impartiality.\t<Same> except for the clause “inthe eyes of the disputingparties” which would not beapplicable to Judges and Judgecandidates2. The following informationshall be included in thedisclosure:\t* A Judge shall include thefollowing information in thedisclosure: (a) Any financial, business,professional, or personalrelationship in the past fiveyears with:\t(a) Any financial, business,professional, or personalrelationship in the past fiveyears with: (i) Any disputing party or anentity identified by a disputingparty;\t(i) Any disputing party or anentity identified by a disputingparty; (ii) The legal representative(s)of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding;\t(ii) The legal representative(s)of a disputing party in the IIDproceeding; \n(iii) Other Arbitrators andexpert witnesses in the IIDproceeding; and(iv) [Any entity identified by adisputing party as having adirect or indirect interest inthe outcome of the IIDproceeding, including athird-party funder];(b) Any financial or personalinterest in:(i) The outcome of the IIDproceeding;\t(iii) Expert witnesses in the IIDproceeding; and(iv) [Any entity identified by adisputing party as having adirect or indirect interest inthe outcome of the IIDproceeding, including athird-party funder];(b) Any financial or personalinterest in:(i) The outcome of the IIDproceeding;(ii) Any other IID proceedinginvolving the same measure(s);and\t(ii) Any other IID proceedinginvolving the same measure(s);and \n(iii) Any other proceedinginvolving a disputing party oran entity identified by adisputing party;\t(iii) [Does not apply]\n(c) All IID and relatedproceedings in which theCandidate or the Arbitrator iscurrently or has been involvedin the past five years as anArbitrator, a legalrepresentative or an expertwitness; and(d) Any appointment as anArbitrator, a legalrepresentative, or an expertwitness by a disputing party orits legal representative(s) inan IID or any other proceedingin the past five years.\t* A Judge candidate shall includethe following information in thedisclosure:(c) All IID and relatedproceedings in which theCandidate is currently or hasbeen involved in the past fiveyears as an Arbitrator, a legalrepresentative or an expertwitness; and(d) [Does not apply]\n3. [For the purposes ofparagraphs 1 and 2,] A Candidateand an Arbitrator shall make[reasonable][best] efforts tobecome aware of suchcircumstances[, interests, andrelationships].\t<Same>\n4. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall err in favour ofdisclosure if they have anydoubt as to whether a disclosureshall be made.\t\n5. A Candidate and an Arbitratorshall make the disclosure usingthe form in the Annex prior toor upon appointment to thedisputing parties, otherAdjudicators in the IIDproceeding, any administeringinstitution and any otherpersons prescribed by theapplicable rules or treaty.\t5. A Candidate shall make thedisclosure [using the form in theAnnex] to the standing mechanismprior to or upon confirmation asa Judge.\n6. An Arbitrator shall have acontinuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new ornewly discovered information assoon as he or she becomes awareof such information.\t6. A Judge shall make thedisclosure [using the form in theAnnex] to [the President] of thestanding mechanism as soon as heor she becomes aware of thecircumstances mentioned inparagraph 1 and shall have acontinuing duty to make furtherdisclosures based on new or newlydiscovered information as soon ashe or she becomes aware of suchinformation.\n7. The fact of non-disclosuredoes not in itself establish [alack of impartiality orindependence] [a breach ofarticle 3 to 6 of the Code].\t<Same>\n8. The disputing parties maywaive their respective rights toraise an objection with respectto circumstances that weredisclosed.\t<Does not apply>", "[1] Informal meetings on the code of conduct took place on 18 November 2020, 3–4 and 8 March 2021, 7–10 June 2021, 6–10 December 2021, 20 January 2022, 23–24 March 2022 and 7–10 June 2022 (see https://uncitral.un.org/en/codeofconduct). The purpose of the meetings was to present the draft working papers on the code of conduct prepared by the secretariats for the sessions of Working Group III, to support the secretariats in the preparation of the working papers, and to support delegations in their preparation for the sessions. No decisions were taken at those meetings." ]
A_CN.9_WG.III_WP.216
[ "United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Working Group III (Reformal System for Dispute Settlement between Investors and States) 43rd Session Vienna, 5-16 September 2022", "Possible reform of the investor-State dispute resolution system (SCIE)", "Draft code of conduct", "Note by the Secretariat", "Contents", "Page I.Introduction 2II.Project 3 of code of conduct Article1–3 Definitions Article2–Application 4 of the Code Article3–Independenceeimparciality 5Article4– Limit 6 with respect to themultiplicity offunctions Article5–Deberdediligence 8Article6– 9 [Integridady Competition] Article7– 9 Communicationexparte Article8– 10 Confidentiality Article9–Honoraries and expenses 12Article10–Obligation 13 to disclose information Article11–15 Compliance with the Code of Conduct Annex 15 of the Code–Formulary to make a statement and to disclose information", "I. Introduction", "1. The Working Group, at its thirty-seventh session in April 2019, requested the secretariat to begin preparatory work on a code of conduct with the secretariat of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It was suggested that such work should include the way in which such a code could be applied in the current SCIE system and also in the context of structural reform, as well as the way in which the obligations set out in that code would be enforced, in particular when the functions or mandate of an arbitrator or decision-maker were completed (A/CN.9/970, para. 84).", "2. On the basis of background information provided by both secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.167), general support was expressed for the preparation of a code of conduct at the thirty-eighth session of October 2019, during which the Working Group provided specific instructions on how this work would be carried out (A/CN.9/1004^(*), paras. 67-77). While a draft code of conduct (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.201) was prepared for the fortieth session of the Working Group in February 2021, discussions were deferred to a later session owing to the short time available during that session (A/CN.9/1050, para. 116).", "3. At its 41^(er) session of November 2021, the Working Group considered articles 1 to 8 of the draft code of conduct on the basis of the draft prepared by both secretariats (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209). The Working Group also had before it a note by both secretariats on means of implementation and compliance (A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208). Based on the deliberations at that session (A/CN.9/1086, paras. 17-143), a revised version of articles 1 to 8 was prepared and presented at the following session (A/CN.9/1092, annex).", "4. At the forty-second session, in February 2022, the Working Group considered articles 9 to 11 of the code of conduct contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.209. While the Working Group had been able to conduct a preliminary review of the text of the code, it was not in a position to submit a completed draft to the Commission for consideration (A/CN.9/1092, paras. 79-130). The Working Group therefore requested both secretariats to prepare a revised version of the code, together with a comment, for the next session, to be held in the second half of 2022 (A/CN.9/1092, para. 129).", "5. During the forty-second session and as a result of this, a number of informal meetings were held to examine the contents and the manner to be adopted for the code[1]. The secretariats held several meetings to ensure consistency in the text and to identify policy issues that needed clarification from the Working Group.", "6. The present note contains a revised version of the code of conduct for decision-makers involved in international investment dispute settlement processes (hereinafter referred to as the “code”), which was prepared jointly by the ICSID Secretariat and the UNCITRAL secretariat, reflecting the decisions taken by the Working Group and the discussions held by the Working Group at previous sessions. In order to assist the Working Group in its deliberations, each article is followed by a note indicating the issues that need to be further considered by the Working Group and on which a decision should be taken.", "7. Since the Working Group agreed to consider the provisions applicable to arbitrators and judges in parallel (A/CN.9/1086, para. 27), the code includes provisions that apply to both arbitrators and judges, although the code indicates, where necessary, that a particular article or paragraph applies only to arbitrators or only to judges. The Working Group may wish to take into account how it wishes to submit the code to the Commission, inter alia, if it should be structured differently. The Working Group might be able to ensure that the provisions of the code were clear, which would enable the decision makers to understand clearly their obligations and fulfil them, in particular given that they would have limited information on the litigants and the dispute.", "8. The Working Group may wish to take into account that the secretariats are preparing the commentary to the code (the “comentary”) to clarify the content of each article, explain practical consequences and give examples (A/CN.9/1086, para. 20).", "9. The Working Group could consider means of implementation and compliance with the code, such as those contained in document A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.208. It could also consider how other arbitral institutions could apply the code in cases of SCIE.", "II. Draft code of conduct", "Article 1 - Definitions", "For the purposes of this Code:", "(a) &quot; International investment dispute &quot; (IIC) means a dispute that arises between an investor and a State or regional economic integration organization [or any State or agency branch of the State or regional economic integration organization] and that it is established to be settled in accordance with: (i) a treaty that protects investments or investors; (ii) a law governing foreign investment,", "(b) “Bitro” means a person who is a member of an arbitral tribunal, or a member of an ad hoc committee of the ICSID, who is appointed to direct an ICC;", "(c) “judge” means a person who is a member of a permanent mechanism to settle CII;", "(d) “decision” means an arbitrator or a judge;", "(e) “candidate” means a person to whom he has contacted in connection with his possible appointment as an arbitrator, but that he has not [be named] [accepted to the appointment] yet, or a person to whom he is considering appointing as a judge, but who has not yet been confirmed in that function, and", "f) “Assistant” means a person who works under the direction and control of a decision maker to assist in tasks related to specific cases [as agreed with the litigating parties];", "(g) “Ex parte communication” means any communication of a candidate or decision maker with a litigant party, its sponsoring, subsidiary, subsidiary or other person related to the IIC, without the presence or knowledge of another party or litigating parties.", "Note to the Working Group", "10. The order of definitions was amended to ensure greater coherence. The article included the definition of communication formerly contained in article 7 (see para. 41 below).", "11. The words “to be settled” have been added after the words “to be settled” in subparagraph (a) to indicate the purpose of the dispute. In order to maintain consistency, the word “resolution” is used in the English version instead of “settlement”.", "12. The terms “birth” and “judge” are defined in article 1 as persons currently members of an arbitral tribunal or a permanent mechanism. Therefore, it may not be necessary to establish a specific time area for their respective obligations in the other articles of the code. The words referring to a temporary environment were placed in square brackets or removed in the respective articles for consideration by the Working Group (e.g., art. 3, para. 1, and arts. 7 and 10; see paragraphs 20 and 42 below.", "13. With regard to subparagraph (e), the Working Group may consider that in the context of ICSID, a person does not become a member of an arbitral tribunal until he accepts the appointment and ICSID has notified such acceptance. In order to accommodate this practice, the Working Group could replace the words “not yet named” with the words “not yet accepted” (see para. 65 below).", "14. With regard to subparagraph (f), the commentary could explain that the usual practice is to consult the litigating parties about who will be the assistant and the tasks to be carried out. The Working Group could therefore consider whether it would be necessary to retain the words “as agreed with the litigating parties” in the definition.", "Article 2 - Application of the Code", "1. The Code shall apply to [a decision maker or candidate in] a process that is established in relation to an ICD. The Code may apply in any other dispute by agreement of the litigating parties.", "2. If the instrument of which the consent arises to settle the dispute contains provisions on the conduct of a decision maker or candidate in a process that is established in relation to an ICD, [the Code shall be interpreted as a complement to] [the Code shall supplement] such provisions. If there is any discrepancy between the Code and these provisions, the latter shall prevail to the extent that they disagree with the Code.", "3. The decision maker shall take all reasonable measures to enable his or her assistant to know and comply with this Code, including by requiring him to sign a statement stating that he has read the Code and will comply with it.", "Note to the Working Group", "15. Since the code applies to persons involved in a process of resolving international investment disputes and not to the dispute itself, the Working Group could add the words “a decision-maker or a candidate” in paragraph 1. Paragraph 1 had been divided into two sentences, and the second was intended to reflect the Working Group &apos; s understanding that it would be possible for litigants to agree on the application of the code to other types of disputes, for example, disputes between States.", "16. The first sentence of paragraph 2 has been simplified to refer to the “consistencies on the conduct of a decision maker or candidate” instead of “dispositions on ethics or codes of conduct for decision makers or candidates”. This is because the term “ethics” might not be clear and because it might be confusing to use the word “codes” in the same sentence in which the words “the Code” are used. The second sentence has also been simplified to read “any discrepancy between the Code and those provisions”, rather than “discrepancy between an obligation set out in the present Code and another one contained in the instrument of which consent emanates so that a decision-maker will settle the dispute.”", "17. The Working Group may take into account that, while paragraph 2 refers to the “instrument of which consent emanates to settle the dispute”, other articles of the code refer to “the applicable rules or treaties” (e.g., articles 7 to 11). Given that there may be a overlap between the two ideas, the Working Group may wish to consider whether it is appropriate to make the distinction currently made and if it would not be sufficient to explain that relationship in the commentary.", "18. The Working Group could consider how best to convey the idea that the code was of a complementary nature, since the words “the Code would be interpreted as a complement” in paragraph 2 could be understood to mean that the code merely provided guidance on interpretation. Another option would be to retain only the second sentence of paragraph 2 in order to indicate the rule to be applied to decide which provisions would prevail in the event of a dispute.", "19. With regard to the application of the code, the Working Group could consider to what extent the litigants could exclude or modify its provisions (see paras. 24-26 below).", "Article 3 - Independence and impartiality", "1. A decision-maker will be independent and impartial [at the time of acceptance of the appointment or confirmation and will continue to be so until the completion of the process in relation to an IIC or until the end of its mandate].", "2. Paragraph 1 includes the following obligations:", "(a) not to be influenced by allegiance to a litigant party, a non-lithant party, a party to the treaty that was not a litigating party to the international investment dispute, or any of its sponsoring counsels;", "(b) Do not follow instructions from any organization, government or person on issues addressed in the process in relation to an ICC;", "(c) not allow an economic, business, professional or personal relationship, past or present, to influence its conduct [or its judgment];", "(d) not to use its position to favour [no significant economic or personal interest] [an economic or personal interest] that may be in relation to one of the litigating parties or to the outcome of the process in relation to an IIC;", "(e) not to assume a role or accept a benefit that would interfere in the fulfilment of its obligations; and", "(f) not take any action that creates the appearance of lack of independence or impartiality.", "Note to the Working Group", "20. The Working Group may wish to consider whether it is necessary to include the temporary scope provided for in paragraph 1 (the bracketed text), given the definitions of “arbitro” and “juez” contained in article 1. Retaining the words framed in square brackets may pose problems, in particular the reference to the conclusion of the process in relation to an ICD, which would differ depending on the case (see para. 28 below). For example, there might be inconvenience if the obligation under article 3 continued to apply to an arbitrator who had resigned or had been challenged, in cases where the proceeding in connection with an IC would continue.", "21. With regard to subparagraph (a), the Working Group may wish to provide guidance on the term &quot; loyalty &quot; and the perspective from which such loyalty should be assessed; both issues could be addressed in the commentary.", "22. With regard to subparagraph (c), the Working Group might perhaps delete the words “or its judgment”, since the idea would probably be included in the word “conduct”. In order to align the wording with that of subparagraph (a), the Working Group might also consider amending subparagraph (c), so that it would read: “do not be influenced by any economic, business, professional or personal relationship, past or present”.", "23. With regard to subparagraph (d), the Working Group may consider replacing the words “no significant economic or personal interest” with “an economic or personal interest”. The reason is that it is the fact that a position is used to promote an economic or personal interest in itself which is problematic, and not the size of the interest in question. In the commentary, however, it could be explained that in cases where the interest that the decision maker had satisfied, without having intended to satisfy it, was trivial or minimal, the conduct would not necessarily imply a violation of what is prescribed in subparagraph (d).", "Article 4 – Limit on the multiplicity of functions", "[Paragraphs that apply only to arbitrators]", "1. Unless the litigating parties agree otherwise, an arbitrator shall not act concurrently [or within three years of the conclusion of the process to be established in relation to an IIC,] as a sponsoring or expert lawyer in another process to be established in relation to an IIC [or in any other process] related to:", "(a) the same measure or measures;", "(b) the same party or related parties, or", "(c) the same provision or provisions of the same treaty.", "2. [Unless the litigating parties agree otherwise], an arbitrator shall not act concurrently [and within three years of the conclusion of the process to be established in relation to an ICD] as a sponsoring or expert lawyer in another process to be established in relation to an ICC [or in any other process] that relates to legal issues that are substantially as similar as to accept that function 3.", "[Paragraphs that apply only to judges]", "3. A judge may not exercise any political or administrative functions. It may not have any other occupation of a professional nature that is incompatible with its obligation of independence or impartiality or the requirements of the position [of a full-time position]. In particular, it may not act as a sponsoring lawyer or expert in another process that is established in relation to an ICD.", "4. A judge shall disclose any other function or occupation to the [President] of the permanent mechanism. Any issue [relative to the implementation of the] [relative to] paragraph 3 shall be resolved by decision of the permanent mechanism.", "5. An ex-judge may not intervene in any way in a process that would have been initiated in connection with an ICD before the permanent mechanism and which is pending resolution, or in which it had intervened, before the completion of its mandate.", "6. An ex-judge shall not act as a sponsor of a litigant party or [of a third party] [of a non-lithant party] [in any quality] in a process that would have been initiated in connection with an IIC to the permanent mechanism after its mandate was completed, for a period of three years since the end of its mandate.", "Note to the Working Group", "Derogation and modification by litigating parties", "24. In connection with the words “unless the litigating parties agree otherwise” contained in paragraph 1, the Working Group may consider to what extent the litigating parties may agree that paragraph 1 does not apply. A related issue that could be considered would be whether the same sentence could be reproduced in paragraph 2 or whether the obligation set out in the latter paragraph was an obligation that could not be repealed by the litigant parties. With regard to paragraph 2, the Working Group might wish to confirm that it would be the arbitrator to determine whether legal issues were substantially similar.", "25. The Working Group could consider whether the litigation parties had the right to agree to depart from other articles of the code. If so, a criterion that could be adopted would be to amend article 2, paragraph 1, to read as follows: “The Code shall apply to a decision maker or candidate in a process that is established in relation to an IIC, subject to the modifications agreed by the parties.” Another possibility would be to include a paragraph in article 2 or 11 that read: “The litigant parties may agree that the Code will not apply or agree to modify the effect of its provisions”, which would make it unnecessary to repeat the words “unless the litigants agree otherwise” in the relevant articles.", "26. However, it may be necessary to restrict the possibility that the litigating parties may exclude or modify the application of the code, at least in relation to some articles (e.g., article 3) and may be further restricted if the instrument on which the consent to settle the dispute (e.g. a treaty) so establishes it, in accordance with article 2, paragraph 2. In addition, the Working Group may wish to consider whether the litigative parties could exclude or modify the application of the code in the context of a permanent mechanism.", "Temporary scope of limitation", "27. The Working Group may wish to consider whether it would be appropriate to maintain the three-year period in square brackets in paragraphs 1 and 2, or any other time period after the completion of the IIC process.", "28. If the Working Group retained that time limit, it would be necessary to clarify when it began to be computed in view of the fact that “the conclusion of the process in relation to an ICD” referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 could differ depending on the circumstances of the case, which would make it difficult to apply.", "29. Article 4 would be an example of a case in which the obligation of a decision maker would extend beyond its mandate (something similar to that of article 8 on confidentiality). In other words, the article would aim to regulate the conduct of an ex-decisionr. The Working Group may consider this matter in the light of the definitions of “arbiter” and “judge” in article 1 and the scope of application in article 2, paragraph 1 (see paras. 12 and 20 above).", "30. The Working Group could perhaps consider how article 4 would be applied to an arbitrator who had been challenged or had resigned from intervening in a process in connection with an IIC. Such a person would no longer be subject to the limitation on the concurrent action set out in article 4, since he would no longer be an arbitrator under article 1 (b). On the other hand, imposing a limitation for a period of three years “counted from” the conclusion of the process in relation to an ICD could have as an undesired consequence that the person could freely act as a sponsoring or expert lawyer until the conclusion of the process and that the limitation would begin only once the process had been completed. Since article 4 limits participation in “other” process in relation to an IIC, it would also be possible for the arbitrator who has been challenged or who has resigned to act as a sponsor or expert in the same process as in relation to an IIC.", "31. The Working Group could therefore clarify to what extent the code should regulate the conduct of ex-decisions. One way of doing so would be to follow the wording used in paragraphs 5 and 6 (“exjuez”) and also use the term “exarbiter” in the context of paragraphs 1 and 2. In any case, the Working Group could provide guidance on how a measure could be applied to a person who was no longer “decision” within the meaning of the code, and the relationship between articles 3 and 4.", "Other issues", "32. Although it had been suggested to include the words “judge” before the words “sponsoring lettering” in paragraphs 1 and 2, both paragraphs are intended to regulate the practice of exercising a double function, in which an individual acts as a sponsor and decider at the same time. Therefore, the paragraphs would not aim to prevent an arbitrator from intervening in another case as a decision maker. On the other hand, if an arbitrator could act concurrently as a judge, he would probably be governed by the terms of his mandate as a judge. The Working Group could confirm this understanding and assess whether another paragraph should be added to article 4 prohibiting a judge from acting as an arbitrator, which would have the same effect.", "33. With regard to paragraph 1 (c), the Working Group might perhaps consider the impact that such a provision might have on multilateral treaties (e.g. the Energy Charter Treaty).", "34. The Working Group could consider providing guidance on the meaning and scope of the term “misma(s)” used in paragraphs 1 (a) to (c), since the factors to be taken into account in making a determination could differ as “measures”, “parts” or “dispositions”.", "Article 5 - Duty of diligence", "[Paragraphs that apply only to arbitrators]", "1. An arbitrator:", "(a) To comply with its obligations diligently throughout the process in relation to an IC;", "(b) devote sufficient time to the process in relation to an IIC;", "(c) Make all decisions in a timely manner;", "[(d) rejects concurrent obligations that may prevent him from diligently fulfilling his obligations in relation to the process in relation to an ICC,] and", "e) will not delegate its decision-making function to any other person.", "[Paragraphs that apply only to judges]", "2. A judge shall diligently fulfil the obligations of his or her office in accordance with the conditions of his or her mandate.", "Note to the Working Group", "35. The Working Group could consider deleting subparagraph (d) as the situation referred to would be included in subparagraph (a) or retaining it as a separate paragraph for the obligation to be expressly established. If subparagraph (d) was deleted, the commentary could explain that the arbitrator has an obligation to reject such competing obligations under subparagraph (a).", "36. The Working Group could consider placing subparagraph (e) in article 6, since it would be more appropriate to present the obligation not to delegate the decision-making function as an obligation relating to integrity. The issue could be addressed in greater detail in the commentary.", "37. The Working Group could further confirm that the failure to comply with the obligations set out in articles 5 and 6 could be used to substantiate the claim made by a litigating party that the obligation of independence or impartiality referred to in article 3.", "Article 6 - [Integrity and competition]", "1. A decision maker:", "(a) conduct the process in relation to an IIC with the highest degree of integrity, equity [, courtesy] and competence;", "(b) treat all participants in the process that is established in relation to a CII with courtesy, and", "(c) Make every effort to maintain and improve the knowledge, skills and qualifications necessary to fulfil its obligations.", "[Paragraph that applies only to candidates for arbitrator]", "2. A candidate will only accept an appointment if he has the necessary competence and skills, and availability to fulfil the obligations of an arbitrator.", "[Paragraphs applying only to candidates for judge]", "3. A candidate shall possess the competence and skills necessary to fulfil the obligations of a judge.", "Note to the Working Group", "38. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the title proposed for article 6, “Integrity and competition” adequately replaces the previous title, “Other obligations”.", "39. The Working Group could assess whether it was necessary to retain subparagraph (b) if the word framed in square brackets was added in subparagraph (a).", "40. The Working Group may wish to consider whether it would be necessary to retain paragraphs 2 and 3 in article 6, bearing in mind that paragraph 2 requires the candidate to perform a self-assessment of his competence and skills, and that the necessary competence and skills of a candidate to judge would probably be assessed at the selection stage. The Working Group could consider this matter together with that of whether article 11, paragraph 2, should be included in the code (see para. 67 below).", "Article 7 – Communication ex parte", "[Paragraphs that apply only to arbitrators and candidates to arbitrators]", "1. Ex parte communications are prohibited except in the following cases:", "(a) To determine the expertise, experience, competence, skills and availability of the candidate, and the existence of potential conflicts of interest;", "(b) To determine the expertise, experience, competence, skills and availability of a candidate to exercise the role of the presiding arbitrator, and the existence of potential conflicts of interest, if both litigants agree;", "(c) as permitted by applicable regulations or treaties or by agreement of the litigating parties.", "2. In any case, communications ex parte may not refer to any procedural or substantive matter concerning a process that is in relation to an IIC or to any issue that the candidate or arbitrator may reasonably foresee will be raised in a process that is in place in relation to an IIC.", "[Project that applies only to judges and candidates for judge]", "3. Ex parte communications are prohibited.", "Note to the Working Group", "41. Article 7 has been amended to clarify which supplementary rule should apply to ex parte communications, and exceptions to that rule. The definition of “ex parte communication” now appears in article 1 (g) and has been slightly reformulated, to read as follows: “For ‘ex parte communication’, any communication of a candidate or decision maker shall be understood with a litigant party, its sponsoring, subsidiary, subsidiary or other related person in relation to the IIC, without the presence or knowledge of the other party or litigating parties.”", "42. While the previous version of article 7 contained a temporary framework in relation to the prohibition of ex parte communication (“before the process in place to resolve such a dispute and until it is concluded”), that phrase had been deleted on the basis of the definitions that had been included in the terms “candidate”, “arbitro” and “juez” (see para. 12 above). Eliminating the phrase would also make it unnecessary to refer to the conclusion of the process in relation to an ICD, something that had generated some concerns (see paras. 20 and 27-31 above).", "43. The Working Group may wish to confirm that the arbitrator who has rendered an award or has been challenged could communicate with the parties, since it would no longer be bound by article 7. Otherwise, it would be necessary to provide for a time limit during which the communication ex parte would be prohibited, as in article 4.", "44. The Working Group could confirm that in accordance with paragraph 1 (b) an arbitrator appointed by a litigant party (or an arbitrator candidate to be appointed by a litigant party) would be authorized to discuss with the litigant party or its sponsoring counsel the qualifications of a candidate to serve as the chair arbitrator. However, this would be subject to the other litigating party agreeing that this discussion may take place. However, if the condition is met (if the parties agree), that discussion may not be understood in the definition of communication ex parte, since the other litigant party would know of that communication.", "45. The Working Group may wish to confirm that it is appropriate to totally prohibit ex parte communications in the case of judges and candidates for judges, as set out in paragraph 3.", "Article 8 – Confidentiality", "1. A candidate or decision maker shall not disclose or use any information regarding a process that is in place in relation to an IIC, or acquired in relation to a process that is in place in relation to an IIC, unless:", "(a) Information is of public access [in accordance with applicable regulations or treaties,], or", "(b) This is permitted in accordance with applicable rules or treaties or by agreement of the litigating parties.", "2. A decision-maker will not reveal the content of the deliberations taking place in a process that is established in relation to an ICD [or any opinion expressed in the course of these].", "3. A decision-maker will not comment on a decision taken in the process that is in relation to an ICD [unless that decision is public access].", "4. A decision maker will not disclose any draft decision in the process that is in place in relation to an ICD.", "5. The obligations contained in this article shall remain after the completion of the process in relation to an ICD [and shall continue to be applied indefinitely].", "6. The obligations contained in this article shall not apply to the extent that a candidate or decision maker is legally obliged to disclose information to a court or other competent body or should disclose such information to protect his or her rights before a court or other competent body.", "Note to the Working Group", "46. Paragraph 1 has been amended to provide a clearer rule on the exceptions to the obligation of confidentiality. The words “except for the purposes of this process” have been deleted because the article is not intended to regulate the disclosure of that information, which is itself authorized. The commentary could provide further information on this issue. It should be noted that if that phrase was reused in paragraph 1, it should also be reproduced in the other paragraphs.", "47. The Working Group might perhaps assess to what extent the “public access” information would constitute an exception in paragraph 1 (a). The bracketed text suggests that only when the information is publicly available in accordance with the applicable regulations or treaties would no longer exist the obligation not to disclose that information provided for in paragraph 1. In other words, if the information was de facto public access (e.g., if it had been transferred in violation of the applicable rules or treaties, or if a third party had posted it on a public access website), the situation would not be covered by the exception of paragraph 1 (a). The Working Group may wish to confirm this understanding.", "48. The Working Group could assess whether the exception provided for in paragraph 1 (b) would also apply to paragraphs 2 to 4. If so, it would be preferable for a general exception similar to that provided for in paragraph 6, to read as follows: “The obligations contained in this article shall not apply to the extent that this is permitted in accordance with the applicable rules and treaties or by agreement of the litigating parties.”", "49. The Working Group may wish to delete the words &quot; or any opinion expressed in the course of these &quot; in paragraph 2, since that view would be part of the &quot; content &quot; of the deliberations.", "50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 had been amended because the fact that a decision-maker had participated or not in the issuance of a decision was not a factor that should be taken into account when imposing the obligation. Therefore, the words “in which they have participated” in paragraph 3 and “before giving it or any decision they have made” have been deleted in paragraph 4.", "51. With regard to the obligation not to comment on a decision set out in paragraph 3, the Working Group could consider: (i) whether that obligation should be limited to “before the process in place to resolve the international investment dispute”, which would allow the decision to comment on a decision after the completion of the process, and (ii) whether the decision should be of public access (currently framed in square brackets). In relation to the latter, if the words “unless that decision is public access” were retained, the text contained in paragraph 1 (a) should be used (see para. 47 above).", "52. If the “borrower of a decision” referred to in paragraph 4 is considered to be included in the “information concerning a process that is in place in relation to an IIC, or acquired in relation to a process that is in place in relation to an IIC” referred to in paragraph 1, the Working Group may consider deleting that paragraph and explaining the issue in the commentary.", "53. Paragraph 5 had been amended to avoid reference to the completion of the process (see paras. 20 and 30 above). The Working Group may wish to delete the bracketed words “and will continue to apply indefinitely,” because they could be redundant. It could also consider how it would be done to ensure compliance with the obligation under paragraph 5, as the code would not apply to the person after the completion of the process under an ICD (see paras. 30 and 31 above).", "Article 9 - Honours and expenses", "[Article that applies only to arbitrators and candidates for arbitrators]", "1. Any proposal on fees and expenses shall be communicated to the litigating parties through the entity administering the process. If there is no entity to administer it, that proposal will be communicated by the sole arbitrator or the arbitrator presiding the process.", "2. [Unless applicable rules or treaties establish otherwise,] a candidate or arbitrator shall conclude any discussion concerning fees and expenses with the litigating parties before [or immediately after] the constitution of the arbitral tribunal.", "3. An arbitrator will conclude any discussion concerning the fees and expenses of an assistant with the litigating parties prior to contracting it.", "4. An arbitrator shall keep an accurate record of the time and expenses incurred by him in the process established in relation to an ICD and shall ensure that the attendee also carries an accurate record of the time and expenses.", "5. An arbitrator will present the records when requesting the disbursement of funds or at the request of a litigant party.", "Note to the Working Group", "54. Article 9 has been restructured to establish the process to be used to determine fees and expenses, in the sequence in which the facts are normally presented. The Working Group could first confirm that the order of the paragraphs was appropriate and that it would only apply to arbitrators and candidates for arbitrators.", "55. The Working Group may wish to confirm that paragraph 2 reflects what would constitute an ideal practice: that fees and expenses be discussed, and that this discussion should be concluded before the arbitral tribunal is constituted. If so, the Working Group may consider deleting the text “or immediately after”, which is framed in brackets. In the commentary, however, it could be explained that discussions could occur immediately after the arbitral tribunal was constituted, for example, at the first procedural meeting.", "56. With regard to paragraph 4, the Working Group could consider whether the obligation to keep an accurate record of the time used and the expenses incurred by an assistant was the arbitrator or the assistant. In any case, the arbitrator should establish a mechanism for the assistant to carry that record, which could be explained in the commentary.", "57. The Working Group could assess whether the issue of the reasonableness of fees should be addressed in the code or in the commentary, since that would constitute the implementation of good practice. For example, the issue is dealt with in article 41, paragraph 1, of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The commentary could explain that the reasonableness of fees and expenses would depend on the amount in dispute, the complexity of the subject, the time spent by the arbitrators and any other relevant circumstances of the case.", "Article 10 – Obligation to disclose information", "[Article that applies only to arbitrators and candidates for arbitrators] 1. A candidate or arbitrator shall disclose all circumstances that may give rise to justified doubts [, even from the point of view of the litigating parties,] about their independence o-impartiality. 2. (a) any financial, business, professional or personal relationship that has been held in the last five years shall be included in: (i) any litigant or entity that has pointed out a supporting part; (ii) the counsel or the co-sponsoring counsel of a litigation party in relation to a CII; 3. [For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2,] a candidate or arbitrator shall make [reasonable efforts][all possible] to take note of such circumstances [, interests and relations]. 4. A candidate or arbitrator who has doubts about his obligation to disclose any information, must sin zeal and reveal it. 5. A candidate or arbitrator shall disclose the information using the report contained in the Annex, before [accepting his] name or when [accepting] [named], and shall provide it to the litigating parties, to the other decision-makers in the process that is established in relation to an IQ, to the administrative institution and to any other person to whom the applicable or applicable treaty provides that 6. An arbitrator will have a permanent obligation to disclose new information or information that comes to his knowledge in the future as soon as he becomes aware of it. 7. Failure to disclose the information shall not in itself constitute [a lack of impartiality or independence] [a breach of articles 3 to 6 of the Code]. 8. The litigating parties may waive their right to raise an objection to the circumstances that had been revealed.", "Note to the Working Group", "58. Article 10 has been amended to apply only to arbitrators and arbitrators. The Working Group may wish to confirm to what extent those paragraphs would apply to judges and candidates for judges. A comparative table is presented as an appendix to the present Note to assist the Working Group in its consideration.", "59. The Working Group may wish to address the relationship between the two different criteria used in paragraph 1, as well as the possible inconsistencies (between the phrase &quot; which may give rise to justified doubts &quot; , which is contained, for example, in article 11 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, and &quot; from the point of view of the litigants &quot; ), since the use of two criteria would make it difficult for the arbitrators and candidates to do so.", "60. The Working Group could consider the situation in which an arbitrator did not disclose a circumstance in the belief that a reasonable third party would not question its independence or impartiality for that reason, but that a litigant party did consider it to raise doubts. It could also consider establishing the highest threshold as a requirement rather than using two criteria.", "61. The Working Group may confirm that there is an obligation to disclose the information listed in paragraph 2, although this could not be required under paragraph 1. In other words, regardless of whether the information provided in accordance with paragraph 2 could give rise to justified doubts about the independence or impartiality of the arbitrator, the arbitrator would have an obligation to disclose such information. The issue could be addressed in greater detail in the commentary.", "62. The Working Group could assess whether it was appropriate to refer to a “entity that had pointed to a litigating party” in subparagraphs (a) (i) and (b) (iii). The commentary could explain that the word “entity” would include both legal and physical persons. In that context, the Working Group might consider whether the wording of subparagraph (a) (iv) was appropriate.", "63. The Working Group could delete the bracketed words at the beginning of paragraph 3, since the need to make reasonable efforts or to do everything possible applied to the entire article and was not necessarily limited to paragraphs 1 and 2. It could also decide whether to use the words “reasonable efforts” or “do everything possible”. For example, in article 6, paragraph 1 (c), the words “will do everything possible to maintain and improve the knowledge, skills and qualifications necessary to fulfil their obligations”. The Working Group could also consider whether the word “circumstances” was sufficiently broad to include the list of elements mentioned in paragraph 2 (relations, interests, processes, appointments).", "64. The Working Group might point out that paragraph 4 (old paragraph 5) was changed from place to place and closer to paragraph 3, on the grounds that both paragraphs dealt with the manner in which an arbitrator or candidate should disclose the information in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2.", "65. The Working Group could add the words “accept its” in paragraph 5, following the practice of ICSID (see para. 13 above).", "66. Paragraph 7 is intended to clarify that failure to disclose information in accordance with article 10 does not necessarily mean non-compliance with other provisions of the code, in particular the obligation of independence and impartiality of article 3. The Working Group could determine which language should be used, and whether reference should be made to certain articles of the particular code.", "Article 11 - Compliance with the Code of Conduct", "1. A decision maker or candidate shall have the obligation to comply with the applicable provisions of this Code.", "[2. A candidate will not accept an appointment and a decision maker will either resign or challenge himself to intervene in the process in relation to an IIC if he is not in a position to comply with the applicable provisions of the Code. ]", "3. Any recusal or removal procedure and any sanction or measure set forth in the applicable rules and treaties [to be applied to the Code] [to be applied without prejudice to the provisions of the Code].", "4. A decision maker must remove any assistant who does not comply with this Code.", "Note to the Working Group", "67. The Working Group could consider whether it was necessary to retain paragraph 1. Paragraph 2 was added to highlight how candidates and decision makers should act in the event of actual or apparent non-compliance. While this would be a voluntary compliance provision in respect of which action could not be taken in accordance with the code, the Working Group may consider whether the text should be retained and, if so, whether it would be necessary to retain article 6, paragraphs 2 and 3 (see para. 40 above).", "68. The Working Group could assess whether paragraph 3 reflected the Working Group &apos; s understanding that the recusal procedure (and the criteria to be met to apply for it) and any other measures provided for in the applicable rules or treaties would continue to apply to the decision-making process. Therefore, non-compliance with an article of the code would not in itself constitute a ground for requesting the recusal or application of any other measure, which would be set out in the applicable rules or treaties.", "69. The Working Group could consider whether paragraph 4 was appropriate, bearing in mind that the code did not contain articles that were specifically applied to attendees. In addition, it might consider the consequences of the decision-maker in breach of paragraph 4.", "Code Annex – Form to make a declaration and reveal information", "Annex to the Code of Conduct", "Statement, disclosure of background information and information", "1. I declare that I have read and understood the attached Code of Conduct and I am committed to complying with it.", "2. To my loyal knowledge and understanding, there are no reasons why I should not act as [arbiter] [judge] in this process. I am impartial and independent and I am not affected by any of the impediments mentioned in the Code of Conduct.", "3. I attach my resume updated to this statement.", "4. Pursuant to article 10 of the Code of Conduct, I wish to disclose or provide the following information:", "[INSERT WHAT'S PERTINENT]", "5. I confirm that from the date of this statement, I have no other circumstances or information to disclose. I understand that I have an obligation to disclose new information or information that comes to my knowledge in the future as soon as I become aware of it.", "Note to the Working Group", "70. The Working Group could confirm whether it wished to see the following statement in the Annex to the Code.", "Appendix – Obligation to disclose information for judges and candidates for judge", "Article 10 – Obligation to Disclosure Information For Arbitrators and Candidates For Judges and Candidates 1. A candidate or arbitrator shall disclose all circumstances that may give rise to unjustified doubts [, even from the point of view of the litigants,] about independence or impartiality. ΔIgual vocabulary except for the words “from the point of view of the litigants” that would not be applicable to judges or to judge2. (a) any person who has been involved in the proceedings, in the last five years, in the case of a person who has been involved in the proceedings [Not applicable] (iii) in any other process involving one of the litigants or an entity that has pointed out a binder; (c) any process that is established in relation to a CII and related procedures in which the candidate or arbitrator intervenes ohaya in the last few years as an arbitrator, lawyer or expert, yd) any appointment as a lawyer, [does not apply]3. [For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2,] a candidate or arbitrator shall do [reasonable efforts][all possible] to take knowledge of such circumstances [, interests and relationships]. ≤3 A candidate or arbitrator who has doubts about his obligation to disclose any information, must sin decelo and reveal it. 5. A candidate or arbitrator will disclose the information using the form set out in the Annex, prior to nomination or when nominated, and will provide it to the litigating parties, to the more decision-makers in the process that is established in relation to a CII, to the administrative institution and to any other person to whom the reglament or the treaty-applicable establish that it be debated. 5. A candidate will reveal the information [using the form contained in the annex] to the permanent mechanism of its confirmation as a judge or at the time it is confirmed as such. 6. An arbitrator will have the permanent obligation to reveal new information or information that comes to his knowledge in the future as soon as he becomes aware of it. 6. A judge will reveal the information [using the form contained in the annex] to the [President] permanent mechanism as soon as he becomes aware of the circumstances referred to in paragraph 1 and will have the permanent obligation to reveal the new information or the information that comes to his knowledge in the future as soon as he becomes aware of it. 7. The failure to disclose the information does not in itself constitute [a lack of unwarrantedness or independence][a breach of articles 3 to 6 of the Code]. ≤3. The litigating parties may waive their right to object to the circumstances that were revealed. ▪ Not applicable", "[1] Informal meetings on the code of conduct took place on 18 November 2020, on 3, 4 and 8 March 2021; 7-10 June 2021; 6-10 December 2021; 20 January 2022; 23 and 24 March 2022; and 7-10 June 2022 (see https://uncitral.un.org/es/codeofconduct). The purpose of the meetings was to present the draft working paper on the code of conduct prepared by the secretariats for the sessions of Working Group III in order to support the secretariats in the preparation of working papers and delegations in the preparation of the sessions. No decisions were taken at those meetings." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones", "Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 16 del programa provisional", "Actividades de evaluación y supervisión interna", "Actividades de supervisión interna", "Informe del Director de la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna", "En el presente documento se informa sobre las actividadesrealizadas por la función de supervisión interna de conformidad conlas decisiones IDB.44/Dec.3 e IDB.48/Dec.10, y se actualiza elinforme anterior que figura en el documento IDB.49/23.", "I. Antecedentes", "1. La Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna (EIO) es responsable de las funciones de supervisión de la ONUDI, que comprenden las de auditoría interna, investigación y evaluación. Su mandato consiste en prestar servicios de aseguramiento, asesoramiento, investigación y evaluación de manera independiente y objetiva con el fin de aumentar la eficiencia y eficacia de las operaciones, el marco de control interno, la gestión de riesgos, la gestión basada en los resultados y los procesos de gobernanza de la ONUDI, y revalorizar todos esos aspectos. Además, la EIO es la entidad encargada de la coordinación con las actividades de la Dependencia Común de Inspección (DCI) de las Naciones Unidas, y actúa como secretaría del Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente.", "2. La función de supervisión interna (que comprende las de auditoría interna e investigación) se rige por la Carta de la EIO[1], la Política de Auditoría Interna[2] y la Política de Investigación[3]. La función de supervisión interna se rige además por el manual de auditoría interna, así como por las directrices para investigaciones, revisadas el 16 de mayo de 2022[4].", "3. Actualmente, los puestos presupuestados para las funciones de auditoría interna e investigación de la EIO comprenden cinco puestos del Cuadro Orgánico y dos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales, a saber, el de Jefe de EIO/IOD, tres de auditor, uno de investigador y dos de personal de apoyo. Según la fórmula propuesta por la DCI[5], el número de puestos del Cuadro Orgánico correspondientes a tareas de auditoría interna en la ONUDI debería oscilar entre 6 y 11, cuando en la actualidad asciende a 4.", "II. Principales resultados obtenidos en 2021", "4. Mayor fortalecimiento del marco normativo de la EIO: Un hito importante logrado en 2021 fue la publicación de las políticas en materia de auditoría interna e investigación, que refuerzan aún más la función de supervisión de la Oficina, así como su independencia, como requiere la Carta de la EIO.", "5. La metodología de evaluación de riesgos y deficiencias de pruebas de la EIO, así como el entorno de auditoría y evaluación, se mejoraron y armonizaron con el marco programático de mediano plazo, 2022-2025 y el programa y los presupuestos basados en los resultados 2022-2023 de la ONUDI, con el fin de reflejar los objetivos estratégicos de la Organización en las cinco esferas de resultados. Esto proporcionó una base sólida para garantizar la armonización de la labor de la EIO con las esferas estratégicas de la ONUDI, para hacer más eficaces la selección y la coordinación de los servicios de aseguramiento, y para optimizar las complementariedades y reducir la posible duplicación de esfuerzos entre todos los proveedores de servicios de aseguramiento (es decir, la función de auditoría interna, la función de evaluación, el Auditor Externo y la DCI).", "6. La EIO ha sido un asesor ágil en un período de incertidumbre y cambios rápidos: Tras la publicación de la estrategia de la EIO para 2020-2024 en febrero de 2020 como marco fundamental de gestión y rendición de cuentas para la Oficina, esta siguió ajustando sus actividades para revalorizar el logro de las metas y los objetivos de la Organización y para mantener su alineamiento desde el punto de vista estratégico. A pesar de las limitaciones y las dificultades impuestas por el contexto de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), la EIO se mantuvo ágil y demostró que sus servicios son, y siguen siendo, esenciales para la adopción de decisiones informadas, la innovación y el cambio. Según la Administración, los encargos de auditoría han beneficiado a los responsables de la adopción de decisiones y han servido de base para la adopción de medidas oportunas y planes de acción de gestión en ámbitos de riesgo fundamentales como la transformación digital, la gestión de personas y la gestión del riesgo de fraude.", "III. Reseña general de la labor de auditoría interna de la EIO", "7. La EIO, por medio de los servicios de aseguramiento y asesoramiento de la función de auditoría interna, revalorizó la gobernanza, la gestión de riesgos y los procesos de control de la Organización con los siguientes encargos:", "a) Se llevaron a cabo tres encargos de asesoramiento, cuyos informes se publicaron en 2021, sobre las siguientes cuestiones: competencias de la ONUDI, enseñanzas extraídas de la COVID-19 (realizados conjuntamente con la función de evaluación independiente) y programa de gestión del riesgo de fraude de la ONUDI. Estos encargos sirvieron de base para los planes de acción sobre gestión relacionados con la transformación digital, las inversiones en infraestructura, la gestión de personas, la planificación estratégica de la fuerza de trabajo y la gestión del riesgo de fraude;", "b) La revisión del proceso de recuperación total de costos con fines de aseguramiento de la calidad se inició a finales de 2021 y concluyó en mayo de 2022. Proporcionó una base para los planes de acción sobre gestión, que reforzarán aún más el proceso de recuperación total de costos, desde la planificación hasta la presentación de informes[6];", "c) Se ultimaron siete investigaciones completas; y", "d) Las principales actividades de asesoramiento ad hoc se han traducido en aportaciones, entre otras cosas, al primer proyecto del Manual de Subvenciones; el proyecto de política de la ONUDI en materia de protección de datos personales; el examen de la función normativa de la ONUDI; la actualización del Plan de Continuidad de las Operaciones de la ONUDI; el proyecto de política en materia de explotación y abusos sexuales; el Manual del Investigador para la Investigación de Denuncias de Acoso Sexual en las Naciones Unidas, del Comité de Alto Nivel sobre Gestión; la política de divulgación de información; la actualización de la política en materia de represalias; y el proyecto de política sobre exclusión de la financiación. Además, la EIO participó como observadora en equipos de tareas y grupos de trabajo, como el de optimización de recursos en la cooperación técnica, y la red de puntos focales para la gestión de resultados y riesgos.", "8. La EIO confirma que, durante sus actividades de auditoría interna e investigación a lo largo del período sobre el que se informa, actuó de forma independiente y objetiva, sin ninguna injerencia o influencia a nivel interno o externo. Sin embargo, hay que tener presentes las limitaciones relacionadas con el presupuesto operativo y con los recursos humanos.", "IV. Estado de ejecución de los planes de acción sobre gestión", "9. La EIO hizo un seguimiento periódico con las oficinas responsables sobre el estado de aplicación de los planes de acción sobre gestión, que es el siguiente al 31 de diciembre de 2021: de un total de 83 planes de acción sobre gestión, 57 están cerrados (47 han sido aplicados y en 10 la dirección acepta el riesgo); 14 están pendientes. Los 12 planes de acción sobre gestión restantes aún no han vencido. Esto representa una mejora de la tasa de aplicación, que alcanzó el 57 % en 2021, frente al 41 % en 2020. La EIO sigue supervisando la aplicación de los planes de acción sobre gestión y apoya a la dirección en el proceso, entre otras cosas, mediante la cooperación con la coordinadora de categoría superior de la aplicación de las recomendaciones y los planes de acción sobre gestión. En noviembre de 2021 se elaboró y puso en marcha un proceso de escalada de riesgos para la aceptación del riesgo de los planes de acción sobre gestión de auditoría interna pendientes.", "V. Colaboración con los órganos de supervisión de las Naciones Unidas y otros órganos", "10. Prosiguió la intensa colaboración en las actividades de los Representantes de Servicios de Auditoría Interna de las Naciones Unidas (UN-RIAS) y los Representantes de Servicios de Investigación de las Naciones Unidas (UN-RIS). Además, se celebraron consultas con el Auditor Externo para armonizar planes de trabajo, ampliar la cobertura de las actividades de aseguramiento y cooperar en aspectos como la seguridad de la tecnología de la información, a fin de utilizar con eficiencia los recursos limitados y evitar la duplicación del trabajo.", "VI. Fortalecimiento de la gobernanza de la función de supervisión interna", "11. La función de supervisión interna de la EIO sigue presentando una reseña de sus actividades al Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente en sus reuniones periódicas, e informa sobre sus planes de trabajo al Comité a fin de recibir su asesoramiento.", "VII. Perspectivas", "12. Sobre la base de una metodología de evaluación de riesgos actualizada[7], el plan de trabajo bienal de la EIO para 2022-2023 fue aprobado por el Director General a principios de 2022. Se han iniciado dos auditorías sobre la puesta en marcha y la promulgación de publicaciones administrativas, y sobre los acuerdos a largo plazo en materia de adquisiciones. El plan de trabajo de auditoría interna de la EIO seguirá siendo flexible y ágil a fin de tener en cuenta de forma proactiva los nuevos riesgos y dificultades en el cambiante entorno operacional y de actividad de la ONUDI.", "13. En 2022 el Director General ha iniciado una reforma y reestructuración institucional de la ONUDI, que se tendrá debidamente en cuenta en el examen y la actualización de los planes de trabajo de la EIO para 2022-2023. También se procederá a un examen de mitad de período de la Estrategia de la EIO con el fin de velar por que sus funciones de auditoría interna e investigación sigan satisfaciendo las necesidades de supervisión, rendición de cuentas y aprendizaje en el nuevo contexto institucional, y por que la EIO siga contribuyendo a que la Organización sea más eficiente, eficaz y tenga mayores efectos.", "14. Como ya señalaron el Auditor Externo, el Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente y la DCI, la situación de los recursos sigue limitando considerablemente el alcance. Puesto que no se prevé un aumento apreciable de los recursos, la función de supervisión interna no está en condiciones de abarcar de manera exhaustiva todas las actividades institucionales incluidas en su plan de trabajo señaladas como de alto riesgo y alta prioridad. El Comité destacó en particular que debe prestarse atención urgente al fortalecimiento de la función de investigación de la EIO con personal y recursos adecuados.", "15. Como siempre, las repercusiones de la supervisión interna y la evaluación, funciones eficaces, independientes, dignas de crédito y objetivas que ayudan a la Organización a cumplir sus propósitos, dependerán, en definitiva, del apoyo constante que se reciba del personal directivo superior de la ONUDI y de sus Estados Miembros.", "VIII. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "16. La Junta tal vez desee tomar nota de la información contenida en el presente documento.", "[1] Boletín del Director General DGB/2020/11, aprobado por la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial en su decisión IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Boletín del Director General DGB/2021/12.", "[3] Boletín del Director General DGB/2021/13.", "[4] Instrucción administrativa AI/2022/03.", "[5] JIU/2010/5, anexos, cuadro 1.", "[6] Todos los informes sobre los encargos de asesoría y aseguramiento pueden consultarse en la extranet de las Misiones Permanentes.", "[7] El párrafo 6 hace referencia a la misma." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 16 of the provisionalagenda \nEvaluation and internaloversight activities", "Internal oversight activities", "Report by the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present document provides information on the activities of the internal oversight function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in IDB.49/23.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) is responsible for the oversight functions of UNIDO, i.e. internal audit, investigation, and evaluation. The mandate of EIO is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, investigation, and evaluation for the purpose of adding value to and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of UNIDO’s operations, internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes. In addition, EIO is also the focal point for the coordination of the activities of the Joint Inspection (JIU) of the United Nations, and serves as the Secretariat to the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC).", "2. The internal oversight function (comprising internal audit and investigation) is governed by the EIO Charter,[1] Internal Audit Policy,[2] and Investigation Policy.[3] The internal oversight function is further guided by the internal audit manual, as well as the investigation guidelines, revised on 16 May 2022.[4]", "3. Currently, the budgeted posts for EIO’s internal audit and investigation functions comprise of five Professional and two General Service staff, including the Chief of the unit, three Auditors, one Investigator and two support staff. According to the suggested JIU formula,[5] the range of internal audit professional staff at UNIDO should be between six and eleven, whereas it is currently at four.", "II. Key achievements in 2021", "4. EIO policy framework further strengthened: A major stepping-stone achieved in 2021 was the issuance of the internal audit and investigation policies, further reinforcing the Office’s oversight role, as well as its independence, as called for in the EIO Charter.", "5. The EIO risk and evidence gap assessment methodology, and audit and evaluation universe were enhanced and aligned with UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework 2022–2025 and results-based programme and budgets 2022–2023, to reflect UNIDO’s strategic objectives in all five result areas. This provided a strong basis for ensuring alignment of EIO work with strategic areas of UNIDO, for a more effective selection and coordination of assurance services, and for optimizing complementarities and reducing potential duplication of efforts among all assurance providers (i.e. the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor, and the JIU).", "6. EIO as an agile advisor in a period of uncertainty and rapid change: Further to the issuance of the EIO strategy 2020–2024 in February 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for EIO, the Office continued adjusting its activities to ensure adding value to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the Organization and remaining strategically aligned. Despite the constraints and challenges imposed in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) context, EIO remained agile and proved that its services are, and continue to be, key for informed decision-making, innovation, and change. According to management, the audit engagements added value to decision-makers, providing the basis for timely action and management action plans in key risk areas such as digital transformation, people management, and fraud risk management.", "III Overview of EIO internal oversight work", "7. EIO, through the internal audit function’s assurance and advisory services added value to the Organization’s governance, risk management, and control processes with the following engagements:", "(a) Three advisory engagements were undertaken, with reports issued in 2021: the advisory engagements on UNIDO’s competencies, Lessons learned from COVID-19 (undertaken jointly with the independent evaluation function), and UNIDO’s fraud risk management programme. These engagements provided the basis for management action plans (MAPs) related to digital transformation, investments in infrastructure, people management, strategic workforce planning, and fraud risk management;", "(b) The assurance review of the full cost recovery (FCR) process was launched at the end of 2021 and completed in May 2022. It provided the basis for MAPs, which will further strengthen the FCR process, from planning to reporting;[6]", "(c) Seven full-fledged investigations were completed; and", "(d) Key ad hoc advisory activities were provided with inputs, inter alia, to the first draft of the Grants Manual; the draft UNIDO policy on personal data protection; the review of the normative function of UNIDO; the update of the UNIDO Business Continuity Plan; the draft policy on sexual exploitation and abuse; the High-level Committee on Management Investigator’s Manual for the Investigation of Sexual Harassment Complaints in the United Nations; the information disclosure policy; the update of the retaliation policy; and the draft policy on exclusion from funding. EIO furthermore participated as an observer in task forces and working groups, including on resource optimization in technical cooperation, and the results and risk focal points network.", "8. EIO confirms that in performing its internal audit and investigation activities during the reporting period, it functioned independently and objectively without any interference or influence from any internal or external parties. However, limitations due to operational budget and human resources constraints should be noted.", "IV. Implementation status of management action plans (MAPs)", "9. EIO followed up regularly with responsible offices on the status of the implementation of MAPs, which is as follows as per 31 December 2021: out of a total of 83 MAPs, 57 are closed (47 closed – implemented; 10 closed – management accepts risk), and 14 MAPs are due. The remaining 12 MAPs are not yet due. This represents an improvement of the implementation rate which reached 57 per cent in 2021, as compared to 41 per cent in 2020. EIO continues to monitor the implementation of MAPs and supports management in the process, inter alia, through cooperation with the Senior-level Focal point for the implementation of recommendations and MAPs. A risk escalation process for risk acceptance of outstanding internal audit MAPs was developed and promulgated in November 2021.", "V. Cooperation with United Nations and other oversight bodies", "10. Active engagement in activities of the United Nations Representatives of Internal Audit Services and the United Nations Representatives of Investigation Services continued. In addition, consultations with the External Auditor were conducted to share workplans, expand the coverage of assurance activities and cooperate in areas such as information technology security, and FCR, for efficient use of limited resources and to avoid duplication of work.", "VI. Strengthening governance of the internal oversight functions", "11. The EIO internal oversight function continues to provide the OAC with an overview of its activities during its regular meetings, and shares its workplans with the OAC for advice.", "VII. Outlook", "12. Based on an updated risk assessment methodology[7] the biennial EIO internal audit workplan for 2022–2023 was approved by the Director General in early 2022. Two audits on the operationalization and promulgation of administrative issuances, and on long-term agreements in procurement have been initiated. EIO’s internal audit workplan will remain flexible and agile in order to proactively consider emerging risks and challenges in UNIDO’s evolving operations and business environment.", "13. In 2022, the Director General initiated an organizational reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly considered in the review and update of EIO workplans for 2022–2023. A midterm review of the EIO Strategy will also be conducted to ensure EIO’s internal audit and investigation functions continue to meet the needs for oversight, accountability and learning in the new organizational context, and that EIO keeps contributing to a more efficient, effective and impactful Organization.", "14. As noted by the External Auditor, the OAC, and JIU, the resource situation continues to represent a scope limitation. No significant resource increase is foreseen. Therefore, the internal oversight function is not in a position to fully cover, through its workplan, all identified high-risk and high-priority business activities. The OAC highlighted in particular that urgent attention must be given to strengthening the EIO investigation function with adequate staffing and resources.", "15. As ever, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, through its effective independent, credible and objective functions assisting the Organization in achieving its goals, depends ultimately on the continuous support received from UNIDO’s senior management and its Member States.", "VIII. Action required of the Board", "16. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document.", "[1] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2020/11, as approved by the Industrial Development Board in decision IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2021/12.", "[3] Director General’s Bulletin DGB/2021/13.", "[4] Administrative Instruction AI/2022/03.", "[5] JIU/2010/5, annexes, table 1.", "[6] All advisory and assurance engagement reports are available on the Permanent Missions’ Extranet.", "[7] Paragraph 6 refers." ]
IDB.50_25
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session", "Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Item 16 of the provisional agenda", "Evaluation and internal oversight activities", "Internal oversight activities", "Report of the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present document reports on activities carried out by the internal oversight function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in document IDB.49/23.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Internal Evaluation and Oversight (OIOS) is responsible for the oversight functions of UNIDO, including internal audit, research and evaluation. Its mandate is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, research and evaluation services in order to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, the internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes of UNIDO, and to enhance all these aspects. In addition, EIO is the coordinating entity with the activities of the United Nations Joint Inspection Unit (JIU), and serves as the secretariat of the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee.", "2. The internal oversight function (including internal audit and research) is governed by the EIO Charter[1], the Internal Audit Policy[2] and the Research Policy[3]. The internal oversight function is further governed by the internal audit manual, as well as by the guidelines for investigations, revised on 16 May 2022[4].", "3. Currently, the budgeted posts for the internal audit and investigation functions of EIO comprise five Professional and two General Service posts, namely the Chief of EIO/IOD, three auditors, one investigator and two support staff. According to the formula proposed by JIU[5], the number of Professional posts for internal audit work in UNIDO should range from 6 to 11 at present to 4.", "II. Main results obtained in 2021", "4. Enhanced strengthening of the EIO policy framework: An important milestone achieved in 2021 was the publication of internal audit and research policies that further reinforce the Office &apos; s oversight role and independence, as required by the EIO Charter.", "5. The EIO risk assessment and test gaps methodology, as well as the audit and evaluation environment, were improved and harmonized with the medium-term programme framework, 2022-2025 and the UNIDO results-based programme and budgets to reflect the Organization &apos; s strategic objectives in the five results areas. This provided a sound basis for ensuring the harmonization of EIO &apos; s work with UNIDO &apos; s strategic areas, for more effective selection and coordination of insurance services, and for optimizing complementarities and reducing possible duplication of efforts among all insurance service providers (i.e. the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor and JIU).", "6. The EIO has been an agile adviser in a period of uncertainty and rapid changes: Following the publication of the EIO strategy by 2020-2024 in February 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for the Office, it continued to adjust its activities to enhance the achievement of the Organization &apos; s goals and objectives and to maintain its strategic alignment. Despite the limitations and difficulties imposed by the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), EIO remained agile and demonstrated that its services are, and remain, essential for informed decision-making, innovation and change. According to the Administration, audit assignments have benefited decision makers and have served as a basis for timely action and management action plans in key risk areas such as digital transformation, people management and fraud risk management.", "III. Overview of the internal audit work of EIO", "7. EIO, through the internal audit function assurance and advisory services, revaluated the governance, risk management and control processes of the Organization with the following tasks:", "(a) Three advisory commissions were carried out, whose reports were published in 2021, on the following issues: UNIDO competencies, lessons learned from COVID-19 (compared with the independent evaluation function) and UNIDO fraud risk management programme. These commissions provided the basis for management plans related to digital transformation, infrastructure investments, people management, strategic workforce planning and fraud risk management;", "(b) The review of the total cost recovery process for quality assurance purposes began at the end of 2021 and concluded in May 2022. It provided a basis for management action plans, which will further strengthen the full cost recovery process, from planning to reporting[6];", "(c) Seven full investigations were completed; and", "(d) The main ad hoc advisory activities have resulted in contributions, inter alia, to the first draft of the Subsidies Manual; the draft UNIDO policy on the protection of personal data; the review of UNIDO &apos; s normative role; the updating of the UNIDO Business Continuity Plan; the draft policy on sexual exploitation and abuse; the Investigator &apos; s Manual on the Investigation of Sexual Harassment at the United Nations. In addition, EIO participated as an observer in task forces and working groups, such as resource optimization in technical cooperation, and the network of focal points for managing results and risks.", "8. EIO confirms that during its internal audit and research activities throughout the reporting period, it acted independently and objectively, without any interference or influence at the internal or external level. However, limitations related to the operational budget and human resources must be borne in mind.", "IV. Status of implementation of management action plans", "9. The EIO followed up on a regular basis with the offices responsible for the status of implementation of management action plans, which is as follows as at 31 December 2021: out of a total of 83 management action plans, 57 are closed (47 have been implemented and in 10 management accepts the risk); 14 are pending. The remaining 12 management action plans have not yet expired. This represents an improvement in the application rate, which reached 57% in 2021, compared to 41% in 2020. EIO continues to monitor the implementation of management action plans and supports management in the process, including through cooperation with the senior-level coordinator on the implementation of management recommendations and action plans. In November 2021, a risk escalation process was developed and launched to accept the risk of outstanding internal audit action plans.", "V. Collaboration with United Nations and other oversight bodies", "10. Strong collaboration continued in the activities of the United Nations Representatives of Internal Audit Services (UN-RIAS) and the United Nations Research Services Representatives (UN-RIS). In addition, consultations were held with the External Auditor to harmonize workplans, expand coverage of security activities and cooperate in such areas as information technology security, in order to efficiently utilize limited resources and avoid duplication of work.", "VI. Strengthening governance of the internal oversight function", "11. The internal oversight role of EIO continues to provide an overview of its activities to the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee at its regular meetings, and reports on its workplans to the Committee to receive its advice.", "VII. Perspective", "12. Based on an updated risk assessment methodology[7], the biennial work plan for EIO 2022-2023 was approved by the Director-General in early 2022. Two audits have been initiated on the launch and promulgation of administrative publications and on long-term procurement agreements. The EIO internal audit workplan will remain flexible and agile in order to proactively take into account new risks and difficulties in the changing operational and activity environment of UNIDO.", "13. In 2022, the Director-General has initiated institutional reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly taken into account in the review and updating of the EIO workplans for 2022-2023. A mid-term review of the EIO Strategy will also be undertaken to ensure that its internal audit and research functions continue to meet the monitoring, accountability and learning needs in the new institutional context, and that EIO continues to contribute to the Organization &apos; s more efficient, effective and more effective impact.", "14. As already noted by the External Auditor, the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee and JIU, the resource situation continues to significantly limit the scope. Since a significant increase in resources is not foreseen, the internal oversight function is not in a position to comprehensively cover all institutional activities included in its workplan identified as high-risk and high-priority. The Committee emphasized in particular that urgent attention should be paid to strengthening the EIO research function with adequate staff and resources.", "15. As always, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, effective, independent, credible and objective functions that assist the Organization in fulfilling its purposes will depend, in short, on the continued support received from the senior management of UNIDO and its Member States.", "VIII. Action requested by the Board", "16. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document.", "[1] Journal of Director-General DGB/2020/11, approved by the Industrial Development Board in its decision IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Newsletter of Director General DGB/2021/12.", "[3] Bulletin of Director-General DGB/2021/13.", "[4] Administrative instruction AI/2022/03.", "[5] JIU/2010/5, annexes, table 1.", "[6] All reports on the orders of advice and assurance are available on the extranet of the Permanent Missions.", "[7] Paragraph 6 referred to it." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones", "Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 14 del programa provisional", "Actividades de la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Actividades de la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "Informe del Director General", "En el presente documento se ofrece información sobre las actividades de la Dependencia Común de Inspección (DCI), conforme al plan de seguimiento de las recomendaciones que se aprobó en virtud de la decisión IDB.24/Dec.11.", "I. Introducción", "1. La Dependencia Común de Inspección (DCI) pasó a ser un órgano subsidiario de la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial en virtud de la decisión IDB.1/Dec.22 de la Junta. En el documento IDB.24/18 se esbozó un sistema de seguimiento de las recomendaciones de la DCI que posteriormente se aprobó en la decisión IDB.24/Dec.11. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en esos documentos, los informes de la DCI se examinarán en cada período ordinario de sesiones de la Junta.", "II. Informes y notas presentados por la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "2. Desde la publicación del documento más reciente de la Junta en que se trató el tema (IDB.49/21), en 2021 y 2022 la Organización ha recibido[1] un total de siete informes de la DCI[2]. Los seis informes que se enumeran a continuación son pertinentes para la ONUDI[3]:", "JIU/REP/2020/7: Aplicaciones de las cadenas de bloques en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas: hacia un estado de disponibilidad operacional;", "JIU/REP/2021/2: Examen del apoyo del sistema de las Naciones Unidas a los países en desarrollo sin litoral para la aplicación del Programa de Acción de Viena;", "JIU/REP/2021/3: La ciberseguridad en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "JIU/REP/2021/4: Examen de la gestión de los asociados en la ejecución en las organizaciones del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "JIU/REP/2021/5: Examen de la función de ética en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "JIU/REP/2021/6: Gestión de la continuidad de las operaciones en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "3. El documento de sesión IDB.50/CRP.9 complementa el presente informe. En él se incluyen hiperenlaces a los respectivos informes de la DCI y a las observaciones pertinentes sobre esos informes formuladas por la Junta de los Jefes Ejecutivos del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la Coordinación (JJE). Se recuerda que las recomendaciones y estadísticas que atañen a la ONUDI pueden consultarse en el sistema de seguimiento web[4]. Este sistema incluye también información sobre la aplicación de las recomendaciones por parte de la ONUDI y observaciones de la ONUDI al respecto. En el documento IDB.50/CRP.9 figura un resumen de las recomendaciones formuladas para que las examinen el Director General de la ONUDI y sus órganos legislativos, así como las observaciones de la Organización.", "III. Aplicación por la ONUDI de las recomendaciones formuladas por la Dependencia Común de Inspección", "4. Como se indicó en informes anteriores, en el sistema de seguimiento web de la DCI los Estados Miembros pueden tener acceso de solo lectura a los datos consolidados sobre el estado de la aplicación de las recomendaciones. Los Estados Miembros interesados pueden solicitar a la DCI acceso al sistema por conducto del coordinador en la ONUDI de asuntos relativos a la DCI en la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna, enviando un correo electrónico a [email protected].", "5. La ONUDI actualiza el sistema de seguimiento web con información pertinente sobre las recomendaciones formuladas en los tres años anteriores. Ello incluye información sobre el estado de aceptación y aplicación de las recomendaciones y los efectos logrados.", "6. En el siguiente cuadro se muestra el estado de aceptación y aplicación por la ONUDI de las recomendaciones correspondientes al período 2019–2021. Se indica como porcentaje de las recomendaciones formuladas.", "Cuadro[5] (situación al 31 de agosto de 2022)", "Aceptación Aplicación\n Aceptada No No En No Aplicada En No No aceptada pertinente examen disponible curso iniciada disponible", "ONUDI 62,73 2,73 10,00 9,09 15,45 56,52 23,19 13,04 7,25", "IV. Recomendaciones específicas de la DCI que requieren la atención de la Junta", "7. En el informe de la DCI sobre la ciberseguridad en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas (JIU/REP/2021/3), los inspectores de la DCI “recuerdan una carta dirigida al Secretario General en 2017, en la que los representantes de los comités de supervisión del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, con ocasión de su primera reunión conjunta, señalaron entre las tres preocupaciones fundamentales para las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas la necesidad de que la administración preste la debida atención a los riesgos nuevos y emergentes, en particular las amenazas mundiales e institucionales críticas que enfrenta la ciberseguridad, y los riesgos que surgen de las nuevas modalidades de trabajo a medida que la transformación digital cobra impulso”.", "8. En su informe sobre las cuentas de la ONUDI correspondientes al ejercicio económico comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2021 (IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3) y con referencia a su informe anterior (IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3), el Auditor Externo de la ONUDI “recomendó que la ONUDI considerase la posibilidad de adoptar medidas para aumentar el nivel general de ciberseguridad y reducir el riesgo de que atacantes verdaderos sacasen partido de las vulnerabilidades descubiertas” (recomendación núm. 47). En su respuesta, la ONUDI informó de que “la propuesta de aumentar el presupuesto de tecnología de la información solo fue apoyada parcialmente por los Estados Miembros para el bienio 2022–2023. Algunas iniciativas decisivas para hacer frente a las causas de fondo que hacen posible el acceso a datos internos, como la implantación de la autenticación multifactor, se han pospuesto hasta que se obtengan recursos”. El Auditor Externo reconoció que las vulnerabilidades críticas detectadas mediante la prueba de penetración han sido solucionadas. Al mismo tiempo, el Auditor Externo señaló que el nivel general de ciberseguridad existente no garantiza una protección suficiente contra nuevos ataques y que es necesario establecer un proceso de gestión de la vulnerabilidad.", "9. A este respecto, cabe observar también que el Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente (CAI) expresó igualmente su preocupación por el elevado riesgo que la Organización se ha visto obligada a aceptar en relación con el estado de sus servicios informáticos, incluida la ciberseguridad, y señaló esta cuestión a la atención urgente de la Junta para que considerara la posibilidad de adoptar medidas apropiadas para solicitar el apoyo de los órganos legislativos y rectores y obtener un nivel adecuado de asignación de recursos (véase el documento IDB.50/22).", "V. Programas de trabajo de la DCI para 2022 y 2023", "10. Como en años anteriores, la DCI informó sobre su programa de trabajo para 2022; también invitó a las organizaciones participantes a presentar sus propuestas en relación con su programa de trabajo para 2023.", "11. El programa de trabajo de la DCI para 2022 incluía seis exámenes. Cinco de esos exámenes abarcan todo el sistema o a múltiples organizaciones, y uno se refiere al examen de la gestión y administración de una organización participante.", "12. Los cinco exámenes que figuran a continuación son de interés para la ONUDI:", "a) Modalidades de trabajo flexibles en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "b) Examen de las políticas y prácticas en materia de salud mental y bienestar en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "c) Examen de la aceptación y aplicación de las recomendaciones de la DCI por parte de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, el proceso de tramitación de los informes de la DCI por parte de las organizaciones participantes en la DCI y su examen por parte de sus órganos legislativos o rectores;", "d) Examen de la calidad, la eficacia, la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad de los planes de seguro médico en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y", "e) Examen de la utilización de personal no perteneciente a la plantilla y de las modalidades contractuales conexas en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "13. El programa de trabajo preliminar de la DCI para 2023 incluye los siguientes exámenes:", "a) Examen de la función de evaluación descentralizada en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "b) Examen de los servicios médicos en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "c) Examen de las políticas y prácticas para prevenir y responder a la explotación y los abusos sexuales y al acoso sexual en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "d) Examen del alineamiento de las estrategias y la gobernanza de la tecnología de la información con los objetivos institucionales en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas;", "e) Examen de los marcos y prácticas de gobernanza de los datos en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y", "f) Examen de las políticas y prácticas de privacidad de los datos en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "14. La ONUDI sigue observando con aprecio la estrecha cooperación entre la DCI y la secretaría de la JJE.", "VI. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "15. La Junta tal vez desee tomar nota de la información contenida en el presente documento y proporcionar orientación específica sobre las recomendaciones dirigidas a los jefes ejecutivos de las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y a los órganos legislativos y rectores, como se resume en el documento de sesión IDB.50/CRP.9.", "[1] En la fecha en que se redactó el presente informe.", "[2] Los informes y notas de la DCI, así como su informe anual a la Asamblea General, pueden consultarse en todos los idiomas oficiales en su sitio web: www.unjiu.org.", "[3] Para más información, véase el anexo I.", "[4] Para más información sobre el acceso al sistema de seguimiento web de la DCI, véase el párrafo 4.", "[5] Basado en la información contenida en el sistema de seguimiento web de la DCI." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 14 of the provisionalagenda \nActivities of the JointInspection Unit", "Activities of the Joint Inspection Unit", "Report by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the activities of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) in accordance with the follow-up scheme to recommendations in accordance with decision IDB.24/Dec.11.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) became a subsidiary organ of the Industrial Development Board by its decision IDB.1/Dec.22. A system of follow-up to JIU recommendations was outlined in document IDB.24/18 and subsequently approved in decision IDB.24/Dec.11. In accordance with the provisions therein, JIU reports will be considered by each regular Board session.", "II. Reports and notes submitted by the Joint Inspection Unit", "2. A total of seven JIU reports[1] were received[2] by the Organization in 2021 and 2022 since the previous Board document covering this subject (IDB.49/21). The six reports as listed below are of relevance to UNIDO:", "JIU/REP/2020/7: Blockchain applications in the United Nations system: towards a state of readiness;", "JIU/REP/2021/2: Review of United Nations system support for landlocked developing countries to implement the Vienna Programme of Action;", "JIU/REP/2021/3: Cybersecurity in the United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/4: Review of the management of implementing partners in United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/5: Review of the ethics function in the United Nations system;", "JIU/REP/2021/6: Business continuity management in United Nations system organizations.", "3. The present document is supplemented with a conference room paper (IDB.50/CRP.9) which includes hyperlinks to the respective JIU reports as well as hyperlinks to the relevant comments on said reports by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). It is recalled that recommendations and statistics applicable to UNIDO are available through the web-based tracking system (WBTS).[3] The WBTS also includes UNIDO’s compliance and comments on recommendations. A summary of recommendations for consideration by the UNIDO Director General and UNIDO legislative bodies, as well as UNIDO comments, is included in document IDB.50/CRP.9.", "III. Implementation of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations at UNIDO", "4. As mentioned in previous reports, Member States can be granted read-only access to the consolidated data on the status of implementation of recommendations on the JIU’s WBTS. Interested Member States can register with the JIU through the UNIDO Focal Point for JIU matters in the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight, via email to [email protected].", "5. UNIDO updates the WBTS with pertinent information on recommendations issued in the last three years. This includes information on the recommendation status of acceptance, the status of implementation and the impact achieved.", "6. The status of acceptance and implementation for UNIDO for the period 2019–2021 is presented in the table below. It is shown as percentage of recommendations issued.", "Table[4] (Status as at 31 August 2022)", "Acceptance Implementation\n Accepted Not Not Under Not Implemented In Not Not accepted relevant consideration available progress started available", "UNIDO 62.73 2.73 10.00 9.09 15.45 56.52 23.19 13.04 7.25", "IV. Specific JIU recommendations needing attention by the Board", "7. In the JIU report on Cybersecurity in the United Nations system organizations (JIU/REP/2021/3), JIU “Inspectors recall a letter addressed to the Secretary-General in 2017, in which the representatives of the United Nations system oversight committees, on the occasion of their first ever joint meeting, identified among the three core concerns for the United Nations system organizations the need for management to give due consideration to new and emerging risks, in particular the global and business critical threats posed to cybersecurity, and the risks emerging from new ways of working as digital transformation gathered pace.”", "8. In its report on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3) and with reference to its previous report (IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3), the UNIDO External Auditor “recommended that UNIDO consider taking measures to increase the overall level of cybersecurity and reduce the risk of real attackers employing the vulnerabilities discovered” (recommendation No. 47 refers). In its response, UNIDO informed that “the proposal to increase the IT budget was only partially supported by Member States for the biennium 2022–2023. Certain key initiatives linked to addressing the root causes of the successful access to internal data, such as the implementation of Multi-Factor Authentication, are delayed until resourcing is addressed”. The External Auditor acknowledged that critical vulnerabilities identified through the penetration test have been remediated. At the same time, the External Auditor noted that the existing overall level of cybersecurity does not guarantee sufficient protection against further attacks and process for vulnerability management must be established.", "9. In this regard, it should also be noted that the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC) equally expressed its concerns about the high risk the Organization has been forced to accept with regard to the state of its IT services, including cybersecurity, and brought this issue to the urgent attention of the Board for its consideration of appropriate action in soliciting the support of and obtaining an adequate level of resource allocation by legislative and governing bodies (document IDB.50/22 refers).", "V. JIU work programmes 2022 and 2023", "10. As in previous years, the JIU informed on its programme of work for 2022, and also invited participating organizations to submit their proposals for its programme of work for 2023.", "11. The JIU work programme for 2022 included six reviews. Five of the reviews are of system-wide coverage and one relates to a management and administrative review of a participating organization.", "12. The below five reviews are of interest to UNIDO:", "(a) Flexible working arrangements in United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of mental health and well-being policies and practices in United Nations system organizations;", "(c) Review of the acceptance and implementation of JIU recommendations by the United Nations system organizations, the process of handling the JIU reports by the JIU participating organizations and their consideration by their legislative/governing bodies;", "(d) Review of quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of health insurance schemes in the United Nations system organizations; and", "(e) Review of the use of non-staff personnel and related contractual modalities in the United Nations system.", "13. The preliminary JIU programme of work for 2023 includes the following reviews:", "(a) Review of the decentralized evaluation function in the United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of medical services in the United Nations system;", "(c) Review of policies and practices to prevent from and respond to sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment (SH) in the United Nations system organizations;", "(d) Review of the alignment of information technology strategies and governance with organizational goals in United Nations system organizations;", "(e) Review of data governance frameworks and practices in the United Nations system organizations; and", "(f) Review of data privacy policies and practices in the United Nations system.", "14. UNIDO continues to note with appreciation the close cooperation between the JIU and the Secretariat of the CEB.", "VI. Action required of the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide specific guidance on the recommendations addressed to executive heads of United Nations system organizations and legislative and governing bodies, as summarized in conference room paper IDB.50/CRP.9.", "[1] JIU reports and notes, as well as the JIU Annual Report to the General Assembly, in all official languages can be accessed via the JIU website (www.unjiu.org).", "[2] At the time this report was prepared.", "[3] Please refer to paragraph 4 for information regarding access to the JIU WBTS.", "[4] As per information contained in the JIU WBTS." ]
IDB.50_21
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session", "Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Item 14 of the provisional agenda", "Activities of the Joint Inspection Unit", "Activities of the Joint Inspection Unit", "Report of the Director-General", "The present document provides information on the activities of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU), in accordance with the plan for follow-up to the recommendations adopted by decision IDB.24/Dec.11.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) became a subsidiary body of the Industrial Development Board pursuant to Board decision IDB.1/Dec.22. A system of follow-up to JIU recommendations was outlined in document IDB.24/18 and subsequently adopted in decision IDB.24/Dec.11. In accordance with those documents, JIU reports will be considered at each regular session of the Board.", "II. Reports and notes submitted by the Joint Inspection Unit", "2. Since the issuance of the Board &apos; s most recent paper (IDB.49/21), in 2021 and 2022 the Organization has received[1] a total of seven JIU reports[2]. The following six reports are relevant to UNIDO[3]:", "JIU/REP/2020/7: Applications of block chains in the United Nations system: towards a state of operational availability;", "JIU/REP/2021/2: Review of United Nations system support to landlocked developing countries for the implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action;", "JIU/REP/2021/3: Cybersecurity in United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/4: Review of management of implementing partners in United Nations system organizations;", "JIU/REP/2021/5: Review of the ethics function in the United Nations system;", "JIU/REP/2021/6: Business continuity management in United Nations system organizations.", "3. The conference room paper IDB.50/CRP.9 complements the present report. It includes hyperlinks to the respective JIU reports and relevant comments on those reports made by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). It is recalled that recommendations and statistics relating to UNIDO are available in the web tracking system[4]. This system also includes information on the implementation of UNIDO &apos; s recommendations and UNIDO &apos; s comments thereon. A summary of the recommendations made for consideration by the Director-General of UNIDO and its legislative bodies and the comments of the Organization is contained in document IDB.50/CRP.9.", "III. Implementation by UNIDO of the recommendations made by the Joint Inspection Unit", "4. As indicated in previous reports, Member States may have read-only access to consolidated data on the status of implementation of recommendations in the JIU web tracking system. Interested Member States may request JIU access to the system through the UNIDO focal point on JIU issues at the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight, by [email protected].", "5. UNIDO updates the web tracking system with relevant information on the recommendations made in the previous three years. This includes information on the status of acceptance and implementation of recommendations and the impact achieved.", "6. The following table shows the status of acceptance and implementation by UNIDO of recommendations for the period 2019–2021. It is indicated as a percentage of the recommendations made.", "Table[5] (situation as at 31 August 2022)", "Acceptance Acceptance Accepted Application No. No. Applied In Not Accepted Relevant Examination Available Course Started Available", "UNIDO 62.73 2.73 10,00 9.09 15.45 56.52 23.19 13.04 7.25", "IV. Specific JIU recommendations requiring the attention of the Board", "7. In the JIU report on cybersecurity in the organizations of the United Nations system (JIU/REP/2021/3), JIU inspectors “remember a letter addressed to the Secretary-General in 2017, in which the representatives of the United Nations system oversight committees, on the occasion of their first joint meeting, drew attention to the three key concerns for the organizations of the United Nations system to the need for management to pay due attention.", "8. In its report on UNIDO &apos; s accounts for the financial period from 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB.50/3-PBC.38/3) and with reference to its previous report (IDB.49/3-PBC.37/3), the External Auditor of UNIDO “recommends that UNIDO consider taking measures to increase the overall level of cybersecurity and reduce the risk of non-compliance”. In its response, UNIDO reported that “the proposal to increase the information technology budget was only partially supported by Member States for the biennium 2022–2023. Some decisive initiatives to address the root causes that make access to internal data possible, such as the implementation of multifactor authentication, have been postponed until resources are obtained.” The External Auditor recognized that the critical vulnerabilities detected through the penetration test have been solved. At the same time, the External Auditor noted that the general level of existing cybersecurity does not guarantee sufficient protection against new attacks and that a process of vulnerability management is needed.", "9. In this regard, it should also be noted that the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (IAC) also expressed its concern at the high risk that the Organization has been forced to accept in connection with the status of its computer services, including cybersecurity, and drew this issue to the Board &apos; s urgent attention to considering appropriate measures to seek the support of legislative and governing bodies and to obtain an appropriate level of resource allocation (see IDB.50/22).", "V. JIU work programmes for 2022 and 2023", "10. As in previous years, JIU reported on its programme of work for 2022; it also invited participating organizations to submit their proposals regarding its programme of work for 2023.", "11. The JIU programme of work for 2022 included six reviews. Five of these reviews cover the entire system or multiple organizations, and one relates to the review of the management and administration of a participating organization.", "12. The following five reviews are of interest to UNIDO:", "(a) Flexible working arrangements in United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of mental health and well-being policies and practices in United Nations system organizations;", "(c) Review of the acceptance and implementation of JIU recommendations by United Nations system organizations, the process of processing JIU reports by JIU participating organizations and their review by their legislative or governing bodies;", "(d) Review of the quality, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of health insurance plans in United Nations system organizations; and", "(e) Review of the use of non-staff personnel and related contractual modalities in the United Nations system.", "13. The JIU preliminary work programme for 2023 includes the following reviews:", "(a) Review of the decentralized evaluation function in United Nations system organizations;", "(b) Review of medical services in the United Nations system;", "(c) Review of policies and practices to prevent and respond to sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment in United Nations system organizations;", "(d) Review of alignment of ICT strategies and governance with institutional objectives in United Nations system organizations;", "(e) Review of data governance frameworks and practices in United Nations system organizations; and", "f) Review of data privacy policies and practices in the United Nations system.", "14. UNIDO continues to note with appreciation the close cooperation between JIU and the JJE secretariat.", "VI. Action requested by the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide specific guidance on recommendations addressed to the executive heads of United Nations system organizations and legislative and governing bodies, as summarized in conference room paper IDB.50/CRP.9.", "[1] On the date of writing of the present report.", "[2] JIU reports and notes, as well as its annual report to the General Assembly, are available in all official languages on its website: www.unjiu.org.", "[3] For further information, see annex I.", "[4] For further information on access to the JIU web tracking system, see paragraph 4.", "[5] Based on the information contained in the JIU web tracking system." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones", "Viena, 21-23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 15 del programa provisional", "Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente de la ONUDI", "Informe del Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente", "Informe de la Presidencia", "El presente documento se publica en cumplimiento de las decisiones IDB.44/Dec.4 e IDB.48/Dec.5, en que se aprobó el mandato revisado del Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente. Contiene información sobre las actividades y la labor de asesoramiento del Comité.", "I. Introducción", "1. Desde que informó por última vez a la Junta (IDB.49/22), el Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente ha celebrado numerosas reuniones de forma virtual a causa de las restricciones impuestas a los viajes. Entre ellas figuraron sus reuniones séptima y octava, celebradas en julio y diciembre de 2021 respectivamente. La novena reunión tuvo lugar en la Sede de la ONUDI en junio de 2022.", "2. La labor del Comité sigue centrándose en las cuestiones fundamentales definidas en su mandato.", "3. En 2022, el Comité sigue haciendo hincapié en tres esferas prioritarias: la gestión basada en los resultados (GBR); la independencia y los recursos para las funciones de supervisión (evaluación, investigación y auditoría interna), y la aplicación de las recomendaciones y los planes de acción sobre gestión.", "4. En el presente documento se destacan: a) los principales logros de la ONUDI en materia de gobernanza, rendición de cuentas, evaluación y auditoría interna, y b) las principales esferas de riesgo residual que a juicio del Comité la Junta debería conocer y tener presentes en sus deliberaciones.", "5. El Comité toma nota del proceso de reforma y reestructuración que está teniendo lugar en la ONUDI bajo el liderazgo del Director General, el Sr. Gerd Müller. El Comité hará un seguimiento de las repercusiones de esta reforma en esferas relacionadas con su mandato, como la gobernanza, la rendición de cuentas, la supervisión, el cumplimiento y la GBR. El Comité sigue dispuesto a proporcionar asesoramiento específico a la nueva administración en cualquier ámbito conexo, si así se le solicita.", "II. Avances en materia de gobernanza, gestión de riesgos y supervisión en la ONUDI", "Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna", "6. El Comité reconoce con satisfacción que la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna (EIO) ha promulgado políticas revisadas de evaluación (DGB/2021/11), auditoría interna (DGB/2021/12) e investigación (DGB/2021/13) en septiembre de 2021, y ha publicado Directrices para Investigaciones en mayo de 2022 (AI/2022/03).", "7. El Comité examinó el estado de entrega de los planes de trabajo de evaluación y auditoría interna de la EIO para 2022-2023. Tomó nota del alineamiento estratégico de los planes de trabajo de la EIO, y le satisface que estos planes vayan a ser examinados y, en caso necesario, ajustados a los resultados de la reestructuración institucional y a las nuevas prioridades de gestión.", "8. El Comité reconoce las actividades en materia de auditoría y evaluación interna de la EIO realizadas en el último año, en particular:", "• Primer encargo de asesoramiento conjunto realizado por las funciones de auditoría y evaluación sobre las enseñanzas extraídas de la COVID-19;", "• Revisión de auditoría interna del proceso de recuperación total de costos con fines de aseguramiento de la calidad; y", "• Evaluaciones independientes de la Política (2015) y la Estrategia (2016-2019) de la ONUDI sobre la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de la mujer, el marco programático de mediano plazo (MPMP) 2018-2021 de la ONUDI y del Programa de Alianzas en el Senegal.", "Auditoría externa", "9. El Comité muestra su satisfacción ante la opinión sin reservas emitida por el Auditor Externo en su informe sobre las cuentas de la ONUDI correspondientes al ejercicio económico comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2021 (IDB50/3-PBC.38/3) y ha formulado observaciones acerca del informe (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "10. El Comité alienta a la Administración a que acelere la aplicación de las recomendaciones y los planes de acción pendientes de anteriores informes de auditoría externa.", "Coordinación de los planes de acción sobre gestión", "11. El Comité tomó nota de los boletines del Director General en los que se anunciaba la nueva estructura de algunas Direcciones[1] y observó que aún no es explícito el establecimiento de la función de coordinador del seguimiento y la aplicación de las recomendaciones y los planes de acción sobre gestión (anteriormente asignada al Director Gerente de la Dirección de Gestión Institucional y Operaciones). Esta función es clave para coordinar el seguimiento y la aplicación como competencia de la dirección. Debe tener un nivel de autoridad muy elevado para garantizar la implementación de los planes de acción sobre gestión.", "12. El Comité recomienda encarecidamente que la dirección de la ONUDI consolide las recomendaciones y los planes de acción sobre gestión de los distintos proveedores de servicios de aseguramiento con el fin de establecer las prioridades de las distintas acciones.", "III. Cuestiones que requieren mayor atención", "Presupuestación y gestión basadas en los resultados", "13. La Organización está extrayendo enseñanzas del primer presupuesto basado en los resultados. El seguimiento de los resultados de las metas no operacionales (por ejemplo, las metas financieras) es menos difícil que el de los resultados de las operaciones, así como de los resultados e impactos, en los casos en los que no se disponía de referencias. El actual ciclo presupuestario ayudará a proporcionar los parámetros de referencia. El Comité espera que en el próximo informe anual se vean más claramente los resultados. Las principales dificultades residen en la calidad de los datos y la cobertura; además, hay que hacer un uso más sistemático de los datos e indicadores para la adopción de decisiones. La ONUDI tiene por delante un largo camino; se necesita un cambio de cultura.", "14. La armonización de la estrategia con el programa y los presupuestos y con los planes de trabajo sigue siendo una tarea pendiente y un reto importante. La evaluación del marco programático de mediano plazo (MPMP) pone de relieve estos problemas; se han formulado planes de acción sobre gestión para abordarlos.", "15. Es preciso abordar las limitaciones generales en materia de competencias y capacidades con el fin de fomentar una cultura más sólida de gestión basada en los resultados en el nivel interno.", "16. Otra dificultad es asegurar el compromiso de los Estados Miembros con el proceso reconociendo la importancia de asignar los presupuestos en función de los resultados, velando por que en el siguiente ciclo presupuestario la ONUDI siga avanzando con la presupuestación basada en los resultados.", "Función de supervisión dentro de la ONUDI", "17. El Comité reitera las preocupaciones que ya ha planteado en otras ocasiones y que también señalaron los Auditores Externos, en el sentido de que los insuficientes recursos para operaciones dedicados a la EIO no permiten a esta ocuparse de las esferas de alto riesgo prioritarias de la ONUDI desde la perspectiva de la auditoría y la evaluación. La escasez de recursos hace que la EIO solo pueda ofrecer un aseguramiento limitado a la Junta.", "18. El Comité reitera que se necesita un presupuesto operacional más transparente, sostenible y predecible para las funciones de supervisión independiente. El Comité aprecia que su recomendación de separar claramente los recursos para las funciones de la EIO en el programa y los presupuestos se esté teniendo en cuenta en la actual reestructuración de la ONUDI. Debe prestarse atención urgente al fortalecimiento de la función de investigación de la EIO con personal y recursos adecuados.", "Gestión de los riesgos institucionales", "19. En sus reuniones ordinarias, el antiguo Asesor Especial del Director General sobre Coordinación de Operaciones y Gestión de Riesgos proporcionó al Comité información actualizada sobre las actividades y las dificultades relacionadas con la gestión de los riesgos institucionales.", "20. El Comité observó que existen dificultades en la puesta en marcha de la red de Puntos Focales para la Gestión de Resultados y Riesgos, y que esta red requiere mayor institucionalización; observó también que actualmente el proceso no parece ser asumido por la dirección. En la fecha de redacción del presente informe, están por definir la ubicación y las responsabilidades de la función de gestión de los riesgos institucionales dentro de la nueva estructura de la ONUDI. El Comité seguirá de cerca esta cuestión.", "Tecnología de la información y ciberseguridad", "21. El Comité ha recibido información actualizada sobre las dificultades en materia de tecnología de la información y ciberseguridad, y observa con preocupación que apenas se ha avanzado en la financiación para abordar las carencias que aumentan los riesgos de seguridad a este respecto y las futuras repercusiones presupuestarias en caso de que esas carencias no se resuelvan.", "22. El Comité observó que se está elaborando una política de protección de datos.", "Reforma y reestructuración de la ONUDI", "23. La necesidad de gestionar el cambio dentro de la ONUDI durante el anuncio de los cambios estructurales y después de este es crucial. El Comité alienta al Director General a que recurra a su asesoramiento para fortalecer el marco de gobernanza y rendición de cuentas de la ONUDI.", "24. El firme apoyo del Director General a la presupuestación basada en los resultados, la gestión basada en los resultados y la gestión de los riesgos institucionales es indispensable para que la Organización esté más centrada en los resultados, sea más eficaz y logre mayores efectos.", "IV. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "25. La Junta tal vez desee tomar nota de la información que figura en el presente documento, e impartir orientación sobre lo siguiente:", "a) Esferas prioritarias sugeridas que deben recibir mayor atención por parte del Comité en 2022 y 2023, y", "b) Seguir reforzando las funciones de la EIO, como autoridad independiente sobre los recursos financieros y humanos asignados a las funciones de supervisión, como se estipula en la Carta de la EIO (decisión IDB.48/Dec.10 de la Junta).", "[1] DGB/2022/14, de 3 de agosto de 2022, y DGB/2022/15, de 5 de agosto de 2022." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 15 of the provisionalagenda UNIDO Independent Oversight \n Advisory Committee", "Report of the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "Report by the Chair", "This document is issued pursuant to decisions IDB.44/Dec.4 and IDB.48/Dec.5, which adopted the revised terms of reference for the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC). The present report provides information on the OAC’s activities and advice.", "I. Introduction", "1. Since the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC) last reported to the Board (IDB.49/22), the OAC held multiple meetings virtually due to travel restrictions. This included its seventh and eighth meetings in July and December 2021 respectively. The ninth meeting took place at UNIDO headquarters in June 2022.", "2. The OAC work continues to focus on the key mandate defined in its terms of reference.", "3. For 2022, the OAC continues to emphasize three priority areas: results-based management (RBM); independence and resources for oversight functions (evaluation, investigation and internal audit); and implementation of recommendations and management action plans (MAPs).", "4. This document provides highlights on: (a) key achievements by UNIDO in governance, accountability, evaluation and internal audit; and (b) key areas of residual risk the OAC believes the Board should be aware of and consider in its deliberations.", "5. The OAC takes note of the ongoing reform and restructuring of UNIDO under the Director General, Mr. Gerd Müller. The OAC will follow up on the impact of this reform on areas related to its mandate, such as governance, accountability, oversight, compliance and RBM. The OAC remains ready to provide specific advice to the new administration on any related areas, as requested.", "II. Progress in governance, risk management and oversight at UNIDO", "Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "6. The OAC is pleased to recognize that the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) has promulgated revised evaluation (DGB/2021/11), internal audit (DGB/2021/12) and investigation (DGB/2021/13) policies in September 2021, and issued Investigation Guidelines in May 2022 (AI/2022/03).", "7. The OAC reviewed the delivery status of EIO evaluation and internal audit workplans for 2022–2023. The OAC noted the strategic alignment of EIO workplans, and welcomes that these plans will be reviewed and, if necessary, adjusted to align with the outcome of organizational restructuring and new management priorities.", "8. The OAC recognizes EIO’s internal audit and evaluation engagements conducted in the last year, in particular, the:", "• First joint advisory engagement undertaken by audit and evaluation functions on COVID-19 lessons learned;", "• Internal audit assurance review of the full cost recovery process; and", "• Independent evaluations of UNIDO’s Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021 and of the Programme for Country Partnership in Senegal.", "External audit", "9. The OAC is pleased with the unqualified opinion by the External Auditor in their report on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial year 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB.50/3–PBC.38/3) and has provided comments on the report (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "10. The OAC recommends that management accelerate the implementation of outstanding recommendations and action plans from past external audit reports.", "Coordinating management action plans", "11. The OAC took note of the Director General bulletins announcing the new structure for some Directorates[1] and noted that the establishment of the function of the Focal Point for the monitoring and implementation of recommendations and MAPs (formerly assigned to the Managing Director of the Directorate of Corporate Management and Operations) is not yet explicit. This role is key to coordinating monitoring and implementation as a management responsibility. It should have a very high level of authority to ensure the implementation of MAPs.", "12. The OAC strongly recommends that UNIDO management consolidate the recommendations and MAPs from different assurance providers for prioritization of various actions.", "III. Challenges requiring further attention", "Results-based budgeting and management", "13. The Organization is learning from the first results-based budget. Tracking results for non-operational (e.g. financial) targets is less challenging than operational results, and outcome and impact, where baselines were not available. The current budget cycle will help provide the baselines. In the next annual report, the OAC would expect to see more evidence of results. The main challenges are the quality of data and coverage, and having a more systematic use of data and indicators for decision-making. UNIDO still has a long way to go, and there is need for culture change.", "14. Aligning strategy to the programme and budgets and to workplans remains a gap and a major challenge. The MTPF evaluation highlights these issues and MAPs have been formulated to address them.", "15. Overarching constraints on skills and capacities need to be addressed to foster a stronger RBM culture in-house.", "16. Another challenge is to ensure Member States’ commitment to the process by recognizing the importance of allocating budgets according to results, ensuring that UNIDO continues moving forward with RBB under the next budget cycle.", "Oversight function within UNIDO", "17. The OAC reiterates the concerns it has raised previously, also noted by the External Auditors, that the inadequate operational resources devoted to the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight do not allow it to cover priority high-risk and evidence gaps at UNIDO from an audit, evaluation and investigation perspective. Resource constraints mean that the assurance EIO can provide to the Board is limited.", "18. The OAC reiterates that there is a need for a more transparent, sustainable and predictable operational budget for independent oversight functions. The OAC appreciates that its recommendation to clearly separate resources for EIO functions in the programme and budgets is being considered in the current UNIDO restructuring. Urgent attention should be given to strengthening the EIO investigation function with adequate staffing and resources.", "Enterprise risk management", "19. During its regular meetings, the OAC was provided updates by the former Special Adviser to the Director General on Operations Coordination and Risk Management on activities and challenges in connection with enterprise risk management (ERM).", "20. The OAC noted that challenges exist with the implementation of the Results and Risk Focal Points’ network and that this required further institutionalization, and that currently the process did not appear to be owned by management. At the date of writing this report, the location and responsibilities for the ERM function within the new UNIDO structure has not been articulated. The OAC will follow up on this matter.", "Information technology and cybersecurity", "21. The OAC has received updates on the challenges related to information technology (IT) and cybersecurity, and notes with concern that there has not been much progress in funding to address the gaps that increase IT security risk and future budgetary implications if not resolved.", "22. The OAC noted that a data protection policy is under development.", "UNIDO reform and restructuring", "23. The need for change management within UNIDO during and after the announcement of the structural changes is crucial. The OAC encourages the Director General to make use of the OAC’s advice in strengthening UNIDO’s governance and accountability framework.", "24. Strong support by the Director General on RBB, RBM and ERM is essential to make the Organization more result-focused, more effective and impactful.", "IV. Action required of the Board", "25. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide guidance on the following:", "(a) Suggested priority areas for further attention by the OAC in 2022 and 2023; and", "(b) Further strengthening the EIO functions, as an independent authority over the financial and human resources allocated to EIO, based on the EIO Charter (Board decision IDB.48/Dec.10).", "[1] DGB/2022/14 of 3 August 2022 and DGB/2022/15 of 5 August 2022." ]
IDB.50_22
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session", "Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda", "UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "Report of the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee", "Report of the Chair", "The present document is issued pursuant to decisions IDB.44/Dec.4 and IDB.48/Dec.5, which approved the revised terms of reference of the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee. It contains information on the activities and advisory work of the Committee.", "I. Introduction", "1. Since last reporting to the Board (IDB.49/22), the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee has held numerous meetings virtually owing to travel restrictions. They included their seventh and eighth meetings, held in July and December 2021 respectively. The ninth meeting was held at UNIDO Headquarters in June 2022.", "2. The Committee &apos; s work continues to focus on the key issues identified in its mandate.", "3. In 2022, the Committee continues to focus on three priority areas: results-based management (RBM); independence and resources for oversight functions (evaluation, research and internal audit), and implementation of management recommendations and action plans.", "4. The present document highlights: (a) UNIDO &apos; s main achievements in governance, accountability, evaluation and internal audit, and (b) the main areas of residual risk that the Board is of the opinion should be aware of and present in its deliberations.", "5. The Committee takes note of the ongoing reform and restructuring process in UNIDO under the leadership of the Director-General, Mr. Gerd Müller. The Committee will follow up on the impact of this reform in areas related to its mandate, such as governance, accountability, monitoring, compliance and RBM. The Committee remains prepared to provide specific advice to the new administration in any related area, if requested.", "II. Developments in governance, risk management and oversight in UNIDO", "Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "6. The Committee acknowledges with satisfaction that the Office of Internal Evaluation and Oversight (OIOS) has promulgated revised evaluation policies (DGB/2021/11), internal audit (DGB/2021/12) and research (DGB/2021/13) in September 2021, and has issued Guidelines for Investigations in May 2022 (AI/2022/03).", "7. The Committee reviewed the status of delivery of the EIO evaluation and internal audit workplans for 2022-2023. It took note of the strategic alignment of the EIO workplans, and is pleased that these plans will be reviewed and, if necessary, adjusted to the results of institutional restructuring and new management priorities.", "8. The Committee recognizes the internal audit and evaluation activities of EIO carried out in the past year, in particular:", "• First joint advisory commission carried out by the audit and evaluation functions on lessons learned from COVID-19;", "• Internal audit review of the total cost recovery process for quality assurance purposes; and", "• Independent evaluations of UNIDO &apos; s Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016-2019) on gender equality and women &apos; s empowerment, the medium-term programme framework (MPMP) 2018-2021 of UNIDO and the Partnerships Programme in Senegal.", "External audit", "9. The Committee welcomes the unqualified opinion of the External Auditor in its report on the accounts of UNIDO for the financial period from 1 January to 31 December 2021 (IDB50/3-PBC.38/3) and has commented on the report (PBC.38/CRP.3).", "10. The Committee encourages the Administration to accelerate the implementation of the outstanding recommendations and action plans of previous external audit reports.", "Coordination of management action plans", "11. The Committee took note of the Director-General &apos; s bulletins announcing the new structure of some Directions[1] and noted that the establishment of the coordinating role for the follow-up to and implementation of management recommendations and action plans (formerly assigned to the Managing Director of the Bureau of Institutional Management and Operations). This function is key to coordinating follow-up and implementation as a leadership competition. It must have a very high level of authority to ensure implementation of management action plans.", "12. The Committee strongly recommends that UNIDO management consolidate recommendations and action plans on the management of individual insurance service providers in order to prioritize the various actions.", "III. Issues requiring greater attention", "Results-based budgeting and management", "13. The Organization is drawing lessons from the first results-based budget. Monitoring the results of non-operational targets (e.g., financial targets) is less difficult than the results of operations, as well as the results and impacts, where no references were available. The current budget cycle will help provide benchmarks. The Committee hopes that the results will be seen more clearly in the next annual report. The main challenges lie in the quality of data and coverage; more systematic use of data and indicators for decision-making must be made. UNIDO had a long way ahead; a change in culture was needed.", "14. The harmonization of the strategy with the programme and budgets and with the work plans remains an outstanding task and a major challenge. The evaluation of the medium-term programme framework (MPMP) highlights these challenges; management action plans have been developed to address them.", "15. General constraints on competencies and capacities need to be addressed in order to foster a stronger culture of results-based management at the domestic level.", "16. Another challenge is to ensure the commitment of Member States to the process by recognizing the importance of allocation of results-based budgets, ensuring that in the next budget cycle UNIDO continues to move forward with results-based budgeting.", "Oversight role within UNIDO", "17. The Committee reiterates the concerns it has already raised on other occasions and also noted by the External Auditors that insufficient resources for EIO operations do not allow UNIDO to address the priority areas of high risk from the audit and evaluation perspective. The shortage of resources makes EIO alone able to provide limited assurance to the Board.", "18. The Committee reiterates the need for a more transparent, sustainable and predictable operational budget for independent oversight functions. The Committee appreciates that its recommendation to clearly separate resources for EIO &apos; s functions in the programme and budgets is being taken into account in the current restructuring of UNIDO. Urgent attention should be paid to strengthening the EIO research function with adequate staff and resources.", "Enterprise risk management", "19. At its regular meetings, the former Special Adviser to the Director-General on Operations Coordination and Risk Management provided the Committee with an update on activities and challenges related to enterprise risk management.", "20. The Committee noted that there are difficulties in the implementation of the Focal Points Network for Results and Risk Management, and that this network requires further institutionalization; it also noted that the process does not seem to be assumed by management at present. At the time of writing of the present report, the location and responsibilities of the enterprise risk management function within the new UNIDO structure are to be defined. The Committee will follow this matter closely.", "Information technology and cybersecurity", "21. The Committee has received up-to-date information technology and cybersecurity difficulties, and notes with concern that little progress has been made in financing to address security risks in this regard and future budgetary implications in the event that such gaps are not resolved.", "22. The Committee noted that a data protection policy is being developed.", "UNIDO reform and restructuring", "23. The need to manage change within UNIDO during and after the announcement of structural changes is crucial. The Committee encourages the Director-General to use his advice to strengthen the UNIDO governance and accountability framework.", "24. The Director-General &apos; s strong support for results-based budgeting, results-based management and enterprise risk management is essential for the Organization to be more focused on results, more effective and more effective.", "IV. Action requested by the Board", "25. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and provide guidance on the following:", "(a) Suggested priority areas for increased attention by the Committee in 2022 and 2023, and", "(b) Continue to strengthen the functions of EIO, as an independent authority on the financial and human resources allocated to oversight functions, as stipulated in the EIO Charter (Council decision IDB.48/Dec.10).", "[1] DGB/2022/14 of 3 August 2022 and DGB/2022/15 of 5 August 2022." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial 50º período de sesiones Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de2022 Tema 16 del programa provisional \nActividades de evaluación ysupervisión interna", "Actividades de evaluación", "Informe del Director de la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna", "En el presente documento se ofrece información sobre las actividades realizadas por la función de evaluación de conformidad con las decisiones IDB.44/Dec.3 e IDB.48/Dec.10, y se actualiza el informe anterior que figura en el documento IDB.49/24.", "I. Antecedentes", "1. La Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión Interna (EIO) es responsable de las funciones de supervisión, que comprenden las de auditoría interna, investigación y evaluación. Su mandato consiste en prestar servicios de aseguramiento, asesoramiento, investigación y evaluación de manera independiente y objetiva con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia y eficacia de las operaciones, el marco de control interno, la gestión de riesgos, la gestión basada en los resultados y los procesos de gobernanza de la ONUDI, y revalorizar todos esos aspectos. Además, la EIO es la entidad encargada de la coordinación con las actividades de la Dependencia Común de Inspección (DCI) de las Naciones Unidas, y actúa como secretaría del Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente de la ONUDI.", "2. La función de evaluación se rige por la Carta de la EIO[1] y la Política de Evaluación de la ONUDI (de la que se publicó una versión revisada en 2021)[2]. La función de evaluación se rige además por el Manual de Evaluación. La función de evaluación gestiona, realiza y proporciona actividades de aseguramiento de la calidad en distintos tipos de evaluaciones independientes dentro de la ONUDI y hace un seguimiento de la respuesta de la Administración a dichas evaluaciones.", "3. En la actualidad, los puestos presupuestados para la función de evaluación de la EIO comprenden cuatro puestos del Cuadro Orgánico y uno del Cuadro de Servicios Generales. Uno de los puestos del Cuadro Orgánico está actualmente vacante.", "II. Principales logros en el período sobre el que se informa", "4. Mayor fortalecimiento del marco normativo de la EIO: Un paso importante logrado en 2021 fue la publicación de la política revisada de evaluación, que refuerza aún más la función de supervisión de la Oficina, así como su independencia, como requiere la Carta de la EIO.", "5. Mejora de la metodología de la EIO para la evaluación de los riesgos y las deficiencias de datos y del entorno de auditoría y evaluación y su armonización con el marco programático de mediano plazo para 2022-2025 de la ONUDI y el programa y los presupuestos basados en los resultados para 2022-2023, con el fin de reflejar los objetivos estratégicos de la Organización en las cinco esferas de resultados. Esto proporcionó una base sólida para garantizar la armonización de la labor de la EIO con las esferas estratégicas de la ONUDI, para hacer más eficaces la selección y coordinación de las evaluaciones independientes, y para optimizar las complementariedades y reducir la posible duplicación de esfuerzos entre todos los proveedores de servicios de aseguramiento (es decir, la función de auditoría interna, la función de evaluación, el Auditor Externo y la DCI).", "6. La EIO ha sido un asesor ágil en un período de incertidumbre y cambios rápidos: Tras la publicación de la estrategia de la EIO para 2020-2024[3] en enero de 2020 como marco fundamental de gestión y rendición de cuentas para la Oficina, esta siguió ajustando sus actividades para revalorizar el logro de las metas y los objetivos de la Organización y para mantener su alineamiento desde el punto de vista estratégico. A pesar de las limitaciones y las dificultades impuestas por el contexto de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), la EIO se mantuvo ágil y demostró que sus servicios eran, y siguen siendo, esenciales para la toma de decisiones informadas, la innovación y el cambio. Según la Administración, las evaluaciones han beneficiado a los responsables de la adopción de decisiones, ya que han servido de base para examinar esferas clave, como la gestión basada en los resultados, el seguimiento y la presentación de informes, y otras esferas institucionales susceptibles de mejora.", "III. Reseña general de la labor de evaluación de la EIO", "7. A lo largo del año, la EIO siguió ajustando su plan de trabajo al contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en curso para garantizar que sus actividades de evaluación siguieran proporcionando información con base empírica a nivel estratégico y de proyectos.", "8. En el período sobre el que se informa, se realizaron y completaron las siguientes cuatro evaluaciones estratégicas y a nivel institucional:", "a) Evaluación temática independiente. Política (2015) y Estrategia (2016‑2019) de la ONUDI sobre la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de la Mujer;", "b) Evaluación independiente. Programa de Alianzas en el País (PCP) para el Senegal, 2015-2021;", "c) Evaluación temática independiente. Marco programático de mediano plazo (MPMP) de la ONUDI para 2018-2021; y", "d) Evaluación temática independiente. Las capacidades de la ONUDI para contribuir al cambio transformacional.", "9. Además, se gestionaron 20 evaluaciones independientes de proyectos en las que se realizaron actividades de aseguramiento de la calidad y sobre las que se publicaron informes de evaluación. Las evaluaciones de los proyectos y programas de cooperación técnica se financiaban con cargo a los presupuestos de los respectivos proyectos y programas.", "10. Todos los informes de las evaluaciones independientes de la ONUDI pueden consultarse en su sitio web (www.unido.org/resources/evaluation).", "11. La Oficina siguió observando la aceptación y aplicación por la Administración de las recomendaciones formuladas a partir de las evaluaciones de los proyectos.", "12. Desde 2021, para todas las evaluaciones estratégicas (incluidas las evaluaciones temáticas a nivel de país) en que se examinan esferas sistémicas, transversales o institucionales, se presentan planes de acción sobre gestión que han sido acordados y que se basan en las conclusiones y recomendaciones de esas evaluaciones. Se espera que con dichos planes aumente el compromiso y la implicación de la Administración a la hora de abordar las esferas de mejora señaladas por las evaluaciones. Hasta ahora, se han acordado un total de 12 planes de acción sobre gestión con las instancias responsables de la Administración y se han publicado a finales de agosto de 2022. En el período sobre el que se informa, se concluyeron 5 planes de acción sobre gestión y se consideraba que otros 7 planes estaban en curso, cuyo nivel de aplicación se seguirá observando.", "13. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo que aplazarse la formación prevista sobre evaluación in situ, que debía ser una contribución a la creación y el fortalecimiento de las capacidades nacionales de evaluación de los Estados Miembros. Para ayudar a que en lo sucesivo estas formaciones puedan celebrarse al margen de factores externos, la EIO preparó un curso en línea de formación para la evaluación que se pondrá en marcha en el último trimestre de 2022 y estará abierto a un público más amplio, esto es, al personal y a los asociados externos.", "14. La EIO hizo aportaciones y dio asesoramiento en materia de evaluación a varias iniciativas puestas en marcha, como el fortalecimiento de la función normativa de la ONUDI y la creación de módulos de servicios programáticos y la autoevaluación de los programas por países.", "15. La EIO confirma que durante el período sobre el que se informa realizó sus actividades de evaluación de manera independiente y objetiva, sin ninguna injerencia ni influencia a nivel interno ni externo. Sin embargo, hay que tener presentes las limitaciones relacionadas con el presupuesto operativo y con los recursos humanos.", "IV. Principales conclusiones de las evaluaciones estratégicas recientes", "16. Política (2015) y Estrategia (2016-2019) de la ONUDI sobre la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de la Mujer. Las conclusiones indican que la ONUDI ha hecho progresos considerables en el establecimiento de una arquitectura de género pertinente y eficaz, incluidas la oficina de género y la red de coordinadores de cuestiones de género. Esta arquitectura posibilita y fomenta el análisis de género de los programas y los proyectos cuando se encuentran en su fase de formulación y ofrece una base sólida para cambiar la mentalidad del personal de la ONUDI a nivel de los programas y proyectos. Entre las esferas que necesitan mayor atención cabe señalar los sistemas de recopilación y análisis de datos para la investigación, el seguimiento y la presentación de informes, la planificación estratégica, los sistemas de incentivos para promover el cambio de comportamiento, las medidas de la Administración para adoptar y hacer cumplir los planes de acción en materia de género en cada unidad y una mayor colaboración con los coordinadores de cuestiones de género sobre el terreno. La evaluación también confirmó las disparidades de género en todos los niveles del personal del Cuadro Orgánico, pero especialmente en las categorías superiores.", "17. Marco programático de mediano plazo (MPMP) de la ONUDI para 2018‑2021. En la evaluación independiente se determinó que el MPMP proporcionaba una visión y una misión al personal de la ONUDI y a las partes interesadas. Asimismo, la evaluación ayudó a establecer una cadena de resultados mejorada entre la labor de la ONUDI y sus resultados de desarrollo previstos. Sin embargo, el personal directivo superior de la ONUDI, el resto del personal y los Estados Miembros hicieron un uso limitado de la evaluación independiente como herramienta de planificación o de seguimiento, debido principalmente a que no se sentían muy implicados en ella ni obligados a rendir cuentas por la aplicación del MPMP. Si bien se produjeron varios cambios positivos a nivel institucional, el MPMP no tuvo ningún efecto en la dirección estratégica de la ONUDI ni produjo cambios apreciables en ella. Por tanto, esa evaluación constituye más un espejo que refleja lo que ha hecho la ONUDI que un catalejo que apunte hacia dónde se dirige la Organización.", "18. Programa de Alianzas en el País (PCP) para el Senegal, 2015-2021. En la evaluación independiente del PCP para el Senegal se determinó que el Programa había contribuido a los esfuerzos de industrialización del Gobierno en diferentes esferas, incluidos los parques industriales y los polos de desarrollo agrícola, así como al apoyo prestado al Ministerio de Desarrollo Industrial y Pequeñas y Medianas Industrias. La gran pertinencia que tenía el PCP en un principio se fue diluyendo con el tiempo al incluirse en el programa todas las intervenciones de la ONUDI realizadas en el país. Se detectó que los recursos disponibles para que la ONUDI desempeñara su función de coordinación del PCP constituían un cuello de botella que daba lugar a deficiencias en términos de seguimiento y presentación de informes, en particular en relación con la cofinanciación de diferentes asociados. La evaluación recomendó mejorar estas esferas en caso de que hubiera una segunda fase.", "19. Las capacidades de la ONUDI para contribuir al cambio transformacional. Esta evaluación independiente se centró en cómo se abordaba la complejidad de los sistemas socioeconómicos y ecológicos al diseñar los proyectos y programas de cooperación para el desarrollo de la ONUDI. A partir de la evaluación se concluyó que era posible hacer mejoras importantes aplicando algunas herramientas de análisis de sistemas de forma más sistemática, y se recomendó hacer más hincapié en la programación temática.", "V. Colaboración con los órganos de evaluación de las Naciones Unidas y otros órganos", "20. A lo largo del período sobre el que se informa, la función de evaluación de la EIO participó activamente en las actividades del Grupo de Evaluación de las Naciones Unidas (UNEG). Entre otras cosas, la EIO participó en actividades de intercambio de prácticas de evaluación como parte de los grupos de trabajo especializados del UNEG y fue miembro del panel de revisión por pares que examinó la función de evaluación para el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para la Formación y la Investigación. La EIO también formó parte del grupo de expertos en evaluación que revisó la política de evaluación actualizada de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura para el período 2022-2029. A raíz de una invitación de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), la función de evaluación de la EIO participó en un estudio sobre el uso de la evaluación en la OIM.", "21. La EIO participó en evaluaciones estratégicas dirigidas por otras organizaciones, como la evaluación en curso de la cooperación de la Unión Europea con las Naciones Unidas y la evaluación de la Alianza de Acción para una Economía Verde.", "VI. Fortalecimiento de la gobernanza de la función de evaluación", "22. La función de evaluación de la EIO sigue presentando una reseña de sus actividades al Comité Asesor de Supervisión Independiente en sus reuniones periódicas, y continúa informando sobre sus planes de trabajo al Comité a fin de recibir su asesoramiento.", "VII. Perspectivas", "23. El plan de trabajo y los presupuestos de evaluación de la EIO para el bienio 2022-2023 se basan en una evaluación de las deficiencias de datos y fueron aprobados por el Director General a principios de 2022. En el segundo semestre de 2022 están previstas la evaluación temática del marco estratégico del PCP y la evaluación del PCP para el Perú. Además, se prevé que en 2022 se gestionarán y realizarán más de 15 evaluaciones finales obligatorias de proyectos. Las funciones de auditoría interna y de evaluación llevarán a cabo actividades de asesoramiento conjuntas acerca de las alianzas de la ONUDI con el sector privado en las cuales se evaluarán las experiencias que ha tenido la ONUDI y la situación actual de las alianzas estratégicas con el sector privado.", "24. En 2022, el Director General ha emprendido una reforma y reestructuración institucional de la ONUDI, que se tendrá debidamente en cuenta en el examen y la actualización de los planes de trabajo de la EIO para 2022-2023. También se procederá a un examen de mitad de período de la estrategia de la EIO con el fin de velar por que la función de evaluación independiente de la Oficina continúe satisfaciendo las necesidades de supervisión, rendición de cuentas y aprendizaje en el nuevo contexto institucional, y por que la EIO siga contribuyendo a que la Organización sea más eficiente y eficaz y tenga mayores efectos.", "25. La EIO seguirá celebrando reuniones informativas con los Estados Miembros para fomentar el diálogo, presentar las actividades de evaluación y el plan de trabajo actualizado y compartir los principales resultados de las evaluaciones estratégicas.", "26. La EIO seguirá estudiando las posibilidades de establecer un mecanismo de financiación de la evaluación sostenible y previsible con el fin de reforzar aún más la independencia operacional de la función de evaluación. Una propuesta sería combinar la dotación de los fondos de evaluación asignados como parte de los presupuestos generales de los proyectos y programas. El mecanismo de financiación propuesto facilitaría la creación de sinergias y una mayor capacidad operacional de la EIO.", "27. La EIO también seguirá actualizando sus documentos de orientación sobre la evaluación para adaptarlos a los marcos normativos internos nuevos o revisados, los requisitos de los donantes, la reforma de las Naciones Unidas y las normas internacionales de evaluación.", "28. Dentro de las actuales limitaciones de recursos, la función de evaluación no está en condiciones de abarcar de manera exhaustiva todas las esferas consideradas de alta prioridad incluidas en su plan de trabajo en las cuales se han señalado deficiencias de datos. Se espera que el puesto vacante de oficial de evaluación se cubra en los próximos meses.", "29. Como siempre, las repercusiones de la supervisión interna y la evaluación, funciones eficaces, independientes, dignas de crédito y objetivas que ayudan a la Organización a cumplir sus propósitos, dependerán, en definitiva, del apoyo constante que se reciba del personal directivo superior de la ONUDI y de sus Estados Miembros.", "VIII. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "30. La Junta tal vez desee tomar nota de la información contenida en el presente documento.", "[1] Aprobada por la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial en su decisión IDB.48/Dec.10 y publicada en el Boletín del Director General DGB/2020/11.", "[2] Boletín del Director General DGB/2021/11.", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20Strategy%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 16 of the provisionalagenda \nEvaluation and internaloversight activities", "Evaluation activities", "Report by the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present report provides information on the activities of the evaluation function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in IDB.49/24.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight (EIO) is responsible for the oversight functions, which include the internal audit, investigation and evaluation functions. The mandate of EIO is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, investigation and evaluation for the purpose of adding value to and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of UNIDO’s operations, internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes. In addition, EIO is also the focal point for coordinating the activities of the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) of the United Nations, and serves as the Secretariat to the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee (OAC).", "2. The evaluation function is governed by the EIO Charter,[1] and the UNIDO Evaluation Policy (revised version issued in 2021).[2] The evaluation function is further guided by the Evaluation Manual. The evaluation function manages, conducts and provides quality assurance to different kinds of independent evaluations within UNIDO and monitors the management response to such evaluations.", "3. Currently, the EIO evaluation function’s budgeted posts comprise four Professional and one General Service staff. One of the Professional posts is currently vacant.", "II. Key achievements in the reporting period", "4. EIO policy framework further strengthened: A major stepping stone achieved in 2021 was the issuance of the revised evaluation policy, further reinforcing the Office’s oversight role, as well as its independence, based on the EIO Charter.", "5. EIO risk and evidence gaps assessment methodology, and audit and evaluation universe enhanced and aligned with UNIDO’s medium-term programme framework 2022–2025, and results-based programme and budgets 2022–2023 to reflect UNIDO’s strategic objectives in all five results areas. This provided a strong basis for ensuring the alignment of EIO’s work with the strategic areas of UNIDO for a more effective selection and coordination of independent evaluations, and for optimizing complementarities and reducing the potential duplication of efforts among all assurance providers (i.e. the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor and the JIU).", "6. EIO as an agile advisor in a period of uncertainty and rapid change: Further to the issuance of the EIO strategy 2020–2024,[3] issued in January 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for EIO, the Office continued adjusting its activities to ensure it is adding value to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the Organization and that it remains strategically aligned. Despite the constraints and challenges imposed in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) context, EIO remained agile and proved that its services are, and continue to be key for informed decision-making, innovation and change. According to management, evaluations benefited decision makers by providing the basis for consideration on key areas, such as results-based management, monitoring and reporting, and other organizational areas for improvement.", "III. Overview of EIO evaluation work", "7. During the year, EIO further adjusted its workplan to the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that its evaluation activities continued to provide evidence-based information at strategic and project levels.", "8. In the reporting period, the following four strategic and corporate-level evaluations were conducted and completed:", "(a) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women;", "(b) Independent evaluation. Programme for Country Partnership (PCP) in Senegal, 2015–2021;", "(c) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021; and", "(d) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO’s capacities to contribute to transformational change.", "9. In addition, 20 independent project evaluations were managed, quality assurance was provided and evaluation reports issued. Evaluations of technical cooperation projects and programmes were financed from the respective project and programme budgets.", "10. All UNIDO independent evaluation reports are available on the UNIDO website (www.unido.org/resources/evaluation).", "11. Acceptance and implementation by management of recommendations from project evaluations continued to be monitored by the Office.", "12. Since 2021, for all strategic evaluations (including thematic, country-level evaluations) that assess systemic, cross-cutting and/or corporate level areas, the introduction of agreed management action plans (MAPs) that are based on findings and recommendations from these evaluations, have been implemented. This is expected to further increase management commitment and ownership in addressing the areas for improvement that these evaluations identified. So far, a total of 12 MAPs were agreed with the responsible management and issued by end of August 2022. During the reporting period, five MAPs were closed, seven MAPs were considered ongoing and the level of implementation will continue being monitored.", "13. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the planned on-site evaluation training, as a contribution to building and strengthening national evaluation capacities in Member States, had to be postponed. To facilitate the conduct of future such trainings, independent from outside factors, EIO developed an online evaluation training that will be launched in the last quarter of 2022 for wider use by both staff and external partners.", "14. EIO provided evaluation inputs and advice to several initiatives launched, such as the strengthening of UNIDO’s normative role and the development of programmatic service modules and self-evaluation of country programmes.", "15. EIO confirms that in performing its evaluation activities during the reporting period, it functioned independently and objectively without any interference and/or influence from any internal or external parties. However, limitations due to operational budget and human resource constraints should be noted.", "IV. Key findings from recent strategic evaluations", "16. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016–2019) on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women. The findings indicate that UNIDO has made significant progress in establishing a relevant and effective gender architecture, including the gender office and the gender focal point network. This architecture enables and encourages gender analysis at the stage of programme and project formulation, and provides a solid basis for changing the mindset of UNIDO staff at the programme and project level. Areas that require further attention include data collection and analysis systems for research, monitoring and reporting, strategic planning, incentive systems to promote behavioural change, management action to adopt and enforce unit level gender action plans, and further field-level gender focal points engagement. The evaluation also confirmed gender disparity at all Professional staff levels but particularly at senior levels.", "17. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MTPF) 2018–2021. The independent evaluation found that the MTPF provided a vision and mission to UNIDO staff and stakeholders, and helped establish an improved results’ chain between UNIDO’s work and its expected development results. However, UNIDO senior management, staff and Member States made limited use of it as a planning or monitoring tool, mainly due to their low sense of ownership and accountability to implement the MTPF. While several positive changes occurred at the organizational level, the MTPF neither had an impact on nor led to significant shifts in UNIDO’s strategic direction. As such, it is more a mirror reflecting what UNIDO has already been doing, than a telescope indicating where the Organization is going in the future.", "18. Programme for Country Partnership for Senegal, 2015–2021. The independent evaluation of PCP Senegal found that the PCP contributed to the Government’s industrialization efforts in different areas, including industrial parks and agro-poles, and the support of the Ministry of Industrial Development and Small and Medium-Sized Industries. The originally high relevance of the PCP diluted over time by including all UNIDO interventions implemented in the country under the programme. Resources available for UNIDO’s PCP coordination role were found to be a bottleneck resulting in weaknesses in terms of monitoring and reporting, in particular in relation to co-funding from different partners. The evaluation recommended improving these areas in case of a second phase.", "19. UNIDO’s capacities to contribute to transformational change. This independent evaluation focused on how the design of UNIDO’s development cooperation projects and programmes addresses the complexity of socioeconomic and ecological systems. It found that major improvements are possible by applying some system analysis tools more systematically and recommended a stronger emphasis on thematic programming.", "V. Cooperation with the United Nations and other evaluation bodies", "20. Throughout the reporting period, the EIO evaluation function was actively involved in the activities of the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG). Among other, EIO participated in specialized UNEG working groups in Evaluation Practice Exchange events, and took part (as member of the peer review panel) in the peer review of the evaluation function for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. EIO also served on the panel of evaluation experts reviewing the updated evaluation policy of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization covering the period 2022–2029. Following an invitation from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the EIO evaluation function participated in a study on the use of evaluation at IOM.", "21. EIO participated in strategic evaluations led by other organizations, such as the ongoing evaluation of the European Union’s cooperation with the United Nations and the evaluation of the Partnership for Action on the Green Economy.", "VI. Strengthening governance of the evaluation function", "22. The EIO evaluation function keeps providing the OAC with an overview on its activities during its regular meetings, and sharing its workplans with the OAC for advice.", "VII. Outlook", "23. The biennial EIO evaluation workplan and budgets for 2022–2023 is based on an evidence gap assessment and was approved by the Director General in early 2022. The thematic evaluation of the PCP strategic framework and the evaluation of the PCP Peru are planned for the second half of 2022. In addition, more than 15 mandatory project terminal evaluations are expected to be managed and conducted in 2022. A joint advisory engagement by the internal audit and evaluation functions on UNIDO partnerships with the private sector will be conducted. This joint engagement will assess UNIDO’s past experiences and the current status of strategic partnerships with the private sector.", "24. In 2022, the Director General has initiated an organizational reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly considered in the review and update of EIO workplans for 2022–2023. A midterm review of the EIO strategy will also be conducted to ensure EIO’s independent evaluation function continues to meet the needs for oversight, accountability and learning in the new organizational context, and keeps contributing to a more efficient, effective and impactful organization.", "25. EIO will continue its briefings to Member States to foster dialogue, to present evaluation activities and the updated workplan, and to share key findings from strategic evaluations.", "26. EIO will continue exploring the possibilities for the establishment of a sustainable and predictable evaluation funding mechanism with the purpose to further strengthen the operational independence of the evaluation function. One proposal would be to merge the endowment of evaluation funds allocated as part of the overall projects and programmes budgets. The proposed funding mechanism would facilitate the creation of synergies and the increase of the operational capacity of EIO.", "27. EIO will also continue updating its evaluation guidance documents to adapt them to new, or revised internal policy frameworks, requirements from donors, the United Nations reform and to international evaluation standards.", "28. Within the current resources limitations, the evaluation function is not in a position to fully cover all identified high priority evidence gaps areas included in its workplan. The vacant post for an evaluation officer is expected to be filled in the coming months.", "29. As ever, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, through its effective, independent, credible and objective functions assisting the Organization in achieving its goals, depends ultimately on the continuous support received from UNIDO’s senior management and its Member States.", "VIII. Action required of the Board", "30. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document.", "[1] Director General’s bulletin DGB/2020/11, as approved by the Industrial Development Board in decision IDB.48/Dec.10.", "[2] Director General’s bulletin DGB/2021/11.", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20Strategy%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf." ]
IDB.50_26
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth Session Vienna, 21-23 November2022 Item 16 of the provisional agenda Internal assessment and monitoring activities", "Evaluation activities", "Report of the Director of the Office of Evaluation and Internal Oversight", "The present document provides information on the activities carried out by the evaluation function in accordance with decisions IDB.44/Dec.3 and IDB.48/Dec.10, and updates the previous report contained in document IDB.49/24.", "I. Background", "1. The Office of Internal Evaluation and Oversight (EIO) is responsible for oversight functions, including internal audit, research and evaluation. Its mandate is to provide independent and objective assurance, advice, research and evaluation services in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, the internal control framework, risk management, results-based management and governance processes of UNIDO, and to enhance all these aspects. In addition, EIO is the coordinating entity with the activities of the United Nations Joint Inspection Unit (JIU), and serves as the secretariat of the UNIDO Independent Oversight Advisory Committee.", "2. The evaluation function is governed by the EIO Charter[1] and the UNIDO Evaluation Policy (for which a revised version was issued in 2021)[2]. The evaluation function is also governed by the Evaluation Manual. The evaluation function manages, performs and provides quality assurance activities in different types of independent evaluations within UNIDO and tracks the management response to such evaluations.", "3. At present, budgeted posts for the EIO evaluation function comprise four Professional and one General Service posts. One Professional post is currently vacant.", "II. Main achievements in the reporting period", "4. Enhanced strengthening of the EIO policy framework: An important step achieved in 2021 was the publication of the revised evaluation policy, which further reinforces the oversight role of the Office and its independence, as required by the EIO Charter.", "5. Improved EIO methodology for risk assessment and data gaps and the audit and evaluation environment and its harmonization with the UNIDO medium-term programme framework for 2022-2025 and the results-based programme and budgets for 2022-2023, to reflect the Organization &apos; s strategic objectives in the five results areas. This provided a sound basis for ensuring the harmonization of EIO &apos; s work with UNIDO &apos; s strategic areas, to make the selection and coordination of independent evaluations more effective, and to optimize complementarities and reduce possible duplication of efforts among all insurance service providers (i.e., the internal audit function, the evaluation function, the External Auditor and JIU).", "6. The EIO has been an agile adviser in a period of uncertainty and rapid changes: Following the publication of the EIO strategy by 2020-2024[3] in January 2020 as a key management and accountability framework for the Office, it continued to adjust its activities to enhance the achievement of the Organization &apos; s goals and objectives and to maintain its strategic alignment. Despite the limitations and difficulties imposed by the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), EIO remained agile and demonstrated that its services were, and remain, essential to informed decision-making, innovation and change. According to the Administration, evaluations have benefited decision makers, as they have served as the basis for reviewing key areas, such as results-based management, monitoring and reporting, and other institutional areas that are susceptible to improvement.", "III. Overview of EIO assessment work", "7. Throughout the year, EIO continued to adjust its workplan to the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that its evaluation activities continue to provide evidence-based information at the strategic and project levels.", "8. During the reporting period, the following four strategic and institutional assessments were conducted and completed:", "(a) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016-2019) on Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women;", "(b) Independent evaluation. Country Alliances Programme (PCP) for Senegal, 2015-2021;", "(c) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MPMP) for 2018-2021; and", "(d) Independent thematic evaluation. UNIDO &apos; s capacities to contribute to transformational change.", "9. In addition, 20 independent project evaluations were managed with quality assurance activities and evaluation reports issued. Evaluations of technical cooperation projects and programmes were funded from the budgets of the respective projects and programmes.", "10. All UNIDO independent evaluation reports are available on its website (www.unido.org/resources/evaluation).", "11. The Office continued to note the acceptance and implementation by the Administration of recommendations made from project evaluations.", "12. Since 2021, all strategic evaluations (including country-level thematic evaluations) reviewing systemic, cross-cutting or institutional areas present agreed management action plans that are based on the findings and recommendations of these assessments. These plans are expected to enhance the commitment and involvement of the Administration in addressing the areas of improvement identified by the evaluations. To date, a total of 12 management action plans have been agreed with the authorities responsible for the Administration and published in late August 2022. During the reporting period, 5 management action plans were finalized and 7 other plans were considered to be in progress, the level of implementation to be followed.", "13. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the planned on-site evaluation training had to be postponed, which should be a contribution to the creation and strengthening of national capacities for the assessment of Member States. In order to help these formations succeed beyond external factors, the EIO prepared an online training course for the evaluation that will be launched in the last quarter of 2022 and will be open to a wider audience, that is, staff and external partners.", "14. The EIO provided inputs and evaluation advice to a number of initiatives undertaken, such as strengthening UNIDO &apos; s policy role and developing programme service modules and self-assessment of country programmes.", "15. EIO confirms that during the reporting period it carried out its evaluation activities independently and objectively, without any interference or influence at the internal or external level. However, limitations related to the operational budget and human resources must be borne in mind.", "IV. Key findings of recent strategic assessments", "16. UNIDO Policy (2015) and Strategy (2016-2019) on Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. The findings indicate that UNIDO has made significant progress in establishing a relevant and effective gender architecture, including the gender office and the gender focal point network. This architecture enables and promotes gender analysis of programmes and projects when they are in their formulation phase and provides a solid basis for changing UNIDO staff mentality at the programme and project level. Areas that need greater attention include data collection and analysis systems for research, monitoring and reporting, strategic planning, incentive systems to promote behaviour change, management actions to adopt and implement gender action plans in each unit and enhanced collaboration with gender focal points in the field. The evaluation also confirmed gender disparities at all levels of Professional staff, but especially at the higher levels.", "17. UNIDO medium-term programme framework (MPMP) for 2018-2021. The independent evaluation found that MPMP provided a vision and mission to UNIDO staff and stakeholders. The evaluation also helped to establish an improved performance chain between UNIDO &apos; s work and its expected development results. However, the senior management of UNIDO, the rest of the staff and Member States made a limited use of the independent evaluation as a planning or follow-up tool, owing primarily to the fact that they were not very involved in it or held accountable for the implementation of MPMP. While there were several positive changes at the institutional level, MPMP had no effect on UNIDO &apos; s strategic direction or significant changes in it. That assessment, therefore, was more a mirror reflecting what UNIDO had done than a draw pointing to where the Organization was headed.", "18. Country Alliances Programme (PCP) for Senegal, 2015-2021. The independent evaluation of the PCP for Senegal found that the Programme had contributed to the Government &apos; s industrialization efforts in different areas, including industrial parks and agricultural development poles, as well as the support provided to the Ministry of Industrial Development and Small and Medium Industries. The great relevance of PCP at first was diluting over time by including all UNIDO interventions in the country. It was noted that the resources available for UNIDO to play its coordinating role in the PCP constituted a bottleneck that resulted in deficiencies in terms of monitoring and reporting, particularly in relation to the co-financing of different partners. The evaluation recommended improving these areas in the event of a second phase.", "19. UNIDO &apos; s capacities to contribute to transformational change. This independent evaluation focused on addressing the complexity of socio-economic and ecological systems in designing UNIDO &apos; s development cooperation projects and programmes. The evaluation concluded that significant improvements could be made by applying some systems analysis tools more systematically, and it was recommended that more emphasis be placed on thematic programming.", "V. Collaboration with United Nations evaluation bodies and other bodies", "20. During the reporting period, the EIO evaluation function actively participated in the activities of the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG). Among other things, EIO participated in the exchange of evaluation practices as part of the UNEG specialized working groups and was a member of the peer review panel that reviewed the evaluation function for the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. The EIO was also part of the assessment expert group that reviewed the updated evaluation policy of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the period 2022-2029. Following an invitation from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the EIO evaluation function participated in a study on the use of evaluation at IOM.", "21. EIO participated in strategic assessments conducted by other organizations, such as the ongoing evaluation of European Union cooperation with the United Nations and the evaluation of the Alliance of Action for a Green Economy.", "VI. Strengthening of the governance of the evaluation function", "22. The EIO evaluation function continues to provide an overview of its activities to the Independent Oversight Advisory Committee at its regular meetings, and continues to report on its work plans to the Committee to receive its advice.", "VII. Perspective", "23. The EIO workplan and evaluation budgets for the biennium 2022-2023 are based on an assessment of data gaps and were approved by the Director-General in early 2022. In the second half of 2022, the thematic evaluation of the PCP strategic framework and the assessment of PCP for Peru are planned. In addition, more than 15 mandatory final project evaluations will be managed and conducted in 2022. The internal audit and evaluation functions will conduct joint advisory activities on UNIDO partnerships with the private sector in which the experiences of UNIDO and the current status of strategic partnerships with the private sector will be assessed.", "24. In 2022, the Director-General has undertaken institutional reform and restructuring of UNIDO, which will be duly taken into account in the review and updating of the EIO workplans for 2022-2023. A midterm review of the EIO strategy will also be undertaken to ensure that the Office &apos; s independent evaluation function continues to meet monitoring, accountability and learning needs in the new institutional context, and that EIO continues to contribute to the Organization &apos; s more efficient and effective impact.", "25. EIO will continue to hold briefings with Member States to promote dialogue, present evaluation activities and the updated workplan and share the main results of the strategic assessments.", "26. EIO will continue to explore the possibilities of establishing a sustainable and predictable assessment funding mechanism to further strengthen the operational independence of the evaluation function. One proposal would be to combine the level of evaluation funds allocated as part of the overall project and programme budgets. The proposed funding mechanism would facilitate the creation of synergies and enhanced EIO operational capacity.", "27. EIO will also continue to update its assessment guidance documents to adapt them to new or revised internal policy frameworks, donor requirements, United Nations reform and international evaluation standards.", "28. Within existing resource constraints, the evaluation function is not in a position to comprehensively cover all areas considered to be high-priority included in its workplan where data gaps have been identified. The vacant Evaluation Officer post is expected to be filled in the coming months.", "29. As always, the impact of internal oversight and evaluation, effective, independent, credible and objective functions that assist the Organization in fulfilling its purposes will depend, in short, on the continued support received from the senior management of UNIDO and its Member States.", "VIII. Action requested by the Board", "30. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document.", "[1] Adopted by the Industrial Development Board in its decision IDB.48/Dec.10 and published in the Journal of Director-General DGB/2020/11.", "[2] Newsletter of Director General DGB/2021/11.", "[3] www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-02/EIO%20Strategy%202020-2024%20_FINAL.pdf." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial 50º período de sesiones Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de2022 Tema 18 del programa provisional \nCuestiones relacionadas con lasorganizacionesintergubernamentales, nogubernamentales, gubernamentalesy otras organizaciones", "Información sobre organizaciones intergubernamentales", "Nota del Director General", "En la presente nota se ofrece información sobre la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal (AFoCO) y la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Mediterráneo (APM), que han manifestado el deseo de concertar un acuerdo de relaciones apropiadas con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI).", "1. De conformidad con el párrafo 8 de las directrices formuladas por la Conferencia General en su decisión GC.1/Dec.41, relativa a los acuerdos de relaciones, en el anexo del presente documento se proporciona información sobre la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal (AFoCO) y la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Mediterráneo (APM), que han manifestado el deseo de concertar un acuerdo de relaciones apropiadas con la ONUDI.", "Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "1. La Junta tal vez desee autorizar al Director General a que, de conformidad con el párrafo 9 del anexo de la decisión GC.1/Dec.41 de la Conferencia General, concierte acuerdos de relaciones apropiadas con la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal (AFoCO) y con la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Mediterráneo (APM), sobre la base de la información contenida en el anexo del presente documento.", "Anexo", "Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal (AFoCO)", "Antecedentes históricos", "La Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal (AFoCO) se creó en 2018 como organización intergubernamental basada en un tratado cuyo objetivo es fortalecer la cooperación forestal regional mediante la transformación de tecnología y políticas de probada eficacia en medidas concretas en el contexto de la gestión forestal sostenible, a fin de hacer frente a los efectos del cambio climático.", "Finalidad", "La misión de la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal es promover y emprender programas de cooperación forestal orientados a la acción en Asia en materia de:", "a) Gestión forestal sostenible, conservación de la biodiversidad, mantenimiento y mejora de los servicios ecosistémicos, así como reforestación y rehabilitación forestal;", "b) Actividades de mitigación del cambio climático y adaptación a este y apoyo a las iniciativas REDD+ (reducción de las emisiones debidas a la deforestación y la degradación forestal), y la función de la conservación forestal, la gestión forestal sostenible y el aumento de las reservas forestales de carbono en los países en desarrollo;", "c) Reducción de la deforestación, la degradación forestal, la desertificación y la degradación de las tierras, y mitigación de los efectos de los desastres relacionados con los bosques;", "d) Fomento de la capacidad de los interesados mediante la investigación y el desarrollo, el intercambio de experiencias y la transferencia de tecnología, así como por conducto de programas de educación e intercambio; y", "e) Alianzas entre sus Partes y con otras entidades para llevar a cabo actividades de cooperación aprovechando las iniciativas actuales de otros acuerdos y organizaciones internacionales relacionados con los bosques.", "Composición", "La Organización cuenta actualmente con 13 Partes: Bhután, Brunei Darussalam, Camboya, Filipinas, Indonesia, Kazajstán, Mongolia, Myanmar, República de Corea, República Democrática Popular Lao, Tailandia, Timor‑Leste y Viet Nam, y tres observadores: Kirguistán, Malasia y Singapur.", "Estructura orgánica", "Los órganos principales de la Organización son la Asamblea y la Secretaría. La Asamblea es el órgano normativo y está compuesta por los representantes de todas las Partes. La Secretaría, encabezada por el Director Ejecutivo y situada en Seúl (República de Corea), se encarga de aplicar sus políticas y estrategias. Con sujeción a las orientaciones impartidas por la Asamblea, el Director Ejecutivo concierta acuerdos, en nombre de la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal, para la ejecución de las actividades de la Organización.", "Financiación", "Los fondos que la Organización necesita para lograr sus objetivos proceden de contribuciones obligatorias y voluntarias. En promedio, la Organización recibe anualmente 3,8 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos en forma de contribuciones obligatorias de las Partes. En 2021, además de las contribuciones obligatorias, la Organización recibió 4,1 millones de dólares en concepto de contribuciones voluntarias para proyectos.", "Cooperación con la ONUDI", "Desde sus respectivas esferas de competencia, la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal y la ONUDI podrían llevar a cabo actividades de cooperación en el ámbito del medio ambiente, incluido el cambio climático.", "Relaciones con otras organizaciones intergubernamentales y gubernamentales", "La Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal goza de la condición de Observadora ante Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación (CLD) y el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB). Además, la Organización Asiática de Cooperación Forestal coopera con la Asociación Mundial para la Restauración del Paisaje Forestal y las organizaciones internacionales que reúnen los requisitos para recibir asistencia oficial para el desarrollo en el marco del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). La Organización también ha concertado acuerdos de asociación con el Centro para la Investigación Forestal Internacional (CIFOR), el Instituto Global para el Crecimiento Verde y CIFOR‑Centro Mundial de Agrosilvicultura (CIFOR-ICRAF).", "La Organización también colabora con las siguientes organizaciones y entidades gubernamentales: Instituto de Gestión de Arboretos de Corea, Instituto para el Bienestar de los Bosques de Corea, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Forestales, Fundación Coreana de Asistencia Sanitaria Internacional, Arboreto Nacional de Corea, Cuartel General de Aviación Forestal y Ministerio de Ecología, Geología y Recursos Naturales de Kazajstán.", "Dirección de la sede", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "8F, Forest Vision Center", "9 Gukhoedaero 62-gil", "Yeongdeungpo-gu", "Seoul 07236, República de Corea", "Tel.: (+82-2)-785-8971", "Fax: (+82-2)-785-8970", "Correo electrónico: [email protected]", "Director Ejecutivo: Sr. Ricardo L. Calderon", "Funcionarios encargados de las relaciones con la ONUDI:", "Sr. Chin-Min Lee", "Representante Especial y Observador Permanente ante la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena", "Correo electrónico: [email protected]", "Asamblea Parlamentaria del Mediterráneo (APM)", "Antecedentes históricos", "La Asamblea Parlamentaria del Mediterráneo (APM) es una organización internacional establecida en 2005 que reúne a 34 parlamentos miembros de las regiones euromediterránea y del Golfo con la finalidad de examinar y afrontar cuestiones de importancia crítica como los conflictos regionales, la seguridad y la lucha contra el terrorismo, las crisis humanitarias, la integración económica, el cambio climático, las migraciones masivas, la educación, los derechos humanos y el diálogo interconfesional. La APM es la sucesora legal de la Conferencia sobre la Seguridad y la Cooperación en el Mediterráneo (CSCM), establecida a comienzos de la década de 1990.", "Finalidad", "El principal objetivo de la APM es fomentar la cooperación política, económica y social entre sus Estados miembros para encontrar soluciones comunes a los desafíos que tiene ante sí la región euromediterránea y del Golfo, así como crear un espacio de paz y prosperidad para sus pueblos.", "Composición", "La APM cuenta con 31 Estados miembros: Albania, Andorra, Argelia, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Croacia, Chipre, Egipto, Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Eslovenia, Estado de Palestina, Francia, Grecia, Israel, Italia, Jordania, Líbano, Libia, Malta, Marruecos, Mauritania, Mónaco, Montenegro, Macedonia del Norte, Portugal, Qatar, República Árabe Siria, Rumania, San Marino, Serbia, Túnez y Türkiye; dos Estados miembros asociados: Santa Sede y Soberana Orden de Malta; y un miembro candidato: Federación de Rusia.", "Además, la APM tiene 10 Estados asociados: Arabia Saudita, Bahrein, Bulgaria, Eslovaquia, Estados Unidos de América, Georgia, Kuwait, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, República de Moldova y Suiza.", "Estructura orgánica", "La Asamblea se compone de la Presidencia rotatoria y la Mesa, y cada delegación nacional consta de cinco miembros con los mismos derechos de voto y facultades decisorias; las tres Comisiones Permanentes, que dirigen los trabajos de la Asamblea; los grupos de trabajo y los comités especiales que establezca la Asamblea para que se ocupen de un tema específico; y la Secretaría internacional, que asiste y asesora al Presidente de la APM, a la Mesa de la APM y a todos los miembros en el desempeño de su mandato.", "El Secretario General, asistido por personal internacional y local, coordina las actividades de la Asamblea desde Ginebra.", "La APM tiene oficinas en Nápoles (Italia) y San Marino. También cuenta con Observadores Permanentes ante las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, Nueva York y Viena, un Oficial de Enlace con la Oficina del Coordinador Especial de las Naciones Unidas para el Proceso de Paz de Oriente Medio (OCENU) y la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL) en Jerusalén, una Representación en Bucarest y una Representación Permanente ante la Liga de los Estados Árabes (LEA) en El Cairo.", "Financiación", "El presupuesto anual de la APM asciende a 902.000 euros y está financiado íntegramente por sus Estados miembros.", "Cooperación con la ONUDI", "El Segundo Comité Permanente de la APM se ocupa de todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la cooperación económica, social y ambiental, lo que se traduce en una serie de políticas/directrices y medidas legislativas de los parlamentos miembros. Desde sus respectivas esferas de competencia, la APM y la ONUDI podrían llevar a cabo actividades de cooperación en los ámbitos del desarrollo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, el comercio y la inversión, las energías limpias y renovables, la recuperación económica pos-COVID-19, y las cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climático.", "Relaciones con otras organizaciones intergubernamentales y gubernamentales", "En 2009, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas otorgó la condición de Observador Permanente a la APM. Además, la APM mantiene relaciones estrechas con las siguientes organizaciones internacionales y regionales: Unión Parlamentaria Africana, Unión Interparlamentaria Árabe, Parlamento Árabe, Asamblea de Parlamentos de Asia, Conferencia Parlamentaria del Mar Báltico, Consejo Consultivo de la Unión del Magreb Árabe, Parlamento Europeo, Asamblea Interparlamentaria de las Naciones Miembros de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes, Asamblea Interparlamentaria sobre la Ortodoxia, Unión Interparlamentaria (UIP), Asamblea Parlamentaria de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte, Asamblea Parlamentaria de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (AP‑OSCE), Asamblea Parlamentaria de la Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro, Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa, Asamblea Parlamentaria de la Francofonía, Parlamento Panafricano, Asamblea Parlamentaria de la Unión por el Mediterráneo, Unión Parlamentaria de los Estados Miembros de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, Red Parlamentaria sobre el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional, Asamblea Parlamentaria del Proceso de Cooperación del Sudeste de Europa, Unión Africana, Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares (OTPCE), Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo (BERD), Banco Europeo de Inversiones (BEI), Asociación Euromediterránea, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH), Unión Europea, Comisión Europea, Foro Euromediterráneo de Institutos de Ciencias Económicas (FEMISE), Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG), Fondo Monetario Internacional, Agencia Internacional de Energías Renovables (IRENA), Liga de los Estados Árabes (LEA), Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN), Centro Norte-Sur del Consejo de Europa, Organización de Cooperación Islámica, Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Unión del Magreb Árabe (UMA), Unión por el Mediterráneo (UPM), Banco Mundial, Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM), Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), Fundación Anna Lindh, Asociación de las Cámaras de Comercio e Industria del Mediterráneo (ASCAME), Unión de Confederaciones Mediterráneas de Empresas (BUSINESSMED), Universidad Euromediterránea (EMUNI), Federación Italiana de Derechos Humanos, Fundación Asamblea de Ciudadanos y Ciudadanas del Mediterráneo (FACM), Asociación de Reguladores Mediterráneos de la Energía (MEDREG), Asociación de Gestores de Redes de Transporte de Electricidad Mediterráneos (MED-TSO) y Women Political Leaders.", "Dirección de la sede", "PAM Regional Office - Palazzo Pico", "Via Terracina, 230", "80125 Nápoles (Italia)", "Tel.: (+39) 345 16 82 994", "Correo electrónico: [email protected]", "Secretario General: Sr. Sergio Piazzi", "Funcionarios encargados de las relaciones con la ONUDI:", "Sr. Giuseppe Belsito", "Asesor Superior/Administrador del Segundo Comité Permanente de Cooperación Económica, Social y Ambiental", "Correo electrónico: [email protected]" ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 18 of the provisionalagenda \nMatters related tointergovernmental,non-governmental, governmentaland other organizations", "Information on intergovernmental organizations", "Note by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), which have expressed the wish to enter into an appropriate relationship agreement with UNIDO.", "1. Pursuant to paragraph 8 of the guidelines issued by the General Conference in its decision GC.1/Dec.41 regarding relationship agreements, the present document provides in an annex, information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), which have expressed the wish to enter into an appropriate relationship agreement with UNIDO.", "Action required from the Board", "1. The Board may wish to authorize the Director General, in accordance with General Conference decision GC.1/Dec.41, annex, paragraph 9, to conclude appropriate relationship agreements with AFoCO and PAM, based on the information contained in the annex to the present document.", "Annex", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "Historical background", "The Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) was established in 2018 as a treaty-based intergovernmental organization that aims to strengthen regional forest cooperation by transforming proven technology and policies into concrete actions in the context of sustainable forest management, to address the impact of climate change.", "Purpose", "The mission of AFoCO is to promote and undertake action-oriented forest cooperation programmes in Asia on:", "(a) Sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem services, as well as reforestation and forest rehabilitation;", "(b) Climate change mitigation and adaptation activities and supporting the initiatives under REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation), and the role of forest conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries;", "(c) Reduction of deforestation, forest degradation, desertification and land degradation, and mitigation of the impacts of forest-related disasters;", "(d) Capacity-building of stakeholders through research and development, sharing of experiences and the transfer of technology, as well as education and exchange programmes; and", "(e) Partnerships between its Parties and with other entities to carry out cooperative activities by building upon the current initiatives of other forest-related international agreements and organizations.", "Membership", "AFoCO currently has 13 Parties: Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam, and three Observers: Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia and Singapore.", "Organizational structure", "The principal organs of AFoCO are the Assembly and the Secretariat. The Assembly is the policymaking body composed of the Representatives of all Parties. The Secretariat, headed by the Executive Director and located in Seoul, Republic of Korea, is responsible for implementing its policies and strategies. Subject to guidance by the Assembly, the Executive Director enters into agreements on behalf of AFoCO for the implementation of activities of the Organization.", "Financing", "The funds AFoCO requires to achieve its objectives consist of mandatory and voluntary contributions. On average, AFoCO receives $3.8 million per annum in the form of mandatory contributions from the Parties. In 2021, in addition to the mandatory contributions, AFoCO received $4.1 million as voluntary contributions for projects.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "Within the scope of their respective areas of competence, AFoCO and UNIDO may develop cooperation activities in the field of environment, including climate change.", "Relationship with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "AFoCO enjoys observer status to the General Assembly of the United Nations, to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Furthermore, AFoCO cooperates with the Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration and the official development assistance-eligible international organizations under the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). AFoCO has also concluded partnership agreements with the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) and the CIFOR-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF).", "AFoCO also partners with the following governmental organizations/entities: Korea Institute of Arboretum Management, Korea Forest Welfare Institute, National Institute of Forest Science, Korea Foundation for International Healthcare, Korea National Arboretum, Forest Aviation Headquarters and the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.", "Address of headquarters", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "8F, Forest Vision Center", "9 Gukhoedaero 62-gil", "Yeongdeungpo-gu", "Seoul 07236, Republic of Korea", "Tel.: +82-2-785-8971", "Fax: +82-2-785-8970", "Email: [email protected]", "Executive Director: Mr. Ricardo L. Calderon", "Liaison officers for UNIDO:", "Mr. Chin-Min Lee", "Special Representative and Permanent Observer to the United Nations Office in Vienna", "Email: [email protected]", "Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM)", "Historical background", "The Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) is an international organization established in 2005 bringing together 34 member parliaments from the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf regions to discuss and face critical issues such as regional conflicts, security and counter-terrorism, humanitarian crises, economic integration, climate change, mass migrations, education, human rights and inter-faith dialogue. PAM is the legal successor of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean (CSCM), launched in the early 1990s.", "Purpose", "The main objective of PAM is to forge political, economic and social cooperation among its member States in order to find common solutions to the challenges facing the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf region, and to create a space for peace and prosperity for its peoples.", "Membership", "PAM’s membership consists of 31 member States: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Türkiye and United Arab Emirates; two associate member States: Holy See and Sovereign Order of Malta; and one candidate member: the Russian Federation.", "Furthermore, PAM has 10 partner States: Bahrain, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kuwait, Republic of Moldova, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America.", "Organizational structure", "The Assembly is composed of: the alternating Presidency and the Bureau, each national delegation has five members with equal voting rights and decision-making powers; the three Standing Committees, which conduct the work of the Assembly; Working Groups and ad hoc Committees which the Assembly set up to tackle a particular topic; and the international Secretariat, that assists and advises the PAM President, the PAM Bureau and all members in the execution of their mandate.", "The Secretary General, assisted by international and local staff, coordinates the activities of the Assembly, from Geneva.", "PAM has offices in Naples, Italy and in San Marino. PAM also has Permanent Observers to the United Nations in Geneva, New York and Vienna, a Liaison Officer with the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in Jerusalem, a Permanent Representation in Bucharest and a Permanent Representation to the League of Arab States (LAS) in Cairo.", "Financing", "PAM’s annual budget amounts to €902,000 and it is fully funded by its member States.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "The second Standing Committee of PAM deals with all issues related to economic, social and environmental cooperation, leading to a number of policies/guidelines and legislative measures by the Member Parliaments. Within the scope of their respective areas of competence, PAM and UNIDO may develop cooperation activities in the areas of small and medium-size enterprise development, trade and investment, clean and renewable energies, the post-COVID-19 economic recovery, and climate change issues.", "Relationship with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "In 2009, the General Assembly of the United Nations granted Permanent Observer Status to PAM. Furthermore, PAM entertains close relationships with the following regional and international organizations: the African Parliamentary Union, Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, Arab Parliament, Asian Parliamentary Assembly, Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference, Conseil Consultatif de l’Union du Maghreb Arab (UMA), European Parliament, the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA CIS), Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy, Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly (NATO-PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE-PA), Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (PABSEC), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), Parliamentary Assembly of the Francophonie, Pan-African Parliament, Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean (PA-UfM), the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUIC), the Parliamentary Network on the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the South East European Cooperation Process Parliamentary Assembly (SEECP PA), the African Union, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED), the European Court of Human Rights, the European Union, the European Commission, Forum Euroméditerranéen des Instituts de Sciences Economiques (FEMISE), the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the International Monetary Fund, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), League of Arab States (LAS), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe, Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Union du Maghreb Arabe (UMA), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Trade Organization (WTO), Anna Lindh Foundation, Association of the Mediterranean Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASCAME), the Union of Mediterranean Confederations of Enterprises (BUSINESSMED), Euro-Mediterranean University (EMUNI), the Italian Federation for Human Rights (FIDU), Mediterranean Citizens’ Assembly Foundation, the Association of Mediterranean Energy Regulators (MEDREG), the Mediterranean Transmission System Operators (MED-TSO) and Women Political Leaders.", "Address of headquarters", "PAM Regional Office – Palazzo PiCo", "Via Terracina, 230", "80125 Naples, Italy", "Tel.: +39 345 16 82 994", "Email: [email protected]", "Secretary General: Mr. Sergio Piazzi", "Liaison officers for UNIDO:", "Mr. Giuseppe Belsito", "Senior Adviser/Manager of the 2nd Standing Committee on Economic, Social and Environmental Cooperation", "Email: [email protected]" ]
IDB.50_29
[ "Industrial Development Board fiftieth session Vienna, 21-23 November2022 Item 18 of the provisional agenda Questions relating to intergovernmental, non-governmental, governmental and other organizations", "Information on intergovernmental organizations", "Note by the Director-General", "The present note provides information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (APM), which have expressed the wish to conclude an appropriate relationship agreement with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).", "1. In accordance with paragraph 8 of the guidelines issued by the General Conference in its decision GC.1/Dec.41 on the relationship agreements, the annex to the present document provides information on the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (APM), which have expressed the wish to conclude an appropriate relationship agreement with UNIDO.", "Action requested by the Board", "1. The Board may wish to authorize the Director-General, in accordance with paragraph 9 of the annex to General Conference decision GC.1/Dec.41, to conclude appropriate relations agreements with the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (APM), on the basis of the information contained in the annex to the present document.", "Annex", "Asian Forestry Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "Historical background", "The Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) was established in 2018 as an intergovernmental treaty-based organization aimed at strengthening regional forest cooperation through the transformation of proven technology and policies into concrete actions in the context of sustainable forest management in order to address the impact of climate change.", "Finality", "The mission of the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization is to promote and undertake action-oriented forest cooperation programmes in Asia on:", "(a) Sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, maintenance and improvement of ecosystem services and reforestation and forest rehabilitation;", "(b) Climate change mitigation and adaptation activities and support for REDD+ initiatives (reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation), and the role of forest conservation, sustainable forest management and increased forest carbon stocks in developing countries;", "(c) Reduction of deforestation, forest degradation, desertification and land degradation, and mitigation of the effects of forest-related disasters;", "(d) Capacity-building of stakeholders through research and development, exchange of experiences and transfer of technology, as well as through education and exchange programmes; and", "(e) Partnerships between their Parties and other entities to carry out cooperative activities using the current initiatives of other international agreements and organizations related to forests.", "Membership", "The Organization currently has 13 Parties: Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Republic of Korea, Lao People &apos; s Democratic Republic, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam, and three observers: Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia and Singapore.", "Organizational structure", "The principal organs of the Organization are the Assembly and the Secretariat. The Assembly is the normative body and is composed of representatives of all Parties. The Secretariat, headed by the Executive Director and located in Seoul, Republic of Korea, is responsible for implementing its policies and strategies. Subject to the guidance provided by the Assembly, the Executive Director concludes agreements, on behalf of the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization, for the implementation of the activities of the Organization.", "Financing", "The funds that the Organization needs to achieve its objectives are made from mandatory and voluntary contributions. On average, the Organization receives US$ 3.8 million annually in the form of mandatory contributions from Parties. In 2021, in addition to mandatory contributions, the Organization received $4.1 million in voluntary contributions for projects.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "From their respective areas of competence, the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization and UNIDO could undertake cooperation activities in the environment, including climate change.", "Relations with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "The Asian Forest Cooperation Organization enjoys the status of the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In addition, the Asian Forest Cooperation Organization cooperates with the World Association for the Restoration of Forestland Landscape and international organizations that qualify for official development assistance under the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Organization has also concluded partnership agreements with the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), the Global Institute for Green Growth and CIFOR-World Agroforestry Centre (CIFOR-ICRAF).", "The Organization also collaborates with the following governmental organizations and entities: Korea Institute of Arboreto Management, Korea Institute for Forest Welfare, National Forest Science Institute, Korea Foundation for International Health Assistance, Korean National Arbortium, Korea's headquarters for Forest Aviation and Kazakhstan's Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources.", "Headquarters management", "Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO)", "8F, Forest Vision Center", "9 Gukhoedaero 62-gil", "Yeongdeungpo-gu", "Seoul 07236, Republic of Korea", "Tel.: (+82-2)-785-8971", "Fax: (+82-2)-785-8970", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Executive Director: Mr. Ricardo L. Calderon", "UNIDO Relations Officers:", "Mr. Chin-Min Lee", "Special Representative and Permanent Observer to the United Nations Office at Vienna", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (APM)", "Historical background", "The Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (APM) is an international organization established in 2005 that brings together 34 member parliaments from the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf regions to discuss and address critical issues such as regional conflicts, security and counter-terrorism, humanitarian crises, economic integration, climate change, mass migration, education, human rights and interfaith dialogue. The APM is the legal successor of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean (CSCM), established in the early 1990s.", "Finality", "The main objective of the APM is to promote political, economic and social cooperation among its member States in order to find common solutions to the challenges facing the Euro-Mediterranean and Gulf region, as well as to create a space for peace and prosperity for its peoples.", "Membership", "The APM has 31 member States: Albania, Andorra, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Tunisia and Türkiye; two associated member States: Holy See and Sovereign Order of Malta;", "In addition, the APM has 10 partner States: Bahrain, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kuwait, Republic of Moldova, Slovakia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Switzerland.", "Organizational structure", "The Assembly consists of the rotating presidency and the Bureau, and each national delegation consists of five members with the same voting rights and decision-making powers; the three Standing Committees, which lead the work of the Assembly; the working groups and the special committees established by the Assembly to deal with a specific item; and the international Secretariat, which assists and advises the President of the APM, the Bureau of the APM and all members.", "The Secretary-General, assisted by international and local staff, coordinates the activities of the Assembly from Geneva.", "The APM has offices in Naples, Italy and San Marino. It also has Permanent Observers to the United Nations in Geneva, New York and Vienna, a Liaison Officer with the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process (UNSCO) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in Jerusalem, a Representation in Bucharest and a Permanent Representation to the League of Arab States (LEA) in Cairo.", "Financing", "The annual budget of the APM amounts to Euro902,000 and is fully funded by its member States.", "Cooperation with UNIDO", "The Second Standing Committee of the APM deals with all issues related to economic, social and environmental cooperation, resulting in a number of policies/guidelines and legislative measures of member parliaments. From their respective areas of competence, APM and UNIDO could undertake cooperative activities in the areas of small- and medium-sized business development, trade and investment, clean and renewable energies, post-COVID-19 economic recovery and climate change issues.", "Relations with other intergovernmental and governmental organizations", "In 2009, the United Nations General Assembly granted the status of Permanent Observer to the APM. European Union", "Headquarters management", "PAM Regional Office - Palazzo Pico", "Via Terracina, 230", "80125 Naples (Italy)", "Tel.: (+39) 345 16 82 994", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Secretary-General: Sergio Piazzi", "UNIDO Relations Officers:", "Mr. Giuseppe Belsito", "Senior Adviser/Administrator, Second Standing Committee on Economic, Social and Environmental Cooperation", "E-mail: [email protected]" ]
[ "Comité Especial encargado deElaborar una ConvenciónInternacional Integral sobre laLucha contra la Utilización delas Tecnologías de laInformación y las Comunicacionescon Fines Delictivos Tercer período de sesiones \nNueva York, 29 de agosto a 9 deseptiembre de 2022", "Recopilación de propuestas y observaciones presentadas por los Estados Miembros respecto de las disposiciones sobre cooperación internacional, asistencia técnica, medidas preventivas y el mecanismo de aplicación, las disposiciones finales y el preámbulo de una convención internacional integral sobre la lucha contra la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos", "Adición", "Índice", "PáginaComunicaciones 2 \nadicionales Venezuela(República 2 Bolivariana \n de)", "Comunicaciones adicionales", "En la presente adición figura la comunicación presentada por un Estado Miembro para el tercer período de sesiones del Comité Especial encargado de Elaborar una Convención Internacional Integral sobre la Lucha contra la Utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones con Fines Delictivos que fue recibida después del 31 de agosto de 2022.", "Venezuela (República Bolivariana de)", "[Original: español]", "[13 de septiembre de 2022]", "Cooperación internacional", "Constituye una necesidad impostergable avanzar en reducir las diferentes desigualdades en materia de desarrollo tecnológico y fortalecer los mecanismos jurídicos nacionales en la materia, en función de las expectativas y disposiciones de la futura convención, y también enmarcados en función de los principios y propósitos de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, que incluyen respeto a la soberanía e igualdad soberana de los Estados, y además el diálogo constructivo y la condena a la aplicación de medidas unilaterales coercitivas, las cuales no están en consonancia con la Carta.", "Venezuela favorece que la convención abarque disposiciones de cooperación amplia. En ese orden, el nuevo instrumento jurídico debería incluir disposiciones de cooperación relativas a intercambio y trasferencia tecnológica, formación e investigación, prevención, asistencia legal mutua y cooperación jurídica en materia de extradición, traslado de personas condenadas, traslado de procesos penales, investigaciones conjuntas, cooperación internacional con fines de decomiso, restitución y disposición de activos decomisados. Se contaría entonces con una convención que contemplase la mayor cantidad de mecanismos que pudieran ser necesarios una vez que esta entrara en vigor.", "En cuanto al alcance de los delitos a los que se aplican los mecanismos de cooperación internacional, Venezuela favorece que este sea igualmente amplio y, en virtud de la indudable evolución de los delitos relacionados con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) en el mundo, se considera oportuno que las disposiciones de recopilación de pruebas electrónicas sean aplicables para delitos más allá de los establecidos de conformidad con la convención; de esta manera se amplían el enfoque y el alcance de esta.", "Con respecto al acuerdo a que se llegue sobre el tema de la extradición, para Venezuela la obligación se aplica inicialmente a los delitos que se establezcan en la convención y en conformidad con el derecho interno de cada Estado y los tratados y acuerdos bilaterales suscritos.", "La extradición estará sujeta a las condiciones previstas en el derecho interno del Estado parte requerido o en los tratados de extradición aplicables, incluidas, entre otras, las relativas al requisito de una pena mínima para la extradición y a los motivos por los que el Estado parte requerido puede denegar la extradición.", "Existe una base jurídica en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción, en las que se aborda el tema de la denegación y cuáles son las alternativas que se pueden adoptar en caso de negativa.", "Para la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, es indispensable que a los fines del otorgamiento de la extradición de una persona existan y se cumplan los principios generales de territorialidad, doble incriminación, limitación de las penas, no prescripción, no entrega por delitos políticos, mínima gravedad del hecho, especialidad del delito, principio de no entrega de un nacional y de reciprocidad, de conformidad con la legislación nacional", "En referencia a la protección de los datos, esta representa para Venezuela un aspecto clave que debe reflejarse en la convención, garantizando la inalterabilidad de las pruebas a través de mecanismos igualmente establecidos en la convención que protejan la identidad e integridad de la información en sí y de todos los involucrados.", "Sobre la protección de los datos, resulta prioritario que la convención establezca provisiones para garantizar la seguridad, la confidencialidad, integridad, autenticidad de la información transmitida en el marco del cumplimiento de los procedimientos que esta establezca, incluido el uso obligatorio de certificación electrónica de seguridad y firmas electrónicas amparadas por las leyes nacionales de cada Estado, así como el uso de mecanismos de encriptación de los documentos transmitidos en atención a solicitudes presentadas con arreglo al presente instrumento. Todo lo anterior, por su parte, amparando que los Estados se encontrarán en el pleno derecho soberano de establecer límites al intercambio transnacional sobre la base de los factores claves de protección a la infraestructura críticas nacionales y seguridad del Estado, así como la integridad territorial y cualquier tema de máximo interés nacional.", "Venezuela no está a favor del acceso transfronterizo de datos informáticos. Los Estados en la presente convención deben regirse sobre la primicia tradicional del derecho internacional de lo contemplado en el artículo 4 de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada, que estipula que los Estados deben cumplir sus obligaciones en consonancia con los principios de igualdad soberana e integridad territorial, así como la no intervención en los asuntos internos de otros Estados. Nada de lo dispuesto puede facultar a un Estado parte a desempeñar en el territorio de otro Estado funciones que el derecho interno reserve únicamente a sus autoridades, para salvaguardar así la soberanía e independencia de los Estados Miembros.", "Para Venezuela el tema de la devolución de los bienes reviste especial importancia y considera que su tratamiento en esta convención requiere de una sección especial.", "La Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada expone en sus artículos 12, 13 y 14 lo relativo al decomiso e incautación de activos, cooperación internacional para fines de decomiso y la disposición del producto del delito o de los bienes decomisados. Consideramos que estas disposiciones de la Convención contra la Delincuencia Organizada constituyen una base sobre la cual trabajar y robustecer. Según estos artículos, se debe otorgar consideración prioritaria a la devolución del producto del delito o de los bienes decomisados al Estado parte requirente a fin de que este pueda indemnizar a las víctimas del delito o devolver ese producto del delito o esos bienes a sus propietarios legítimos.", "Los Estados partes en los tratados internacionales asumen las obligaciones y los deberes, en virtud del derecho internacional, de respetar, proteger y realizar los derechos humanos. Así pues, cuando se es parte en los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, los Estados, como ocurre en el caso de Venezuela, se comprometen a adoptar medidas y leyes internas compatibles con las obligaciones y deberes dimanantes de los tratados.", "A la luz de lo anterior, consideramos que la inclusión de las referencias a los derechos humanos que se realizan sobre el particular en las disposiciones generales y en el preámbulo abarca de forma suficiente la dimensión de derechos humanos en la futura convención.", "Asistencia técnica", "Resulta fundamental que la futura convención establezca, como forma de cooperación para que todos los Estados partes logren efectivamente los objetivos planteados por la convención, las respectivas medidas de salvaguarda para abordar y contrarrestar los efectos de las desigualdades estructurales en materias de TICs, así como las barreras económicas, comerciales, mecanismos de capacitación y transferencia tecnológica, sin distinciones por razones políticas o geográficas, sobre la base de los principios de soberanía nacional e igualdad soberana de los Estados, contemplados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "Venezuela desea enfatizar la importancia de considerar en la convención que, para la prevención y combate del uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación con fines delictivos, deben establecerse medidas de protección y respaldo para aquellos países víctimas de medidas coercitivas unilaterales, las cuales no están en consonancia con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "Es pertinente señalar que los países a los que se les imponen este tipo de medidas ilegales están potencialmente imposibilitados de actualizar sus sistemas y equipos tecnológicos ya que, en muchos casos, las empresas proveedoras de estos se encuentran amenazadas de sufrir las denominadas “sanciones” si realizan transacciones con estos países. Esta situación impide los intercambios regulares, genera incrementos en los costos transaccionales para los países víctimas de estas medidas y genera obstáculos adicionales para poder cooperar eficazmente contra estos crímenes.", "Asimismo, estas medidas contemplan la retención arbitraria y el bloqueo de activos de los países víctimas, lo cual, como es previsible, obstaculiza la adquisición y actualización de tecnologías requeridas para garantizar el derecho al desarrollo y los derechos humanos de los pueblos y para la prevención, fiscalización y cooperación en la lucha contra el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos.", "Ante este escenario, tales medidas limitan la participación en igualdad de condiciones en cualquier propuesta de cooperación internacional y asistencia técnica que se contemple en esta convención o en cualquier otro instrumento de esta índole. Por tal razón, es necesario que la futura convención contemple las medidas de salvaguarda que puedan ser invocadas para estos casos, por ejemplo, la creación de un sistema de interposición de alertas para aquellas situaciones específicas en las que la cooperación y asistencia, en el marco de la convención, se vean afectadas por ese tipo de acciones, incluso extensible a otras limitantes de similar naturaleza.", "Venezuela está a favor de que los Estados partes consideren prestar la más amplia asistencia técnica, previa solicitud y en coordinación con el Estado que así lo solicite, siempre alineada con las prioridades nacionales de desarrollo de cada país, con el objetivo de construir, recuperar, reforzar y ampliar capacidades nacionales y regionales.", "Es fundamental que esta asistencia se implemente bajo los principios de equidad, imparcialidad, igualdad, no selectividad, no politización y transparencia, incluyendo un intercambio constante y fortalecido de buenas prácticas entre distintos Estados, tanto Sur-Sur, Norte-Sur y triangular, y con una perspectiva interseccional y de género.", "Las necesidades específicas deben incluir la creación e intercambio permanente de misiones de expertos para evaluar y mejorar capacidades, el intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias, prácticas específicas positivas, investigación e innovación conjunta, mecanismos de formación y capacitación de talento humano, fuentes previsibles, proporcionales y equitativas de financiamiento a diversas escalas, que propendan a atender aquellas prioridades nacionales y en plena y permanente coordinación y previa solicitud de cada Estado.", "Tanto la asistencia técnica como la creación de capacidades deben estar incluidas integralmente en la futura convención, siendo que no existe contradicción sino complementariedad entre ambos conceptos, que pueden tener diversos alcances, entendiendo que la asistencia específica puede ser más puntual o urgente pero el ideal para el cual se debe trabajar de forma estructural es que cada Estado pueda responder de forma progresivamente autónoma, cortando eventuales cadenas de dependencia que debiliten la lucha contra estos crímenes y, por el contrario, se fortalezca la innovación y la capacidad individual de cada Estado en sus mecanismos de lucha contra el uso delictivo de las TICs.", "Por su parte, Venezuela favorece el establecimiento de la designación de un punto de contacto 24 horas, 7 días a la semana, por parte de cada uno de los Estado partes, a los fines de seguimiento de las disposiciones de la convención y, consecuentemente, que se destinen recursos adicionales para los Estados para tal fin.", "Además, en caso de que se disponga de cualquier otro mecanismo que requiera atención permanente o periódica para el cumplimiento de la convención, resulta necesario que se establezcan con claridad y transparencia los mecanismos de acceso a los recursos, para que los Estados puedan cumplir con tales requerimientos, incluyendo la posibilidad de asistencia financiera y de otro tipo a los Estados que lo soliciten, particularmente aquellos en vías de desarrollo.", "Para Venezuela es de gran importancia la participación de la sociedad civil, entendida esta en su amplio espectro, no solo como organizaciones no gubernamentales, sino también como movimientos con base en la comunidad, comunidades organizadas, comunas, movimientos sociales y, de forma particular, aquellos que hacen vida en el Sur Global, que muchas veces ven cuesta arriba su participación en este tipo de mecanismos por falta de recursos.", "En tal sentido, Venezuela apoya el espíritu de los mecanismos establecidos por las Naciones Unidas para garantizar la participación de estos sectores, sobre la base de su propia experiencia en los temas y su rol en la lucha contra el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos, incluyendo la asistencia técnica y creación de capacidades, en un sistema dinámico y retroalimentado.", "Por su parte, el sector privado, particularmente de las empresas fabricantes y proveedoras de tecnología y servicios de comunicación, también representa un sector de importancia capital, al ser pioneros de muchos avances, los cuales deben estar en apego a las leyes nacionales e internacionales, cumplir con sus responsabilidades sociales y cooperar con los Estados en el cumplimiento de las leyes y la búsqueda del desarrollo social, así como la dignidad humana. Esto incluye a grandes y pequeños empresarios y debe llamar particularmente a las grandes corporaciones tecnológicas y comunicacionales a actuar de forma transparente en función de un orden social justo e incluyente. Se debe estimular la cooperación entre el sector privado en plena coordinación con los Estados.", "Al mismo tiempo debe resaltarse el carácter intergubernamental de la convención y la primacía de las leyes nacionales en este entorno, en prevención de que actores puedan usar estas figuras con fines políticos o delictivos y en detrimento de la misma convención.", "Medidas preventivas", "Los incidentes delictivos tipificados por esta convención que mayor impacto en términos del disfrute de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones afectadas tienen, sin duda alguna, son los que pretendan afectar las infraestructuras críticas de los Estados partes, entendidas estas como las plataformas tecnológicas que soportan sistemas informáticos que satisfacen necesidades vitales de la sociedad.", "Los protocolos y normas internacionales que tratan la materia refieren medidas de protección basadas en la disciplina de seguridad de la información y seguridad informática o ciberseguridad para mitigar las vulnerabilidades y riesgos de ataque hacia estas infraestructuras críticas. Siendo así, la relación entre la lucha contra el uso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones con fines delictivos y la implementación de medidas de seguridad informática es indisoluble. La relación es directa entre la lucha contra la ciberdelincuencia y la ciberseguridad.", "La prevención a los ataques contra las infraestructuras críticas ciertamente debe ser abordado desde la ciberseguridad. Ahora, el tema central de la convención es el delito mediado por las TICs y uno de esos delitos puede ser el cometido contra las infraestructuras críticas; por tanto, sacar el concepto de ciberseguridad y los protocolos asociados a esta del contenido de la convención significa dejar un vacío; significa no tomar en cuenta, entre las medidas preventivas, las infraestructuras críticas.", "Asimismo, las técnicas de prevención deben formar parte de los contenidos de las actividades formativas del talento humano, acompañados de campañas de sensibilización ciudadana, intercambio y transferencia de tecnologías y atención-gestión urgente contra ataques y otras emergencias potenciales, en la consciencia de que todos tenemos responsabilidades comunes y diferenciadas.", "Las medidas de prevención que propicie esta convención deben incluir acciones para el fomento de la autonomía de los Estados en el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, incluido software y hardware, y protocolos operacionales mejorados que eleven la seguridad y legislación actualizada.", "Adicionalmente, Venezuela condena y persigue la producción y tráfico de material de abuso sexual o material de explotación sexual de niñas, niños y adolescentes, y es favorable al reforzamiento de toda legislación que proteja a esta población vulnerable de la acción de los criminales. Asimismo, estimamos necesario priorizar en materia preventiva a otras poblaciones con riesgo de estar expuestas a situaciones de vulnerabilidad, como mujeres, personas con discapacidad, jóvenes y adultos mayores.", "Sobre la participación de otros actores en las medidas preventivas, Venezuela estima que la sociedad civil, el sector privado y la academia, entre otros actores, deben estar guiados y orientados por las respectivas legislaciones nacionales y los Estados deben promover normas y estándares para fortalecer la capacidad de estas para cooperar con ellos a través de información técnica, investigación conjunta, armonización de prioridades de desarrollo nacional y social, formación técnica en nuevas tecnologías, transferencia e intercambios tecnológicos y, en lo respectivo a la seguridad de la infraestructura crítica, impulsando mecanismos de máxima cooperación, inmediatez y transparencia en la asistencia para casos de situaciones de emergencia.", "Es necesario destacar que el sector privado tiene la obligación y la responsabilidad social y ética de contribuir activamente en todos los ámbitos de prevención del uso de las TICs con fines delictivos, incluyendo, pero no exclusivamente, a través de un diálogo y fiscalización regular de los Estados a través de sus órganos especializados, el establecimiento de procedimientos estándar de cooperación y evaluación, la promoción de la participación de la ciudadanía y otros actores sociales, y la progresiva adaptación de dicha legislación a las nuevas realidades tecnológicas y mundiales.", "Mecanismo de implementación", "En el caso del mecanismo de aplicación, Venezuela considera que los Estados partes deben adoptar, de conformidad con los principios fundamentales de su derecho interno, las medidas que sean necesarias, incluidas medidas legislativas y administrativas, para garantizar el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones con arreglo a la presente convención.", "En tal sentido, Venezuela es favorable al establecimiento de una conferencia de las partes, como instancia para adoptar decisiones, revisar la implementación de la convención y evaluar nuevos compromisos.", "Esta conferencia puede complementarse con la creación de un órgano/instancia específica de carácter ejecutivo para el examen de la aplicación de la convención. Venezuela cree que hay méritos para evaluar propuestas de esta índole, siempre que se cuente con la respectiva representación equitativa y balanceada de entre los Estados partes y con los respectivas instancias técnicas internas de asesoría y mecanismos de consulta oportunos, incluyendo su periodicidad de reuniones y la interacción permanente con aquellos Estados que aun no siendo parte de esta instancia así lo requieran, incluyendo la posibilidad de participar en calidad de observador en la misma, según proceda.", "Reservas", "Los tratados internacionales representan una expresión del consenso en la creación de normas internacionales y los Estados partes se obligan internacionalmente a las disposiciones incluidas en la convención en la medida que hayan prestado su consentimiento para ello.", "En ese orden, a los Estados se les debe reconocer el derecho de determinar el contenido y alcance de las normas convencionales y excluir o modificar los efectos jurídicos de determinadas cláusulas o disposiciones en relación con la convención. En tal sentido, Venezuela entiende que la institución de las reservas puede constituir un recurso necesario y útil a los efectos de garantizar la universalidad de los tratados internacionales y que en algunos casos contribuye a que los Estados puedan tomar la decisión definitiva de firmarlos y ratificarlos. Ello no puede ser limitativo de que se acuerde que haya puntos en los cuales establecer reservas puede estar limitado o excluir a un determinado número de disposiciones por razones inherentes a la naturaleza misma del sentido de la convención y su real función social y jurídica, pero ello se habrá de determinar en el curso de las negociaciones.", "Mecanismos de solución de controversias", "Los mecanismos de solución de controversias a aplicar en la futura convención deben especificar que los Estados partes solucionarán toda controversia relacionada con la interpretación o aplicación de esta por los medios para la solución pacífica de su elección, reconocidas en el derecho internacional o previamente convenidas entre las partes. Por ejemplo, algunos Estados por razones de derecho interno no pueden reconocer la jurisdicción de ciertas instancias internacionales o cortes, o alguna necesaria reserva análoga que, no obstante, no limita el cumplimiento o adhesión a la convención como un todo.", "Disposiciones finales", "Venezuela estima que la futura convención sí debe contar con una sección de disposiciones finales, en consonancia con la estructura estándar de otros instrumentos similares y, especialmente, como parte de una lógica en mencionar aspectos preparatorios previos a la entrada en vigor de esta, adecuación legislativa nacional y otros elementos básicos de procedimiento, entre otros.", "La convención debe incluir disposiciones relativas a la posibilidad de la elaboración futura de protocolos adicionales a la convención, como parte de la dinámica cambiante en el ámbito de las TICs y la evolución de las realidades sociales, políticas y económicas.", "Sección preambular", "En el preámbulo de la convención deben estar reflejados los siguientes principios:", "soberanía, autodeterminación de los pueblos, solución pacífica de controversias." ]
[ "Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate aComprehensive InternationalConvention on Countering the Useof Information andCommunications Technologies forCriminal Purposes Third session \nNew York, 29 August–9 September2022", "Compilation of proposals and comments submitted by Member States on provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, and the mechanism of implementation, the final provisions and the preamble of a comprehensive international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes", "Addendum", "Contents", "PageAdditional 2 \nsubmissions Venezuela 2 (Bolivarian Republic \n of)", "Additional submissions", "The present addendum contains a submission from one Member State, received after 31 August 2022, for the third session of the Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "[13 September 2022]", "International cooperation", "There is an urgent need to make progress in reducing the different types of inequalities in technological development and in strengthening national legal mechanisms in this area, based on the intentions and provisions of the future convention, and also framed in terms of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, including respect for the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States, constructive dialogue, and the condemnation of the application of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in line with the Charter.", "Venezuela is in favour of the inclusion of comprehensive cooperation provisions in the convention. In that connection, the new legal instrument should include cooperation provisions related to the exchange and transfer of technology, training and research, prevention, mutual legal assistance, legal cooperation on extradition, the transfer of convicted persons, the transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, and international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, return and disposal of confiscated assets. This would ensure that the convention contains as many mechanisms as may be necessary once it enters into force.", "The scope of criminal offences to which international cooperation mechanisms should apply should be equally broad. Given the unquestionable evolution of crimes related to information and communications technology (ICT) throughout the world, the provisions for gathering electronic evidence should apply to crimes beyond those established in accordance with the convention, with a view to expanding its focus and scope.", "With respect to the agreement reached on the issue of extradition, Venezuela considers that the obligation applies initially to crimes established in the convention, in accordance with the domestic law of each State and the treaties and bilateral agreements signed.", "Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided for by the domestic law of the requested State party or by applicable extradition treaties, including, inter alia, conditions in relation to the minimum penalty requirement for extradition and the grounds upon which the requested State party may refuse extradition.", "There is a legal basis in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which address the issue of refusing extradition and the alternatives that can be sought in the case of a refusal.", "The position of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is that in order to grant the extradition of a person, the general principles of territoriality, dual criminality, limitation of penalties, no statute of limitations, no extradition for political offences, sufficient gravity of the offence, nature of the crime, prohibition of the extradition of nationals and reciprocity, must exist and be complied with, in accordance with its domestic law.", "For Venezuela, data protection is a key aspect that must be reflected in the convention. The convention should guarantee the inalterability of evidence by establishing mechanisms to protect the identity and integrity of the information itself and of all those involved.", "With respect to data protection, the convention must, as a matter of priority, include provisions that guarantee the security, confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of information transmitted in compliance with the procedures established by the convention, including the mandatory use of electronic security certification and electronic signatures under the domestic laws of each State, as well as encryption mechanisms for documents transmitted in response to requests submitted pursuant to the convention. These provisions will ensure that States have the full sovereign right to establish limits on transnational exchange based on key factors for protecting critical national infrastructure and State security, as well as territorial integrity and other issues of utmost national interest.", "Venezuela is not in favour of transborder access to computer data. The States parties to the convention should be governed by the traditional primacy of international law as set forth in article 4 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which stipulates that States must carry out their obligations in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity, as well as non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other States. Nothing in the convention shall entitle a State party to undertake functions in the territory of another State that are reserved exclusively for the authorities of that other State by its domestic law, in order to safeguard the sovereignty and independence of Member States.", "The return of property is of particular importance to Venezuela, which is of the view that the issue requires a special section in the convention.", "The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime contains, in articles 12, 13 and 14, provisions relating to the confiscation and seizure of assets, international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, and disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property. We consider that these provisions constitute a basis on which to work and strengthen. According to these articles, priority consideration should be given to returning the confiscated proceeds of crime or property to the requesting State Party so that it can give compensation to the victims of the crime or return such proceeds of crime or property to their legitimate owners.", "States parties to international treaties assume obligations and duties, under international law, to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. Accordingly, when States are parties to international human rights treaties, they undertake to adopt domestic measures and laws that are compatible with their treaty obligations and duties, as is the case of Venezuela.", "In the light of the above, we consider that the references to human rights contained in the general provisions and in the preamble sufficiently cover the human rights dimension of the future convention.", "Technical assistance", "It is essential that the future convention establishes, as a form of cooperation in order for all States parties to effectively achieve the objectives set out in the convention and the relevant safeguards to address and counteract the effects of structural inequalities in the area of ICT, as well as economic and trade barriers, training mechanisms and technology transfer, without distinction on political or geographical grounds, on the basis of the principles of national sovereignty and sovereign equality of States set forth in the Charter of the United Nations.", "In order to prevent and counter the use of ICT for criminal purposes, Venezuela wishes to emphasize the importance of ensuring that the convention provides for the establishment of protection and support measures for those countries that are victims of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in line with the Charter of the United Nations.", "It should be noted that countries subject to these illegal measures may potentially be unable to update their technological systems and equipment because, in many cases, the companies that supply such products are threatened with so-called sanctions if they do business with such countries. This situation impedes regular exchanges, results in increased transaction costs for countries subject to such measures, and creates additional obstacles to effective cooperation against such crimes.", "Moreover, these measures provide for the arbitrary withholding and blocking of the assets of countries subject to such measures, which, predictably, hinders the acquisition and updating of technologies required to guarantee the right to development and the human rights of peoples and for prevention, control and cooperation in the fight against the use of ICT for criminal purposes.", "In this context, these measures will impede participation on equal terms in any proposed international cooperation and technical assistance envisaged in the convention or any other instrument of this nature. For this reason, the future convention must include safeguards that can be invoked in such cases. For example, a system of alerts could be created for specific situations in which cooperation and assistance under the convention are affected by this type of measure; the system could also be extended to cover other constraints of a similar nature.", "Venezuela is in favour of States parties considering providing the widest measure of technical assistance, upon request and in coordination with the requesting State, and in line with the national development priorities of each country, with a view to building, regaining, strengthening and expanding national and regional capacities.", "It is essential that such assistance be implemented in accordance with the principles of fairness, impartiality, equality, non-selectivity, non-politicization and transparency, with constant and strengthened exchange of good practices between different States, both South-South, North-South and triangular, and with an intersectional and gender perspective.", "Specific needs include the creation and continuous exchange of expert missions to evaluate and improve capacities, the exchange of knowledge and experiences, specific positive practices, joint research and innovation, mechanisms for training and developing human capital, and predictable, proportional and equitable sources of financing at various levels, with a view to addressing national priorities, in full and constant coordination with, and at the request of, each State.", "Both technical assistance and capacity-building should be fully included in the future convention. The two concepts are complementary rather than contradictory, as the scope of each may be different. Targeted assistance may be provided in a more timely or urgent manner, but the aim to work towards, on a structural level, is for each State to be able to respond in a progressively independent manner, eventually cutting the chains of dependence that weaken the fight against such crimes, while at the same time strengthening the innovation and individual capacity of each State’s mechanisms for countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes.", "Venezuela is in favour of the designation of a 24-hour, 7-days-a-week focal point by each State party for the purpose of monitoring the provisions of the convention and considers that additional resources should be allocated to States for this purpose.", "In addition, in the event that other mechanisms are established that require ongoing or periodic attention to comply with the convention, the procedures for accessing resources must be clearly and transparently established, so that States, in particular developing countries, can comply with such requirements, including by requesting financial and other assistance.", "For Venezuela, the participation of civil society is extremely important, with civil society understood in its broadest sense, including not only non-governmental organizations, but also community-based movements, organized communities, communes, social movements and, in particular, those living in the global South, who often find it difficult to participate in such mechanisms due to lack of resources.", "In this regard, Venezuela supports the spirit of the mechanisms established by the United Nations to ensure the participation of these groups, based on its own experience in the area and its role in countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes, including technical assistance and capacity-building, in a dynamic and self-sustaining system.", "The participation of the private sector, in particular manufacturers and suppliers of communication technology and services, is also of capital importance, as the sector pioneers many advances, which must comply with national and international laws. The private sector must also fulfil its social responsibilities and cooperate with States in complying with laws and pursuing social development and human dignity. This includes both large and small businesses; large technology and communications corporations, in particular, should be called upon to act in a transparent manner to ensure a just and inclusive social order. Cooperation with the private sector should be encouraged in full coordination with States.", "At the same time, the intergovernmental nature of the convention and the primacy of national laws in this area should be emphasized, in order to prevent actors from using such cooperation for political ends or criminal purposes, to the detriment of the convention itself.", "Preventive measures", "The criminal offences established under the convention that have the greatest impact on the enjoyment of human rights by affected populations are, without a doubt, those that target the critical infrastructure of States parties, that is to say the technological platforms that support information systems that meet the vital needs of society.", "The relevant international protocols and standards make reference to protection measures based on information security, computer security and cybersecurity, in order to mitigate vulnerabilities and the risk of attacks on critical infrastructure. As such, the link between countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes and implementing information security measures is inextricable. There is a direct relationship between combating cybercrime and cybersecurity.", "The prevention of attacks on critical infrastructure must be approached from a cybersecurity perspective. The central theme of the convention is offences facilitated by ICT, including crimes against critical infrastructure; accordingly, removing the concept of cybersecurity and associated protocols from the content of the convention would leave a gap and mean that preventive measures for critical infrastructure were not taken into account.", "Likewise, prevention techniques should be included in training courses; these should be accompanied by public awareness-raising campaigns, the exchange and transfer of technology, and urgent consideration and management of attacks and other potential emergencies, in recognition of the fact that we all have common and differentiated responsibilities.", "The preventive measures endorsed by the convention should include actions to promote the autonomy of States in developing new technology, including software and hardware, improved operational protocols that enhance security, and updated legislation.", "Venezuela condemns and prosecutes the production and trafficking of child and adolescent sexual abuse and sexual exploitation material, and is in favour of strengthening all laws that protect this vulnerable group from the actions of criminals. We also consider it necessary to prioritize preventive measures for other groups at risk of being exposed to vulnerable situations, such as women, persons with disabilities, young people and elderly persons.", "With regard to the participation of other actors in preventive measures, Venezuela believes that civil society, the private sector and academia, among others, should be guided by the respective national laws, while States should promote norms and standards to strengthen the capacity of such actors to cooperate with States through technical information, joint research, the harmonization of national and social development priorities, technical training in new technologies, technology transfer and exchange and, with respect to the security of critical infrastructure, the promotion of mechanisms to ensure the utmost cooperation, immediacy and transparency in the provision of assistance in emergency situations.", "It should be emphasized that the private sector has an obligation and a social and ethical responsibility to contribute actively in all areas to prevent ICT from being used for criminal purposes, including through regular dialogue with and oversight of States through their specialized bodies, the establishment of standard procedures for cooperation and evaluation, the promotion of the participation of the public and other social actors, and the progressive adaptation of laws to new technological and global realities.", "Mechanisms for implementation", "With respect to mechanisms for implementation, Venezuela considers that States parties should take the necessary measures, including legislative and administrative measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of their domestic law, to ensure the implementation of their obligations under the convention.", "In this connection, Venezuela is in favour of the establishment of a conference of States parties as a body for taking decisions, reviewing the implementation of the convention and evaluating new commitments.", "The conference of States parties could be complemented by the creation of an executive body or entity tasked with reviewing the implementation of the convention. Venezuela believes that there is merit in evaluating proposals of this nature, provided that there is equitable and balanced representation among the States parties and the appropriate internal technical advisory bodies and consultation mechanisms, including regarding the frequency of meetings, continuous interaction with those States that are not part of such a body but that require such engagement, and the option to participate as an observer in such a body, as appropriate.", "Reservations", "International treaties are an expression of consensus with the creation of international norms, and States parties are internationally bound by the provisions of the convention to the extent that they have given their consent in that regard.", "In that connection, the right of States to determine the content and scope of the norms of the convention and to exclude or modify the legal effects of certain clauses or provisions of the convention must be recognized. In that regard, Venezuela understands that reservations can be necessary and useful in order to guarantee the universality of international treaties and that, in some cases, the use of reservations contributes to States being able to make the final decision to sign and ratify a treaty. Nevertheless, it could be agreed that reservations cannot be made, or only in a limited manner, to certain provisions, for reasons inherent to the very nature of the meaning of the convention and its genuine social and legal functions; however, this will have to be determined in the course of the negotiations.", "Mechanisms for settlement of disputes", "The dispute settlement mechanisms to be applied in the future convention should specify that the States parties shall settle any disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the convention by peaceful means of their choice, as recognized in international law or as previously agreed on by the parties. For example, some States, for reasons of domestic law, may not recognize the jurisdiction of certain international bodies or courts, or other similar reservations, but this does not restrict compliance with or accession to the convention as a whole.", "Final provisions", "Venezuela is of the view that the future convention should contain a section on final provisions, in line with the standard structure of similar instruments and, in particular, in order to set out the preparatory work for its entry into force, national legislative reform and basic procedural elements, among other things.", "The convention should include provisions relating to the possible creation of additional protocols to the convention in the future, in the context of the changing dynamics in the field of ICT and shifting social, political and economic realities.", "Preamble", "The following principles should be reflected in the preamble to the convention:", "• Principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations: sovereignty, self-determination of peoples, peaceful settlement of disputes", "• Digital sovereignty", "• Preventing and countering the use of ICT for criminal purposes", "• International cooperation and solidarity", "• Promotion and strengthening of multilateralism", "• Sustainable development and poverty eradication", "• Technology transfer", "• Transparency" ]
A_AC.291_12_ADD.4
[ "Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Comprehensive International Convention on the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes Third Session New York, 29 August-9 September, 2022", "Compilation of proposals and comments submitted by Member States on the provisions on international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures and the implementation mechanism, the final provisions and the preamble to a comprehensive international convention on combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes", "Addendum", "Contents", "Additional communications 2 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Additional communications", "The present addendum contains a communication submitted by a Member State for the third session of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Comprehensive International Convention on the Fight against the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes which was received after 31 August 2022.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "[13 September 2022]", "International cooperation", "It is an imperative to move forward in reducing the different inequalities in technological development and strengthening national legal mechanisms in this regard, in accordance with the expectations and provisions of the future convention, and also framed in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, which include respect for the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States, and also constructive dialogue and condemnation of the application of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in conformity with the Charter.", "Venezuela favoured the convention to include comprehensive cooperation provisions. In that order, the new legal instrument should include cooperation provisions for the exchange and transfer of technology, training and research, prevention, mutual legal assistance and legal cooperation in the field of extradition, transfer of convicted persons, transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, international cooperation for the purposes of confiscation, restitution and disposal of confiscated assets. There would then be a convention that would contemplate the greatest number of mechanisms that could be necessary once it entered into force.", "With regard to the scope of the offences to which the international cooperation mechanisms are applied, Venezuela favours that the international cooperation mechanism is equally comprehensive and, in the light of the undeniable developments in the crimes related to information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the world, it is considered appropriate that the provisions for the collection of electronic evidence are applicable to crimes beyond those established in accordance with the convention; thus the approach and scope of the convention are expanded.", "With regard to the agreement reached on the subject of extradition, for Venezuela the obligation initially applies to the offences established in the convention and in accordance with the domestic law of each State and the bilateral treaties and agreements signed.", "Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided for in the domestic law of the requested State party or the applicable extradition treaties, including, inter alia, those relating to the requirement of a minimum penalty for extradition and the grounds on which the requested State party may refuse extradition.", "There is a legal basis in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which addresses the issue of denial and what alternatives can be adopted in the event of refusal.", "For the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, it is essential that the general principles of territoriality, dual criminality, limitation, non-prescription, non-restriction, non-release for political crimes, minimum seriousness of the act, speciality of the offence, principle of non-delivery of a national and reciprocity, in accordance with national legislation, be established for the purpose of granting extradition of a person.", "Referring to the protection of data, it represents for Venezuela a key aspect that must be reflected in the convention, guaranteeing the inalterability of the evidence through mechanisms equally established in the convention that protect the identity and integrity of the information itself and of all those involved.", "On the protection of data, it is a priority for the convention to establish provisions to ensure the safety, confidentiality, integrity, authenticity of the information transmitted in the framework of compliance with the procedures established by the Convention, including the mandatory use of electronic security certification and electronic signatures protected by national laws of each State, as well as the use of encryption mechanisms for documents transmitted in response to requests submitted under this instrument. All of the above, for its part, by providing that States will find themselves in the full sovereign right to set limits on transnational exchange on the basis of the key protection factors for the national critical infrastructure and State security, as well as territorial integrity and any subject of greatest national interest.", "Venezuela is not in favour of cross-border access to computer data. States in the present convention should be guided by the traditional primacy of international law as provided for in article 4 of the United Nations Convention against Organized Crime, which stipulates that States must fulfil their obligations in accordance with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity, as well as non-intervention in the internal affairs of other States. Nothing could empower a State party to carry out functions in the territory of another State which the domestic law reserved only to its authorities, thus safeguarding the sovereignty and independence of Member States.", "For Venezuela, the issue of the return of goods is of particular importance and considers that its treatment in this convention requires a special section.", "The Organized Crime Convention sets out in its articles 12, 13 and 14 concerning the confiscation and seizure of assets, international cooperation for purposes of confiscation and the provision of proceeds of crime or confiscated property. We believe that these provisions of the Organized Crime Convention constitute a basis on which to work and strengthen. According to these articles, priority consideration should be given to the return of proceeds of crime or confiscated property to the requesting State party so that the latter may compensate the victims of the crime or return the proceeds of the offence to their legitimate owners.", "States parties to international treaties undertake obligations and duties under international law to respect, protect and realize human rights. Thus, when it is a party to international human rights treaties, States, as in the case of Venezuela, undertake to adopt domestic measures and laws consistent with the obligations and duties arising from treaties.", "In the light of the above, we believe that the inclusion of references to human rights in the general provisions and the preamble adequately covers the human rights dimension in the future convention.", "Technical assistance", "It is essential that the future convention establish, as a form of cooperation for all States parties to effectively achieve the objectives set forth by the convention, the respective safeguard measures to address and counter the effects of structural inequalities in ICTs, as well as economic, trade barriers, training and technology transfer mechanisms, without distinctions for political or geographical reasons, on the basis of the principles of national sovereignty and sovereign equality of States, as envisaged in the United Nations.", "Venezuela wishes to emphasize the importance of considering in the convention that protection and support measures should be established for those countries that are victims of unilateral coercive measures, which are not in line with the Charter of the United Nations, for the prevention and combating of the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes.", "It is pertinent to note that the countries to which such illegal measures are imposed are potentially unable to update their technological systems and equipment, since, in many cases, the supplier companies are threatened to suffer the so-called “sanctions” if they engage in transactions with these countries. This situation prevents regular exchanges, generates increases in transactional costs for countries victims of these measures and creates additional obstacles in order to be able to effectively cooperate against these crimes.", "These measures also include the arbitrary retention and blocking of assets of the victim countries, which, as foreseeable, hinders the acquisition and updating of technologies required to ensure the right to development and human rights of peoples and to prevent, control and cooperation in combating the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes.", "Faced with this scenario, such measures limit equal participation in any proposal for international cooperation and technical assistance under this convention or any other instrument of this kind. For this reason, it is necessary for the future convention to take into account the safeguard measures that may be invoked for these cases, for example, the creation of an alerting system for those specific situations in which cooperation and assistance, within the framework of the convention, are affected by such actions, even extended to other similar constraints.", "Venezuela is in favour of States parties to consider providing the widest technical assistance, upon request and in coordination with the requested State, always aligned with national development priorities of each country, with the objective of building, recovering, strengthening and expanding national and regional capacities.", "It is essential that this assistance be implemented under the principles of equity, impartiality, equality, non-selectivity, non-politicization and transparency, including a constant and strengthened exchange of good practices among different States, both South-South, North-South and triangular, and with an intersectional and gender perspective.", "Specific needs should include the creation and ongoing exchange of expert missions to assess and improve capacities, the exchange of knowledge and experiences, specific positive practices, joint research and innovation, human talent training and training mechanisms, predictable, proportional and equitable sources of financing at various scales, which aim to address those national priorities and in full and ongoing coordination and upon the request of each State.", "Both technical assistance and capacity-building should be fully included in the future convention, since there is no contradiction but complementarity between the two concepts, which may have different scopes, understanding that specific assistance can be more timely or urgent, but the ideal for which it should be worked in a structural way is that each State can respond progressively autonomously, cutting off possible chains of dependence that weaken the fight against these crimes and, on the contrary, strengthens the individual capacity of the", "For its part, Venezuela favours the establishment of a contact point 24 hours, 7 days a week, on the part of each State party, for the purpose of following up on the provisions of the convention and, consequently, the allocation of additional resources for States for that purpose.", "In addition, in the event that any other mechanism is available that requires permanent or periodic attention to the implementation of the convention, it is necessary that the mechanisms of access to resources be clearly and transparently established so that States can comply with such requirements, including the possibility of financial and other assistance to the States that request it, particularly those in development.", "For Venezuela, the participation of civil society is of great importance, understood in its broad spectrum, not only as non-governmental organizations, but also as community-based movements, organized communities, communes, social movements and, in particular, those who make life in the Global South, who often see their participation in this type of mechanism as a result of lack of resources.", "In this regard, Venezuela supports the spirit of the mechanisms established by the United Nations to ensure the participation of these sectors, based on its own experience in the issues and its role in combating the use of criminal information and communication technologies, including technical assistance and capacity-building, in a dynamic and feedback system.", "For its part, the private sector, particularly of the manufacturing and supplying companies of technology and communication services, also represents a sector of capital importance, being pioneers of many advances, which must be in compliance with national and international laws, fulfil their social responsibilities and cooperate with States in the implementation of laws and the search for social development, as well as human dignity. This includes large and small entrepreneurs and should particularly call upon large technological and communicative corporations to act transparently in a fair and inclusive social order. Cooperation between the private sector should be encouraged in full coordination with States.", "At the same time, the intergovernmental nature of the convention and the primacy of national laws in this environment should be emphasized, in preventing actors from using these figures for political or criminal purposes and to the detriment of the same convention.", "Preventive measures", "The criminal incidents established by this convention that have the greatest impact in terms of the enjoyment of the human rights of the affected populations are, without a doubt, those that seek to affect the critical infrastructures of the States parties, understood as the technological platforms that support computer systems that meet the vital needs of society.", "International protocols and standards dealing with the subject refer to protective measures based on the discipline of information security and computer security or cybersecurity to mitigate the vulnerabilities and risks of attacking these critical infrastructures. Thus, the relationship between the fight against the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes and the implementation of information security measures is inextricable. The relationship is direct between the fight against cybercrime and cybersecurity.", "Preventing attacks on critical infrastructures must certainly be addressed from cybersecurity. Now, the central theme of the convention is the crime mediated by ICTs and one of these crimes can be the crime against critical infrastructures; therefore, removing the concept of cybersecurity and the protocols associated with this of the content of the convention means leaving a void; it means not taking into account, among preventive measures, critical infrastructures.", "Prevention techniques should also be part of the content of human talent training activities, accompanied by public awareness campaigns, exchange and transfer of technologies and urgent care-management against attacks and other potential emergencies, in the awareness that we all have common and differentiated responsibilities.", "Preventive measures that promote this convention should include actions to promote the autonomy of States in the development of new technologies, including software and hardware, and improved operational protocols that enhance security and updated legislation.", "In addition, Venezuela condemns and pursues the production and trafficking of sexual abuse or sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, and is favourable to the strengthening of all legislation that protects this vulnerable population from criminal action. We also consider it necessary to prioritize in preventive matters other populations at risk of being exposed to situations of vulnerability, such as women, persons with disabilities, young people and older adults.", "On the involvement of other actors in preventive measures, Venezuela believes that civil society, the private sector and the academy, among other actors, should be guided and guided by the respective national laws and States should promote standards and standards to strengthen their capacity to cooperate with them through technical information, joint research, harmonization of national and social development priorities, technical training in new technologies, transfer and technological exchanges and, in the utmost respect of infrastructure, promoting emergency security", "It should be noted that the private sector has the obligation and social and ethical responsibility to contribute actively in all areas of prevention of the use of ICTs for criminal purposes, including, but not exclusively, through regular dialogue and control of States through their specialized bodies, the establishment of standard procedures for cooperation and evaluation, the promotion of the participation of citizens and other social actors, and the progressive adaptation of such legislation to new technological and global realities.", "Implementation mechanism", "In the case of the implementation mechanism, Venezuela considers that States parties should take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of their domestic law, any necessary measures, including legislative and administrative measures, to ensure compliance with their obligations under this convention.", "In that regard, Venezuela favoured the establishment of a conference of the parties, as a decision-making body, to review the implementation of the convention and to evaluate new commitments.", "This conference can be complemented by the establishment of a specific executive body/in substance for the review of the implementation of the convention. Venezuela believes that there are merits in assessing such proposals, provided that the respective equitable and balanced representation of States parties and the respective internal technical bodies of advisory services and appropriate consultation mechanisms are available, including their periodicity of meetings and the continuing interaction with those States that are not yet part of this instance so require, including the possibility of participating as an observer, as appropriate.", "Reservations", "International treaties represent an expression of consensus in the creation of international norms and States parties are internationally bound by the provisions contained in the convention to the extent that they have consented to it.", "In that order, States should be accorded the right to determine the content and scope of conventional rules and to exclude or modify the legal effects of certain clauses or provisions relating to the convention. In that regard, Venezuela understood that the institution of reservations could constitute a necessary and useful resource for the purpose of ensuring the universality of international treaties and that in some cases it helped States to make the final decision to sign and ratify them. This cannot be limited to agreeing that there are points in which to establish reservations may be limited or exclude a certain number of provisions for reasons inherent in the very nature of the sense of the convention and its real social and legal function, but this will be determined in the course of the negotiations.", "Dispute settlement mechanisms", "Dispute settlement mechanisms to be applied in the future convention should specify that States parties shall resolve any dispute relating to the interpretation or application of such dispute by means of peaceful settlement of their choice, recognized in international law or previously agreed between the parties. For example, some States may not recognize the jurisdiction of certain international bodies or courts, or some necessary similar reservation which, however, does not limit compliance or adherence to the convention as a whole.", "Final provisions", "Venezuela believes that the future convention should have a section of final provisions, in line with the standard structure of other similar instruments and, in particular, as part of a logic to mention preparatory aspects prior to its entry into force, national legislative adjustment and other basic procedural elements, among others.", "The convention should include provisions relating to the possibility of future elaboration of additional protocols to the convention, as part of the changing dynamics in the field of ICTs and the evolution of social, political and economic realities.", "Preamble section", "The following principles should be reflected in the preamble to the convention:", "sovereignty, self-determination of peoples, peaceful settlement of disputes." ]
[ "11º período de sesiones", "Viena, 17 a 21 de octubre de 2022", "Tema 7 del programa provisional[1]", "Programa provisional del 12º período de sesiones de la Conferencia", "Proyecto de decisión presentado por la Mesa ampliada", "Programa provisional del 12º período de sesiones de la Conferencia", "La Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional aprueba el programa provisional del 12º período de sesiones de la Conferencia que figura a continuación.", "Programa provisional del 12º período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional", "1. Cuestiones de organización:", "a) Apertura del 12º período de sesiones de la Conferencia;", "b) Elección de la Mesa;", "c) Aprobación del programa y organización de los trabajos;", "d) Participación;", "e) Aprobación del informe de la Mesa sobre las credenciales;", "f) Debate general.", "2. Examen general de la aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos:", "a) Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional;", "b) Protocolo para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar la Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños;", "c) Protocolo contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Migrantes por Tierra, Mar y Aire;", "d) Protocolo contra la Fabricación y el Tráfico Ilícitos de Armas de Fuego, sus Piezas y Componentes y Municiones.", "3. Otros delitos graves, de conformidad con la definición de la Convención, incluidas nuevas formas y dimensiones de la delincuencia organizada transnacional.", "4. Cooperación internacional, con especial referencia a la extradición, la asistencia judicial recíproca y la cooperación internacional para fines de decomiso, y establecimiento y fortalecimiento de las autoridades centrales.", "5. Asistencia técnica.", "6. Programa provisional del 13^(er) período de sesiones de la Conferencia.", "7. Otros asuntos.", "8. Aprobación del informe de la Conferencia sobre su 12º período de sesiones.", "[1] ^(*) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
[ "Eleventh session Vienna, 17–21 October 2022 Item 7 of the provisionalagenda[1] \nProvisional agenda for thetwelfth session ofthe Conference", "Draft decision submitted by the extended Bureau", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference", "The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime approves the provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference set out below.", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "1. Organizational matters:", "(a) Opening of the twelfth session of the Conference;", "(b) Election of officers;", "(c) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work;", "(d) Participation;", "(e) Adoption of the report of the Bureau on credentials;", "(f) General discussion.", "2. General review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto:", "(a) United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children;", "(c) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air;", "(d) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.", "3. Other serious crimes, as defined in the Convention, including new forms and dimensions of transnational organized crime.", "4. International cooperation, with particular emphasis on extradition, mutual legal assistance and international cooperation for the purpose of confiscation, and the establishment and strengthening of central authorities.", "5. Technical assistance.", "6. Provisional agenda for the thirteenth session of the Conference.", "7. Other matters.", "8. Adoption of the report of the Conference on its twelfth session.", "[1] ^(*) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
CTOC_COP_2022_L.2
[ "Eleventh session", "Vienna, 17-21 October 2022", "Item 7 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference", "Draft decision submitted by the Expanded Bureau", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference", "The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime adopts the provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference below.", "Provisional agenda for the twelfth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "1. Organizational matters:", "(a) Opening of the twelfth session of the Conference;", "(b) Election of officers;", "(c) Adoption of the agenda and organization of work;", "(d) Participation;", "(e) Adoption of the report of the Bureau on credentials;", "f) General debate.", "2. Comprehensive review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols:", "(a) United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children;", "(c) Protocol against the Illicit Traffic in Migrants by Land, Sea and Air;", "(d) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunitions.", "3. Other serious crimes, in accordance with the definition of the Convention, including new forms and dimensions of transnational organized crime.", "4. International cooperation, with particular reference to extradition, mutual legal assistance and international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, and the establishment and strengthening of central authorities.", "5. Technical assistance.", "6. Provisional agenda for the 13^(er) session of the Conference.", "7. Other business.", "8. Adoption of the report of the Conference on its twelfth session.", "[1] ^(*) CTOC/COP/2022/1." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones", "Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 8 a) del programa provisional", "Actividades de la ONUDI relacionadas con la economía circular", "Actividades de la ONUDI relacionadas con la economía circular", "Informe del Director General", "En el presente documento se informa sobre la aplicación de la resolución GC.18/Res.7 de la Conferencia General y se comunican las novedades más recientes relacionadas con la economía circular. Asimismo, se complementa la información contenida en los documentos IDB.49/18 y GC.19/13 y en los informes anuales de la ONUDI correspondientes a 2019 (IDB.48/2), 2020 (IDB.49/2) y 2021 (IDB.50/2). En el documento IDB.50/CRP.6 se informa de las consultas sobre economía circular.", "I. Cooperación técnica y servicios de asesoramiento sobre políticas", "1. La ONUDI siguió cooperando con éxito con el Banco Europeo de Inversiones, Circle Economy y Chatham House en el marco del proyecto mundial “SWITCH to circular economy value chains”, dentro del cual se ultimó el diseño de cuatro proyectos piloto sobre medidas de circularidad en las cadenas mundiales de valor de los aparatos electrónicos, los textiles, la confección y los plásticos.", "2. En el Líbano, la ONUDI presta apoyo a la recuperación económica verde y circular del sector privado centrándose en las cadenas de valor agroindustriales, las oportunidades de negocios y el acceso a mecanismos de financiación de las inversiones en tecnologías y procesos.", "3. El Programa Mundial de Parques Ecoindustriales, ejecutado en colaboración con Suiza, ha ayudado a integrar perspectivas de circularidad y sinergia industriales en las leyes y reglamentos. La elaboración de políticas, coordinada a través de una comunidad de práctica de múltiples interesados y grupos de trabajo interministeriales, ya ha desencadenado cambios en las políticas de varios países.", "4. El programa SwitchMed II ha ampliado su apoyo a las cadenas de valor del procesamiento de pescado y la acuicultura en el Mediterráneo mediante un componente de economía azul centrado en prácticas de producción más limpia y sostenible, recomendaciones de política y la preparación de modelos de negocios circulares. El proyecto EU4Environment siguió facilitando la simbiosis industrial, la reducción de desechos industriales y las prácticas de economía circular en los países con economías en transición.", "5. El proyecto de economía circular en la industria textil y de la confección de Etiopía, Lesotho, Madagascar y Sudáfrica promueve las prácticas de economía circular mediante una gestión sostenible de los productos químicos y los desechos. En colaboración con el Centro de Economía Circular de la Universidad de Cambridge, las actividades de la ONUDI sientan las bases de la capacitación de los servicios y centros de investigación nacionales en materia de economía circular. La divulgación de mejores prácticas de cambio transformador del sector queda garantizada con la participación e involucración activas del sector privado y otros asociados.", "6. La ONUDI toma parte activa en los programas relativos a la transición a una economía circular para los productos químicos y los desechos en África y a la financiación de la reducción y la gestión de los productos agroquímicos, que promueven el cambio duradero a escala regional y mundial volviendo a examinar los enfoques nacionales en materia de gestión de los productos químicos y los desechos. La ONUDI y 13 países ejecutan el proyecto “Fortalecimiento de las iniciativas nacionales y la mejora de la cooperación regional para la gestión ambientalmente racional de los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos en los países de América Latina”, financiado por el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM), que cuenta con la participación de otras cuatro entidades de las Naciones Unidas y varias organizaciones internacionales y nacionales y sirve de punto de partida a un proyecto regional sobre circularidad de los aparatos electrónicos.", "7. El Centro y Red de Tecnología del Clima (CRTC)[1] ayuda a 18 países de África y América Latina a elaborar hojas de ruta de economía circular para los sectores industrial, agrícola y de los desechos que incluyen orientaciones sobre políticas, reglamentación y tecnología en aras de un mayor grado de eficiencia y eficacia en función de los costos en las cadenas de valor. El CRTC también elabora directrices para medir y evaluar la repercusión de las medidas de economía circular en los objetivos climáticos nacionales de seis países de América Latina y el Caribe[2]. En México, el CRTC presta apoyo técnico para analizar el estado del sector de la construcción y las demoliciones desde la óptica de la economía circular[3].", "8. La ONUDI hace frente a las fugas de plásticos en el medio ambiente promoviendo prácticas de economía circular en la industria y ayudando a los Estados Miembros a fomentar entornos propicios. En Sudáfrica, la ONUDI prestó apoyo a la elaboración de un plan de acción y al establecimiento del primer laboratorio nacional de análisis de la biodegradación con certificación ISO para impulsar la transición a alternativas ambientalmente sostenibles. En Egipto, ayudó a reducir los desechos plásticos promoviendo prácticas de ecodiseño y modelos de negocio circulares en la industria y asistiendo en la creación de instrumentos normativos, reglamentarios o económicos propicios. En Nigeria, la ONUDI prestó apoyo a la elaboración de directrices de aplicación de la política nacional sobre gestión de desechos plásticos, mientras que a raíz de las actividades llevadas a cabo en Ghana se estableció un marco de economía circular para los plásticos y un centro de excelencia en materia de circularidad de los plásticos.", "9. La ONUDI ayuda a Egipto a desarrollar una bioeconomía circular, efectuar una evaluación de las oportunidades de negocios, examinar y respaldar la preparación de normas existentes y nuevas para los productos biotecnológicos e impartir capacitación a los encargados de formular políticas.", "10. El proyecto financiado por el FMAM “Demostración de las mejores técnicas disponibles y las mejores prácticas ambientales en materia de combustión al aire libre en respuesta al Convenio de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes” se ejecuta en cinco países de Asia Oriental y Sudoriental. El proyecto va dirigido a reducir un 90 % las emisiones de dioxina partiendo de principios de economía circular y estableciendo sistemas de gestión de los desechos que hagan un uso eficiente de los recursos para reducir las emisiones de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes involuntarios.", "11. La ONUDI participa en un comité técnico de la Organización Internacional de Normalización dedicado a elaborar normas internacionales sobre la economía circular[4]. Su labor comprende, por ejemplo, el establecimiento de un marco y unos principios para la aplicación de una economía circular, la elaboración de orientaciones sobre modelos de negocios y la creación de un marco para medir la circularidad.", "II. Función de convocatoria y de fomento de alianzas", "12. El acto paralelo “Acelerar la agenda mundial de economía circular para hacer frente al cambio climático y promover la transformación económica”, organizado conjuntamente por la ONUDI y el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones y respaldado por 11 organizaciones internacionales y de las Naciones Unidas[5], planteó el concepto de economía circular ante el 27º período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Aprovechando los resultados de las consultas mundiales sobre economía circular, representantes de gobiernos nacionales moderaron una mesa redonda en la que se exploraron ambiciosos principios y prácticas de la economía circular y su incorporación en las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional y los planes nacionales de adaptación. Representantes del sector privado, el mundo académico y la sociedad civil también examinaron los factores que propiciaban la reorientación mundial hacia la economía circular, entre ellos la financiación del clima y la naturaleza.", "13. La ONUDI es socia fundadora de la Alianza Mundial para la Economía Circular y la Utilización Eficiente de los Recursos[6] y ha coorganizado su primera reunión de alto nivel en septiembre de 2021. La Alianza pretende dar un impulso en el plano mundial a las iniciativas relacionadas con la transición hacia una economía circular, el uso eficiente de los recursos y el consumo y la producción sostenibles, aprovechando los esfuerzos internacionales.", "14. A raíz de la colaboración entre la ONUDI, el CRTC y gobiernos de la región se puso en marcha la Coalición de Economía Circular para América Latina y el Caribe[7]. La Coalición publicó en febrero de 2022 su documento de posición Economía circular en América Latina y el Caribe: una visión compartida[8].", "III. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "15. La Junta tal vez desee tomar nota de la información contenida en el presente documento y formular recomendaciones sobre cómo mejorar la cooperación internacional y la acción multilateral en materia de economía circular. Además, la Junta tal vez desee ofrecer orientaciones a la Secretaría sobre la continuación de las consultas relativas a la economía circular.", "[1] El CRTC, brazo ejecutor del Mecanismo Tecnológico de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático copatrocinado por el PNUMA y la ONUDI, presta la asistencia tecnológica, normativa y reglamentaria solicitada por los países en desarrollo que procuran cumplir sus compromisos en materia de cambio climático y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Puede obtenerse más información en https://www.ctc-n.org/.", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/guidelines-monitoring-and-evaluating-impact-circular-economy-measures.", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-construction-and-demolition-sector-respect.", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html.", "[5] Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). Comisión Económica y Social de las Naciones Unidas para Asia Occidental (CESPAO); Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa (CEPE), Oficina de la Alta Representante para los Países Menos Adelantados, los Países en Desarrollo Sin Litoral y los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo (OARPPP), Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), Banco Mundial, Alianza de Acción para una Economía Verde (PAGE), Plataforma de Conocimientos sobre el Crecimiento Verde (GGKP) e Instituto Global para el Crecimiento Verde (GGGI).", "[6] ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/gacere.html.", "[7] https://coalicioneconomiacircular.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ESPAN%CC%83OL-Ecoonomi%CC%81a-circular-en-Ame%CC%81rica-Latina-y-el-Caribe.pdf.", "[8] https://www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-vision-regional-circular-economy." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 8 (a) of the provisionalagenda \nUNIDO activities related tocircular economy", "UNIDO activities related to circular economy", "Report by the Director General", "The present document reports on the implementation of General Conference resolution GC.18/Res.7 and provides information on the latest developments relating to circular economy. It supplements the information contained in IDB.49/18, GC.19/13 and in the Annual Reports of UNIDO for 2019 (IDB.48/2), 2020 (IDB.49/2) and 2021 (IDB.50/2). The consultations on circular economy are reported on in IDB.50/CRP.6.", "I. Technical cooperation and policy advisory services", "1. UNIDO continued the successful cooperation with the European Investment Bank, Circle Economy and Chatham House for the global project “SWITCH to circular economy value chains”, completing the design of four pilot project on circular actions in the global electronics, textiles, garments and plastics value chains.", "2. In Lebanon, UNIDO supports the private sector’s green and circular economic recovery, focusing on agro-industrial value chains, business opportunities, and access to financial mechanisms for investments in technologies and processes.", "3. The Global Eco-Industrial Parks Programme, implemented in partnership with Switzerland, has helped integrate industrial circularity and synergy perspectives into laws and regulations. Policy development is coordinated through a multi-stakeholder community of practice and interministerial working groups and has already resulted in policy change in several countries.", "4. The SwitchMed II programme has extended its support to fish processing and aquaculture value chains in the Mediterranean with a Blue Economy component, focusing on sustainable and cleaner production practices, policy recommendations and the development of circular business models development. The EU4Environment project continued facilitating industrial symbiosis, industrial waste reduction and circular economy practices in countries with economies in transition.", "5. The “Circular Economy in the Textiles and Garment Industries” project in Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar and South Africa promotes circular economy practices through sustainable chemicals and wastes management. In collaboration with Cambridge University’s Circular Economy Centre, UNIDO’s activities provide the basis to capacitate domestic research centres and services in the circular economy. The dissemination of best practices for the transformative change of the sector is ensured through the active participation and involvement of the private sector and partners.", "6. UNIDO actively participates in the “Transitioning to a Circular Economy for Chemicals and Waste in Africa” and “Financing Agrochemical Reduction and Management” programmes, which stimulate lasting change regionally and globally by re-examining national approaches to chemicals and waste management. UNIDO and 13 countries implement the GEF-funded project “Strengthening of National Initiatives and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation for the Environmentally Sound Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment in Latin American Countries”, which involves four other United Nations entities and several international and national organizations, and is a starting point for a regional project on circular electronics.", "7. The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)[1] assists 18 countries in Africa and in Latin America to develop circular economy road maps for the industrial, agricultural and waste sectors that include policy, regulatory and technology guidance for more efficient and cost-effective value chains. CTCN is also developing guidelines to measure and evaluate the impact of circular economy actions on national climate objectives in six countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.[2] In Mexico, CTCN provides technical support to analyze the state of the construction and demolition sector from the perspective of a circular economy.[3]", "8. UNIDO addresses plastic leakage into the environment by promoting circular economy practices in industry and supporting Member States to develop enabling environments. In South Africa, UNIDO supported the development of an action plan and the establishment of the first national ISO-certified biodegradation testing laboratory to lead the transition to environmentally sustainable alternatives. In Egypt, it helped reduce plastic waste by promoting eco-design practices and circular business models in the industry, and assisting in the creation of enabling policy, regulations or economic tools. In Nigeria, UNIDO supported the development of implementation guidelines for the national policy on plastic waste management, while activities in Ghana led to the establishment of a circular economy framework for plastics and a centre of excellence for circular plastics.", "9. UNIDO supports Egypt in developing a circular bio-economy, conducting an assessment of business opportunities, reviewing and supporting the development of existing and new standards for bio-based products, as well as conducting capacity-building for policymakers.", "10. The GEF-funded project “Demonstration of Best Available Techniques and Best Environmental Practices in Open Burning Activities in Response to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants” is implemented in five East and South-East Asian countries. The project aims at achieving a 90 per cent reduction of dioxin releases by relying on circular economy principles and establishing resource efficient waste management systems to reduce emissions of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (POPs).", "11. UNIDO participates in the elaboration of international standards on circular economy in a dedicated Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization.[4] This work includes, inter alia, setting a framework and principles for the implementation of a circular economy, producing guidelines on business models and measuring circularity frameworks.", "II. Convening and partnerships", "12. The side event “Accelerating the global circular economy agenda to tackle climate change and foster economic transformation”, co-organized by UNIDO and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and supported by 11 United Nations and international organizations,[5] raised the concept of circular economy at the 27th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27). By building on the outcomes of the global consultations on circular economy, national government representatives led a panel that explored ambitious circular economy principles and practices and their mainstreaming into Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans. Representatives of the private sector, academia and civil society also examined enabling factors for the global shift towards circular economy, including finance for climate and nature.", "13. UNIDO is a founding partner of the Global Alliance on Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency (GACERE)[6] and co-convened its first high-level meeting in September 2021. GACERE aims to provide a global impetus for initiatives related to the circular economy transition, resource efficiency and sustainable consumption and production, building on international efforts.", "14. Collaboration between UNIDO, CTCN, and governments in the region resulted in the launch of the Regional Coalition on Circular Economy for Latin America and the Caribbean.[7] The Coalition released its position paper Circular economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a shared vision in February 2022.[8]", "III. Action required of the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information provided in the present document and provide recommendations on how to enhance international cooperation and multilateral action on circular economy. The Board may also wish to provide guidance to the Secretariat on the continuation of consultations on circular economy.", "[1] CTCN, the implementing arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism, co-hosted by UNEP and UNIDO, provides technology, policy and regulatory assistance at the request of developing countries as they seek to meet their climate change commitments and Sustainable Development Goals. For more information: www.ctc-n.org/.", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/guidelines-monitoring-and-evaluating-impact-circular-economy-measures.", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-construction-and-demolition-sector-respect.", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html.", "[5] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); International Labour Organization (ILO); United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS); The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); World Bank (WB); Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE); Green Growth Knowledge Partnership (GGKP); Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).", "[6] ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/gacere.html.", "[7] coalicioneconomiacircular.org/en/elementor-7/inicio-english.", "[8] www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-vision-regional-circular-economy." ]
IDB.50_15
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session", "Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Item 8 (a) of the provisional agenda", "UNIDO activities related to the circular economy", "UNIDO activities related to the circular economy", "Report of the Director-General", "The present document reports on the implementation of General Conference resolution GC.18/Res.7 and reports on the latest developments related to the circular economy. The information contained in documents IDB.49/18 and GC.19/13 and the annual reports of UNIDO for 2019 (IDB.48/2), 2020 (IDB.49/2) and 2021 (IDB.50/2). Consultations on circular economy are reported in document IDB.50/CRP.6.", "I. Technical cooperation and policy advisory services", "1. UNIDO continued to cooperate successfully with the European Investment Bank, Circle Economy and Chatham House in the framework of the global project “SWITCH to circular economy value chains”, in which the design of four pilot projects on circularity measures in the global value chains of electronics, textiles, packaging and plastics was finalized.", "2. In Lebanon, UNIDO supports the green and circular economic recovery of the private sector by focusing on agro-industrial value chains, business opportunities and access to technology and process financing mechanisms.", "3. The Global Eco-Industrial Park Programme, implemented in collaboration with Switzerland, has helped to integrate perspectives of industrial circularity and synergy into laws and regulations. Policy development, coordinated through a multi-stakeholder community of practice and inter-ministerial working groups, has already led to changes in the policies of several countries.", "4. The SwitchMed II programme has expanded its support to the value chains of fish processing and aquaculture in the Mediterranean through a blue economy component focused on cleaner and sustainable production practices, policy recommendations and the preparation of circular business models. The EU4Environment project continued to facilitate industrial symbiosis, industrial waste reduction and circular economy practices in countries with economies in transition.", "5. The circular economy project in the textile and manufacturing industry in Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar and South Africa promotes circular economy practices through sustainable chemicals and waste management. In collaboration with the University of Cambridge Circular Economics Centre, UNIDO &apos; s activities lay the foundation for the training of national services and research centres on circular economy. The disclosure of best transformative exchange practices in the sector is guaranteed with the active involvement and involvement of the private sector and other partners.", "6. UNIDO takes an active part in programmes relating to the transition to a circular economy for chemicals and wastes in Africa and to the financing of the reduction and management of agrochemical products, which promote lasting change at the regional and global levels by revising national approaches to chemicals and waste management. UNIDO and 13 countries are implementing the project “Strengthening national initiatives and improving regional cooperation for the environmentally sound management of persistent organic pollutants in wastes of electrical and electronic devices in Latin American countries”, funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which has the participation of four other United Nations entities and several international and national organizations and serves as a starting point for a regional electronic circularity project.", "7. The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CRTC)[1] assists 18 countries in Africa and Latin America in developing circular economic road maps for industrial, agricultural and waste sectors that include policy, regulatory and technology guidance for greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness in value chains. The CRTC also develops guidelines to measure and assess the impact of circular economy measures on national climate objectives in six countries in Latin America and the Caribbean[2]. In Mexico, the CRTC provides technical support to analyze the state of the construction sector and demolitions from the perspective of the circular economy[3].", "8. UNIDO faces environmental plastic leaks by promoting industry circular economy practices and assisting Member States in fostering enabling environments. In South Africa, UNIDO supported the development of an action plan and the establishment of the first ISO-certified national biodegradation analysis laboratory to boost the transition to environmentally sustainable alternatives. In Egypt, it helped to reduce plastic waste by promoting eco-design practices and circular business models in the industry and assisting in the creation of enabling policy, regulatory or economic instruments. In Nigeria, UNIDO supported the development of guidelines for the implementation of the national policy on the management of plastic wastes, while a circular economy framework for plastics and a centre of excellence for plastic circularity was established in Ghana.", "9. UNIDO assists Egypt in developing circular bioeconomy, in assessing business opportunities, in reviewing and supporting the development of existing and new standards for biotechnology products and in training policymakers.", "10. The GEF-funded project “Demonstration of best available techniques and best environmental practices in outdoor combustion in response to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants” is implemented in five countries in East and South-East Asia. The project is aimed at reducing dioxin emissions by 90 per cent from circular economy principles and establishing waste management systems that make efficient use of resources to reduce involuntary persistent organic pollutant emissions.", "11. UNIDO participates in a technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization to develop international standards on the circular economy[4]. Its work includes, for example, the establishment of a framework and principles for the implementation of a circular economy, the development of guidelines on business models and the creation of a framework for measuring circularity.", "II. Convocation and partnership-building role", "12. The side event “Accelerating the global circular economy agenda to address climate change and promote economic transformation”, jointly organized by UNIDO and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research and endorsed by 11 international and United Nations organizations[5], raised the concept of circular economy to the twenty-seventh session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Building on the results of the global consultations on circular economy, representatives of national Governments moderated a round table exploring ambitious principles and practices of the circular economy and their incorporation into nationally determined contributions and national adaptation plans. Representatives of the private sector, academia and civil society also discussed the factors leading to global reorientation towards the circular economy, including climate and nature finance.", "13. UNIDO is a founding partner of the Global Alliance for Circular Economy and Efficient Resource Use[6] and has co-organized its first high-level meeting in September 2021. The Alliance seeks to give global impetus to transitional initiatives towards a circular economy, efficient use of resources and sustainable consumption and production, taking advantage of international efforts.", "14. Following collaboration between UNIDO, the CRTC and the governments of the region launched the Circular Economy Coalition for Latin America and the Caribbean[7]. The Coalition published in February 2022 its position paper Circular Economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a shared vision[8].", "III. Action requested by the Board", "15. The Board may wish to take note of the information contained in the present document and make recommendations on how to improve international cooperation and multilateral action on circular economy. In addition, the Board may wish to provide guidance to the Secretariat on continuing consultations on the circular economy.", "[1] The CTCN, an executing arm of the Technology Mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change co-sponsored by UNEP and UNIDO, provides the technological, regulatory and regulatory assistance requested by developing countries to fulfil their commitments to climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals. Further information is available at https://www.ctc-n.org/.", "[2] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/guidelines-monitoring-and-evaluating-impact-circular-economy-measures.", "[3] www.ctc-n.org/technical-assistance/projects/analysis-current-situation-construction-and-demolition-sector-respect.", "[4] iso.org/committee/7203984.html.", "[5] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Labour Organization (ILO). United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA); United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (OARPPP), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), World Bank, Partnership for Green Economy (PAGE), Green Growth Knowledge Platform (GGGGGG).", "[6] ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/gacere.html.", "[7] https://coalicioneconomiacircular.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ESPAN%CC%83OL-Ecoonomi%CC%81a-circular-en-Ame%CC%81rica-Latina-y-el-Caribe.pdf.", "[8] https://www.ctc-n.org/news/latin-american-and-caribbean-coalition-launches-vision-regional-circular-economy." ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial 50º período de sesiones Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de2022 Tema 18 del programa provisional \nCuestiones relacionadas con lasorganizacionesintergubernamentales, nogubernamentales, gubernamentalesy otras organizaciones", "Solicitud de reconocimiento como entidad consultiva presentada por una organización no gubernamental", "Nota del Director General", "En el presente documento se proporciona información sobre elInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA),organización no gubernamental (ONG) que ha solicitado serreconocida como entidad consultiva por la ONUDI.", "1. De conformidad con el Artículo 19.1 b) de la Constitución de la ONUDI y las Directrices relativas a las relaciones de la ONUDI con organizaciones intergubernamentales, gubernamentales, no gubernamentales y otras organizaciones (decisión GC.1/Dec.41), en particular el párrafo 17 del anexo de las Directrices, en el anexo del presente documento se distribuye información a los miembros de la Junta sobre el International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), organización no gubernamental que ha solicitado ser reconocida como entidad consultiva por la ONUDI. La Secretaría dispone de información más detallada sobre esa organización.", "2. En el párrafo 17 del anexo de las Directrices se estipula que la Junta establecerá los procedimientos adecuados para examinar las solicitudes de reconocimiento como entidades consultivas presentadas por organizaciones no gubernamentales. En consonancia con los procedimientos establecidos por la Junta en su 45º período de sesiones (IDB.45/Dec.16), la Mesa Ampliada de la Junta examinará la presente solicitud e información conexa de la organización no gubernamental mencionada en el anexo de la presente nota en la reunión que celebrará antes del 50º período de sesiones, y presentará su recomendación a la Mesa de la Junta. La Mesa examinará la solicitud y la recomendación de la Mesa Ampliada en su primera reunión, que se celebrará el 21 de noviembre de 2022.", "3. En la sesión plenaria posterior, la Presidencia del 50º período de sesiones informará a la Junta de la recomendación de la Mesa sobre la solicitud y, con la aprobación de la Mesa, presentará un proyecto de decisión a la Junta para su aprobación.", "Anexo", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Antecedentes históricos", "El IIASA se estableció en octubre de 1972 como institución científica autónoma, multinacional y no gubernamental con el objetivo de impulsar y respaldar la investigación colectiva e individual en torno a problemas de las sociedades modernas derivados del desarrollo científico y tecnológico. El IIASA también se propone alentar y reforzar la labor nacional e internacional en las correspondientes esferas de indagación; concebir medios para conseguir que este tipo de investigación sea más valorada por científicos de todos los países; y tratar de mejorar la comprensión mediante la elaboración de normas y terminología uniformes. El IIASA se creó para trabajar exclusivamente con fines pacíficos.", "Hoy en día, el IIASA es un instituto internacional de investigación que impulsa los análisis de sistemas y aplica sus métodos de investigación para determinar soluciones de política dirigidas a reducir la huella humana, fomentar la resiliencia de los sistemas naturales y socioeconómicos y contribuir a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.", "Estatutos", "A disposición de los interesados.", "Estructura de los órganos rectores y la administración", "El IIASA se rige por un Consejo integrado por un representante permanente de cada organización afiliada de ámbito nacional y regional.", "Los reglamentos relativos a los objetivos, las condiciones de afiliación, la estructura interna y las funciones y responsabilidades del Consejo aparecen expuestos en la Carta del IIASA y el marco de delegación de autoridad del Consejo y sus comités.", "El Consejo se encarga de supervisar la gobernanza, aprobar el presupuesto, las estrategias y los principios rectores del Instituto y sus esferas de investigación y garantizar la conformidad de las actividades del IIASA con los objetivos institucionales, las disposiciones de la Carta y los intereses de las organizaciones afiliadas nacionales y regionales.", "El Consejo se reúne dos veces al año, en junio y noviembre. La Carta, la delegación de autoridad del Consejo y las resoluciones de este documentan el papel del Consejo, así como sus procesos y decisiones. El Consejo nombra al Director General, el Director General Adjunto para la Ciencia y el Jefe de Operaciones del Instituto y al Secretario del Consejo.", "El Consejo consta de los comités siguientes:", "Actividades relacionadas con la labor de la ONUDI", "La Estrategia del IIASA para 2021-2030 posiciona al Instituto entre los principales destinos de soluciones integradas sobre sistemas y orientaciones normativas en relación con problemas, amenazas y oportunidades actuales, incipientes y novedosos en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad mundial. El Plan de Investigación del IIASA para 2021-2024 va dirigido a poner de manifiesto las oportunidades de cumplir de forma simultánea múltiples objetivos de sostenibilidad mundial reduciendo al mínimo las concesiones mediante enfoques multidisciplinarios, inclusivos y de colaboración que incorporen mejor los imperativos en materia de comportamiento, equidad, justicia y resiliencia.", "El IIASA y la ONUDI presentan un dilatado historial de cooperación en diversos formatos:", "integradas en materia de seguridad energética, hídrica, alimentaria y ecosistémica en regiones caracterizadas por una complejidad hidroclimática extrema, dificultades múltiples en los ámbitos de la energía y el uso de la tierra y rápidos cambios demográficos, económicos y climáticos.", "Energía, a los que asisten más de 1.500 encargados de formular políticas, delegaciones nacionales, expertos y representantes del sector privado y la sociedad civil de más de 100 países.", "soluciones integradas para el agua, la energía y la tierra (ISWEL).", "Conexión entre el desarrollo regional, la integración regional y la creación de valor añadido: elementos estratégicos del desarrollo industrial de Kirguistán.", "Relaciones con las Naciones Unidas y otras organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales", "El IIASA está asociado con varias organizaciones intergubernamentales, entre ellas el Consejo Económico y Social (ECOSOC) de las Naciones Unidas, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación (CLD), la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), la Plataforma Intergubernamental Científico-Normativa sobre Diversidad Biológica y Servicios de los Ecosistemas (IPBES), el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, el Sistema Internacional de Documentación Nuclear (INIS) del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y su iniciativa/plataforma de Economistas Gubernamentales en pro de Nuevos Sistemas Económicos (GENESYS), la Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, la secretaría de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa (CEPE) y la Academia Internacional contra la Corrupción.", "Además, colabora con varias organizaciones no gubernamentales, como el Foro Belmont, la Earth League, la Alianza de los Bienes Comunes Globales, la Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO), el Consejo Internacional de Ciencias, la Red de Políticas de Energía Renovable para el siglo XXI (REN21), el Consejo Mundial del Agua, UniNet-África, el Organismo para la Integridad en la Investigación de Austria, el Centro de Austria en materia de Cambio Climático, el Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad de Viena, UniNet-Eurasia y el Pacífico, la Asociación Europea de Ciencia Ciudadana, el Netzwerk de Centros de Ciencias y el Club sobre la Energía de Viena.", "El IIASA también es socio fundador de la iniciativa de organización del Año Internacional de las Ciencias Básicas para el Desarrollo Sostenible en 2022, proclamado por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 2021.", "Composición", "Tomando como base aproximada el PIB y la paridad del poder adquisitivo de un país o una región, las categorías de afiliación al IIASA van de la A (contribución máxima) a la E (contribución más baja). Los votos de todos los miembros tienen la misma validez, con independencia de la categoría a que pertenezcan. El Consejo revisa periódicamente las contribuciones de los miembros.", "Actualmente son miembros del IIASA Alemania, Austria, el Brasil, China, Egipto, Eslovaquia, los Estados Unidos de América, la Federación de Rusia, Finlandia, la India, Indonesia, Irán (República Islámica del), Israel, el Japón, Jordania, México, Noruega, la Organización regional de miembros de África Subsahariana, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, la República de Corea, Suecia, Ucrania y Viet Nam.", "Dirección de la sede", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Schlossplatz 1", "A-2361 Laxenburg", "Austria", "Director General: Sr. Albert S. van Jaarsveld", "Correo electrónico: [email protected]" ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 18 of the provisionalagenda \nMatters related tointergovernmental,non-governmental, governmentaland other organizations", "Application from a non-governmental organization for consultative status", "Note by the Director General", "The present document provides information on the InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmentalorganization (NGO) applying for consultative status with UNIDO.", "1. In accordance with Article 19.1 (b) of the Constitution of UNIDO and the Guidelines for the Relationship of UNIDO with intergovernmental, governmental, non-governmental and other organizations (decision GC.1/Dec.41), in particular paragraph 17 of the annex thereto, information on the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmental organization (NGO) seeking consultative status with UNIDO, is circulated to the members of the Board in the annex to the present document. More detailed information on the NGO is available with the Secretariat.", "2. Paragraph 17 of the annex to the Guidelines, stipulates that the Board shall establish appropriate procedures for reviewing applications from NGOs for consultative status. In line with the procedures established by the Board at its forty-fifth session (IDB.45/Dec.16), the Enlarged Bureau of the Board shall review the present application of, and information on the NGO referred to in the annex to the present document at its meeting prior to the fiftieth session and submit its recommendation to the Bureau of the Board. The Bureau shall consider the application and recommendation of the Enlarged Bureau at its first meeting on 21 November 2022.", "3. At the subsequent plenary meeting, the President of the fiftieth session shall inform the Board of the Bureau’s recommendation on the application and with the approval of the Bureau, the President shall present a draft decision to the Board for adoption.", "Annex", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Historical background", "IIASA was established in October 1972 as a non-governmental, multinational, autonomous scientific institution with the objective to initiate and support collaborative and individual research in relation to problems of modern societies arising from scientific and technological development. IIASA also aims to encourage and reinforce national and international efforts in corresponding fields of inquiry; devise means of enhancing appreciation of this type of research among scientists from all nations; and attempt to increase understanding through the development of uniform standards and terminology. IIASA was established to work exclusively for peaceful purposes.", "Today, IIASA is an international research institute that advances systems analysis and applies its research methods to identify policy solutions to reduce human footprints, enhance the resilience of natural and socioeconomic systems, and help achieve the sustainable development goals.", "Statutes", "Available.", "Structure of governing bodies and administration", "IIASA is governed by a Council comprised of one permanent representative from each National and Regional Member Organization.", "Regulations concerning the Institute’s objectives, conditions of membership, internal structure, and the roles and responsibilities of the Council are outlined in the IIASA Charter and the delegation of authority framework of the Council and Council Committees.", "The Council is responsible for governance oversight, approval of the Institute’s budget, strategies and governing principles, areas for IIASA research, as well as ensuring that IIASA activities are in line with institutional objectives, the provisions of the Charter and the interests of National and Regional Member Organizations.", "The Council meets twice a year, in June and November. The Charter, the Council delegation of authority and Council resolutions document the role of the Council, as well as its processes and decisions. The Council appoints the Institute’s Director General, Deputy Director General for Science, the Chief Operations Officer (COO) and the Council Secretary.", "The Council has the following Committees:", "Activities related to the work of UNIDO", "The IIASA Strategy 2021–2030 positions the Institute to be among the primary destinations for integrated systems solutions and policy insights to current, emerging, and novel global sustainability challenges, threats and opportunities. The IIASA Research Plan 2021–2024 aims to spotlight opportunities for simultaneously achieving multiple global sustainability goals while minimizing trade-offs; using multidisciplinary, collaborative and inclusive approaches that better integrate behaviour, equity, justice and resilience imperatives.", "IIASA and UNIDO have a long record of cooperation under various formats:", "energy, water, food and ecosystem security in regions characterized by extreme hydro-climatic complexity, multiple energy and land use challenges, and rapid demographic, economic and climate change.", "that bring together over 1,500 policymakers, country delegations, experts and representatives from the private sector and civil society from over 100 countries.", "Energy, and Land (ISWEL) research project.", "Connecting Regional Development, Regional Integration and Value Added Creation: Strategic Elements for Industrial Development of Kyrgyzstan.", "Relations with the United Nations, other IGOs and NGOs", "IIASA is partnering with a number of intergovernmental organizations. These organizations include: the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Government Economists for New Economic Systems (GENESYS) initiative/platform, the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA).", "Furthermore, IIASA is collaborating with a number of non-governmental organizations. These organizations include: the Belmont Forum, the Earth League, the Global Commons Alliance, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO), the International Science Council (ISC), REN21, the World Water Council (WWC), Africa-UniNet, the Austrian Agency for Research Integrity (OeAWI), the Climate Change Center Austria (CCCA), the Complexity Science Hub Vienna (CSH), Eurasia-Pacific Uninet, the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA), the Science Center Netzwerk and the Vienna Energy Club.", "IIASA is also a founding partner of the initiative to organize the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development in 2022, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2021.", "Membership", "Based roughly on a country’s or region’s GDP and purchasing power parity, IIASA membership categories vary from A (highest contribution) to E (lowest contribution) category. All members’ votes are equal regardless of membership category. The Council periodically reviews membership contributions.", "Currently, the following are members of IIASA: Austria, Brazil, China, Egypt, Finland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Member Organization (SSARMO), Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America and Viet Nam.", "Address of headquarters", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Schlossplatz 1", "A-2361 Laxenburg", "Austria", "Director General: Mr. Albert S. van Jaarsveld", "Email: [email protected]" ]
IDB.50_28
[ "Industrial Development Board fiftieth session Vienna, 21-23 November2022 Item 18 of the provisional agenda Questions relating to intergovernmental, non-governmental, governmental and other organizations", "Application for consultative status submitted by a non-governmental organization", "Note by the Director-General", "The present document provides information on the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmental organization (NGO) that has requested to be recognized as a consultative status with UNIDO.", "1. In accordance with Article 19.1 (b) of the UNIDO Constitution and the UNIDO Guidelines on Relationships with Intergovernmental, Government, Non-Governmental Organizations and Other Organizations (decision GC.1/Dec.41), in particular paragraph 17 of the annex to the Guidelines, information is distributed to the Board members on the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), a non-governmental organization that has requested to be in consultative status with the Board. The Secretariat has more detailed information on this organization.", "2. Paragraph 17 of the annex to the Guidelines stipulates that the Board shall establish appropriate procedures for considering applications for consultative status submitted by non-governmental organizations. In line with the procedures established by the Board at its forty-fifth session (IDB.45/Dec.16), the Expanded Bureau of the Board will consider the present request and related information of the non-governmental organization referred to in the annex to the present note at the meeting to be held prior to the fiftieth session, and will submit its recommendation to the Bureau of the Board. The Bureau will consider the request and recommendation of the Expanded Bureau at its first meeting, to be held on 21 November 2022.", "3. At the subsequent plenary meeting, the Chair of the fiftieth session will report to the Board on the recommendation of the Bureau on the request and, with the approval of the Bureau, will submit a draft decision to the Board for approval.", "Annex", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Historical background", "IIASA was established in October 1972 as an autonomous, multinational and non-governmental scientific institution with the aim of promoting and supporting collective and individual research on the problems of modern societies derived from scientific and technological development. IIASA also intends to encourage and strengthen national and international work in the relevant areas of investigation; to devise ways of making this type of research more valued by scientists from all countries; and to seek to improve understanding through the development of uniform standards and terminology. IIASA was created to work exclusively for peaceful purposes.", "Today, IIASA is an international research institute that drives system analysis and implements its research methods to identify policy solutions aimed at reducing human footprint, fostering the resilience of natural and socio-economic systems and contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.", "Statutes", "At the disposal of stakeholders.", "Structure of governing bodies and administration", "IIASA is governed by a Council consisting of a permanent representative of each member organization at the national and regional levels.", "Regulations relating to the objectives, conditions of affiliation, internal structure and functions and responsibilities of the Council are set out in the IIASA Charter and the Council &apos; s delegation of authority framework and committees.", "The Council is responsible for monitoring governance, approving the budget, strategies and guiding principles of the Institute and its research areas and ensuring compliance with IIASA activities with the institutional objectives, provisions of the Charter and the interests of national and regional affiliate organizations.", "The Council meets twice a year in June and November. The Charter, the delegation of authority of the Council and its resolutions document the role of the Council, as well as its processes and decisions. The Council appoints the Director-General, the Deputy Director-General for Science and the Chief of Operations of the Institute and the Secretary of the Council.", "The Council consists of the following committees:", "Activities related to the work of UNIDO", "The IIASA Strategy for 2021-2030 places the Institute among the main destinations of integrated systems and policy guidance solutions in relation to current problems, threats and opportunities, emerging and new in the field of global sustainability. The IIASA Research Plan for 2021-2024 is aimed at highlighting opportunities for simultaneous implementation of multiple global sustainability goals by minimizing concessions through multidisciplinary, inclusive and collaborative approaches that better incorporate behaviour, equity, justice and resilience imperatives.", "IIASA and UNIDO present a long history of cooperation in various formats:", "integrated in the field of energy, water, food and ecosystem security in regions characterized by extreme hydroclimatic complexity, multiple difficulties in the areas of energy and land use and rapid demographic, economic and climate change.", "Energy, attended by more than 1,500 policymakers, national delegations, experts and representatives of the private sector and civil society from over 100 countries.", "integrated solutions for water, energy and land (ISWEL).", "Connection between regional development, regional integration and value-added creation: strategic elements of industrial development in Kyrgyzstan.", "Relations with the United Nations and other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations", "IIASA is associated with a number of intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Platform for", "In addition, it collaborates with several non-governmental organizations, such as the Belmont Forum, the Earth League, the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO), the International Council of Sciences, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the Twenty-first Century (REN21), the World Water Council, UniNet-Africa, the Agency for Integrity in the Research of Austria, the Centre for Climate Change", "IIASA is also a founding partner of the organization of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development in 2022, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2021.", "Membership", "Based on the approximate basis of the GDP and parity of the purchasing power of a country or region, the IIASA membership categories go from A (maximum contribution) to E (lower contribution). The votes of all members are equally valid, regardless of the category to which they belong. The Council regularly reviews the contributions of members.", "They are currently members of IIASA Germany, Austria, Brazil, China, Egypt, Finland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Norway, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, Ukraine and Viet Nam.", "Headquarters management", "International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)", "Schlossplatz 1", "A-2361 Laxenburg", "Austria", "Director General: Mr. Albert S. van Jaarsveld", "E-mail: [email protected]" ]
[ "Junta de Desarrollo Industrial", "50º período de sesiones Viena, 21 a 23 de noviembre de 2022", "Tema 8 b) del programa provisional", "Estrategia de la ONUDI en respuesta al cambio climático", "Estrategia de la ONUDI en respuesta al cambio climático", "Informe del Director General", "En este documento se presenta la Estrategia de la ONUDI en materiade cambio climático, preparada en respuesta a la resoluciónGC.19/Res.2 de la Conferencia General mediante un procesoconsultivo con los Estados Miembros de la ONUDI.", "I. Introducción", "1. La Conferencia General, en su resolución GC.19/Res.2, pidió al Director General que elaborara un proyecto de estrategia en consulta con los Estados Miembros, para que fuera examinado por la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial en su 50º período de sesiones, que aumentaría la eficiencia, la eficacia y la coordinación de las actividades de la ONUDI en apoyo de las prioridades de los Estados Miembros en materia de cambio climático relacionadas con el desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible, y aplicara las mejores prácticas relacionadas con el clima en todas sus operaciones. Solicitó asimismo al Director General que informara a la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial, en su 50º período de sesiones, sobre las novedades en la aplicación de esta resolución.", "2. En respuesta a estas solicitudes, la Secretaría convocó dos diálogos en torno al desarrollo, invitó a los Estados Miembros a presentar aportaciones y orientación por conducto de una encuesta y reuniones bilaterales y distribuyó dos borradores de la estrategia para que los examinaran los Estados Miembros.", "3. En un anexo del presente documento figura la Estrategia de la ONUDI en materia de cambio climático resultante de este proceso.", "II. Medidas que se solicitan a la Junta", "4. La Junta tal vez desee examinar el documento que figura en el anexo y ofrecer a la Secretaría orientación sobre la adopción de ulteriores medidas, según proceda.", "Anexo", "Estrategia de la ONUDI en materia de cambio climático", "Antecedentes", "1. El cambio climático causado por actividades humanas afecta de muchas maneras a todas las regiones de la Tierra, en primer lugar y con el máximo rigor a las comunidades más vulnerables del planeta[1]. Las poblaciones y sus medios de vida, infraestructuras y ecosistemas han sufrido repercusiones graves y generalizadas derivadas de aumentos en la frecuencia y la intensidad de fenómenos meteorológicos graves, el calor extremo, fuertes lluvias, sequías e incendios[2].", "2. En el marco del régimen climático mundial, los gobiernos y los interesados no estatales deben adoptar medidas para mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar el aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a esos niveles; aumentar la capacidad de adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático; y elevar las corrientes financieras a un nivel compatible con una trayectoria que conduzca a un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones de conformidad con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París[3].", "3. La Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y su Acuerdo de París deben aplicarse sobre la base de los principios de la equidad y de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales. Debe perseguirse la protección del clima basada en la aplicación del Acuerdo de París, junto con el respeto de los derechos humanos, la protección de la biodiversidad y el derecho al desarrollo, todo lo cual se fundamenta en la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). En particular, los países desarrollados deben cumplir sus responsabilidades en materia de acción climática y aportar a los países en desarrollo financiación para el clima, transferencia de tecnología y fomento de la capacidad para que podamos cumplir estos objetivos.", "4. La industria cumple un triple papel en el ámbito del cambio climático. Es una de las principales fuentes de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, se ve afectada por la evolución del clima y el agotamiento de recursos y encierra potencial de convertirse en uno de los principales proveedores de soluciones de tecnología, modelos de negocio y empleo verde, influyendo a la vez en el comportamiento de los consumidores y sus estilos de vida en todo el planeta. La industrialización inclusiva y sostenible es un elemento fundamental de toda estrategia efectiva en materia de cambio climático.", "Mandato", "Recuadro 1: El cambio climático y la industria: el imperativo de laacción - Un total de 3.500 millones de personas son muy vulnerables a losefectos climáticos y los episodios graves de escasez de agua. - Entre 2010 y 2020 la mortalidad humana causada por inundaciones,sequías y tormentas fue 15 veces superior en las regiones muyvulnerables. - El 30 % de la población mundial se ve expuesta a un estréstérmico letal, proporción que se situará entre el 50 % y el75 % para 2100. - Para 2050 correrán peligro 1.000 millones de habitantes de zonascosteras, y está previsto que desaparezcan asentamientos deislas pequeñas y zonas de baja altitud. - El 34 % de las emisiones antropógenas de gases de efectoinvernadero registradas en 2019 procedían del sectorindustrial. - Las emisiones persistentes derivadas de procesos industrialesplantean el riesgo de consumir para 2050 la totalidad delpresupuesto de carbono mundial. \n- Las pérdidas económicas derivadas de fenómenos meteorológicosextremos ascienden en total a 174.000 millones de dólaresanuales, cifra que sigue creciendo.", "5. Guiado por la Declaración de Abu Dabi, que vuelve a confirmar el compromiso de los Estados Miembros de la ONUDI con el Acuerdo de París, el marco programático de mediano plazo, 2022–2025, menciona “la industria inocua para el clima y la economía circular” como una de las esferas de intervención prioritarias de la Organización.", "6. Para dar curso a esta prioridad, la Conferencia General pidió en su 19º período de sesiones al Director General que elaborara un proyecto de estrategia en consulta con los Estados Miembros, para que fuera examinado por la Junta de Desarrollo Industrial en su 50º período de sesiones, que aumentaría la eficiencia, la eficacia y la coordinación de las actividades de la ONUDI en apoyo de las prioridades de los Estados Miembros en materia de cambio climático relacionadas con el desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible, y aplicara las mejores prácticas relacionadas con el clima en todas sus operaciones[4].", "Visión 2050", "7. Un mundo sin pobreza ni hambre en el que la industria promueva economías con emisiones bajas, mejore el nivel de vida y conserve un medio ambiente vivible para las generaciones presentes y futuras sin dejar a nadie atrás.", "Declaración de objetivos", "8. El desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones es el principio rector de las actividades de la ONUDI en materia de desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible. Deberá fundamentarse sólidamente en sus documentos estratégicos y mediciones de los resultados y quedar reflejado en su estructura institucional. El desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones también conforma un pilar esencial de las relaciones de la ONUDI con sus Estados Miembros, el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y otros asociados e interesados.", "Ámbito de aplicación", "9. Las medidas de la ONUDI dirigidas a alcanzar la neutralidad climática se compaginarán con la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, la CMNUCC y su Acuerdo de París, se basarán en constataciones científicas del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático y vendrán impulsadas por prioridades y necesidades climáticas e industriales de ámbito nacional. La Declaración Conjunta firmada por la ONUDI y la Secretaría de la CMNUCC orientará la colaboración entre las dos entidades.", "10. La Estrategia tiene por objeto crear un marco de acción flexible respaldado por todos los Estados Miembros. Estará armonizada con otros documentos rectores como la Estrategia para las situaciones posteriores a un conflicto o a una crisis, las estrategias correspondientes a los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, los países menos adelantados y los países de ingreso mediano, la Estrategia para la Igualdad de Género y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres y estrategias regionales.", "11. La aplicación de la Estrategia fomentará al máximo las sinergias con otras esferas prioritarias de la ONUDI, como la energía, el desarrollo de los agronegocios y la seguridad alimentaria, la economía circular y la biodiversidad. La ONUDI procurará ofrecer soluciones a los problemas mundiales de forma global e integrada, gestionar las concesiones y potenciar al máximo los beneficios secundarios.", "Principios operacionales", "12. Atender las necesidades y prioridades de los países en desarrollo en el ámbito de su derecho al desarrollo: La ONUDI presta, en función de la demanda, servicios de asesoramiento y cooperación técnica adaptados a las condiciones locales y abiertos a la utilización de una amplia gama de tecnologías esenciales para lograr un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones. Debe proseguir la elaboración de opciones tecnológicas para evitar y reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La ONUDI se propone ofrecer una plataforma para la transferencia de tecnología, la movilización de inversiones y las alianzas climáticas a fin de acelerar este proceso.", "13. Procurar que las políticas industriales gocen de igualdad de condiciones en la promoción de un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones: Es importante que los enfoques mundiales y regionales basados en los mercados hundan sus raíces en los principios de equidad e integridad ambiental y tengan en cuenta las circunstancias especiales de los países más vulnerables al cambio climático. Una aplicación justa, transparente y equilibrada de esas políticas permitiría a los países en desarrollo aprovechar una transferencia copiosa de conocimientos especializados, tecnologías para el clima y desarrollo de la capacidad para modernizar y descarbonizar las industrias, especialmente los sectores donde resulta difícil reducir las emisiones, al tiempo que se reducen las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.", "14. Promover el cambio transformador mediante enfoques sectoriales e intersectoriales que abarquen la totalidad de la economía: En última instancia, la neutralidad climática no puede alcanzarse procediendo de forma fragmentada. Los países desarrollados deberán seguir encabezando los esfuerzos adoptando un enfoque para el conjunto de la economía que combine soluciones específicas para cada sector con prioridades intersectoriales.", "15. Incorporar en el desarrollo industrial la adaptación y la resiliencia al cambio climático: Para superar los efectos del cambio climático, que ya son drásticos, no bastará con reducir las emisiones. Las medidas de adaptación climática dirigidas a reducir los daños derivados del cambio climático o aprovechar las innovaciones tecnológicas o las oportunidades de desarrollo deben incorporarse plenamente en las actividades de desarrollo industrial, en particular en la labor centrada en la resistencia al cambio climático y los enfoques orientados a la gestión de los riesgos en aras de una mayor resiliencia ante el clima.", "16. Centrar los resultados en los niveles mundial, regional, nacional y local: Para potenciar los efectos de las intervenciones relacionadas con el clima, la Organización centrará sus esfuerzos programáticos en esferas de intervención bien definidas en las que añade valor en consonancia con su mandato y sus conocimientos especializados.", "17. Empoderar a las microempresas y pequeñas y medianas empresas, las pequeñas industrias y los empresarios: Las microempresas y pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME) conforman la espina dorsal de la economía y generan gran parte del valor económico. Cuando están empoderadas, pueden actuar de forma innovadora, fomentar modelos de negocio alternativos y atender la demanda en evolución. En vista de la escala de las medidas en materia de mitigación del cambio climático y adaptación a este que se necesitan, es esencial respaldar a las MIPYME para que formen parte de la solución, en calidad de empresarios en el contexto de pequeñas industrias y aglomeraciones o mediante su participación en cadenas de valor regionales y mundiales.", "18. Aprovechar las capacidades industriales del futuro: Para alcanzar la transformación que se necesita para la neutralidad climática, será fundamental trasferir conocimientos especializados y tecnologías, desarrollar políticas y competencias técnicas y crear marcos regulatorios y entornos de funcionamiento empresarial propicios.", "19. Actuar por medio de alianzas para conseguir el máximo efecto: Será esencial concertar alianzas estratégicas para alcanzar un desarrollo industrial inocuo para el clima a escala mundial, fortalecer la promoción en la esfera del clima y ofrecer soluciones basadas en esas sinergias. En calidad de plataforma de coordinación, la ONUDI, que aprovechará para ello su estructura sobre el terreno, reforzará su condición de intermediario neutral a fin de facilitar alianzas para conseguir el máximo efecto.", "20. Lograr el cero neto en las actividades de la ONUDI para 2030: En el marco de la iniciativa Greening the Blue de las Naciones Unidas, la ONUDI y sus oficinas sobre el terreno adoptarán en todas sus operaciones las mejores prácticas en materia de clima y serán inocuas para el clima para 2030.", "Esferas de trabajo", "21. Realzar el perfil del desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible en el discurso internacional sobre el cambio climático y dar cabida a los interesados de la industria en la promoción en la esfera del clima: La ONUDI fomentará la comprensión y la sensibilización mundiales en torno a la función de la industria como fuente de soluciones para cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Por conducto de sus Estados Miembros, la ONUDI contribuirá a elevar el perfil de la industria como parte integrante de soluciones climáticas esenciales e intensificará el debate sobre cuestiones incipientes relacionadas con el nexo entre el clima y la industria en el proceso de la CMNUCC.", "22. Facilitar la cooperación industrial internacional en aras de la acción climática: La cooperación internacional desempeña un papel central en el desarrollo de soluciones nacionales que contribuyan a la estabilización del sistema climático mundial. La ONUDI facilitará la creación de alianzas y asociaciones mundiales y regionales para acelerar la acción colectiva, descarbonizar las cadenas globales de valor y ampliar los mercados de productos industriales verdes.", "23. Promover políticas industriales compatibles con el Acuerdo de París: La transición industrial es un proceso complejo consistente en adoptar hoy medidas que repercutirán en las economías y las sociedades a lo largo de decenios. La ONUDI influirá en el discurso mundial sobre cuestiones ubicadas en la intersección de la acción climática con el desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible, como la economía circular y la descarbonización industrial, a la vez que mejorará la labor en curso en materia de digitalización, energías renovables y soluciones tecnológicas, así como en materia de desarrollo agrícola sostenible y agricultura climáticamente inteligente.", "24. Proporcionar asesoramiento de base empírica sobre políticas industriales en aras de un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones: La ONUDI ayudará a los Estados Miembros a determinar, priorizar y emprender medidas relacionadas con el clima en el sector de la industria que sean adecuadas para cada país, estén a cargo de los países y vayan dirigidas a un cambio transformador. Previa solicitud, la ONUDI ayudará a los países en desarrollo a incorporar consideraciones industriales en sus estrategias y planes nacionales, entre ellos planes nacionales de adaptación, contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional conforme al Acuerdo de París, estrategias de desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a largo plazo y planes de reducción del riesgo de desastres y de respuesta humanitaria.", "25. Facilitar la transferencia de tecnología y conocimientos para lograr un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones: La ONUDI seguirá ayudando a los países en desarrollo a determinar medidas de mitigación de consecución fácil y adoptar tecnologías para el clima maduras. A la vez, actuará como líder intelectual de una atrevida acción climática en el ámbito de la industria que abarca tecnologías disruptivas, una gestión climática que tiene en cuenta los riesgos, nuevos modelos de negocio y cambios de mentalidad para mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar el aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a esos niveles. Fomentará decididamente la cooperación Sur-Sur, Norte-Sur y triangular para permitir la transferencia de una gran variedad de tecnologías e innovaciones.", "26. Impulsar el uso de las energías renovables en el logro del desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones: El desarrollo de fuentes de energía renovable en los países en desarrollo reviste gran importancia para mejorar los medios de vida, crear puestos de trabajo, mejorar las oportunidades de aprendizaje y descarbonizar los sistemas energéticos. La ONUDI respaldará el fomento de la cooperación mundial en aras de la energía limpia y colaborará con países asociados para aprovechar tecnologías adecuadas con fines de promoción de la eficiencia energética y en el uso de los recursos en el ámbito de la industria y explorar diversas aplicaciones de energía renovable, entre ellas el hidrógeno verde, para obtener reducciones considerables de las emisiones. El hidrógeno verde es una solución viable para descarbonizar los sectores de la industria, la energía y el transporte creando a la vez oportunidades de empleo verde y otros beneficios socioeconómicos.", "Recuadro 2. Programa Mundial de la ONUDI para la Utilización deHidrógeno Verde en la Industria El hidrógeno verde (GH2) cumplirá funciones catalizadoras en latransición energética hacia la mitigación del cambio climático. Envista de su rico potencial en materia de energía renovable, lospaíses en desarrollo ocupan un lugar privilegiado para convertirse endestacados productores del GH2 y aprovechar nuevas vías de desarrolloindustrial y económico con bajas emisiones. La inversión en proyectosde energía renovable y electrolizadores, la captación de inversionesen acero o productos químicos básicos que conllevan un alto consumoenergético o la promoción de las industrias consumidoras de materiasprimas utilizando como insumos acero o productos químicos verdespueden generar nuevos puestos de trabajo y prestaciones sociales. Ante esta oportunidad, la ONUDI puso en marcha en julio de 2021 suPrograma Mundial para la Utilización de Hidrógeno Verde en laIndustria para acelerar la aplicación mundial del GH2 a fin dedescarbonizar la industria y promover el desarrollo industrial conbajas emisiones. El programa se basa en dos pilares: 1) Pilar de alianzas mundiales, centrado en el diálogo sobrepolíticas, el desarrollo y la distribución de conocimientos,directrices técnicas y normas. 2) Pilar de cooperación técnica, centrado en el apoyo a la adopcióndel hidrógeno verde en aglomeraciones industriales nacionales, lashojas de ruta y los proyectos conjuntos de desarrollo. \nLa ONUDI colaborará con los sectores público y privado,organizaciones financieras y el mundo académico para garantizar lacontribución de todos los interesados en el conjunto de la cadena devalor del GH2.", "27. Fortalecer la capacidad de integrar en el desarrollo industrial inclusivo y sostenible buenas prácticas de emisiones bajas y resiliencia al clima: La ONUDI ayudará a los países en desarrollo a mejorar la capacidad nacional de evaluación de los efectos del cambio climático en las empresas, los sistemas alimentarios y energéticos y la infraestructura e idear maneras de prevenir y reducir las repercusiones de los fenómenos extremos de origen meteorológico al tiempo que se fortalece la resiliencia a futuras crisis. La ONUDI hará especial hincapié en la promoción de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza y en la adaptación basada en los ecosistemas. Seguirá prestando apoyo a la determinación y ampliación de las buenas prácticas y soluciones innovadoras existentes en el ámbito de la acción climática en la industria y fortalecerá la capacidad de aprovechamiento de las oportunidades de financiación para el clima.", "28. Fomentar la capacidad de los Estados Miembros de participar efectivamente en mecanismos basados en los mercados: Los nuevos mecanismos de mercado establecidos conforme al Acuerdo de París podrían facilitar la aplicación de contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional, fomentar el desarrollo sostenible y estimular la participación amplia de muy diversos interesados en la acción climática. Pueden propiciar un aumento de los flujos financieros dirigidos a los países en desarrollo. La participación en mecanismos de mercado internacionales exige a los agentes privados y públicos capacidades específicas. La ONUDI, en colaboración con sus asociados, prestará apoyo a esas actividades de creación de capacidad en países en desarrollo, especialmente en países menos adelantados y pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, en particular mediante intercambios de conocimientos y divulgación de buenas prácticas, intercambios entre pares y enfoques de aprendizaje a través de la práctica.", "29. Coordinar y aprovechar oportunidades de financiación para el clima: La ONUDI ayudará a aprovechar el desarrollo industrial para movilizar inversiones del sector privado y financiación internacional para el clima a fin de propiciar un cambio de paradigma orientado hacia el desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones, en particular en los países menos adelantados, los países en desarrollo sin litoral y los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo. La ONUDI procurará negociar asociaciones para movilizar, facilitar y aprovechar inversiones de diversas fuentes privadas, públicas y no convencionales, eliminando a la vez los riesgos, a favor de proyectos y tecnologías inocuos para el clima en países en desarrollo.", "30. Fomentar las competencias ecológicas y digitales para hacer posible una reconversión justa de la fuerza de trabajo: Para hacer frente al cambio climático es preciso un cambio de paradigma orientado a la creación de economías y sociedades resilientes al clima y con bajas emisiones garantizando a la vez una reconversión justa de la fuerza de trabajo que cree puestos de trabajo decente teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones sociales de esa transición. En vista de que puede que muchas industrias intensivas en mano de obra vayan a ser objeto de automatización en los próximos decenios, es esencial dotar a las mujeres y los hombres de las aptitudes que necesitarán para el futuro de la fabricación. Las iniciativas integradas de la ONUDI constarán de desarrollo de aptitudes, formación técnica y profesional, plataformas de aprendizaje de libre acceso, laboratorios y opciones mejoradas de aprendizaje a distancia.", "Aplicación de la Estrategia", "31. Se elaborará un plan de acción que incluya indicadores y metas mensurables para hacer efectiva la aplicación de la Estrategia. En la medida de lo posible, los indicadores y metas se armonizarán con los del Marco Integrado de los Resultados y el Desempeño de la ONUDI y se compaginarán con los hitos del Acuerdo de París.", "32. El plan de acción se referirá al desarrollo de la capacidad, la movilización de recursos, las asociaciones y las actividades de comunicación que se necesitan para aplicar la Estrategia. Se llevará a cabo una evaluación de las necesidades de capacidad para determinar las deficiencias de aprendizaje, conocimientos y capacidad en materia de clima en la sede y las oficinas sobre el terreno de la ONUDI y sentar las bases para elaborar un plan interno de creación de capacidad. En el marco del plan de acción se elaborará un plan de movilización de recursos que incorporará un presupuesto básico y financiación externa para el clima a través de asociaciones y acuerdos de financiación diversificados. Se creará un plan de comunicación selectivo para crear conciencia sobre los vínculos entre el cambio climático y el desarrollo industrial y facilitar las relaciones con los asociados, los financiadores y los interesados.", "33. Como organización con una plantilla y recursos limitados, la ONUDI debe confiar en una amplia gama de asociados para ser eficiente y pertinente. Las asociaciones y la cooperación interinstitucional son esenciales para aprovechar conocimientos especializados, acceder a investigaciones y conocimientos, aprovechar inversiones y capital social, generar impulso, propiciar la innovación, evitar duplicaciones y potenciar las complementariedades, ampliar el desarrollo de la capacidad y fortalecer la difusión para surtir efecto a escala. Se elaborará un plan de participación de los asociados para elevar la repercusión de las alianzas existentes y forjar otras nuevas.", "Recuadro 3. Aprovechamiento de asociaciones estratégicas - Estructura sobre el terreno de la ONUDI, que incluye oficinas en48 países y abarca muchos otros países mediante representaciónregional; - Oficinas de enlace en Bruselas, Ginebra y Nueva York y redmundial de la ONUDI de oficinas de promoción de inversiones ytecnología; - Red Mundial de Centros Regionales de Energía Sostenible; - Alianzas con la estructura de la financiación para el clima: elFondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial, el Fondo Verde para elClima y el Fondo de Adaptación; \n- Nuevas asociaciones con instituciones financierasinternacionales, sociedades, filántropos e inversores deimpacto.", "34. La Estrategia se actualizará periódicamente en función de los resultados del seguimiento y evaluación y en atención a las tendencias y deliberaciones mundiales incipientes en el marco de la CMNUCC y otros procesos de desarrollo sostenible.", "[1] IPCC, 2021, El cambio climático es generalizado, rápido y se está intensificando, https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/.", "[2] IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. En: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. De próxima aparición.", "[3] Acuerdo de París, artículo 2.", "[4] GC.19/Res.2." ]
[ "Industrial Development Board Fiftieth session Vienna, 21–23 November 2022 Item 8 (b) of the provisionalagenda \nUNIDO strategy in response toclimate change", "UNIDO Strategy in response to climate change", "Report by the Director General", "This document presents the UNIDO Climate Change Strategy preparedin response to General Conference resolution GC.19/Res.2 through aconsultative process with UNIDO Member States.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Conference, in its resolution GC.19/Res.2, requested the Director General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, that will enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO’s activities in support of Member State inclusive and sustainable industrial development-related climate priorities and to implement climate-related best practices across its operations. It further requested the Director General to report to the fiftieth session of the Industrial Development Board on the developments regarding the implementation of this resolution.", "2. In response to these requests, the Secretariat convened two development dialogues, invited inputs and guidance from Member States through a survey and bilateral meetings, and circulated two draft versions of the strategy for review by Member States.", "3. The UNIDO Climate Change Strategy resulting from this consultative process is contained in an annex to the present document.", "II. Action required of the Board", "4. The Board may wish to consider the document included in the annex and provide guidance to the Secretariat on further action as appropriate.", "Annex", "UNIDO Climate Change Strategy", "Background", "1. Human-induced climate change is affecting every region on Earth in multiple ways, while affecting the world’s most vulnerable communities first and hardest.[1] Widespread and severe impacts to people and their livelihoods, infrastructure and ecosystems have resulted from increases in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events, extreme heat, heavy rainfalls, droughts and fires.[2]", "2. Within the global climate regime, governments and non-State stakeholders have to take action to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; increase the ability to adapt to the effects of climate change; and make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low-emission climate-resilient development in accordance with the goals of the Paris Agreement.[3]", "3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement must be implemented based on the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of different national circumstances. Climate protection, built on the implementation of the Paris Agreement, must be pursued together with respect for human rights, the protection of biodiversity, and the right to development. These are anchored in the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Developed countries in particular must honour their responsibilities related to climate action and provide climate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing countries, if we are to achieve these goals.", "4. The role of industry in the climate change context is threefold. Industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases; it is itself adversely affected by the changing climate and resource depletion; and it has a potential to become a leading provider of technological solutions, business models and green jobs, while influencing consumer behaviour and lifestyles across the globe. Inclusive and sustainable industrialization is a key element of an effective climate change strategy.", "Mandate", "5. Guided by the Abu Dhabi Declaration, which reconfirms the commitment of UNIDO Member States to the Paris Agreement, the Medium-Term Programme Framework 2022–2025 sets “climate-neutral industry and circular economy” as one of the priority areas of intervention of the Organization.", "6. To operationalize this priority, the General Conference, at its nineteenth session, requested the Director General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, that will enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO’s activities in support of Member States climate priorities related to inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) and to implement climate-related best practices across its operations.[4]", "Vision 2050", "7. A world without poverty and hunger, where industry drives low-emission economies, improves the living standards and preserves the liveable environment for present and future generations, leaving no one behind.", "Mission statement", "8. Low-emission climate-resilient development is the guiding principle for UNIDO’s activities on inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID). It will be well anchored in its strategic documents and result metrics, and reflected in its institutional structure. Low-emission climate-resilient development also forms a key pillar of UNIDO’s engagement with its Member States, the United Nations System and other partners and stakeholders.", "Scope", "9. UNIDO’s actions to achieve climate neutrality will be aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement; informed by scientific findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; and driven by national climate and industry priorities and needs. The Joint Declaration signed by UNIDO and the Secretariat of the UNFCCC will guide collaboration between the two entities.", "10. The Strategy seeks to create a flexible framework for action supported by all Member States. It will be aligned with other guiding documents, including the Strategy for Post-conflict/-crisis Situations, the Strategies for Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and Middle-Income Countries, the Strategy for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, as well as regional strategies.", "11. The implementation of the Strategy will maximize synergies with other priority areas of UNIDO, such as energy, agribusiness development and food security, circular economy and biodiversity. UNIDO will seek to provide solutions to global challenges in a holistic and integrated way, handle trade-offs and maximize co-benefits.", "Operational principles", "12. Support the needs and priorities of developing countries in line with their right to development: Advisory and technical cooperation services of UNIDO are provided in a demand-driven manner, tailored to local conditions and open to the use of a broad range of technologies critical to achieving low-emission climate-resilient development. Technological options for avoiding and reducing greenhouse gas emissions must be further developed. UNIDO seeks to provide a platform for technology transfer, investment mobilization and climate partnerships to accelerate this process.", "13. Strive for a level playing field for industrial policies to promote low-emission climate-resilient development: It is important that global and regional market-based approaches are rooted in the principles of equity and environmental integrity and take into account special circumstances of countries that are most vulnerable to climate change. Fair, transparent, and balanced implementation of such policies would enable developing countries to benefit from significant transfer of know-how, climate technologies and capacity development to modernize and decarbonize industries, especially hard-to-abate sectors, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "14. Promote transformational change through economy-wide, sectoral and cross-sectoral approaches: Ultimately, climate neutrality cannot be achieved through a piecemeal approach. Developed countries should continue taking the lead by undertaking an economy-wide approach that combines sector-specific solutions with cross-sectoral priorities.", "15. Mainstream climate adaptation and resilience in industrial development: To overcome the already drastic effects of climate change, reducing emissions alone will not be sufficient. Climate adaptation measures to reduce the damage resulting from climate change or to take advantage of technological innovations or development opportunities need to be fully integrated into industrial development activities, including the pursuit of climate-proofing and risk management-oriented approaches for greater climate resilience.", "16. Target results at the global, regional, national, and local levels: To enhance impact of climate-related interventions, the Organization will concentrate programmatic efforts on well-defined areas of intervention where it adds value in line with its mandate and expertise.", "17. Empower MSMEs, small-scale industries and entrepreneurs: Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) form the backbone of the economy and generate a large share of economic value. When empowered, they can act in an innovative manner, foster alternative business models and respond to evolving demand. Given the scale of climate mitigation and adaptation action needed, it is critical that MSMEs are supported to be part of the solutions, be it as entrepreneurs, in the context of small-scale industries and clusters or through their participation in regional and global value chains.", "18. Harness industrial capabilities of the future: To achieve the transformation needed for climate neutrality, the transfer of know-how and technologies, policy and technical skills development and the creation of conducive regulatory frameworks and business operating environments will be critical.", "19. Deliver through partnerships for maximum impact: Strategic partnerships will be essential to achieve climate-neutral industrial development at the global level, strengthen climate advocacy and deliver solutions that build on such synergies. UNIDO as a coordinating platform, including by making use of its field structure, will further enhance its status as a neutral broker to facilitate partnerships for maximum impact.", "20. Achieve net zero for UNIDO’s activities by 2030: Under the United Nations Greening the Blue initiative, UNIDO and its field offices will adopt climate-related best practice across its operations and be climate-neutral by 2030.", "Areas of work", "21. Raise the profile of ISID in the international climate change discourse and engage industry stakeholders in climate advocacy: UNIDO will foster a global understanding and raise awareness of the role of industry as a solution provider in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Through its Member States, UNIDO will contribute to a higher profile of industry as part of essential climate solutions, and step up the debate on emerging issues of the climate-industry nexus in the UNFCCC process.", "22. Facilitate international industrial cooperation for climate action: International cooperation plays a central role in developing national solutions that contribute to stabilization of the global climate system. UNIDO will facilitate the establishment of global and regional alliances and partnerships to accelerate collective action, decarbonize global value chains, and expand markets for green industrial products.", "23. Promote Paris-compatible industrial policies: Industry transition is a complex process with actions taken today that will have an impact on economies and societies for decades to come. UNIDO will influence the global discourse on issues at the intersection of climate action and ISID, such as circular economy and industrial decarbonization, but also enhance ongoing work on digitalization, renewable energies and technology solutions, as well as on sustainable agricultural development and climate-smart agriculture.", "24. Provide evidence-based industrial policy advice for low-emission climate-resilient development: UNIDO will support Member States to identify, prioritize and undertake climate action in the industry sector that is nationally appropriate, country-driven and aimed at transformative change. Upon request, UNIDO will assist developing countries in incorporating industry considerations into their national strategies and plans, including National Adaptation Plans, Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, disaster risk reduction and humanitarian response plans.", "25. Facilitate technology and knowledge transfer to achieve low-emission climate-resilient development: UNIDO will continue assisting developing countries in identifying “low-hanging fruit” mitigation measures and adopting mature climate technologies. At the same time, UNIDO will act as a thought leader for a bold climate action in industry that embraces disruptive technologies, climate risk-informed management new business models and mentality shifts to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It will proactively foster South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation to enable transfer of a broad range of technologies and innovations.", "26. Boost the use of renewable energies in achieving low-emission climate-resilient development: The development of renewable energy sources in developing countries is of great importance for improving livelihoods, creating jobs, enhancing learning opportunities and decarbonizing energy systems. UNIDO will support the fostering of global clean energy cooperation and work with partner countries to leverage suitable technologies to promote industry-related energy and resource efficiency and explore diverse renewable energy applications, including green hydrogen, to achieve significant emissions reductions. Green hydrogen is a viable solution to decarbonizing the industry, energy and transport sectors while creating green jobs opportunities and other socioeconomic benefits.", "27. Strengthen the capacity to integrate low-emission climate-resilient good practices into ISID: UNIDO will assist developing countries in enhancing the national capacity to assess impact of climate change on enterprises, food and energy systems and infrastructure to climate change, and devise measures to prevent and reduce the impacts of weather-induced extreme events, while strengthening resilience to future crises. UNIDO will place a special emphasis on promoting nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation. UNIDO will further support the identification and scaling up of existing good practices and innovative solutions for climate action in industry and strengthen capacities to tap climate finance opportunities.", "28. Build the capacity of Member States to effectively participate in market-based mechanisms: The new market mechanisms established under the Paris Agreement could facilitate the implementation of NDCs, foster sustainable development and stimulate the broad participation of a broad range of stakeholders in climate action. They can induce increased financial flows to developing countries. Engaging in international market mechanisms requires specific capacities for private and public actors. UNIDO, in collaboration with its partners, will support such capacity-building efforts in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries and small island developing States, including through knowledge-sharing and dissemination of good practices, peer-to-peer exchanges or learning-by-doing approaches.", "29. Coordinate and leverage climate finance opportunities: UNIDO will assist in leveraging industrial development to mobilize private sector investments and international climate finance to enable a paradigm shift towards low-emission climate-resilient development in developing countries, in particular in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. UNIDO will seek to broker partnerships to mobilize, facilitate, de-risk and leverage investments for climate-friendly projects and technologies in developing countries from various private, public and unconventional sources.", "30. Foster green and digital skills to enable a just transition of the workforce: Addressing climate change requires a paradigm shift towards building low-emission climate-resilient economies and societies, while ensuring a just transition of the workforce that creates decent jobs, taking into consideration social dimensions of such transition. Given that many labour-intensive industries may be subject to automation in the coming decades, it is essential to equip women and men with the skills they need for the future of manufacturing. UNIDO’s integrated initiatives will include skills development, technical and vocational training, open-access learning platforms, labs and enhanced remote learning options.", "Implementation of the Strategy", "31. An Action Plan including measurable indicators and targets will be developed to operationalize the implementation of the Strategy. The indicators and targets will be harmonized, to the extent possible, with those of the UNIDO Integrated Results Performance Framework and aligned with the Paris Agreement milestones.", "32. The Action Plan will cover the capacity development, resource mobilization, partnerships and communication activities required to implement the Strategy. A capacity needs assessment will be conducted to identify the climate-related learning, knowledge and capacity gaps of the UNIDO headquarters and field offices and inform the development of an internal capacity-building plan. A resource mobilization plan, including a core budget and external climate financing through diversified partnerships and financing agreements, will be developed as part of the Action Plan. A targeted communication plan will be created to raise awareness of the linkages between climate change and industrial development and facilitate the engagement with partners, financiers and stakeholders.", "33. As an organization with limited staffing and resources, UNIDO has to rely on a broad range of partners to be effective and relevant. Partnerships and inter-agency cooperation are essential for leveraging expertise, accessing research and knowledge, harnessing investments and social capital, creating momentum, sparking innovation, avoiding duplication and enhancing complementarities, expanding capacity development and strengthening outreach to deliver impact at scale. A partner engagement plan will be developed to enhance impact of existing partnerships and establish new ones.", "34. The Strategy will be updated periodically to reflect outcomes of monitoring and evaluation and in response to emerging global trends and deliberations under the UNFCCC and other sustainable development processes.", "[1] IPCC, 2021, Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/.", "[2] IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press.", "[3] Paris Agreement, Article 2.", "[4] GC.19/Res.2." ]
IDB.50_16
[ "Industrial Development Board", "Fiftieth session Vienna, 21-23 November 2022", "Item 8 (b) of the provisional agenda", "UNIDO strategy in response to climate change", "UNIDO strategy in response to climate change", "Report of the Director-General", "This paper presents the UNIDO Climate Change Strategy, prepared in response to General Conference resolutionGC.19/Res.2 through a consultative process with UNIDO Member States.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Conference, in its resolution GC.19/Res.2, requested the Director-General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, which would enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO &apos; s activities in support of Member States &apos; priorities for climate change related to inclusive and sustainable industrial development, and to implement climate-related best practices. It also requested the Director-General to report to the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session on developments in the implementation of this resolution.", "2. In response to these requests, the Secretariat convened two development dialogues, invited Member States to provide input and guidance through a bilateral survey and meetings and circulated two drafts of the strategy for consideration by Member States.", "3. An annex to the present document contains the UNIDO Climate Change Strategy resulting from this process.", "II. Action requested by the Board", "4. The Board may wish to consider the annexed document and provide guidance to the Secretariat on further action, as appropriate.", "Annex", "UNIDO Climate Change Strategy", "Background", "1. Climate change caused by human activities in many ways affects all regions of the Earth, first and most rigorously the most vulnerable communities on the planet[1]. Populations and their livelihoods, infrastructures and ecosystems have been severely and widespread as a result of increases in frequency and intensity of severe weather events, extreme heat, heavy rains, droughts and fires[2].", "2. Within the framework of the global climate regime, Governments and non-State stakeholders should take measures to maintain the global average temperature rise below 2 °C over pre-industrial levels and continue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 °C over those levels; increase the capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change; and increase financial flows to a consistent level that leads to climate-resilient development.", "3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement should be implemented on the basis of the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities, in the light of different national circumstances. The protection of climate based on the implementation of the Paris Agreement, together with respect for human rights, the protection of biodiversity and the right to development, must be pursued, all of which is based on the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, developed countries must fulfil their climate action responsibilities and provide climate finance, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing countries so that we can meet these objectives.", "4. The industry plays a triple role in climate change. It is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, it is affected by the evolution of climate and the exhaustion of resources and holds the potential to become one of the leading providers of technology solutions, business models and green employment, while at the same time influencing the behaviour of consumers and their lifestyles around the planet. Inclusive and sustainable industrialization is a key element of any effective climate change strategy.", "Mandate", "Box 1: Climate change and industry: the imperative of action - A total of 3.5 billion people are very vulnerable to climate loss and severe episodes of water scarcity. - Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality caused by floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in the highlyvulnerable regions. - 30% of the world's population is exposed to lethal stress, a proportion that will be between 50% and 75% by 2100. By 2050, 1 billion inhabitants of sleeping areas will be at risk, and small island settlements and low-lying areas are expected to disappear. - 34% of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases recorded in 2019 came from the industrial sector. - Persistent emissions from industrial processes pose the risk of consumption by 2050 of the entire global carbon budget. - The economic losses resulting from weather events amount to $174 billion a year, which is still growing.", "5. Guided by the Abu Dhabi Declaration, which reconfirms the commitment of UNIDO &apos; s Member States to the Paris Agreement, the medium-term programme framework, 2022–2025, mentions “the climate-circuit industry” as one of the priority areas of intervention of the Organization.", "6. In order to address this priority, the General Conference requested at its nineteenth session the Director-General to develop a draft strategy in consultation with Member States, for consideration by the Industrial Development Board at its fiftieth session, which would enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and coordination of UNIDO &apos; s activities in support of Member States &apos; priorities for climate change related to inclusive and sustainable industrial development, and to implement climate-friendly practices in all their operations.", "Vision 2050", "7. A world without poverty or hunger in which industry promotes economies with low emissions, improves living standards and preserves a living environment for present and future generations without leaving anyone behind.", "Statement of objectives", "8. Climate-resilient and low-emission development is the guiding principle of UNIDO activities in inclusive and sustainable industrial development. It should be solidly based on its strategic documents and performance measurements and reflected in its institutional structure. Climate-resilient and low-emission development also forms an essential pillar of UNIDO &apos; s relations with its Member States, the United Nations system and other partners and stakeholders.", "Scope of application", "9. UNIDO &apos; s actions to achieve climate neutrality will be in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, will be based on scientific findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and will be driven by national climate and industrial priorities and needs. The Joint Statement signed by UNIDO and the UNFCCC Secretariat will guide collaboration between the two entities.", "10. The Strategy aims to create a flexible framework of action supported by all Member States. It will be harmonized with other guiding documents such as the post-conflict or crisis strategy, strategies for small island developing States, least developed countries and middle-income countries, the Strategy for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and regional strategies.", "11. The implementation of the Strategy will maximize synergies with other priority areas of UNIDO, such as energy, agro-business development and food security, the circular economy and biodiversity. UNIDO will seek to deliver solutions to global problems in a global and integrated manner, manage concessions and maximize side benefits.", "Operational principles", "12. Addressing the needs and priorities of developing countries in the area of their right to development: UNIDO provides, on demand, advisory services and technical cooperation adapted to local conditions and open to the use of a wide range of technologies essential for climate-resilient and low-emission development. Technological options should be developed to prevent and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. UNIDO intends to provide a platform for technology transfer, investment mobilization and climate partnerships to accelerate this process.", "13. To ensure that industrial policies enjoy equal conditions in promoting climate-resilient and low-emission development: It is important for global and regional market-based approaches to sink their roots in the principles of equity and environmental integrity and to take into account the special circumstances of countries most vulnerable to climate change. A fair, transparent and balanced implementation of these policies would enable developing countries to take advantage of a cohesive transfer of expertise, climate technologies and capacity-building to modernize and decarbonize industries, especially sectors where emissions are difficult, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "14. Promote transformative change through sectoral and cross-sectoral approaches covering the entire economy: Ultimately, climate neutrality cannot be achieved by fragmentedly. Developed countries should continue to lead efforts by adopting an economy-wide approach that combines sector-specific solutions with cross-cutting priorities.", "15. Incorporating climate change adaptation and resilience into industrial development: To overcome the effects of climate change, which are already drastic, it will not suffice to reduce emissions. Climate adaptation measures aimed at reducing damage from climate change or taking advantage of technological innovations or development opportunities should be fully incorporated into industrial development activities, in particular in the work focused on climate change resistance and risk management approaches for greater climate resilience.", "16. Focus results at the global, regional, national and local levels: To enhance the impact of climate-related interventions, the Organization will focus its programmatic efforts on well-defined areas of intervention that add value in line with its mandate and expertise.", "17. Empowering micro and small and medium-sized enterprises, small industries and entrepreneurs: Micro-enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (MIPYME) form the backbone of the economy and generate much of the economic value. When empowered, they can act innovatively, foster alternative business models and meet evolving demand. In view of the scale of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions required, it is essential to support MIPYMEs to be part of the solution, as entrepreneurs in the context of small industries and clusters or through their participation in regional and global value chains.", "18. Building on the industrial capacities of the future: To achieve the transformation needed for climate neutrality, it will be essential to transfer expertise and technologies, develop technical policies and competencies and create regulatory frameworks and enabling business operating environments.", "19. To act through partnerships to maximize the impact: Strategic partnerships will be essential for achieving global climate-friendly industrial development, strengthening climate promotion and providing solutions based on such synergies. As a coordination platform, UNIDO, which will build on its field structure, will strengthen its neutral intermediary to facilitate partnerships to maximize the impact.", "20. Achieving net zero in UNIDO activities by 2030: Under the United Nations Greening the Blue initiative, UNIDO and its field offices will adopt best climate practices in all their operations and will be climate-friendly by 2030.", "Work areas", "21. Carry out the profile of inclusive and sustainable industrial development in the international climate change discourse and accommodate industry stakeholders in climate promotion: UNIDO will foster global understanding and awareness of the role of industry as a source of solutions to meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Through its Member States, UNIDO will contribute to raising the profile of industry as an integral part of essential climate solutions and intensify the debate on emerging issues related to the climate-industry nexus in the UNFCCC process.", "22. Facilitating international industrial cooperation for climate action: International cooperation plays a central role in the development of national solutions that contribute to the stabilization of the global climate system. UNIDO will facilitate the creation of global and regional partnerships and partnerships to accelerate collective action, decarbonize global value chains and expand green industrial products markets.", "23. Promoting industrial policies consistent with the Paris Agreement: The industrial transition is a complex process of taking action today that will impact economies and societies over decades. UNIDO will influence global discourse on issues at the intersection of climate action with inclusive and sustainable industrial development, such as circular economy and industrial decarbonization, while improving ongoing work on digitization, renewable energy and technological solutions, as well as on sustainable agricultural development and climate-smart agriculture.", "24. Providing evidence-based advice on industrial policies for climate-resilient and low-emission development: UNIDO will assist Member States in identifying, prioritizing and undertaking climate-related measures in the industry sector that are appropriate for each country, country-driven and transformative. Upon request, UNIDO will assist developing countries in mainstreaming industrial considerations into their national strategies and plans, including national adaptation plans, nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, long-term low-GHG development strategies and disaster risk reduction and humanitarian response plans.", "25. Facilitate the transfer of technology and knowledge to achieve climate-resilient and low-emission development: UNIDO will continue to assist developing countries in identifying easy-to-reach mitigation measures and adopting mature climate technologies. At the same time, it will act as an intellectual leader of a daring climate action in the field of industry that encompasses disruptive technologies, climate management that takes into account risks, new business models and mentality changes to maintain the rise in global average temperature far below 2 °C over pre-industrial levels and to continue efforts to limit the increase in temperature to 1.5 °C over those levels. It will strongly promote South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation to enable the transfer of a wide range of technologies and innovations.", "26. Encouraging the use of renewable energy in achieving climate-resilient and low-emission development: Developing renewable energy sources in developing countries is of great importance for improving livelihoods, creating jobs, improving learning opportunities and decarbonizing energy systems. UNIDO will support the promotion of global cooperation for the sake of clean energy and will work with partner countries to leverage appropriate technologies for the promotion of energy efficiency and the use of resources in the field of industry and to explore various renewable energy applications, including green hydrogen, for significant emission reductions. Green hydrogen is a viable solution to decarbonize industry, energy and transport sectors while creating green employment opportunities and other socio-economic benefits.", "Box 2. UNIDO Global Programme for the Use of Green Hydrogen in Industry Green hydrogen (GH2) will perform catalytic functions in energy transfer towards climate change mitigation. In view of their rich renewable energy potential, developing countries are privileged to become GH2 producers and take advantage of new low-emission industrial and economic development pathways. Investment in renewable energy and electrolyte projects, the capture of investments in steel or basic chemicals that lead to high energy consumption or the promotion of the consumer industries of raw materials using as steel inputs or green chemicals can generate new jobs and social benefits. In response to this opportunity, UNIDO launched its Global Programme for the Use of Green Hydrogen in Industry in July 2021 to accelerate global implementation of GH2 in order to decarbonize industry and promote industrial development with low emissions. The programme is based on two pillars: 1) Pillar of global partnerships, focusing on policy dialogue, knowledge development and distribution, technical guidelines and standards. (2) Technical cooperation pillar, focused on supporting green hydrogen adoption in national industrial agglomerations, road leaves and joint development projects. UNIDO will work with the public and private sectors, financial organizations and academia to ensure the contribution of all stakeholders in the GH2 devaluation chain as a whole.", "27. Strengthening the capacity to integrate into inclusive and sustainable industrial development good practices of low emissions and climate resilience: UNIDO will help developing countries to improve national capacity to assess the impact of climate change on enterprises, food and energy systems and infrastructure and to develop ways to prevent and reduce the impact of extreme weather events while strengthening resilience to future crises. UNIDO will place particular emphasis on promoting nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation. It will continue to support the identification and expansion of existing good practices and innovative solutions in the field of climate action in the industry and will strengthen capacity to leverage climate finance opportunities.", "28. Promoting the capacity of Member States to participate effectively in market-based mechanisms: New market mechanisms established under the Paris Agreement could facilitate the implementation of specific contributions at the national level, promote sustainable development and stimulate the wide participation of very diverse stakeholders in climate action. They can lead to increased financial flows to developing countries. Participation in international market mechanisms requires private and public actors with specific capacities. UNIDO, in collaboration with its partners, will support these capacity-building activities in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States, including through knowledge-sharing and dissemination of good practices, peer exchanges and learning approaches through practice.", "29. Coordinating and harnessing climate finance opportunities: UNIDO will help to leverage industrial development to mobilize private sector investment and international climate finance to foster a climate-resilient and low-emissioned development-oriented paradigm shift, particularly in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. UNIDO will seek to negotiate partnerships to mobilize, facilitate and leverage investments from various private, public and non-conventional sources, while eliminating risks, in favour of climate-friendly projects and technologies in developing countries.", "30. Fostering ecological and digital competencies to enable a fair reversal of the labour force: To address climate change, there is a need for a paradigm shift towards creating climate-resilient and low-emission economies and societies while ensuring a fair reversal of the workforce that creates decent jobs taking into account the social dimensions of that transition. Since many labour-intensive industries may be automated in the coming decades, it is essential to equip women and men with the skills they will need for the future of manufacturing. UNIDO &apos; s integrated initiatives will include skills development, technical and vocational training, free access learning platforms, laboratories and improved distance learning options.", "Implementation of the Strategy", "31. A plan of action that includes measurable indicators and targets will be developed to implement the Strategy. To the extent possible, indicators and targets will be aligned with those of the UNIDO Integrated Results and Performance Framework and will be aligned with the Paris Agreement milestones.", "32. The action plan will address capacity-building, resource mobilization, partnerships and communication activities required to implement the Strategy. A capacity-building needs assessment will be undertaken to identify climate learning, knowledge and capacity gaps at UNIDO headquarters and field offices and lay the foundation for developing an internal capacity-building plan. The action plan will develop a resource mobilization plan that will incorporate a core budget and external climate finance through diversified funding partnerships and agreements. A targeted communication plan will be created to raise awareness of the linkages between climate change and industrial development and facilitate relationships with partners, funders and stakeholders.", "33. As an organization with limited staffing and resources, UNIDO should rely on a wide range of partners to be efficient and relevant. Partnerships and inter-agency cooperation are essential to harnessing expertise, accessing research and knowledge, harnessing investment and social capital, generating momentum, fostering innovation, avoiding duplication and enhancing complementarities, expanding capacity development and strengthening dissemination to scale. A partnership engagement plan will be developed to enhance the impact of existing partnerships and build new ones.", "Box 3. Building on strategic partnerships - UNIDO field structure, which includes offices in48 countries and covers many other countries through regional representation; - liaison offices in Brussels, Geneva and New York and UNIDO &apos; s network of investment and technology promotion offices; - Global Network of Regional Sustainable Energy Centres; - Partnerships with climate finance structure: Global Environment Facility, Green Environment Facility", "34. The Strategy will be regularly updated on the basis of the results of the follow-up and evaluation and in response to emerging global trends and deliberations within the framework of UNFCCC and other sustainable development processes.", "[1] IPCC, 2021, Climate change is widespread, fast and is intensifying, https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/.", "[2] IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)] In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds). Cambridge University Press. Next appearance.", "[3] Paris Agreement, Article 2.", "[4] GC.19/Res.2." ]
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[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.4 20 de octubre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "MEJORA DEL PROCESO DE LAS MEDIDAS DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA", "Presentado por Francia en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]", "I. RESULTADOS DECEPCIONANTES DE LAS MEDIDAS DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA", "1. Las medidas de fomento de la confianza, previstas en los artículos V y X de la Convención, encaminadas a aumentar la transparencia y mejorar la aplicación de la Convención, se establecieron en la Segunda Conferencia de Examen, celebrada en 1986, y siguieron desarrollándose en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, en 1991. Como se señala en el estudio anexo al presente documento (sólo en francés e inglés), los resultados de las medidas de fomento de la confianza no han satisfecho las expectativas iniciales:", "i) Los Estados que hacen declaraciones sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza no suelen rellenar satisfactoriamente los formularios (respuestas incoherentes, incompletas, etc.), por lo que resulta difícil extraer de ellos una información clara.", "ii) En general, muy pocos Estados Partes hacen esas declaraciones (entre 33 y 45 declaraciones al año, de un total de 155 Estados Partes en la Convención; 90 Estados nunca han presentado una declaración). Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la transparencia a que apuntan las medidas de fomento de la confianza no se ha alcanzado satisfactoriamente.", "iii) Por consiguiente, la UE propone algunas medidas correctivas para aumentar la eficacia de las medidas de fomento de la confianza. Algunas podrían acordarse en la Conferencia de Examen y, otras podrían examinarse en una reunión de expertos posterior a la Conferencia de Examen como parte del programa de trabajo ulterior.", "II. PROPUESTAS DE LA UE PARA LA SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN", "2. A fin de avanzar en dirección a la universalidad, la UE apoya dos categorías de medidas tendientes a mejorar el proceso de las medidas de fomento de la confianza, que podrían analizarse en la Conferencia de Examen, a saber, las mejoras técnicas y los incentivos políticos.", "Mejoras técnicas", "3. Podría darse más importancia a los cuestionarios de opciones múltiples para facilitar la tarea de los organismos públicos encargados de presentar las medidas de fomento de la confianza. De hecho, es probable que en muchos casos las dificultades administrativas expliquen por qué no se presentan las declaraciones sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza.", "4. Con un formulario computarizado sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza (con o sin cuestionario de opciones múltiples) podrían estandarizarse las declaraciones y facilitarse el trabajo de los organismos oficiales, al tiempo que se evitaría limitar el alcance de las respuestas. Todas las preguntas se conservarían y las respuestas se integrarían en campos de datos electrónicos.", "5. Si las medidas de fomento de la confianza se presentaran en formato electrónico, también se podría agilizar y facilitar la transmisión de las declaraciones al Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme (DAD) de las Naciones Unidas. Con todo, se necesitaría un sistema seguro de transmisión electrónica.", "6. Finalmente, los Estados Partes que estuvieran en condiciones de hacerlo podrían apoyar a otros Estados Partes que pidieran ayuda para entregar sus formularios sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza. Las solicitudes y los ofrecimientos de ayuda podrían tramitarse por conducto de la secretaría de la Convención.", "Incentivos políticos", "7. Recordatorios enviados por el DAD a todos los Estados Partes para que presenten sus medidas de fomento de la confianza: Además del recordatorio enviado por los Estados depositarios, no sería difícil para la secretaría de la Convención enviar a todos los Estados Partes recordatorios del calendario de las medidas de fomento de la confianza. Podría invitarse a los Estados Partes a designar un contacto al que deberían enviarse los recordatorios. De ser necesario, podrían enviarse otros recordatorios después de la fecha límite del 15 de abril.", "8. Recordatorio anual adicional del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas: En enero de cada año, el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas podría enviar una comunicación a todos los Estados Partes, para recordarles el calendario de las medidas de fomento de la confianza y alentarlos a enviar las declaraciones al DAD antes del 15 de abril del año siguiente.", "9. La UE considera que estos cambios podrían introducirse sin inconvenientes en la Sexta Conferencia de Examen.", "III. OTRAS PROPUESTAS DE LA UE PARA MEJORAR EL PROCESO DE LAS MEDIDAS DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA", "10. Actualmente, las medidas de fomento de la confianza constan de dos partes: Una declaración preliminar destinada a aclarar el contenido de la declaración sobre las medidas de fomento de la confianza, y los formularios específicos A a G.", "Declaración preliminar", "11. En su estado actual, sólo aumenta la confusión. Se necesita mayor claridad. No basta con las frases \"nada que declarar\" o \"nada nuevo que declarar\", ya que las respuestas de los Estados Partes no son siempre claras. Si el Estado Parte marca \"nada nuevo que declarar\":", "i) Y rellena el formulario correspondiente: podría suponerse que la información se refiere al año anterior;", "ii) Y no rellena el formulario correspondiente: podría suponerse que la información del año anterior sigue teniendo vigencia.", "Por lo tanto, parece que pueden darse por lo menos dos respuestas diferentes a la misma situación.", "12. Por otro lado, si el Estado Parte marca \"nada que declarar\":", "i) Sería lógico suponer que el Estado Parte no está señalando nada, que es lo que algunos hacen;", "ii) Pero cuando se rellena el formulario correspondiente, la interpretación es ambigua: ¿considera el Estado Parte que la información carece de importancia?", "Por lo tanto, una vez más hay dos modos de responder a una misma situación.", "13. Además, en la misma sección algunos Estados indican que no tienen \"nada que declarar\" y también que no tienen \"nada nuevo que declarar\", lo que parece paradójico.", "14. De un Estado a otro varía mucho la congruencia entre la declaración preliminar y los temas anotados en los formularios:", "i) Unos cuantos Estados rellenan un número muy limitado de campos, con la justificación de que no tienen nada que declarar;", "ii) En cambio, otros rellenan un número muy limitado de campos sin justificarlo añadiendo la declaración (nada o nada nuevo que declarar).", "15. En resumen, a pesar del propósito que se le asignó en 1991, la declaración \"nada que declarar\" o \"nada nuevo que declarar\" no simplifica la lectura de las medidas de fomento de la confianza sino que la hace más confusa. Con algunas modificaciones concretas en la declaración preliminar se haría más fácil comprender las medidas de fomento de la confianza.", "Propuestas para aclarar la declaración preliminar", "16. Los ejemplos siguientes podrían servir para reformular la declaración preliminar y que desaparecieran las ambigüedades que actualmente presenta:", "¿Tiene su país algo que declarar este año sobre la parte I de la medida A?", "a) Sí, tiene algo que declarar en este formulario por primera vez (sírvase completar el formulario);", "b) Sí, anteriormente ha declarado algo en este formulario y es necesario presentar nueva información o modificar la anterior (sírvase completar el formulario);", "c) Sí, pero la información ya se ha presentado desde [año] y no ha cambiado; (no es necesario completar el formulario);", "d) No, no tiene nada que declarar en este formulario[2].", "Las cuatro preguntas podrían reiterarse en los formularios A a G (incluidas todas las partes de los formularios A y B).", "Preguntas de los formularios A a G", "17. La calidad de las respuestas a las preguntas que figuran en los formularios varía mucho de un Estado a otro y de una sección a otra. Por lo tanto, con nuevos \"procedimientos de aplicación\" podrían complementarse o aclararse los acordados en la Tercera Conferencia de Examen:", "i) Medidas de fomento de la confianza \"A\": La Tercera Conferencia de Examen pidió que se proporcionara información sobre centros y laboratorios de investigación que cumplieran normas de seguridad nacionales o internacionales muy estrictas \"por ejemplo, los que se consideran de nivel de bioseguridad 4 (BL4) o P4, o de niveles equivalentes\". Es necesario cerciorarse de que la fórmula sea inequívoca, aclarando que es preciso incluir los laboratorios de nivel 4, sin limitar a los Estados que deseen incluir otros laboratorios que cumplan normas de seguridad muy estrictas.", "ii) Medidas de fomento de la confianza \"C\": En la propia medida y no tanto en la forma de interpretarla podrían incluirse los siguientes datos aclaratorios, a fin de establecer una clara distinción entre la \"publicación\" y la \"política en lo que concierne a la publicación\":", "\"Aliento de la publicación de resultados y promoción del empleo de conocimientos", "4.1. Publicaciones de centros y laboratorios de investigación en que se tratan las medidas de fomento de la confianza.", "4.2. Política en lo que concierne a la publicación de los resultados de las investigaciones biológicas.\"", "iii) Medidas de fomento de la confianza \"D\": En los procedimientos de aplicación se podrían prever dos títulos: los seminarios ya concluidos y los seminarios previstos. En realidad, para los Estados Partes sería más fácil rellenar esta sección si fuera retrospectiva y no sólo prospectiva.", "18. De ser necesario, estas y tal vez otras modificaciones de la declaración preliminar aprobada en la Declaración Final de 1991 y de los formularios de las medidas de fomento de la confianza, podrían examinarse y convenirse en una reunión entre períodos de sesiones dedicada a las medidas de fomento de la confianza para ponerlas a consideración de la Séptima Conferencia de Examen.", "Annex", "[ENGLISH and FRENCH ONLY]", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES: ANNUAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE BY STATES PARTIES", "(REPORTS 2000-2005)", "I. Introduction", "1. At the Second Review Conference of the BTWC in 1986, the States Parties agreed to implement some measures intended to strengthen compliance with the Convention and to improve transparency. These were extended at the Third Review Conference in 1991. These confidence-building measures (CBMs) consist of an annual exchange of data and information, as well as declarations of past and present activities of relevance to the Convention.", "2. In November 2006, the Sixth Review Conference of the BTWC will take place in Geneva and the question of strengthening the CBM mechanism will be one of the issues of interest.", "This report is therefore an overview of the information submitted by States Parties to the BWC from 2000 to 2005.", "II. General trends", "General participation in the exchange since 2000:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 40 40 41 33 43 46 contributions", "[]", "These figures are approximately at the same level as during the previous decade (1990-2000) when the number of contributions varied from 31 (1990) to 53 (1996).", "Between 2000 and 2005:", "In other words, only a minority of States are involved in this exchange of information.", "Every year, less than a third of States Parties to the Convention submit a declaration.", "III. Trends in regional groups", "Trends in the Western Group", "The Western group is composed of 32 States Parties to the BTWC.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 22 22 21 16 22 24 contributions", "% of States participating 69% 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Western group States in the period:", "[]", "Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New-Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States", "Belgium, France, Japan, Spain", "Iceland, Monaco, Portugal.", "Trends in the Eastern Group", "This group is composed of 24 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 12 13 13 13 15 13 contributions", "% of States participating 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Eastern group States in the period:", "[]", "Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia.", "Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.", "FYROM, Tajikistan", "Trends in the group of non-aligned and other States:", "This group is composed of 98 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 6 5 7 4 6 9 contributions", "% of States participating 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "Number of contributions by States in the period:", "[]", "China, Cuba", "Tunisia, Turkmenistan", "Analysis", "3. These figures allow us to reach two main conclusions:", "(1) The level of participation in each group is quite constant:", "contributions can be observed over the past two years, but it remains below the highest point reached in 1996 (53).", "(2) There are significant differences in the different groups’ level of participation.", "The participation level is especially low in the non-aligned and other States group. In this group, many States have given information only once. About 10 % of them (10 States) have done so since 2000. But many participated once (or twice) in the 80s/90s. That includes 27 (about a third) of the 82 States that have not submitted any data since 2000. Therefore, over 40 % of these States have participated in the exchange at least once in the past. They may consider that participating once is enough if they have nothing more to say.", "IV. Qualitative analysis", "4. After having studied the number of contributions (quantitative analysis), we can now adopt an analytic point of view. This allows us to make different observations. Firstly, some remarks have to be made on the following concepts: “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) The form is divided into 11 different kinds of measures and questions that States have to answer. A simple pro forma gives States the opportunity to tick boxes labelled “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” for each CBM. The existence of this introductory Declaration Form is beneficial as a way to buy time, but States seem to have different understandings of these expressions. Indeed, most States do not submit any information on the measures in respect of which they have ticked one of these boxes, but it is not the case for all of them.", "(ii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing new to declare”, this generally means that they are giving the same information as previous years.", "(iii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing to declare”, the situation is more ambiguous. This probably means that these answers are insignificant and/or do not pose any problems regarding compliance with the Convention.", "But these are only assumptions and one cannot be sure regarding the States’ understanding of these concepts. There is no clear definition of these notions. A clarification would be useful.", "5. Secondly, one can note a great variety regarding the quality of the forms. Although a majority of States fill out the form in a substantive manner, this is not the case for all of them:", "(i) A small number of States answer a minority of answers without justifying it by indicating “nothing to declare” or “nothing new to declare”.", "(ii) A greater number of them indicate “nothing to declare” for a lot of CBMs and therefore generally deliver little information. It is difficult to determine whether they have effectively “nothing to declare” or whether it is an issue of willingness.", "(iii) Some others indicate “nothing new to declare” for a lot of CBMs. In theory, this means that the information has been delivered in a previous report, but it is difficult and time-consuming to check.", "(iv) Some others tick both kinds of boxes, which raises the same issues. Some even only tick boxes in the Introduction Declaration Form without submitting further information.", "V. Conclusions", "6. Participation in the exchange is limited. Every year, in the 90s as well as since 2000, less than one-third of States Parties submitted data. Efforts should therefore aim at increasing this level of participation and we can note that the strengthening of the mechanism at the September 1991 Third Review Conference allowed a slight improvement of the participation level which rose from 41 in 1991 to 53 in 1996.", "If participation is not general for any regional groups, the nonaligned and other States group appears to be the one where it is lowest.", "7. The quality of the declarations submitted also fluctuates greatly. This is another issue that could be tackled.", "8. The meaning of the two concepts “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” is moreover unclear and a redefinition would be useful. The repeated use of the box “nothing new to declare” is particularly confusing. It means - at least in theory - that the information has been delivered in a previous report. Therefore, in order to facilitate the research of information, it would be useful to ask States to specify when the data was submitted, which has not been the case to date.", "[1] Integra una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por los Estados miembros de la UE para su examen por los Estados Partes. Los países en vías de adhesión Bulgaria y Rumania, los países candidatos Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, los países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y posibles candidatos Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, y Serbia, así como Ucrania y la República de Moldova respaldan este documento.", "GE.06-64651 (S) 061106 091106", "[2] No tener nada que declarar quiere decir lo siguiente: No hay ni ha habido actividad alguna que declarar y que podría justificar la presentación de datos o de cualquier tipo de información, de acuerdo con lo establecido en las declaraciones finales de las Conferencias de Examen de 1986 y 1991 de los Estados Partes en la Convención." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.420 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ENHANCEMENT OF THE CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURE (CBM) PROCESS", "Submitted by France on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. The disappointing performance of the confidence-building measures", "1. The Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), relating to Articles V and X of the Convention, were put in place at the Second Review Conference in 1986 and developed further at the Third Review Conference in 1991, with the aim of enhancing transparency and improving the implementation of the Convention. As the study annexed to the present document indicates (English and French only), CBM performance has not matched up to initial expectations:", "(i) The States making CBM declarations often complete the forms in an unsatisfactory manner (responses that are inconsistent, incomplete, etc.) such that it is difficult to extract clear information from them.", "(ii) Overall, too few States Parties make such declarations (between 33 and 45 declarations each year for 155 States Parties to the Convention; 90 States have never submitted a declaration). The goal of transparency pursued by the CBMs has therefore not been satisfactorily attained.", "(iii) In the light of these facts, the EU proposes certain corrective steps to improve the usefulness of the CBMs. Some could be agreed on at the Review Conference, some could be examined in an expert meeting after the Review Conference as part of the next work programme.", "II. EU proposals for the Sixth Review Conference", "2. In order to make progress toward universality, the EU supports two categories of measures to improve the CBM process that could be discussed at the Review Conference: technical improvements and political incentives.", "Technical improvements", "3. An expanded role could be assigned to multiple-choice questionnaires (MCQs), in order to facilitate the task of official departments responsible for submitting the CBMs. Indeed, administrative difficulties probably explain the lack of CBM declarations in many cases.", "4. A computerised CBM form (with or without MCQs) would make it possible to standardise declarations and would make the task of official agencies easier while avoiding any limitation of the scope of the responses: all the questions would be retained and the responses would be integrated into electronic data fields.", "5. Electronic CBMs would also allow faster and easier circulation of declarations to the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA). They would however require a secure system for electronic transmission.", "6. Finally, States Parties in a position to do so could support other States Parties that request assistance in returning their CBMs. Requests for and offers of assistance could be channelled through the BTWC Secretariat.", "Political incentives", "7. Reminders sent out by the DDA to all States Parties to submit CBMs: in addition to the reminder by depository States, the BTWC Secretariat could easily send out to all States Parties reminders of the CBM schedule. States Parties could be invited to designate a point of contact to which these reminders should be sent. If necessary, further reminders could be sent out after the deadline of 15 April.", "8. An additional annual reminder by the United Nations Secretary-General (UNSG): the UNSG could send out a communication in January every year to all States Parties to remind them of the CBM timetable and encourage them to send in the declarations to the DDA before 15 April of the coming year.", "9. The EU considers these changes could easily be made at the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. Further EU proposals to enhance the CBM process", "10. The CBMs currently comprise two parts: a preliminary declaration intended to clarify the content of the CBM return, and the specific forms A-G.", "The preliminary declaration", "11. As this stands, it serves to increase confusion. It needs to be clarified: the “nothing to declare” / “nothing new to declare” declaration is unsatisfactory since the responses of the States Parties are not always clear. If the State Party ticks “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) and completes the related form: it could be assumed that this information is from the previous year.", "(ii) and does not complete the related form: it could be assumed that the information from the previous year is still valid.", "There therefore appear to be at least two different modes of response for one and the same situation.", "12. If on the other hand the State Party ticks “nothing to declare”:", "(i) logic would dictate that the State Party is indicating nothing, which is what some do;", "(ii) but when the relevant form is completed, the interpretation is ambiguous: does the State consider the information to be insignificant?", "There are therefore once again two modes of response for one and the same situation.", "13. Certain States indicate in addition for the same section that they have “nothing”, and also “nothing new” to declare, which seems paradoxical.", "14. The consistency between the preliminary declaration and the items entered on the forms varies considerably from State to State:", "(i) A good many States fill in a very limited number of fields, justifying this by stating that they have nothing to declare.", "(ii) However, some fill in a very limited number of fields without justifying this by adding the statement (nothing/nothing new to declare).", "15. All in all, the “nothing to declare” / “nothing new to declare” declaration does not, contrary to the purpose assigned to it in 1991, simplify the reading of the CBMs but rather adds to the confusion. Certain specific modifications to the preliminary declaration would make the CBMs easier to understand.", "Proposals for clarification of the preliminary declaration", "16. A reshaping of the preliminary declaration form along the lines set out below would make it possible to eliminate the ambiguities arising from the declaration as it is currently constituted:", "Does your country have anything to declare this year on Measure A, part I ?", "(a) Yes, it has something to declare in this form for the first time (please complete form);", "(b) Yes, it has previously declared something in this form, and needs to update or modify details (please complete form);", "(c) Yes, but this information has already been declared since [year] and has not changed; (no need to complete form)", "(d) No - it has nothing at all to declare on this form[2].", "These four questions could then be repeated for each of the forms A to G (including all the parts to forms A and B).", "The questions on the forms A to G", "17. The quality of the responses to the questions on the forms varies considerably from State to State and from one section to another. New “implementation procedures” could therefore supplement or clarify those agreed at the Third Review Conference:", "(i) CBM “A”: the Third Review Conference requested the provision of data on research centres and laboratories that meet very high national or international safety standards, “for example those designated biosafety level 4 or P4 or equivalent standards”. There is a need to ensure that this formula is unequivocal by making it clear that it is necessary to include level 4 laboratories, while not limiting States that want to include other laboratories which meet very high safety standards.", "(ii) CBM “C”: Rather than the manner of interpretation of this measure, it is the measure itself that could include the following clarifications in order to make a clear distinction between “publications” and “policy regarding publication”:", "“Encouragement of publications of results and promotion of use of knowledge", "4.1 Publications of research centres and laboratories covering the area of the confidence-building measures.", "4.2 Policy regarding the publication of results of biological research”", "(iii) CBM “D”: The implementing procedures could provide for two headings: past seminars on the one hand and, on the other, planned seminars: the section would in fact be more easily completed by States Parties if it were retrospective and not solely prospective.", "18. These, and possibly other, modifications of the preliminary declaration adopted in the Final Declaration of 1991 and of the CBM forms could be discussed and agreed on at an intersessional meeting dedicated to CBMs, if necessary for referral to the Seventh Review Conference.", "Annex", "[ENGLISH and FRENCH ONLY]", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES: ANNUAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE BY STATES PARTIES", "(REPORTS 2000-2005)", "I. Introduction", "1. At the Second Review Conference of the BTWC in 1986, the States Parties agreed to implement some measures intended to strengthen compliance with the Convention and to improve transparency. These were extended at the Third Review Conference in 1991. These confidence-building measures (CBMs) consist of an annual exchange of data and information, as well as declarations of past and present activities of relevance to the Convention.", "2. In November 2006, the Sixth Review Conference of the BTWC will take place in Geneva and the question of strengthening the CBM mechanism will be one of the issues of interest.", "This report is therefore an overview of the information submitted by States Parties to the BWC from 2000 to 2005.", "II. General trends", "General participation in the exchange since 2000:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 40 40 41 33 43 46 contributions", "[]", "These figures are approximately at the same level as during the previous decade (1990-2000) when the number of contributions varied from 31 (1990) to 53 (1996).", "Between 2000 and 2005:", "In other words, only a minority of States are involved in this exchange of information.", "Every year, less than a third of States Parties to the Convention submit a declaration.", "III. Trends in regional groups", "Trends in the Western Group", "The Western group is composed of 32 States Parties to the BTWC.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 22 22 21 16 22 24 contributions", "% of States participating 69% 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Western group States in the period:", "[]", "Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New-Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States", "Belgium, France, Japan, Spain", "Iceland, Monaco, Portugal.", "Trends in the Eastern Group", "This group is composed of 24 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 12 13 13 13 15 13 contributions", "% of States participating 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Eastern group States in the period:", "[]", "Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia.", "Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.", "FYROM, Tajikistan", "Trends in the group of non-aligned and other States:", "This group is composed of 98 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 6 5 7 4 6 9 contributions", "% of States participating 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "Number of contributions by States in the period:", "[]", "China, Cuba", "Tunisia, Turkmenistan", "Analysis", "3. These figures allow us to reach two main conclusions:", "(1) The level of participation in each group is quite constant:", "contributions can be observed over the past two years, but it remains below the highest point reached in 1996 (53).", "(2) There are significant differences in the different groups’ level of participation.", "The participation level is especially low in the non-aligned and other States group. In this group, many States have given information only once. About 10 % of them (10 States) have done so since 2000. But many participated once (or twice) in the 80s/90s. That includes 27 (about a third) of the 82 States that have not submitted any data since 2000. Therefore, over 40 % of these States have participated in the exchange at least once in the past. They may consider that participating once is enough if they have nothing more to say.", "IV. Qualitative analysis", "4. After having studied the number of contributions (quantitative analysis), we can now adopt an analytic point of view. This allows us to make different observations. Firstly, some remarks have to be made on the following concepts: “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) The form is divided into 11 different kinds of measures and questions that States have to answer. A simple pro forma gives States the opportunity to tick boxes labelled “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” for each CBM. The existence of this introductory Declaration Form is beneficial as a way to buy time, but States seem to have different understandings of these expressions. Indeed, most States do not submit any information on the measures in respect of which they have ticked one of these boxes, but it is not the case for all of them.", "(ii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing new to declare”, this generally means that they are giving the same information as previous years.", "(iii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing to declare”, the situation is more ambiguous. This probably means that these answers are insignificant and/or do not pose any problems regarding compliance with the Convention.", "But these are only assumptions and one cannot be sure regarding the States’ understanding of these concepts. There is no clear definition of these notions. A clarification would be useful.", "5. Secondly, one can note a great variety regarding the quality of the forms. Although a majority of States fill out the form in a substantive manner, this is not the case for all of them:", "(i) A small number of States answer a minority of answers without justifying it by indicating “nothing to declare” or “nothing new to declare”.", "(ii) A greater number of them indicate “nothing to declare” for a lot of CBMs and therefore generally deliver little information. It is difficult to determine whether they have effectively “nothing to declare” or whether it is an issue of willingness.", "(iii) Some others indicate “nothing new to declare” for a lot of CBMs. In theory, this means that the information has been delivered in a previous report, but it is difficult and time-consuming to check.", "(iv) Some others tick both kinds of boxes, which raises the same issues. Some even only tick boxes in the Introduction Declaration Form without submitting further information.", "V. Conclusions", "6. Participation in the exchange is limited. Every year, in the 90s as well as since 2000, less than one-third of States Parties submitted data. Efforts should therefore aim at increasing this level of participation and we can note that the strengthening of the mechanism at the September 1991 Third Review Conference allowed a slight improvement of the participation level which rose from 41 in 1991 to 53 in 1996.", "If participation is not general for any regional groups, the nonaligned and other States group appears to be the one where it is lowest.", "7. The quality of the declarations submitted also fluctuates greatly. This is another issue that could be tackled.", "8. The meaning of the two concepts “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” is moreover unclear and a redefinition would be useful. The repeated use of the box “nothing new to declare” is particularly confusing. It means - at least in theory - that the information has been delivered in a previous report. Therefore, in order to facilitate the research of information, it would be useful to ask States to specify when the data was submitted, which has not been the case to date.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper.", "[2] Nothing at all to declare means: There is and there has not been in the past any activity to report that could justify the issue of data or any type of information as defined in the Final Declarations of the 1986 and 1991 Review Conferences of the States Parties to the BTWC." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.4
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.4 20 October 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "IMPROVING THE PROCESS OF CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "Submitted by France on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. RESULTS DECEPCIONANTS OF CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "1. Confidence-building measures, provided for in articles V and X of the Convention, aimed at enhancing transparency and improving the implementation of the Convention, were established at the Second Review Conference in 1986 and continued to be developed at the Third Review Conference in 1991. As indicated in the study annexed to the present document, the results of confidence-building measures have not met the initial expectations:", "(i) States that make statements on confidence-building measures do not usually fill out forms (incoherent responses, incomplete, etc.) satisfactorily, making it difficult to extract clear information from them.", "(ii) In general, very few States parties make such statements (between 33 and 45 statements per year, out of a total of 155 States parties to the Convention; 90 States have never submitted a declaration). Therefore, the objective of transparency underpinning confidence-building measures has not been satisfactorily achieved.", "(iii) The EU therefore proposes some corrective measures to enhance the effectiveness of confidence-building measures. Some could be agreed at the Review Conference and others could be considered at a meeting of experts after the Review Conference as part of the subsequent work programme.", "II. EU PROPOSALS FOR THE SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE", "2. In order to advance towards universality, the EU supports two categories of measures aimed at improving the process of confidence-building measures, which could be discussed at the Review Conference, namely, technical improvements and political incentives.", "Technical improvements", "3. Multiple options questionnaires could be more important to facilitate the task of government agencies responsible for submitting confidence-building measures. In fact, administrative difficulties in many cases are likely to explain why statements on confidence-building measures are not presented.", "4. A computerized form on confidence-building measures (with or without multiple options questionnaires) could standardize statements and facilitate the work of official agencies, while avoiding limiting the scope of responses. All questions would be retained and responses would be integrated into electronic data fields.", "5. If confidence-building measures were presented electronically, the transmission of statements to the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs (DAD) could also be expedited and facilitated. However, a secure electronic transmission system would be required.", "6. Finally, States parties in a position to do so could support other States parties seeking assistance in providing their forms on confidence-building measures. Requests and offers of assistance could be processed through the Convention secretariat.", "Political incentives", "7. Reminders sent by DAD to all States Parties to submit their confidence-building measures: In addition to the reminder sent by depositary States, it would not be difficult for the Convention secretariat to send reminders to all States Parties of the timetable for confidence-building measures. States parties could be invited to designate a contact to which reminders should be sent. If necessary, other reminders could be sent after the deadline of 15 April.", "8. Additional Annual Reminder of the Secretary-General of the United Nations: In January of each year, the Secretary-General of the United Nations could send a communication to all States parties, to remind them of the timetable for confidence-building measures and to encourage them to send statements to DAD by 15 April of the following year.", "9. The EU believes that these changes could be introduced in the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. OTHER EU PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING THE PROCESS OF CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "10. Currently, confidence-building measures consist of two parties: a preliminary statement to clarify the content of the statement on confidence-building measures, and specific forms A to G.", "Preliminary statement", "11. In its current state, it only increases confusion. More clarity is needed. The phrases \"nothing to declare\" or \"nothing new to declare\" are not enough, as the responses of the States Parties are not always clear. If the State party marks \"no new than to declare\":", "(i) And fill in the corresponding form: it might be assumed that the information refers to the previous year;", "(ii) And do not fill in the corresponding form: it may be assumed that the information of the previous year is still valid.", "Therefore, it seems that at least two different responses can be given to the same situation.", "12. On the other hand, if the State party marks \"nothing to declare\":", "(i) It would be logical to assume that the State party was not pointing out anything, which was what some did;", "(ii) But when the relevant form is filled, the interpretation is ambiguous: does the State party consider that the information is irrelevant?", "Therefore, once again there are two ways of responding to the same situation.", "13. In addition, in the same section some states indicate that they do not have \"nothing to declare\" and also that they do not have \"nothing new to declare\", which seems paradoxical.", "14. From one State to another, the congruence between the preliminary declaration and the topics noted in the forms varies greatly:", "(i) A few States fill a very limited number of fields, with the justification that they have nothing to declare;", "(ii) Instead, others fill a very limited number of fields without justifying it by adding the statement (nothing new to declare).", "15. In short, despite the purpose assigned to it in 1991, the declaration \"nothing to declare\" or \"nothing to declare\" does not simplify the reading of confidence-building measures but makes it more confusing. With some specific changes in the preliminary statement, it would make it easier to understand confidence-building measures.", "Proposals to clarify the preliminary statement", "16. The following examples could serve to reformulate the preliminary declaration and disappear the ambiguities it currently presents:", "Does your country have anything to declare this year about Part I of Measure A?", "(a) Yes, you have something to declare on this form for the first time (please complete the form);", "(b) Yes, you have previously stated something in this form and you need to submit new information or modify the above (please complete the form);", "(c) Yes, but the information has already been submitted since [year] and has not changed; (it is not necessary to complete the form);", "(d) No, it has nothing to declare in this form[2].", "The four questions could be reiterated in forms A to G (including all parts of forms A and B).", "A to G Form Questions", "17. The quality of the answers to the questions contained in the forms varies greatly from one State to another and from one section to another. Therefore, with new \"implementation procedures\" the agreed Third Review Conference could be complemented or clarified:", "(i) Confidence-building measures \"A\": The Third Review Conference called for information on research centres and laboratories to comply with very strict national or international security standards \"for example, those considered to be biosafety level 4 (BL4) or P4, or equivalent levels.\" It is necessary to ensure that the formula is unequivocal, clarifying that level 4 laboratories need to be included, without limiting States wishing to include other laboratories that comply with very strict safety standards.", "(ii) Confidence-building measures \"C\": To the very extent and not so much in the way of interpreting it, the following clarifications could be included, in order to establish a clear distinction between \"publication\" and \"politics regarding publication\":", "\"Encouraging the publication of results and promoting the use of knowledge", "4.1. Publications of research centres and laboratories dealing with confidence-building measures.", "4.2. Policy on the publication of the results of biological research. \"", "(iii) Confidence-building measures \"D\": Two titles could be foreseen in the implementation procedures: the seminars already completed and the seminars planned. In fact, it would be easier for States parties to fill this section if it were retrospective and not just prospective.", "18. If necessary, these and perhaps other amendments to the preliminary declaration adopted in the Final Declaration of 1991 and the forms of confidence-building measures could be considered and agreed at an intersessional meeting devoted to confidence-building measures to give them consideration to the Seventh Review Conference.", "Annex", "[ENGLISH and FRENCH ONLY]", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES: ANNUAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE BY STATES PARTIES", "(REPORTS 2000-2005)", "I. Introduction", "1. At the Second Review Conference of the BTWC in 1986, the States Parties agreed to implement some measures intended to strengthen compliance with the Convention and to improve transparency. These were extended at the Third Review Conference in 1991. These confidence-building measures (CBMs) consist of an annual exchange of data and information, as well as declarations of past and present activities of relevance to the Convention.", "2. In November 2006, the Sixth Review Conference of the BTWC will take place in Geneva and the question of strengthening the CBM mechanism will be one of the issues of interest.", "This report is therefore an overview of the information submitted by States Parties to the BWC from 2000 to 2005.", "II. General trends", "General participation in the exchange since 2000:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 40 40 41 33 43 46 contributions", "[]", "These figures are approximately at the same level as during the previous decade (1990-2000) when the number of contributions varied from 31 (1990) to 53 (1996).", "Between 2000 and 2005:", "In other words, only a minority of States are involved in this exchange of information.", "Every year, less than a third of States Parties to the Convention submit a declaration.", "III. Trends in regional groups", "Trends in the Western Group", "The Western group is composed of 32 States Parties to the BTWC.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 22 22 21 16 22 24 contributions", "% of States participating 69% 69% 66% 50% 69% 75%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Western group States in the period:", "[]", "Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New-Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States", "Belgium, France, Japan, Spain", "Iceland, Monaco, Portugal.", "Trends in the Eastern Group", "This group is composed of 24 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 12 13 13 13 15 13 13 contributions", "% of States participating 50% 54% 54% 54% 63% 54%", "[]", "Number of contributions by Eastern group States in the period:", "[]", "Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia.", "Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.", "FYROM, Tajikistan", "Trends in the group of non-aligned and other States:", "This group is composed of 98 States Parties.", "Evolution of participation in this group:", "Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005", "Number of States 6 5 7 4 6 9 contributions", "% of States participating 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 9%", "[]", "Number of contributions by States in the period:", "[]", "China, Cuba", "Tunisia, Turkmenistan", "Analysis", "3. These figures allow us to reach two main conclusions:", "(1) The level of participation in each group is quite constant:", "contributions can be observed over the past two years, but it remains below the highest point reached in 1996 (53).", "(2) There are significant differences in the different groups’ level of participation.", "The participation level is especially low in the non-aligned and other States group. In this group, many States have given information only once. About 10 % of them (10 States) have done so since 2000. But many participated once (or twice) in the 80s/90s. That includes 27 (about a third) of the 82 States that have not submitted any data since 2000. Therefore, over 40 % of these States have participated in the exchange at least once in the past. They may consider that participating once is enough if they have nothing more to say.", "IV. Qualitative analysis", "4. After having studied the number of contributions (quantitative analysis), we can now adopt an analytic point of view. This allows us to make different observations. Firstly, some remarks have to be made on the following concepts: “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare”:", "(i) The form is divided into 11 different kinds of measures and questions that States have to answer. A simple pro forma gives States the opportunity to tick boxes labelled “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” for each CBM. The existence of this introductory Declaration Form is beneficial as a way to buy time, but States seem to have different understandings of these expressions. Indeed, most States do not submit any information on the measures in respect of which they have ticked one of these boxes, but it is not the case for all of them.", "(ii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing new to declare”, this generally means that they are giving the same information as previous years.", "(iii) When States submit data while indicating “nothing to declare”, the situation is more ambiguous. This probably means that these answers are insignificant and/or do not pose any problems regarding compliance with the Convention.", "But these are only assumptions and one cannot be sure regarding the States’ understanding of these concepts. There is no clear definition of these notions. A clarification would be useful.", "5. Secondly, one can note a great variety regarding the quality of the forms. Although a majority of States fill out the form in a substantive manner, this is not the case for all of them:", "(i) A small number of States answer a minority of answers without justifying it by indicating “nothing to declare” or “nothing new to declare.”", "(ii) A greater number of them indicate “nothing to declare” for a lot of CBMs and therefore generally deliver little information. It is difficult to determine whether they have effectively “nothing to declare” or whether it is an issue of willingness.", "(iii) Some others indicate “nothing new to declare” for a lot of CBMs. In theory, this means that the information has been delivered in a previous report, but it is difficult and time-consuming to check.", "(iv) Some others tick both kinds of boxes, which raises the same issues. Some even only tick boxes in the Introduction Declaration Form without submitting further information.", "V. Conclusions", "6. Participation in the exchange is limited. Every year, in the 90s as well as since 2000, less than one-third of States Parties submitted data. Efforts should therefore aim at increasing this level of participation and we can note that the strengthening of the mechanism at the September 1991 Third Review Conference allowed a slight improvement of the participation level which rose from 41 in 1991 to 53 in 1996.", "If participation is not general for any regional groups, the nonaligned and other States group appears to be the one where it is lowest.", "7. The quality of the declarations submitted also fluctuates greatly. This is another issue that could be tackled.", "8. The meaning of the two concepts “nothing to declare” and “nothing new to declare” is moreover unclear and a redefinition would be useful. The repeated use of the box “nothing new to declare” is particularly confusing. It means - at least in theory - that the information has been delivered in a previous report. Therefore, in order to facilitate the research of information, it would be useful to ask States to specify when the data was submitted, which has not been the case to date.", "[1] It includes a series of supplementary documents submitted by EU member States for consideration by States parties. The acceding countries Bulgaria and Romania, the candidate countries Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the stabilization and association process countries and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova support this document.", "GE.06-64651 (E) 061106 091106", "[2] Having nothing to declare means the following: There is neither any activity to declare and that could justify the submission of data or any information, in accordance with the final declarations of the 1986 and 1991 Review Conferences of the States Parties to the Convention." ]
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.5", "20 de octubre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL", "Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "ARTÍCULO X DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAS ARMAS BACTERIOLÓGICAS Y TOXÍNICAS", "Presentado por Finlandia en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN", "1. El 20 de marzo de 2006, la Unión Europea (UE) adoptó la Posición Común 2006/242/PESC, en que se esbozan los objetivos y prioridades de la UE sobre la Conferencia de Examen de 2006 de la Convención sobre armas biológicas y toxínicas. El artículo 3 de la Posición Común se refiere a propuestas concretas, prácticas y viables para mejorar efectivamente la aplicación de la Convención que la UE elaborará para que los Estados Partes las examinen en la Conferencia de Examen. Este documento de trabajo integra la mencionada serie de propuestas y debe considerarse parte de un enfoque general de la UE para fortalecer la Convención y su aplicación.", "II. ARTÍCULO X DE LA CONVENCIÓN", "2. El Artículo X de la Convención estipula que los Estados Partes en la Convención se comprometen a facilitar el intercambio de equipo, materiales e información para utilizar con fines pacíficos los agentes bacteriológicos (biológicos), y la cooperación científica en ese campo, y tienen el derecho de participar en ese intercambio. Además, establece que la Convención se aplicará de manera que no ponga obstáculos al desarrollo de los Estados Partes o a la cooperación internacional en la esfera de las actividades bacteriológicas (biológicas) pacíficas. Cuando se examinó la aplicación del artículo X en las anteriores Conferencias de Examen de la Convención, se esbozaron una serie de principios, objetivos y medidas para mejorar la aplicación.", "3. En la Sexta Conferencia de Examen se examinará el artículo X cuando se pase revista a todos los artículos de la Convención. Desde que se celebró la Quinta Conferencia de Examen, no sólo las ciencias biológicas y la biotecnología han avanzado rápidamente, sino que han ocurrido varios acontecimientos a nivel mundial, regional y nacional que se relacionan estrechamente con el artículo X. En este documento de trabajo se hace el balance de esos acontecimientos y se examinan algunas medidas relacionadas con el artículo X que podrían aprobarse en la Sexta Conferencia de Examen.", "III. HECHOS RECIENTES RELACIONADOS CON LA APLICACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO X", "4. Habida cuenta de la gran variedad de actividades biológicas que se realizan con fines pacíficos y de la intensidad de la cooperación internacional en ese campo, aquí se destacan sólo algunas de las últimas novedades a ese respecto:", "i) La reunión de los Estados Partes en la Convención, de diciembre de 2004, y la Reunión de Expertos preparatoria de ésta, de julio de 2004, que se consideraron un éxito en lo referente a examinar y promover criterios comunes y actividades eficaces de vigilancia, detección y diagnóstico de enfermedades infecciosas y de lucha contra esas enfermedades;", "ii) Los esfuerzos de la OMS para mejorar su capacidad en la esfera de las enfermedades relacionadas con posibles agentes de armas biológicas tras la adopción, en la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud de 2001 y 2002, de las resoluciones sobre la seguridad sanitaria mundial y sobre la preparación y respuesta de salud pública al uso deliberado de agentes biológicos y químicos o de material radionuclear que afecten a la salud, y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de la FAO, la Oficina Internacional de Epizootias (OIE) y la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria en ese campo;", "iii) La revisión, en 2005, del Reglamento Sanitario Internacional, que se aplicará a partir de 2007;", "iv) La entrada en vigor, en 2003, del Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biotecnología y el ulterior establecimiento de un mecanismo de intercambio de información, con un componente de fomento de la capacidad, para garantizar que todas las Partes en el Protocolo puedan aplicar sus disposiciones y facilitar el intercambio de información sobre la seguridad de la biotecnología;", "v) Otras iniciativas de carácter intergubernamental y no gubernamental en el campo de la biotecnología y la biodiversidad a nivel mundial y regional, como el Centro Internacional de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Filogenéticos, actividades conexas que realizan el PNUMA, la UNESCO, la ONUDI, y el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial del PNUD, el PNUMA y el Banco Mundial, las iniciativas de la OCDE en el campo de la biotecnología, incluido el posible establecimiento de una red mundial de centros de recursos de biotecnología y las iniciativas de varias organizaciones y redes no gubernamentales;", "vi) Los vigorosos esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional para luchar contra la propagación de la gripe aviar.", "vii) El rápido aumento de la cooperación internacional en materia de biología y biotecnología en el sector privado, que facilita mucho las oportunidades de intercambiar tecnología e información para prevenir enfermedades o para otros fines pacíficos.", "5. La Unión Europea y sus Estados miembros han participado activamente en las tareas mundiales mencionadas y, además, han tomado una serie de medidas concretas que apoyan la aplicación del artículo X de la Convención, a saber:", "i) La puesta en práctica de la iniciativa de la UE de 2002 titulada \"Ciencias de la vida y biotecnología - Una estrategia para Europa\" y su Plan de Acción que abarca la cooperación internacional y las responsabilidades de Europa con el mundo en desarrollo (véase el anexo I, en inglés únicamente).", "ii) El establecimiento en 2005 del Centro Europeo de Prevención y Control de las Enfermedades, cuyo mandato también incluye la ayuda a terceros países.", "iii) Los compromisos de cooperación para el desarrollo de la UE en varios sectores pertinentes, de la salud y la agricultura a la ayuda para el cumplimiento de los requisitos sanitarios y fitosanitarios, siendo la UE y sus Estados miembros el mayor proveedor de ayuda para el desarrollo del mundo.", "iv) La política de educación e investigación de la UE, en especial los programas de cooperación en el campo de la educación superior, las actividades de cooperación internacional integradas en los programas marco de investigación de la UE y la investigación financiada por la UE, en especial en materia de bioseguridad, enfermedades infecciosas y biotecnología.", "v) La ayuda de la UE en situaciones de emergencia, como el tsunami de Asia. En esa ocasión, se prestó atención primaria de la salud a 90.000 personas, y se proporcionaron agua potable e instalaciones de saneamiento a más de 880.000 personas.", "6. La Sexta Conferencia de Examen debería reconocer los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación del artículo X, así como la contribución a la efectiva aplicación del artículo X de las actividades mencionadas anteriormente, y de otras actividades en curso de carácter internacional, regional, bilateral y nacional.", "IV. VIGILANCIA, DETECCIÓN Y DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS, Y MEDIDAS DE LUCHA", "7. La UE acoge con satisfacción la labor preparatoria realizada para la Reunión de los Estados Partes de 2004, las deliberaciones de la reunión y las conclusiones a que se llegó, en especial el documento de síntesis preparado por el Presidente[2] y los documentos de antecedentes proporcionados por la secretaría[3].", "8. En la Sexta Conferencia de Examen, los Estados Partes deberían reafirmar las conclusiones de la Reunión de los Estados Partes de 2004[4] y acordar las siguientes medidas:", "i) Los Estados Partes deberían seguir fortaleciendo las organizaciones y redes internacionales existentes, en especial la OMS, la FAO, la OIE y la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria, y las entidades no gubernamentales que trabajan en el campo de las enfermedades infecciosas.", "ii) Los Estados Partes deberían promover la cooperación y la complementariedad entre las organizaciones mencionadas anteriormente, en el ámbito de sus respectivos mandatos.", "iii) Los Estados Partes deberían reafirmar que el fortalecimiento de los programas de la OMS, la FAO, la OIE y la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria sobre las enfermedades relacionadas con posibles agentes de armas biológicas debe ajustarse estrictamente a sus respectivos mandatos. Los Estados Partes deberían observar que el papel de esas organizaciones se limita a los aspectos epidemiológicos y de sanidad pública, animal y vegetal de todo brote de enfermedades, pero reconocer el valor añadido del intercambio de información con ellas.", "iv) Los Estados Partes, reconociendo que un sistema asistencial eficiente es la clave para garantizar una preparación y respuesta adecuadas ante brotes de enfermedades, deberían seguir creando y mejorando la capacidad nacional y regional para reconocer, detectar, diagnosticar y combatir las enfermedades infecciosas e integrar esas tareas en los planes nacionales de emergencia y gestión en casos de desastre. En lo que se refiere a las especialidades, debería alentarse a los Estados Partes a que estudien mecanismos innovadores que ayuden a utilizar de manera óptima los escasos recursos (véanse los ejemplos del anexo II (sólo en inglés), sobre el programa \"Foresight\" del Reino Unido y del anexo III (sólo en inglés), sobre el Centro de Finlandia de preparación para las amenazas bacteriológicas).", "v) Los Estados Partes deberían utilizar las normas, directrices y recomendaciones existentes siempre que sea posible. En particular, deberían intentar por todos los medios aplicar las buenas prácticas de laboratorio y las buenas prácticas clínicas de la OMS, las buenas prácticas de gestión de emergencias de la FAO, y las buenas prácticas de vigilancia de la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria.", "vi) Los Estados Partes deberían esforzarse para mejorar la comunicación sobre la vigilancia de las enfermedades a todos los niveles, en especial con la OMS, la FAO, la OIE, la Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y también entre ellos mismos, utilizando además la información procedente de fuentes de la sociedad civil.", "vii) Los Estados Partes que estén en condiciones de hacerlo deberían seguir apoyando, directamente y por conducto de organizaciones internacionales, el fomento de la capacidad en los Estados Partes que necesiten asistencia en las esferas de la vigilancia, la detección, el diagnóstico y la lucha en lo que se refiere a las enfermedades infecciosas, y las investigaciones conexas.", "viii) Los Estados Partes deberían promover el desarrollo y la producción de vacunas, en especial mediante la cooperación internacional y las asociaciones entre el sector público y el privado.", "ix) Los Estados Partes deberían seguir intercambiando experiencias y prácticas óptimas a ese respecto y, en particular, estudiar la posibilidad de deliberar sobre la detección de organismos patógenos y la respuesta a epidemias en tiempo real en la reunión entre los períodos de sesiones de la Conferencia.", "V. OTRAS MEDIDAS PARA MEJORAR LA APLICACIÓN DEL ARTÍCULO X", "9. Las anteriores Conferencias de Examen de la Convención han dado lugar a un amplio entendimiento común sobre las medidas necesarias para aplicar el artículo X, lo que se ha plasmado, entre otras cosas, en la Declaración Final de la Cuarta Conferencia de Examen. En la Sexta Conferencia de Examen, los Estados Partes deberían examinar esos entendimientos con vistas a reconfirmarlos, y prestar particular atención a lo siguiente:", "i) Una mayor conciencia de los riesgos del terrorismo biológico exige de todos los Estados Partes respuestas urgentes y firmes, para aplicar, a nivel nacional, los compromisos asumidos en la Convención. A fin de establecer una interdependencia entre el fortalecimiento de la bioseguridad y la promoción de las ciencias biológicas y la biotecnología, los Estados Partes deberían reconocer que la eficaz aplicación de la Convención en todos los países del mundo es imprescindible para aprovechar plenamente el enorme potencial de la biología para fines pacíficos.", "ii) Reconociendo el importante papel del sector privado en la transferencia de tecnología y de información, los Estados Partes deberían contar cada vez más con las entidades del sector privado en las tareas encaminadas a mejorar la aplicación del artículo X a nivel nacional, regional e internacional.", "iii) El examen del funcionamiento del artículo X en ulteriores Conferencias de Examen se beneficiará de la información más completa sobre su aplicación, en especial las necesidades señaladas y las tareas realizadas por los Estados Partes. Los Estados Partes deberían intercambiar esa información voluntariamente y la secretaría debería facilitar ese intercambio.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "EXTRACT FROM: LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, 27 JANUARY 2002 (COM(2002) 27 FINAL)", "A European Agenda for International Collaboration", "Action 24", "The Commission should continue to play a leading role in developing international guidelines, standards and recommendations in relevant sectors, based on international scientific consensus and, in particular, push for the development of a consistent, science-based, focused, transparent, inclusive and integrated international system dealing with food safety issues.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Europe’s Responsibilities Towards the Developing World", "Agriculture", "Action 25", "The Commission will in co-operation with Member States support:", "(i) The redefining of national research towards an appropriate mix of traditional techniques and new technologies, based on priorities developed with local farmers.", "(ii) The establishment of effective research partnerships between public and private research organisations in developing countries and in the EU, and the adequate capacity and infrastructure for developing countries to enter into such partnerships, in accordance with international commitments under the Conventions.", "(iii) Sub-regional, regional and international organisations, in particular the International Agricultural Research Centres.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Genetic resources", "Action 26", "The Commission and the Member States will support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources in developing countries and their equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use by:", "(i) Supporting the development and enforcement of effective measures to conserve, to use sustainably and to provide access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as to share equitably the benefit arising from them, including income generated by intellectual property protection. Support for local communities is vital to conserve indigenous knowledge and genetic resources.", "(ii) Supporting the participation of delegates from developing countries in the negotiations of relevant International Conventions.", "(iii) Supporting measures to promote greater regional co-ordination in legislation to minimise disparities in access, benefits and also trade in products derived from genetic resources, in accordance with international commitments.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Health", "Action 27", "The Commission and the Member States should work with the international community to concretise the commitment to research to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other main poverty-related diseases and also identify effective measures to support developing countries in establishing the structures needed to deploy a health policy.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Responsible and careful use", "Action 28", "The Commission should support:", "(i) The safe and effective use of modern biotechnologies in developing countries, based on their autonomous choice and on their national development strategies.", "(ii) Measures to increase the capacity of developing countries to assess and manage risk for man and the environment, under conditions prevailing in the country.", "(iii) The development of appropriate administrative, legislative and regulatory measures in the developing countries, for the proper implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.", "(iv) That international research on social, economical and environmental impacts are effectively adapted to take into account conditions prevailing in developing countries and that the findings are subsequently disseminated to them in an appropriate format.", "(v) That the international regulatory requirements remain manageable by developing countries, so as not to impede their trade and production prospects.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UK: FORESIGHT.", "INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE", "1. The 'Foresight' programme is owned by the Office of Science and Innovation in the United Kingdom with the aim of producing challenging visions of the future in order to ensure effective strategies now. It has produced reports in several different areas. One of its most recent projects was on infectious diseases and it aimed to use the best available science to evaluate the threats of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants over the next 10-25 years; and to produce a vision for their management, specifically through systems for detection, identification and monitoring. The project involved more than 300 scientists, experts and stakeholders from around 30 countries. The project findings, which are available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_and_Identification_of_Infectious_Diseases/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Executive_Summary.pdf, provide a considerable body of scientific analysis and fresh insights to inform policy development by the relevant stakeholders at both national and international levels.", "2. The project resulted in the development of an action plan, which includes, inter alia:", "(i) Building a more sustained, pro-active and integrated approach to international surveillance for infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants;", "(ii) Developing effective and sustainable partnerships between richer and poorer countries that help provide infrastructure, technologies and skills to support detection, identification and monitoring activities, specifically the UK and Africa;", "(iii) A wide range of stakeholders will need to act together if the benefits are to be realised.", "3. Participants in the action plan include national and international bodies concerned with infectious diseases, and research funders.", "4. Under the auspices of the project a Pan-African Workshop was held in Uganda in August 2005, in collaboration with leading African experts. The project report notes that: \"In August 2005, a ground-breaking workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, concerning the future of infectious disease in Africa. This event was unprecedented in Africa and perhaps worldwide, since it brought together leading disease experts spanning plant, animal and human health. The aim was to take a fresh look at this crucial topic and to inject fresh thinking. The event involved experts from 14 African countries, African institutions, and important international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation. The event generated a wealth of expert advice about the future challenges facing Africa, and options for response.\"", "Annex III", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "FINNISH CENTRE FOR BIOTHREAT PREPAREDNESS", "1. The Finnish Strategy to Secure Vital Functions of Society from November 2003 defined vital functions of Finnish society and established targets and development policies that would guide each administrative branch of the government in dealing with its strategic tasks. The strategy called for cooperation between each government sector in combating new threats towards society. According to the Government Report on Finnish Security and Defence Policy of 2004, terrorism and epidemics caused by infectious diseases were listed as key threats affecting national security.", "2. Based on the above resolutions, the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness started operation in Helsinki in May 2005. The Centre, which will initially employ eight experts, is a centre of excellence for Finnish scientific and laboratory know-how on biological defence, as well as on biothreat assessment and preparedness. The Centre will actively seek domestic and international collaboration. The Centre is composed of two Units; the Biological Defence Unit of the Finnish Defence Forces, and the Biological Threat Unit of the National Public Health Institute, where scientific work will be carried out in a special biological safety laboratory (BSL-3).", "3. The Finnish Defence Forces are developing their Territorial and Operational NBC Defence units for National Defence, as well as a NBC Detachment for the EU Battle Groups and other international tasks. The NBC Detachment will be equipped with a deployable, diagnostic biological and chemical (BC) laboratory. This field laboratory is under development and it will be operational in 2008.", "4. The development of the Deployable BC Field Laboratory is led by Army Staff in cooperation with the Defence Forces Technical Research Centre and the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, together with the Centre of Military Medicine. One of the Biothreat Centre’s initial operational tasks will be to establish the biosafety and microbial identification requirements for the BC laboratory. To achieve this, international collaboration with other countries as well as domestic collaboration between expert organisations is needed. The techniques that are developed for microbial identification are primarily based on molecular amplification of microbial genes to ensure laboratory safety and rapidity of the assays. Early microbiological diagnosis will enable timely medical intervention, before onset of possible severe clinical symptoms of those exposed to deliberate release of selected agents.", "[1] El presente documento forma parte de una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por los Estados miembros de la UE para su examen por los Estados Partes. Los países en vías de adhesión Bulgaria y Rumania, los países candidatos Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, los países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y posibles candidatos Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Serbia, así como Ucrania y la República de Moldova respaldan este documento.", "GE.06-64658 (S) 071106 071106", "[2] Síntesis de las consideraciones, lecciones, perspectivas, recomendaciones, conclusiones y propuestas extraídas de las ponencias, declaraciones, documento de trabajo e intervenciones de las delegaciones sobre los temas examinados en la Reunión de Expertos, BWC/MSP/2004/3, anexo III.", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1, BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2.", "[4] BWC/MSP/2004/3." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.520 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ARTICLE X", "OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Finland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The European Union adopted, on 20 March 2006, a Common Position 2006/242/CFSP outlining the objectives and priorities of the EU for the 2006 Review Conference of the BTWC. The Common Position, in its Article 3, makes reference to specific, practical and feasible proposals for the effective enhancement of the implementation of the BTWC that the EU will prepare for consideration by States Parties at the Review Conference. This working paper is one of the above-mentioned series of proposals and should be considered as one element of an overall EU approach to strengthening the BTWC and its implementation.", "II. BTWC Article X", "2. BTWC Article X grants the States Parties to the Convention the right to participate in, and the undertaking to facilitate, the exchange of equipment, materials and information for the use of biological agents for peaceful purposes, as well as scientific cooperation in the field. Further, Article X states that the implementation of the BTWC should avoid hampering the development of its States Parties or international cooperation in the field of peaceful biological activities. Previous Review Conferences of the Convention have, when reviewing the implementation of Article X, outlined a number of principles, objectives and measures to enhance implementation.", "3. The Sixth Review Conference will, as part of the article-by-article review of the operation of the Convention, address Article X. Since the Fifth Review Conference, besides the rapid advances in biosciences and biotechnology, a number of developments highly relevant to Article X have taken place at the global, regional and national level. This working paper takes stock of relevant developments and discusses possible actions related to Article X to be agreed at the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. Recent developments relevant to Article X implementation", "4. Given the wide range of peaceful biological activities and the depth of international cooperation on these issues, only a limited number of recent relevant developments are highlighted here:", "(i) Meeting of States Parties to the BTWC in December 2004, and its preparatory Meeting of Experts in July 2004, that were considered to be highly successful in discussing and promoting common understanding and effective action on surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases.", "(ii) WHO efforts to enhance its capacities in the area of diseases related to possible biological weapons agents following the adoption, at the World Health Assembly in 2001 and 2002, of the resolutions on global health security and on public health preparedness and response to deliberate use of biological and chemical agents or radionuclear material that affect health, as well as the strengthening of FAO, OIE and IPPC capacities in this field.", "(iii) Revision, in 2005, of the International Health Regulations, to be implemented as from 2007.", "(iv) Entry into force, in 2003, of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the subsequent establishment of a Clearing-House Mechanism, with a capacity-building component, to ensure that all Parties to the Protocol can implement its provisions and facilitate information-sharing on biosafety.", "(v) Other ongoing inter-governmental and non-governmental efforts in the field of biotechnology and biodiversity at global and regional level such as the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, related work at UNEP, UNESCO, UNIDO, and the UNDP/UNEP/World Bank Global Environment Facility, OECD biotechnology initiatives, including the possible establishment of a Global Biological Resource Centre Network, as well as the initiatives of several non-governmental organisations and networks.", "(vi) The vigorous efforts of the international community to combat the spread of avian influenza.", "(vii) The rapid growth of international biological and biotechnological cooperation in the private sector, which greatly facilitates opportunities for exchange of technology and information for the prevention of disease or for other peaceful purposes.", "5. The European Union, and its Member States, have actively participated in the above-mentioned global endeavours and, in addition, have undertaken a number of specific actions that support the implementation of BTWC Article X, including:", "(i) Implementation of the 2002 EU Strategy on Life Sciences and Biotechnology and the related Action Plan, which also covers international cooperation and Europe's responsibilities towards the developing world (see Annex I, in English only).", "(ii) Establishment, in 2005, of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control whose mandate also covers assistance to third countries.", "(iii) EU development cooperation commitments in several relevant sectors, from health and agriculture to assistance in complying with sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, the EU and its Member States being the biggest provider of development assistance in the world.", "(iv) EU education and research policy, notably cooperation programmes in the field of higher education, international cooperation activities integrated in the EU Framework Programmes for Research, and EU-funded research notably in the fields of biosecurity, infectious diseases and biotechnology.", "(v) EU assistance in emergency situations, such as the Asian tsunami where 90 000 people were provided with primary health services and more than 880 000 people were provided with safe water and sanitation facilities.", "6. The Sixth Review Conference should acknowledge the progress made with Article X implementation, and recognise the contribution of the abovementioned and other ongoing international, regional, bilateral and national efforts towards effective implementation of Article X.", "IV. Surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases", "7. The EU welcomes the preparatory work undertaken for, the discussions at, and the conclusions of the 2004 Meeting of States Parties, in particular the Synthesis Paper of the Chair[2] and the background documents provided by the Secretariat[3].", "8. At the Sixth Review Conference, States Parties should reaffirm the conclusions of the Meeting of States Parties of 2004[4] and agree on the following actions:", "(i) States Parties should continue strengthening existing international organisations and networks, in particular those of the WHO, FAO, OIE and IPPC as well as non-governmental actors working on infectious diseases.", "(ii) States Parties should promote cooperation and complementarity between the above-mentioned organisations, each acting within its mandate.", "(iii) States Parties should reaffirm that the strengthening of WHO, FAO, OIE and IPPC programmes on diseases related to possible biological weapons agents should be undertaken strictly within the mandates of these organisations. States Parties should note that the role of these organisations is limited to the epidemiological and public/animal/plant health aspects of any disease outbreak, but recognise the added value of information exchange with them.", "(iv) While recognising that a well-functioning health services system is the key to ensuring adequate preparedness and response to disease outbreaks, States Parties should continue establishing and/or improving national and regional capabilities to survey, detect, diagnose and combat infectious diseases and integrate these efforts in national emergency and disaster management plans. For specialist capabilities, States Parties should be encouraged to explore innovative arrangements that help to optimise use of scarce resources (as an example, see Annex II (English only) on the UK’s 'Foresight' programme and Annex III (English only) on the Finnish Centre for Biological Threat Preparedness).", "(v) States Parties should use existing standards, guidelines, and recommendations wherever possible. In particular, States Parties should endeavour to implement WHO Good Laboratory Practices and Good Clinical Practice, FAO Good Emergency Management Practice and IPPC Good Surveillance Practice.", "(vi) States Parties should work to improve communication on disease surveillance at all levels, including with the WHO, FAO, OIE, IPPC and non-governmental organisations, and among States Parties, also making use of information from civil society sources.", "(vii) States Parties in a position to do so should continue supporting, directly as well as through international organisations, capacity-building in States Parties in need of assistance in the fields of surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases and related research.", "(viii) States Parties should promote vaccine development and production, including through international cooperation and public-private partnerships.", "(ix) States Parties should continue exchanging experiences and best practices in the field and, in particular, consider discussing during the BTWC intersessional meeting for the period 2007-10 detection of pathogens and response to epidemics in real time.", "V. Further actions to enhance implementation of Article X", "9. Earlier Review Conferences of the BTWC have resulted in a broad common understanding on the action needed to implement Article X, reflected, inter alia, in the Final Declaration of the Fourth Review Conference. At the Sixth Review Conference, States Parties should review those understandings with a view to reconfirming them, and pay particular attention to the following:", "(i) Heightened consciousness of the risks of biological terrorism calls for urgent and vigorous efforts, by all States Parties, to domestically implement BTWC commitments. With a view to the interdependence between strengthening biosecurity and promoting biological sciences and biotechnology, States Parties should recognise that effective national implementation of the Convention worldwide is essential to fully harness the vast potential of biology for peaceful purposes.", "(ii) Recognising the important role of the private sector in the transfer of technology and information, States Parties should increasingly engage private sector actors in efforts that enhance the implementation of Article X at the national, regional and international levels.", "(iii) The review of the operation of Article X in subsequent Review Conferences would benefit from more comprehensive information on the implementation of Article X, including needs identified and efforts undertaken by States Parties. States Parties should share this information with other States Parties on a voluntary basis with the Secretariat facilitating this information exchange.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "EXTRACT FROM: LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, 27 JANUARY 2002 (COM(2002) 27 FINAL)", "A European Agenda for International Collaboration", "Action 24", "The Commission should continue to play a leading role in developing international guidelines, standards and recommendations in relevant sectors, based on international scientific consensus and, in particular, push for the development of a consistent, science-based, focused, transparent, inclusive and integrated international system dealing with food safety issues.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Europe’s Responsibilities Towards the Developing World", "Agriculture", "Action 25", "The Commission will in co-operation with Member States support:", "(i) The redefining of national research towards an appropriate mix of traditional techniques and new technologies, based on priorities developed with local farmers.", "(ii) The establishment of effective research partnerships between public and private research organisations in developing countries and in the EU, and the adequate capacity and infrastructure for developing countries to enter into such partnerships, in accordance with international commitments under the Conventions.", "(iii) Sub-regional, regional and international organisations, in particular the International Agricultural Research Centres.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Genetic resources", "Action 26", "The Commission and the Member States will support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources in developing countries and their equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use by:", "(i) Supporting the development and enforcement of effective measures to conserve, to use sustainably and to provide access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as to share equitably the benefit arising from them, including income generated by intellectual property protection. Support for local communities is vital to conserve indigenous knowledge and genetic resources.", "(ii) Supporting the participation of delegates from developing countries in the negotiations of relevant International Conventions.", "(iii) Supporting measures to promote greater regional co-ordination in legislation to minimise disparities in access, benefits and also trade in products derived from genetic resources, in accordance with international commitments.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Health", "Action 27", "The Commission and the Member States should work with the international community to concretise the commitment to research to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other main poverty-related diseases and also identify effective measures to support developing countries in establishing the structures needed to deploy a health policy.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Responsible and careful use", "Action 28", "The Commission should support:", "(i) The safe and effective use of modern biotechnologies in developing countries, based on their autonomous choice and on their national development strategies.", "(ii) Measures to increase the capacity of developing countries to assess and manage risk for man and the environment, under conditions prevailing in the country.", "(iii) The development of appropriate administrative, legislative and regulatory measures in the developing countries, for the proper implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.", "(iv) That international research on social, economical and environmental impacts are effectively adapted to take into account conditions prevailing in developing countries and that the findings are subsequently disseminated to them in an appropriate format.", "(v) That the international regulatory requirements remain manageable by developing countries, so as not to impede their trade and production prospects.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UK: FORESIGHT.", "INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE", "1. The 'Foresight' programme is owned by the Office of Science and Innovation in the United Kingdom with the aim of producing challenging visions of the future in order to ensure effective strategies now. It has produced reports in several different areas. One of its most recent projects was on infectious diseases and it aimed to use the best available science to evaluate the threats of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants over the next 10-25 years; and to produce a vision for their management, specifically through systems for detection, identification and monitoring. The project involved more than 300 scientists, experts and stakeholders from around 30 countries. The project findings, which are available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_and_Identification_of_Infectious_Diseases/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Executive_Summary.pdf, provide a considerable body of scientific analysis and fresh insights to inform policy development by the relevant stakeholders at both national and international levels.", "2. The project resulted in the development of an action plan, which includes, inter alia:", "(i) Building a more sustained, pro-active and integrated approach to international surveillance for infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants;", "(ii) Developing effective and sustainable partnerships between richer and poorer countries that help provide infrastructure, technologies and skills to support detection, identification and monitoring activities, specifically the UK and Africa;", "(iii) A wide range of stakeholders will need to act together if the benefits are to be realised.", "3. Participants in the action plan include national and international bodies concerned with infectious diseases, and research funders.", "4. Under the auspices of the project a Pan-African Workshop was held in Uganda in August 2005, in collaboration with leading African experts. The project report notes that: \"In August 2005, a ground-breaking workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, concerning the future of infectious disease in Africa. This event was unprecedented in Africa and perhaps worldwide, since it brought together leading disease experts spanning plant, animal and human health. The aim was to take a fresh look at this crucial topic and to inject fresh thinking. The event involved experts from 14 African countries, African institutions, and important international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation. The event generated a wealth of expert advice about the future challenges facing Africa, and options for response.\"", "Annex III", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "FINNISH CENTRE FOR BIOTHREAT PREPAREDNESS", "1. The Finnish Strategy to Secure Vital Functions of Society from November 2003 defined vital functions of Finnish society and established targets and development policies that would guide each administrative branch of the government in dealing with its strategic tasks. The strategy called for cooperation between each government sector in combating new threats towards society. According to the Government Report on Finnish Security and Defence Policy of 2004, terrorism and epidemics caused by infectious diseases were listed as key threats affecting national security.", "2. Based on the above resolutions, the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness started operation in Helsinki in May 2005. The Centre, which will initially employ eight experts, is a centre of excellence for Finnish scientific and laboratory know-how on biological defence, as well as on biothreat assessment and preparedness. The Centre will actively seek domestic and international collaboration. The Centre is composed of two Units; the Biological Defence Unit of the Finnish Defence Forces, and the Biological Threat Unit of the National Public Health Institute, where scientific work will be carried out in a special biological safety laboratory (BSL-3).", "3. The Finnish Defence Forces are developing their Territorial and Operational NBC Defence units for National Defence, as well as a NBC Detachment for the EU Battle Groups and other international tasks. The NBC Detachment will be equipped with a deployable, diagnostic biological and chemical (BC) laboratory. This field laboratory is under development and it will be operational in 2008.", "4. The development of the Deployable BC Field Laboratory is led by Army Staff in cooperation with the Defence Forces Technical Research Centre and the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, together with the Centre of Military Medicine. One of the Biothreat Centre’s initial operational tasks will be to establish the biosafety and microbial identification requirements for the BC laboratory. To achieve this, international collaboration with other countries as well as domestic collaboration between expert organisations is needed. The techniques that are developed for microbial identification are primarily based on molecular amplification of microbial genes to ensure laboratory safety and rapidity of the assays. Early microbiological diagnosis will enable timely medical intervention, before onset of possible severe clinical symptoms of those exposed to deliberate release of selected agents.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper.", "[2] Synthesis of considerations, lessons, perspectives, recommendations, conclusions and proposals drawn from the presentations, statements, working papers and interventions made by delegations on the topics under discussion at the meeting of experts, BWC/MSP/2004/3, Annex III", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1, BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2", "[4] BWC/MSP/2004/3" ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.5
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.5", "20 October 2006", "SPANISH", "Original:", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "ARTICLE X OF THE CONVENTION ON BACTERIOLOGICAL AND TOXINIC WEAPONS", "Submitted by Finland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. On 20 March 2006, the European Union (EU) adopted Common Position 2006/242/CFSP, which outlines the objectives and priorities of the EU on the 2006 Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Article 3 of the Common Position refers to concrete, practical and viable proposals to effectively improve the implementation of the Convention that the EU will develop for consideration by States parties at the Review Conference. This working paper integrates the aforementioned series of proposals and should be considered part of a comprehensive EU approach to strengthening the Convention and its implementation.", "II. ARTICLE X OF THE CONVENTION", "2. Article X of the Convention provides that States parties to the Convention undertake to facilitate the exchange of equipment, materials and information for peaceful uses of bacteriological (biological) agents and scientific cooperation in this field and have the right to participate in such exchange. It further states that the Convention shall be applied in a manner that does not hinder the development of States parties or international cooperation in the field of peaceful bacteriological (biological) activities. When the implementation of article X was discussed at previous Review Conferences of the Convention, a number of principles, objectives and measures were outlined to improve implementation.", "3. Article X will be considered at the Sixth Review Conference when all articles of the Convention are reviewed. Since the Fifth Review Conference, not only biological sciences and biotechnology have made rapid progress, but there have been several developments at the global, regional and national levels that are closely related to Article X. This working paper takes stock of these developments and examines some measures related to Article X that could be adopted at the Sixth Review Conference.", "III. RECENT ACTS RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE X", "4. In view of the wide range of biological activities being carried out for peaceful purposes and the intensity of international cooperation in that field, only some of the latest developments are highlighted here:", "(i) The meeting of States parties to the Convention of December 2004 and the Preparatory Expert Meeting of the Convention of July 2004, which were considered a success in examining and promoting common criteria and effective monitoring, detection and diagnosis of infectious and disease control activities;", "(ii) WHO &apos; s efforts to improve its capacity in the area of disease related to potential biological weapons agents following the adoption, at the World Health Assembly in 2001 and 2002, of the resolutions on global health security and on the preparation and response of public health to the deliberate use of biological and chemical agents or radionuclear material that affect health, and the strengthening of the capacity of FAO, the International Bureau for the Protection of Biological Weapons in the Area", "(iii) The 2005 revision of the International Health Regulations, to be implemented as of 2007;", "(iv) The entry into force in 2003 of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the further establishment of an information-sharing mechanism, with a capacity-building component, to ensure that all Parties to the Protocol can implement their provisions and facilitate the exchange of information on biosafety;", "(v) Other intergovernmental and non-governmental initiatives in the field of biotechnology and biodiversity at the global and regional levels, such as the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the International Institute for Plant Resources, related activities carried out by UNEP, UNESCO, UNIDO, and the Global Environment Facility of UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, OECD initiatives in the field of biotechnology, including the possible establishment of a global network of non-governmental organizations", "(vi) The vigorous efforts of the international community to combat the spread of avian flu.", "(vii) The rapid increase in international cooperation in the field of biology and biotechnology in the private sector, which greatly facilitates the exchange of technology and information for the prevention of disease or for other peaceful purposes.", "5. The European Union and its member States have actively participated in the above-mentioned global tasks, and have also taken a number of concrete measures that support the implementation of article X of the Convention, namely:", "(i) The implementation of the 2002 EU initiative entitled \"Life Sciences and Biotechnology - A Strategy for Europe\" and its Plan of Action covering international cooperation and the responsibilities of Europe with the developing world (see annex I, in English only).", "(ii) The establishment in 2005 of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, whose mandate also includes assistance to third countries.", "(iii) EU development cooperation commitments in various relevant sectors, health and agriculture to help meet sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, the EU and its member states being the largest provider of development aid in the world.", "(iv) The EU's education and research policy, especially cooperation programmes in the field of higher education, international cooperation activities integrated into EU research framework programmes and EU-funded research, especially in the area of biosafety, infectious diseases and biotechnology.", "(v) EU aid in emergency situations, such as the Asian tsunami. On that occasion, primary health care was provided to 90,000 people, and drinking water and sanitation facilities were provided to more than 8800,000 people.", "6. The Sixth Review Conference should recognize the progress made in the implementation of article X, as well as the contribution to the effective implementation of article X of the above-mentioned activities, and other ongoing international, regional, bilateral and national activities.", "IV. VIGILANCIA, DETECTION AND DIAGNÓSTICO de ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOS, AND LUCHA", "7. The EU welcomes the preparatory work for the 2004 Meeting of States Parties, the deliberations of the meeting and the conclusions reached, in particular the synthesis paper prepared by the President[2] and the background papers provided by the secretariat[3].", "8. At the Sixth Review Conference, States Parties should reaffirm the conclusions of the 2004 Meeting of States Parties[4] and agree on the following measures:", "(i) States parties should continue to strengthen existing international organizations and networks, including WHO, FAO, OIE and the International Phytosanitary Protection Convention, and non-governmental organizations working in the field of infectious diseases.", "(ii) States parties should promote cooperation and complementarity among the above-mentioned organizations within their respective mandates.", "(iii) States parties should reaffirm that the strengthening of WHO, FAO, OIE and the International Phytosanitary Protection Convention on Diseases Related to Possible Biological Weapons Agents should be in strict conformity with their respective mandates. States parties should note that the role of such organizations is limited to epidemiological and public, animal and plant health aspects of all outbreaks of disease, but recognize the added value of the exchange of information with them.", "(iv) States parties, recognizing that an efficient care system is the key to ensuring adequate preparedness and response to disease outbreaks, should continue to build and improve national and regional capacities to recognize, detect, diagnose and combat infectious diseases and integrate these tasks into national emergency and disaster management plans. With regard to specialties, States parties should be encouraged to consider innovative mechanisms that would help to optimize the use of scarce resources (see examples of annex II (only in English), on the \"Foresight\" programme of the United Kingdom and Annex III (only in English), on the Finnish Centre for Bacteriological Threat Preparedness).", "(v) States parties should use existing standards, guidelines and recommendations wherever possible. In particular, they should endeavour to apply good laboratory practices and good clinical practices of WHO, good FAO emergency management practices, and good monitoring practices of the International Phytosanitary Protection Convention.", "(vi) States parties should endeavour to improve communication on disease surveillance at all levels, especially with WHO, FAO, OIE, the International Convention for Phytosanitary Protection and non-governmental organizations, and also among themselves, using information from sources of civil society.", "(vii) States Parties in a position to do so should continue to support, directly and through international organizations, capacity-building in States Parties in need of assistance in the areas of monitoring, detection, diagnosis and control in respect of infectious diseases, and related research.", "(viii) States parties should promote vaccine development and production, including through international cooperation and public-private partnerships.", "(ix) States parties should continue to exchange experiences and best practices in this regard and, in particular, consider discussing the detection of pathogens and responding to epidemics in real time at the intersessional meeting of the Conference.", "V. Other measures to improve the implementation of article X", "9. The previous Review Conferences of the Convention had led to a broad common understanding of the measures necessary to implement article X, which had been reflected, inter alia, in the Final Declaration of the Fourth Review Conference. At the Sixth Review Conference, States parties should consider those understandings with a view to reconfirming them, and pay particular attention to the following:", "(i) Increased awareness of the risks of biological terrorism requires urgent and strong responses from all States parties to implement, at the national level, the commitments made to the Convention. In order to establish a interdependence between the strengthening of biosafety and the promotion of the biological sciences and biotechnology, States parties should recognize that the effective implementation of the Convention in all countries of the world is essential to take full advantage of the enormous potential of biology for peaceful purposes.", "(ii) Recognizing the important role of the private sector in the transfer of technology and information, States parties should increasingly rely on private sector entities in efforts to improve the implementation of Article X at the national, regional and international levels.", "(iii) The review of the operation of Article X at subsequent Review Conferences will benefit from the most comprehensive information on its implementation, especially the identified needs and tasks undertaken by States parties. States parties should exchange such information voluntarily and the secretariat should facilitate such exchange.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "EXTRACT FROM: LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY – A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, 27 JANUARY 2002 (COM(2002) 27 FINAL)", "A European Agenda for International Collaboration", "Action 24", "The Commission should continue to play a leading role in developing international guidelines, standards and recommendations in relevant sectors, based on international scientific consensus and, in particular, push for the development of a consistent, science-based, focused, transparent, inclusive and integrated international system dealing with food safety issues.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Europe’s Responsibilities Towards the Developing World", "Agriculture", "Action 25", "The Commission will in co-operation with Member States support:", "(i) The redefining of national research towards an appropriate mix of traditional techniques and new technologies, based on priorities developed with local farmers.", "(ii) The establishment of effective research partnerships between public and private research organisations in developing countries and in the EU, and the adequate capacity and infrastructure for developing countries to enter into such partnerships, in accordance with international commitments under the Conventions.", "(iii) Sub-regional, regional and international organisations, in particular the International Agricultural Research Centres.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Genetic resources", "Action 26", "The Commission and the Member States will support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources in developing countries and their equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use by:", "(i) Supporting the development and enforcement of effective measures to conserve, to use sustainably and to provide access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, as well as to share equitably the benefit arising from them, including income generated by intellectual property protection. Support for local communities is vital to conserve indigenous knowledge and genetic resources.", "(ii) Supporting the participation of delegates from developing countries in the negotiations of relevant International Conventions.", "(iii) Supporting measures to promote greater regional co-ordination in legislation to minimise disparities in access, benefits and also trade in products derived from genetic resources, in accordance with international commitments.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Health", "Action 27", "The Commission and the Member States should work with the international community to concretise the commitment to research to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and other main poverty-related diseases and also identify effective measures to support developing countries in establishing the structures needed to deploy a health policy.", "Implementer: Member States, Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Responsible and careful use", "Action 28", "The Commission should support:", "(i) The safe and effective use of modern biotechnologies in developing countries, based on their autonomous choice and on their national development strategies.", "(ii) Measures to increase the capacity of developing countries to assess and manage risk for man and the environment, under conditions prevailing in the country.", "(iii) The development of appropriate administrative, legislative and regulatory measures in the developing countries, for the proper implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.", "(iv) That international research on social, economical and environmental impacts are effectively adapted to take into account conditions prevailing in developing countries and that the findings are subsequently disseminated to them in an appropriate format.", "(v) That the international regulatory requirements remain manageable by developing countries, so as not to impede their trade and production prospects.", "Implementer: Commission", "Timeframe: 2002 onwards", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UK: FORESIGHT.", "INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE", "1. The 'Foresight' programme is owned by the Office of Science and Innovation in the United Kingdom with the aim of producing challenging visions of the future in order to ensure effective strategies now. It has produced reports in several different areas. One of its most recent projects was on infectious diseases and it aimed to use the best available science to evaluate the threats of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants over the next 10-25 years; and to produce a vision for their management, specifically through systems for detection, identification and monitoring. The project involved more than 300 scientists, experts and stakeholders from around 30 countries. The project findings, which are available at http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Detection_and_identtion_of_Infectious_Diseases/Reports_and_Publications/Final_Reports/E1_ID_Executive_Summary.pdf, provide a considerable body of scientific analysis and fresh insights to inform policy development by the relevant stakeholders at both national and international levels.", "2. The project resulted in the development of an action plan, which includes, inter alia:", "(i) Building a more sustained, pro-active and integrated approach to international surveillance for infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants;", "(ii) Developing effective and sustainable partnerships between richer and poorer countries that help provide infrastructure, technologies and skills to support detection, identification and monitoring activities, specifically the UK and Africa;", "(iii) A wide range of stakeholders will need to act together if the benefits are to be realised.", "3. Participants in the action plan include national and international bodies concerned with infectious diseases, and research funders.", "4. Under the auspices of the project a Pan-African Workshop was held in Uganda in August 2005, in collaboration with leading African experts. The project report notes that: \"In August 2005, a ground-breaking workshop was held in Entebbe, Uganda, concerning the future of infectious disease in Africa. This event was unprecedented in Africa and perhaps worldwide, since it brought together leading disease experts spanning plant, animal and human health. The aim was to take a fresh look at this crucial topic and to inject fresh thinking. The event involved experts from 14 African countries, African institutions, and important international organisations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Gatsby Foundation. The event generated a wealth of expert advice about the future challenges facing Africa, and options for response. \"", "Annex III", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "FINNISH CENTRE FOR BIOTHREAT PREPAREDNESS", "1. The Finnish Strategy to Secure Vital Functions of Society from November 2003 defined vital functions of Finnish society and established targets and development policies that would guide each administrative branch of the government in dealing with its strategic tasks. The strategy called for cooperation between each government sector in combating new threats towards society. According to the Government Report on Finnish Security and Defence Policy of 2004, terrorism and epidemics caused by infectious diseases were listed as key threats affecting national security.", "2. Based on the above resolutions, the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness started operation in Helsinki in May 2005. The Centre, which will initially employ eight experts, is a centre of excellence for Finnish scientific and laboratory know-how on biological defence, as well as on biothreat assessment and preparedness. The Centre will actively seek domestic and international collaboration. The Centre is composed of two Units; the Biological Defence Unit of the Finnish Defence Forces, and the Biological Threat Unit of the National Public Health Institute, where scientific work will be carried out in a special biological safety laboratory (BSL-3).", "3. The Finnish Defence Forces are developing their Territorial and Operational NBC Defence units for National Defence, as well as a NBC Detachment for the EU Battle Groups and other international tasks. The NBC Detachment will be equipped with a deployable, diagnostic biological and chemical (BC) laboratory. This field laboratory is under development and it will be operational in 2008.", "4. The development of the Deployable BC Field Laboratory is led by Army Staff in cooperation with the Defence Forces Technical Research Centre and the Centre for Biothreat Preparedness, together with the Centre of Military Medicine. One of the Biothreat Centre’s initial operational tasks will be to establish the biosafety and microbial identification requirements for the BC laboratory. To achieve this, international collaboration with other countries as well as domestic collaboration between expert organisations is needed. The techniques that are developed for microbial identification are primarily based on molecular amplification of microbial genes to ensure laboratory safety and rapidity of the assays. Early microbiological diagnosis will enable timely medical intervention, before onset of possible severe clinical symptoms of those exposed to deliberate release of selected agents.", "[1] This document is part of a series of supplementary documents submitted by EU member States for consideration by States Parties. The acceding countries Bulgaria and Romania, the candidate countries Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the stabilization and association process countries and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova support this document.", "GE.06-64658 (E) 071106 071106", "[2] Synthesis of considerations, lessons, perspectives, recommendations, conclusions and proposals drawn from the presentations, statements, working paper and interventions by delegations on the topics discussed at the Expert Meeting, BWC/MSP/2004/3, annex III.", "[3] BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.1, BWC/MSP/2004/MX/INF.2.", "[4] BWC/MSP/2004/3." ]
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.6[1] 10 de noviembre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006 Tema 10 del programa provisional Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "ACRECENTAR LA ADHESIÓN UNIVERSAL A LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAS ARMAS BIOLÓGICAS Y TOXÍNICAS", "Presentado por Italia en nombre de la Unión Europea[2]", "1. La Unión Europea considera que la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas es una pieza fundamental del marco internacional de no proliferación y desarme y la piedra angular de los esfuerzos para impedir que se desarrollen agentes biológicos y toxinas y se utilicen como armas. Los 25 Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y los dos países en vías de adhesión son Partes en la Convención, que prohíbe toda una serie de armas de destrucción masiva que podrían ocasionar daños importantes a la civilización. La Estrategia contra la proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva, aprobada en diciembre de 2003, y la Posición Común 805, de 17 de noviembre de 2003, expresan claramente la adhesión de la Unión Europea a la universalización y el fortalecimiento de los acuerdos multilaterales en la esfera de la no proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva y de sus vectores, en particular la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas. La Unión Europea también ha acordado integrar sus preocupaciones en relación con la no proliferación en su diálogo con otros Estados, en particular mediante la adición de una cláusula de no proliferación en los acuerdos con terceros países.", "2. La resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, ampliada por la resolución 1673 (2006), -en la que ésta afirma su apoyo a los tratados multilaterales que tienen por objeto eliminar o prevenir la proliferación de armas nucleares, químicas o biológicas\" y acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos en este contexto de los mecanismos multilaterales que contribuyen a la no proliferación-, exhorta a todos los Estados a que, entre otras cosas, promuevan la adopción universal, la aplicación integral y, cuando sea necesario, el fortalecimiento de los tratados multilaterales en que sean Partes, incluida la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas, cuyo objetivo sea prevenir la proliferación de las armas de destrucción masiva. Si bien puede parecer muy elevado (155) el número de Estados Partes en la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas, hasta la fecha sigue siendo muy inferior al de los Estados Partes en el Tratado sobre la no proliferación o la Convención sobre las armas químicas.", "3. Por ello, con la Posición Común 2006/242/CFSP, de 20 de marzo de 2006, -aprobada en preparación de la Sexta Conferencia de Examen de la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas- la Unión Europea reiteró su prioridad de fomentar la adhesión universal de todos los Estados a la Convención, en particular exhortando a todos los Estados no partes a adherirse a ella sin mayor dilación y a comprometerse jurídicamente con el desarme y la no proliferación de armas biológicas y toxínicas. A la espera de su adhesión a la Convención, la Unión Europea alienta a esos Estados a que participen como observadores en las reuniones de los Estados Partes en la Convención y en su proceso de examen y que apliquen sus disposiciones con carácter voluntario.", "4. Asimismo, el 27 de febrero de 2006, la Unión Europea aprobó una Acción Común para apoyar, entre otras cosas, la universalización de la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas y, en particular, promover la adhesión de los Estados no partes (tanto Estados signatarios como no signatarios) mediante la celebración de una serie de talleres regionales y subregionales. En 2006 se organizarán cinco talleres -en África occidental y central; en África oriental y meridional; en el Oriente Medio; en Asia y las islas del Pacífico; y en América Latina y el Caribe, respectivamente- con el objetivo de fomentar el aumento del número de Estados miembros (y, por ende, una mejor aplicación de la Convención) y de explicar las ventajas y las consecuencias de la adhesión a la Convención. Otro objetivo de esas iniciativas será el de comprender los obstáculos a la adhesión y las posibles necesidades de los Estados no partes de la Convención y, en su caso, brindar asistencia técnica (administrativa y jurídica) para facilitar la adhesión al tratado. Dado que la seguridad en Europa está estrechamente vinculada con la seguridad y la estabilidad en el Mediterráneo, la Unión Europea concede una importancia especial a la cuestión de la universalización de la Convención en esa zona.", "5. Con esta perspectiva, la Unión Europea está firmemente convencida de que no basta universalizar la Convención, sino que además todos los Estados Partes deben aplicar cabalmente sus obligaciones y disposiciones, en particular los Estados que se adhieran en el futuro. Una adhesión mundial a la Convención sin una estricta aplicación nacional puede crear un vacío que no ayude al logro de los objetivos de la Convención. Por ello, con esta Acción Común también se pretende proporcionar asistencia (en particular mediante visitas de expertos de la Unión Europea) a algunos Estados Partes de la Convención a fin de ayudarlos a velar por transponer las obligaciones internacionales de la Convención en su legislación nacional y en las medidas administrativas mediante:", "i) La aprobación de leyes, en particular de índole penal, que incluyan el conjunto de prohibiciones de la Convención;", "ii) Reglamentos o leyes eficaces para controlar y supervisar las transferencias de las pertinentes tecnologías de doble uso; y", "iii) La aplicación y el cumplimiento efectivos para impedir violaciones y sancionar los incumplimientos.", "6. Con miras a la preparación de la Sexta Conferencia de Examen, la Unión Europea también ha venido llevando a cabo una serie de gestiones en apoyo de la universalización de la Convención ante países que aún no han firmado o ratificado la Convención, haciendo hincapié en las ventajas desde el punto de vista político, de la seguridad y económico que se derivarían de una adhesión temprana a la Convención, a saber:", "i) Desde el punto de vista político, permitiría poner de manifiesto que el Estado es un miembro responsable de la comunidad internacional dispuesto a cumplir todas las obligaciones contraídas en virtud de la Convención y sumarse a los esfuerzos multinacionales para prevenir el terrorismo con armas biológicas;", "ii) Ofrece ventajas desde el punta de vista de la seguridad, puesto que todos los Estados Partes se comprometen a proporcionar asistencia o a apoyar a todo Estado Parte en la Convención que lo solicite, si el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas decide que ese Estado ha quedado expuesto a un peligro de resultas de una violación de la Convención;", "iii) Entraña ventajas económicas para los Estados Partes al participar en el intercambio de equipo, materiales e información para el uso de agentes biológicos con fines pacíficos;", "iv) Fomenta a la cooperación científica internacional en la promoción del desarrollo y la aplicación con fines pacíficos de los descubrimientos científicos en la bacteriología y otras esferas pertinentes; y", "v) Fomenta el cumplimiento de la resolución 1540/2004 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, en la que se exhorta a los Estados a que, entre otras cosas (apartados a) y c) del artículo 8) \"promuevan la adopción universal, la aplicación integral... de los tratados multilaterales... cuyo objetivo sea prevenir la proliferación de las armas nucleares, biológicas y químicas\", y a que \"renueven y cumplan su compromiso con la cooperación multilateral, en particular en el marco \"de... la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas como medio importante de tratar de alcanzar y lograr sus objetivos comunes en el ámbito de la no proliferación y fomentar la cooperación internacional con fines pacíficos\".", "7. En ese marco, la Unión Europea sigue observando con gran preocupación que, pese a la importancia de la Convención como instrumento para promover la paz y la seguridad y a las ventajas derivadas de adherirse a ella sin dilación, son 16 los Estados que la han firmado pero no la han ratificado, y 24 los que aún no la han firmado (la lista figura en el anexo I, en inglés únicamente).", "8. Así las cosas, la Unión Europea considera necesario que la Conferencia de Examen exhorte a los Estados Partes en la Convención a que promuevan e intensifiquen las actividades diplomáticas para alentar a los Estados no partes a que se adhieran cuanto antes a ella y, además, a que fomenten la adhesión a la Convención de nuevos países. La Unión Europea considera que la Sexta Conferencia de Examen debería considerar la posibilidad de adoptar una estrategia de universalidad para promover la adhesión a la Convención de nuevos países. Esa estrategia consistiría en las medidas siguientes:", "i) Creación de una red de \"puntos de contacto\" nacionales (y regionales) sobre la Convención para, entre otras cosas, facilitar la aplicación de esa estrategia de universalidad. Esos puntos de contacto tendrían un carácter no oficial. Se pide a los Estados Partes que informen al resto de Estados Partes y a la secretaría de la Convención, desempeñada por el Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, acerca de sus \"puntos de contacto\" y actualicen la información si se producen cambios y a medida que se produzcan; los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea han establecido esos puntos de contacto, que se enumeran en el anexo II del presente documento (únicamente en inglés).", "ii) Promoción efectiva de la universalidad de la Convención por los Estados Partes en ella en todos los foros pertinentes, en particular en las organizaciones regionales y subregionales y las organizaciones internacionales pertinentes, y, en la medida de lo posible, realizando actividades conjuntas con esas organizaciones.", "iii) Formulación, como parte del proceso entre períodos de sesiones, de medidas para brindar asistencia a los Estados que estén dispuestos a adherirse a la Convención en los preparativos nacionales para su aplicación.", "iv) Promoción, en los contactos bilaterales con los Estados no partes, de la adhesión a la Convención o la ratificación de ésta y ofrecimiento de visitas de asistencia bilateral a los Estados que estén dispuestos a convertirse en Partes en la Convención para prestarles ayuda en ese esfuerzo.", "v) Celebración de seminarios y talleres regionales y subregionales para promover el objeto y el propósito de la Convención, informar a los posibles Estados Partes de las obligaciones que se contraen con la Convención y explicar el tipo de asistencia disponible tanto para la adhesión como para las medidas nacionales de aplicación.", "vi) Formulación y aplicación de medidas para promover el conocimiento de la Convención y de su labor, en particular la publicación de los documentos finales de las actividades entre períodos de sesiones y de las conferencias de examen en los idiomas.", "vii) Promoción de la Convención por sus Estados Partes en los acuerdos bilaterales, regionales y de otra índole celebrados con Estados no partes, recurriendo a instrumentos como la cláusula sobre las armas de destrucción masiva que aplica la Unión Europea.", "9. Se alienta a los Estados Partes a que apliquen las medidas mencionadas que puedan poner en práctica y a que coordinen su aplicación con otros Estados Partes para lograr la máxima eficacia mediante el intercambio de información por conducto del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, que desempeña la función de secretaría de la Convención.", "10. Además, la Unión Europea considera que los Estados Partes deberían evaluar la eficacia y la utilidad de esa estrategia de universalidad en la Séptima Conferencia de Examen de la Convención, en 2011. Se podrían llevar a cabo evaluaciones intermedias y un balance de los progresos realizados en la promoción de la Convención en alguna de las reuniones entre períodos de sesiones que celebren los Estados Partes antes de esa Conferencia.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION", "As of 29 August 2006, 16 States have signed but not ratified:", "1. Burundi", "2. Central African Republic", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "4. Egypt", "5. Gabon", "6. Guyana", "7. Haiti", "8. Liberia", "9. Madagascar", "10. Malawi", "11. Myanmar (Burma)", "12. Nepal", "13. Somalia", "14. Syrian Arab Republic", "15. United Arab Emirates", "16. United Republic of Tanzania", "As of 29 August 2006, 24 States have not signed:", "1. Andorra", "2. Angola", "3. Cameroon", "4. Chad", "5. Comoros", "6. Cook Islands", "7. Djibouti", "8. Eritrea", "9. Guinea", "10. Israel", "11. Kazakhstan", "12. Kiribati", "13. Marshall Islands", "14. Mauritania", "15. Micronesia (Federal States of)", "16. Montenegro", "17. Mozambique", "18. Namibia", "19. Nauru", "20. Niue", "21. Samoa", "22. Trinidad and Tobago", "23. Tuvalu", "24. Zambia", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BTWC POINTS OF CONTACT OF EU MEMBER STATES", "AUSTRIA", "Alexander Benedict", "Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "Department II.8 – Global Disarmament, Arms Control, Export", "Control, Multilateral Atomic Energy Issues and IAEA", "A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8", "tel: +43(0)501150 – 3354", "fax : +43(0)501159 – 5354", "web: www.bmaa.gv.at", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CZECH REPUBLIC", "Dr Ladislav Bartak", "Director, Department for the Control of Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", "State Office for Nuclear Safety", "Address: Senovážné nám. 9", "110 00 Praha 1", "Czech Republic", "tel: +420226514665", "fax: +420224223133", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CYPRUS", "Panayiotis Papadopoulos", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Political Affairs Division – Multilateral Relations", "tel: +357 22 401152", "fax: +357 22 661881", "e-mail: [email protected]", "DENMARK", "Casper S. Nervil", "Head of Section, Dept. of Security Policy", "Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Office 6 a 67", "Asiatisk Plads 21448 Copenhagen K", "Denmark", "tel direct: +45 33 92 06 77", "cell: +45 2545 9323", "tel: + 45 33 92 00 00", "fax: +45 33 92 18 04", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ESTONIA", "Ketlin Süsmalainen", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "First Political Department, First Division", "Islandi väljak 1", "15049 Tallinn", "Estonia", "tel: +3726377100", "fax : +372 637 7199", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FINLAND", "Jani Raappana", "Second Secretary", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament", "and Non-proliferation", "P.O. Box 176", "00161 Helsinki", "tel: +358 9 1605 6030", "cell: +358 400 954 492", "fax: +358 9 1605 6066", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FRANCE", "Frédéric JUNG", "Ministère des Affaires Etrangères", "Sous-Direction du Désarmement chimique, biologique", "et de la maîtrise des armements classique", "37 Quai d’Orsay", "75 700 PARIS 07 SP", "tel.: +331 43174306", "fax : +331 43174952", "e-mail: [email protected]", "GERMANY", "Alexander Olbrich", "Federal Foreign Office", "Head of BW Division", "Werderscher Markt §1", "10117 Berlin", "tel: +49(0)30 5000-4583", "fax : + 49 (0) 30 5000-54583", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ITALY", "Raffaele De Benedictis", "Permament Mission of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament", "Geneva", "tel: +4122 9180252", "fax: +4122 7400715", "e-mail: [email protected]", "LITHUANIA", "Martynas Lukosevicius", "Attache", "Arms Control, Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division", "Security Policy Departments", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania", "tel: +37052362429", "e-mail: [email protected]", "NETHERLANDS", "Wouter Wormgoor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Department of Security Policy / Nuclear Affairs and Non-proliferation", "tel: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5089", "fax: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5684", "e-mail: [email protected]", "POLAND", "Mr. Tadeusz Chomicki", "Deputy Director", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 92 02", "fax: +48 22 628 58 41", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Janusz Wawrzyniuk", "Counsellor, Non-Proliferation Division", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 89 19", "fax: +48 22 523 93 03", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ROMANIA", "Ms. Nineta Barbulescu", "Counsellor", "Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Combating Terrorism Office", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +4021 319 6857", "fax: +4021 319 23 63", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SPAIN", "Luis Gómez Nogueira", "Head of Disarmament Unit", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation", "Serrano Galvache, 26", "28071 MADRID (SPAIN)", "tel: +34 91.379.1759", "fax: +34 91.394.8647", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SWEDEN", "Martin Åberg", "Department for Disarmament and Non-proliferation", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "103 39 Stockholm Sweden", "tel: +46 8 405 35 84", "fax: +46 8 723 11 76", "email: [email protected]", "SLOVENIA", "Irina Gorsic, Counsellor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia", "Security Policy Division", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 Ljubljana", "tel: +386 1 478 12 50", "fax: +386 1 478 22 29", "e-mail: [email protected]", "UNITED KINGDOM", "Ashi Brant", "Desk Officer for BWC and CTBT", "CBW Section", "Counter Proliferation Department", "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "tel: 0207 008 2247", "fax : 0207 008 2680", "e-mail: [email protected]", "[1] ^(*) Nueva tirada por razones técnicas.", "[2] Se trata de una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea para su examen por los Estados Partes. Bulgaria y Rumania, países en vías de adhesión; Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, países candidatos; Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, y Serbia, países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y posibles candidatos; así como Ucrania y la República de Moldova, respaldan el presente documento.", "GE.06-65033 (S) 131106 131106" ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.620 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "INCREASING UNIVERSAL ADHERENCE TO THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Italy on behalf of the European Union[1]", "1. The European Union considers the BTWC a key component of the international non-proliferation and disarmament framework and the cornerstone of efforts to prevent biological agents and toxins being developed and used as weapons. All 25 Member States of the European Union and two Acceding Countries are Party to the BTWC, which prohibits an entire class of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which could potentially cause significant damage to civilisation. The Strategy against the proliferation of WMD adopted in December 2003, and Common Position 805 of 17 November 2003, clearly indicate the EU’s commitment towards the universalization and reinforcement of multilateral agreements in the field of non-proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, including the BTWC. The EU has also agreed to integrate its non-proliferation concerns into its dialogue with other States including through the addition of a non-proliferation clause in agreements with third countries.", "2. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) (extended by Resolution 1673(2006)) – “affirming its support for the multilateral treaties whose aim is to eliminate or prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons”, and welcoming efforts in this context by multilateral arrangements which contribute to non-proliferation – calls upon all States, inter alia, to promote the universal adoption and full implementation of multilateral treaties to which they are Party, including the BTWC, the aim of which is to prevent the proliferation of WMD. So far, while the membership of the BTWC may seem quite high (155 States), it remains nonetheless significantly lower than membership of the Non-Proliferation Treaty or of the Chemical Weapons Convention.", "3. Therefore, with Common Position 2006/242/CFSP of 20 March 2006 - adopted in preparation for the Sixth BTWC Review Conference - the European Union reiterated its priority of fostering universal adherence of all States to the Convention, including calling on all States not Party to adhere to the Convention without further delay and to commit legally to the disarmament and non-proliferation of biological and toxin weapons. Pending their adherence to the Convention, the EU encourages such States to participate as observers in the meetings of States Party to the BTWC and in the BTWC Review Process and to implement its provisions on a voluntary basis.", "4. And further, on 27 February 2006, the European Union adopted a Joint Action to support, inter alia, the universalization of the BTWC and, in particular, to promote accession by States not Party (signatory as well as non-signatory States) through regional and sub regional workshops. Five of them will be organised in 2006 - respectively in West and Central Africa, in Eastern and Southern Africa, in the Middle East, in Asia and in the Pacific Islands, in Latin America and in the Caribbean - with the aim of encouraging greater membership (and thereby enhanced implementation of the BTWC) and to explain the benefits and consequences of adhering to the Convention. An additional goal of those initiatives will be to understand the obstacles to membership and the possible needs of States not Party to the BTWC and, if needed, to offer technical (administrative and legal) assistance to facilitate their accession to the treaty. As security in Europe is closely linked to security and stability in the Mediterranean, the European Union attaches special importance to the issue of BTWC universalization in that area.", "5. In this perspective, the European Union firmly believes that the universalization of the BTWC alone is not sufficient and it must be accompanied by full national implementation of all its obligations and provisions by all States Parties, including those which adhere in the future. Global adherence to the BTWC without strict national implementation risks creating an empty shell that would not serve the goals of the Convention. That is why the above-mentioned Joint Action also aims at providing assistance (including through visits of EU experts) to States Parties to the BTWC in order to help them to ensure that they transpose the international obligations of the Convention into their national legislation and administrative measures by:", "(i) Adoption of national legislation, including penal legislation, which encompasses the full scope of the prohibitions of the Convention;", "(ii) Effective regulations or legislation to control and monitor transfers of relevant dual-use technologies; and", "(iii) Effective implementation and enforcement to prevent violations and to sanction breaches.", "6. In the process of preparation for the Sixth Review Conference, the European Union has also been carrying out demarches supporting BTWC universalization vis-à-vis countries which have not yet signed or ratified the Convention, stressing the following political, security and economic benefits to be derived from early accession to the BTWC:", "(i) Politically, it demonstrates that a State is a responsible member of the international community, committed to all obligations of the BTWC and multinational efforts to prevent BW terrorism;", "(ii) It offers security benefits since each State Party undertakes to provide or support assistance to any Party to the Convention which so requests, if the UN Security Council decides that such Party has been exposed to danger as a result of violation of the Convention;", "(iii) It offers economic benefits to States Party by participating in the exchange of equipment, materials and information for the use of biological agents for peaceful purposes;", "(iv) It encourages international scientific cooperation in further development and application of scientific discoveries, in bacteriology and other relevant fields, for peaceful purposes; and", "(v) It fosters compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 1540/2004, which calls upon States, inter alia (paragraphs 8(a) and (c)), “to promote the universal adoption and full implementation…of multilateral treaties ….whose aim is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons” and “to renew and fulfil their commitment to multilateral cooperation, in particular within the framework of ….the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, as important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of non-proliferation and of promoting international cooperation for peaceful purposes”.", "7. In that framework, the European Union continues to note with great concern that, notwithstanding the importance of the BTWC as an instrument for promoting peace and security and the benefits deriving from swift accession to it, 16 States have signed but not ratified it, while 24 countries have not yet signed it (listed in Annex I, in English only).", "8. Against this background, the European Union deems it necessary for the Review Conference to call on States Parties to the BTWC to promote and intensify diplomatic activities to encourage States not Party to adhere to the Convention without delay and, further, to foster increased adherence to the BTWC the European Union believes that the Sixth Review Conference should consider adopting a Universality Strategy to promote increased adherence to the Convention. The Strategy would consist of the following actions:", "(i) Establishment, of a network of national (and regional) BTWC “points of contact” inter alia to facilitate implementation of this Universality Strategy. These points of contact would be established on an informal basis. States Parties are requested to inform other States Parties and the UN DDA-based BTWC secretariat of their \"points of contact\" and to keep their information up to date if/as details change; EU Member States have established such contact points and these are listed in Annex II to this paper (English only);", "(ii) Effective promotion of universality of the BTWC by its States Parties in all relevant fora, including in regional, sub-regional and relevant international organizations, and where practicable undertaking joint activities with such organizations;", "(iii) As part of an intersessional process, development of measures to assist States ready to join the Convention in their national preparation for implementing it;", "(iv) In bilateral contacts with States not Party, promoting accession or ratification of the BTWC and offering bilateral assistance visits to States that are ready to become a Party to the Convention to assist them with this effort;", "(v) Regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops to promote the object and purpose of the Convention, inform prospective States Parties of the obligations under the Convention and outline available assistance for both accession and national implementation measures;", "(vi) Establishment and implementation of measures to increase awareness of the Convention, and of the work of the BTWC, including publications in official languages of the final documents of the intersessional activities and of the Review Conferences;", "(vii) Promotion of the BTWC by its States Parties in bilateral, regional and other agreements with States not Party, using tools such as the EU WMD clause.", "9. States Parties are encouraged to implement the above measures that they are able to undertake and to coordinate their implementation to achieve maximum effectiveness with other States Parties through the sharing of information via the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs BTWC secretariat.", "10. Further, the EU believes that the effectiveness and utility of this Universality Strategy should be assessed by the States Parties at the Seventh Review Conference of the BTWC in 2011. Intermediate evaluations and stocktaking of progress achieved in promoting the BTWC could be undertaken during any intersessional meetings of States Parties before that Conference.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION", "As of 29 August 2006, 16 States have signed but not ratified:", "1.", "2. Burundi", "3. Central African Republic", "4. Côte d'Ivoire", "5. Egypt", "6. Gabon", "7. Guyana", "8. Haiti", "9. Liberia", "10. Madagascar", "11. Malawi", "12. Myanmar (Burma)", "13. Nepal", "14. Somalia", "15. Syrian Arab Republic", "16. United Arab Emirates", "17. United Republic of Tanzania", "As of 29 August 2006, 24 States have not signed:", "1.", "2. Andorra", "3. Angola", "4. Cameroon", "5. Chad", "6. Comoros", "7. Cook Islands", "8. Djibouti", "9. Eritrea", "10. Guinea", "11. Israel", "12. Kazakhstan", "13. Kiribati", "14. Marshall Islands", "15. Mauritania", "16. Micronesia (Federal States of)", "17. Montenegro", "18. Mozambique", "19. Namibia", "20. Nauru", "21. Niue", "22. Samoa", "23. Trinidad and Tobago", "24. Tuvalu", "25. Zambia", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BTWC POINTS OF CONTACT OF EU MEMBER STATES", "AUSTRIA", "Alexander Benedict", "Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "Department II.8 – Global Disarmament, Arms Control, Export", "Control, Multilateral Atomic Energy Issues and IAEA", "A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8", "tel: +43(0)501150 – 3354", "fax : +43(0)501159 – 5354", "web: www.bmaa.gv.at", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CZECH REPUBLIC", "Dr Ladislav Bartak", "Director, Department for the Control of Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", "State Office for Nuclear Safety", "Address: Senovážné nám. 9", "110 00 Praha 1", "Czech Republic", "tel: +420226514665", "fax: +420224223133", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CYPRUS", "Panayiotis Papadopoulos", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Political Affairs Division – Multilateral Relations", "tel: +357 22 401152", "fax: +357 22 661881", "e-mail: [email protected]", "DENMARK", "Casper S. Nervil", "Head of Section, Dept. of Security Policy", "Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Office 6 a 67", "Asiatisk Plads 21448 Copenhagen K", "Denmark", "tel direct: +45 33 92 06 77", "cell: +45 2545 9323", "tel: + 45 33 92 00 00", "fax: +45 33 92 18 04", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ESTONIA", "Ketlin Süsmalainen", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "First Political Department, First Division", "Islandi väljak 1", "15049 Tallinn", "Estonia", "tel: +3726377100", "fax : +372 637 7199", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FINLAND", "Jani Raappana", "Second Secretary", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament", "and Non-proliferation", "P.O. Box 176", "00161 Helsinki", "tel: +358 9 1605 6030", "cell: +358 400 954 492", "fax: +358 9 1605 6066", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FRANCE", "Frédéric JUNG", "Ministère des Affaires Etrangères", "Sous-Direction du Désarmement chimique, biologique", "et de la maîtrise des armements classique", "37 Quai d’Orsay", "75 700 PARIS 07 SP", "tel.: +331 43174306", "fax : +331 43174952", "e-mail: [email protected]", "GERMANY", "Alexander Olbrich", "Federal Foreign Office", "Head of BW Division", "Werderscher Markt §1", "10117 Berlin", "tel: +49(0)30 5000-4583", "fax : + 49 (0) 30 5000-54583", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ITALY", "Raffaele De Benedictis", "Permament Mission of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament", "Geneva", "tel: +4122 9180252", "fax: +4122 7400715", "e-mail: [email protected]", "LITHUANIA", "Martynas Lukosevicius", "Attache", "Arms Control, Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division", "Security Policy Departments", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania", "tel: +37052362429", "e-mail: [email protected]", "NETHERLANDS", "Wouter Wormgoor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Department of Security Policy / Nuclear Affairs and Non-proliferation", "tel: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5089", "fax: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5684", "e-mail: [email protected]", "POLAND", "Mr. Tadeusz Chomicki", "Deputy Director", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 92 02", "fax: +48 22 628 58 41", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Janusz Wawrzyniuk", "Counsellor, Non-Proliferation Division", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 89 19", "fax: +48 22 523 93 03", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ROMANIA", "Ms. Nineta Barbulescu", "Counsellor", "Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Combating Terrorism Office", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +4021 319 6857", "fax: +4021 319 23 63", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SPAIN", "Luis Gómez Nogueira", "Head of Disarmament Unit", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation", "Serrano Galvache, 26", "28071 MADRID (SPAIN)", "tel: +34 91.379.1759", "fax: +34 91.394.8647", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SWEDEN", "Martin Åberg", "Department for Disarmament and Non-proliferation", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "103 39 Stockholm Sweden", "tel: +46 8 405 35 84", "fax: +46 8 723 11 76", "email: [email protected]", "SLOVENIA", "Irina Gorsic, Counsellor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia", "Security Policy Division", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 Ljubljana", "tel: +386 1 478 12 50", "fax: +386 1 478 22 29", "e-mail: [email protected]", "UNITED KINGDOM", "Ashi Brant", "Desk Officer for BWC and CTBT", "CBW Section", "Counter Proliferation Department", "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "tel: 0207 008 2247", "fax : 0207 008 2680", "e-mail: [email protected]", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.6
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.6[1] 10 November 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL AND TOXÍNIC ARMAS", "Submitted by Italy on behalf of the European Union[2]", "1. The European Union believes that the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention is a fundamental part of the international non-proliferation and disarmament framework and the cornerstone of efforts to prevent the development of biological agents and toxins and weapons. The 25 member States of the European Union and the two acceding countries are parties to the Convention, which prohibits a number of weapons of mass destruction that could cause significant damage to civilization. The Strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted in December 2003, and Common Position 805 of 17 November 2003, clearly express the European Union &apos; s commitment to the universalization and strengthening of multilateral agreements in the field of the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, in particular the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. The European Union has also agreed to integrate its non-proliferation concerns into its dialogue with other States, in particular through the addition of a non-proliferation clause in agreements with third countries.", "2. United Nations Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), expanded by resolution 1673 (2006), in which it affirms its support for multilateral treaties aimed at eliminating or preventing the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, and welcomes the efforts in this context of multilateral mechanisms that contribute to non-proliferation, calls upon all States to, inter alia, promote universal adoption, comprehensive implementation and, where necessary, to prevent the mass destruction of multilateral weapons. While the number of States parties to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention may seem very high (155), to date it remains much lower than that of States parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty or the Chemical Weapons Convention.", "3. With the Common Position 2006/242/CFSP of 20 March 2006, adopted in preparation for the Sixth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, the European Union reiterated its priority of promoting universal adherence by all States to the Convention, in particular by calling upon all non-parties to accede to it without further delay and to commit themselves to the disarmament and non-proliferation of biological weapons. Pending its accession to the Convention, the European Union encourages those States to participate as observers in the meetings of States parties to the Convention and in their review process and to implement their provisions on a voluntary basis.", "4. Furthermore, on 27 February 2006, the European Union adopted a Common Action to support, inter alia, the universalization of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and, in particular, to promote the accession of non-parties (both signatory and non-signatory States) through the holding of a series of regional and subregional workshops. In 2006, five workshops will be organized - in West and Central Africa; in East and Southern Africa; in the Middle East; in Asia and the Pacific Islands; and in Latin America and the Caribbean respectively - with the aim of promoting the increase in the number of member States (and, therefore, better implementation of the Convention) and of explaining the advantages and consequences of accession to the Convention. Another objective of these initiatives will be to understand the obstacles to accession and the potential needs of States not parties to the Convention and, where appropriate, to provide technical (administrative and legal) assistance to facilitate accession to the treaty. Since security in Europe is closely linked to security and stability in the Mediterranean, the European Union attaches particular importance to the issue of the universalization of the Convention in that area.", "5. With this perspective, the European Union is firmly convinced that it is not enough to universalize the Convention, but that all States parties must fully implement their obligations and provisions, in particular those States that accede to it in the future. Global adherence to the Convention without strict national implementation can create a vacuum that does not support the achievement of the objectives of the Convention. Therefore, this Common Action also seeks to provide assistance (including through expert visits from the European Union) to some States parties to the Convention in order to help them to ensure that the international obligations of the Convention are transposed into their national legislation and administrative measures by:", "(i) The adoption of laws, in particular of a criminal nature, including all prohibitions of the Convention;", "(ii) Effective regulations or laws to control and monitor transfers of relevant dual-use technologies; and", "(iii) Effective enforcement and enforcement to prevent violations and punish violations.", "6. With a view to the preparation of the Sixth Review Conference, the European Union has also been undertaking a number of efforts in support of the universalization of the Convention to countries that have not yet signed or ratified the Convention, emphasizing the political, security and economic advantages that would result from early accession to the Convention, namely:", "(i) From a political standpoint, it would make it clear that the State is a responsible member of the international community willing to fulfil all its obligations under the Convention and join the multinational efforts to prevent terrorism with biological weapons;", "(ii) It offers advantages from the security point of view, since all States parties undertake to provide assistance or to support any State Party to the Convention, upon request, if the United Nations Security Council decides that that State has been exposed to danger as a result of a violation of the Convention;", "(iii) It entails economic advantages for States parties when participating in the exchange of equipment, materials and information for the peaceful use of biological agents;", "(iv) Encourages international scientific cooperation in the promotion of the peaceful development and implementation of scientific discoveries in bacteriology and other relevant fields; and", "(v) It promotes compliance with United Nations Security Council resolution 1540/2004, in which States are called upon, inter alia (Article 8 (a) and (c)) to \"promote the universal adoption, the comprehensive implementation... of multilateral treaties whose objective is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons\" and to \"renew and fulfil their commitment to multilateral cooperation, in particular in the field of non-peaceful weapons\".", "7. In this context, the European Union continues to note with great concern that, despite the importance of the Convention as an instrument for promoting peace and security and the benefits arising from acceding to it without delay, there are 16 States that have signed it but have not ratified it, and 24 States that have not yet signed it (see annex I, in English only).", "8. Thus, the European Union considers it necessary for the Review Conference to call upon States parties to the Convention to promote and intensify diplomatic efforts to encourage non-parties to accede to it as soon as possible and also to encourage accession to the Convention of new countries. The European Union believes that the Sixth Review Conference should consider adopting a universality strategy to promote accession to the Convention of new countries. This strategy would include:", "(i) Creation of a network of national (and regional) \"contact points\" on the Convention to, inter alia, facilitate the implementation of that universality strategy. Those contact points would have an unofficial character. States parties are requested to report to the rest of the States Parties and to the Convention secretariat, conducted by the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, on their \"contact points\" and to update information on changes and as they occur; the States members of the European Union have established those contact points, listed in annex II to the present document (only in English).", "(ii) Effective promotion of the universality of the Convention by the States parties therein in all relevant forums, in particular in regional and subregional organizations and relevant international organizations, and, to the extent possible, undertaking joint activities with those organizations.", "(iii) Formulation, as part of the intersessional process, of measures to assist States willing to accede to the Convention in national preparations for its implementation.", "(iv) Promoting, in bilateral contacts with non-parties, accession to or ratification of the Convention and providing bilateral assistance visits to States willing to become Parties to the Convention to assist them in that effort.", "(v) Conduct of regional and subregional seminars and workshops to promote the object and purpose of the Convention, inform potential States parties of their obligations under the Convention and explain the type of assistance available both for accession and for national implementation measures.", "(vi) Formulation and implementation of measures to promote knowledge of the Convention and its work, in particular the publication of the final documents of intersessional activities and of the language review conferences.", "(vii) Promotion of the Convention by its States parties to bilateral, regional and other agreements with non-parties, using instruments such as the European Union clause on weapons of mass destruction.", "9. States parties are encouraged to implement the above-mentioned measures that they can implement and to coordinate their implementation with other States Parties to achieve the utmost effectiveness through the exchange of information through the Department for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations, which plays the secretariat role of the Convention.", "10. In addition, the European Union believes that States parties should assess the effectiveness and usefulness of that universality strategy at the Seventh Review Conference of the Convention in 2011. Intermediate assessments and a balance of progress made in promoting the Convention could be undertaken at any of the intersessional meetings of States parties prior to that Conference.", "Annex I", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION", "As of 29 August 2006, 16 States have signed but not ratified:", "1. Burundi", "2. Central African Republic", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "4. Egypt", "5. Gabon", "6. Guyana", "7. Haiti", "8. Liberia", "9. Madagascar", "10. Malawi", "11. Myanmar (Burma)", "12. Nepal", "13. Somalia", "14. Syrian Arab Republic", "15. United Arab Emirates", "16. United Republic of Tanzania", "As of 29 August 2006, 24 States have not signed:", "1. Andorra", "2. Angola", "3. Cameroon", "4. Chad", "5. Comoros", "6. Cook Islands", "7. Djibouti", "8. Eritrea", "9. Guinea", "10. Israel", "11. Kazakhstan", "12. Kiribati", "13. Marshall Islands", "14. Mauritania", "15. Micronesia (Federal States of)", "16. Montenegro", "17. Mozambique", "18. Namibia", "19. Nauru", "20. Niue", "21. Samoa", "22. Trinidad and Tobago", "23. Tuvalu", "24. Zambia", "Annex II", "[ENGLISH ONLY]", "BTWC POINTS OF CONTACT OF EU MEMBER STATES", "AUSTRIA", "Alexander Benedict", "Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "Department II.8 – Global Disarmament, Arms Control, Export", "Control, Multilateral Atomic Energy Issues and IAEA", "A-1014 Vienna, Minoritenplatz 8", "tel: +43(0)501150 - 3354", "fax : +43(0)501159 - 5354", "web: www.bmaa.gv.at", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CZECH REPUBLIC", "Dr Ladislav Bartak", "Director, Department for the Control of Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", "State Office for Nuclear Safety", "Address: Senovážné nám. 9", "110 00 Praha 1", "Czech Republic", "tel: +420226514665", "fax: +420224223133", "e-mail: [email protected]", "CYPRUS", "Panayiotis Papadopoulos", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Political Affairs Division – Multilateral Relations", "tel: +357 22 401152", "fax: +357 22 661881", "e-mail: [email protected]", "DENMARK", "Casper S. Nervil", "Head of Section, Dept. of Security Policy", "Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Office 6 to 67", "Asiatisk Plads 21448 Copenhagen K", "Denmark", "tel direct: +45 33 92 06 77", "cell: +45 2545 9323", "tel: + 45 33 92 00 00", "fax: +45 33 92 18 04", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ESTONIA", "Ketlin Süsmalainen", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "First Political Department, First Division", "Islandi väljak 1", "15049 Tallinn", "Estonia", "tel: +3726377100", "fax : +372 637 7199", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FINLAND", "Jani Raappana", "Second Secretary", "Asevalvonnan yksikkö/Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament", "and Non-proliferation", "P.O. Box 176", "00161 Helsinki", "tel: +358 9 1605 6030", "cell: +358 400 954 492", "fax: +358 9 1605 6066", "e-mail: [email protected]", "FRANCE", "Frédéric JUNG", "Ministère des Affaires Etrangères", "Sous-Direction du Désarmement chimique, biologique", "et de la maîtrise des armements classique", "37 Quai d’Orsay", "75 700 PARIS 07 SP", "tel.: +331 43174306", "fax : +331 43174952", "e-mail: [email protected]", "GERMANY", "Alexander Olbrich", "Federal Foreign Office", "Head of BW Division", "Werderscher Markt §1", "10117 Berlin", "tel: +49(0)30 5000-4583", "fax : + 49 (0) 30 5000-54583", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ITALY", "Raffaele De Benedictis", "Permament Mission of Italy to the Conference on Disarmament", "Geneva", "tel: +4122 9180252", "fax: +4122 7400715", "e-mail: [email protected]", "LITHUANIA", "Martynas Lukosevicius", "Attache", "Arms Control, Non-proliferation and Disarmament Division", "Security Policy Departments", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania", "tel: +37052362429", "e-mail: [email protected]", "NETHERLANDS", "Wouter Wormgoor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Department of Security Policy / Nuclear Affairs and Non-proliferation", "tel: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5089", "fax: +31 (0) 70 - 348 5684", "e-mail: [email protected]", "POLAND", "Mr. Tadeusz Chomicki", "Deputy Director", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 92 02", "fax: +48 22 628 58 41", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Janusz Wawrzyniuk", "Counsellor, Non-Proliferation Division", "Department of Security Policy", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +48 22 523 89 19", "fax: +48 22 523 93 03", "e-mail: [email protected]", "ROMANIA", "Ms. Nineta Barbulescu", "Counsellor", "Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Combating Terrorism Office", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "tel: +4021 319 6857", "fax: +4021 319 23 63", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SPAIN", "Luis Gómez Nogueira", "Head of Disarmament Unit", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation", "Serrano Galvache, 26", "28071 MADRID (SPAIN)", "tel: +34 91.379.1759", "fax: +34 91.394.8647", "e-mail: [email protected]", "SWEDEN", "Martin Åberg", "Department for Disarmament and Non-proliferation", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs", "103 39 Stockholm Sweden", "tel: +46 8 405 35 84", "fax: +46 8 723 11 76", "email: [email protected]", "SLOVENIA", "Irina Gorsic, Counsellor", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia", "Security Policy Division", "Presernova 25 / SI - 1000 Ljubljana", "tel: +386 1 478 12 50", "fax: +386 1 478 22 29", "e-mail: [email protected]", "UNITED KINGDOM", "Ashi Brant", "Desk Officer for BWC and CTBT", "CBW Section", "Counter Proliferation Department", "Foreign and Commonwealth Office", "tel: 0207 008 2247", "fax : 0207 008 2680", "e-mail: [email protected]", "[1] ^(*) New strip for technical reasons.", "[2] This is a series of supplementary documents submitted by the States members of the European Union for consideration by States parties. Bulgaria and Romania, acceding countries; Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, candidate countries; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, countries of the stabilization and association process and potential candidates; and Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, support the present document.", "GE.06-65033 (E) 131106 131106" ]
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.7 20 de octubre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "APLICACIÓN DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAS ARMAS BIOLÓGICAS Y TOXÍNICAS: NECESIDAD DE UN ENFOQUE CONCERTADO Y COORDINADO", "Presentado por los Países Bajos en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN", "1. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones para 2003-2005 ha resultado muy fructífero. Ofreció a los Estados Partes la oportunidad de intercambiar sus experiencias nacionales sobre diversos temas importantes. Las reuniones también ofrecieron a los Estados Partes un panorama general de su situación con respecto a la aplicación y el cumplimiento de la Convención.", "2. Aunque muchos Estados Partes han aplicado la Convención plena o parcialmente y otros han iniciado un proceso a tal efecto, es evidente que todavía queda mucho trabajo por hacer, especialmente en las esferas de la legislación de aplicación interna, las medidas nacionales para mantener la seguridad y la vigilancia de los microorganismos patógenos y las toxinas (seguridad biológica y protección contra las amenazas biológicas) y la sensibilización. La UE considera que habrá que seguir trabajando en estas esferas en los años posteriores a 2006.", "3. Al margen de las cuestiones examinadas en el programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones, muchos Estados Partes han mencionado de forma oficial u oficiosa varias otras cuestiones que requerirán la atención de la Convención en los próximos años, como el mejoramiento del intercambio de medidas de fomento de la confianza y la promoción de la universalidad de la Convención.", "4. La atención redoblada que se concede al cumplimiento de las obligaciones relativas a la Convención, mediante la aplicación a nivel nacional de las disposiciones del trabajo y de los compromisos asumidos en las respectivas conferencias de examen, tiene claros paralelos, con acontecimientos similares, en el contexto de la Convención sobre las armas químicas y el Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (salvaguardias del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA)). La UE considera que esa atención no hará más que aumentar, como debería, en los próximos años.", "5. La UE considera que, puesto que reconocen sin lugar a dudas la importancia de mejorar la aplicación de la Convención, los Estados Partes deberían acordar medidas concretas para lograr este objetivo, y deberían estar dispuestos a intensificar los esfuerzos bilaterales e internacionales para alcanzar toda meta específica convenida por la Conferencia de Examen.", "II. AUMENTO DE LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA PRESTACIÓN DE ASISTENCIA", "6. En las reuniones entre períodos de sesiones de 2003, muchos sugirieron ya que los Estados Partes que estuvieran en condiciones de hacerlo podrían ofrecer asistencia (técnica o financiera) con respecto a la legislación de aplicación interna. Se alentó a los Estados Partes necesitados de esa asistencia a que se pusieran en contacto con los Estados que la ofrecieran. En las reuniones entre períodos de sesiones de 2004 (mejoramiento de la vigilancia de las enfermedades y de las medidas de respuesta ante los brotes epidémicos) y de 2005 (códigos de conducta) se hicieron llamamientos similares. Ya en 2003, varios países indicaron oficialmente su voluntad de prestar asistencia y ofrecieron listas de instituciones o de expertos a los que se podía contactar a tal efecto. La importancia de esas iniciativas no requiere más explicación.", "7. A raíz de las reuniones entre períodos de sesiones, algunos Estados Partes ya han empezado a prestar asistencia bilateral para la aplicación. La UE, conforme a su Acción Común en apoyo a la Convención, también se ha comprometido a ayudar a los Estados Partes en sus esfuerzos para llevar a efecto la Convención. Además, la UE, junto con otros Estados Partes, promueve activamente la universalidad de la Convención, y otros Estados Partes han participado en la esfera de las medidas de fomento de la confianza. La UE, mediante diversas iniciativas, también ayuda a terceros Estados con el cumplimiento de los requisitos sanitarios y fitosanitarios. La UE acoge favorablemente todas estas iniciativas y actividades, que deberían proseguir e intensificarse siempre que sea posible.", "III. NECESIDAD DE UN ENFOQUE CONCERTADO Y COORDINADO", "8. Para que todas estas iniciativas sean eficaces, es decir, que contribuyan a las metas convenidas en la Conferencia de Examen, es indispensable un enfoque coordinado. Las actividades bilaterales se deben complementar y reforzar mutuamente, y hay que evitar la duplicación. Además, ningún Estado Parte que precise asistencia debe dejar de recibirla por desconocer su solicitud los países encargados de prestarla. Por último, en algunos casos, la aplicación no depende tanto de la disponibilidad de la asistencia como del acceso a información fundamental sobre las obligaciones del tratado y otros conocimientos básicos.", "9. La publicación en un punto central de un resumen completo de todas las actividades pertinentes que realizan los Estados Partes en la Convención en las esferas respectivas de asistencia, así como de la coordinación de dichos esfuerzos, contribuiría en gran medida a la eficacia de la labor de los Estados Partes. Análogamente, la existencia de un punto central donde se pudiera obtener y recibir toda la información pertinente sobre la Convención favorecería el objetivo de lograr un tratado más eficaz.", "IV. POSIBLES FUNCIONES DE LA SECRETARÍA DE LA CONVENCIÓN EN LA ESFERA DEL APOYO PARA LA APLICACIÓN", "10. La UE considera que existe aquí un obstáculo a los esfuerzos redoblados y concertados que se han realizado para mejorar el cumplimiento del tratado y su aplicación eficaz. Por ello, sugiere que los Estados Partes en la Conferencia de Examen estudien a fondo cómo utilizar mejor las estructuras ya existentes en el contexto de la Convención y cómo mejorarlas para cumplir los criterios de eficacia. Más concretamente, la UE propone hacer mejor uso de la actual secretaría de la Convención asignándole algunas tareas adicionales en la esfera del apoyo para la aplicación.", "11. Aparte de administrar las futuras reuniones de los Estados Partes y de prestar asistencia a quienes las presidan, así como a los participantes, esta secretaría ampliada de la Convención, o \"Dependencia de Apoyo para la Aplicación de la Convención\", en el marco del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, podría asumir tareas adicionales si se las asignara la Conferencia de Examen:", "i) Actuar como punto central de contacto de los Estados Partes para todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la Convención y su aplicación, y como canal ordinario de comunicación entre los Estados Partes;", "ii) Ayudar a los Estados Partes en sus esfuerzos para promover la adhesión universal a la Convención, en particular mediante el enlace con los Estados que no son partes, y asistiendo a los actos relacionados con la universalidad;", "iii) Actuar como centro de coordinación, emparejando las solicitudes de asistencia de los Estados Partes, relativas a la aplicación a nivel nacional, la presentación de las medidas de fomento de la confianza, la seguridad biológica y la preparación, con las ofertas de asistencia de otros Estados Partes;", "iv) Mantener una recopilación de referencia de leyes nacionales de aplicación vigentes, leyes modelo, normas internacionales, directrices, códigos de conducta, manuales y otros recursos, y preparar un resumen anual de la legislación nacional de aplicación recientemente promulgada y ofrecer asesoramiento básico a los Estados Partes sobre la formulación de la legislación pertinente;", "v) Recopilar y distribuir a los Estados Partes las medidas anuales de fomento de la confianza, enviar recordatorios para la presentación de las medidas de fomento de la confianza y proporcionar asesoramiento básico a los Estados Partes sobre la formulación y la presentación de esas medidas;", "vi) Ayudar a los Depositarios a administrar la Convención: mantener las listas sobre la situación de la Convención y notificar a los Estados Partes las adhesiones, las reuniones y la iniciación de deliberaciones oficiales, entre otras cosas;", "vii) Seguir respaldando el proceso entre períodos de sesiones, facilitando así la participación activa de todos los Estados Partes mediante la realización de estudios sobre temas asignados, la preparación de documentos de antecedentes y el enlace con las organizaciones pertinentes.", "12. Si bien éstas parecen ser las tareas más fundamentales con respecto a la aplicación a nivel nacional y a las actividades relacionadas con la universalidad, hay otras tareas que podría realizar esa \"Dependencia de Apoyo para la Aplicación de la Convención\", en el marco del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, siempre en función de lo que los Estados Partes consideren útil y necesario.", "13. Todas las actividades descritas se llevarían a cabo sin un incremento significativo de los costos que ya entraña el apoyo de la secretaría a las reuniones de los Estados Partes y a sus presidentes. Si la Conferencia de Examen conviniera en asignar las tareas citadas a esa \"Dependencia de Apoyo para la Aplicación de la Convención\", en el marco del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, parecería apropiado que acordara asimismo un mandato para llevar a efecto esas actividades durante toda la etapa entre períodos de sesiones hasta la próxima Conferencia de Examen, en 2011. Ello ofrecería la continuidad necesaria a los Estados Partes y daría seguridad a los miembros de la secretaría.", "14. Esta \"Dependencia de Apoyo para la Aplicación de la Convención\", en el marco del Departamento de Asuntos de Desarme de las Naciones Unidas, se podría financiar sobre la base de una estimación de los costos por la secretaría de la Conferencia de Examen, que decidiría la propia Conferencia. La estimación debería abarcar las actividades de esa secretaría ampliada de la Convención para todo el período hasta la próxima Conferencia de Examen, en 2011.", "[1] Este documento forma parte de una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea para su examen por los Estados Partes. Se suman él Bulgaria y Rumania, países en vías de adhesión; Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, países candidatos; Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina y Serbia, países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y candidatos potenciales; y Ucrania y la República de Moldova.", "GE.06-64672 (S) 021106 071106" ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.720 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC): NEED FOR A CONCERTED AND COORDINATED APPROACH", "Submitted by the Netherlands on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The intersessional work programme for 2003 – 2005 has been very successful. It provided States Parties with an opportunity to share national experiences on a range of important topics. The meetings also provided States Parties with an overview of where they stand with regard to the implementation of and compliance with the Convention.", "2. Although many States Parties have implemented the Convention fully or partially, and others have started a process to that end, it is clear that a lot of work still needs to be done, particularly in the areas of national implementing legislation, national measures to maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins (biosafety and biosecurity), and awareness raising. The EU considers that more work is necessary in these areas in the years after 2006.", "3. Apart from the issues discussed during the intersessional programme of work, many States Parties have formally or informally mentioned a number of other issues that need BTWC attention in the years to come, such as improvement of the exchange of Confidence-building Measures (CBMs), and promoting universality of the Convention.", "4. The enhanced emphasis on the importance of compliance with BTWC obligations, through implementing the treaty provisions and commitments made at respective Review Conferences at a national level, has clear parallels with similar developments in the context of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Non Proliferation Treaty (IAEA Safeguards). The EU considers that this emphasis should and will only increase in the coming years.", "5. The EU also considers that, since States Parties to the BTWC clearly recognise the importance of enhanced implementation of the Convention, they should agree on specific measures to achieve this and should be willing to intensify bilateral and international efforts to meet any concrete targets the Review Conference might agree on.", "II. Increased importance of provision of assistance", "6. Already at the intersessional meetings in 2003 it was suggested by many that States Parties in a position to do so could offer (technical or financial) assistance in respect of national implementing legislation. States Parties in need of such assistance were encouraged to contact those offering assistance. Similar calls were made at the intersessional meetings in 2004 (improvement of disease surveillance and outbreak response) and 2005 (codes of conduct). Already in 2003, a number of countries officially indicated their willingness to provide assistance and provided lists of institutions or experts that could be contacted to that end. The importance of these initiatives needs no further explanation.", "7. As a result of the intersessional meetings, some States Parties are already providing bilateral implementation assistance. The EU, under its Joint Action in support of the BTWC has also committed itself to assist States Parties in their efforts to implement the Convention. Furthermore, the EU as well as other States Parties is actively promoting universality of the Convention and other States Parties have been active in the area of Confidence-building Measures. The EU, through a number of initiatives, is also assisting third countries in complying with sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. The EU welcomes all these initiatives and activities, which should be continued and intensified where possible.", "III. Need for concerted and coordinated approach", "8. In order for all these initiatives to be effective, i.e. contributing to achieving the targets to be agreed at the Review Conference, a coordinated approach is indispensable. Bilateral activities should complement and reinforce each other, and should not overlap. Furthermore, no State Party in need of assistance should be excluded from such assistance simply because countries providing assistance were not aware of the demand. Finally, in some cases, implementation is not so much dependent on the availability of assistance, but on access to basic information concerning treaty obligations and other background knowledge.", "9. A complete overview of all relevant activities by BTWC States Parties in respective areas of assistance at a central point, as well as coordination of such efforts would already contribute much to the effectiveness of States Parties' efforts. Likewise, a central point where all relevant BTWC information can be obtained and received would serve the goal of a more effective treaty.", "IV. Possible roles for BTWC Secretariat in the area of implementation support", "10. The EU considers this to be an impediment to our enhanced and concerted efforts to improve compliance with and effective implementation of the treaty. The EU suggests that States Parties at the Review Conference consider in depth how to make better use of already existing structures in the BTWC context and how to improve these to meet the standard of effectiveness. More specifically, the EU proposes to make better use of the current BTWC Secretariat by assigning it some additional tasks in the field of implementation support.", "11. Apart from managing any future meetings of States Parties, and assisting the Chair thereof as well as participants in these meetings, this enhanced BTWC Secretariat – or ‘Implementation Support Unit’ –, hosted within UNDDA, if so assigned by the Review Conference, could undertake additional tasks, such as:", "(i) Provide a central point of contact for States Parties for all matters concerning the Convention and its implementation, and a standard channel for communication among States Parties.", "(ii) Assist States Parties in their efforts to promote universal adherence to the Convention, including through liaising with non States Parties, and attending universality-related events.", "(iii) Act as a “clearing house”, matching requests from States Parties for assistance with national implementation, submission of CBMs, bio-security and preparedness with offers of such assistance from other States Parties.", "(iv) Maintain a reference collection of existing national implementing legislation, model legislation, international standards, guidelines, codes of conduct, manuals and other resources, provide an annual overview of newly enacted national implementing legislation, and provide basic advice to States Parties on drafting relevant legislation.", "(v) Collect and circulate to States Parties the annual Confidence-Building Measures, send out reminders for CBM submissions, and provide basic advice to States Parties on preparing and submitting CBMs .", "(vi) Assist the Depositaries with the administration of the Convention: maintain status lists, notify States Parties of accessions, meetings, initiation of formal proceedings, etc.", "(vii) Continue to support the intersessional process, and thereby facilitate active participation by all States Parties, by conducting research on assigned topics, preparing background papers, and liaising with relevant organisations.", "12. While these seem to be the most essential tasks for such an ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, with regard to national implementation and universality-related activities, there are other tasks it could carry out, again depending on what States Parties consider useful and necessary.", "13. All the activities described above could be carried out without a significant increase in the costs already involved in secretarial support for the meetings of States Parties and their Chairs. If the Review Conference were to agree to assigning the abovementioned tasks to this ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, it would seem appropriate that the Review Conference should also agree on a mandate to carry out such activities for the whole intersessional period until the next Review Conference in 2011. This would provide the necessary continuity for States Parties as well as certainty for members of the secretariat.", "14. Such an ‘Implementation Support Unit’, hosted within UNDDA, could be financed on the basis of a cost estimate by the secretariat of the Review Conference, to be decided upon by the Review Conference. The cost estimate should cover the activities of such an enhanced BTWC Secretariat for the entire period until the next Review Conference in 2011.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.7
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.7 20 October 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL AND TOXINIC WEAPONS: NECESSITY OF A CONCERTED AND COORDINATE ENVIRONMENT", "Submitted by the Netherlands on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The intersessional programme of work for 2003-2005 has proved very fruitful. It provided an opportunity for States parties to share their national experiences on various important issues. The meetings also provided States parties with an overview of their status with regard to the implementation and implementation of the Convention.", "2. While many States parties have fully or partially implemented the Convention and others have initiated a process to that end, it is clear that much work remains to be done, especially in the areas of domestic legislation, national measures to maintain the safety and monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins (biological security and protection against biological threats) and awareness-raising. The EU believes that further work will need to be done in these areas in the years after 2006.", "3. Apart from the issues discussed in the intersessional work programme, many States parties have formally or informally mentioned a number of other issues that will require the attention of the Convention in the coming years, such as improving the exchange of confidence-building measures and promoting the universality of the Convention.", "4. The enhanced attention given to the fulfilment of the obligations under the Convention, through the implementation at the national level of the provisions of the work and the commitments made at the respective review conferences, has clear parallels, with similar developments, in the context of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Saveguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)). The EU believes that this attention will only increase, as it should, in the coming years.", "5. The EU believes that, since it undoubtedly recognizes the importance of improving the implementation of the Convention, States parties should agree on concrete measures to achieve this objective, and should be prepared to intensify bilateral and international efforts to achieve any specific goal agreed upon by the Review Conference.", "II. IMPORTANCE OF THE PRESTATION OF ASSISTANCE", "6. At the 2003 intersessional meetings, many suggested that States parties in a position to do so could provide assistance (technical or financial) with respect to domestic law. States parties in need of such assistance were encouraged to contact the States that offered it. Similar appeals were made at the intersessional meetings of 2004 (improvement of disease surveillance and response to epidemic outbreaks) and 2005 (conduct codes). Already in 2003, a number of countries formally indicated their willingness to provide assistance and provided lists of institutions or experts to whom it could be contacted. The importance of such initiatives requires no further explanation.", "7. Following intersessional meetings, some States parties have already begun to provide bilateral assistance for implementation. The EU, in line with its Common Action in support of the Convention, has also pledged to assist States parties in their efforts to implement the Convention. In addition, the EU, together with other States parties, actively promotes the universality of the Convention, and other States parties have participated in the area of confidence-building measures. The EU, through various initiatives, also assists third States in meeting sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. The EU welcomes all these initiatives and activities, which should be pursued and intensified whenever possible.", "III. NECESSITY OF A CONCERTED AND COORDINATE ENFOQUE", "8. To ensure that all these initiatives are effective, i.e. contributing to the goals agreed at the Review Conference, a coordinated approach is indispensable. Bilateral activities should be complemented and mutually reinforcing, and duplication should be avoided. In addition, no State Party requiring assistance should fail to receive such assistance by the countries responsible for providing it. Finally, in some cases, implementation does not depend both on the availability of assistance and access to key information on treaty obligations and other basic knowledge.", "9. The publication at a central point of a complete summary of all relevant activities undertaken by States parties to the Convention in the respective areas of assistance, as well as the coordination of such efforts, would greatly contribute to the effectiveness of the work of States parties. Similarly, the existence of a central point where all relevant information on the Convention could be obtained and received would favour the goal of achieving a more effective treaty.", "IV. POSSIBLE FUNTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION IN THE SFER OF THE SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION", "10. The EU considers that there is an obstacle here to the strengthened and concerted efforts that have been made to improve compliance with the treaty and its effective implementation. He therefore suggested that States parties to the Review Conference should consider how to better use existing structures in the context of the Convention and how to improve them to meet the effectiveness criteria. More specifically, the EU proposes to make better use of the current Convention secretariat by assigning it some additional tasks in the area of support for implementation.", "11. Apart from administering future meetings of the States Parties and assisting those chairing them, as well as the participants, this expanded secretariat of the Convention, or \"Dependence on Support for the Implementation of the Convention\", within the framework of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, could undertake additional tasks if assigned by the Review Conference:", "(i) To act as the focal point of States Parties for all matters relating to the Convention and its implementation, and as the regular channel of communication between States Parties;", "(ii) Assist States parties in their efforts to promote universal adherence to the Convention, in particular through liaison with non-parties, and assist in acts related to universality;", "(iii) To act as a focal point, pairing requests for assistance from States parties, relating to national implementation, the submission of confidence-building measures, biological security and preparedness, with offers of assistance from other States Parties;", "(iv) Maintain a baseline compilation of existing national implementing laws, model laws, international standards, guidelines, codes of conduct, manuals and other resources, and prepare an annual summary of newly enacted national implementing legislation and provide basic advice to States parties on the formulation of relevant legislation;", "(v) Collect and distribute annual confidence-building measures to States parties, send reminders for the submission of confidence-building measures and provide basic advice to States parties on the formulation and submission of such measures;", "(vi) Assist Depositaries in administering the Convention: keep lists on the status of the Convention and notify States parties of accessions, meetings and initiation of official deliberations, inter alia;", "(vii) To continue to support the intersessional process, thereby facilitating the active participation of all States parties through the conduct of studies on assigned topics, the preparation of background documents and liaison with relevant organizations.", "12. While these seem to be the most fundamental tasks with regard to national implementation and activities related to universality, there are other tasks that could be carried out by that \"Dependence on Support for the Implementation of the Convention\", within the framework of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, always depending on what States parties consider useful and necessary.", "13. All activities described would be carried out without a significant increase in the costs already associated with the secretariat &apos; s support for meetings of States parties and their chairpersons. If the Review Conference agreed to assign the tasks referred to in that \"Dependence on Support for the Implementation of the Convention\", within the framework of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, it would also seem appropriate to agree on a mandate to implement those activities throughout the intersessional period to the next Review Conference in 2011. This would provide the necessary continuity to States parties and provide security to members of the secretariat.", "14. This \"Dependence on Support for the Implementation of the Convention\", within the framework of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, could be financed on the basis of an cost estimate by the secretariat of the Review Conference, which would decide the Conference itself. The estimate should cover the activities of that expanded secretariat of the Convention for the period up to the next Review Conference in 2011.", "[1] This document is part of a series of supplementary documents submitted by the States members of the European Union for consideration by the States Parties. Bulgaria and Romania, acceding countries; Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, candidate countries; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, stabilization and association process countries and potential candidates; and Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova.", "GE.06-6462 (E) 021106 071106" ]
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.8 20 de octubre de 2006", "ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "EL PROGRAMA DE TRABAJO ENTRE PERÍODOS DE SESIONES: SU UTILIDAD Y CONTRIBUCIÓN AL OBJETO Y EL FIN DE LA CONVENCIÓN ENTRE 2003 Y 2005, Y ARGUMENTOS A FAVOR DE CONTINUAR LA LABOR ENTRE PERÍODOS DE SESIONES DESPUÉS DE 2006", "Presentado por Francia y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte en nombre de la Unión Europea[1]", "I. INTRODUCCIÓN", "1. La Quinta Conferencia de Examen de la Convención sobre las armas biológicas y toxínicas decidió seguir fortaleciendo la Convención mediante un programa de trabajo entre 2003 y 2005. El objetivo del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones era examinar y promover un entendimiento común y medidas eficaces sobre los siguientes asuntos:", "i) Adopción de las medidas nacionales necesarias para aplicar las prohibiciones estipuladas en la Convención, incluida la promulgación de leyes penales;", "ii) Mecanismos nacionales para instituir y mantener la seguridad y la vigilancia de los microorganismos patógenos y las toxinas;", "iii) Fortalecimiento de las capacidades internacionales de respuesta, investigación y mitigación de efectos con respecto a los casos de supuesta utilización de armas biológicas o toxínicas o a los brotes de enfermedades de carácter sospechoso;", "iv) Fortalecimiento y ampliación de los esfuerzos institucionales y los mecanismos existentes en los planos nacional e internacional para la vigilancia, la detección y el diagnóstico de las enfermedades infecciosas que afectan a los seres humanos, los animales y las plantas y para la lucha contra tales enfermedades;", "v) Contenido, promulgación y aprobación de códigos de conducta para los científicos.", "2. Esos temas abarcaban la mayoría de los artículos sustantivos de la Convención, como el alcance y el fin de la Convención, las cuestiones de no proliferación, los mecanismos nacionales de aplicación, la investigación sobre la utilización, la respuesta a la presunta utilización y la vigilancia, la detección, el diagnóstico y mitigación de las enfermedades, es decir, los artículos I, III, IV, V, VI, VII y X.", "3. En la Sexta Conferencia de Examen, los Estados Partes deben estudiar las recomendaciones del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones y decidir sobre las medidas que se adoptarán. Los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea (UE), otros Estados Partes y diversas organizaciones no gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil han indicado ya que apoyarían la decisión de aprobar en la Sexta Conferencia de Examen un nuevo programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones.", "4. El presente documento de trabajo refleja la opinión de la UE sobre la utilidad y los resultados del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones en el período de 2003 a 2005, y sobre cómo ha contribuido el programa a la aplicación efectiva y al fortalecimiento de la Convención, que sigue siendo fundamental. El documento respalda la opinión de la UE de que es necesario aprobar un nuevo programa de trabajo.", "II. CONTEXTO DEL PROGRAMA DE TRABAJO ENTRE PERÍODOS DE SESIONES", "5. La Convención es un acuerdo sin precedentes, al tratarse del primer tratado de desarme sobre un arma de destrucción en masa. A juicio de la UE, la Convención sigue siendo tan válida como lo ha sido hasta ahora para responder a las amenazas que entrañan las armas biológicas y toxínicas. Si no se hubieran celebrado reuniones entre 2002 y 2006, los Estados Partes habrían dejado ver que el valor de la Convención en la era actual era limitado, en particular porque la preocupación por las armas biológicas y el bioterrorismo había alcanzado nuevos niveles en 2002. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones contribuyó a que los Estados Partes concentraran sus esfuerzos tras el fracaso de las negociaciones sobre un protocolo de la Convención, y permitió que un grupo de expertos internacionales de los Estados Partes siguiera trabajando para mejorar la aplicación de la Convención. También contribuyó a que los Estados Partes se identificaran nuevamente con la Convención y, lo que es más importante, aumentó la responsabilidad nacional con respecto al cumplimiento efectivo de las obligaciones y la observancia de la Convención. Asimismo, ayudó a elaborar diferentes criterios para fortalecer la Convención y su aplicación efectiva.", "6. El objetivo del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones era determinar cómo podían mejorar los Estados Partes sus puntos débiles conocidos mediante la adopción de medidas en diversos niveles. La adopción de medidas nacionales por cada Estado Parte era un componente clave del programa de trabajo. También eran importantes las medidas destinadas más allá de los Estados Partes y la divulgación a organizaciones intergubernamentales, como la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y a la sociedad civil.", "III. EFECTOS DEL PROGRAMA DE TRABAJO ENTRE PERÍODOS DE SESIONES", "7. Desde el punto de vista de los Estados miembros de la UE, el programa de trabajo contribuyó de varias maneras a la aplicación, por ejemplo, exigiendo a cada Estado Parte que revisara y examinara en qué medida cumplía las obligaciones de la Convención. Al preparar las reuniones, los Estados miembros de la UE estudiaron, entre otras, las siguientes cuestiones:", "i) ¿Podían mejorarse los mecanismos de aplicación?", "ii) ¿Podían identificarse las carencias en la aplicación efectiva?", "iii) ¿Qué departamentos y organismos gubernamentales y entidades no gubernamentales eran responsables de la aplicación de la Convención a nivel nacional?", "iv) ¿Podían identificarse las prácticas recomendadas?", "v) ¿Se estaban compartiendo y difundiendo las prácticas recomendadas entre los Estados Partes?", "vi) ¿Podían extraer enseñanzas los Estados miembros de la UE de los enfoques adoptados por otros Estados Partes?", "vii) ¿Se necesitaba asistencia en algunas esferas para cumplir efectivamente las obligaciones de la Convención?", "viii) ¿Podían asistir los Estados miembros de la UE a otros Estados Partes en determinados ámbitos para conseguir una aplicación más eficaz de la Convención?", "8. El programa de trabajo influyó en las medidas preparatorias y de seguimiento. Por ejemplo, en 2003, la UE llevó a cabo un estudio sobre los mecanismos nacionales de aplicación. En el estudio se informaba de las medidas adoptadas por los Estados miembros de la UE y se ilustraba el alcance de las medidas necesarias en la práctica para aplicar la Convención (BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62). Al proporcionar esa información a los Estados Partes en la Reunión de Expertos de 2003, el estudio contribuyó a atender a la petición de intercambio de información sobre la aplicación nacional efectiva que se había formulado en la Primera Conferencia de Examen, celebrada en 1980. El intercambio de esa información proporcionó a todos los Estados Partes un mejor entendimiento de las prácticas nacionales, contribuyó a mejorar la transparencia y aumentó las oportunidades de abordar las cuestiones de aplicación nacional y solucionar los problemas. Se estudiaron pormenorizadamente las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes enfoques, y se ofreció asistencia a los Estados Partes. En el período de 2003 a 2005, la labor preparatoria para el programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones aumentó la cantidad y la calidad de la información compartida por los Estados Partes. Ese resultado no tiene precedentes en el contexto de la Convención.", "9. Los resultados de las reuniones de expertos y de los Estados Partes alentaron también, e incluso exigieron en muchos casos, medidas de seguimiento. Por ejemplo, la Acción Común de la UE para promover la universalidad y apoyar la aplicación de la Convención (distribuida en la Comisión Preparatoria) es un ejemplo de iniciativa que se vio influida por los resultados del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones y por el reconocimiento de que algunos Estados Partes (y futuros Estados Partes) necesitarían asistencia para cumplir sus obligaciones en virtud de la Convención.", "10. Las reuniones de expertos y de los Estados Partes insuflaron nuevos bríos a la aplicación de la Convención, ya que en ellas participaron más delegaciones que en otras reuniones de los Estados Partes fuera de las Conferencias de Examen. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones influyó también en la \"identificación\" de los Estados Partes con la Convención y en su \"responsabilidad\" al respecto. También aumentó el número de organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales que participaron en diversos aspectos del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones. De hecho, la aplicación dejó de percibirse como una preocupación exclusiva de unos pocos funcionarios de los Estados Partes y pasó a ser una cuestión que atañía a particulares, departamentos y organizaciones de todos los Estados Partes, incluidas las organizaciones intergubernamentales, no gubernamentales (ONG) y la sociedad civil. Por poner dos ejemplos, en 2005, la preparación de los debates sobre los códigos de conducta fue facilitada en gran medida por organizaciones profesionales que pudieron iniciar debates sobre las armas biológicas en la comunidad científica. Ese tipo de actividad de sensibilización tiene un efecto positivo en el respeto de la norma contra las armas biológicas y toxínicas. En 2004, al estudiar las respuestas eficaces a los brotes de enfermedades -naturales o inducidos deliberadamente-, los Estados Partes estimaron que era importante disponer de información oportuna y precisa sobre esos brotes. Así, los procedimientos de información sobre las enfermedades en las esferas nacional, regional e internacional contribuyen al objeto y el fin de la Convención.", "11. Además, las reuniones de expertos y de los Estados Partes mejoraron la aplicación de la Convención al:", "i) Proporcionar a los Estados Partes un incentivo y un plazo para adoptar medidas conducentes a fortalecer la Convención en esferas concretas;", "ii) Introducir la especifidad en muchos de los debates sobre la aplicación efectiva;", "iii) Permitir el diálogo con expertos de diferentes tipos, tanto políticos como técnicos, en otros Estados Partes;", "iv) Ayudar a establecer y fortalecer contactos entre particulares, Estados Partes y expertos, incluidos los expertos políticos y técnicos;", "v) Facilitar el intercambio de conocimientos especializados y prácticas recomendadas;", "vi) Aumentar la sensibilización sobre la Convención y sus objetivos y necesidades en las comunidades nacionales e internacionales más generales.", "12. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones también ayudó a aclarar algunas cuestiones. Por ejemplo, el debate sobre el concepto y el significado de la protección contra las amenazas biológicas en 2003 y la identificación de los tipos de medidas necesarias para esa protección permitieron reconocer el valor de dichas medidas. En la Tercera Conferencia de Examen, celebrada en 1991, los Estados Partes habían reconocido que era importante impedir el acceso no autorizado a los agentes patógenos y al material y equipo delicados (BWC/CONF.III/23). Las reuniones celebradas en 2003 dieron fundamento a ese reconocimiento y ayudaron a traducir ese compromiso en medidas más decididas.", "13. También se ha mejorado la administración de la Convención. Una de las principales enseñanzas extraídas de la aplicación de la Convención en 30 años es que la Convención necesita una atención constante de los Estados Partes, tanto individual como colectivamente. No es un tratado firmado y aplicado hace 30 años. La Convención impone a los Estados Partes responsabilidades individuales (nacionales) y colectivas (regionales, multilaterales e internacionales), y el programa de trabajo ayudó a aclarar no sólo cuáles eran esas responsabilidades, sino también cómo podían cumplirse las obligaciones.", "14. El programa de trabajo ayudó también a mantener una perspectiva más global. La Convención es sólo uno de los varios elementos cuyo objetivo es impedir o contribuir a impedir que se utilicen armas biológicas o toxínicas en una guerra o con fines hostiles. Los debates sobre cada una de las cinco esferas de trabajo revelaron las relaciones entre esos elementos. Por ejemplo:", "i) El objeto y el fin de la Convención, el Protocolo de Ginebra de 1925 y el mecanismo establecido por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas para investigar la utilización presunta o supuesta de armas químicas, biológicas y toxínicas;", "ii) La aplicación de la Convención y de la Convención sobre las armas químicas en relación con las toxinas;", "iii) La no proliferación a nivel estatal, en cumplimiento del artículo III, para no traspasar \"a nadie\" (lo cual incluye a los agentes no estatales) el material o equipo peligroso, y así garantizar la aplicación efectiva de la Convención, contribuye a cumplir la resolución 1540 (2004) del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas;", "iv) Las actividades enmarcadas en programas de cooperación para reducir las amenazas contribuyen a velar por el cumplimiento en los Estados Partes;", "v) Los debates del Grupo de los Ocho sobre cuestiones como la no proliferación, el terrorismo y la seguridad alimentaria están relacionados con la Convención;", "vi) La función de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) y la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), cuyas actividades sobre la vigilancia, la detección y el diagnóstico de las enfermedades y sobre la respuesta ante los brotes de enfermedades pueden contribuir al objeto y el fin de la Convención.", "15. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones abrió también nuevos foros de acción. Entre ellos figuraron iniciativas regionales de alcance internacional, como la mencionada Acción Común de la UE, que promueve la universalidad y apoya la aplicación nacional. Otros tuvieron carácter regional, como los talleres celebrados por Australia e Indonesia en 2004 y 2005, y aún otros foros fueron no gubernamentales, como la labor del Grupo Interacadémico sobre códigos de conducta para científicos.", "IV. CONCLUSIÓN", "16. Los ejemplos mencionados no sólo subrayan la necesidad de medidas nacionales y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones nacionales, sino que también demuestran a los Estados Partes la necesidad de adoptar enfoques en numerosas esferas que van mucho más allá del enfoque \"sólo nacional\", pero también mucho más allá de la agenda \"multinacional\" en su sentido tradicional. El programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones no sólo ayudó a los Estados Partes a centrarse en determinadas cuestiones, sino que también facilitó nuevas ideas. Permitió que se hicieran progresos sin polémicas y brindó la oportunidad de debatir, estudiar e intercambiar en la práctica ideas distintas de las ideas \"oficiales\" que se suelen relacionar con la Convención y su aplicación.", "17. Los resultados tangibles e intangibles del programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones entre 2003 y 2005 van más allá de los meros informes convenidos a la conclusión de cada una de las tres Reuniones de los Estados Partes. Esos informes son importantes, en particular para determinar las esferas de acuerdo y las medidas positivas para la aplicación efectiva de la Convención, pero no son los únicos logros. El programa de trabajo ha tenido otros importantes: por ejemplo, se ha seguido ofreciendo asistencia y asesoramiento técnico sobre los mecanismos nacionales de aplicación y también se siguen realizando actividades en la esfera de los códigos de conducta para científicos en diversos foros de varios Estados Partes.", "V. RAZONES PARA UN NUEVO PROGRAMA DE TRABAJO ENTRE 2007 Y 2010", "18. La UE cree firmemente que es necesario seguir trabajando para fortalecer la Convención y mejorar su aplicación después de 2006. Los Estados Partes deben aplicar la Convención individual y colectivamente. Ello entraña un equilibrio de responsabilidades, y mantener ese equilibrio es importante para que la Convención siga contribuyendo a nuestra seguridad individual y colectiva.", "19. Un nuevo programa de trabajo permitirá abordar otras esferas importantes de la Convención. Seguirá determinando cómo pueden mejorar los Estados Partes sus puntos débiles conocidos mediante la adopción de medidas en diversos niveles, permitirá que se siga realizando una labor de divulgación a organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales para aumentar la sensibilización sobre la Convención y ayudará a determinar medidas específicas, prácticas y viables para mejorar la aplicación de la Convención. En el nuevo programa de trabajo se pueden aprovechar los beneficios derivados del anterior y se puede mantener un órgano de expertos dedicados a la aplicación de la Convención para hacer frente a las amenazas y los problemas actuales.", "VI. MODALIDADES Y POSIBLES TEMAS DE UN NUEVO PROGRAMA DE TRABAJO ENTRE 2007 Y 2010", "20. Teniendo en cuenta los beneficios del anterior programa de trabajo, muchas de las modalidades seguirán siendo útiles. Sin embargo, los Estados Partes tal vez quieran estudiar algunos pequeños incrementos para perfeccionar la labor manteniendo la pauta general de actividad establecida. Por ejemplo, si hay consenso, la Reunión de los Estados Partes podría adoptar decisiones sin traspasarlas a la Séptima Conferencia de Examen. Algunas cuestiones podrían analizarse y examinarse anualmente, por ejemplo, la presentación de informes sobre los mecanismos nacionales de aplicación, el cumplimiento nacional de las medidas legislativas y administrativas, la protección contra las amenazas biológicas, las novedades científicas y tecnológicas pertinentes para la Convención, las actividades educativas y de sensibilización, la utilización de las ciencias biológicas con fines pacíficos y los progresos para lograr la adhesión universal a la Convención. También será necesaria una labor más intensa sobre determinadas cuestiones. A continuación se enumeran los posibles temas de un programa de trabajo futuro:", "i) Mejoras en las medidas de fomento de la confianza (relacionado con el artículo V). En el debate sobre este tema se podría hacer un balance de las diversas medidas definidas en el marco de las medidas de fomento de la confianza y formular recomendaciones para evitar la duplicación de dichas medidas, así como alentar la aplicación de normas comunes para mejorar el proceso de presentación y la velocidad de respuesta. También podría presentarse una evaluación general de las medidas de fomento de la confianza.", "ii) Seguridad y protección contra los agentes patógenos y las toxinas (relacionado con el artículo IV). Las cuestiones en esta esfera están directamente relacionadas con las disposiciones de la Convención y permiten varios enfoques mutuamente complementarios: interrelacionando la legislación y las normas sobre la protección contra las amenazas biológicas y la seguridad biológica y la Convención, por ejemplo, o analizando los factores que deben estudiarse al establecer controles de los agentes patógenos y las toxinas que podrían utilizarse para el bioterrorismo. El objetivo sería hacer avanzar el debate que se inició en las reuniones de 2003.", "iii) Detección de agentes patógenos y respuesta a las epidemias en tiempo real (relacionado con los artículos VI y X). Este tema podría complementar la labor realizada en 2004 y permitiría hacer un balance de las últimas novedades tecnológicas en materia de detección de epidemias y respuesta a las mismas. En el contexto de los principales temas de importancia epidemiológica, también podrían aclararse los vínculos entre la capacidad de los foros internacionales de salud y agricultura y las preocupaciones de la Convención. En particular, podrían debatirse desde la perspectiva de la Convención las consecuencias de las nuevas funciones y responsabilidades de los Estados Partes en el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional revisado, que entrará en vigor en 2007.", "iv) Aumento de la sensibilización sobre el riesgo biológico en la población nacional (relacionado con el artículo X). Este tema abarcaría las estrategias adoptadas a nivel nacional para preparar a la población contra los riesgos biológicos y alentar la adopción de los comportamientos sanitarios apropiados. Más en general, podrían examinarse las medidas educativas en la esfera del desarme biológico y la no proliferación de armas biológicas.", "v) Cooperación judicial, policial y aduanera sobre la prevención de la proliferación de productos de alto riesgo y del comercio ilícito de equipo de doble utilización (relacionado con los artículos III, IV y X). Una reunión de expertos sobre ese tema podría brindar la oportunidad de realizar intercambios exhaustivos sobre las medidas adoptadas en la esfera nacional, con asociados regionales, en el marco de organizaciones intergubernamentales como la Interpol y en otros mecanismos internacionales y regionales para impedir la proliferación y determinar la forma más adecuada de mejorar la eficacia de esas medidas. En particular, dicha reunión de expertos permitiría hacer un balance de las medidas adoptadas en cumplimiento de la resolución 1540 del Consejo de Seguridad en relación con las armas biológicas. También constituiría una extensión lógica del tema sobre el \"fortalecimiento de la legislación nacional\" al estudiar la aplicación de la legislación sobre agentes patógenos y toxinas.", "vi) Reubicación de los científicos participantes anteriormente en programas militares (relacionado con el artículo X). Este tema tendría que englobar a todos los agentes pertinentes de los Estados Partes. En particular, el debate podría dedicarse a presentar ejemplos de programas fructíferos y válidos de ese tipo y a examinar los tipos apropiados (instituciones, marcos de cooperación bilateral y multilateral) de medidas en esa esfera (como la Alianza mundial del Grupo de los Ocho, etc.).", "vii) Cooperación regional y subregional sobre la aplicación de la Convención (relacionado con el artículo IV). A este respecto, se podría invitar a las organizaciones regionales y subregionales de los cinco continentes a que expresaran su opinión sobre las medidas que hubieran adoptado para facilitar la aplicación de la Convención. Los debates podrían centrarse en las esferas probables de interés de las futuras medidas y en cómo conseguir la complementariedad con la labor pertinente llevada a cabo en otros foros. La UE podría informar sobre su experiencia en relación con la aplicación de su Acción Común para apoyar la Convención.", "viii) Medidas en caso de una supuesta utilización de armas biológicas o toxínicas (relacionado con los artículos V, VI y VII). Se podrían estudiar todos los aspectos conexos, los procedimientos que se tendrían que seguir, en particular la consulta entre los Estados Partes y entre éstos y otras organizaciones, la asistencia urgente, etc. Hasta la fecha no se ha dedicado ningún foro específico al bioterrorismo como tema único, lo cual lo convierte en un tema de trabajo de muchas organizaciones diferentes. El bioterrorismo está relacionado indirectamente con varios artículos de tratados; una reunión de expertos sobre este tema podría hacer un balance de todas las medidas adoptadas en este ámbito y complementar la labor relacionada con la resolución 1540.", "21. La UE apoya la adopción de medidas prácticas y viables para fortalecer la Convención y mejorar la eficacia de su aplicación entre 2007 y 2010. La UE está dispuesta a analizar con otros Estados Partes cómo lograrlo y cómo elaborar un nuevo programa de trabajo entre períodos de sesiones.", "[1] Este documento forma parte de una serie de documentos complementarios presentados por los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea para su examen por los Estados Partes. Se suman a él Bulgaria y Rumania, países adherentes; Turquía, Croacia y la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, países candidatos; Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina y Serbia, países del proceso de estabilización y asociación y posibles candidatos; y Ucrania y la República de Moldova.", "GE.06-64686 (S) 071106 081106" ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.820 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "THE INTERSESSIONAL PROGRAMME OF WORK: ITS UTILITY AND CONTRIBUTION TO FULFILLING THE OBJECT AND PURPOSE OF THE CONVENTION BETWEEN 2003-2005 AND A CASE FOR FURTHER INTERSESSIONAL WORK AFTER 2006", "Submitted by France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The Fifth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) agreed to continue the process of strengthening the Convention through a programme of work between 2003 and 2005. The purpose of the intersessional programme of work was 'to discuss, and promote common understanding and effective action on' identified topics as follows:", "(i) The adoption of necessary national measures to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including the enactment of penal legislation;", "(ii) National mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins;", "(iii) Enhancing international capabilities for responding to, investigating and mitigating the effects of cases of alleged use of biological or toxin weapons or suspicious outbreaks of disease;", "(iv) Strengthening and broadening national and international institutional efforts and existing mechanisms for the surveillance, detection, diagnosis and combating of infectious diseases affecting humans, animals and plants;", "(v) The content, promulgation, and adoption of codes of conduct for scientists.", "2. These topics covered most of the substantive Articles of the Convention, including the scope and purpose of the Convention, non-proliferation issues, national implementation mechanisms, investigation of use, responding to alleged use, and disease surveillance, detection, diagnosis, and mitigation, i.e. Articles I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and X.", "3. At the Sixth Review Conference States Parties are required to consider any recommendations from the intersessional programme of work and decide on further action. The Member States of the EU, other States Parties and various civil society and non-governmental organisations have already indicated that they would support the agreement to a further intersessional programme of work at the Sixth Review Conference.", "4. This working paper sets out the EU view on the utility and impact of the intersessional programme of work between 2003 and 2005 and how it has contributed to the effective implementation and strengthening of the Convention, which continues to be essential. It forms the basis for our judgment that a further work programme is necessary.", "II. Context of the intersessional programme of work", "5. The BTWC is a landmark agreement - the first disarmament treaty for a weapon of mass destruction. The view of the EU is that the Convention is as valid now as it has always been in addressing all the threats posed by biological and toxin weapons. States Parties would have sent a message that they deemed the Convention of limited value in the current era, if no meetings had taken place between 2002 and 2006, particularly since in 2002 concerns about biological weapons and bioterrorism had reached new levels. The intersessional programme of work helped States Parties focus their efforts after the collapse of the BTWC Protocol negotiations. It maintained a body of international experts from States Parties working to enhance implementation of the BTWC. It also helped develop a renewed sense of ownership of the Convention, and more importantly, national responsibility among States Parties for actual implementation of obligations and compliance with the Convention. It assisted in the development of different approaches to strengthening the BTWC and its actual implementation.", "6. The aim of the intersessional programme of work was to identify how States Parties might address known areas of weakness through action at various levels. Action at the national level, by each individual State Party, was a key component of the programme of work. Action beyond States Parties and outreach to intergovernmental organisations, such as the World Health Organization, and to civil society, were also important.", "III. Impact of the intersessional programme of work", "7. From the perspective of the EU Member States, the work programme assisted implementation in a number of ways, including requiring each State Party to think about and review its implementation of the obligations under the Convention. In preparing for the meetings, EU Member States considered, among others, the following questions:", "(i) Could implementation mechanisms be improved?", "(ii) Were gaps in actual implementation identifiable?", "(iii) Which government departments, agencies, and non-governmental entities had responsibility for implementing the Convention nationally?", "(iv) Was best practice identifiable?", "(v) Was best practice being shared and disseminated among the States Parties?", "(vi) Could the EU Member States learn from the approaches of other States Parties?", "(vii) Was assistance required in some areas to actually implement the Convention's obligations?", "(viii) Could the EU Member States offer assistance in certain areas to other States Parties to ensure implementation of the Convention was more effective?", "8. The work programme had both preparatory and follow-on implications. For example, in 2003 the EU undertook a survey of national implementation mechanisms. The survey not only reported on measures taken by EU Member States, but also illustrated the scope of measures actually required to implement the Convention (BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62). By providing this information to States Parties at the 2003 Meeting of Experts the survey helped to answer the request for sharing of information on actual national implementation issued at the First Review Conference in 1980. Sharing such information provided all States Parties with improved understanding of national practices, contributed to enhanced transparency, and increased opportunities to address issues of national implementation and deal with problems. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches were explored in detail and offers of assistance were made to States Parties. Over the period 2003 through to 2005 preparatory work for the intersessional work programme has resulted in an increase in the amount and quality of information shared between States Parties. This result is unprecedented in the BTWC context.", "9. The outcome of the meeting of experts and States Parties also encouraged, indeed often required, follow-up action. For example, the EU Joint Action on Universality and Implementation Assistance for the Convention (circulated at the Preparatory Committee) is an example of work that was influenced by the outcomes of the intersessional programme of work and the recognition that some States Parties (and future States Parties) would require assistance to fulfil their obligations under the Convention.", "10. Meetings of experts and meetings of States Parties added breadth to implementation of the Convention through participation of more delegations than compared to other non-Review Conference meetings of States Parties. The intersessional programme of work also had an impact on the sense of ‘ownership’ and ‘responsibility’ for the Convention. The number of intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations involved in various aspects of the intersessional programme of work also increased. Indeed, implementation shifted from being perceived as only a concern for a few individuals in governments of States Parties to being an issue involving individuals, departments, and organisations across States Parties, including intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and civil society. To provide two examples: in 2005 preparation for discussions on codes of conduct was facilitated greatly by professional organisations which were able to initiate debates related to biological weapons among the scientific community. This type of awareness-raising activity has a positive impact on maintaining the norm against biological and toxin weapons. In 2004, in considering effective responses to disease outbreaks – whether or not natural occurrences or deliberately induced – States Parties recognised that timely and accurate information on disease outbreaks is important. Thus, disease reporting procedures at the national, regional, and international levels contribute to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "11. Further, the meetings of experts and of States Parties added depth to implementation of the Convention by:", "(i) Providing States Parties with an incentive, and a timeframe, to act in ways conducive to strengthening the Convention in specific areas;", "(ii) Introducing specificity into many of the debates about effective implementation;", "(iii) Permitting engagement with experts of different types, political and technical, in other States Parties;", "(iv) Helping to establish and strengthen contacts between individuals, States Parties, and experts, including both political and technical;", "(v) Facilitating the sharing of expertise and good practice;", "(vi) Raising awareness of the Convention and its objectives and requirements across the wider domestic and international communities.", "12. The intersessional programme of work also helped clarify certain issues. For example, the discussion of the concept and meaning of biosecurity in 2003, and the identification of the types of measures required for biosecurity resulted in the recognition of the value of such measures. Preventing unauthorised access to pathogens and sensitive materials and equipment had been recognised by States Parties as important in 1991 at the Third Review Conference (BWC/CONF.III/23). The meetings in 2003 provided some substance to that recognition, and helped translate a commitment into more positive action.", "13. Stewardship of the Convention has also been enhanced. One of the main lessons from implementation of the Convention over 30 years is that the Convention needs constant attention nationally and by States Parties collectively. It is not a Treaty signed and implemented 30 years ago. States Parties have individual (national) and collective (regional, multilateral, international) responsibilities under the Convention and the programme of work assisted in not only clarifying what such responsibilities are, but also how obligations can be implemented.", "14. The programme of work also kept the bigger picture in focus. The Convention is only one of a number of elements that seek or help to prevent biological or toxin weapons from ever being used in war or for hostile purposes. Discussion on each of the five areas of work demonstrated the connections betweens these elements. For example:", "(i) The object and purpose of the Convention, the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the United Nations Secretary-General’s investigation mechanism for alleged or suspected use of chemical, biological, and toxin weapons;", "(ii) Implementation of the BTWC and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) with regard to toxins;", "(iii) Non-proliferation at the State level under Article III and its application to ‘any recipient whatsoever’ which includes non-State actors, thus establishing that effective implementation of the Convention contributes to fulfilment of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004);", "(iv) Activities under co-operative threat reduction programmes assist in ensuring compliance within States Parties;", "(v) Discussions in the G8 on issues such as non-proliferation, terrorism, and food security all have connections to the Convention;", "(vi) The role of the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), whose activities on disease surveillance, detection and diagnosis and on responses to disease outbreaks can make a contribution to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "15. The intersessional programme of work also opened up new fora for action. Some of these were regional initiatives with international reach, such as the EU Joint Action previously mentioned, promoting universality and national implementation assistance. Others were regional, such as the workshops convened by Australia and Indonesia in 2004 and 2005. Others still were non-governmental, such as the work of the InterAcademy Panel on codes of conduct for scientists.", "IV. Conclusion", "16. Taken together, the above examples not only underline the need for national action and fulfilment of national responsibilities but also demonstrate to States Parties the need for approaches across a range of areas. The range goes well beyond the ‘national only’ approach and also well beyond the ‘multinational’ agenda as traditionally understood. The intersessional programme of work not only helped to focus States Parties on specific issues but also facilitated new thinking. It allowed progress to be made in a non-controversial manner and provided the opportunity to discuss, consider and share ideas at practical levels beyond the 'BTWC officials' usually associated with the Convention and its implementation.", "17. The tangible and intangible results of the intersessional programme of work between 2003 and 2005 extend beyond the simple reports agreed at the conclusion of each of the three Meetings of States Parties. Those reports are important, not least in identifying areas of agreement and measures that have value for effective implementation of the Convention, but they are not the totality of the achievements. The programme of work has had other important achievements. For example, the offers of assistance and technical advice on national implementation mechanisms have continued and activity in the area of codes of conduct for scientists is also continuing in various fora in a number of States Parties.", "V. Rationale for a new work programme 2007-2010", "18. The EU strongly believes that continued work on strengthening the Convention and enhancing its implementation is required beyond 2006. The Convention has to be implemented by its States Parties nationally and collectively. There is a balance of responsibilities inherent in this and maintaining the balance is important if the Convention is to continue to contribute to our individual and collective security.", "19. A further programme of work will allow for other important areas of the Convention to be addressed. It will continue to identify how States Parties can rectify areas of weakness through action at various levels, permit continued outreach to intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations to raise awareness of the Convention, and assist in the identification of specific, practical, and feasible measures to enhance implementation of the Convention. The benefits derived from the last programme of work can be taken forward in the next one, and maintain a body of experts focused on implementation of the Convention to address current threats and problems.", "VI. Modalities and possible topics for a new work programme 2007 - 2010", "20. Given the positive benefits of the previous work programme, many of the modalities should continue to serve well. But State Parties might consider some small incremental changes to optimise the work, keeping within the overall pattern of activity already established. For example, where there is consensus, the Meetings of States Parties could make decisions without referral to the Seventh Review Conference. Certain issues could be discussed and reviewed on an annual basis, for example reporting on national implementation mechanisms, national enforcement of legislative and administrative arrangements, biosecurity, scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention, awareness-raising and educational activities, peaceful uses of biological sciences, and progress towards universal adherence to the Convention. More intensive work on specific issues will also be required. Possible topics for a future work programme are identified below:", "(i) Improvements to the Confidence-Building Measures (linked to Article V) - Discussion on this topic could focus on taking stock of the various measures defined in the CBM framework and lead on to recommendations aimed at ensuring that there is no duplication between them, and to encourage the implementation of common standards to help improve the submission process and the response rate. An overall evaluation of the CBMs could also be presented.", "(ii) Safety and security of pathogens and toxins (linked to Article IV) - The issues in this area are linked directly with the provisions of the BTWC and make possible several mutually complementary approaches: through the interfacing of legislation and standards for biosecurity and biosafety and BTWC for example, or through a discussion of the factors to consider when drawing up controls over pathogens and toxins that may possibly be used for bioterrorism. The aim would be to take forward the debate started in the meetings in 2003.", "(iii) Detection of pathogenic agents and response to epidemics in real time (linked to Articles VI and X) - This topic could usefully supplement the work done in 2004 and would make it possible to take stock of the latest technological developments on the detection of, and responses to, epidemics. In the context of major topical issues of epidemiological relevance, the links between the capacities of the international health and agriculture fora and the concerns of the BTWC could also be made clear. In particular the consequences of the new roles and responsibilities of States Parties to the revised International Health Regulations, which will enter into force in 2007, could be discussed from a BTWC perspective.", "(iv) Raising of the awareness of the biological risk in national populations (linked to Article X) - This topic would cover the strategies implemented at national level to prepare the population for biological risks and to encourage the adoption of appropriate health-related behaviour. More generally, educational measures in the area of biological disarmament and non-proliferation could be examined.", "(v) Judicial, police and customs cooperation on the prevention of proliferation of high-risk products and illicit trade in dual-use equipment (linked to Articles III, IV and X) - Such an expert meeting could offer an opportunity for in-depth exchanges on the actions conducted nationally, with regional partners, within the framework of intergovernmental organisations such as Interpol, and other international and regional mechanisms to prevent proliferation and on ways of enhancing their effectiveness. It would notably provide an opportunity to take stock of the measures implemented under Security Council Resolution 1540 with regard to biological weapons. It would also constitute a logical extension of the topic “reinforcement of national legislation” by considering the implementation of legislation on pathogens and toxins.", "(vi) Redirection of scientists previously involved in military programmes (linked to Article X) - Such a topic would need to encompass all the relevant actors within States Parties. The discussion could notably be aimed at presenting examples of successful and relevant programmes of this kind and at examining appropriate ways and means (institutions, bilateral and multilateral cooperation frameworks) for action in this area (such as the G8 Global Partnership etc.).", "(vii) Regional and sub-regional cooperation on BTWC implementation (linked to Article IV) - The regional and sub-regional organisations of all five continents could be invited in this connection to express their views on the actions they have undertaken to facilitate BTWC implementation. Exchanges of views might cover the areas likely to be the focus of future effort and how to ensure complementarity to relevant work undertaken in other fora. The EU could give feedback on its experience of the implementation of its Joint Action in support of the BTWC.", "(viii) Action in the event of suspected use of biological or toxin weapons (linked to Articles V, VI and VII) - Consideration could be given to all the aspects that would be involved, procedures that would need to be followed, including States Parties consulting each other and other organisations, emergency assistance etc. No specific forum has, so far, been dedicated solely to bioterrorism, which makes it a work topic of many different organisations. Bioterrorism is indirectly linked to several Treaty Articles; an expert meeting about this topic could take stock of all actions undertaken in this field and complement Resolution 1540 related work.", "21. The EU supports a focus on practical and feasible measures which will strengthen the Convention and enhance the effectiveness of its implementation between 2007 and 2010. The EU is ready to discuss with other States Parties how this might be achieved and how a further intersessional programme of work might be developed.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.8
[ "BWC/CONF.VI/WP.8 20 October 2006", "ENGLISH Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "THE PROGRAMME OF WORKING ENTRE SESSIONS: ITS UTILITY AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE OBJECT AND THE END OF THE CONVENTION ENTRE 2003 AND 2005, AND IMPLEMENTS TO CONTINUE THE WORKING FORTENTH SESSIONS AFTER 2006", "Submitted by France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Introduction", "1. The Fifth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention decided to further strengthen the Convention through a programme of work between 2003 and 2005. The objective of the intersessional programme of work was to review and promote common understanding and effective action on the following issues:", "(i) Take the necessary national measures to implement the prohibitions provided for in the Convention, including the enactment of criminal laws;", "(ii) National mechanisms to institute and maintain the safety and monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins;", "(iii) Strengthening of international capacities for response, research and mitigation of effects in cases of alleged use of biological or toxin weapons or outbreaks of suspicious diseases;", "(iv) Strengthening and expanding existing institutional efforts and mechanisms at the national and international levels to monitor, detect and diagnose infectious diseases affecting humans, animals and plants and to combat such diseases;", "(v) Content, promulgation and approval of codes of conduct for scientists.", "2. These topics covered most of the substantive articles of the Convention, such as the scope and purpose of the Convention, non-proliferation issues, national implementation mechanisms, research on use, response to alleged use and monitoring, detection, diagnosis and mitigation of disease, i.e. articles I, III, IV, V, VI, VII and X.", "3. At the Sixth Review Conference, States parties should consider the recommendations of the intersessional programme of work and decide on action to be taken. The States members of the European Union (EU), other States parties and various non-governmental organizations and civil society have indicated that they would support the decision to adopt a new intersessional programme of work at the Sixth Review Conference.", "4. The present working paper reflects the view of the EU on the usefulness and results of the intersessional programme of work during the period 2003 to 2005, and on how the programme has contributed to the effective implementation and strengthening of the Convention, which remains critical. The document supports the EU view that a new work programme needs to be adopted.", "II. CONTEXT TO THE PROGRAMME OF WORK FORTY-FIRST SESSIONS", "5. The Convention is an unprecedented agreement, as it is the first disarmament treaty on a weapon of mass destruction. In the view of the EU, the Convention remains as valid as it has been so far to respond to the threats posed by biological and toxin weapons. If meetings had not been held between 2002 and 2006, States parties would have shown that the value of the Convention in the current era was limited, in particular because the concern for biological weapons and bioterrorism had reached new levels in 2002. The inter-sessional programme of work contributed to States parties &apos; focus following the failure of negotiations on a protocol to the Convention, and enabled a group of international experts from States parties to continue to work to improve the implementation of the Convention. It also contributed to the re-identification of States parties with the Convention and, more importantly, increased national responsibility for the effective fulfilment of obligations and the observance of the Convention. It also helped to develop different criteria for strengthening the Convention and its effective implementation.", "6. The objective of the intersessional work programme was to determine how States parties could improve their known weaknesses by taking action at various levels. National action by each State party was a key component of the programme of work. Actions beyond States parties and outreach to intergovernmental organizations such as the World Health Organization and civil society were also important.", "III. EFFECTS OF THE PROGRAMME OF WORK ENTRE SESSIONS", "7. From the point of view of EU member States, the work programme contributed in a number of ways to implementation, for example by requiring each State party to review and review to what extent it fulfilled the obligations of the Convention. In preparing the meetings, EU member States discussed, inter alia, the following issues:", "(i) Could implementation mechanisms be improved?", "(ii) Could gaps be identified in effective implementation?", "(iii) Which government departments and agencies and non-governmental organizations were responsible for the implementation of the Convention at the national level?", "(iv) Can best practices be identified?", "(v) Are best practices shared and disseminated among States parties?", "(vi) Could EU member States draw lessons from approaches adopted by other States parties?", "(vii) Did assistance be needed in some areas to effectively meet the obligations of the Convention?", "(viii) Could EU member States assist other States Parties in certain areas to achieve a more effective implementation of the Convention?", "8. The programme of work influenced preparatory and follow-up measures. For example, in 2003, the EU conducted a study on national implementation mechanisms. The study reported on the measures taken by EU member States and illustrated the extent of the practical measures required to implement the Convention (BWC/MSP/2003/MX/WP.62). By providing such information to the States Parties at the 2003 Meeting of Experts, the study contributed to the request for the exchange of information on the effective national implementation that had been made at the First Review Conference in 1980. The exchange of such information provided all States parties with a better understanding of national practices, contributed to improved transparency and increased opportunities to address national implementation issues and address challenges. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches were discussed in detail and assistance was provided to States parties. During the period 2003-2005, preparatory work for the intersessional work programme increased the quantity and quality of information shared by States parties. This result is unprecedented in the context of the Convention.", "9. The results of the expert meetings and States parties also encouraged, and even in many cases required follow-up action. For example, the EU Common Action to Promote Universality and Support the Implementation of the Convention (distributed in the Preparatory Commission) is an example of initiative that was influenced by the results of the intersessional work programme and by the recognition that some States parties (and future States Parties) would need assistance in meeting their obligations under the Convention.", "10. Meetings of experts and States Parties inflated new bottles for the implementation of the Convention, as they involved more delegations than other meetings of States parties outside the Review Conferences. The intersessional work programme also influenced the \"identification\" of States parties with the Convention and its \"responsibility\" in that regard. The number of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that participated in various aspects of the intersessional work programme also increased. Indeed, implementation ceased to be perceived as an exclusive concern of a few State party officials and became an issue that addressed individuals, departments and organizations of all States parties, including intergovernmental, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society. For two examples, in 2005, the preparation of discussions on codes of conduct was greatly facilitated by professional organizations that were able to initiate discussions on biological weapons in the scientific community. This type of awareness-raising activity has a positive effect on respecting the norm against biological and toxin weapons. In 2004, when considering effective responses to outbreaks of disease -- natural or deliberately induced -- States parties considered that it was important to have timely and accurate information on such outbreaks. Thus, disease information procedures at the national, regional and international levels contribute to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "11. In addition, expert meetings and States parties improved the implementation of the Convention by:", "(i) To provide States parties with an incentive and time to take action to strengthen the Convention in specific areas;", "(ii) Introduce specificity in many of the discussions on effective implementation;", "(iii) Allow dialogue with experts of different types, both political and technical, in other States Parties;", "(iv) Assist in establishing and strengthening contacts between individuals, States parties and experts, including political and technical experts;", "(v) Facilitate the exchange of expertise and best practices;", "(vi) Increase awareness of the Convention and its objectives and needs in the wider national and international communities.", "12. The intersessional work programme also helped to clarify some issues. For example, the debate on the concept and meaning of protection against biological threats in 2003 and the identification of the types of measures necessary for such protection allowed the recognition of the value of such measures. At the Third Review Conference in 1991, States parties had recognized that it was important to prevent unauthorized access to pathogens and sensitive materials and equipment (BWC/CONF.III/23). The meetings held in 2003 provided the basis for that recognition and helped translate that commitment into more determined action.", "13. The administration of the Convention has also been improved. One of the main lessons learned from the implementation of the Convention in 30 years is that the Convention needs constant attention from States parties, both individually and collectively. It is not a signed and applied treaty 30 years ago. The Convention imposes on States parties individual (national) and collective responsibilities (regional, multilateral and international), and the programme of work helped to clarify not only what those responsibilities were, but also how obligations could be met.", "14. The work programme also helped to maintain a more global perspective. The Convention is only one of the various elements aimed at preventing or contributing to the prevention of the use of biological or toxin weapons in a war or for hostile purposes. Discussions on each of the five areas of work revealed relations between those elements. For example:", "(i) The object and purpose of the Convention, the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the mechanism established by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to investigate the alleged or alleged use of chemical, biological and toxin weapons;", "(ii) Implementation of the Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention on Toxins;", "(iii) Non-proliferation at the state level, pursuant to article III, in order not to transfer \"no one\" (including non-State actors) dangerous material or equipment, and thus to ensure the effective implementation of the Convention, contributes to the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1540 (2004);", "(iv) Activities under cooperation programmes to reduce threats contribute to ensuring compliance in States parties;", "(v) The discussions of the Group of Eight on issues such as non-proliferation, terrorism and food security are related to the Convention;", "(vi) The role of the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), whose activities on disease surveillance, detection and diagnosis and response to disease outbreaks can contribute to the object and purpose of the Convention.", "15. The intersessional work programme also opened new action forums. These included international regional initiatives, such as the EU Common Action, which promotes universality and supports national implementation. Others were regional, such as the workshops held by Australia and Indonesia in 2004 and 2005, and even other forums were non-governmental, such as the work of the Inter-Academic Group on Codes of Conduct for Scientists.", "IV. CONCLUSION", "16. The above examples not only underline the need for national action and compliance with national obligations, but also demonstrate to States parties the need to adopt approaches in many areas that go far beyond the \"national only\" approach, but also far beyond the \"multinational\" agenda in its traditional sense. The intersessional work programme not only helped States parties to focus on certain issues, but also facilitated new ideas. It allowed uncontroversial progress and provided an opportunity to discuss, study and share in practice ideas other than \"official\" ideas that are often related to the Convention and its implementation.", "17. The tangible and intangible results of the intersessional work programme between 2003 and 2005 go beyond the mere reports agreed upon at the conclusion of each of the three Meetings of States Parties. Those reports were important, particularly in identifying areas of agreement and positive measures for the effective implementation of the Convention, but they were not the only achievements. The programme of work has had other important ones: for example, technical assistance and advice on national implementation mechanisms has continued and activities in the area of codes of conduct for scientists in various forums of a number of States parties are also ongoing.", "V. RAZONES FOR A NEW WORK PROGRAMME ENTRE 2007 AND 2010", "18. The EU firmly believes that further work is needed to strengthen the Convention and improve its implementation after 2006. States parties should apply the Convention individually and collectively. This entails a balance of responsibilities, and maintaining that balance is important for the Convention to continue to contribute to our individual and collective security.", "19. A new programme of work will address other important areas of the Convention. It will continue to identify how States parties can improve their known weaknesses by taking action at various levels, enable further outreach to intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of the Convention and help identify specific, practical and viable measures to improve the implementation of the Convention. The new work programme can take advantage of the benefits derived from the previous work programme and an expert body dedicated to the implementation of the Convention can be maintained to address current threats and challenges.", "VI. MODALITIES AND POSIBLE WORKING PROGRAMME FOR 2007 AND 2010", "20. Taking into account the benefits of the previous programme of work, many of the modalities will remain useful. However, States parties may wish to consider a number of small increases in order to improve the work by maintaining the established overall pattern of activity. For example, if there is consensus, the Meeting of States Parties could take decisions without transferring them to the Seventh Review Conference. Some issues could be analysed and discussed annually, for example, reporting on national implementation mechanisms, national compliance with legislative and administrative measures, protection against biological threats, scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention, educational and awareness-raising activities, the peaceful use of biological sciences and progress towards universal adherence to the Convention. More intensive work on specific issues will also be needed. The possible topics for a future programme of work are listed below:", "(i) Improvements in confidence-building measures (related to Article V). The discussion on this topic could take stock of the various measures defined in the framework of confidence-building measures and make recommendations to avoid duplication of such measures, as well as encourage the implementation of common standards to improve the reporting process and the speed of response. An overall assessment of confidence-building measures could also be presented.", "(ii) Safety and protection against pathogens and toxins (related to article IV). Issues in this area are directly related to the provisions of the Convention and allow for a number of mutually complementary approaches: interlinking legislation and standards on protection against biological threats and biological security and the Convention, for example, or analysing the factors to be considered when establishing controls on pathogens and toxins that could be used for bioterrorism. The objective would be to advance the debate that began at the 2003 meetings.", "(iii) Detection of pathogens and response to epidemics in real time (related to articles VI and X). This topic could complement the work carried out in 2004 and provide a balance of the latest technological developments in the detection of and response to epidemics. In the context of major epidemiological issues, the linkages between the capacity of international health and agriculture forums and the concerns of the Convention could also be clarified. In particular, the implications of the new functions and responsibilities of States parties to the revised International Health Regulations, which will enter into force in 2007, could be discussed from the perspective of the Convention.", "(iv) Increased awareness of biological risk in the national population (related to article X). This topic would cover national strategies to prepare the population against biological risks and encourage the adoption of appropriate health behaviours. More generally, educational measures in the field of biological disarmament and non-proliferation of biological weapons could be considered.", "(v) Judicial, police and customs cooperation on the prevention of the proliferation of high-risk products and the illicit trade in dual-use equipment (related to articles III, IV and X). An expert meeting on this topic could provide an opportunity for comprehensive exchanges on actions taken at the national level, with regional partners, within the framework of intergovernmental organizations such as Interpol and other international and regional mechanisms to prevent proliferation and identify the best way to improve the effectiveness of such measures. In particular, such an expert meeting would allow for a balance of action taken pursuant to Security Council resolution 1540 on biological weapons. It would also be a logical extension of the topic on \"Strengthening national legislation\" by studying the implementation of the legislation on pathogens and toxins.", "(vi) Relocation of formerly participating scientists in military programmes (related to Article X). This item would involve all relevant actors in States parties. In particular, the debate could be dedicated to presenting examples of such fruitful and valid programmes and to considering appropriate types (institutions, bilateral and multilateral cooperation frameworks) of such measures (such as the G-8 Global Alliance, etc.).", "(vii) Regional and subregional cooperation on the implementation of the Convention (related to article IV). In this regard, regional and subregional organizations of the five continents could be invited to express their views on the measures they had taken to facilitate the implementation of the Convention. Discussions could focus on the likely areas of interest in future actions and on how to achieve complementarity with relevant work in other forums. The EU could report on its experience in implementing its Common Action to support the Convention.", "(viii) Measures in the event of the alleged use of biological or toxin weapons (related to articles V, VI and VII). All related aspects could be considered, the procedures to be followed, including consultation between and between States parties, urgent assistance, etc. To date, no specific bioterrorism forum has been dedicated as a single issue, making it a topic of work of many different organizations. Bioterrorism is indirectly related to several treaty articles; an expert meeting on this topic could take stock of all actions taken in this area and complement the work related to resolution 1540.", "21. The EU supports practical and viable measures to strengthen the Convention and improve the effectiveness of its implementation between 2007 and 2010. The EU is prepared to discuss with other States Parties how to achieve this and how to develop a new intersessional work programme.", "[1] This document is part of a series of supplementary documents submitted by the States members of the European Union for consideration by the States Parties. Bulgaria and Romania, acceding countries; Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, candidate countries; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, stabilization and association process countries and potential candidates; and Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova.", "GE.06-646 (E) 071106 081106" ]
[ "SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOSPARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAPROHIBICIÓN DEL DESARROLLO, LA PRODUCCIÓNY EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ARMASBACTERIOLÓGICAS (BIOLÓGICAS) Y TOXÍNICAS YSOBRE SU DESTRUCCIÓN BWC/CONF.VI/WP.920 de octubre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "UNIVERSALIZACIÓN", "Presentado por Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay", "1. La universalización de la Convención sobre la Prohibición del Desarrollo, la Producción y el Almacenamiento de las Armas Bacteriológicas (Biológicas) y Toxínicas y sobre su Destrucción (Convención sobre Armas Biológicas) resulta un elemento fundamental para alcanzar plenamente el objeto y propósito de la misma. La universalización contribuye a fortalecer la no-proliferación de armas de destrucción en masa.", "2. Para lograr la universalización es necesario que todos los Estados Parte demuestren voluntad política.", "3. En este sentido, se invita a la Conferencia de Examen a considerar las siguientes recomendaciones:", "(a) Acoger con beneplácito que desde la celebración de la última Conferencia de Examen, los Gobiernos de Malí, Antigua y Barbuda, Palau, Timor Leste, Sudán, Azerbaiyán, Kirguistán, República de Moldova y Tayikistán han accedido a la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas o depositado sus instrumentos de ratificación. Con lo anterior son ya 155 los Estados Parte.", "(b) Llamar a los Estados que aún no se han adherido a la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas o no la han ratificado a hacerlo sin demora.", "(c) Llamar a los Estados a retirar todas las reservas formuladas al Protocolo de Ginebra de 1925 para fortalecer la norma que prohíbe el uso de las armas biológicas.", "(d) Subrayar la importancia de la promoción de la cooperación internacional y de la transferencia de tecnología como incentivos para lograr la universalización.", "(e) Adoptar un plan de acción para facilitar la universalización de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, el cual entre otros aspectos incluya:", "i. Un mandato a la Unidad de Apoyo para llevar a cabo acciones destinadas a promover la universalización. El mandato debiera contemplar entre otras cosas:", "los Estados No Parte.", "adecuación de su legislación para permitirles acelerar sus procesos de ratificación o adhesión a la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "reuniones regionales y eventos relacionados con la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "ii. Un compromiso de los Estados Parte a intensificar sus esfuerzos orientados hacia la universalización de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, a través de gestiones bilaterales, así como en el marco de reuniones regionales y otras multilaterales. Estos esfuerzos podrían incluir entre otros, el intercambio de experiencias legislativas entre los Estados Parte y los no Parte.", "iii. Una invitación a los Estados Parte a nombrar un punto focal, responsable de coordinar las acciones tendientes a lograr la universalización Convención sobre Armas Biológicas. Éstas deberían ser informadas a los otros Estados Parte en el marco de las reuniones anuales." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.920 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "UNIVERSALIZATION", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The universalization of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction is of fundamental importance in fully achieving its objectives and purposes. Achieving universality contributes to strengthening the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.", "2. To achieve universalization, all States parties must demonstrate political will.", "3. In this regard, the Review Conference is invited to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) It should welcome the fact that, since the last Review Conference, the Governments of Mali, Antigua and Barbuda, Palau, Timor-Leste, the Sudan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova and Tajikistan have acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention or deposited their instruments of ratification, bringing the number of States parties to 155;", "(b) It should call upon States that have not yet adhered to or ratified the Biological Weapons Convention to do so without delay;", "(c) It should call upon States to withdraw all the reservations made to the 1925 Geneva Protocol in order to strengthen the norm that prohibits the use of biological weapons;", "(d) It should underline the importance of promoting international cooperation and technology transfer as incentives to achieve universality;", "GE.06-64690 (E) 031106 061106", "(e) It should adopt an action plan to facilitate universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention, including:", "(i) Authorizing the Support Unit to take action to promote universalization, including:", "legislation to allow them to speed up their process of ratifying or acceding to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "meetings and other events related to the Biological Weapons Convention.", "(ii) Securing a commitment by States parties to intensify their efforts to achieve the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention, through bilateral means as well as within the framework of regional and multilateral meetings. These efforts might include the exchange of information concerning legislative experience between States parties and non-parties;", "(iii) Inviting States parties to appoint a focal point responsible for coordinating actions aimed at securing the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention. A report on these actions should be presented to the other States parties at annual meetings." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.9
[ "SIXTH CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES IN THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND ALMACENAMIENT OF ARMASBACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXÍNICS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.920 October,2006", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "UNIVERSALIZATION", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The universalization of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (Convention on Biological Weapons) is a fundamental element for the full achievement of the object and purpose of the Convention. Universalization contributes to strengthening the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.", "2. To achieve universalization, it is necessary for all States parties to demonstrate political will.", "3. In this regard, the Review Conference is invited to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Welcome that since the last Review Conference, the Governments of Mali, Antigua and Barbuda, Palau, Timor Leste, Sudan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova and Tajikistan have acceded to or deposited their instruments of ratification. The States parties are already 155.", "(b) Call upon States that have not yet acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention or have not ratified it to do so without delay.", "(c) Call upon States to withdraw all reservations made to the 1925 Geneva Protocol to strengthen the rule prohibiting the use of biological weapons.", "(d) Underline the importance of promoting international cooperation and transfer of technology as incentives for achieving universalization.", "(e) Adopt a plan of action to facilitate the universalization of the Convention on Biological Weapons, including:", "I. A mandate to the Support Unit to carry out actions aimed at promoting universalization. The mandate should include:", "Non-Party States.", "adequacy of their legislation to enable them to accelerate their ratification or accession processes to the Biological Weapons Convention.", "regional meetings and events related to the Biological Weapons Convention.", "ii. A commitment by States parties to intensify their efforts aimed at the universalization of the Convention on Biological Weapons, through bilateral efforts, as well as within the framework of regional and other multilateral meetings. Such efforts could include, among others, the exchange of legislative experiences between States parties and non-parties.", "iii. An invitation to States parties to appoint a focal point, responsible for coordinating actions to achieve universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention. They should be informed to the other States parties during the annual meetings." ]
[ "SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOSPARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAPROHIBICIÓN DEL DESARROLLO, LA PRODUCCIÓNY EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ARMASBACTERIOLÓGICAS (BIOLÓGICAS) Y TOXÍNICAS YSOBRE SU DESTRUCCIÓN BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1020 de octubre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "COOPERACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TRANSFERENCIA TECNOLÓGICA", "ARTÍCULO X", "Presentado por Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay", "1. La utilización de todas las aplicaciones pacíficas de la biotecnología para el desarrollo económico y tecnológico constituye un derecho de los Estados Parte en la Convención sobre la Prohibición del Desarrollo, la Producción y el Almacenamiento de las Armas Bacteriológicas (Biológicas) y Toxínicas y sobre su Destrucción (Convención sobre Armas Biológicas).", "2. En ese sentido, cabe destacar la importancia de la promoción de la cooperación científica y transferencia tecnológica, según los propósitos y principios de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "3. La cooperación científica y la transferencia de tecnología constituyen importantes incentivos para la universalización de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, por lo que es necesario reforzarlas e invitar a los Estados Parte a considerar las siguientes recomendaciones:", "(i) Implementar plenamente los acuerdos alcanzados en Conferencias de Examen anteriores así como en la Conferencia Especial de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "(ii) Asegurar la cooperación científica y transferencia tecnológica en actividades pacíficas, tales como las relacionadas con la salud pública, la agricultura y la actividad agropecuaria.", "(iii) Desarrollar mecanismos eficaces de coordinación entre las agencias especializadas del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas y organismos internacionales y regionales, con el objetivo de facilitar la cooperación científica y la transferencia tecnológica.", "(iv) Informar anualmente sobre las acciones realizadas en materia de cooperación científica y transferencia tecnológica.", "(v) Reiterar la solicitud formulada al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas de acopiar anualmente e informar a los Estados Parte, respecto a la implementación del Artículo Xº de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, así como en relación a las decisiones adoptadas por las Conferencias de Examen.", "(vi) Favorecer la adopción de medidas destinadas a crear redes entre las comunidades científicas y el sector académico, referidas a la aplicación pacífica de la biotecnología, la ingeniería genética, la microbiología y otras áreas relacionadas con la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "(vii) Apoyar el establecimiento de procedimientos destinados a proveer asistencia a los Estados Parte que la requieran en virtud del Artículo VIIº de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "(viii) Revisar los procedimientos de consulta y cooperación de acuerdo al Artículo Vº de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas.", "(ix) Crear una base de datos que contenga información sobre cooperación internacional y transferencia de tecnología disponibles." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1020 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ARTICLE X", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The use of all peaceful applications of biotechnology for economic and technological development constitutes a right of States parties under the Convention on the Prohibition on the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention).", "2. From this perspective, the importance of promoting scientific cooperation and technology transfer in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Biological Weapons Convention is to be underscored.", "3. Scientific cooperation and technology transfer constitute important incentives for the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention\n consider the following recommendations:", "(i) They should fully implement the agreements reached by previous Review Conferences, as well as the Special Conference of the parties to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(ii) They should ensure scientific cooperation and technology transfer in peaceful activities such as those related to public health, agriculture, farming and animal husbandry;", "(iii) They should develop efficient coordination mechanisms between the specialized agencies of the United Nations system and international and regional organizations, in order to facilitate scientific cooperation and technology transfer;", "(iv) They should report annually on steps taken in the area of scientific cooperation and technology transfer;", "GE.06-64697 (E) 061106 071106", "(v) They should reiterate the request made to the United Nations Secretary-General to collect from and distribute among States parties, on a yearly basis, information on the implementation of article X of the Biological Weapons Convention, and on decisions adopted by the Review Conferences;", "(vi) They should encourage the adoption of measures to create networks between scientific communities and the academic sector regarding the peaceful use of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other areas related to the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(vii) They should support the establishment of procedures to assist States parties which request such assistance under article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(viii) They should review the procedures for consultation and cooperation under article V of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(ix) They should create a database containing information on opportunities for international cooperation and technology transfer." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.10
[ "SIXTH CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES IN THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND ALMACENAMIENT OF ARMASBACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXÍNICS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1020 October,2006", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION AND TRANSFER", "ARTICLE X", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The use of all peaceful applications of biotechnology for economic and technological development constitutes a right of States parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BWC).", "2. In that regard, the importance of promoting scientific cooperation and technology transfer, according to the purposes and principles of the Biological Weapons Convention, should be emphasized.", "3. Scientific cooperation and the transfer of technology constitute important incentives for the universalization of the Biological Weapons Convention, and it is therefore necessary to strengthen them and invite States parties to consider the following recommendations:", "(i) Fully implement the agreements reached at previous Review Conferences as well as at the Special Conference of the Convention on Biological Weapons.", "(ii) Ensure scientific cooperation and technology transfer in peaceful activities, such as those related to public health, agriculture and agricultural activity.", "(iii) Develop effective coordination mechanisms between specialized agencies of the United Nations system and international and regional agencies, with the objective of facilitating scientific cooperation and technology transfer.", "(iv) To report annually on actions undertaken in the field of scientific cooperation and technological transfer.", "(v) To reiterate the request made to the Secretary-General of the United Nations to collect annually and to report to States parties on the implementation of Article X of the Convention on Biological Weapons, as well as on decisions taken by the Review Conferences.", "(vi) To encourage action to build networks between scientific communities and the academic sector, including the peaceful application of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other areas related to the Biological Weapons Convention.", "(vii) Support the establishment of procedures to provide assistance to States parties that require it under Article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention.", "(viii) Review the procedures for consultation and cooperation in accordance with Article Vo of the Convention on Biological Weapons.", "(ix) Create a database containing information on international cooperation and transfer of available technology." ]
[ "SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOSPARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAPROHIBICIÓN DEL DESARROLLO, LA PRODUCCIÓNY EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ARMASBACTERIOLÓGICAS (BIOLÓGICAS) Y TOXÍNICAS YSOBRE SU DESTRUCCIÓN BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1120 de octubre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "MECANISMO DE SEGUIMIENTO", "Presentado por Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay", "1. El mecanismo ad hoc empleado durante el período comprendido entre la Vª y la VIª Conferencias de Examen de la Convención sobre la Prohibición del Desarrollo, la Producción y el Almacenamiento de las Armas Bacteriológicas (Biológicas) y Toxínicas y sobre su Destrucción (Convención sobre Armas Biológicas) si bien sirvió para intercambiar información y experiencias sobre algunos temas, tuvo limitaciones para la implementación de todas las obligaciones contenidas en la Convención.", "2. Con el fin de revertir esta situación, invitamos a la Conferencia de Examen a establecer un mecanismo de seguimiento ad hoc, de naturaleza flexible, para el período comprendido entre la VIª y la VIIª Conferencias de Examen de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas. Este mecanismo:", "(i) Sostendrá reuniones anuales de expertos gubernamentales (1 semana) y de los Estados Parte (2 semanas);", "(ii) Analizará, en reuniones de expertos gubernamentales, los desarrollos ocurridos en los ámbitos de la biotecnología, la ingeniería genética, la microbiología y otras áreas relacionadas que puedan tener un impacto en el quehacer de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas;", "(iii) Examinará, en reuniones de los Estados Parte, de manera sistemática tanto la parte preambular como la dispositiva de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, así como el trabajo de la reunión de expertos gubernamentales que la preceda y definirá la temática a tratar por la reunión de expertos gubernamentales subsecuente;", "(iv) Tratará en la primera reunión de expertos gubernamentales el/los tema(s)...;", "(v) Tendrá, durante las reuniones de los Estados Parte, la capacidad de tomar decisiones que permitan responder a eventuales desafíos a la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas; y", "(vi) Facilitará, a través de La Unidad de Apoyo, las labores del mecanismo de seguimiento." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1120 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. Although the ad hoc mechanism used in the period between the fifth and sixth review conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention) has been useful for exchanging information and experience on some topics, it has suffered from limitations as regards the implementation of all the obligations contained in the Convention.", "2. In order to remedy this situation, we invite the Review Conference to establish a flexible ad hoc follow-up mechanism for the period between the sixth and seventh review conferences of the Biological Weapons Convention. This mechanism would:", "(i) Support annual meetings of governmental experts (one week) and of States parties (two weeks);", "(ii) Analyse, in meetings of governmental experts, developments in the fields of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other related areas that may have an impact on the work of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(iii) Examine systematically, in meetings of the States parties, the preamble as well as the operative section of the Biological Weapons Convention, as well as the work of the preceding meeting of governmental experts, if any, and specify the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting of governmental experts;", "(iv) Discuss, at the first meeting of governmental experts, the following subjects: …;", "(v) Have, during the meetings of the States parties, the capacity to adopt decisions which provide a response to any challenges facing the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(vi) Facilitate the work of the follow-up mechanism through the Support Unit.", "GE.06-64704 (E) 061106 071106" ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.11
[ "SIXTH CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES IN THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND ALMACENAMIENT OF ARMASBACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXÍNICS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1120 October 200", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "Follow-up mechanism", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. The ad hoc mechanism used during the period between the Va and the Sixth Review Conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (Convention on Biological Weapons) although it served to exchange information and experiences on some topics, had limitations on the implementation of all the obligations contained in the Convention.", "2. In order to reverse this situation, we invite the Review Conference to establish an ad hoc, flexible follow-up mechanism for the period between the Sixth and the Seventh Review Conferences of the Convention on Biological Weapons. This mechanism:", "(i) It will hold annual meetings of governmental experts (1 week) and States parties (2 weeks);", "(ii) It will analyse, at meetings of governmental experts, developments in the areas of biotechnology, genetic engineering, microbiology and other related areas that may have an impact on the Convention on Biological Weapons;", "(iii) It shall examine, in meetings of States parties, the pre-sessional and operative part of the Convention on Biological Weapons in a systematic manner, as well as the work of the meeting of governmental experts that precedes it and define the subject matter for the meeting of subsequent governmental experts;", "(iv) treat at the first meeting of governmental experts the topic(s)...;", "(v) It will have, during the meetings of the States Parties, the capacity to make decisions to respond to possible challenges to the Biological Weapons Convention; and", "(vi) Facilitate, through the Support Unit, the work of the follow-up mechanism." ]
[ "SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOSPARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAPROHIBICIÓN DEL DESARROLLO, LA PRODUCCIÓNY EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ARMASBACTERIOLÓGICAS (BIOLÓGICAS) Y TOXÍNICAS YSOBRE SU DESTRUCCIÓN BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1220 de octubre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "MEDIDAS DE FOMENTO DE LA CONFIANZA", "Presentado por Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay", "1. Las medidas de fomento de la confianza son necesarias para una mejor y efectiva implementación de las disposiciones de la Convención sobre la Prohibición del Desarrollo, la Producción y el Almacenamiento de las Armas Bacteriológicas (Biológicas) y Toxínicas y sobre su Destrucción (Convención sobre Armas Biológicas).", "2. Las medidas de fomento de la confianza previenen y reducen los márgenes de ambigüedad a través de una mayor transparencia y pueden servir para llevar a cabo un análisis estructurado de un régimen de cumplimiento.", "3. Para lograr el deseable perfeccionamiento de tales medidas se invita a los Estados Parte a considerar las siguientes recomendaciones en el marco de sus reuniones anuales y con la ayuda de la Unidad de Apoyo:", "(i) Proveer asistencia y cooperación a los Estados Parte, que lo requieran, en la elaboración, presentación e implementación de las medidas de fomento de la confianza;", "(ii) Revisar las medidas existentes y su formato;", "(iii) Desarrollar lineamientos que permitan mejorar su aplicación;", "(iv) Estudiar la conveniencia de crear nuevos formularios cuyo formato facilite su lectura, independientemente del idioma en el que hayan sido presentados, así como su disponibilidad en formato electrónico;", "(v) De ser necesario, diseñar nuevas medidas; y", "(vi) Analizar la posibilidad de establecer un panel de expertos gubernamentales para contribuir, inter alia, a las tareas antes mencionadas." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1220 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006 Item 10 of the provisional agenda Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its article XII", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. Confidence-building measures are necessary for better and more effective implementation of the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention).", "2. Confidence-building measures prevent and reduce areas of ambiguity through greater transparency, and can be useful in carrying out a structured analysis of a compliance regime.", "3. In order to achieve the desired improvement of such measures, States parties are invited to consider the following recommendations within the framework of their annual meetings, assisted by the Support Unit:", "(i) Provision of assistance and cooperation to States parties, when requested, in devising, presenting and implementing confidence-building measures;", "(ii) Review of existing measures and their format;", "(iii) Development of guidelines for enhancement of their implementation;", "(iv) Examination of the desirability of creating new forms with a more readable format, independently of the language in which the forms are presented, and of making them available in electronic format;", "(v) Devising of new measures, where necessary;", "(vi) Study of the possibility of establishing a panel of governmental experts to assist in the duties mentioned above, among other tasks.", "GE.06-64711 (E) 061106 071106" ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.12
[ "SIXTH CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES IN THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND ALMACENAMIENT OF ARMASBACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXÍNICS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1220 October,2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. Confidence-building measures are necessary for better and effective implementation of the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (Convention on Biological Weapons).", "2. Confidence-building measures prevent and reduce ambiguity margins through greater transparency and can serve to carry out a structured analysis of compliance regimes.", "3. To achieve the desirable improvement of such measures, States parties are invited to consider the following recommendations within their annual meetings and with the assistance of the Support Unit:", "(i) Provide assistance and cooperation to States parties, as required, in the development, presentation and implementation of confidence-building measures;", "(ii) Review existing measures and their format;", "(iii) Develop guidelines to improve their implementation;", "(iv) Consider the desirability of creating new forms whose format facilitates reading, regardless of the language in which they have been submitted, as well as their availability in electronic format;", "(v) If necessary, design new measures; and", "(vi) Analyze the possibility of establishing a panel of governmental experts to contribute, inter alia, to the above-mentioned tasks." ]
[ "SEXTA CONFERENCIA DE EXAMEN DE LOS ESTADOSPARTES EN LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LAPROHIBICIÓN DEL DESARROLLO, LA PRODUCCIÓNY EL ALMACENAMIENTO DE ARMASBACTERIOLÓGICAS (BIOLÓGICAS) Y TOXÍNICAS YSOBRE SU DESTRUCCIÓN BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1320 de octubre de2006Original: ESPAÑOL", "Ginebra, 20 de noviembre a 8 de diciembre de 2006", "Tema 10 del programa provisional", "Examen de la aplicación de la Convención según lo dispuesto en su artículo XII", "UNIDAD DE APOYO", "Presentado por Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay", "1. Es necesario contar con un mecanismo de apoyo que facilite las labores de preparación de los Estados Parte entre las Conferencias de Examen de la Convención sobre la Prohibición del Desarrollo, la Producción y el Almacenamiento de las Armas Bacteriológicas (Biológicas) y Toxínicas y sobre su Destrucción (Convención sobre Armas Biológicas), así como ampliar sus funciones.", "2. En ese sentido, se invita a la Conferencia de Examen a crear una Unidad de Apoyo / Secretaría de carácter permanente, cuyas principales funciones serán:", "(i) Analizar la información recibida de los Estados Parte, a través de sus informes;", "(ii) Proveer de asistencia a los Estados Parte, que lo requieran, en la presentación de sus informes;", "(iii) Prestar asistencia a los Estados Parte, que lo requieran, en la adecuación de sus legislaciones nacionales;", "(iv) Desarrollar un Banco de Datos de normas y legislaciones nacionales referidas a los temas comprendidos en la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas;", "(v) Diseñar un mecanismo para el manejo de la información de carácter reservado;", "(vi) Preparar la documentación para las reuniones de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas;", "(vii) Apoyar al Presidente y a los Estados Parte, en las reuniones de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas, a través de un asesoramiento sobre cuestiones técnicas y de procedimiento;", "(viii) Llevar a cabo acciones destinadas a promover la universalización;", "(ix) Facilitar la vinculación de los Estados Parte con los depositarios, las organizaciones internacionales, las entidades científicas y académicas así como con las organizaciones no gubernamentales; y", "(x) Actualizar la página web de la Convención de Armas Biológicas." ]
[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OFTHEDEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILINGOF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) ANDTOXIN WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION\tBWC/CONF.VI/WP.1320 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention", "as provided for in its article XII", "SUPPORT UNIT", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. A support mechanism is needed to assist States parties in their preparatory work between the review conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition on the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (the Biological Weapons Convention), and to extend their functions.", "2. With this perspective, the Review Conference is invited to create a permanent support unit/secretariat, whose main functions will be:", "(i) To analyse the information received from the States parties in their reports;", "(ii) To provide assistance to States parties on request in the submission of their reports;", "(iii) To provide assistance to States parties on request in the adaptation of their domestic legislation;", "(iv) To develop a database on national standards and legislation related to topics covered in the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(v) To devise a mechanism for the management of confidential information;", "(vi) To prepare documentation for the meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "GE.06-64718 (E) 061106 071106", "(vii) To provide support to the Chairman and the States parties at meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention in the form of advice on technical and procedural issues;", "(viii) To take steps designed to promote universalization;", "(ix) To facilitate links between States parties and the depositaries, international organizations, scientific and academic institutions and non-governmental organizations;", "(x) To update the Biological Weapons Convention website." ]
BWC_CONF.VI_WP.13
[ "SIXTH CONFERENCE FOR THE REVIEW OF STATES PARTIES IN THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND ALMACENAMIENT OF ARMASBACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXÍNICS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.1320 October2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November-8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the implementation of the Convention in accordance with article XII of the Convention", "UNITY OF SUPPORT", "Submitted by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay", "1. A support mechanism is needed to facilitate the preparation of States parties between the Review Conferences of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (Convention on Biological Weapons), as well as to expand their functions.", "2. In this regard, the Review Conference is invited to establish a permanent Support/Secretariat Unit, whose main functions will be:", "(i) Analyse information received from States parties through their reports;", "(ii) Provide assistance to States parties, as required, in the submission of their reports;", "(iii) Assist States parties, as required, in the adequacy of their national legislation;", "(iv) Develop a National Standards and Legislation Data Bank on the topics covered by the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(v) Design a mechanism for the management of the information of a reserved nature;", "(vi) Prepare documentation for meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention;", "(vii) Support the President and States parties, at the meetings of the Biological Weapons Convention, through advice on technical and procedural matters;", "(viii) To carry out actions aimed at promoting universalization;", "(ix) Facilitate the linkage of States parties with depositary, international organizations, scientific and academic entities and non-governmental organizations; and", "(x) Update the website of the Biological Weapons Convention." ]
[ "Carta de fecha 5 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General", "En relación con mi último informe al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406), solicito al Consejo que considere la posibilidad de renovar el mandato de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano (FPNUL), que termina el 31 de agosto de 2011. En una carta de fecha 22 de julio de 2011 dirigida a mí, el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores e Inmigrantes del Líbano solicitó que el Consejo de Seguridad prorrogara el mandato de la FPNUL por un nuevo período de un año, sin modificación.", "La FPNUL sigue desempeñando un papel fundamental para asegurar la paz y la estabilidad en el sur del Líbano, así como el pleno respeto de la Línea Azul por las dos partes. De conformidad con su mandato, la FPNUL sigue supervisando la cesación de las hostilidades y ayudando a las Fuerzas Armadas del Líbano a adoptar medidas para establecer una zona libre de personal armado, bienes y armas no autorizados entre la Línea Azul y el río Litani. La FPNUL también toma todas las medidas necesarias, dentro de los límites de su capacidad, con el fin de asegurar que su zona de operaciones no se utilice para realizar actividades hostiles de ningún tipo.", "La cooperación entre la FPNUL y las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas sigue siendo indispensable para la ejecución del mandato de la FPNUL. En la reunión tripartita celebrada el 13 de julio del 2011, las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas reiteraron la firme determinación del Gobierno del Líbano de aplicar la resolución 1701 (2006) y seguir colaborando con la FPNUL a ese respecto. El Primer Ministro, Najib Mikati, se hizo eco de esta posición durante su visita a la zona de operaciones de la FPNUL, realizada el 16 de julio de 2011 en compañía del Ministro de Defensa y el Comandante y generales en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas.", "La FPNUL y las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas prosiguen sus actividades operacionales conjuntas, entre ellas un promedio de 13 operaciones para impedir el lanzamiento de cohetes en cada período de 24 horas y seis patrullas diarias a pie, al tiempo que realizan actividades en 18 puestos de control con instalaciones comunes, 6 de ellos en el río Litani. Las dos fuerzas llevaron a cabo recientemente una serie de maniobras conjuntas de gran escala en tierra y en el mar.", "Los acuerdos de enlace y coordinación concertados entre la FPNUL y las partes, incluido el mecanismo tripartito, han facilitado la reciente adopción de una serie de medidas constructivas y pragmáticas y han ayudado a fomentar la confianza.", "Luego de un prolongado estancamiento en el proceso de demarcar claramente la Línea Azul, debido a una falta de consenso en torno a puntos contenciosos, las partes respondieron de manera positiva a la iniciativa más reciente de la FPNUL, de proceder con la demarcación de los puntos no controvertidos. Confío en que, tras una prolongada pausa, el proceso de demarcación pueda ahora continuar seriamente con el necesario apoyo de las actividades de remoción de minas que realiza la misión.", "Las partes convinieron también en examinar cuestiones de seguridad marítima en el marco del mecanismo tripartito, con la posible participación de expertos navales. La FPNUL seguirá colaborando con ambas partes para determinar la forma de hacer avanzar este diálogo.", "Tras intensos intercambios y deliberaciones con ambas partes, la FPNUL ultimó su propuesta relativa a las medidas de seguridad para facilitar la retirada de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel de la parte septentrional de Al-Gayar. El 25 de junio de 2011, la FPNUL presentó su propuesta a las partes para su aprobación oficial.", "La actitud general de la población local respecto de la FPNUL, mientras esta prosigue sus actividades operacionales, que incluyen hasta 10.000 patrullas al mes en toda su zona de operaciones, sigue siendo positiva. Pese a ello, además de los incidentes comunicados al Consejo de Seguridad en mis informes periódicos sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1701 (2006), a finales de junio de 2011 se registraron varios incidentes en que las patrullas y el personal de la FPNUL fueron tratados con hostilidad y vieron restringida su libertad de circulación. En algunas ocasiones, los lugareños lanzaron piedras y se llevaron bienes de las Naciones Unidas, como cámaras, sistemas de información geográfica, equipo de comunicaciones y mapas, del personal de la FPNUL. La FPNUL elevó enérgicas protestas contra los incidentes ante las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas. El Comandante de la FPNUL ha ordenado a sus tropas que apliquen rigurosamente las normas para entablar combate en defensa propia y de sus bienes. La FPNUL seguirá colaborando estrechamente con las autoridades libanesas para reducir al mínimo los incidentes de ese tipo.", "La libertad de circulación de la FPNUL y la seguridad de su personal es esencial para la ejecución eficaz de sus tareas. En su resolución 1773 (2007), el Consejo de Seguridad instó a todas las partes a que cooperaran plenamente con las Naciones Unidas y la FPNUL y a que cumplieran escrupulosamente su obligación de respetar la seguridad del personal de la FPNUL y de otras entidades de las Naciones Unidas, entre otras cosas evitando cualquier medida que pusiera en peligro al personal de las Naciones Unidas y asegurando que la FPNUL tuviera plena libertad de circulación en toda su zona de operaciones. La responsabilidad primordial de asegurar la libertad de circulación del personal de la FPNUL en la zona de operaciones compete a las autoridades libanesas.", "Considero alentadora la participación de la FPNUL y las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas en el proceso de diálogo estratégico, al que asigno suma importancia. El diálogo estratégico tiene por objeto realizar un análisis de las fuerzas terrestres y los recursos marítimos y establecer una serie de parámetros que reflejen la correlación entre las capacidades y las responsabilidades de la FPNUL y las de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas, para identificar las necesidades de las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas para la ejecución de las tareas encomendadas en la resolución 1701 (2006). Espero que pueda acelerarse el ritmo del diálogo estratégico. El objetivo a largo plazo de la FPNUL consiste en transferir gradualmente las responsabilidades que actualmente tiene la Fuerza, en tierra y en el mar, a las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas, y que estas asuman el control efectivo de la seguridad en la zona de operaciones de la FPNUL y las aguas territoriales del Líbano, en consonancia con la resolución 1701 (2006).", "Al 15 de julio de 2011, el número total de efectivos asciende a 12.091, cifra que incluye 11.135 soldados de infantería de la FPNUL desplegados en dos sectores y 616 efectivos destinados en el Equipo de Tareas Marítimo. El componente civil de la FPNUL consta de 354 funcionarios de contratación internacional y 658 de contratación nacional.", "Agradezco a los 36 países que aportan los contingentes que integran la FPNUL por su continuo compromiso, que, junto con la asociación estratégica establecida con las Fuerzas Armadas Libanesas, ha hecho posible aplicar con éxito varios aspectos fundamentales de la resolución 1701 (2006). Ahora bien, al aproximarse la fecha de conclusión del mandato de la FPNUL, es patente que es preciso hacer más.", "También deseo expresar mi agradecimiento al Jefe de la Misión y Comandante de la Fuerza, General de División Asarta, y a todo el personal militar y civil de la FPNUL, por la labor que están realizando en el sur del Líbano al servicio de la paz.", "En cuanto a los aspectos financieros de la FPNUL, en su resolución 65/303, la Asamblea General asignó a la Cuenta Especial de la Fuerza Provisional de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano la cantidad de 545,5 millones de dólares en cifras brutas para el mantenimiento de la Fuerza durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2011 y el 30 de junio de 2012. Si el Consejo de Seguridad decidiera prorrogar el mandato de la Fuerza más allá del 31 de agosto de 2011, el costo del mantenimiento se limitará a las cuantías aprobadas por la Asamblea General.", "Al 31 de mayo de 2011, las cuotas impagadas a la Cuenta Especial de la FPNUL ascendían a 58 millones de dólares. A esa fecha, el total de las cuotas pendientes de pago para todas las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz ascendía a 1.849,2 millones de dólares. Hago un llamamiento a todos los Estados Miembros para que paguen íntegra y puntualmente sus cuotas y se pongan al día en sus pagos pendientes.", "Al 14 de julio de 2011, los montos adeudados a los países que aportan contingentes ascendían a un total de 13,1 millones de dólares. Los gastos en concepto de contingentes y equipo de propiedad de los contingentes correspondientes al período terminado el 31 de mayo de 2011 y el 31 de marzo de 2011, respectivamente, se han reembolsado de conformidad con el plan de pagos trimestrales.", "Teniendo presente la información que antecede, recomiendo al Consejo de Seguridad que prorrogue el mandato de la FPNUL por otro período de 12 meses, hasta el 31 de agosto de 2012.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien señalar la presente carta a la atención de los miembros del Consejo.", "(Firmado) BAN Ki-moon" ]
[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Further to my latest report to the Security Council concerning the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406), I hereby request the Security Council to consider the renewal of the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which is due to expire on 31 August 2011. In a letter dated 22 July 2011 addressed to me, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of Lebanon requested that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further period of one year, without amendment.", "UNIFIL continues to play a crucial role in ensuring peace and stability in southern Lebanon, as well as full respect for the Blue Line by both parties. In accordance with its mandate, UNIFIL continues to monitor the cessation of hostilities and assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in taking steps towards the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any unauthorized armed personnel, assets and weapons. UNIFIL also takes all necessary action within its capabilities to ensure that its area of operations is not utilized for hostile activities of any kind.", "Cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces continues to be essential for the implementation of the UNIFIL mandate. At the tripartite meeting held on 13 July 2011, the Lebanese Armed Forces reiterated the firm commitment of the Government of Lebanon to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and its continued cooperation with UNIFIL in this regard. This commitment was echoed by the Prime Minister, Najib Mikati, when he visited the UNIFIL area of operations on 16 July 2011, accompanied by the Minister of Defence and the Commander and senior generals of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "UNIFIL and Lebanese Armed Forces continue their joint operational activities, including an average of 13 counter-rocket-launching operations during each 24-hour period and six daily foot patrols, while operating 18 co-located checkpoints, 6 of which are on the Litani River. The two forces recently conducted several large-scale joint capability exercises on land and at sea.", "The liaison and coordination arrangements of UNIFIL with the parties, including the tripartite mechanism, have facilitated a number of recent constructive and pragmatic measures and served to build trust.", "After a long impasse in the process of visibly marking the Blue Line due to a lack of consensus over contentious points, the parties responded positively to the most recent initiative of UNIFIL to proceed with the marking of non-contentious points. I am optimistic that after a long hiatus the marking process can now continue in earnest with the requisite support of mine action within the mission.", "The parties have also agreed to discuss maritime security issues through the tripartite mechanism, with the possible inclusion of naval experts. UNIFIL will continue to work with both parties on the modalities for taking these discussions forward.", "UNIFIL, after intensive engagement and discussions with both parties, finalized its proposal regarding the security arrangements to facilitate the withdrawal of the Israel Defense Forces from northern Ghajar. On 25 June 2011, UNIFIL submitted its proposal to the parties for their formal adoption.", "The overall attitude of the local population towards UNIFIL remains positive as it continues to carry out its operational activities, including up to 10,000 patrols per month throughout its area of operations. This notwithstanding, beyond the incidents reported to the Security Council through my periodic reports on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), several incidents of unfriendly behaviour and freedom of movement restrictions towards UNIFIL patrols and personnel occurred late in June 2011. Some of the incidents involved stone-throwing and the taking of United Nations property, such as cameras, geographical information systems, communication equipment and maps, from UNIFIL personnel by local civilians. UNIFIL strongly protested about the incidents to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The UNIFIL Force Commander has instructed UNIFIL troops to apply vigorously the rules of engagement in defence of themselves and their property. UNIFIL will continue to work closely with the Lebanese authorities, with the aim of minimizing the occurrence of such incidents.", "The freedom of movement of UNIFIL and the security and safety of its personnel is integral to the effective execution of its tasks. The Security Council in its resolution 1773 (2007) urged all parties to cooperate fully with the United Nations and UNIFIL, and to abide scrupulously by their obligation to respect the safety of UNIFIL and other United Nations personnel, including by avoiding any course of action which endangers United Nations personnel and by ensuring that UNIFIL is accorded full freedom of movement within its area of operations. The primary responsibility for ensuring freedom of movement to UNIFIL personnel in the area of operations lies with the Lebanese authorities.", "I am encouraged by the engagement of UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces in the strategic dialogue process, to which I attach great importance. The strategic dialogue aims to carry out analysis of ground forces and maritime assets, and to set a series of benchmarks reflecting the correlation between the capacities and responsibilities of UNIFIL and those of the Lebanese Armed Forces, with a view to identifying Lebanese Armed Forces requirements for implementing tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006). I hope that the pace of the strategic dialogue can be accelerated. The long-term objective of UNIFIL is to gradually transfer responsibilities currently carried out by the Force, on land and at sea, to the Lebanese Armed Forces, and have the Lebanese Armed Forces assume effective security control over the UNIFIL area of operations and Lebanese territorial waters, in line with resolution 1701 (2006).", "The total number of military personnel, as at 15 July 2011, stands at 12,091. That number includes 11,135 UNIFIL ground troops deployed in two sectors, and 616 personnel serving in the Maritime Task Force. The UNIFIL civilian component numbers 354 international and 658 national staff.", "I am grateful to the 36 troop-contributing countries that make up UNIFIL for their ongoing commitment. That commitment, coupled with the development of a strategic partnership with the Lebanese Armed Forces, has permitted the successful implementation of several key aspects of resolution 1701 (2006). However, as the UNIFIL mandate approaches its expiration date, it is clear that more work remains to be done.", "I also would like to express my appreciation to the UNIFIL Head of Mission and Force Commander, Major General Asarta, and to all the military and civilian personnel of UNIFIL, for the work they are carrying out in southern Lebanon in the service of peace.", "Regarding the financial aspects of UNIFIL, by its resolution 65/303 the General Assembly appropriated to the Special Account for UNIFIL a total amount of US$ 545.5 million gross for the maintenance of the Force for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012. Should the Security Council decide to extend the mandate of the Force beyond 31 August 2011, the cost of maintaining it will be limited to the amounts approved by the General Assembly.", "As at 31 May 2011, unpaid assessed contributions to the UNIFIL Special Account amounted to $58 million. Total outstanding assessed contributions for all peacekeeping operations at the same date amounted to $1,849.2 million. I appeal to all Member States to pay their assessments promptly and in full to clear all remaining arrears.", "As at 14 July 2011, amounts owed to troop contributors totalled $13.1 million. Reimbursement of troop- and contingent-owned equipment costs have been made for the periods up to 31 May 2011 and 31 March 2011, respectively, in accordance with the quarterly payment schedule.", "With the above information in mind, I recommend that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further period of 12 months, until 31 August 2012.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this letter to the attention of the members of the Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]
S_2011_488
[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "In connection with my last report to the Security Council on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406), I request the Council to consider renewing the mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which ends on 31 August 2011. In a letter dated 22 July 2011 addressed to me, the Minister for Foreign and Immigrant Affairs of Lebanon requested that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further one-year period, without modification.", "UNIFIL continues to play a key role in ensuring peace and stability in southern Lebanon, as well as full respect for the Blue Line by both sides. In accordance with its mandate, UNIFIL continues to monitor the cessation of hostilities and to assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in taking measures to establish an area free of armed personnel, assets and unauthorized weapons between the Blue Line and the Litani River. UNIFIL also takes all necessary measures, within its capacity, to ensure that its area of operations is not used for hostile activities of any kind.", "Cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces remains essential for the implementation of the mandate of UNIFIL. At the tripartite meeting held on 13 July 2011, the Lebanese Armed Forces reiterated the strong determination of the Government of Lebanon to implement resolution 1701 (2006) and to continue to work with UNIFIL in this regard. The Prime Minister, Najib Mikati, echoed this position during his visit to the UNIFIL area of operations, held on 16 July 2011 in the company of the Minister of Defence and the Commander and Chief Generals of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces continue their joint operational activities, including an average of 13 operations to prevent the launch of rockets in each 24-hour period and six daily patrols on foot, while at 18 checkpoints with common facilities, including 6 in the Litani River. The two forces recently carried out a series of large-scale joint manoeuvres on land and at sea.", "The liaison and coordination agreements between UNIFIL and the parties, including the tripartite mechanism, have facilitated the recent adoption of a number of constructive and pragmatic measures and helped build confidence.", "Following a prolonged stalemate in the process of clearly demarcating the Blue Line, due to a lack of consensus around contentious points, the parties responded positively to the most recent UNIFIL initiative, to proceed with the demarcation of non-controversial points. I trust that, following a prolonged pause, the demarcation process can now continue seriously with the necessary support of the demining activities carried out by the mission.", "The parties also agreed to consider maritime security issues under the tripartite mechanism, with the possible participation of naval experts. UNIFIL will continue to work with both parties to determine how to advance this dialogue.", "After intensive exchanges and discussions with both sides, UNIFIL finalized its proposal on security measures to facilitate the withdrawal of the Israel Defense Forces from northern Gayar. On 25 June 2011, UNIFIL submitted its proposal to the parties for formal approval.", "The overall attitude of the local population towards UNIFIL, while it continues its operational activities, including up to 10,000 patrols per month throughout its area of operations, remains positive. However, in addition to the incidents reported to the Security Council in my periodic reports on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), a number of incidents were recorded at the end of June 2011 where UNIFIL patrols and personnel were treated with hostility and restricted their freedom of movement. At times, locals threw stones and took United Nations assets, such as cameras, geographic information systems, communications equipment and maps, from UNIFIL personnel. UNIFIL strongly protested the incidents against the Lebanese Armed Forces. The UNIFIL Commander has instructed its troops to rigorously implement the rules of engagement in self-defence and property. UNIFIL will continue to work closely with the Lebanese authorities to minimize such incidents.", "The freedom of movement of UNIFIL and the safety of its personnel is essential for the effective implementation of its tasks. In its resolution 1773 (2007), the Security Council urged all parties to cooperate fully with the United Nations and UNIFIL and to comply scrupulously with their obligation to respect the safety of UNIFIL personnel and other United Nations entities, including by avoiding any measures that endanger United Nations personnel and ensuring that UNIFIL is fully free of movement throughout its area of operations. The primary responsibility for ensuring the freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel in the area of operations lies with the Lebanese authorities.", "I am encouraged by the participation of UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces in the process of strategic dialogue, which is of the utmost importance. The strategic dialogue is aimed at conducting an analysis of land forces and maritime resources and establishing a number of parameters that reflect the correlation between the capacities and responsibilities of UNIFIL and those of the Lebanese Armed Forces to identify the needs of the Lebanese Armed Forces for the implementation of the tasks mandated by resolution 1701 (2006). I hope the pace of the strategic dialogue can be accelerated. The long-term objective of UNIFIL is to gradually transfer the responsibilities of the Force, on land and at sea, to the Lebanese Armed Forces, and to assume effective security control in the UNIFIL area of operations and Lebanese territorial waters, consistent with resolution 1701 (2006).", "As at 15 July 2011, the total number of troops is 12,091, which includes 11,135 UNIFIL infantry troops deployed in two sectors and 616 troops deployed in the Maritime Task Force. The civilian component of UNIFIL consists of 354 international and 658 national staff.", "I thank the 36 troop-contributing countries that are members of UNIFIL for their continued commitment, which, together with the strategic partnership established with the Lebanese Armed Forces, has successfully implemented several key aspects of resolution 1701 (2006). However, as the completion date of the UNIFIL mandate approaches, it is clear that more needs to be done.", "I would also like to express my gratitude to the Head of Mission and Force Commander, Major General Asarta, and to all UNIFIL military and civilian personnel, for their ongoing work in southern Lebanon in the service of peace.", "With regard to the financial aspects of UNIFIL, in its resolution 65/303, the General Assembly allocated to the Special Account of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon the amount of $545.5 million gross for the maintenance of the Force for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012. Should the Security Council decide to extend the mandate of the Force beyond 31 August 2011, the cost of maintenance shall be limited to the amounts approved by the General Assembly.", "As at 31 May 2011, unpaid assessed contributions to the UNIFIL Special Account amounted to $58 million. At that time, the total outstanding assessed contributions for all peacekeeping operations amounted to $1,849.2 million. I appeal to all Member States to pay their assessed contributions in full and on time and to update their outstanding payments.", "As at 14 July 2011, amounts owed to troop-contributing countries totalled $13.1 million. The troop and contingent-owned equipment costs for the period ended 31 May 2011 and 31 March 2011 respectively have been reimbursed in accordance with the quarterly payment plan.", "Bearing in mind the above information, I recommend that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNIFIL for a further 12-month period, until 31 August 2012.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]
[ "Orden del día provisional de la 6598ª sesión del Consejo de Seguridad", "Que se celebrará el miércoles 3 de agosto de 2011 a las 15.00 horas", "1. Aprobación del orden del día.", "2. La situación en el Oriente Medio." ]
[ "Provisional agenda for the 6598th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 3 August 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East." ]
S_AGENDA_6598
[ "Provisional agenda for the 6598th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 3 August 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East." ]
[ "Informe del Secretario General relativo a las credenciales de los representantes suplentes de Colombia en el Consejo de Seguridad", "En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el artículo 15 del reglamento provisional del Consejo de Seguridad, el Secretario General desea comunicar que ha recibido una carta de fecha 14 de marzo de 2011 de la Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia en la que se indica que el Sr. Miguel Camilo Ruiz Blanco, el Sr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren y el Sr. David Orlando Rodríguez Escandón han sido nombrados representantes suplentes de Colombia en el Consejo de Seguridad.", "A juicio del Secretario General, las mencionadas credenciales provisionales están en regla." ]
[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 14 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Miguel Camilo Ruiz Blanco, Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren and Mr. David Orlando Rodríguez Escandón have been appointed alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]
S_2011_489
[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the credentials of the alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 14 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Miguel Camilo Ruiz Blanco, Mr. Juan José Quintana Aranguren and Mr. David Orlando Rodríguez Escandón have been appointed alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, the above-mentioned provisional credentials are in order." ]
[ "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones", "Tema 73 del programa", "Informe de la Corte Penal Internacional", "Carta de fecha 1 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Noruega ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de referirme a la Conferencia de Revisión del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional, celebrada en Kampala del 31 de mayo al 11 de junio de 2010. La Conferencia de Revisión aprobó, el 8 de junio de 2010, una resolución titulada “Fortalecimiento del cumplimiento de las penas” (resolución RC/Res.3), que se adjunta a la presente carta (véase el anexo).", "En el párrafo 4 de la resolución, la Conferencia de Revisión pidió al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas que señalara a la atención de todos los miembros de las Naciones Unidas la resolución, con miras a fomentar, cuando procediera, el posible examen de los objetivos mencionados en el marco de los programas de asistencia pertinentes del Banco Mundial, los bancos regionales, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y otras agencias nacionales y multilaterales interesadas.", "Le agradecería que la presente carta y su anexo se distribuyeran como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 73 del programa.", "(Firmado) Gjermund Sæther Encargado de Negocios interino", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 1 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Noruega ante las Naciones Unidas", "[Original: árabe, chino, español, francés, inglés y ruso]", "Resolución RC/Res.3", "Aprobada por consenso en la novena sesión plenaria el 8 de junio de 2010", "RC/Res.3 Fortalecimiento del cumplimiento de las penas", "La Conferencia de Revisión,", "Recordando el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional,", "Consciente de la importante función que desempeñan los Estados en el cumplimiento de las penas privativas de libertad de la Corte,", "Recordando que las penas privativas de libertad de la Corte deben cumplirse en establecimientos penitenciarios designados por los Estados que hayan manifestado que están dispuestos a recibir condenados, de conformidad con el Estatuto,", "Teniendo presente la necesidad de una mayor participación de los Estados en el cumplimiento de las penas para que pueda llevarse a cabo en todas las regiones y subregiones pertinentes y tomando nota de la opinión unánime expresada por los Estados Partes en este sentido,", "Destacando la necesidad de reforzar la cooperación internacional a fin de que un mayor número de Estados puedan recibir de forma voluntaria a condenados, sobre la base de normas convencionales generalmente aceptadas sobre el tratamiento de reclusos,", "1. Apela a los Estados a que manifiesten a la Corte su disposición a recibir a condenados, de conformidad con el Estatuto;", "2. Confirma que una pena privativa de libertad puede también cumplirse en un establecimiento penitenciario que se haya puesto a disposición en el Estado designado por medio de una organización, mecanismo o agencia regional o internacional;", "3. Insta a los Estados que hayan manifestado que están dispuestos a recibir a condenados, directamente o por medio de organizaciones internacionales competentes, a que fomenten de manera activa la cooperación internacional a todos los niveles, en especial a escala regional y subregional;", "4. Pide al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas que señale a la atención de todos los miembros de las Naciones Unidas la presente resolución, con miras a fomentar, cuando proceda, el posible examen de los objetivos arriba mencionados en el marco de los programas de asistencia pertinentes del Banco Mundial, los bancos regionales, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y otras agencias nacionales y multilaterales interesadas." ]
[ "Sixty-fifth session Agenda item 73 Report of the International Criminal Court", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to the Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in Kampala from 31 May to 11 June 2010. The Review Conference adopted, on 8 June 2010, a resolution entitled “Strengthening the enforcement of sentences” (resolution RC/Res.3). The resolution is attached to the present letter (see annex).", "In paragraph 4 of the resolution, the Review Conference requested “the Secretary-General of the United Nations to bring this resolution to the attention of all the members of the United Nations, with a view to encouraging that the above objectives may be considered, as appropriate, in the relevant programmes of assistance of the World Bank, the regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme, and other relevant multilateral and national agencies”.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 73.", "(Signed) Gjermund Sæther Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish]", "Resolution RC/Res.3", "Adopted at the 9th plenary meeting, on 8 June 2010, by consensus", "RC/Res.3 Strengthening the enforcement of sentences", "The Review Conference,", "Recalling the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,", "Conscious of the key role of States in the enforcement of the Court’s sentences of imprisonment,", "Recalling that the Court’s sentences of imprisonment shall be served in prison facilities provided by States that have indicated their willingness to accept sentenced persons, in accordance with the Statute,", "Mindful of the need for broader participation of States in the enforcement of sentences in order to allow for such enforcement in all relevant regions and subregions and taking note of the unanimous view expressed by States Parties to this effect,", "Emphasizing the need for enhanced international cooperation with a view to enabling more States to voluntarily accept sentenced persons on the basis of widely accepted international treaty standards governing the treatment of prisoners,", "1. Calls upon States to indicate to the Court their willingness to accept sentenced persons in accordance with the Statute;", "2. Confirms that a sentence of imprisonment may be served in a prison facility made available in the designated State through an international or regional organization, mechanism or agency;", "3. Urges States Parties and States that have indicated their willingness to accept sentenced persons, directly or through competent international organizations, to promote actively international cooperation at all levels, particularly at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to bring this resolution to the attention of all members of the United Nations, with a view to encouraging that the above objectives may be considered, as appropriate, in the relevant programmes of assistance of the World Bank, the regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme, and other relevant multilateral and national agencies." ]
A_65_919
[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 73", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to the Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, held in Kampala from 31 May to 11 June 2010. The Review Conference adopted, on 8 June 2010, a resolution entitled “Strengthening the enforcement of sentences” (resolution RC/Res.3), attached to the present letter (see annex).", "In paragraph 4 of the resolution, the Review Conference requested the Secretary-General of the United Nations to draw the attention of all members of the United Nations to the resolution, with a view to fostering, where appropriate, the possible review of the objectives mentioned under the relevant World Bank assistance programmes, regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme and other interested national and multilateral agencies.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 73.", "(Signed) Gjermund Sæther Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Norway to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish]", "Resolution RC/Res.3", "Adopted by consensus at the 9th plenary meeting on 8 June 2010", "RC/Res.3 Strengthened enforcement of sentences", "The Review Conference,", "Recalling the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,", "Mindful of the important role of States in the enforcement of custodial sentences of the Court,", "Recalling that custodial sentences of the Court should be served in penitentiary facilities designated by States which have stated that they are willing to receive convicts, in accordance with the Statute,", "Bearing in mind the need for greater participation of States in the enforcement of sentences so that it can be carried out in all relevant regions and subregions and taking note of the unanimous view expressed by States parties in this regard,", "Stressing the need to strengthen international cooperation in order to enable more States to receive convicted persons on a voluntary basis, on the basis of generally accepted conventional standards on the treatment of prisoners,", "1. Calls upon States to express their willingness to receive convicted persons, in accordance with the Statute;", "2. Confirms that a custodial sentence may also be served in a penitentiary facility that has been made available to the designated State through a regional or international organization, mechanism or agency;", "3. Urges States that have stated that they are willing to receive convicted persons, directly or through competent international organizations, to actively promote international cooperation at all levels, especially at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to draw the attention of all members of the United Nations to the present resolution, with a view to fostering, where appropriate, the possible review of the above-mentioned objectives under the relevant World Bank assistance programmes, regional banks, the United Nations Development Programme and other interested national and multilateral agencies." ]
[ "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones", "Tema 97 del programa", "Desarme general y completo", "Carta de fecha 1 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente del Pakistán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de adjuntar un comunicado de prensa emitido por la Autoridad del Comando Nacional (ACN) después de su reunión del 14 de julio de 2011 (véase el anexo). La ACN es el órgano supremo de adopción de decisiones sobre cuestiones estratégicas y está presidido por el Primer Ministro del Pakistán.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 97 del programa.", "(Firmado) Raza Bashir Tarar Representante Permanente interino", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 1 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente del Pakistán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Comunicado de prensa", "14 de julio de 2011", "La Autoridad del Comando Nacional (ACN) se reunió en el día de hoy bajo la Presidencia del Primer Ministro, Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani. Asistieron a la reunión los miembros de la ACN, incluidos los Ministros Federales, el Presidente del Comité Conjunto de Jefes de Estado Mayor, los jefes de los servicios, el Secretario de la ACN, el Director General de la División de Planes Estratégicos y otros altos funcionarios.", "La ACN examinó detenidamente la evolución de la situación regional y mundial en materia de seguridad. Además, llevó a cabo una evaluación detallada de las tendencias y políticas internacionales y regionales y de sus repercusiones en el Pakistán.", "Después de realizar un examen y una evaluación a fondo, la ACN, entre otras cosas, decidió que el Pakistán continuase su política de disuasión mínima creíble en su calidad de Estado responsable poseedor de armas nucleares. La ACN manifestó satisfacción por la seguridad de los programas e instalaciones de carácter estratégico del Pakistán. Además, expresó confianza en la disponibilidad operacional de las armas estratégicas del Pakistán.", "La ACN manifestó preocupación por el hecho de que siguieran aplicándose políticas que se desviaban de las normas y reglas globalmente compartidas de la igualdad, la integración y la objetividad. La ACN advirtió de que tales políticas constituían una regresión en el régimen de la no proliferación y tendían a menoscabar el equilibrio estratégico de Asia meridional. El Pakistán seguiría adoptando contramedidas apropiadas para garantizar su seguridad y mantener la estabilidad regional.", "La ACN reiteró el deseo del Pakistán de contribuir constructivamente al logro de un mundo libre de armas nucleares y a los objetivos de la no proliferación sobre la base de la igualdad y la asociación con la comunidad internacional. En consecuencia, el Pakistán estaba muy interesado en sumarse a los cuatro acuerdos de control de las exportaciones.", "La ACN reafirmó la importancia de la seguridad nuclear. A este respecto, observó con satisfacción la revisión de la seguridad de todas las instalaciones nucleares civiles existentes y previstas por parte de la Dirección de Reglamentación Nuclear del Pakistán (PNRA). La ACN había dado instrucciones a la PNRA y a la Comisión de Energía Atómica del Pakistán a fin de que siguieran velando por que los programas del Pakistán tuvieran el máximo grado de seguridad y se ajustaran a las mejores prácticas internacionales.", "Además, la ACN fue informada sobre la revisión de la seguridad nuclear que se había efectuado recientemente. Manifestó confianza en el sistema institucionalizado de mando y control y en las medidas generales establecidas para garantizar la fiabilidad y la seguridad de los activos estratégicos. La ACN subrayó que el Gobierno y el pueblo del Pakistán respaldaban firmemente los programas nucleares y de misiles del país, que proseguirían para mantener una capacidad de disuasión efectiva, fiable y creíble, y que todos los intentos de menoscabar esa capacidad se harían fracasar con la máxima energía.", "Como parte de la estrategia de seguridad nuclear, la ACN también revisó y aprobó el Programa de energía nuclear-2050, que era futurista y autosostenido, cuyo objetivo era subsanar las deficiencias energéticas existentes y responder a las futuras necesidades de una población y de una economía en crecimiento. La ACN subrayó la necesidad de centrarse en el desarrollo socioeconómico de la población como máxima prioridad.", "Además, la ACN aprobó el Programa espacial del Pakistán-2040 a fin de trasladar al pueblo del Pakistán los beneficios de la totalidad de la tecnología espacial." ]
[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 97", "General and complete disarmament", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to forward herewith a press release issued by Pakistan’s National Command Authority (NCA) after its meeting on 14 July 2011 (see annex). NCA is the highest decision-making body on strategic issues and is chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "I would greatly appreciate it if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 97.", "(Signed) Raza Bashir Tarar Acting Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Press release", "14 July 2011", "The National Command Authority (NCA) met today under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani. Members of NCA, including Federal Ministers, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Service Chiefs, the Secretary of NCA, the Director General of the Strategic Plans Division, and other senior officials attended the meeting.", "NCA comprehensively reviewed developments in the regional and global security environment. NCA also undertook detailed appraisal of the international and regional trends and policies and their implications for Pakistan.", "After in-depth consideration and evaluation, NCA, inter alia, decided that Pakistan will continue to pursue its policy of credible minimum deterrence as a responsible nuclear weapons State. NCA expressed satisfaction at the security and safety of Pakistan’s strategic programmes and facilities. It also expressed confidence in the operational readiness of Pakistan’s strategic weapons.", "NCA expressed concern over the continued pursuit of policies that detract from the globally shared norms and rules of equality, inclusiveness and objectivity. NCA cautioned that such policies represent regression in the non-proliferation regime and tend to erode the strategic balance in South Asia. Pakistan would continue to take appropriate countermeasures to ensure its security and to maintain regional stability.", "NCA reiterated Pakistan’s desire to constructively contribute to the realization of a world free of nuclear weapons and to the goals of non-proliferation on the basis of equality and partnership with the international community. Accordingly, Pakistan was keen to join the four export control arrangements.", "NCA reaffirmed the importance of nuclear safety. In this regard, it noted with satisfaction the safety review of all the existing and planned civil nuclear facilities by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). NCA directed PNRA and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to continue to ensure that our programmes conform to the highest levels of safety and international best practices.", "NCA was also briefed on the nuclear security review undertaken recently. It expressed confidence in the institutionalized Command and Control System and comprehensive measures put in place to ensure reliability and security of strategic assets. NCA underlined that the Government and the people of Pakistan stood solidly behind the country’s nuclear and missile programmes, which would be pursued to maintain effective, reliable and credible deterrence capability, and all attempts to undermine this capability would be thwarted with full force.", "As part of the energy security strategy, NCA also reviewed and approved the futuristic, self-sustaining Nuclear Power Programme — 2050, to meet the existing energy shortfalls and to respond to the future requirements of a growing population and economy. NCA emphasized the need to focus on socio-economic development of the people as a foremost priority.", "The NCA also approved Pakistan’s Space Programme — 2040 in order to bring the benefits of the full spectrum of space technology to the people of Pakistan." ]
A_65_920
[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 97", "General and complete disarmament", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to attach a press release issued by the National Command Authority (ACN) after its meeting on 14 July 2011 (see annex). ACN is the supreme decision-making body on strategic issues and is chaired by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 97.", "(Signed) Raza Bashir Tarar Acting Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Press release", "14 July 2011", "The National Command Authority (ACN) met today under the presidency of the Prime Minister, Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani. The meeting was attended by members of the ACN, including the Federal Ministers, the Chairman of the Joint Committee of Chiefs of Staff, the heads of services, the Secretary of the ACN, the Director-General of the Strategic Plans Division and other senior officials.", "The ACN carefully reviewed developments in the regional and global security situation. In addition, it conducted a detailed assessment of international and regional trends and policies and their impact on Pakistan.", "Following an in-depth review and appraisal, the ACN, inter alia, decided that Pakistan should continue its credible minimum deterrence policy as a responsible State possessing nuclear weapons. The ACN welcomed the security of Pakistan &apos; s strategic programmes and facilities. It also expressed confidence in the operational readiness of Pakistan &apos; s strategic weapons.", "The ACN expressed concern that policies that diverted from the globally shared norms and standards of equality, integration and objectivity continued to be implemented. The ACN cautioned that such policies constituted a regression in the non-proliferation regime and tended to undermine the strategic balance in South Asia. Pakistan would continue to take appropriate countermeasures to ensure its security and maintain regional stability.", "The ACN reiterated Pakistan &apos; s desire to contribute constructively to the achievement of a world free of nuclear weapons and to the objectives of non-proliferation on the basis of equality and partnership with the international community. Pakistan was therefore keen to join the four export control agreements.", "The ACN reaffirmed the importance of nuclear security. In this regard, it noted with satisfaction the review of the security of all existing and planned civilian nuclear facilities by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). The ACN had instructed the PNRA and the Atomic Energy Commission of Pakistan to continue to ensure that Pakistan &apos; s programmes had the utmost security and were in line with international best practices.", "In addition, the ACN was informed of the recent review of nuclear security. He expressed confidence in the institutionalized command and control system and in the general measures established to ensure the reliability and security of strategic assets. The ACN stressed that the Government and people of Pakistan strongly supported the country &apos; s nuclear and missile programmes, which would continue to maintain an effective, reliable and credible deterrence capacity, and that all efforts to undermine that capacity would be made to fail with maximum energy.", "As part of the nuclear security strategy, the ACN also revised and adopted the Nuclear Energy Programme-2050, which was futuristic and self-sustained, aimed at addressing existing energy gaps and responding to the future needs of a population and a growing economy. ACN stressed the need to focus on the socio-economic development of the population as a top priority.", "In addition, the ACN approved the Pakistan-2040 Space Programme to transfer to the people of Pakistan the benefits of all space technology." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "* A/66/150.", "El derecho a la alimentación", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General el informe provisional del Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la alimentación, Olivier De Schutter, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 65/220 de la Asamblea General.", "Resumen", "El mejor acceso a los mercados es esencial para mejorar el medio de subsistencia de muchos pequeños agricultores de los países en desarrollo. Recientemente se ha presentado la agricultura por contrato como una solución óptima, que beneficia a las empresas en tanto compradoras, a los pequeños agricultores en tanto proveedores, y a los gobiernos. En el presente informe se determinan las cuestiones que plantea la ampliación de la agricultura por contrato y se indican varias esferas en que los gobiernos y las empresas pueden velar por que el resultado sea favorable a los pobres y contribuya a la plena realización del derecho a la alimentación. La agricultura por contrato rara vez alienta a los agricultores a remontarse por la cadena de valor y a incorporarse al embalaje, la elaboración o la comercialización de sus productos. En consecuencia, en el informe se examinan además otros modelos empresariales que podrían ser más incluyentes, como las empresas controladas por los agricultores, las empresas mixtas o las prácticas de comercialización directa de alimentos a los consumidores por los agricultores. Es fundamental velar por la existencia de diversas oportunidades de comercialización de los productos de los pequeños agricultores para reforzar su posición en la cadena alimentaria, lo que contribuye a la realización del derecho a la alimentación en las comunidades rurales y al desarrollo rural en general.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Agricultura 4 por \ncontrato A.Impulso 4 del aumento de la agricultura por \ncontrato B.Aclaración 6 de las consecuencias respecto del derecho a la \nalimentación C. Necesidad 8 de evitar la transformación negativa de la economía política de las cadenas \nalimentarias III. Elementos 13 que debe integrar un \ncontrato A.Viabilidad 14 económica de largo \nplazo B. Apoyo 14 a los pequeños agricultores en las \nnegociaciones C.Igualdad 14 de \ngénero D.Fijación 15 de \nprecios E.Normas 15 de \ncalidad F.Sostenibilidad 15 \nambiental G. Mediación 16 y arreglo de \ncontroversias IV. Otros 16 modelos empresariales que pueden beneficiar a los pequeños \nagricultores A.Empresas 17 controladas por los \nagricultores B.Empresas 18 \nmixtas C.Agricultura 20 con el apoyo de la \ncomunidad V.Conclusiones 21 y \nrecomendaciones", "I. Introducción", "1. Existe amplio consenso con respecto a la necesidad de hacer frente a la pobreza rural y a la falta de acceso a alimentación adecuada mediante el apoyo a la agricultura. En los últimos años, y en particular desde la crisis mundial de los precios de los alimentos de 2007-2008, ha habido una reinversión significativa en la agricultura. El Relator Especial documentó anteriormente algunos de los riesgos y oportunidades derivados de esa situación. Determinó la existencia de algunas buenas prácticas que podrían lograr que esas inversiones contribuyeran a mitigar la pobreza rural y la inseguridad alimentaria y a empoderar a los pequeños agricultores (véanse A/HRC/13/33 y Add.2 y A/65/281). A menos que la realización del derecho a la alimentación sirva como base de la reinversión actual en la agricultura, la situación de los agricultores más pobres que trabajan tierras más marginales podría agravarse con este proceso, que lleva a una mayor competencia por los recursos productivos, y con ello podría deteriorarse la dualización actual del sector agrícola.", "2. Un problema clave que con frecuencia se subestima consiste en la forma de mejorar el acceso de los agricultores a los mercados. Un énfasis excesivo en la agricultura orientada a la exportación en muchos países en desarrollo puede tener consecuencias perversas, y hacer que el ingreso de esos países dependa de una escasa diversidad de productos básicos de exportación y sea altamente vulnerable a los aumentos abruptos de precios de los alimentos que importan (véase A/HRC/10/5/Add.2). Los pequeños agricultores, los pastores y los pescadores que producen para el consumo local[1] podrían ser los principales beneficiarios del refuerzo de los mercados locales y regionales, lo que mejoraría su acceso a los compradores locales, en particular a los consumidores urbanos. Por consiguiente, el Relator Especial ha estimulado permanentemente las iniciativas que puedan mejorar los vínculos entre los productores y los consumidores locales mediante infraestructura apropiada, información relativa a los precios y organización de las cadenas de valor. La directriz 4.5 de las Directrices voluntarias en apoyo de la realización progresiva del derecho a una alimentación adecuada en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria nacional señala que “Los Estados deberían, según convenga, promover el establecimiento de mercados locales y regionales en pequeña escala y el comercio fronterizo para reducir la pobreza y aumentar la seguridad alimentaria, especialmente en las zonas rurales y urbanas pobres” (véase E/CN.4/2005/131, anexo).", "3. El desarrollo de mercados locales y regionales en pequeña escala parece el medio más promisorio para la realización del derecho a la alimentación en muchos países en desarrollo en que la pobreza rural es generalizada. La opción de centrar el presente informe en modelos empresariales alternativos, ya sea de los mercados locales o de la adquisición o alquiler de tierra en gran escala, es consecuente con esa convicción. Si bien los modelos empresariales alternativos, como la agricultura por contrato, se asocian en general con la inversión extranjera y con cadenas de abastecimiento mundial, esos modelos alternativos pueden ser adoptados también por los actores locales, incluidos los órganos públicos. En ciertas condiciones, los modelos alternativos pueden ayudar al desarrollo de las cadenas alimentarias localizadas, por ejemplo, al vincular las cooperativas de agricultores a la industria local de elaboración de alimentos o a los comerciantes minoristas de productos locales frescos que abastecen a los consumidores urbanos.", "4. El informe se basa en publicaciones científicas recientes y en varias visitas del Relator Especial. Cuenta además con las aportaciones de diversos interesados, incluidos organismos internacionales de cooperación para el desarrollo, fondos y organismos de las Naciones Unidas, instituciones académicas, expertos del sector privado y organizaciones no gubernamentales.", "II. Agricultura por contrato", "5. Se ha definido la agricultura por contrato como un acuerdo entre agricultores y empresas de elaboración y/o comercialización respecto de la producción y el abastecimiento de productos agrícolas a plazo, con frecuencia por precios previamente determinados[2].", "A. Impulso del aumento de la agricultura por contrato", "6. La agricultura por contrato ha adquirido importancia en años recientes tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo[3] [4]. Los compradores la consideran un medio de reforzar el control de la cadena de abastecimiento a fin de responder a una mayor necesidad de seguridad respecto del origen de la producción y de la estandarización del producto alimentario, a medida que las normas de seguridad de calidad y alimentaria han adquirido importancia y a medida que los consumidores expresan preocupación por los aspectos ambientales y sociales de la producción[5]. El control de los agricultores bajo contrato para prevenir la comercialización extracontractual o la desviación de los insumos recibidos para usos distintos de la producción del cultivo objeto del contrato puede resultar costoso, pero en general los costos se compensan con la mayor fiabilidad y la calidad más constante de los abastecimientos en comparación con los productos adquiridos en el mercado abierto². La agricultura por contrato puede reducir los riesgos de las empresas con respecto a los altibajos de oferta y demanda y permite que las empresas promuevan normas de seguridad y otros requisitos de calidad. Los contratos permiten además a las empresas programar la entrega de los productos en plazos óptimos para sus empresas, lo que no pueden controlar cuando dependen de los precios al contado de los mercados⁴.", "7. Con la agricultura por contrato las empresas transfieren la responsabilidad de la gestión a los agricultores y se pueden reducir los gastos laborales, por cuanto los agricultores por contrato suelen utilizar trabajadores de la familia sin remuneración. Además, las empresas que utilizan acuerdos de agricultura por contrato pueden mantener operaciones más fluidas porque no están limitadas por activos fijos. Estas son algunas de las razones por las que, por ejemplo, se ha considerado que la agricultura por contrato con los pequeños agricultores constituye una opción atractiva en la India para empresas de los sectores hortícola, avícola y lácteo. Aunque los costos de transacción son relativamente elevados, este modelo difunde el riesgo entre un gran número de abastecedores (el comprador, por lo tanto, no corre riesgo si alguna de las principales fuentes de oferta falla) y prevé una oferta flexible que se adapta fácilmente a las variaciones de volumen o calidad[6].", "8. Gran número de pequeños agricultores se han unido a ese tipo de sistemas³ [7]. En parte como resultado del retiro o la reducción de servicios públicos de extensión en los últimos 30 años, la agricultura por contrato suele constituir la única opción viable para mejorar el medio de subsistencia, por cuando esos acuerdos garantizan el acceso a mercados así como a insumos de buena calidad (con frecuencia suministrados a precios al por mayor más bajos) y asesoramiento técnico, y facilitan el acceso a sistemas de certificación y el cumplimiento de las normas[8]. El cambio a cultivos de mayor valor, la mejor productividad y la reducción de sus costos de comercialización y transacción pueden generar mayor ingreso. La agricultura por contrato puede también mejorar el acceso de los agricultores al crédito[9], ya sea porque las empresas prestan el crédito directamente o porque los bancos aceptan los contratos de los agricultores como garantía. Según el tipo de acuerdo, la agricultura por contrato puede constituir una garantía de que los ingresos de los agricultores serán relativamente estables y estarán aislados de las fluctuaciones de precio de los mercados². Además, las empresas pagan en ocasiones a los agricultores una prima para asegurar que no hagan transacciones fuera del contrato[10]. Como modelo de adquisición directa, que en general elimina al intermediario, la agricultura por contrato puede considerarse además una solución conveniente para los consumidores, las empresas y los agricultores por igual⁷.", "9. Los gobiernos han apoyado en general la agricultura por contrato[11]. Lo consideran una forma de aumentar los ingresos de los agricultores, atraer inversión extranjera y reducir la carga fiscal de los gobiernos, por cuanto los compradores que tienen relaciones contractuales de largo plazo con los productores suelen prestar los servicios y los tipos de apoyo que tradicionalmente prestan los gobiernos⁹. Por lo tanto, no es desusado que las empresas se beneficien con incentivos financieros de los gobiernos para fomentar la agricultura por contrato, como exenciones tributarias o reducciones arancelarias.", "B. Aclaración de las consecuencias respecto del derecho a la alimentación", "10. El aporte de la agricultura por contrato a la realización del derecho a la alimentación dependerá del contexto, los términos concretos del contrato y la medida en que se adopte un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos[12]. De esta manera es importante para los Estados anfitriones, los inversores y los agricultores considerar algunos de los principales beneficios y desventajas de los modelos tradicionales de agricultura por contrato, así como determinar los criterios que pueden garantizar que la agricultura por contrato beneficie auténticamente a los pequeños agricultores. Un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos hace que se consideren los criterios enunciados a continuación.", "1. Obligaciones del Estado: respeto, protección y cumplimiento", "11. Los Estados, con arreglo al derecho internacional, tienen la obligación de respetar, proteger y cumplir el derecho a la alimentación adecuada. La obligación de respeto exige que los Estados no adopten medida alguna que tenga como resultado impedir el acceso a la alimentación adecuada. La obligación de protección exige que el Estado adopte medidas para velar por que las empresas o los particulares no priven a los individuos de su acceso a la alimentación adecuada (véase E/C.12/1999/5, párr. 15). Por consiguiente, los Estados deben controlar los acuerdos de largo plazo entre los inversores y los compradores y entre agricultores y productores para prevenir el riesgo de abuso o, en los casos de abuso, velar por que existan recursos efectivos. Deben proteger además los derechos laborales fundamentales que se reconocen en los instrumentos básicos de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) por cuanto el incumplimiento de esos derechos puede desembocar en la violación del derecho al trabajo y a un nivel adecuado de vida reconocido en las normas internacionales de derechos humanos[13]. La obligación de cumplimiento obliga a los Estados a realizar actividades con el objeto de reforzar el acceso de la gente a los recursos, a su utilización y a los medios de asegurar su medio de subsistencia, incluida la seguridad alimentaria (véase E/C.2/1999/5, párr. 15). En la mayor medida posible de los recursos disponibles, los Estados, por tanto, deben crear una atmósfera propicia para que las comunidades agrícolas celebren diversos contratos en condiciones que velen por la salvaguardia efectiva de sus derechos, a pesar de desigualdades de poder y asimetrías de información en ocasiones enormes entre las diversas partes.", "12. Los Estados deben apoyar también a las comunidades agrícolas mediante la prestación de ciertos bienes y servicios necesarios para lograr un nivel adecuado de vida con la agricultura. Aunque los inversores privados pueden aportar algunos de esos bienes y servicios, lo que hace que algunos comentaristas consideren que la agricultura por contrato constituye un medio para velar por la distribución más eficiente de esos bienes y servicios[14], sería erróneo considerar que la agricultura por contrato reemplaza el papel indispensable del Estado a este respecto. La Directriz 2.6 de las Directrices voluntarias sobre el derecho a la alimentación recuerda las obligaciones del Estado en los casos en que la pobreza y el hambre son predominantemente rurales. Se espera que los Estados, por ejemplo, presten asistencia técnica a los agricultores por medio de servicios públicos de extensión agrícola, velen por el acceso de los pequeños agricultores a crédito fiable y seguro a tasas razonables, y ayuden a crear mecanismos básicos de apoyo a los pequeños agricultores respecto de los precios[15]. La agricultura por contrato no debe pasar a constituirse en un impulsor de la privatización de los servicios de extensión[16] o servir de excusa para que los gobiernos descuiden su obligación de apoyar a los agricultores con la prestación de bienes públicos, ya que precisamente son los agricultores más marginados los que sufrirían más con el retiro del apoyo estatal.", "2. Necesidad de modelos empresariales no discriminatorios", "13. Un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos requiere concentración en los más vulnerables, los que con mayor frecuencia quedan excluidos del progreso. Los planes de agricultura por contrato suelen excluir a los agricultores más pobres, que tienen tierras limitadas y marginales y menos recursos para invertir y que viven en zonas remotas. Los investigadores observan que los costos de transacción asociados con la aportación de insumos, créditos y servicios de extensión y la recolección y clasificación de productos constituyen incentivos negativos para las empresas que contratan con los pequeños propietarios, de manera que las empresas suelen preferir los contratos con agricultores en mediana o gran escala⁵ ⁹ [17]. A menos que se considere concretamente a los grupos vulnerables y marginados, pueden quedar excluidos de las oportunidades que estos modelos empresariales procuran crear. Además, los pequeños agricultores suelen hallarse en posiciones más débiles para negociar. Pueden ser analfabetos o carecer de la aptitud para defender eficazmente sus derechos e intereses en las negociaciones contractuales. Las mujeres suelen quedar marginadas, en particular cuando se adoptan las decisiones en el plano de la comunidad con procesos de adopción de decisiones de los cuales quedan excluidos de facto.", "3. Necesidad de velar por la coherencia y la sostenibilidad", "14. Lo que redunda en interés de las partes en ciertos arreglos contractuales o modelos empresariales puede no redundar en el interés de la comunidad en su conjunto, y las soluciones pueden no ser sostenibles. Por ejemplo, la agricultura por contrato puede desviar la producción agrícola a cultivos comerciales que, si potencialmente aumentan el ingreso de algunos productores, pueden provocar además aumentos de precios de los alimentos en el mercado local, por cuanto se producirían menos alimentos para el consumo local, con el riesgo de que los más pobres no se puedan permitir la compra de los alimentos en algunas comunidades. Esto puede constituir una violación de la obligación de que todo hombre, mujer o niño, ya sea solo o en común con otros, tenga acceso físico y económico, en todo momento, a la alimentación adecuada o a medios para obtenerla (véase E/C.12/1995/5, párr. 6). La especialización en cultivos comerciales con frecuencia implica una pérdida de la diversidad biológica y apartarse de la diversidad de los sistemas de cultivo hacia el monocultivo, lo que puede ir en desmedro de la actividad biótica del suelo y acelerar la erosión del suelo. Los Estados tienen la obligación de “proteger la sostenibilidad ecológica y la capacidad de carga de los ecosistemas a fin de asegurar la posibilidad de una mayor producción sostenible de alimentos para las generaciones presentes y futuras, impedir la contaminación del agua, proteger la fertilidad del suelo y promover la ordenación sostenible de la pesca y de los bosques” (véase E/CN.4/2005/131, anexo, párrafo 8.13).", "C. Necesidad de evitar la transformación negativa de la economía política de las cadenas alimentarias", "15. Un análisis de la agricultura por contrato basado en el derecho a la alimentación destaca seis problemas posibles. Los primeros cuatro surgen del cambio hacia la agricultura por contrato mismo, y dos derivan del contenido concreto del acuerdo de agricultura por contrato que conciertan algunos agricultores.", "1. Especialización excesiva y prácticas agrícolas insostenibles", "16. En general se asocia la agricultura por contrato con la producción de cultivos comerciales para la exportación, el monocultivo y formas de producción que dependen en gran medida de fertilizantes y plaguicidas químicos, que con frecuencia tienen repercusiones negativas sobre la salud humana y los suelos. Ninguna de estas consecuencias de la agricultura por contrato es inevitable, sin embargo. Como ya se observó, este tipo de acuerdo contractual entre un comprador y un agricultor se puede utilizar con el fin de producir cultivos para la venta en el mercado interno y contribuir al reforzamiento de los mercados locales y, en particular, a mejorar los vínculos entre los productores rurales y los consumidores urbanos. La agricultura por contrato puede y debe incluir incentivos para avanzar hacia sistemas de cultivo más diversos, con el uso de una combinación de plantas, árboles y animales con arreglo a los principios de la agroecología (véase A/HRC/16/49). Si bien la agricultura por contrato suele implicar el suministro por el comprador de insumos, incluidos fertilizantes minerales, puede incluir además disposiciones que obliguen al productor a cumplir ciertas condiciones ambientales, por ejemplo, el uso más cauto de los plaguicidas.", "2. Vulnerabilidad de los pequeños agricultores respecto de la inseguridad alimentaria como resultado de la volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos", "17. La agricultura por contrato con frecuencia hace que el productor cambie de cultivos alimentarios a cultivos comerciales. Pero cuando los agricultores cambian toda su producción a cultivos no alimentarios cubiertos por los arreglos contractuales renuncian a la capacidad de producir alimentos para sus familias, con lo que pierden una valiosa red de seguridad. Esto hace que los agricultores sean más vulnerables a los aumentos de los precios de alimentos, en particular si las empresas no cumplen sus obligaciones contractuales o si el ingreso agrícola es inferior al que se esperaba en comparación con la evolución de los precios de los alimentos. Los agricultores a veces han de superar las diferencias entre ciclos contractuales, tiempo en el cual no ganan dinero alguno con la agricultura[18]. Para reducir el riesgo que implica el cambio a cultivos comerciales y la dependencia consiguiente de los hogares agrícolas respecto del mercado para adquirir alimentos, parte de la tierra del agricultor contratante debe dejarse al agricultor o a otros miembros de su familia que cultiven alimentos para el consumo del hogar. Esto puede ser efectivo especialmente en los casos en que el agricultor por contrato se beneficia con la transferencia de tecnología y capacidad, lo que produce un efecto multiplicador sobre las actividades agrícolas no sujetas a contrato, incluido el cultivo de subsistencia². Asimismo, los agricultores pueden utilizar los productos secundarios y residuales de las actividades de la agricultura por contrato de diversas maneras, incluso mediante la venta de los productos secundarios o su uso en actividades de subsistencia. En Madagascar los pequeños agricultores contratados por Lecofruit para la producción de verduras usan parte de la tierra para la producción de arroz, y la productividad del arroz aumenta (de 3,6 a 6 toneladas por hectárea) gracias al uso de abono y desechos y al reciclaje de los desechos de la producción de verduras. En Malí la producción de biodiesel a partir de la jatrofa por los pequeños agricultores contratados por MaliBiocarburant SA (MBSA) produce “residuos” que se pueden utilizar como fertilizante orgánico, así como glicerina utilizada para producir jabón. Se alterna el cultivo de árboles de jatrofa con maíz, al que corresponde el 80% de la superficie, lo que asegura que se dé prioridad al cultivos de alimentos básicos[19]. Esto debe garantizar una protección adecuada para que el agricultor por contrato se cubra del riesgo de malas cosechas ocasionales o de súbitas depresiones del precio de los cultivos[20]. Una garantía de un ingreso estable congruente con un nivel adecuado de vida es esencial, e incluso un mecanismo de precios que, como se propone más adelante, garantice un precio mínimo al productor, solo constituiría una salvaguardia equivalente si el precio estuviera vinculado al costo de producción y al costo de la vida.", "18. Más allá de la familia agrícola, el cambio a cultivos comerciales aumenta la vulnerabilidad de la comunidad local a las alteraciones súbitas de precios. Cuando los cultivos contratados son productos comestibles disponibles en el mercado local, puede resultar útil la accesibilidad (física y económica) de alimentos adecuados y culturalmente aceptables para la población. Una posible solución para facilitar a la comunidad el goce del derecho a la alimentación consiste en incluir un requisito de comercialización local en el contrato en cuya virtud un porcentaje determinado de la cosecha se venda en el mercado local[21].", "3. Transformación de los pequeños agricultores en asalariados falsos en su propia tierra", "19. Más en general, la agricultura por contrato puede concluir en una pérdida de control sobre la producción, incluidos los cultivos que se han de producir y la forma de producirlos. De esta manera la agricultura por contrato puede hacer que los agricultores pasen a ser esencialmente asalariados agrícolas en su propia tierra, pero sin los beneficios asociados con el trabajo remunerado, como salarios mínimos, permisos de salud y otros beneficios instituidos en la legislación. Los pequeños agricultores por contrato son considerados entonces por el comprador como intermediarios en el mercado de trabajo. Esto resulta particularmente claro después de que los propietarios dividen las plantaciones para crear pequeños predios agrícolas, posiblemente para romper el poder de las asociaciones o exonerar a las empresas de sus responsabilidades, con lo que se afecta negativamente a los antiguos trabajadores. En esta perspectiva la agricultura por contrato plantea algunas cuestiones relativas al derecho al trabajo y a las condiciones de empleo en las predios familiares. Los agricultores por contrato suelen depender del trabajo de la familia para cumplir los requisitos de trabajo. Aunque se puede considerar que esto produce mayores oportunidades de empleo, suele dar como resultado simplemente que más miembros de la familia trabajan sin remuneración porque esa puede ser la única manera de reducir los costos y de hacer que el arreglo contractual resulte ventajoso. En ese contexto el trabajo infantil puede transformarse en un problema de los convenios de agricultura por contrato[22]. El artículo 10 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales y el artículo 32 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño imponen a los Estados la obligación de proteger a los niños y a los jóvenes de la explotación económica y social y de castigar su empleo en trabajos que probablemente sean riesgosos o puedan interferir con la educación del niño o ser nocivos para su salud o desarrollo físico, espiritual, moral o social. Los Estados deben adoptar medidas eficaces para velar por el pleno respeto de la prohibición del trabajo infantil (véase E/C.12/GC/12, párr. 24). Es pertinente además señalar que, con arreglo al artículo 9 del Pacto, los Estados deben garantizar el derecho a la seguridad social, que debe ser accesible también a los productores independientes (véase E/C.12/GC/19).", "20. Hay problemas concretos relacionados con la contratación de trabajadores externos por los agricultores por contrato. Esos trabajadores pueden no estar cubiertos por las mismas leyes laborales que amparan a los trabajadores agrícolas en las grandes plantaciones. El artículo 7 del Pacto reconoce la dimensión individual del derecho al trabajo, consagrando el derecho de todos al goce de condiciones justas y favorables de trabajo. Todos los trabajadores tienen derecho a un salario justo y a igual remuneración por trabajo de igual valor sin distinción alguna; en particular, se garantiza a las mujeres condiciones de trabajo que no sean inferiores a las condiciones en que trabajan los hombres, con igual remuneración por igual trabajo, una vida decente para ellas mismas y sus familias, y condiciones de trabajo seguras y saludables. No obstante, las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de pequeños predios suelen ser peores que las que imperan en las grandes plantaciones. Los salarios de los trabajadores de pequeños predios suelen ser sumamente bajos, y con frecuencia se paga a las trabajadoras incluso menos que a los trabajadores. La supervisión del cumplimiento de la legislación laboral es difícil, especialmente por cuanto es poco probable que los trabajadores de pequeños predios (al igual que los trabajadores agrícolas de las grandes plantaciones) estén sindicalizados, y la situación de empleo de los pequeños predios con frecuencia es insegura. La agricultura por contrato hace que los pequeños predios se parezcan más a las plantaciones en gran escala, y en este caso en particular alienta al agricultor a contratar una fuerza de trabajo externa en forma más o menos permanente. En esos casos el cumplimiento de la legislación laboral tropieza con problemas concretos, que pueden enfrentarse mejor velando por que el control de la producción por el comprador incluya además el cumplimiento de la legislación laboral interna.", "4. Efectos de género", "21. Las mujeres tienen menos acceso a la agricultura por contrato que los hombres. Un estudio descubrió que en la industria de horticultura de exportación de Kenya las mujeres constituían menos del 10% de los agricultores contratados, y en una muestra de 59 agricultores por contrato de frijoles franceses exportados del Senegal solo uno era una mujer[23]. La capacidad de las mujeres para beneficiarse de la agricultura por contrato está determinada por sus derechos sobre la tierra y por las relaciones de poder dentro de los hogares o, cuando se negocia el contrato por medio de representantes de la comunidad o de las organizaciones de agricultores, dentro de esos grupos. De hecho, incluso en los casos en que la mujer y otros miembros de la familia hacen la mayor parte del trabajo, no es desusado que firme el contrato el marido, en tanto jefe del hogar, como se ve en la agricultura por contrato del azúcar en Sudáfrica o en la agricultura por contrato de verduras en el Punjab de la India[24]. Además, hay estudios que sugieren que las mujeres pierden el control de la adopción de decisiones cuando se producen cultivos comerciales en lugar de hacerlo para el consumo local. Si bien las mujeres deciden acerca del uso de los alimentos producidos para el autoconsumo, no deciden la forma en que se gasta el ingreso del hogar. Por lo tanto, a menos que el marco de la agricultura por contrato respete los derechos de la mujer y esté atento a las cuestiones de género, menoscabará la igualdad de género[25]. Por ejemplo, investigaciones hechas en la agricultura por contrato de frijoles en Kenya demuestran que, si bien las mujeres hicieron la mayor parte del trabajo, recibieron una parte limitada de los ingresos del contrato. Además, en los casos en que recibieron dinero en efectivo, se esperaba que contribuyeran a los gastos del hogar incluso cuando era responsabilidad del marido[26]. El fortalecimiento de la posición de la mujer no solo es una cuestión de garantizar el derecho de igualdad de trato, sino además un medio de mejorar la productividad, por cuanto si las mujeres reciben mayor proporción del ingreso del cultivo tendrán un mayor incentivo para aumentar la producción. Además, la seguridad alimentaria del hogar y la salud, nutrición y educación de los niños se benefician con un mejor ingreso para la mujer, en comparación con las ventajas que resultan de un mejor ingreso para los hombres. Mientras más decidan las mujeres la forma de gastar el ingreso del hogar, más se suele gastar en las necesidades de los niños²⁵; las probabilidades de que un niño sobreviva aumentan en un 20% cuando la madre controla el presupuesto del hogar (véase A/HRC/13/32, párr. 58).", "5. Posibilidades de que los pequeños agricultores se vean atrapados en ciclos de deuda", "22. Si bien la capacidad de los compradores para adquirir insumos a precios al por mayor podría permitirles que pasaran las economías a los agricultores con menores precios, también es posible que, cuando un agricultor tiene acceso a insumos solamente por conducto de un comprador, el comprador cobre a los agricultores precios superiores a los del mercado por esos insumos. En el curso de las consultas el Relator Especial recibió una comunicación en la que se indicaba que, a falta de servicios públicos, la agricultura por contrato puede crear dependencia potencialmente devastadora para los pequeños agricultores respecto de la tecnología, el crédito, los insumos y los servicios prestados por las empresas con las que contratan. Esto no solo indica el peligro de que el gobierno abandone sus obligaciones de apoyar a las comunidades agricultoras prestándoles bienes públicos adecuados en la esperanza de que los inversionistas privados colmen la diferencia, sino que destaca además uno de los principales efectos negativos de la agricultura por contrato para los agricultores, la posibilidad de quedar atrapados en ciclos de deuda. Es común que los agricultores deban tomar dinero prestado para invertir en la producción agrícola según lo requiere el contrato y que a continuación no ganen suficiente dinero para cubrir sus deudas, por ejemplo, como resultado de la caída de los precios del mercado o de malas cosechas. Este riesgo es particularmente importante en los casos en que la inversión en la tierra esté relacionada concretamente con un tipo de producción cuyo único comprador sea la empresa contratante, limitación que puede ser explotada por la empresa como manera de ejercer poder monopólico y con ello imponer gradualmente precios inferiores a los agricultores⁴. Los cultivos que dependen de tecnologías complejas de producción y elaboración y de insumos especializados sustanciales que son desconocidas para la mayoría de los agricultores y que requieren grandes gastos de capital aumentan significativamente el nivel de riesgo enfrentado por los agricultores, como lo demuestran los planes de agricultura por contrato de la Dirección de pequeños productores de azúcar y pequeños productores de té de Malawi[27]. El ciclo de deuda resultante puede atrapar a los agricultores en arreglos contractuales que no son óptimos ni se pueden abandonar fácilmente, ya sea por la deuda misma o por otros razones, por ejemplo, porque el suelo se degrada con el uso intensivo de plaguicidas o porque los agricultores han perdido sus relaciones con los anteriores asociados de transacción, no pueden restablecer métodos o productos tradicionales de cultivo, o han pasado a ser demasiado dependientes de la empresa respecto de otros servicios⁴.", "6. Contratos desiguales derivados de la asimetría de poder", "23. La posición de los agricultores para negociar suele ser débil antes de que firmen los contratos. Es característico que tengan menos información y capacidad de negociación que sus asociados empresariales y un grado menor de conocimientos jurídicos³. La forma en que se determinan los precios, las deducciones por el suministro de insumos, las condiciones en que puede ponerse fin al contrato y la forma en que se evalúa la calidad del producto son esferas en que las cláusulas contractuales pueden beneficiar en mayor medida al comprador.", "24. En virtud de cláusulas de ese tipo las empresas pueden rechazar los productos entregados declarando falsamente que no se ajustan a las normas de calidad, con lo que transfieren las pérdidas financieras a los agricultores cuando los precios de mercado son bajos. Las empresas pueden manipular los precios cuando el mecanismo de fijación de precios especificado en el contrato no es transparente, pueden utilizar fórmulas complejas para determinar precios, medidas de cantidad o medidas de precio. Pueden manipular además los calendarios de entrega para beneficiarse con los cambios de los precios de mercado o con los cambios de la calidad de los productos en que basan los precios (por ejemplo, retrasar la adquisición de caña de azúcar cuando los precios se basan en niveles de sucrosa, por cuanto estos se reducen rápidamente después de la cosecha)⁴.", "III. Elementos que debe integrar un contrato", "25. Los Estados deben prestar atención a algunas cuestiones, enumeradas a continuación, para velar por que los términos de la agricultura por contrato contribuyan a la realización del derecho a la alimentación. Corresponde también una función a las agroempresas. De manera consecuente con su responsabilidad respecto de los derechos humanos (véase la resolución 17/4 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos), deben tratar de incorporar buenas prácticas en su trato con los pequeños agricultores. El Relator Especial destaca siete esferas en que se pueden introducir mejoras.", "A. Viabilidad económica de largo plazo", "26. El acuerdo debe ser viable para todas las partes interesadas. Si no parece viable para el comprador, puede ponerse término al contrato o el comprador puede negarse a cumplir las obligaciones cuando se halle sometido a tirantez financiera, con consecuencias negativas para el medio de subsistencia de los agricultores. Si los términos no son viables para el agricultor, por ejemplo, como resultado de una deuda insostenible, el comprador puede verse enfrentado a problemas de oferta en el corto plazo e incurrir en costos de reputación con otros agricultores, lo que puede hacer más difícil que el comprador llegue a acuerdos contractuales con otros productores en el largo plazo. Deben estructurarse los acuerdos de manera que tanto los agricultores como las empresas se beneficien y de manera que ambas partes deseen respetar el contrato y no tengan fuertes incentivos para negarse a darle cumplimiento.", "B. Apoyo a los pequeños agricultores en las negociaciones", "27. Para satisfacer la primera condición anteriormente indicada, y por cuanto los pequeños agricultores se hallan en una posición de negociación relativamente más débil, deben tener la posibilidad de contribuir al texto de las disposiciones contractuales, velando por que los contratos reflejen las necesidades de los agricultores y que sus obligaciones se expresen en términos que los agricultores puedan comprender. Puede corresponder un papel clave a las organizaciones de agricultores en apoyar la negociación de contratos y en prestar asesoramiento, y se refuerza la posición de los agricultores si están organizados en cooperativas que negocien en representación de sus miembros. Esto reduce también los costos de transacción para los compradores, y puede reducir el riesgo de quiebra de los agricultores al suministrar préstamos en grupo y mejores comunicaciones. Una vez redactado el contrato debe darse a los agricultores una copia. En el caso de las partes analfabetas, deben revisar el contrato escrito los representantes de los agricultores, una organización de agricultores o una organización no gubernamental que los apoye. Deben ponerse además copias a disposición de los organismos gubernamentales competentes para velar por una supervisión apropiada y reducir el riesgo de la introducción de cláusulas abusivas.", "C. Igualdad de género", "28. Deben hacerse los contratos en nombre de la mujer cuando se espere que la mujer sea la persona principal que trabaje en el predio, o en el caso de una pareja, en el nombre de ambas partes. No debe hacerse automáticamente a nombre del hombre que sea jefe de hogar o del hombre a cuyo nombre esté el título de la tierra que se cultiva.", "D. Fijación de precios", "29. Los mecanismos de fijación de precios deben ser claros y transparentes e indicar la forma en que se incorporan en los precios los costos de producción, los riesgos y los rendimientos⁷. Si bien hay diversos modelos de precios (por ejemplo, precios al contado, precios divididos, precios fijos y modelos de precios flexibles), en opinión del Relator Especial, el mecanismo ideal de fijación de precios ha de repetir la fórmula utilizada en los sistemas de comercio justo. Debe garantizarse al productor un precio mínimo fijo basado en la necesidad de satisfacer los gastos de producción y de velar por un salario de vida para todos los trabajadores interesados (incluidos los miembros de la familia, en su caso) (véase A/HRC/13/33, párrs. 14 a 17), pero se deben aumentar los precios pagados por el comprador si aumentan los precios del mercado. Este es el mecanismo de fijación de precios que usa, por ejemplo, la MBSA para la adquisición de la jatrofa producida por pequeños propietarios en Malí. Se garantiza a los agricultores, representados por una asociación de cooperativas, un precio mínimo, que puede aumentar en relación con el precio del diesel en la bomba¹⁹. Esto elimina la tentación de que el productor venda mercaderías en forma ajena a los términos del contrato y con ello la necesidad de que el comprador vigile estrechamente las actividades del productor. Garantiza por lo tanto una oferta estable al comprador, a la vez que reduce los gastos de transacción vinculados con la contratación de gran número de proveedores en pequeña escala. Los mecanismos de fijación de precios deben estar sujetos a un mecanismo independiente de arbitraje, y se debe informar a los agricultores de los precios de mercado de los productos que se comercien en el plano internacional para reducir los riesgos relacionados con la asimetría de información entre las partes.", "E. Normas de calidad", "30. Las normas deben ser claras y concretas de manera que las empresas no puedan manipular la aplicación de normas vagas. Por otra parte, no deben ser demasiado complejas, lo que también podría permitir a las empresas manipular las normas. Las empresas deben demostrar las normas en forma visual a los agricultores. Además, los representantes de la empresa deben explicar con antelación suficiente la forma en que se determina la calidad de los cultivos.", "F. Sostenibilidad ambiental", "31. La agricultura por contrato debe tratar de promover cada vez más formas agroecológicas de producción y suministrar conocimiento adecuado, así como insumos biológicos. La agricultura por contrato aumentará su sostenibilidad si se basa en modos sostenibles de producción, con intensidad de conocimientos, que dependan de la generación de fertilidad y de gestión de plagas en el predio más bien que de insumos externos. En los casos en que el contrato prevé modos de producción con gran intensidad de insumos, los requerimientos concretos deben velar por que la dependencia del productor de insumos externos (en particular, mejores cepas de semillas y fertilizantes químicos) no provoque una situación de mayor dependencia para el agricultor contratante: a) cuando el comprador suministra los insumos, deben cobrarse precios razonables, que no superen los precios comerciales; b) se debe ofrecer a los agricultores la posibilidad de recabar seguridad para protegerlos de los cambios del precio de los insumos que se les venden, y c) otras formas de apoyo, en particular asesoramiento técnico, deben tener prioridad, velando por que se ensayen y promuevan prácticas sostenibles, incluidos control biológico, producción de abonos a partir de desechos, policultivo o agrosilvicultura.", "G. Mediación y arreglo de controversias", "32. Los contratos deben facilitar la comunicación entre las partes mediante estructuras apropiadas de gestión y deben determinar la forma de resolver las controversias. Debe reconocerse que en la gran mayoría de los casos en que una de las partes no cumple las obligaciones del contrato no cabe recurrir a los tribunales por cuanto las sumas suelen ser muy reducidas y por cuanto, en muchos países en desarrollo, los tribunales son prácticamente inaccesibles para los pobres de las zonas rurales. Los compradores, por otra parte, son renuentes a utilizar procedimientos judiciales formales, no solo porque no es práctico hacerlo, sino además por el riesgo de que las relaciones con las comunidades agrícolas se deterioren[28]. El mecanismo verdadero de sanción es la descomposición de la relación contractual. El agricultor se negará a seguir suministrando al comprador si considera que la relación es desequilibrada, y la empresa dejará de comprar al agricultor si considera que no está cumpliendo las expectativas fijadas[29]. Por lo tanto, si bien el sistema judicial es uno de los principales mecanismos para hacer efectiva la responsabilidad, deben establecerse otros mecanismos. Entre ellos se hallan espacios de negociación, mecanismos independientes de arbitraje, foros en que los agricultores puedan plantear sus preocupaciones y mediación de conflictos por organizaciones no gubernamentales o terceros. Deben organizarse reuniones periódicas entre las partes para asegurar una corriente constante de comunicación de manera de determinar los problemas en forma oportuna. Se pueden fijar cuotas concretas para velar por la representación equitativa de mujeres en los comités que representen a los agricultores contratantes.", "IV. Otros modelos empresariales que pueden beneficiar a los pequeños agricultores", "33. La agricultura por contrato rara vez estimula a los agricultores a remontarse por la cadena de valor y pasar al embalaje, la elaboración o la comercialización de su producto. El propósito de la agricultura por contrato es organizar una división del trabajo entre el comprador y el vendedor, en que el vendedor se limita a la producción de materias primas. Además, todas las decisiones estratégicas, acerca de qué se ha de cultivar y la forma de hacerlo, y los mercados a que está destinado, corresponden al comprador. El productor es simplemente el ejecutor. Finalmente, en la agricultura por contrato, los intereses de las dos partes difieren: si bien ambos tienen un interés claro en el éxito del acuerdo, los términos del contrato serán más o menos favorables para cada uno, a costa del otro. Por lo tanto, deben estudiarse otros modelos empresariales.", "34. En opinión del Relator Especial, las empresas controladas por los agricultores, las empresas mixtas y los sistemas de agricultura apoyados por la comunidad constituyen formas interesantes y complementarias de reconsiderar la economía política de la cadena alimentaria en beneficio de los pequeños agricultores. Aunque hay otros varios modelos de organización que no se estudian en esta sección[30], los modelos que aquí se estudian destacan la necesidad de considerar más ampliamente la inversión en la agricultura y el acceso a los mercados por los pequeños agricultores.", "A. Empresas controladas por los agricultores", "35. Se puede alentar a los agricultores a que constituyan sus propias cooperativas, asociaciones o colectivos de agricultores[31]. Esas empresas controladas por los agricultores pueden ingresar en sistemas de agricultura por contrato en condiciones más favorables para los miembros, y pueden además reforzar la capacidad y la posición de negociación de los agricultores en su trato con los proveedores de insumos y los compradores de productos; pueden facilitar el acceso a los mercados y al avance hacia la elaboración, el embalaje y la comercialización de los cultivos, y pueden aumentar la capacidad de sus miembros para contribuir a la formulación y la aplicación de las políticas públicas que los afectan (véase A/HRC/13/33, párrs. 30 y 31). Por ejemplo, el ingreso total de los agricultores con la comercialización del grupo de Filipinas (apoyada por la red MASIPAG, que llega a unos 35.000 agricultores que practican la agricultura sostenible) es alrededor de un 45% superior al ingreso de otros[32].", "36. Los modelos de propiedad colectiva pueden dar a los pequeños agricultores más autonomía respecto de su tierra y su producción que los acuerdos tradicionales de agricultura por contrato y pueden además eliminar a los intermediarios que podrían quedarse con un gran porcentaje de las ganancias. La agricultura por contrato puede además empoderar a las agricultoras, reforzar sus derechos sobre la tierra y proteger su derecho al trabajo.", "37. Las empresas controladas por los agricultores tienen problemas propios. Las grandes organizaciones pueden no responder a las necesidades de los agricultores en forma individual, como ocurre en el caso de algunas cooperativas controladas por el Estado en el pasado. En general, los grupos más reducidos y cohesionados son más exitosos que las organizaciones mayores, que podrían responder en menor medida a las necesidades de sus miembros³¹. La organización de los agricultores puede exigir mucho esfuerzo y puede no ser eficiente para los agricultores con un tiempo limitado. En particular en los lugares en que el control democrático del grupo es débil, esas organizaciones pueden no suministrar siempre beneficios económicos a sus miembros. La dirección puede no estar suficientemente adiestrada en materia de gestión y empresa. La responsabilidad respecto de los miembros debe equilibrarse con la necesidad de conducción continua y efectiva, por ejemplo, disponiendo que los administradores profesionales informen a una junta de cooperativa elegida sin estar ellos sujetos a elecciones, como en un ejemplo de que se da cuenta de una cooperativa en Guatemala⁷. Las organizaciones constituidas por agentes externos y apoyadas por actores del desarrollo pueden ser insostenibles en el largo plazo si su viabilidad depende del nivel de apoyo que reciben. Cuando se constituyen empresas controladas por los agricultores y las dirigen organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones de desarrollo o el sector público, tal vez sea conveniente fijar un plazo al apoyo externo. El diseño de una estrategia de salida de ese tipo en el plan empresarial cuando se crea la empresa debe velar por que la empresa sea sostenible y viable por derecho propio.", "B. Empresas mixtas", "38. Los agricultores (en general por conducto de sus organizaciones) y los inversores privados pueden crear empresas mixtas, en que cada parte contribuya en efectivo o en especie. Esos modelos empresariales garantizan en teoría que ambas partes sean asociadas y copropietarias del proyecto por igual. Ambas partes tienen participación en la empresa mixta, a la vez que conservan su condición jurídica individual y comparten las utilidades o pérdidas de la empresa mixta. Al permitir a los agricultores que sean accionistas se les permite influir en la gestión de la empresa y negociar la política de precios, compartir los beneficios (ya sea que la utilidad se reinvierta o distribuya en forma de dividendos) y mejorar el acceso al crédito y otros servicios relacionados con el predio[33].", "39. Por ejemplo, la Divine Chocolate Company Ltd (anteriormente la Day Chocolate Company) fue creada en 1998 por la Kuapa Kokoo Farmer’s Union (KKFU), que representa a 68.000 agricultores productores de cacao en Ghana, y Twin Trading, una organización basada en el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte compuesta por 24 cooperativas de agricultores de ocho países dedicadas al desarrollo de la cadena de abastecimiento de comercio justo de café, nueces, cacao, azúcar y frutas producidas por 163.000 familias de agricultores. Christian Aid, Comic Relief y Oikocredit, una institución de microfinanzas, apoyaron también la empresa mixta con la compra de acciones, al igual que Body Shop, que posteriormente donó sus acciones a KKFU. El Departamento de Desarrollo Internacional del Reino Unido garantizó una línea de crédito bancario de un importante banco comercial, que dio a Divine Chocolate mejor acceso a las finanzas y le permitió donar gran cantidad de acciones a KKFU, lo que dio como resultado una mayor capacidad de adopción de decisiones respecto de las operaciones. KKFU posee actualmente el 45% de las acciones de Divine Chocolate, así como el 33% de las acciones de la filial estadounidense de Divine, creada en 2007. Divine Chocolate vendió más de 71,5 millones de dólares en chocolate en sus primeros nueve años de actividad. En 2001 se pagaron dividendos por primera vez, tras compensar los gastos de establecimiento. Siguen siendo simbólicos (un pago directo de 1 dólar por miembro), pero ese pago se sumó a los precios fijados por KKFU, la prima de comercio justo y las utilidades del programa de apoyo a los agricultores y desarrollo, al que Divine aportó más de 1,22 millones de dólares en sus primeros 10 años de actividad. Este sistema facilitó actividades y proyectos de generación de ingresos apoyados por la comunidad (incluidos pozos, escuelas, instalaciones sanitarias y molinos), así como la capacitación de agricultores y la adopción de decisiones en forma participativa[34].", "40. MBSA es otro modelo promisorio de empresa mixta, centrado en la producción de biodiesel de jatrofa en colaboración con pequeños propietarios de Malí y Burkina Faso, con el apoyo de inversores institucionales privados holandeses y el Gobierno de los Países Bajos. En Malí, 2.611 agricultores participaron en 2009, tras plantar 1,6 millones de árboles de jatrofa en 3.250 hectáreas de tierra. Los agricultores están organizados en 12 cooperativas, reunidos en una asociación de agricultores. La asociación negocia el precio de la jatrofa con MBSA y apoya a los agricultores. La asociación de agricultores está representada en la junta de la empresa y posee el 20% de sus acciones. Los agricultores, por lo tanto, se benefician directamente de la venta de sus productos y del pago de dividendos en tanto accionistas¹⁹.", "41. Sin embargo, las empresas mixtas no constituyen una panacea. Algunos estudios indican que este modelo no mejora necesariamente el medio de subsistencia de los pequeños agricultores ni mejora el desarrollo rural y la realización del derecho a la alimentación. La empresa controla con frecuencia todas las decisiones empresariales, y la empresa mixta podría manipular las cuentas para evitar el pago de dividendos²¹. En Sudáfrica surgieron dudas, por ejemplo, después de que se alentó a los programas de restitución de tierras y los programas de redistribución posteriores a 1994 a crear empresas mixtas con agroindustrias o a concertar acuerdos de alquiler que otorgaran a los antiguos propietarios el uso de sus tierras en condiciones que en ocasiones se consideraron injustas³⁴ [35]; y en Malasia, después de que el Gobierno estimuló el “Konsep Baru” (nuevo concepto), estimuló la producción de aceite de palma en tierra sujeta a derechos consuetudinarios autóctonos en Sabah y Sarawak en forma de una empresa mixta de tres vías entre una empresa mixta privada de plantaciones (con el 60% de las acciones), una comunidad local (el 30%) y un organismo paraestatal (el 10%) en que las comunidades locales en efecto renunciaron a toda su capacidad de adopción de decisiones cotidianas dentro de la empresa mixta³⁰.", "42. Para reducir esos riesgos las organizaciones de agricultores y los gobiernos anfitriones deben tener representantes en el consejo de la empresa mixta, que ha de incluir salvaguardias respecto de los accionistas minoritarios. Los socios locales pueden estar representados también en el consejo de la empresa matriz.", "C. Agricultura con el apoyo de la comunidad", "43. La comercialización directa de alimentos al consumidor es una manera incluso más innovadora de vincular a los pequeños agricultores con los mercados en condiciones que les permitan aumentar su ingreso y controlar a la vez su producción. Aunque todavía son relativamente marginales, los sistemas locales de producción de alimentos han hecho progresos espectaculares en los últimos años en diversos países desarrollados. En los Estados Unidos de América la venta directa de alimentos a los consumidores más que se duplicó en 10 años, pasando de 551 millones de dólares en 1997 a 1,2 millones de dólares en 2007, y el número de mercados de productores aumentó de 2.756 en 1998 a 5.274 en 2009. En 1986 había dos organizaciones con el apoyo de la comunidad, en tanto que actualmente se estima que hay unas 1.400 organizaciones de ese tipo. El Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos estima que en 2007 había unos 136.817 predios que vendían directamente a los consumidores[36]. La agricultura moderna con el apoyo de la comunidad surgió en el Japón con el sistema Teikei, y actualmente tiene fuerte crecimiento en varios países, incluidos el Canadá y Francia, donde la red de “Associations pour le maintien d’une agriculture paysanne” incluye ahora 1.200 sistemas. Aunque con frecuencia se vinculan con una mayor demanda de los consumidores por productos orgánicos, esas iniciativas aseguran a los agricultores un lugar en que se les garantizan la venta de sus productos e ingresos estables.", "44. Hay dos intentos interesantes por vincular a los pequeños agricultores con los consumidores locales con una redefinición de los sistemas locales de producción de alimentos en Belo Horizonte (Brasil) y en Durban (Sudáfrica). El Relator Especial estudió detenidamente ambos ejemplos en misiones oficiales a esos países en 2009 y 2011. En 1993 Belo Horizonte promulgó una ley municipal en que se fijaba un marco normativo basado en el concepto de soberanía alimentaria y se creó una Secretaría de Normas y Abastecimiento de Alimentos. En ese marco procuró crear varios canales de acceso económico a alimentos saludables. Por cuanto se consideró que los mercados convencionales con frecuencia eran demasiado costosos para los grupos de bajos ingresos y por cuanto los sectores más pobres de la ciudad, las favelas, habitualmente no contaban con buenos servicios de distribución de alimentos, la Secretaría creó servicios móviles de distribución de alimentos. Procuró apoyar la agricultura de las familias mediante la adquisición de alimentos por el Gobierno y con incentivos que asignaban prioridad a los productores locales, considerando que ese apoyo era fundamental para reducir la migración a las ciudades y alentar los métodos orgánicos de producción. El sistema local de producción de alimentos de la ciudad fue reconsiderado mediante la integración de cadenas logísticas y de abastecimiento de todo el sistema de distribución de alimentos y vinculando directamente a los productores locales con los consumidores para reducir los precios. En 2008 se seleccionó a 34 productores de ocho municipalidades rurales de Belo Horizonte en un proceso público, se les asignaron centros fijos de venta en toda la ciudad, y se reguló el precio y la calidad de sus productos para velar por que los alimentos fueran económicos y saludables. Ese mismo año la ciudad administró 49 mercados convencionales y siete mercados orgánicos que beneficiaron a 97 pequeños productores de las zonas aledañas.", "45. En la municipalidad de la ciudad de Durban/eThekwini, con una población cercana a 4 millones de habitantes, una nueva Sección de Gestión Agrícola de la municipalidad procura no solo apoyar los huertos de producción de alimentos de la comunidad, sino también minigranjas de la comunidad y nuevas granjas comerciales. La municipalidad determinó la existencia de 26 asociaciones de agricultores y 800 huertos de la comunidad y aspira a mejorar los vínculos de los mercados con los residentes urbanos. Se estima que, a condición de que haya apoyo adecuado, esos huertos pueden generar 60.000 empleos. Un objetivo clave de la municipalidad es lograr cada vez mayor autosuficiencia respecto de alimentos frescos y económicos mediante la venta de excedentes al centro urbano. La Sección creó seis núcleos para aplicar esa estrategia, de hecho, centros para apoyar a los agricultores locales y aumentar su capacidad para comercializar sus productos, incluidos centros en que se demuestran técnicas de la agroecología, un centro de investigación y desarrollo de agroecología, centros de capacitación, un núcleo de embalaje y comercialización y, en el futuro, un banco de semillas.", "V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "46. El Relator Especial, tras su examen de modelos empresariales alternativos, llega a la conclusión de que todos tienen riesgos y beneficios potenciales para la realización del derecho a la alimentación y que corresponde a los gobiernos un papel fundamental en la protección de los individuos respecto de los muchos riesgos implicados y para asegurar que la agricultura por contrato y otros modelos empresariales apoyen el derecho a la alimentación de los pequeños productores, sus comunidades locales y la población entera.", "47. Los gobiernos deben apoyar la organización de los agricultores en cooperativas y otros tipos de organizaciones de productores que puedan aumentar su capacidad de negociación y ayudarlos a avanzar en la cadena de valores en cuanto a las actividades de embalaje, elaboración y comercialización de los productos, y ayudarlos a adquirir insumos y a vender sus productos en mejores circunstancias. Esta condición es necesaria para garantizar la equidad de las negociaciones entre inversores y organizaciones de agricultores. Los gobiernos pueden prestar además asesoramiento jurídico a los agricultores o sus organizaciones con el fin de aumentar su capacidad de negociación y velar por que todo contrato que decidan concertar sea económicamente sostenible para ellos.", "48. Como parte de sus estrategias nacionales para la realización del derecho a la alimentación, los gobiernos deben crear una atmósfera que propicie el desarrollo de los mercados locales en beneficio de los pequeños agricultores y la creación de diversas opciones para conectar a los pequeños agricultores de las zonas rurales con los consumidores urbanos. Mientras más alternativas tengan los agricultores para tener acceso a los mercados, más fuerte será su posición para negociar los términos de los acuerdos con entidades privadas para la agricultura por contrato o para crear empresas mixtas.", "49. Los gobiernos tienen la obligación de apoyar la realización del derecho a la alimentación en la medida máxima de los recursos de que dispongan, prestando a los pequeños agricultores el apoyo apropiado, incluso mediante:", "a) La prestación de servicios de infraestructura estables y fiables, como carreteras, agua, electricidad y comunicaciones;", "b) El apoyo a los mercados tradicionales y al por mayor;", "c) La creación de sistemas que permitan a los pequeños agricultores ascender por la cadena de valores, incluso mediante la determinación en el plano local o regional de las asociaciones que se pueden establecer entre productores, embaladores, elaboradores y comerciantes al detalle;", "d) La exigencia de que los servicios de extensión pública presten asesoramiento a los agricultores acerca de la forma de crear empresas mixtas con empresas o de establecer entidades comerciales controladas por los agricultores.", "50. Los gobiernos pueden estimular además la creación de fuentes preferenciales de aprovisionamiento de los pequeños agricultores mediante incentivos fiscales o dándoles acceso a sistemas públicos de adquisición condicionados al cumplimiento por el licitante de ciertas exigencias en cuanto a la fuente.", "51. Los gobiernos deben velar por un grado suficiente de competencia entre comerciantes para impedir que los agricultores se vean atrapados en relaciones desiguales con un comerciante a falta de otros compradores de un cultivo determinado. En particular, los gobiernos deben velar por que la expansión de la agricultura por contrato no dé como resultado el desmantelamiento de los sistemas de apoyo público y la privatización de los servicios de extensión agrícola, lo que limitaría la diversidad de opciones disponibles a los pequeños agricultores y aumentaría la asimetría de poder entre los pequeños agricultores no organizados y los actores privados que operan a escala nacional, regional o mundial.", "52. Los gobiernos deben velar por que la supervisión regulatoria se mantenga al nivel de la expansión y la complejidad de los modelos empresariales, incluida la agricultura en pequeña escala. Se deben regular ciertas cláusulas fundamentales de los contratos, incluidas las relativas a la fijación de precios, la determinación de la calidad y las condiciones en que se suministran los insumos, y la reserva de parte de la tierra para la producción de cultivos alimentarios para el autoconsumo. Los contratos, una vez concertados por las partes, deben someterse a una verificación para que las autoridades velen para determinar si hay abuso y, en su caso, ponerle remedio; además, debe contarse con mecanismos judiciales de solución de controversias. Debe prestarse especial atención a los siete aspectos críticos y buenas prácticas de la agricultura por contrato indicados en la sección III supra. Además, los organismos gubernamentales deben:", "a) Supervisar las condiciones de trabajo en la agricultura por contrato y velar por que la expansión de esa agricultura no provoque la sobreexplotación del trabajo familiar barato o una presión indirecta para la reducción de los derechos laborales de los trabajadores agrícolas;", "b) Vincular su apoyo a la agricultura por contrato al cumplimiento de ciertas condiciones ambientales, como el menor uso de fertilizantes químicos, la plantación de árboles, o la adopción de un plan comercial que prevea un cambio gradual hacia tipos más sostenibles de agricultura.", "53. Las instituciones nacionales de seguridad alimentaria deben supervisar y evaluar el aporte de los diversos modelos empresariales estudiados en el presente informe a la realización del derecho a la alimentación. Esas instituciones pueden basarse en la labor del Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición del Brasil o en la labor específica de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos sudafricana respecto de cuestiones relativas a la seguridad alimentaria. Los gobiernos deben establecer además foros en que se pueda examinar la equidad de las cadenas alimentarias entre productores, elaboradores, comerciantes al detalle y consumidores para velar por que se pague a los agricultores un precio justo por los alimentos que producen. Esos foros pueden examinar:", "a) La forma en que el precio en el predio se relaciona con el precio al detalle y si la diferencia entre ambos se mantiene dentro de márgenes razonables;", "b) La forma en que se pueden establecer vínculos más directos entre productores y consumidores.", "Esto se debe considerar parte de una empresa de mayor entidad de desarrollo de los sistemas locales de producción de alimentos y, con ello, de creación de otros mercados para la producción de la agricultura en pequeña escala.", "54. Las agroempresas deben incorporar las siete buenas prácticas indicadas en la sección III en su trato con pequeños agricultores.", "55. Los asociados para el desarrollo y las organizaciones internacionales pueden velar por que los sistemas de agricultura por contrato beneficien a los pequeños productores pobres de alimentos y respeten los principios del derecho a la alimentación adecuada, incluso mediante el aumento de la capacidad de las organizaciones de base comunitaria para negociar acuerdos equitativos con el sector privado, contribuyendo a financiar la participación de las comunidades locales en las empresas mixtas o apoyando a las empresas controladas por los agricultores para adquirir los activos y la capacidad de gestión necesarios para ascender por la cadena de valor, ya que frecuentemente se requiere apoyo inicial para iniciar empresas que logren autosostenerse.", "[1] El presente informe se refiere principalmente a la producción de cultivos, pero la mayoría de las lecciones se pueden transponer a esos otros sectores de la agricultura, en sentido amplio.", "[2] C. Eaton y A. Shepherd, Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Roma, 2001).", "[3] M. Brüntrup y R. Peltzer, “Outgrowers – a key to the development of rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa and to poverty reduction”, informe del curso práctico de DEG/DIE de 18 de agosto de 2006 (Bonn, 2007).", "[4] C. da Silva, “The growing role of contract farming in agri-food systems development: drivers, theory and practice”, Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Service, documento de trabajo núm. 9 (FAO, Roma, 2005).", "[5] R. Rama y J. Wilkinson, “Foreign direct investment and agri-food value chains in developing countries: a review of the main issues”, Commodity Market Review 2007–2008 (FAO, Roma, 2008).", "[6] Según un estudio hecho en nombre de la Comisión Europea, si bien la mayoría de los compradores prefiere tratar con agricultores de mediana escala, por cuanto los contratos con los pequeños agricultores dan como resultado costos elevados de transacción (incluidos los costos de la supervisión), algunas de las razones por las que los pequeños agricultores pueden resultar atractivos son su dependencia del trabajo familiar barato (no remunerado) y su elevado grado de dependencia, por cuanto característicamente les resultaría difícil tener acceso a mercados sino por intermedio del comprador.", "[7] B. Vorley y otros, “Business models that are inclusive of small farmers”, en Agro-industries for development, C. da Silva y otros, editores (Roma, CAB International y FAO, 2009).", "[8] Véase, por ejemplo, B. Minten y otros, “Global Retail Chains and Poor Farmers: Evidence from Madagascar”, LICOS Discussion Papers, núm. 164/06 (que indica que los pequeños agricultores por contrato de la sierra de Madagascar producen verduras para los supermercados de Europa apoyados por compradores para dar cumplimiento a normas y requisitos fitosanitarios complejos tienen mayor bienestar, menores períodos de escasez y más estabilidad de ingresos que lo agricultores que venden a los vendedores locales al detalle). Es pertinente observar que esas conclusiones están fuertemente relacionadas con las prácticas de compra de una empresa, Lecofruit (Légumineuses Condiments Fruits de Madagascar SA), que es con mucho el mayor exportador de verduras de valor elevado de Madagascar y compra a más de 9.000 agricultores por contrato en el país, cada uno de los cuales cultiva como promedio una superficie inferior a una hectárea.", "[9] S. Setboonsarng, “Global Partnership in Poverty Reduction: Contract Farming and Regional Cooperation”, documento de discusión núm. 89 del Instituto del Banco Asiático de Desarrollo (febrero de 2008).", "[10] P. Birthal, “Making contract farming work in smallholder agriculture”, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, Nueva Delhi.", "[11] Véase en particular Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África, “Contract farming offers fresh hope for Africa’s declining agriculture”, East Africa Policy Brief, núm. 2 (Johannesburgo, Sudáfrica, 2006).", "[12] Véanse opiniones críticas en D. Glover y K. Kusterer, Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development (Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 1990); P. Little y M. Watts (editores), Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994).", "[13] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, arts. 6 y 11. Véase también A/HRC/13/33, párrs. 13 a 20.", "[14] L. Ortega y M. Dirven, “Agroindustria y pequeña agricultura: síntesis comparativa de distintas experiencias”, informe LC/R.1663 (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, 1996).", "[15] Véase, por ejemplo, FAO, “Pathways to success: success stories in agricultural production and food security” (Roma, 2009).", "[16] Véase P. Birthal y otros, “Vertical coordination in high-value food commodities: implications for smallholders”, MTID Discussion Paper No. 85 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, Washington, D.C., 2005), y I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm”, Focus on the Global South Occasional Papers 2 (Bangkok, 2007).", "[17] N. Key y D. Runsten, “Contract farming, smallholders, and rural development in Latin America: the organization of agroprocessing firms and the scale of outgrower production”, World Development, vol. 27, núm. 2 (febrero de 1999); P. Simmons y otros, “An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, S3 (noviembre de 2005); J. Coulter y otros, “Marrying farmer cooperation and contract farming for service provision in a liberalising sub-Saharan Africa”, Natural Resource Perspectives, núm. 48 (noviembre de 1999). Las pruebas a este respecto son mixtas, sin embargo. Véase el argumento de que no hay prejuicio contra los pequeños agricultores en la nota 16.", "[18] I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm” (véase la nota 16).", "[19] Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, “Foreign land deals and human rights: case studies on agricultural and biofuel invesment” (New York University School of Law, 2010).", "[20] Una garantía de ese tipo puede resultar esencial para que los pequeños agricultores, que tienen aversión al riesgo, participen en un sistema de agricultura por contrato. Véase H. P. Binswanger, “Attitudes toward risk: experimental measurements in rural India”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 62, núm. 3 (1980) (que indica que los pequeños propietarios tal vez prefieran un ingreso más reducido pero estable a las utilidades posiblemente mayores pero asociadas a mayores niveles de riesgo).", "[21] L. Cotula, “Investment contracts and sustainable development: how to make contracts for fairer and more sustainable natural resource investments”, Natural Resource Issues No. 20, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (Londres, 2010).", "[22] S. Singh, “Contract farming in India: impacts on women and child workers”, Gatekeeper Series No. 111, IIED (Londres, 2003).", "[23] M. Maertens y J. Swinnen, “Are modern supply chains bearers of gender inequality?”, documento presentado en el curso práctico OIT-FAO, “Gender and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty” (Roma, 2009).", "[24] Véase J. Behrman y otros, “The gender implications of large-scale land deals”, documento de discusión IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) No. 01056 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[25] Véase M.-K. Chan, “Improving opportunities for women in smallholder-based supply chains”, trabajo producido para la Fundación Bill & Melinda Gates, 2010.", "[26] C. Dolan, “Gender and witchcraft in agrarian transition: the case of Kenyan horticulture”, Development and Change, vol. 44, núm. 4 (septiembre de 2002).", "[27] Lo que resulta especial en este ejemplo es que el Estado, en lugar de los compradores privados, contrata a los agricultores con arreglo a este sistema suministrándoles créditos, insumos de cultivo y servicios de extensión, que los agricultores deben reembolsar. Los gastos de participación de los pequeños agricultores son desproporcionados, por cuanto los gastos fijos, incluidos los gastos para pagar los servicios de extensión, son más elevados para quienes cultivan predios pequeños. Véase M. Warning y W. Soo Hoo, “The impact of contract farming on income distribution: theory and evidence”, documento preparado para la reunión anual de la Western Economics Association International (2000).", "[28] J. Kirsten y K. Sartorius, “Linking agribusiness and small-scale farmers in developing countries: is there a new role for contract farming?”, Development Southern Africa, vol. 19, núm. 4 (2002).", "[29] M. Warning y N. Key, “The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: an equilibrium analysis of the arachide de bouche program in Senegal”, World Development, vol. 30, núm. 2 (2002); H. Guo y otros, “Contract farming in China: supply chain or ball and chain?”, documento presentado en el 15º Foro y Simposio Anual de International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (2005).", "[30] Véase S. Vermeulen y L. Cotula, “Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for smallholders”, IIED/FAO/Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA)/Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (SDC) (Londres/Roma/Berna, 2010).", "[31] Véase J. Coulter y otros., nota 17.", "[32] L. Bachmann y otros (editores), Food Security and Farmer Empowerment, MASIPAG (Los Baños, Filipinas, 2009).", "[33] M. de Koning y B. de Steenhuijsen Piters, “Farmers as shareholders: a close look at recent experience”, boletín del Royal Tropical Institute, núm. 390 (2009).", "[34] L. Cotula y R. Leonard (editores), “Alternatives to land acquisitions: agricultural investment and collaborative business models”, cap. 2, IIED-SDC-IFAD/Centro Terra Viva (Londres/Berna/Roma/Maputo, 2010).", "[35] R. Ofreneo, “The leaseback mode of agrarian reform: strengths, weaknesses and options”, Action for Economic Reforms, Poverty Series (septiembre de 2000); véase una situación semejante en Filipinas, C. Flores-Obanil y M. Manahan, “Leaseback arrangements: reversing agrarian reform gains in the Philippines”, Farm Bulletin, vol. 1, núm. 2 (2006).", "[36] S. Martinez y otros, “Local food systems: concepts, impacts and issues”, Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos, Economic Research Report No. ERR-97 (mayo de 2010)." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right to food", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/220.", "Summary", "Better access to markets is key to improving livelihoods for many small-scale farmers in developing countries. Recently, contract farming has been presented as an optimal solution, benefiting firms as buyers, small-scale farmers as suppliers and Governments. This report identifies the issues raised by the expansion of contract farming and notes seven areas in which Governments and firms could ensure that it results in pro-poor outcomes and contributes to the full realization of the right to food. Contract farming rarely encourages farmers to climb up the value chain and move into the packaging, processing or marketing of their produce. The report therefore also examines other business models that could be more inclusive, such as farmer-controlled enterprises, joint ventures or direct-to-consumer food marketing practices by farmers. It is vital to ensure a diversity of outlets for the produce of small-scale farmers to strengthen their position in the food chain, which contributes to the realization of the right to food in rural communities and rural development in general.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Contract 4 \nfarming A.Drivers 4 behind the rise of contract \nfarming B. Clarification 6 of the implications of the right to \n food C. Avoidance 8 of negative transformations of the political economy of food \nchains III.Elements 12 that a contract should \nintegrate A. Long-term 12 economic \nviability B.Support 13 for small-scale farmers in \nnegotiations C.Gender 13 \nequality \nD.Pricing 13E.Quality 14 \nstandards F. Environmental 14 \nsustainability G. Mediation 14 and dispute \nsettlement IV. Other 15 business models that could benefit small-scale \nfarmers A. Farmer-controlled 15 \nenterprises B. Joint 16 \nventures C.Community-supported 18 \nagriculture V.Conclusions 19 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. There is now a broad consensus on the need to tackle rural poverty and the lack of access to adequate food by increasing support for agriculture. Over the past few years, and particularly since the global food price crisis of 2007-2008, a significant reinvestment in agriculture has been occurring. Previously, the Special Rapporteur documented some of the risks and opportunities resulting from that development. He identified some good practices that could ensure that the investments would contribute to the alleviation of rural poverty and food insecurity and to the empowerment of small-scale farmers (see A/HRC/13/33 and Add.2 and A/65/281). Unless the realization of the right to food serves as the foundation of the current reinvestment in agriculture, the situation of the poorest farmers working on the most marginal land could be further aggravated by this process, which leads to increased competition for productive resources, and the existing dualization of the farming sector could worsen as a result.", "2. A key but often underestimated challenge is how to improve the access of farmers to markets. An overemphasis on export-led agriculture in many developing countries may have perverse consequences, leading those countries to depend on a narrow range of raw commodities for their export revenues and making them highly vulnerable to price shocks as food importers (see A/HRC/10/5/Add.2). Small-scale farmers, herders and fishers producing for local consumption[1] could be the primary beneficiaries of strengthened local and regional markets, which would enhance their access to local buyers, particularly urban consumers. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur has consistently encouraged initiatives that could improve the links between local producers and consumers through appropriate infrastructure and price information and the organization of value chains. Guideline 4.5 of the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security notes that “States should, as appropriate, promote the development of small-scale local and regional markets and border trade to reduce poverty and increase food security, particularly in poor rural and urban areas” (see E/CN.4/2005/131, annex).", "3. The development of small-scale local and regional markets seems to be the most promising avenue towards the realization of the right to food in many developing countries where rural poverty is widespread. The choice to focus the present report on business models that are alternatives either to the spot markets or to large-scale acquisitions or leases of land is consistent with this conviction. While alternative business models, such as contract farming, are generally associated with foreign investment and global supply chains, such alternative models can also be adopted by local actors, including public bodies. Under certain conditions, alternative models can help in the development of localized food chains, for instance by linking farmers’ cooperatives to the local food-processing industry or to local fresh produce retailers serving urban consumers.", "4. The report is based on recent scientific literature and on various site visits undertaken by the Special Rapporteur. It also benefited from inputs from a wide range of stakeholders, including international development cooperation agencies, United Nations funds and agencies, academic institutions, private sector experts and non-governmental organizations.", "II. Contract farming", "5. Contract farming has been defined as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms for the production and supply of agricultural products under forward agreements, frequently at predetermined prices.[2]", "A. Drivers behind the rise of contract farming", "6. Contract farming has gained importance in recent years in both developed and developing countries.[3]^(,)[4] Buyers see it as a means of strengthening control down the supply chain in order to respond to an increased need for production traceability and food product standardization, as quality and food safety standards have gained in importance and as consumers express concerns about the environmental and social aspects of production.[5] Controlling contracted farmers to prevent extra-contractual marketing or the diversion of inputs received for uses other than crop production under the contract may be costly, but the costs are generally offset by the improved reliability and more consistent quality of supplies compared with products purchased on the open market.² Contract farming can minimize firms’ risks with respect to changes in supply and demand and allows firms to promote safety standards and other quality requirements. Contracts also enable firms to schedule the delivery of products at optimal times for their business, something that they cannot control when relying on the spot market.⁴", "7. Firms transfer responsibilities for labour management to farmers through contract farming, and labour costs may be lower because contract farmers often use unpaid family workers. Furthermore, firms using contract farming arrangements can maintain more fluid operations because they are not constrained by fixed assets. These are some of the reasons why, for instance, contract farming with smallholders has been seen as an attractive option in India for companies in the horticultural, poultry and dairy sectors. Although transaction costs are relatively high, this model spreads risk over a large number of suppliers (the buyer, therefore, is not at risk if any one major supply source defaults) and provides for flexible supply that adapts easily to volume or quality variations.[6]", "8. A considerable number of small-scale farmers have joined such schemes.^(3,)[7] In part as a result of the withdrawal or reduction of public extension services over the past 30 years, contract farming often represents the only viable option to improve livelihoods, as such agreements guarantee access to markets as well as to good-quality inputs (often supplied at lower wholesale prices) and technical advice, and facilitate both access to certification schemes and meeting standards.[8] The shift to higher-value crops, improved productivity and the lowering of their marketing and transaction costs may result in higher incomes. Contract farming may also improve farmers’ access to credit,[9] either because firms directly provide credit or because banks accept farmers’ contracts as collateral. Depending on the particular type of arrangement, contract farming can provide a guarantee that farming revenues will be relatively stable and insulated from market price fluctuations.² In addition, firms sometimes pay farmers a premium to ensure that they do not engage in selling outside the contract.[10] As a model of direct procurement, which generally cuts out the middleman, contract farming may also be seen as a winning solution for consumers, firms and farmers alike.⁷", "9. Governments have generally supported contract farming.[11] They see it as a way to increase farmers’ incomes, attract foreign investment and reduce the fiscal burden on Governments, as buyers having long-term contractual relationships with producers often provide the services and types of support traditionally provided by Governments.⁹ It has therefore not been unusual for firms to benefit from government financial incentives promoting contract farming, such as tax breaks or tariff reductions.", "B. Clarification of the implications of the right to food", "10. Whether contract farming will contribute to the realization of the right to food will depend on context, the specific contractual arrangements and to what extent a human rights-based approach is adopted.[12] It is thus important for host States, investors and farmers to consider some of the main benefits and drawbacks of traditional contract farming models, as well as to identify the criteria that can ensure that contract farming truly benefits small-scale farmers. A human rights-based approach leads to the criteria set out below.", "1. Duties of the State: respect, protect and fulfil", "11. States, under international law, have the duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. The duty to respect requires States not to take any measures that result in preventing access to adequate food. The duty to protect requires measures by States to ensure that enterprises or individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15). Consequently, States must control long-term arrangements between investors and buyers and between farmers and producers to prevent the risk of abuse or, where abuses do occur, to ensure that effective remedies are available. They must also protect basic labour rights recognized under the core International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments, since the failure to comply with such rights can lead to violation of the rights to work and to an adequate standard of living recognized in international human rights law.[13] The duty to fulfil obliges States to proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people’s access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15). To the maximum extent of their available resources, States must, therefore, create an environment enabling farming communities to enter into various arrangements under conditions that ensure that their rights will be effectively safeguarded, despite sometimes stark inequalities of power and asymmetries of information among the various parties.", "12. States should also support farming communities by providing certain goods and services required to achieve an adequate standard of living through farming. Although private investors may provide some of the same goods and services, leading some commentators to view contract farming as a means to ensure the more efficient distribution of such goods and services,[14] it would be misplaced to view contract farming as a substitute for the indispensable role of the State in this regard. Guideline 2.6 of the Voluntary Guidelines on the right to food recalls the duties of the State where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural. It is expected that States, for instance, will provide technical assistance to farmers through public agricultural extension services, ensure access to reliable and assured credit for small-scale farmers at reasonable rates and help to create basic price support mechanisms for small-scale farmers.[15] Contract farming should not become a driver of the privatization of extension services,[16] or serve as an excuse for Governments to neglect their duty to support farmers with the provision of public goods, since it is precisely the most marginalized farmers who would suffer most from the retreat of State support.", "2. Need for non-discriminatory business models", "13. A human rights-based approach requires a focus on the most vulnerable, those who are most often excluded from progress. Contract farming schemes often exclude the poorest farmers, who have limited and marginal land and fewer resources to invest and live in remote areas. Researchers note that the transaction costs associated with providing inputs, credit and extension services and carrying out product collection and grading are disincentives for firms to contract with smallholders, so firms often prefer to engage with medium- or large-scale farmers.^(5,9,)[17] Unless vulnerable and marginalized groups are considered specifically, they may be excluded from the opportunities that these business models seek to create. Moreover, small-scale farmers are usually in weaker bargaining positions. They may be illiterate or lack the skills to effectively defend their rights and interests in contract negotiations. Women often are marginalized, particularly where decisions are made at the community level through decision-making processes from which they are de facto excluded.", "3. Need to ensure coherence and sustainability", "14. What is in the interest of the parties to certain contractual arrangements or business models may not be in the interest of the community as a whole, and the solutions may not be sustainable. For instance, contract farming may divert agricultural production towards cash crops that, while potentially increasing revenue for some producers, may also lead to local food price increases, as less food would be produced for local consumption, with the risk that food would become unaffordable for the poorest in some communities. This may be in violation of the requirement that “every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement” (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 6). The specialization in cash crops frequently entails a loss of biodiversity and a shift away from diversity and towards mono-cropping in farming systems that may be detrimental to the biotic activity of the soil and may accelerate soil erosion. States have a duty to “protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased, sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote the sustainable management of fisheries and forestry” (E/CN.4/2005/131, annex, para. 8.13).", "C. Avoidance of negative transformations of the political economy of food chains", "15. An analysis of contract farming grounded in the right to food highlights six potential problems. Four arise from the shift to contract farming itself, and two stem from the specific content of the contract farming arrangement into which some farmers enter.", "1. Overspecialization and unsustainable agricultural practices", "16. Contract farming is generally associated with the production of commercial crops for export, mono-cropping and forms of production that rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, often with adverse repercussions for human health and for soil. None of these consequences, however, are inevitable in contract farming. As already noted, this kind of contractual arrangement between a buyer and a farmer can be used to produce crops for sale on the domestic market and contribute to the strengthening of local markets, and in particular to improving the links between rural producers and urban consumers. Contract farming could and should include incentives for moving towards more diverse farming systems, using a combination of plants, trees and animals according to the principles of agroecology (see A/HRC/16/49). While contract farming often involves the provision of inputs, including mineral fertilizers, by the buyer, it may also include provisions that oblige the producer to comply with certain environmental conditions, for instance more cautious use of pesticides.", "2. Vulnerability of small-scale farmers to food insecurity through food price volatility", "17. Contract farming often leads the producer to shift from food crops to cash crops. When farmers change all of their crop production to non-food crops covered by contractual arrangements, however, they relinquish the ability to produce food for their families, thus losing a valuable safety net. This renders the farmers vulnerable to food price increases, particularly if firms do not meet their contractual obligations or if farm incomes are lower than expected in comparison to the evolution of food prices. Farmers sometimes also have to manage gaps between contract cycles, during which time they do not earn any money from farming.[18] To mitigate the risks involved in the shift to cash crops and the resulting dependence of farming households on the market to purchase food, a portion of the contracting farmer’s land should be left to the farmer or other household members to grow food crops for household consumption. This can be effective especially where the contract farmer benefits from technology and skills transfers, leading to multiplier effects on non-contracted farming activities, including subsistence crop farming.² Similarly, farmers can use by-products and residues from contract farming activities in various ways, including by selling the by-products or using them for subsistence activities. In Madagascar, small-scale farmers contracted by Lecofruit for vegetable production use part of the land for the production of rice, the staple crop, and the productivity of rice increases (from 3.6 to 6.0 tons/ha) thanks to the use of compost and manure and the recycling of waste from vegetable production. In Mali, the production of biodiesel from jatropha by small-scale farmers contracted by MaliBiocarburant SA (MBSA) produces residual “press cakes” that can be used as an organic fertilizer, as well as glycerine used to produce soap. The jatropha trees are intercropped with maize, which accounts for 80 per cent of the surface, ensuring that priority is given to staple food crops.[19] This should ensure adequate protection for the contract farmer against the risk of occasional bad harvests or sudden crop price depressions.[20] Such a guarantee of a stable income commensurate with an adequate standard of living is essential, and even a pricing mechanism that, as proposed below, guarantees a minimum price to the producer (unless the price is linked to the cost of production and the cost of living) would not provide an equivalent safeguard.", "18. Beyond the farming household, the switch to cash crops also increases vulnerability to price shocks for the local community. When the contracted crops are edible produce that is available on the local market, it may be helpful to ensure the accessibility (physically and economically) of adequate and culturally acceptable food for the population. One possible solution to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to food of the community is to include a local marketing requirement in the contract whereby a certain percentage of crops is sold on the local market.[21]", "3. Transformation of small-scale farmers into false wage-earning agricultural labourers on their own land", "19. More generally, contract farming can lead to a loss of control over production, including which crops to produce and how to produce them. Contract farming can thus cause farmers to become essentially wage-earning agricultural labourers on their own land, but without the benefits associated with paid labour, such as minimum wages, sick leave and other legislated benefits. Contracted small farmers are then seen by the buyer as labour market intermediaries. This is particularly clear after plantations are broken up by owners to create small-scale farms, possibly to break the power of unions or divest firms of their responsibilities, with negative effects on former labourers. Seen in this light, contract farming raises a number of questions that concern the right to work and the conditions of employment on family farms. Contract farmers often rely on family labour to fulfil work requirements. While this may be seen as leading to greater employment opportunities, it often simply results in more family members working without pay because that may be the only way to cut costs and to make the contractual arrangement profitable. In such contexts, child labour can become a problem in contract farming arrangements.[22] Article 10 of the International Covenant on Social and Cultural Rights and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child impose on States the obligation to protect children and young persons from economic and social exploitation and to punish their employment in work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, spiritual, moral or social development. States must adopt effective measures to ensure that the prohibition of child labour is fully respected (see E/C.12/GC/18, para. 24). It is also relevant to note that in accordance with article 9 of the Covenant, States must guarantee the right to social security, which must also be accessible to independent producers (see E/C.12/GC/19).", "20. Specific problems are associated with the hiring of outside labourers by contracting farmers. Such labourers may not be covered by the same labour laws that cover agricultural workers on larger plantations. Article 7 of the Covenant recognizes the individual dimension of the right to work, stating the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable working conditions. All workers are entitled to fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without distinction of any kind; in particular, women are guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work; a decent living for themselves and their families; and safe and healthy working conditions. Working conditions for labourers on small farms, however, are often worse than on larger plantations. Wages for labourers on small farms are often extremely low, and women labourers are frequently paid even less than male labourers. Monitoring compliance with labour legislation is difficult, especially since labourers on small farms (just like agricultural workers on large plantations) are unlikely to be unionized, and labourers’ employment situations on small farms are often insecure. Contract farming makes small farms more like large-scale plantations, and in this case in particular it encourages the farmer to hire an outside workforce on a more or less regular basis. In such cases, the enforcement of labour legislation encounters specific challenges, which may be best tackled by ensuring that the buyer controlling production also controls compliance with domestic labour legislation.", "4. Gender effects", "21. Women have less access to contract farming than men. A study found that in the Kenyan horticulture export industry, women comprised fewer than 10 per cent of contracted farmers, and in a sample of 59 contract farmers for French beans exported from Senegal, only one was a woman.[23] The ability of women to benefit from contract farming is determined by their rights over land and by the power relationships both within households or, when the contract is negotiated through representatives of the community or the farmers’ organizations, within those groups. Indeed, even where most of the work is in fact performed by the wife and other family members, it is not unusual for the contract to be signed by the husband, as head of the household, as is seen in sugar contract farming in South Africa or in vegetable contract farming in the Indian Punjab.[24] In addition, studies suggest that women lose control over decision-making when crops are produced for cash rather than for local consumption. While women decide about the use of food produced for self-consumption, they do not decide how the income of the household is spent. Therefore, unless the framework for contract farming respects women’s rights and is gender sensitive, it will undermine gender equality.[25] Research done on bean contract farming in Kenya shows, for instance, that while women performed most of the work, they received a limited portion of the revenues from the contract. In addition, where they did receive cash, they were expected to contribute to household expenditures even when this would have been the husband’s responsibility.[26] Strengthening the position of women is not only a matter of guaranteeing the right to equality of treatment, but also a means of improving productivity, since women receiving a greater proportion of the crop income will have a greater incentive to increase production. Moreover, household food security and children’s health, nutrition and education all gain from improved income for women, in comparison to the gains that result from improved income for men. The more women decide on how to spend household income, the more it is usually spent on children’s needs;²⁵ a child’s chance of survival increases by 20 per cent when the mother controls the household budget (see A/HRC/13/32, para. 58).", "5. Potential for trapping small-scale farmers in cycles of debt", "22. While the ability of buyers to purchase inputs at wholesale prices might allow them to pass savings on to farmers through lower prices, it may also be that when a farmer has access to inputs only through a buyer, the buyer will charge farmers higher than market prices for those inputs. In the course of consultations, the Special Rapporteur received a communication indicating that in the absence of public services, contract farming can create potentially devastating dependence by small farmers on the technology, credit, inputs and services provided by their contracting companies. This not only points to the danger of the Government relinquishing its duty to support farming communities by providing adequate public goods in the hope that private investors will fill in the gap, it also highlights one of the main negative effects of contract farming for farmers, which is its potential to trap them in cycles of debt. One common occurrence is that farmers must borrow money to invest in agricultural production as required under the contract and then do not earn enough money to cover their debts, for instance, because of falling market prices or poor harvests. This risk is particularly important where the investment on the land is related specifically to one type of production for which the contracting firm is the only buyer, a constraint that may be exploited by the firm as a way to exercise monopolistic power and thus gradually impose lower prices on farmers.⁴ Crops that rely on complex production and processing technologies and substantial specialized inputs that are unfamiliar to most growers and require large capital outlays significantly increase the level of risk confronted by growers, as illustrated by the Smallholder Sugar Authority and Smallholder Tea Authority contract-farming schemes in Malawi.[27] The resulting cycle of debt can trap farmers into contractual arrangements that are neither optimal nor easily abandoned, either because of the debt itself or for other reasons, for example, because the soil was degraded by heavy pesticide use or because farmers have lost their relationships with former transaction partners, are unable to re-establish traditional cultivation methods or products or have become too dependent on the firm for other services.⁴", "6. Inequitable contracts resulting from asymmetry of power", "23. The bargaining position of farmers is often weak before they enter into contracts. They typically have less information and negotiating skills than their business partners and a lower degree of legal literacy.³ The way prices are determined, the deductions for the provision of inputs, the conditions under which the contract can be terminated and the way in which the quality grading of the produce is assessed are all areas in which contractual clauses may be heavily biased in favour of the buyer.", "24. Under such clauses, firms may reject delivered products by stating falsely that they do not conform to quality regulations, thus transferring financial losses to farmers when market prices are low. Firms can manipulate prices when the price mechanism specified by the contract is not transparent, using complex price formulas, quantity measurements or price measurements. They also can manipulate delivery schedules to benefit from market price changes or from changes in a product’s qualities upon which prices are based (for example, delaying the purchase of sugar cane when prices are based on sucrose levels because sucrose levels decline rapidly after harvest).⁴", "III. Elements that a contract should integrate", "25. States should pay attention to a number of issues, listed below, to ensure that contract farming arrangements contribute to the realization of the right to food. Agribusiness enterprises also have a role to play. Consistent with their responsibility to respect human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 17/4), they should seek to incorporate good practices in their dealings with small-scale farmers. The Special Rapporteur highlights seven areas where improvements could be made.", "A. Long-term economic viability", "26. The arrangement must be viable for all the parties concerned. If it appears unviable to the buyer, the contract may be terminated or the buyer may renege on obligations when under financial stress, with detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of farmers. If the arrangement is unviable for the farmer, for instance because of an unsustainable debt, the buyer may face supply problems in the short term and incur high reputational costs with other farmers, which may make it more difficult for the buyer to enter into arrangements with other producers in the longer term. Agreements should be structured so that both farmers and firms benefit and so that both sides desire to respect the contract and do not have strong incentives to renege on it.", "B. Support for small-scale farmers in negotiations", "27. To satisfy the first condition above and because small-scale farmers are in a comparatively weaker bargaining position, they should have the opportunity to contribute to the wording of contract provisions, ensuring that the contracts reflect the farmers’ needs and that obligations are written in terminology that the farmers will understand. Farmers’ organizations may have a key role to play in supporting the negotiation of contracts and in providing advice, and the bargaining position of farmers is strengthened by their being organized in cooperatives that negotiate on behalf of the members. This also lowers the transaction costs for buyers, and may reduce the risk of farmer defaults by providing group lending and improved communication. Once contracts are drafted, farmers must be provided with a copy of the contract. In the case of illiterate parties, the written contract should be reviewed by farmers’ representatives, a farmers’ organization or a supporting non‑governmental organization. Copies should also be made available to relevant governmental agencies to ensure appropriate oversight and reduce the risk of abusive clauses.", "C. Gender equality", "28. Contracts should be put in the woman’s name where it is expected that the woman would be the main person working on the farm, or, in the case of a couple, in the names of both parties. It should not automatically be in the name of the male head of household or the male holder of the title to the land cultivated.", "D. Pricing", "29. The pricing mechanisms should be clear and transparent and show how prices incorporate production costs, risks and returns.⁷ While a variety of price models exist (e.g. spot market-based pricing, split pricing, fixed prices and flexible price model), in the view of the Special Rapporteur, the ideal pricing mechanism is one replicating the formula used in fair trade schemes. The producer should be guaranteed a fixed minimum price based on the need to meet production costs and to ensure a living wage for all the workers concerned (including family members, where applicable) (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 14-17), but the prices paid by the buyer should be higher if market prices increase. This is the price-setting mechanism used, for instance, by MBSA for the acquisition of jatropha produced by smallholders in Mali. The farmers, represented by a union of cooperatives, are guaranteed a minimum price, which may increase relative to the price of diesel at the pump.¹⁹ This eliminates the temptation for the producer to sell goods outside the terms of the contract, and thus the need for the buyer to closely monitor the producer’s operations. It therefore guarantees a stable supply for the buyer, while simultaneously reducing transaction costs linked with the contracting of a large number of small-scale suppliers. Pricing mechanisms should be subject to an independent arbitration mechanism, and farmers should be provided with the market prices of internationally traded commodities to reduce the risks associated with the asymmetry of information between the parties.", "E. Quality standards", "30. Standards must be clear and specific so that firms cannot manipulate the application of vague standards. On the other hand, they should not be too complex, which could also allow firms to manipulate standards. Firms should demonstrate the standards visually to farmers. In addition, the firm’s representatives should explain well in advance how crops are graded.", "F. Environmental sustainability", "31. Contract farming should increasingly seek to promote agroecological forms of production and provide adequate knowledge as well as biological inputs. Contract farming will increase its sustainability if it is based on sustainable, knowledge-intensive modes of production that rely on on-farm fertility generation and pest management rather than on external inputs. Where the contract provides for highly input-intensive modes of production, specific requirements should ensure that the reliance of the producer on external inputs (in particular, improved varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers) does not lead to a situation of increased dependency for the contracting farmer: (a) when inputs are provided by the buyer, reasonable prices should be charged, never exceeding commercial prices; (b) farmers should be offered the possibility of seeking insurance to protect them from changes in the price of the inputs they are sold; and (c) other forms of support, particularly technical advice, should be prioritized, ensuring that sustainable practices are tested and promoted, including biological control, composting, polycropping or agroforestry.", "G. Mediation and dispute settlement", "32. Contracts should facilitate communication between parties through appropriate management structures and should identify ways of resolving disputes. It should be acknowledged that in the vast majority of cases where one of the parties fails to comply with the requirements of the contract, there is no resort to courts because the sums involved are too small and because, in many developing countries, courts are in practice inaccessible to the rural poor. Buyers, on the other hand, are reluctant to use formal legal procedures, not only because it is impractical to do so, but also because of the risk that the relationships with the farming communities will turn sour.[28] The real sanctioning mechanism is the breakdown of the contractual relationship. The farmer will refuse to continue to supply the buyer if he or she feels that the relationship is imbalanced, and the firm will cease buying from the farmer if it considers that he or she is not complying with the expectations set.[29] Therefore, while the legal system is one of the main accountability mechanisms available, other mechanisms should be established. Among them are negotiation spaces, independent arbitration mechanisms, forums in which farmers can raise concerns and conflict mediation by non-governmental organizations or third parties. Regular meetings should be organized between the parties to ensure a consistent flow of communication so as to identify problems early on. Specific quotas to ensure the equitable representation of women on committees representing contracting farmers could be established.", "IV. Other business models that could benefit small-scale farmers", "33. Contract farming rarely encourages farmers to climb up the value chain and move into the packaging, processing or marketing of their produce. The purpose of contract farming is to organize a division of labour between the seller and the buyer in which the seller is confined to the production of raw commodities. In addition, all the strategic decisions — about what to grow and how to grow and about which markets to target — are with the buyer. The producer is merely the executor. Finally, in contract farming, the interests of the two parties differ: while both have an obvious interest in the success of the arrangement, the terms of the contract will be more or less favourable to each, at the expense of the other. Other business models, therefore, should be explored.", "34. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, farmer-controlled enterprises, joint ventures and community-supported agriculture schemes provide interesting and complementary ways to rethink the political economy of food chains for the benefit of small-scale farmers. Although there are several other business models not studied in this section,[30] the models explored here highlight the need to think more broadly about investment in agriculture and access to markets for small-scale farmers.", "A. Farmer-controlled enterprises", "35. Farmers can be encouraged to form their own cooperatives, farmer associations or collectives.[31] While such farmer-controlled enterprises can enter into contract farming schemes (in conditions more favourable to the members), they also can strengthen farmers’ negotiating skills and bargaining positions in their dealings with the suppliers of inputs and commodity buyers; they can facilitate access to markets and to moving towards the processing, packaging and marketing of crops; and they can improve the ability of their members to contribute to the design and implementation of public policies that affect them (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 30 and 31). For instance, the total income of farmers with group marketing in the Philippines (as supported by the MASIPAG network, which reaches 35,000 farmers practising sustainable agriculture) is about 45 per cent higher than the income of other farmers.[32]", "36. Collective ownership models can give small-scale farmers more autonomy over their land and production than traditional contract farming arrangements and can also cut out middlemen that might take a large percentage of earnings. Collective farming can also empower women farmers, strengthen their claims to land and protect their right to work.", "37. Farmer-controlled enterprises come with their own challenges. Large organizations may be unresponsive to the needs of individual farmers, as was the case with some State-controlled cooperatives in the past. Small cohesive groups are generally more successful than larger organizations that might be less responsive to members.³¹ Organizing farmers can require a lot of effort and may not be efficient for farmers with limited time. Particularly where democratic control within the group is weak, such organizations may not always provide economic benefits to its members. The leadership may not be well-trained in managerial and business skills. Accountability towards members must be balanced against the need for continual and effective leadership, for instance by providing that professional managers report to an elected cooperative board without being subject to elections, as in a reported example of a cooperative in Guatemala.⁷ Organizations formed by external agents and supported by development actors may be unsustainable in the long term if their viability depends on the support level they receive. When farmer-controlled enterprises are formed and led by non-governmental organizations, development organizations or the public sector, it may be desirable to set a timeline for the end of external support. The design of such an exit strategy in the business plan when the enterprise is established should ensure that the enterprise is sustainable and will be viable on its own.", "B. Joint ventures", "38. Farmers (generally through their organizations) and private investors may establish joint ventures, with each party contributing in cash or in kind. Such business models ensure, in theory, that both sides are equal partners and are co‑owners of the project. Both sides hold equity shares in the joint venture, while retaining their individual legal status and sharing in profits or losses made by the joint venture. Enabling farmers to be shareholders allows them to influence company governance and negotiate price policy, to share in the benefits (whether profit is reinvested or distributed as dividends) and to improve access to credits and other farm-related services.[33]", "39. For instance, Divine Chocolate Company Ltd. (formerly the Day Chocolate Company) was established in 1998 by Kuapa Kokoo Farmers’ Union (KKFU), representing 68,000 cocoa-producing farmers in Ghana, and TWIN Trading, a membership organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprising 24 farmer cooperatives from eight countries dedicated to developing the fair-trade supply chain for the coffee, nuts, cocoa, sugar and fruit produced by 163,000 farmer families. Christian Aid, Comic Relief and Oikocredit, a microfinance institution, also supported the joint venture by taking shares, as did the Body Shop, which later donated its shares to KKFU. The Department for International Development of the United Kingdom guaranteed a bank credit line from a major commercial bank, which gave Divine Chocolate better access to finance and enabled it to grant a larger quantity of shares of the company to KKFU, resulting in greater decision-making power in the operations. KKFU now owns 45 per cent of the shares of Divine Chocolate as well as 33 per cent of the shares of the United States branch of Divine created in 2007. Divine Chocolate sold more than $71.5 million worth of chocolate in its first nine years of operation. In 2001, dividends were paid for the first time, after offsetting set-up costs. They remain symbolic (a direct payment of $1 per member), but come on top of the fixed prices by KKFU, the fair-trade premium and the benefits of the farmer support and development programme, to which Divine contributed more than $1.22 million in its first 10 years of operation. The arrangement facilitated income-generating activities and supported community projects (including boreholes, schools, sanitary facilities and mills), as well as the training of farmers and participatory decision-making.[34]", "40. MBSA is another promising joint venture model, focusing on the production of biodiesel from jatropha in collaboration with smallholders in Burkina Faso and Mali, with support from Dutch private institutional investors and the Government of the Netherlands. In Mali, 2,611 farmers were involved in 2009, having planted 1.6 million jatropha trees on 3,250 ha of land. The farmers are organized in 12 cooperatives, joined in a farmers’ union. The union negotiates the price of the jatropha with MBSA and provides support to the farmers. The farmers’ union is represented on the board of the company and owns a 20 per cent share of the company. The farmers, therefore, benefit directly from the sale of their produce and from dividend payments as shareholders.¹⁹", "41. Joint ventures, however, are not a panacea. A number of studies indicate that this model does not necessarily deliver better livelihoods for small-scale farmers or improve rural development and the realization of the right to food. The firm frequently controls all business decisions, and the joint venture might manipulate accounts to avoid paying out dividends.²¹ Questions arose in South Africa, for instance, after the beneficiaries of the post-1994 land restitution and redistribution programmes were encouraged to establish joint ventures with agribusinesses or to conclude leaseback agreements granting the former landowners use of their lands in conditions sometimes deemed unfair,^(34,)[35] and in Malaysia, after the Government, under the “Konsep Baru” (New Concept) scheme, encouraged production of palm oil on land under native customary rights in Sabah and Sarawak, in the form of a three-way joint venture among a private plantation company (60 per cent of the shares), a local community (30 per cent) and a parastatal agency (10 per cent) in which the local communities in effect relinquished all day-to-day decision-making power within the joint venture.³⁰", "42. To reduce such risks, farmers’ organizations and host Governments should have representatives on the board of the joint venture company, which should include safeguards for minority shareholders. The local partners could also be represented on the board of the holding company.", "C. Community-supported agriculture", "43. Direct-to-consumer food marketing is an even more innovative way of linking small-scale farmers to markets in conditions that allow them to increase their incomes and at the same time to control their production. Although still relatively marginal, local food systems have made spectacular progress in recent years in a range of developed countries. In the United States of America, direct-to-consumer food sales more than doubled in 10 years, moving from $551 million in 1997 to $1.2 billion in 2007, and the number of farmers’ markets rose from 2,756 in 1998 to 5,274 in 2009. In 1986 there were two community-supported organizations, whereas now there are an estimated 1,400 such organizations. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2007, 136,817 farms were selling directly to consumers.[36] Modern community-supported agriculture emerged in Japan with the teikei system, and now shows a strong growth in several countries, including Canada and France, where the network of “Associations pour le maintien d’une agriculture paysanne” now includes 1,200 community-supported agriculture schemes. Although they are often linked to the increased consumer demand for organic products, such initiatives ensure farmers a guaranteed outlet for their produce and stable revenues.", "44. Two interesting attempts to link small-scale farmers to local consumers through a redefinition of local food systems are found in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and Durban, South Africa. Both examples were studied closely by the Special Rapporteur when he conducted official missions to those countries in 2009 and 2011. In 1993, Belo Horizonte adopted a municipal law, setting out a policy framework based on the concept of food sovereignty and established a secretariat for food policy and supply. Under this framework, it sought to create various channels of affordable access to healthy food. Because conventional markets were often found to be too expensive for low-income groups and because the poorest parts of the city, the favelas, were usually not well served with respect to food distribution, the secretariat established mobile food distribution services. It sought to support family agriculture through government food purchases and incentives prioritizing local producers, seeing such support as a key to reducing migration to the cities and encouraging organic production methods. The local food system of the city was rethought by integrating the logistics and supply chains of the entire food system and by tying local producers directly to consumers to reduce prices. In 2008, 34 producers from eight rural municipalities of Belo Horizonte, selected through a public process, were assigned fixed sale points throughout the city, and the price and quality of their produce were regulated to ensure that the food would be affordable and healthy. In the same year, the city operated 49 conventional and 7 organic markets, benefiting 97 small producers from surrounding areas.", "45. In the City of Durban/eThekwini Municipality, with a population approaching 4 million people, a new Agricultural Management Section within the municipality seeks not only to support community food gardens, but also community mini-farms and emerging commercial farms. The municipality identified 26 farmers’ associations and 800 community gardens and aims to improve market linkages with the urban residents. It is estimated that, provided that there is adequate support, such gardens could generate 60,000 jobs. One key objective for the municipality is to become increasingly self-sufficient in fresh and affordable food through surplus sales to the urban centre. The Agricultural Management Section established six hubs to pursue this strategy — in effect, centres to support local farmers and improve their ability to market their produce, including sites demonstrating agroecology techniques, a research and development centre on agroecology, training sites, a packing and marketing hub and, in the future, a seed bank.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "46. The Special Rapporteur concludes from his review of alternative business models that they all carry potential risks and benefits for the realization of the right to food and that Governments have a key role to play in protecting individuals against the many risks involved and in ensuring that contract farming and other business models support the right to food of small producers, their local communities and the entire population.", "47. Governments should support the organization of farmers into cooperatives and other types of producers’ organizations that can improve farmers’ bargaining position and help them to move up the value chain into the produce packaging, processing and marketing operations and help them to acquire inputs and sell their produce under better circumstances. This condition is necessary to ensure fairness in the negotiations between investors and farmers’ organizations. Governments could also provide legal advice to farmers or their organizations to enhance their negotiating position and to ensure that any contract they choose to enter into is economically sustainable for them.", "48. As part of their national strategies for the realization of the right to food, Governments should create an environment enabling the development of local markets benefiting small-scale farmers and the creation of a range of options for connecting small-scale farmers in rural areas to urban consumers. The more farmers have alternatives for accessing markets, the stronger their position will be in negotiating the terms of agreements with private entities for contract farming or joint ventures.", "49. Governments have a duty to support the realization of the right to food, to the maximum extent of their available resources, by providing small-scale farmers with appropriate support, including by:", "(a) Providing stable and reliable infrastructure services such as roads, water, electricity and communications;", "(b) Supporting traditional and wholesale markets;", "(c) Establishing schemes allowing small-scale farmers to climb up the value chain, including by identifying at the local or regional level which partnerships could be established between producers, packagers, processors and retailers;", "(d) Requiring public extension services to provide advice to farmers on how to create joint ventures with firms or how to establish farmer-controlled business entities.", "50. Governments could also encourage preferential sourcing from small-scale farmers through fiscal incentives or by making access to public procurement schemes conditional on the bidders’ compliance with certain sourcing requirements.", "51. Governments should ensure that the degree of competition among traders is sufficient to prevent farmers from being locked into unequal relationships with a particular trader in the absence of alternative buyers for a given crop. In particular, Governments should ensure that the expansion of contract farming does not result in the dismantling of public support schemes and the privatization of agricultural extension services, which would narrow the range of options available to small-scale farmers and increase the asymmetry of power between unorganized small-scale farmers and private actors operating on a national, regional or global scale.", "52. Governments should ensure that regulatory oversight keeps pace with the level of the expansion and the complexity of business models, including small-scale farming. Certain key clauses of contracts should be regulated, including those concerning price fixing, quality grading and the conditions under which inputs are provided, and the reservation of a portion of land for the production of food crops for self-consumption. The contracts, once agreed upon by the parties, could be subjected to vetting by authorities to ensure that any abuse is identified and, where appropriate, remedied; in addition, non-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms should be made available. Particular attention should be paid to the seven critical aspects and good practices for contract farming identified in section III above. In addition, Government agencies should:", "(a) Monitor labour conditions in contract farming and ensure that the expansion of such farming does not lead to the overexploitation of cheap family labour or to indirect downward pressure on the labour rights of agricultural workers;", "(b) Link their support for contract farming to compliance with certain environmental conditions, such as reduced use of chemical fertilizers or the planting of trees, or to the adoption of a business plan that provides for a gradual shift to more sustainable types of farming.", "53. National food security institutions should monitor and assess the contribution of the various business models explored in the present report to the realization of the right to food. These institutions could build on the work of the National Council on Food and Nutrition Security in Brazil or the specific work of the South African Human Rights Commission on food security issues. Governments should also set up forums in which the fairness of food chains could be discussed among producers, processors, retailers and consumers to ensure that farmers are paid fair prices for the food they produce. Such forums could examine:", "(a) How the farm gate price relates to the retail price and whether the wedge between the two remains within a reasonable margin;", "(b) How more direct links could be established between producers and consumers.", "This should be seen as part of a larger enterprise of developing local food systems and thus of creating alternative outlets for small-scale farm production.", "54. Agribusiness enterprises should incorporate the seven good practices identified in section III in their dealings with small-scale farmers.", "55. Development partners and international organizations can ensure that contract farming schemes work for the benefit of the poor small-scale food producers and respect the principles of the right to adequate food, including by increasing the capacity of community-based organizations to negotiate equitable agreements with the private sector, by contributing to financing equity participation by local communities in joint ventures or by supporting farmer-controlled enterprises to acquire the assets and managerial skills necessary to climb up the value chain, as initial support is frequently needed to start businesses that will become self-sustaining.", "[1] The present report refers primarily to crop production, but most of the lessons are transposable to these other sectors of farming, broadly conceived.", "[2] C. Eaton and A. Shepherd, Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2001).", "[3] M. Brüntrup and R. Peltzer, “Outgrowers — a key to the development of rural areas in Sub‑Saharan Africa and to poverty reduction”, report of the DEG/DIE Workshop on 18 August 2006 (Bonn, 2007).", "[4] C. da Silva, “The growing role of contract farming in agri-food systems development: drivers, theory and practice”, Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Service Working Documents, No. 9 (FAO, Rome, 2005).", "[5] R. Rama and J. Wilkinson, “Foreign direct investment and agri-food value chains in developing countries: a review of the main issues”, Commodity Market Review 2007-2008 (FAO, Rome, 2008).", "[6] According to a study conducted for the European Commission, while most buyers prefer to deal with medium-scale farmers, since contracting with small-scale farmers results in high transaction costs (including monitoring costs), some reasons why small-scale farmers may nevertheless be seen as attractive are their reliance on cheap (unpaid) family labour and their higher degree of dependence since they would typically find it difficult to have access to markets except through the buyer.", "[7] B. Vorley et al., “Business models that are inclusive of small farmers”, in Agro-Industries for Development, C. da Silva et al., eds. (Rome, CAB International and FAO, 2009).", "[8] See, e.g., B. Minten et al., “Global retail chains and poor farmers: evidence from Madagascar”, LICOS Discussion Papers, No. 164/06 (showing that small contract farmers from the Highlands of Madagascar producing vegetables for supermarkets in Europe and supported by buyers to comply with complex standards and phytosanitary requirements have higher welfare, shorter lean periods and more income stability than farmers selling to local retailers). It is relevant to note that these findings are strongly related to the buying practices of one company, Lecofruit (Légumineuses Condiments Fruits de Madagascar SA), which is by far the major exporter of high-value vegetables from Madagascar and buys from more than 9,000 contract farmers in the country, each cultivating on average less than 1 ha.", "[9] S. Setboonsarng, “Global partnership in poverty reduction: contract farming and regional cooperation”, Asian Development Bank Institute Discussion Paper No. 89 (Feb. 2008).", "[10] P. Birthal, “Making contract farming work in smallholder agriculture”, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.", "[11] See in particular New Partnership for Africa’s Development, “Contract farming offers fresh hope for Africa’s declining agriculture”, East Africa Policy Brief, No. 2 (Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006).", "[12] See, for critical views, D. Glover and K. Kusterer, Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1990); P. Little and M. Watts (eds.), Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994).", "[13] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6 and 11; see also A/HRC/13/33, paras. 13-20.", "[14] L. Ortega and M. Dirven, “Agroindustry and small-scale agriculture: a comparative synthesis of different experiences”, report LC/R.1663 (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1996).", "[15] See, e.g., FAO, “Pathways to success: success stories in agricultural production and food security” (Rome, 2009).", "[16] See P. Birthal et al., “Vertical coordination in high-value food commodities: implications for smallholders”, MTID Discussion Paper No. 85 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, Washington, D.C., 2005), and I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm”, Focus on the Global South, Occasional Papers 2 (Bangkok, 2007).", "[17] N. Key and D. Runsten, “Contract farming, smallholders, and rural development in Latin America: the organization of agroprocessing firms and the scale of outgrower production”, World Development, vol. 27, No. 2 (Feb. 1999); P. Simmons et al., “An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, s3 (Nov. 2005); J. Coulter et al., “Marrying farmer cooperation and contract farming for service provision in a liberalising sub-Saharan Africa”, Natural Resource Perspectives, No. 48 (Nov. 1999). The evidence on this point is mixed, however. See, for the argument that there is no bias against small-scale farmers, footnote 16.", "[18] I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm” (see footnote 16).", "[19] Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, “Foreign land deals and human rights: case studies on agricultural and biofuel investment” (New York University School of Law, 2010).", "[20] Indeed, for small-scale farmers who are averse to risk, such a guarantee may be essential to joining a contract farming scheme. See H. Binswanger, “Attitudes toward risk: experimental measurements in rural India”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 62, No. 3 (1980) (showing that smallholders may prefer lower but stable incomes to potentially higher gains but associated with higher levels of risk).", "[21] L. Cotula, “Investment contracts and sustainable development: how to make contracts for fairer and more sustainable natural resource investments”, Natural Resource Issues No. 20, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (London, 2010).", "[22] S. Singh, “Contract farming in India: impacts on women and child workers”, Gatekeeper Series No. 111, IIED (London, 2003).", "[23] M. Maertens and J. Swinnen, “Are modern supply chains bearers of gender inequality?”, paper presented at the ILO-FAO workshop on Gender and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty (Rome, 2009).", "[24] See J. Behrman et al., “The gender implications of large-scale land deals”, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 01056, International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[25] See M.-K. Chan, “Improving opportunities for women in smallholder-based supply chains”, for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010.", "[26] C. Dolan, “Gender and witchcraft in agrarian transition: the Case of Kenyan horticulture”, Development and Change, vol. 33, No. 4 (September 2002).", "[27] What is specific about this example is that the State, rather than private buyers, contracts farmers under this scheme, supplying the growers with credit, crop inputs and extension services, which the growers must reimburse. The costs of participation for small-scale farmers are disproportionate, since fixed costs, including costs for the payment of extension services, are highest for those who cultivate small plots. See M. Warning and W. Soo Hoo, “The impact of contract farming on income distribution: theory and evidence”, paper prepared for the Western Economics Association International Annual Meeting (2000).", "[28] J. Kirsten and K. Sartorius, “Linking agribusiness and small-scale farmers in developing countries: is there a new role for contract farming?”, Development Southern Africa, vol. 19, No. 4 (2002).", "[29] M. Warning and N. Key, “The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: an equilibrium analysis of the arachide de bouche program in Senegal”, World Development, vol. 30, No. 2 (2002); H. Guo et al., “Contract farming in China: supply chain or ball and chain?”, paper presented at the 15th Annual International Food and Agribusiness Management Association Forum and Symposium, 2005.", "[30] See S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for smallholders”, IIED/FAO/International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)/Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) (London/Rome/Bern, 2010).", "[31] See J. Coulter et al. in footnote 17.", "[32] L. Bachmann et al. (eds.), Food Security and Farmer Empowerment, MASIPAG (Los Baños, Philippines, 2009).", "[33] M. de Koning and B. de Steenhuijsen Piters, “Farmers as shareholders: a close look at recent experience”, Bulletins of the Royal Tropical Institute, No. 390 (2009).", "[34] L. Cotula and R. Leonard (eds.), “Alternatives to land acquisitions: agricultural investment and collaborative business models”, chap. 2, IIED/SDC/IFAD/Centro Terra Viva (London/Bern/ Rome/Maputo, 2010).", "[35] Ofreneo, “The leaseback mode of agrarian reform: strengths, weaknesses and options”, Action for Economic Reforms, Poverty Series (September 2000); for a similar situation in the Philippines, C. Flores-Obanil and M. Manahan, “Leaseback arrangements: reversing agrarian reform gains in the Philippines”, Farm Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 2 (2006).", "[36] S. Martinez et al., “Local food systems: concepts, impacts and issues”, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Report No. ERR-97 (May 2010)." ]
A_66_262
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "* A/66/150.", "The right to food", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier De Schutter, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/220.", "Summary", "Improved market access is essential to improving the livelihoods of many small farmers in developing countries. Agriculture has recently been presented by contract as an optimal solution, which benefits companies as buyers, small farmers as suppliers, and governments. The present report identifies the issues raised by the expansion of contract agriculture and identifies a number of areas where Governments and companies can ensure that the result is pro-poor and contributes to the full realization of the right to food. Contract farming rarely encourages farmers to go back through the value chain and to join in packaging, processing or marketing their products. Accordingly, the report further examines other business models that could be more inclusive, such as farmers-controlled enterprises, joint ventures or direct food marketing practices to consumers by farmers. It is essential to ensure the existence of various marketing opportunities for smallholder farmers &apos; products to strengthen their position in the food chain, which contributes to the realization of the right to food in rural communities and to rural development in general.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II.Agriculture 4 by contract A.Impulse 4 of the increase in agriculture by contract B. Clarification 6 of the consequences regarding the right to food C. Need 8 to avoid the negative transformation of the political economy of food chains III. Elements 13 that must integrate a contract A.Viability 14 long term economic B. Support 14 to small farmers in the negotiations C.Iquality 14 of gender D.Further price 15 E.Quality standards F.Sustainability 15 environmental G. Mediation 16 and settlement of disputes IV. Other 16 business models that can benefit small farmers A.Companies 17 controlled by farmers B.Companies 18 mixed C.Agriculture 20 with the support of the community V.Conclusions 21 and recommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. There is broad consensus on the need to address rural poverty and the lack of access to adequate food through support for agriculture. In recent years, and particularly since the 2007-2008 global food price crisis, there has been significant reinvestment in agriculture. The Special Rapporteur previously documented some of the risks and opportunities arising from this situation. It determined the existence of some good practices that could help to alleviate rural poverty and food insecurity and empower smallholder farmers (see A/HRC/13/33 and Add.2 and A/65/281). Unless the realization of the right to food serves as the basis for the current reinvestment in agriculture, the situation of the poorest farmers working on the most marginal lands could be aggravated by this process, which leads to greater competition for productive resources, and thus the current dualization of the agricultural sector could deteriorate.", "2. A key problem that is often underestimated is how to improve farmers &apos; access to markets. Excessive emphasis on export-oriented agriculture in many developing countries may have perverse consequences, and make the entry of these countries dependent on a low diversity of export commodities and highly vulnerable to abrupt increases in importing food prices (see A/HRC/10/5/Add.2). Small farmers, pastoralists and fishermen producing for local consumption[1] could be the main beneficiaries of strengthening local and regional markets, thereby improving their access to local buyers, particularly urban consumers. The Special Rapporteur has therefore continuously encouraged initiatives that can improve linkages between producers and local consumers through appropriate infrastructure, price information and value chains organization. Guideline 4.5 of the Voluntary Guidelines in Support of the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security states that “States should, as appropriate, promote the establishment of small-scale local and regional markets and border trade to reduce poverty and increase food security, especially in poor rural and urban areas” (see E/CN.4/2005/131, annex).", "3. The development of small-scale local and regional markets appears to be the most promising means for the realization of the right to food in many developing countries where rural poverty is widespread. The option of focusing the present report on alternative business models, whether from local markets or large-scale acquisition or rental, is consistent with that conviction. While alternative business models, such as contract farming, are generally associated with foreign investment and global supply chains, such alternative models can also be adopted by local actors, including public bodies. Under certain conditions, alternative models can help develop localized food chains, for example by linking farmers' cooperatives to the local food processing industry or retailers of fresh local products that supply urban consumers.", "4. The report is based on recent scientific publications and several visits by the Special Rapporteur. It also has inputs from various stakeholders, including international development cooperation agencies, United Nations funds and agencies, academic institutions, private sector experts and non-governmental organizations.", "II. Contractual agriculture", "5. Contract farming has been defined as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing companies with respect to the production and supply of agricultural products in the term, often at previously determined prices[2].", "A. Encouraging the increase in contract agriculture", "6. Contract agriculture has become important in recent years in both developed and developing countries[3] [4]. Buyers consider it a means of strengthening the control of the supply chain in order to respond to a greater need for security regarding the origin of production and standardization of the food product, as quality and food safety standards have become important and as consumers express concern about the environmental and social aspects of production[5]. Farmers &apos; control under contract to prevent extra-contractual marketing or diversion of inputs received for non-contract crop production may be costly, but overall costs are offset by the increased reliability and quality of supplies compared to products purchased in the open market.2 Contract farming can reduce the risks of companies with respect to supply and demand ups and allows companies to promote safety standards and other quality requirements. The contracts also allow companies to schedule the delivery of the products in optimal time for their companies, which cannot be controlled when they depend on the market's cash prices4.", "7. With contract farming, companies transfer management responsibility to farmers and may reduce labour costs, as contract farmers often use unpaid family workers. In addition, companies using contract farming agreements can maintain more fluid operations because they are not limited by fixed assets. These are some of the reasons why, for example, contract farming with smallholder farmers has been considered an attractive option in India for horticultural, poultry and dairy industries. Although transaction costs are relatively high, this model spreads the risk between a large number of suppliers (the buyer, therefore, is not at risk if any of the main supply sources fails) and provides for a flexible supply that is easily adapted to volume or quality variations[6].", "8. A large number of small farmers have joined such systems.3 [7]. Partly as a result of the withdrawal or reduction of public extension services over the past 30 years, contract farming is usually the only viable option to improve the livelihood, where such agreements guarantee market access as well as good quality inputs (often supplied at lower prices) and technical advice, and facilitate access to certification systems and compliance with standards[8]. Change to higher-value crops, improved productivity and reduced marketing and transaction costs can generate higher income. Contract farming can also improve farmers' access to credit[9], either because companies lend credit directly or because banks accept farmers' contracts as a guarantee. According to the type of agreement, contract farming may constitute a guarantee that the income of farmers will be relatively stable and will be isolated from market price fluctuations.2 In addition, companies sometimes pay farmers a premium to ensure they do not make transactions outside the contract[10]. As a direct procurement model, which generally eliminates the intermediary, contract agriculture can also be considered a suitable solution for consumers, businesses and farmers alike.7", "9. Governments have generally supported contract farming[11]. They consider it a way of increasing the income of farmers, attracting foreign investment and reducing the fiscal burden of Governments, since buyers who have long-term contractual relationships with producers often provide the services and types of support traditionally provided by Governments.9 It is therefore not unreasonable for companies to benefit from financial incentives from Governments to promote contract agriculture, such as tax exemptions or tariff reductions.", "B. Clarification of the consequences of the right to food", "10. The contribution of contract agriculture to the realization of the right to food will depend on the context, the specific terms of the contract and the extent to which a human rights-based approach is adopted.[12] In this way it is important for host States, investors and farmers to consider some of the main benefits and disadvantages of traditional models of contract farming, as well as to determine the criteria that can ensure that contract farming truly benefits smallholder farmers. A human rights-based approach makes the following criteria considered.", "1. Obligations of the State: respect, protection and compliance", "11. States, under international law, have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food. Obligation of respect requires States to take no action which results in preventing access to adequate food. The obligation of protection requires the State to take measures to ensure that enterprises or individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15). States should therefore control long-term agreements between investors and buyers and between farmers and producers to prevent the risk of abuse or, in cases of abuse, ensure that effective resources exist. They should also protect the fundamental labour rights recognized in the core instruments of the International Labour Organization (ILO) because non-compliance with those rights could lead to violations of the right to work and to an adequate standard of living recognized in international human rights standards.[13] The obligation of compliance requires States to undertake activities aimed at strengthening people &apos; s access to resources, their use and means of ensuring their livelihood, including food security (see E/C.2/1999/5, para. 15). To the greatest extent possible, States must, therefore, create an enabling environment for agricultural communities to enter into various contracts in conditions that ensure the effective safeguarding of their rights, despite power inequalities and sometimes huge asymmetries of information among the various parties.", "12. States should also support agricultural communities by providing certain goods and services necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living with agriculture. While private investors can provide some of these goods and services, which makes some commentators believe that contract farming is a means of ensuring the most efficient distribution of these goods and services[14], it would be wrong to consider that contract agriculture replaces the essential role of the State in this regard. Guideline 2.6 of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to Food recalls State obligations where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural. States, for example, are expected to provide technical assistance to farmers through public agricultural extension services, ensure that smallholder farmers have access to reliable and secure credit at reasonable rates, and help to create basic price support mechanisms for smallholder farmers.[15] Contract farming should not become a driving force behind the privatization of extension services[16] or serve as an excuse for governments to neglect their obligation to support farmers with the provision of public goods, since it was precisely the most marginalized farmers who would suffer more with the withdrawal of state support.", "2. Need for non-discriminatory business models", "13. A human rights-based approach requires concentration on the most vulnerable, most often excluded from progress. Contract farming plans often exclude the poorest farmers, who have limited and marginal land and less resources to invest and live in remote areas. Researchers note that transaction costs associated with the provision of inputs, credits and extension services and the collection and classification of products constitute negative incentives for companies engaged with smallholders, so that companies typically prefer contracts with medium or large-scale farmers.5 9 [17]. Unless the vulnerable and marginalized groups are specifically considered, they may be excluded from the opportunities these business models seek to create. In addition, small farmers are often in weaker positions to negotiate. They may be illiterate or lack the ability to effectively defend their rights and interests in contractual negotiations. Women tend to be marginalized, particularly when community decisions are taken with decision-making processes that are de facto excluded.", "3. Need to ensure coherence and sustainability", "14. What is in the interests of the parties in certain contractual arrangements or business models may not result in the interest of the community as a whole, and solutions may not be sustainable. For example, contract farming may divert agricultural production to commercial crops that, if potentially increase the income of some producers, may also lead to increases in food prices in the local market, as there would be less food for local consumption, with the risk that the poorest cannot afford to buy food in some communities. This may constitute a violation of the obligation of every man, woman or child, either alone or in common with others, to have physical and economic access, at all times, to adequate food or means of obtaining it (see E/C.12/1995/5, para. 6). Specialization in commercial crops often implies a loss of biological diversity and departing from the diversity of cultivation systems towards monoculture, which can go in the detriment of biotic soil activity and accelerate soil erosion. States have an obligation to “protect ecological sustainability and ecosystem cargo capacity in order to ensure the possibility of increased sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect soil fertility and promote sustainable fisheries and forests management” (see E/CN.4/2005/131, annex, para. 8.13).", "C. Need to avoid the negative transformation of the political economy of food chains", "15. An analysis of contract farming based on the right to food highlights six possible problems. The first four arise from the change to agriculture by contract itself, and two derive from the specific content of the contract farming agreement that some farmers contain.", "1. Excessive specialization and unsustainable agricultural practices", "16. In general, contract agriculture is associated with the production of commercial crops for export, monoculture and production forms that are heavily dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which often have negative impacts on human health and soils. None of these consequences of contract farming is inevitable, however. As already noted, this type of contract agreement between a buyer and a farmer can be used to produce crops for sale in the domestic market and to contribute to the strengthening of local markets and, in particular, to improve the links between rural producers and urban consumers. Contract farming may and should include incentives to move towards more diverse farming systems, using a combination of plants, trees and animals in accordance with the principles of agroecology (see A/HRC/16/49). While contract farming typically involves supply by the buyer of inputs, including mineral fertilizers, it may also include provisions that oblige the producer to meet certain environmental conditions, for example, the most cautious use of pesticides.", "2. Vulnerability of smallholder farmers to food insecurity as a result of volatility in food prices", "17. Contract farming often makes the producer change from food crops to commercial crops. But when farmers change their entire production to non-food crops covered by contractual arrangements, they renounce the ability to produce food for their families, thereby losing a valuable safety net. This makes farmers more vulnerable to increases in food prices, particularly if companies fail to meet their contractual obligations or if the agricultural income is lower than expected compared to the evolution of food prices. Farmers sometimes have to overcome differences between contractual cycles, when they don't earn any money with agriculture.[18] To reduce the risk of change to commercial crops and the consequent dependence of agricultural households on the market to acquire food, part of the land of the farmer must be left to the farmer or other members of his family who cultivate food for household consumption. This can be particularly effective in cases where the contract farmer benefits from the transfer of technology and capacity, resulting in a multiplier effect on non-contracted agricultural activities, including subsistence cultivation.2 In addition, farmers may use secondary and residual products from contract farming activities in a variety of ways, including by selling secondary products or their use in subsistence activities. In Madagascar, small farmers hired by Lecofruit for the production of vegetables use part of the land for rice production, and rice productivity increases (from 3.6 to 6 tons per hectare) thanks to the use of fertilizers and wastes and the recycling of wastes from vegetable production. In Mali, the production of biodiesel from the jatropha by small farmers hired by MaliBiocarburant SA (MBSA) produces “residues” that can be used as organic fertilizer, as well as glycerin used to produce soap. It alternates the cultivation of jatrofa trees with corn, which corresponds to 80% of the surface, which ensures that basic food crops are given priority.[19] This should ensure adequate protection for the contract farmer to cover the risk of occasional or sudden crop depressions[20]. A guarantee of stable income consistent with an adequate standard of living is essential, and even a price mechanism that, as proposed below, guarantees a minimum price to the producer, would only constitute a safeguard equivalent if the price was linked to the cost of production and the cost of living.", "18. Beyond the agricultural family, the shift to commercial crops increases the vulnerability of the local community to sudden price changes. When contracted crops are edible products available on the local market, the accessibility (physical and economic) of adequate and culturally acceptable food for the population may be useful. A possible solution to facilitate the community &apos; s enjoyment of the right to food is to include a local marketing requirement in the contract under which a certain percentage of the harvest is sold in the local market[21].", "3. Transformation of small farmers into false wage earners in their own land", "19. More generally, contract farming may end in a loss of control over production, including crops to be produced and how to produce them. In this way, contract farming can make farmers become essentially agricultural wage earners in their own land, but without the benefits associated with paid work, such as minimum wages, health permits and other benefits established by law. Small farmers by contract are then considered by the buyer as intermediaries in the labour market. This is particularly clear after the owners divide the plantations to create small farmlands, possibly to break the power of the associations or exonerate the companies from their responsibilities, thus negatively affecting the former workers. In this regard, contract agriculture raises some issues relating to the right to work and the conditions of employment in family land. Contract farmers tend to rely on family work to meet the working requirements. Although this can be considered to produce greater employment opportunities, it usually results simply that more family members work without remuneration because that can be the only way to reduce costs and make the contractual arrangement advantageous. In this context child labour can be transformed into a problem of contract farming conventions[22]. Article 10 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child impose on States the obligation to protect children and young people from economic and social exploitation and to punish their employment in jobs that are likely to be hazardous or may interfere with the education of the child or be harmful to their health or physical, spiritual, moral or social development. States should take effective measures to ensure full respect for the prohibition of child labour (see E/C.12/GC/12, para. 24). It is further relevant to note that, under article 9 of the Covenant, States must ensure the right to social security, which must also be accessible to independent producers (see E/C.12/GC/19).", "20. There are specific problems related to the recruitment of external workers by contract farmers. These workers may not be covered by the same labour laws that protect agricultural workers in large plantations. Article 7 of the Covenant recognizes the individual dimension of the right to work, enshrining the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work. All workers have the right to a fair wage and equal pay for work of equal value without distinction; in particular, women are guaranteed working conditions that are not inferior to the conditions in which men work, with equal pay for equal work, a decent life for themselves and their families, and safe and healthy working conditions. However, the working conditions of small-town workers are often worse than those prevailing in large plantations. The wages of small-town workers are often extremely low, and workers are often paid even less than workers. Supervision of compliance with labour legislation is difficult, especially as it is unlikely that small-town workers (as well as large-scale farm workers) will be unionized, and the employment status of small-towns is often unsafe. Contract farming makes small farms more like large-scale plantations, and in this case in particular encourages the farmer to hire an external workforce more or less permanently. In such cases, compliance with labour legislation is encountering specific problems, which can be better addressed by ensuring that the control of production by the buyer also includes compliance with domestic labour legislation.", "4. Gender effects", "21. Women have less access to contract farming than men. One study found that in Kenya &apos; s export horticulture industry women constituted less than 10 per cent of the contracted farmers, and in a sample of 59 French beans exported from Senegal only one was a woman.[23] Women &apos; s ability to benefit from contract farming is determined by their land rights and power relations within households or, when the contract is negotiated through representatives of the community or farmers &apos; organizations within these groups. In fact, even in cases where the wife and other family members do most of the work, it is not unsubstantiated that the contract is signed by the husband, as head of the household, as seen in sugar contract agriculture in South Africa or in vegetable contract agriculture in the Punjab of India.[24] In addition, there are studies suggesting that women lose control of decision-making when commercial crops are produced rather than for local consumption. While women decide on the use of food produced for self-consumption, they do not decide how to spend the household income. Therefore, unless the contract agriculture framework respects women &apos; s rights and is gender-sensitive, it will undermine gender equality.[25] For example, research conducted in beans in Kenya demonstrates that, while women did most of the work, they received a limited share of contract income. In addition, in cases where they received cash, they were expected to contribute to household expenses even when it was the responsibility of the husband.[26] The strengthening of women &apos; s position is not only a question of ensuring the right to equal treatment, but also a means of improving productivity, since if women receive a greater share of the income from cultivation they will have a greater incentive to increase production. In addition, household food security and children &apos; s health, nutrition and education benefit from better income for women, compared to the benefits of better income for men. The more women decide how to spend household income, the more they are spent on children &apos; s needs.25 The likelihood that a child survives increases by 20 per cent when the mother controls the household budget (see A/HRC/13/32, para. 58).", "5. Possibilities for small farmers to be trapped in debt cycles", "22. While buyers &apos; ability to acquire inputs at wholesale prices could enable them to pass savings to low-priced farmers, it is also possible that, when a farmer has access to inputs only through a buyer, the buyer will charge farmers higher than the prices on the market for such inputs. In the course of the consultations, the Special Rapporteur received a communication indicating that, in the absence of public services, contract agriculture can create potentially devastating dependence on smallholder farmers on technology, credit, inputs and services provided by the companies they hire. This not only indicates the danger that the government will abandon its obligations to support agricultural communities by providing them with adequate public goods in the hope that private investors will make the difference, but also highlights one of the main negative effects of contract farming on farmers, the possibility of being trapped in debt cycles. It is common for farmers to borrow money to invest in agricultural production as required by the contract and then not to earn enough money to cover their debts, for example, as a result of the fall in market prices or bad crops. This risk is particularly important in cases where investment in land is specifically related to a type of production whose sole buyer is the contracting company, a limitation that can be exploited by the company as a way of exercising monopoly power and thereby gradually imposing prices lower than farmers.4 Crops that depend on complex production and processing technologies and substantial specialized inputs that are unknown to most farmers and which require large capital costs significantly increase the level of risk faced by farmers, as demonstrated by the contract farming plans of the Malawi Small Sugar Producer and Small Tea Producers Authority[27]. The resulting cycle of debt may trap farmers in contractual arrangements that are not optimal or can be easily abandoned, either because of the debt itself or for other reasons, for example, because the soil is degraded by the intensive use of pesticides or because farmers have lost their relations with previous transaction partners, they cannot restore traditional methods or products of cultivation, or have become too dependent on the company for other services.4", "6. Uneven contracts derived from asymmetry of power", "23. The position of farmers to negotiate is often weak before contracts are signed. It is characteristic that they have less information and negotiating capacity than their business partners and a lesser degree of legal knowledge.3 The manner in which prices are determined, deductions from the supply of inputs, the conditions under which the contract can be terminated and the way in which the quality of the product is assessed are areas in which contractual clauses can be more beneficial to the buyer.", "24. Under such clauses, companies may refuse delivered products by falsely stating that they do not conform to quality standards, thereby transferring financial losses to farmers when market prices are low. Companies can manipulate prices when the pricing mechanism specified in the contract is not transparent, they can use complex formulas to determine prices, quantity measures or price measures. They can also manipulate the delivery schedules to benefit from changes in market prices or changes in the quality of the products on which the prices are based (e.g. delaying the purchase of sugar cane when prices are based on sucrose levels, because they are reduced quickly after harvest)4.", "III. Elements to be included in a contract", "25. States should pay attention to some issues listed below to ensure that the terms of contract farming contribute to the realization of the right to food. It also has a role to play in agribusiness. In a manner consistent with their human rights responsibility (see Human Rights Council resolution 17/4), they must seek to incorporate good practices in their treatment with smallholder farmers. The Special Rapporteur highlights seven areas where improvements can be made.", "A. Long-term economic feasibility", "26. The agreement should be viable for all stakeholders. If it does not appear feasible for the buyer, the contract may be terminated or the buyer may refuse to comply with the obligations when subjected to financial tension, with negative consequences for the livelihood of the farmers. If the terms are not viable for the farmer, for example, as a result of unsustainable debt, the buyer may face short-term supply problems and incur reputational costs with other farmers, which may make it more difficult for the buyer to reach contractual agreements with other producers in the long term. Agreements should be structured so that both farmers and businesses benefit and so that both parties wish to respect the contract and do not have strong incentives to refuse to comply.", "B. Support for small farmers in the negotiations", "27. To meet the first condition mentioned above, and because small farmers are in a relatively weaker negotiating position, they must have the possibility of contributing to the text of the contractual provisions, ensuring that contracts reflect the needs of farmers and that their obligations are expressed in terms that farmers can understand. Farmers &apos; organizations can play a key role in supporting the negotiation of contracts and in providing advice, and farmers &apos; position is strengthened if they are organized into cooperatives that negotiate on behalf of their members. This also reduces transaction costs for buyers, and may reduce the risk of farmers' bankruptcy by providing group loans and better communications. Once the contract has been drafted, a copy must be given to farmers. In the case of illiterate parties, the written contract should be reviewed by farmers &apos; representatives, a farmer &apos; s organization or a non-governmental organization supporting them. Copies should also be made available to relevant government agencies to ensure appropriate monitoring and reduce the risk of introducing abusive clauses.", "C. Gender equality", "28. Contracts should be made on behalf of the woman when the woman is expected to be the main person working in the predium, or in the case of a couple, on the behalf of both parties. It should not be done automatically in the name of the man who is head of household or of the man whose name is the title of the land that is cultivated.", "D. Price fixing", "29. Price-setting mechanisms should be clear and transparent and indicate how production costs, risks and returns are incorporated into prices.7 While there are various price models (e.g., cash prices, split prices, fixed prices and flexible price models), the Special Rapporteur believes that the ideal pricing mechanism must repeat the formula used in fair trade systems. The producer must be guaranteed a fixed minimum price based on the need to meet production costs and to ensure a living wage for all interested workers (including family members, as appropriate) (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 14-17), but the prices paid by the buyer should be increased if market prices are increased. This is the pricing mechanism used, for example, by MBSA for the acquisition of the jatrofa produced by small owners in Mali. Farmers, represented by a cooperative association, are guaranteed a minimum price, which can increase relative to the price of diesel in the pump19. This eliminates the temptation that the producer sells goods in a manner other than the terms of the contract and thus the need for the buyer to closely monitor the activities of the producer. It therefore ensures a stable offer to the buyer, while reducing transaction costs associated with the hiring of a large number of small-scale suppliers. Price-setting mechanisms should be subject to an independent arbitration mechanism, and farmers should be informed of market prices for internationally traded products to reduce risks related to information asymmetry among the parties.", "E. Quality standards", "30. Standards should be clear and concrete so that companies cannot manipulate the application of vague rules. On the other hand, they should not be too complex, which could also allow companies to manipulate the rules. Companies must demonstrate the rules visually to farmers. In addition, the representatives of the company must sufficiently explain in advance how crop quality is determined.", "F. Environmental sustainability", "31. Contract agriculture should seek to promote more and more agroecological forms of production and provide adequate knowledge, as well as biological inputs. Contract agriculture will increase its sustainability if it is based on sustainable modes of production, with knowledge intensity, which depend on the generation of fertility and pest management in the field rather than external inputs. In cases where the contract provides for production modes with high input intensity, specific requirements should ensure that the dependence of the producer of external inputs (in particular, better seed strains and chemical fertilizers) does not provide a situation of greater dependence on the farmer: (a) when the buyer supplies the inputs, reasonable prices should be charged, which do not exceed the prices of trade; (b) farmers should be provided with safety", "G. Mediation and settlement of disputes", "32. Contracts should facilitate communication between the parties through appropriate management structures and should determine how to resolve disputes. It should be recognized that in the vast majority of cases where one of the parties does not comply with the obligations of the contract, the courts cannot be resorted to because the sums tend to be very small and, in many developing countries, the courts are virtually inaccessible to the rural poor. Buyers, on the other hand, are reluctant to use formal judicial procedures, not only because it is not practical to do so, but also because of the risk of deteriorating relations with agricultural communities.[28] The true sanction mechanism is the breakdown of the contractual relationship. The farmer will refuse to continue to supply the buyer if he considers that the relationship is unbalanced, and the company will stop buying the farmer if he considers that he is not meeting the expectations set.[29] Therefore, while the judicial system is one of the main mechanisms for effective accountability, other mechanisms must be established. These include negotiating spaces, independent arbitration mechanisms, forums where farmers can raise their concerns and conflict mediation by non-governmental organizations or third parties. Regular meetings should be organized between the parties to ensure a constant flow of communication in order to identify problems in a timely manner. Specific quotas can be set to ensure equal representation of women in committees representing contracting farmers.", "IV. Other business models that can benefit small farmers", "33. Contract farming seldom stimulates farmers to go back through the value chain and go to the packaging, processing or marketing of their product. The purpose of contract farming is to organize a division of labour between the buyer and the seller, where the seller is limited to the production of raw materials. In addition, all strategic decisions, on what to cultivate and how to do so, and the markets to which it is intended, correspond to the buyer. The producer is simply the executioner. Finally, in contract farming, the interests of the two parties differ: while both have a clear interest in the success of the agreement, the terms of the contract will be more or less favourable for each, at the expense of the other. Therefore, other business models should be studied.", "34. In the Special Rapporteur &apos; s view, farmers-controlled enterprises, mixed enterprises and community-supported agricultural systems are interesting and complementary ways of reconsidering the political economy of the food chain for the benefit of smallholder farmers. While there are a number of other organizational models that are not studied in this section[30], the models discussed here emphasize the need to more widely consider investment in agriculture and market access by small farmers.", "A. Farmers-controlled enterprises", "35. Farmers may be encouraged to form their own cooperatives, associations or groups of farmers[31]. These farmers-controlled enterprises may enter into contract farming systems on more favourable terms for members, and may further strengthen the capacity and negotiating position of farmers in their treatment with input suppliers and product buyers; they may facilitate market access and progress towards crop development, packaging and marketing, and may increase the capacity of their members to contribute to the formulation and implementation of public policies affecting them (see A33/13, paras. 31/13). For example, the total income of farmers with the marketing of the Philippine group (supported by the MASIPAG network, which reaches some 35,000 farmers who practice sustainable agriculture) is about 45 per cent higher than the income of others.[32]", "36. Collective ownership models can give smallholder farmers more autonomy over their land and production than traditional contract farming agreements and can also eliminate intermediaries who could have a large percentage of profits. Contract farming can also empower women farmers, strengthen their land rights and protect their right to work.", "37. Farmers-controlled enterprises have their own problems. Large organizations may not respond to the needs of farmers individually, as is the case with some state-controlled cooperatives in the past. In general, the smaller and cohesive groups are more successful than the larger organizations, which could respond to the needs of their members.31 The organization of farmers may require a lot of effort and may not be efficient for farmers with a limited time. In particular where the democratic control of the group is weak, such organizations may not always provide economic benefits to their members. Management may not be sufficiently trained in management and enterprise. Responsibility for members must be balanced by the need for continuous and effective leadership, for example by providing that professional administrators report to an elected co-operative board without being subject to elections, as in an example of an account of a cooperative in Guatemala.7 Organizations formed by external actors and supported by development actors can be unsustainable in the long term if their viability depends on the level of support they receive. Where farmers-controlled enterprises are formed and run by non-governmental organizations, development organizations or the public sector, it may be appropriate to set a deadline for external support. The design of such an exit strategy in the business plan when the company is created should ensure that the company is sustainable and viable in its own right.", "B. Mixed companies", "38. Farmers (generally through their organizations) and private investors can create mixed enterprises, where each party contributes in cash or in kind. These business models ensure in theory that both parties are associated and co-owners of the project equally. Both parties participate in the joint venture, while retaining their individual legal status and sharing the profits or losses of the joint venture. By allowing farmers to be shareholders, they are allowed to influence the management of the company and negotiate the pricing policy, share the benefits (whether the profit is reinvested or distributed in the form of dividends) and improve access to credit and other services related to the predium.[33]", "39. For example, the Divine Chocolate Company Ltd (formerly the Day Chocolate Company) was created in 1998 by the Kuapa Kokoo Farmer’s Union (KKFU), which represents 68,000 cocoa-producing farmers in Ghana, and Twin Trading, an organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland made up of 24 farmers’ cooperatives in eight countries dedicated to the development of the right coffee supply chain, nuts Christian Aid, Comic Relief and Oikocredit, a microfinance institution, also supported the joint venture with the purchase of shares, as did Body Shop, which later donated its shares to KKFU. The UK Department of International Development secured a bank credit line for an important commercial bank, which gave Divine Chocolate better access to finance and allowed KKFU to donate a large amount of shares, resulting in increased decision-making capacity with respect to operations. KKFU currently owns 45% of the shares of Divine Chocolate, as well as 33% of the shares of the American branch of Divine, created in 2007. Divine Chocolate sold over $71.5 million in chocolate in its first nine years of activity. In 2001, dividends were paid for the first time, after offsetting the establishment costs. They remain symbolic (a direct payment of $1 per member), but that payment was added to the prices set by KKFU, the fair trade premium and the profits of the farmers and development support program, to which Divine contributed more than $1.22 million in its first 10 years of activity. This system facilitated community-supported income-generating activities and projects (including wells, schools, sanitary facilities and mills), as well as the training of farmers and participatory decision-making.[34]", "40. MBSA is another promising model of joint venture, focused on the production of jatrofa biodiesel in collaboration with small owners of Mali and Burkina Faso, with the support of Dutch private institutional investors and the Government of the Netherlands. In Mali, 2,611 farmers participated in 2009, after planting 1.6 million jatrofa trees in 3,250 hectares of land. Farmers are organized into 12 cooperatives, gathered in a farmers' association. The association negotiates the jatrofa price with MBSA and supports farmers. The farmers' association is represented on the company board and has 20% of its shares. Farmers therefore benefit directly from the sale of their products and the payment of dividends as shareholders.19", "41. However, mixed companies do not constitute a panacea. Some studies indicate that this model does not necessarily improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers or improve rural development and the realization of the right to food. The company often controls all business decisions, and the joint venture could manipulate the accounts to avoid payment of dividends21. In South Africa, doubts arose, for example, after the encouragement of land restitution programmes and post-1994 redistribution programmes to create mixed enterprises with agro-industries or to conclude lease agreements that would grant the former owners the use of their land in conditions that were sometimes considered unfair.34 [35]; and in Malaysia, after the government stimulated the “Konsep Baru”", "42. To reduce these risks, farmers &apos; organizations and host governments must have representatives on the joint venture council, which should include safeguards on minority shareholders. Local partners may also be represented on the board of the parent company.", "C. Agriculture with community support", "43. Direct marketing of food to the consumer is an even more innovative way of linking small farmers to markets in conditions that allow them to increase their income and control their production. Although they are still relatively marginal, local food production systems have made dramatic progress in recent years in various developed countries. In the United States, the direct sale of food to consumers more than doubled in 10 years, from $551 million in 1997 to $1.2 million in 2007, and the number of producer markets increased from $2,756 in 1998 to $5,274 in 2009. In 1986, there were two organizations with community support, while there are currently some 1,400 such organizations. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2007 there were some 136,817 wastes that sold directly to consumers.[36] Modern agriculture with community support emerged in Japan with the Teikei system, and currently has strong growth in several countries, including Canada and France, where the “Associations pour le maintien d’une agriculture paysanne” network now includes 1,200 systems. Although they are often linked to increased consumer demand for organic products, these initiatives assure farmers a place where they are guaranteed to sell their products and stable incomes.", "44. There are two interesting attempts to link small farmers to local consumers with a redefinition of local food production systems in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and Durban (South Africa). The Special Rapporteur carefully studied both examples in official missions to those countries in 2009 and 2011. In 1993, Belo Horizonte enacted a municipal law setting a policy framework based on the concept of food sovereignty and establishing a Food Standards and Supply Secretariat. It sought to create several channels of economic access to healthy foods. Because conventional markets were often considered too costly for low-income groups and because the poorest sectors of the city, favelas, usually did not have good food distribution services, the Secretariat created mobile food distribution services. It sought to support family agriculture through the purchase of food by the Government and with incentives that prioritized local producers, considering that such support was critical to reducing migration to cities and encouraging organic production methods. The local food production system in the city was reconsidered by the integration of logistics and supply chains across the food distribution system and directly linking local producers with consumers to reduce prices. In 2008, 34 producers of eight rural municipalities in Belo Horizonte were selected in a public process, fixed sales centres were allocated throughout the city, and the price and quality of their products were regulated to ensure that food was economic and healthy. That same year the city managed 49 conventional markets and seven organic markets that benefited 97 small producers from the surrounding areas.", "45. In the municipality of Durban/eThekwini, with a population close to 4 million inhabitants, a new Agricultural Management Section of the municipality seeks not only to support the food production orchards of the community, but also small farms of the community and new commercial farms. The municipality determined the existence of 26 farmers &apos; associations and 800 community orchards and seeks to improve market linkages with urban residents. It is estimated that, provided adequate support exists, these orchards can generate 60,000 jobs. A key objective of the municipality is to achieve greater self-reliance with respect to fresh and economic food by selling surpluses to the urban centre. The Section established six cores to implement this strategy, in fact, centres to support local farmers and increase their capacity to market their products, including centres showing agroecology techniques, a research and development centre for agroecology, training centres, a packaging and marketing core and, in the future, a seed bank.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "46. The Special Rapporteur, following his examination of alternative business models, concludes that everyone has potential risks and benefits for the realization of the right to food and that Governments have a key role to play in protecting individuals from the many risks involved and to ensure that contract agriculture and other business models support the right to food of small producers, their local communities and the entire population.", "47. Governments should support the organization of farmers in cooperatives and other types of producers &apos; organizations that can enhance their bargaining capacity and help them advance the value chain in the packaging, processing and marketing of products, and help them acquire inputs and sell their products in better circumstances. This condition is necessary to ensure the fairness of negotiations between investors and farmers' organizations. Governments can also provide legal advice to farmers or their organizations in order to enhance their negotiating capacity and ensure that any contract they decide to conclude is economically sustainable for them.", "48. As part of their national strategies for the realization of the right to food, Governments should create an atmosphere conducive to the development of local markets for the benefit of smallholder farmers and the creation of various options to connect small farmers in rural areas with urban consumers. The more alternatives farmers have to gain access to markets, the stronger their position will be to negotiate the terms of agreements with private entities for contract farming or to create joint ventures.", "49. Governments have an obligation to support the realization of the right to food to the maximum extent of their available resources, providing smallholder farmers with appropriate support, including by:", "(a) Provision of stable and reliable infrastructure services, such as roads, water, electricity and communications;", "(b) Support for traditional and wholesale markets;", "(c) The creation of systems that enable smallholder farmers to ascend through the value chain, including through the identification at the local or regional level of partnerships that can be established between producers, packers, developers and retailers;", "(d) The demand for public outreach services to provide advice to farmers on how to create joint ventures with businesses or establish farm-controlled commercial entities.", "50. Governments may also encourage the creation of preferential sources of smallholders &apos; supply through tax incentives or by providing them with access to public procurement systems conditioned on the performance of certain demands on the source by the bidder.", "51. Governments should ensure sufficient competition between traders to prevent farmers from being caught in uneven relationships with a trader in the absence of other buyers of a given crop. In particular, Governments should ensure that the expansion of contract farming does not result in the dismantling of public support systems and the privatization of agricultural extension services, which would limit the diversity of options available to smallholder farmers and increase the asymmetry of power between unorganized smallholders and private actors operating at the national, regional or global levels.", "52. Governments should ensure that regulatory oversight is maintained at the level of expansion and complexity of business models, including small-scale agriculture. Certain fundamental clauses of contracts, including those relating to pricing, quality determination and conditions under which inputs are supplied, and the reserve of part of the land for the production of food crops for self-consumption, should be regulated. Contracts, once concluded by the parties, should be subject to verification to ensure that the authorities ensure that there is abuse and, where appropriate, remedy; in addition, judicial dispute resolution mechanisms should be available. Particular attention should be paid to the seven critical aspects and good practices of contract farming as outlined in section III above. In addition, government agencies should:", "(a) Supervising the working conditions in contract farming and ensuring that the expansion of such agriculture does not lead to over-exploitation of cheap family work or indirect pressure on the reduction of labour rights of agricultural workers;", "(b) Link their support to contract farming to meet certain environmental conditions, such as the lower use of chemical fertilizers, tree planting, or the adoption of a commercial plan that provides for a gradual shift to more sustainable types of agriculture.", "53. National food security institutions should monitor and evaluate the contribution of the various business models studied in the present report to the realization of the right to food. These institutions may be based on the work of the Brazilian National Food Security and Nutrition Council or on the specific work of the South African Human Rights Commission on food security issues. Governments should also establish forums to review the equity of food chains between producers, producers, retailers and consumers to ensure that farmers are paid a fair price for the food they produce. These forums may consider:", "(a) The way the price in the predium relates to the price to detail and if the difference between the two remains within reasonable margins;", "(b) The way in which more direct linkages can be established between producers and consumers.", "This should be considered part of a larger development company of local food production systems and, thus, the creation of other markets for small-scale farming production.", "54. Agribusinesses should incorporate the seven good practices identified in section III in their treatment with small farmers.", "55. Development partners and international organizations can ensure that contract farming systems benefit small-scale food-poor producers and respect the principles of the right to adequate food, including by enhancing the capacity of community-based organizations to negotiate equitable agreements with the private sector, contributing to the financing of local communities &apos; participation in joint ventures or by supporting farmers-controlled enterprises to acquire the assets and management capacity required to achieve the value of their assets.", "[1] The present report deals primarily with crop production, but most lessons can be transferred to those other sectors of agriculture in a broad sense.", "[2] C. Eaton and A. Shepherd, Contract Farming: Partnerships for Growth (FAO), Rome, 2001).", "[3] M. Brüntrup and R. Peltzer, “Outgrowers – a key to the development of rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa and to poverty reduction”, report of the DEG/DIE workshop of 18 August 2006 (Bonn, 2007).", "[4] C. da Silva, “The growing role of contract farming in agri-food systems development: drivers, theory and practice”, Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Service, working paper No. 9 (FAO, Rome, 2005).", "[5] R. Rama and J. Wilkinson, “Foreign direct investment and agri-food value chains in developing countries: a review of the main issues”, Commodity Market Review 2007–2008 (FAO, Rome, 2008).", "[6] According to a study conducted on behalf of the European Commission, although most buyers prefer to deal with medium-scale farmers, since contracts with smallholder farmers result in high transaction costs (including supervisory costs), some of the reasons why smallholder farmers may be attractive are their dependence on cheap (non-paid) family work and their high dependency, as they would characteristically find it difficult to access markets but by the buyer.", "[7] B. Vorley et al., “Business models that are inclusive of small farmers”, in Agro-industries for development, C. da Silva et al., editors (Rome, CAB International and FAO, 2009).", "[8] See, for example, B. Minten and others, “Global Retail Chains and Poor Farmers: Evidence from Madagascar”, LICOS Discussion Papers, No. 164/06 (which indicates that small farmers on contract from the Madagascar mountain range produce vegetables for European supermarkets supported by buyers to meet complex plant standards and requirements have greater well-being, reduced periods of scarcity and more income stability than farmers who sell to local sellers in detail). It is pertinent to note that these findings are strongly related to the purchasing practices of a company, Lecofruit (Légumineuses Condiments Fruits of Madagascar SA), which is with much the largest exporter of high-value vegetables in Madagascar and purchases more than 9,000 contract farmers in the country, each of which cultivates an average of less than one hectare.", "[9] S. Setboonsarng, “Global Partnership in Poverty Reduction: Contract Farming and Regional Cooperation”, discussion paper No. 89 from the Institute of the Asian Development Bank (February 2008).", "[10] P. Birthal, “Making contract farming work in smallholder agriculture”, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.", "[11] See in particular New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development, “Contract farming offers fresh hope for Africa’s declining agriculture”, East Africa Policy Brief, No. 2 (Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006).", "[12] See critical reviews in D. Glover and K. Kusterer, Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1990); P. Little and M. Watts (editors), Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1994).", "[13] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6 and 11. See also A/HRC/13/33, paras. 13 to 20.", "[14] L. Ortega and M. Dirven, “Agroindustria and small agriculture: comparative synthesis of different experiences”, LC/R.1663 (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 1996).", "[15] See, for example, FAO, “Pathways to success: success stories in agricultural production and food security” (Rome, 2009).", "[16] See P. Birthal et al., “Vertical coordination in high-value food commodities: implications for smallholders”, MTID Discussion Paper No. 85 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, Washington, D.C., 2005), and I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm”, Focus on the Global South Occasional Papers 2 (Bangkok, 2007).", "[17] N. Key and D. Runsten, “Contract farming, smallholders, and rural development in Latin America: the organization of agroprocessing firms and the scale of outgrower production”, World Development, vol. 27, No. 2 (February 1999); P. Simmons et al., “An analysis of contract farming in East Java, Bali, and Lombok, Indonesia”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 33, S3 (November 2005); J. Coulter et al., “Marrying farmer cooperation and contract farming for service provision in a liberal sub-Saharan Africa”, Natural Resource Perspectives, No. 48 (November 1999). Evidence in this regard is mixed, however. See the argument that there is no prejudice against small farmers in note 16.", "I. Delforge, “Contract farming in Thailand: a view from the farm” (see note 16).", "[19] Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, “Foreign land deals and human rights: case studies on agricultural and biofuel invesment” (New York University School of Law, 2010).", "[20] Such a guarantee may be essential for small farmers, who have risk aversion, to participate in a contract farming system. See H. P. Binswanger, “Attitudes toward risk: experimental measurements in rural India”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 62, No. 3 (1980) (which indicates that smallholders may prefer a smaller but stable income to potentially larger but associated utilities at higher risk levels).", "[21] L. Cotula, “Investment contracts and sustainable development: how to make contracts for fairer and more sustainable natural resource investments”, Natural Resource Issues No. 20 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (London, 2010).", "[22] S. Singh, “Contract farming in India: impacts on women and child workers”, Gatekeeper Series No. 111, IIED (London, 2003).", "[23] M. Maertens and J. Swinnen, “Are modern supply chains bearers of gender inequality?”, paper presented at the ILO-FAO workshop, “Gender and rural employment: differentiated pathways out of poverty” (Rome, 2009).", "[24] See J. Behrman et al., “The gender implications of large-scale land deals”, discussion paper IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) No. 01056 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[25] See M.-K. Chan, “Improving opportunities for women in smallholder-based supply chains”, work produced for the Bill &quot; Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010.", "[26] C. Dolan, “Gender and witchcraft in agrarian transition: the case of Kenyan horticulture”, Development and Change, vol. 44, No. 4 (September 2002).", "[27] What is particularly important in this example is that the State, instead of private buyers, engages farmers under this system by providing them with credits, crop inputs and extension services, which farmers must reimburse. The cost of smallholders &apos; participation is disproportionate, as fixed costs, including costs to pay for extension services, are higher for those who cultivate small land. See M. Warning and W. Soo Hoo, “The impact of contract farming on income distribution: theory and evidence”, a paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Western Economics Association International (2000).", "[28] J. Kirsten and K. Sartorius, “Linking agribusiness and small-scale farmers in developing countries: is there a new role for contract farming?”, Development Southern Africa, vol. 19, No. 4 (2002).", "[29] M. Warning and N. Key, “The social performance and distributional consequences of contract farming: an equilibrium analysis of the arachide de bouche program in Senegal”, World Development, vol. 30, No. 2 (2002); H. Guo et al., “Contract farming in China: supply chain or ball and chain?”, paper presented at the 15th Annual Forum and Symposium of International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (2005).", "[30] See S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for smallholders”, IIED/FAO/International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)/Switzerland Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) (London/Rome/Berna, 2010).", "[31] See J. Coulter and others, note 17.", "[32] L. Bachmann et al. (editors), Food Security and Farmer Empowerment, MASIPAG (Los Baños, Philippines, 2009).", "[33] M. de Koning and B. de Steenhuijsen Piters, “Farmers as shareholders: a close look at recent experience”, Royal Tropical Institute newsletter, No. 390 (2009).", "[34] L. Cotula and R. Leonard (editors), “Alternatives to land acquisitions: agricultural investment and collaborative business models”, chap. 2, IIED-SDC-IFAD/Centro Terra Viva (London/Berna/Rome/Maputo, 2010).", "[35] R. Ofreneo, “The leaseback mode of agrarian reform: strengths, weaknesses and options”, Action for Economic Reforms, Poverty Series (September 2000); see a similar situation in the Philippines, C. Flores-Obanil and M. Manahan, “Leaseback arrangements: reversing agrarian reform gains in the Philippines”, Farm Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 2 (2006).", "[36] S. Martinez et al., “Local food systems: concepts, impacts and issues”, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Report No. ERR-97 (May 2010)." ]
[ "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones", "Tema 118 del programa", "Revitalización de la labor de la Asamblea General", "Revitalización de la labor de la Asamblea General: estado de la documentación para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General", "Informe del Secretario General", "En la presente adición figura el estado de la documentación para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General al 3 de agosto de 2011. Los números de los temas corresponden a los del programa provisional (A/66/150).", "Siglas y acrónimos", "ACNUDH Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos", "ACNUR Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados", "CAIA Comité Asesor Independiente de Auditoría", "CAPI Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional", "CCAAP Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "CCPPNU Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas", "CIJ Corte Internacional de Justicia", "CMNUCC Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático", "CNUDB Convenio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Diversidad Biológica", "CNUDMI Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional", "CNULD Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación", "DAES Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales", "DAGGC Departamento de la Asamblea General y de Gestión de Conferencias", "DAP Departamento de Asuntos Políticos", "DATT Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno", "DCI Dependencia Común de Inspección", "DG Departamento de Gestión", "DIP Departamento de Información Pública", "DOMP Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz", "DS Departamento de Seguridad", "EIRD Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres", "JA Junta de Auditores", "JJE Junta de los jefes ejecutivos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la coordinación", "OACP Oficina de Apoyo a la Consolidación de la Paz", "OAD Oficina de Asuntos de Desarme", "OAEA Oficina del Asesor Especial para África", "OAJ Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos", "OARPPP Oficina del Alto Representante para los países menos adelantados, los países en desarrollo sin litoral y los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo", "OCAH Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios", "OCRNY Oficina de las Comisiones Regionales en Nueva York", "ODDP Oficina del Deporte para el Desarrollo y la Paz", "OESG Oficina Ejecutiva del Secretario General", "OIEA Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica", "OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud", "ONUAEU Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Asuntos del Espacio Ultraterrestre", "UNODC Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "ONU-Hábitat Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos", "ONUV Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena", "OOPS Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente", "ORESG/CNCA Oficina del Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados", "OSSI Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna", "PNUD Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo", "PNUMA Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente", "TPIR Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda", "TPIY Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia", "UNCTAD Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo", "UNFIP Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Colaboración Internacional", "UNFPA Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas", "UNICEF Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "UNIFEM Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer", "UNSCEAR Comité Científico de las Naciones Unidas para el Estudio de los Efectos de las Radiaciones Atómicas", "Estado de la documentación para el sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General", "Tema/subtema\tSignatura/título deldocumento\tFechadelareunión\tAutor\tFechadepresentaciónprevista\tFechaderecepción\tFechadepublicación \n1.\tApertura del período desesiones por el Presidente dela Asamblea General \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t13/09/2011 \n2.\tMinuto de silencio dedicado ala oración o a la meditación \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t13/09/2011 \n3.\tCredenciales de losrepresentantes en elsexagésimo sexto período desesiones de la AsambleaGeneral \nb)\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tOAJ\t07/12/2011 \n\tInforme de la Comisión deVerificación de Poderes \n4.\tElección del Presidente de laAsamblea General \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n5.\tElección de las Mesas de lasComisiones Principales \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n6.\tElección de losVicepresidentes de laAsamblea General \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n7.\tOrganización de los trabajos,aprobación del programa yasignación de temas: informesde la Mesa \n\tA/66/50 DAGGC\t15/02/2011\t11/02/2011\t14/02/2011\n\tLista preliminar de temas quese incluirán en el programaprovisional del sexagésimosexto período ordinario desesiones de la AsambleaGeneral \n\tA/66/100 DAGGC\t15/06/2011\t20/04/2011\t15/06/2011\n\tLista preliminar anotada detemas que se incluirán en elprograma provisional delsexagésimo sexto períodoordinario de sesiones de laAsamblea General \n\tA/66/150 DAGGC\t15/07/2011\t08/07/2011\t15/07/2011\n\tPrograma provisional delsexagésimo sexto períodoordinario de sesiones de laAsamblea General \n\tA/66/100/Add.1 DAGGC\t12/08/2011 \n\tPrograma provisional anotadodel sexagésimo sexto períodoordinario de sesiones de laAsamblea General (adición) \n\tA/66/200 DAGGC\t24/08/2011 \n\tLista de temas suplementariospropuestos para su inclusiónen el programa del sexagésimosexto período de sesiones dela Asamblea General \n\tA/BUR/66/1 DAGGC\t13/09/2011 \n\tMemorando del SecretarioGeneral: organización delsexagésimo sexto períodoordinario de sesiones de laAsamblea General, aprobacióndel programa y asignación detemas \n\tA/66/250 DAGGC\t15/09/2011 \n\tPrimer informe de la Mesa:organización del sexagésimosexto período ordinario desesiones de la AsambleaGeneral, aprobación delprograma y asignación detemas \n\tA/66/251 DAGGC\t19/09/2011 \n\tPrograma del sexagésimo sextoperíodo ordinario de sesionesde la Asamblea General \n\tA/66/252 DAGGC\t19/09/2011 \n\tAsignación de los temas delprograma del sexagésimo sextoperíodo de sesiones de laAsamblea General \n8.\tDebate general \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t21/09/2011 \n9.\tInforme del Consejo Económicoy Social \n\tA/66/3 (Supp.)\t19/10/2011\tDAGGC\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Consejo Económicoy Social (Suplemento núm. 3) \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tUNFPA\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del DirectorEjecutivo del Fondo dePoblación de las NacionesUnidas sobre el Premio dePoblación de las NacionesUnidas de 2011 \n10.\tEl deporte para la paz y eldesarrollo \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t17/10/2011 \n11.\tCrisis de seguridad vial enel mundo \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDAES\t03/10/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud sobre elmejoramiento de la seguridadvial en el mundo \n12.\t2001-2010: Decenio paralograr la regresión de lamalaria en los países endesarrollo, en particular enÁfrica \n\tA/66/\t11/10/2011\tDAES\t29/07/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laconsolidación de los logrosconseguidos y aceleración delos esfuerzos para controlary eliminar la malaria en lospaíses en desarrollo, enparticular en África, para2015 \n13.\tAplicación y seguimientointegrados y coordinados delos resultados de las grandesconferencias y cumbres de lasNaciones Unidas en lasesferas económica y social yesferas conexas \n\tA/66/160\t19/10/2011\tOCAH\t22/07/2011\t19/07/2011\t28/07/2011\n\tSeguridad humana: nota delSecretario General \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t04/08/2011 \n\tInforme anual de la expertaindependiente sobre lacuestión de las obligacionesde derechos humanosrelacionadas con el acceso alagua potable y el saneamiento \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme con opciones para suexamen por la Quinta Comisiónsobre formas de proporcionarfondos suficientes parasufragar los gastosimprevistos y extraordinariosresultantes de lasresoluciones y decisiones delConsejo de Derechos Humanos \n14.\tPrograma Mundial para elDiálogo entre Civilizaciones \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t17/10/2011 \n15.\tCultura de paz \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDAES\t08/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la DirectoraGeneral de la Organización delas Naciones Unidas para laEducación, la Ciencia y laCultura sobre el DecenioInternacional de una culturade paz y no violencia \n\tA/66/280\t17/10/2011\tDAES\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el diálogoentre culturas, religiones ycivilizaciones \n16.\tLas tecnologías de lainformación y lascomunicaciones para eldesarrollo \n\tA/66/77-E/2011/103\t17/10/2011\tDAES\t09/05/2011\t04/05/2011\t23/05/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cooperaciónreforzada en cuestionesinternacionales de políticapública relacionadas conInternet \n\tA/66/64-E/2011/77\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los progresosrealizados en la aplicación yel seguimiento de lasdecisiones de la CumbreMundial sobre la Sociedad dela Información a los nivelesregional e internacional \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tInforme del Grupo de Trabajosobre las mejoras del Foropara la Gobernanza deInternet \n17.\tCuestiones de políticamacroeconómica \n\tA/66/15 (Part I) (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD 30/03/2011\t\n\tInforme de la Junta deComercio y Desarrollo sobresu 51ª reunión ejecutiva(Ginebra, 29 y 30 denoviembre de 2010)(Suplemento núm. 15) (Part I) \n\tA/66/15 (Part II) (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tInforme de la Junta deComercio y Desarrollo sobresu 52ª reunión ejecutiva(Ginebra, 11, 12 y 14 deabril de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 15) (Part II) \n\tA/66/15 (Part III) (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tInforme de la Junta deComercio y Desarrollo sobresu 53ª reunión ejecutiva(África/informes sobrecomisiones) (Ginebra, 27 y 28de junio, y 11 de julio de2011) (Suplemento núm. 15)(Part III) \n\tA/66/15 (Part IV) (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tInforme de la Junta deComercio y Desarrollo sobresu 58ª período ordinario desesiones (Ginebra, 12 a 23 deseptiembre de 2011)(Suplemento núm. 15) (PartIV) \na)\tComercio internacional ydesarrollo \n\tA/66/138\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t25/07/2011\t14/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre medidaseconómicas unilaterales comomedio de ejercer presiónpolítica y económica sobrelos países en desarrollo \n\tA/66/185\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre comercio ydesarrollo internacionales \nb)\tEl sistema financierointernacional y el desarrollo \n\tA/66/167\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t22/07/2011\t21/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el sistemafinanciero internacional y eldesarrollo \nc)\tLa sostenibilidad de la deudaexterna y el desarrollo \n\tA/66/164\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/07/2011\t20/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasostenibilidad de la deudaexterna y el desarrollo \nd)\tProductos básicos \n\tA/66/207\t03/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t28/07/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre tendencias yperspectivas mundiales de losproductos básicos \n18.\tSeguimiento y aplicación delos resultados de laConferencia Internacionalsobre la Financiación para elDesarrollo celebrada en 2002y de la Conferencia de Examende 2008 \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t31/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientoy la aplicación del Consensode Monterrey y la Declaraciónde Doha sobre la financiaciónpara el desarrollo \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t29/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre mecanismosinnovadores de financiaciónpara el desarrollo \n19.\tDesarrollo sostenible \n\tA/66/25 (Supp.)\t24/10/2011\tPNUMA \n\tInforme del Consejo deAdministración/Foro AmbientalMundial a Nivel Ministerialsobre la labor realizada ensu 26° período de sesiones(21 a 24 de febrero de 2011)(Suplemento núm. 25) \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t25/04/2011 \n\tResumen 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NacionesUnidas de Lucha contra laDesertificación en los PaísesAfectados por Sequía Grave oDesertificación, enparticular en África, y elConvenio sobre la DiversidadBiológica acerca de laaplicación de los conveniosde las Naciones Unidas sobreel medio ambiente \na)\tEjecución del Programa 21 ydel Plan para su ulteriorejecución, y aplicación delos resultados de la CumbreMundial sobre el DesarrolloSostenible \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la tecnologíaagrícola para el desarrollo \n\tA/66/287\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t09/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la ejecucióndel Programa 21 y del Planpara su ulterior ejecución yla aplicación de losresultados de la CumbreMundial sobre el DesarrolloSostenible \nb)\tSeguimiento y aplicación dela Estrategia de Mauriciopara la ejecución ulteriordel Programa de Acción parael desarrollo sostenible delos pequeños Estadosinsulares en desarrollo \n\tA/66/218\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el examen delapoyo del sistema de lasNaciones Unidas a lospequeños Estados insulares endesarrollo \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre recomendacionesconcretas para mejorar laaplicación del Programa deAcción de Barbados y laEstrategia de Mauricio \nc)\tEstrategia Internacional parala Reducción de los Desastres \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tEIRD\t12/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la estrategiaInternacional para laReducción de los Desastres:examen de mitad de períododel Marco de Acción de Hyogo \nd)\tProtección del clima mundialpara las generacionespresentes y futuras \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tCMNUCC \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la Marco de lasNaciones Unidas sobre elCambio Climático sobre laprotección del clima mundialpara las generacionespresentes y futuras \nf)\tConvenio sobre la DiversidadBiológica \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tCNUDB/DAES\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el AñoInternacional de laDiversidad Biológica, 2010 \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tCNUDB \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la Conferencia delas Partes en el Conveniosobre la Diversidad Biológicasobre su décima reunión \nh)\tArmonía con la Naturaleza \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la armonía conla naturaleza \ni)\tDesarrollo sostenible de lasregiones montañosas \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el desarrollosostenible de las regionesmontañosas \nj)\tPromoción de las fuentes deenergía nuevas y renovables \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAES\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la promoción delas fuentes de energía nuevasy renovables \n20.\tAplicación de los resultadosde la Conferencia de lasNaciones Unidas sobre losAsentamientos Humanos(Hábitat II) yfortalecimiento del Programade las Naciones Unidas paralos Asentamientos Humanos(ONU-Hábitat) \n\tA/66/8 (Supp.)\t24/10/2011\tONU-Hábitat\t02/05/2011 \n\tInforme del Consejo deAdministración del Programade las Naciones Unidas paralos Asentamientos Humanossobre su 23° período desesiones (Nairobi, 11 a 15 deabril) (Suplemento núm. 8) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tONU-Hábitat\t12/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la terceraConferencia de las NacionesUnidas sobre la Vivienda y elDesarrollo Urbano Sostenible(Hábitat III) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tONU-Hábitat\t12/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicaciónde los resultados de laConferencia de las NacionesUnidas sobre losAsentamientos Humanos(Hábitat II) y elfortalecimiento del Programade las Naciones Unidas paralos Asentamientos Humanos(ONU-Hábitat) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDAGGC \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme sobre la aplicacióncoordinada del Programa deHábitat \n21.\tGlobalización einterdependencia \n\tA/66/187\t10/10/2011\tDAES\t01/08/2011\t26/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la DirectoraGeneral de la Organización delas Naciones Unidas para laEducación, la Ciencia y laCultura sobre cultura ydesarrollo \na)\tPapel de las Naciones Unidasen la promoción deldesarrollo en el contexto dela globalización y lainterdependencia \n\tA/66/223\t10/10/2011\tDAES\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre Globalización einterdependencia: uncrecimiento económicosostenido, inclusivo yequitativo para unaglobalización justa y másequitativa para todos,incluida la creación deempleo \nc)\tCooperación para eldesarrollo con los países deingresos medianos \n\tA/66/208\t10/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t01/08/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la ciencia y latecnología para el desarrollo \n\tA/66/220\t10/10/2011\tDAES\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cooperaciónpara el desarrollo con lospaíses de ingresos medianos \n22.\tGrupos de países ensituaciones especiales \na)\tSeguimiento de la CuartaConferencia de las NacionesUnidas sobre los Países MenosAdelantados \n\tA/CONF.219/7\t10/10/2011\tOARPPP\t20/06/2011\t16/06/2011\t\n\tInforme de la CuartaConferencia de las NacionesUnidas sobre los Países MenosAdelantados (Estambul(Turquía) 9 a 13 de mayo) \n\tA/66/66-E/2011/78\t10/10/2011\tOARPPP\t01/02/2011\t07/02/2011\t14/03/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el examen yevaluación decenal de laejecución del Programa deAcción de Bruselas en favorde los países menosadelantados para el decenio2001-2010 \n\tA/66/134\t10/10/2011\tOARPPP\t15/07/2011\t13/07/2011\t29/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasconclusiones de la CuartaConferencia de las NacionesUnidas sobre los Países MenosAdelantados \nb)\tMedidas específicasrelacionadas con lasnecesidades y los problemasparticulares de los países endesarrollo sin litoral:resultados de la ConferenciaMinisterial Internacional dePaíses en Desarrollo sinLitoral y de Tránsito y dePaíses Donantes y de lasInstituciones InternacionalesFinancieras y de Desarrollosobre la Cooperación enmateria de Transporte deTránsito \n\tA/66/205\t10/10/2011\tOARPPP\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la ejecucióndel Programa de Acción deAlmaty: atención de lasnecesidades especiales de lospaíses en desarrollo sinlitoral dentro de un nuevomarco mundial para lacooperación en materia detransporte de tránsito paralos países en desarrollo sinlitoral y de tránsito \n23.\tErradicación de la pobreza yotras cuestiones dedesarrollo \na)\tActividades del SegundoDecenio de las NacionesUnidas para la Erradicaciónde la Pobreza (2008-2017) \n\tA/66/221\t10/10/2011\tDAES\t29/07/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicacióndel Segundo Decenio de lasNaciones Unidas para laErradicación de la Pobreza(2008-2017) \nb)\tLa mujer en el desarrollo \n\tA/66/219\t10/10/2011\tONU-Mujeres\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre integración deuna perspectiva de género enlas estrategias nacionales dedesarrollo \nc)\tDesarrollo de los recursoshumanos \n\tA/66/206\t10/10/2011\tDAES\t01/08/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el desarrollode los recursos humanos \n24.\tActividades operacionalespara el desarrollo \na)\tActividades operacionales delsistema de las NacionesUnidas para el desarrollo \n\tA/66/79-E/2011/107\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t06/05/2011\t19/05/2011\t01/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el análisis dela financiación de lasactividades operacionales delsistema de las NacionesUnidas para el desarrollo en2009 \nb)\tCooperación Sur-Sur para eldesarrollo \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tPNUD\t03/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el estado de lacooperación Sur-Sur para eldesarrollo \n25.\tDesarrollo agrícola yseguridad alimentaria \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDAES\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre desarrolloagrícola y seguridadalimentaria: progreso de laaplicación de los resultadosde la Cumbre Mundial sobre laSeguridad Alimentaria \n26.\tHacia asociaciones mundialesde colaboración \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOESG\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laintensificación de lacooperación entre lasNaciones Unidas y todos loscolaboradores pertinentes, enparticular el sector privado \n27.\tDesarrollo social \n\tA/66/136\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t13/07/2011\t13/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lascooperativas en el desarrollosocial y observancia del AñoInternacional de lasCooperativas \n\tA/66/62-E/2011/4\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t30/11/2010\t30/11/2010\t22/11/2010\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientodel décimo aniversario delAño Internacional de laFamilia y necesidades futuras \na)\tAplicación de los resultadosde la Cumbre Mundial sobreDesarrollo Social y delvigésimo cuarto períodoextraordinario de sesiones dela Asamblea General \n\tA/66/124\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t13/07/2011\t11/07/2011\t27/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicaciónde los resultados de laCumbre Mundial sobreDesarrollo Social y delvigésimo cuarto períodoextraordinario de sesiones dela Asamblea General \n\tA/66/226\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t21/07/2011\t02/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situaciónsocial en el mundo 2011: lacrisis social mundial \nb)\tDesarrollo social, incluidaslas cuestiones relativas a lasituación social en el mundoy a los jóvenes, elenvejecimiento, las personascon discapacidad y la familia \n\tA/66/129\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t12/07/2011\t12/07/2011\t29/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el AñoInternacional de la Juventud:diálogo y comprensión mutua \n\tA/66/61-E/2011/3\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t29/11/2010\t22/11/2010\t28/12/2010\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicacióndel Programa de AcciónMundial para la Juventud:coordinación y colaboracióndel sistema de las NacionesUnidas en su laborrelacionada con la juventud \n\tA/66/128\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t12/07/2011\t12/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la realizaciónde los Objetivos deDesarrollo del Milenio yotros objetivos de desarrolloconvenidos internacionalmentepara las personas condiscapacidad \nc)\tSeguimiento del AñoInternacional de las Personasde Edad: Segunda AsambleaMundial sobre elEnvejecimiento \n\tA/66/173\t03/10/2011\tDAES\t22/07/2011\t22/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientode la Segunda AsambleaMundial sobre elEnvejecimiento \n28.\tAdelanto de la mujer \n\tA/66/38 (Supp.)\t10/10/2011\tACNUDH\t01/04/2011\t06/04/2011\t15/06/2011\n\tInforme del Comité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación contra laMujer sobre sus períodos desesiones 46º (12 a 30 dejulio de 2010), 47º (4 a 22de octubre de 2010) y 48º (17de enero a 4 de febrero de2011) (Suplemento núm. 38) \n\tA/66/181\t10/10/2011\tONU-Mujeres\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el mejoramientode la situación de la mujeren las zonas rurales \n\tA/66/212\t10/10/2011\tONU-Mujeres\t29/07/2011\t29/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la violenciacontra las trabajadorasmigratorias \n\tA/66/99\t10/10/2011\tACNUDH\t01/08/2011\t28/06/2011\t19/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación dela Convención sobre laeliminación de todas lasformas de discriminacióncontra la mujer \na)\tAdelanto de la mujer \n\tA/66/215\t10/10/2011\tACNUDH\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre la violenciacontra la mujer, sus causas yconsecuencias \nb)\tAplicación de los resultadosde la Cuarta ConferenciaMundial sobre la Mujer y delvigésimo tercer períodoextraordinario de sesiones dela Asamblea General \n\tA/66/211\t10/10/2011\tONU-Mujeres\t29/07/2011\t29/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidasadoptadas y los progresosalcanzados en el seguimientode la aplicación de laDeclaración y la Plataformade Acción de Beijing y de losresultados del vigésimotercer período extraordinariode sesiones de la AsambleaGeneral \n29.\tInforme del Consejo deSeguridad \n\tA/66/2 (Supp.)\t08/11/2011\tDAP\t02/09/2011 \n\tInforme del Consejo deSeguridad correspondiente alperíodo comprendido entre el1 de agosto de 2010 y el 31de julio de 2011 (Suplementonúm. 2) \n30.\tInforme de la Comisión deConsolidación de la Paz \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t06/10/2011 \n31.\tApoyo del sistema de lasNaciones Unidas a losesfuerzos de los gobiernospara promover y consolidarlas democracias nuevas orestauradas \n\tA/66/\t18/11/2011\tDAP\t07/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el apoyo delsistema de las NacionesUnidas a los esfuerzos de losgobiernos para promover yconsolidar las democraciasnuevas o restauradas \n32.\tLos diamantes como factor quecontribuye a los conflictos A/66/\t09/12/2011\tRepúblicaDemocráticadel \n Congo \n\tInforme de la Presidencia delProceso de Kimberley sobre laaplicación del Proceso \n33.\tPrevención de los conflictosarmados \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDAP \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de la funciónde mediación en el arreglopacífico de controversias yla prevención y solución deconflictos \n34.\tLos conflictos prolongados enla zona del Grupo GUAM y susrepercusiones en la paz, laseguridad y el desarrollointernacionales \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tACNUR/DOMP \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación delos desplazados internos ylos refugiados de Abjasia(Georgia) y la región deTskhinvali/Osetia del Sur(Georgia) \n35.\tLa situación en el OrienteMedio \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t29/11/2011\tDAP\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesy la evolución de un arreglopacífico de la cuestión dePalestina \n\tA/66/\t29/11/2011\tDAP\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación enel Oriente Medio \n36.\tCuestión de Palestina \n\tA/66/35 (Supp.)\t28/11/2011\tDAP\t07/10/2011 \n\tInforme del Comité para elejercicio de los derechosinalienables del pueblopalestino (Suplemento núm.35) \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t28/11/2011\tDAP \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesy la evolución de un arreglopacífico de la cuestión dePalestina \n37.\tLa situación en el Afganistán \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t23/11/2011\tDOMP\t23/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación enel Afganistán y susconsecuencias para la paz yla seguridad internacionales \n38.\tLa situación en losterritorios ocupados deAzerbaiyán \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t12/12/2011 \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t12/12/2011 \n39.\tCuestión de la isla comoranade Mayotte \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n40.\tNecesidad de poner fin albloqueo económico, comercialy financiero impuesto por losEstados Unidos de Américacontra Cuba \n\tA/66/114\t25/10/2011\tDAP\t02/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la necesidad deponer fin al bloqueoeconómico, comercial yfinanciero impuesto por losEstados Unidos de Américacontra Cuba \n41.\tLa situación enCentroamérica: progresos parala configuración de unaregión de paz, libertad,democracia y desarrollo \n A/66/ DAP \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la labor de laComisión Internacional contrala Impunidad en Guatemala \n42.\tCuestión de Chipre \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n43.\tAgresión armada contra laRepública Democrática delCongo \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n44.\tCuestión de las IslasMalvinas (Falkland Islands) \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n45.\tLa situación de la democraciay los derechos humanos enHaití \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n46.\tAgresión armada israelícontra las instalacionesnucleares iraquíes y susgraves consecuencias para elsistema internacionalestablecido respecto de lautilización de la energíanuclear con fines pacíficos,la no proliferación de lasarmas nucleares y la paz y laseguridad internacionales \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n47.\tConsecuencias de la ocupacióny la agresión iraquíes contraKuwait \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n48.\tAsistencia para lasactividades relativas a lasminas \n\tA/66/\t28/10/2011\tDOMP\t10/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistenciapara las actividadesrelativas a las minas \n49.\tEfectos de las radiacionesatómicas \n\tA/66/46 (Supp.)\t21/10/2011\tUNSCEAR \n\tInforme del Comité Científicode las Naciones Unidas parael Estudio de los Efectos delas Radiaciones Atómicas,58º período de sesiones(Viena, 23 a 27 de mayo de2011) (Suplemento núm. 46) \n50.\tCooperación internacionalpara la utilización delespacio ultraterrestre confines pacíficos \n\tA/66/20 (Supp.)\t11/10/2011\tONUAEU \n\tInforme de la Comisión sobrela Utilización del EspacioUltraterrestre con FinesPacíficos, 54º período desesiones (Viena, 1 a 10 dejunio de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 20) \n51.\tOrganismo de Obras Públicas ySocorro de las NacionesUnidas para los Refugiados dePalestina en el CercanoOriente \n\tA/66/13 (Supp.)\t31/10/2011\tOOPS\t31/03/2011\t31/03/2011\t\n\tInforme del ComisionadoGeneral del Organismo deObras Públicas y Socorro delas Naciones Unidas para losRefugiados de Palestina en elCercano Oriente (Suplementonúm. 13) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDAP\t22/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite el65º informe de la Comisión deConciliación de las NacionesUnidas para Palestina \n\tA/66/222\t31/10/2011\tOOPS\t18/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las personasdesplazadas como resultado delas hostilidades de junio de1967 y las hostilidadesposteriores \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDAP\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los bienes delos refugiados de Palestina ylas rentas devengadas porellos \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDAP\t29/09/2011 \n\tInforme del Grupo de Trabajoencargado de estudiar lafinanciación del Organismo deObras Públicas y Socorro delas Naciones Unidas para losRefugiados de Palestina en elCercano Oriente \n\tA/66/13/Add.1 (Supp.)\t31/10/2011\tOOPS\t16/08/2011 \n\tInforme del ComisionadoGeneral del Organismo deObras Públicas y Socorro delas Naciones Unidas para losRefugiados de Palestina en elCercano Oriente (Suplementonúm. 13) (Adición) \n52.\tInforme del Comité Especialencargado de investigar lasprácticas israelíes queafecten a los derechoshumanos del pueblo palestinoy otros habitantes árabes delos territorios ocupados \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la labor delComité Especial encargado deinvestigar las prácticasisraelíes que afecten a losderechos humanos del pueblopalestino y otros habitantesárabes de los territoriosocupados \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que transmite elinforme del Comité Especialencargado de investigar lasprácticas israelíes queafecten a los derechoshumanos del pueblo palestinoy otros habitantes árabes delos territorios ocupados \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laaplicabilidad del Convenio deGinebra relativo a laprotección debida a laspersonas civiles en tiempo deguerra, de 12 de agosto de1949, al territorio palestinoocupado, incluida JerusalénOriental, y a los demásterritorios árabes ocupados \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre losasentamientos israelíes en elterritorio palestino ocupado,incluida Jerusalén Oriental,y en el Golán sirio ocupado \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las prácticasisraelíes que afecten a losderechos humanos del pueblopalestino en el territoriopalestino ocupado, incluidaJerusalén Oriental \n\tA/66/\t04/11/2011\tACNUDH\t26/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Golán sirioocupado \n53.\tExamen amplio de toda lacuestión de las operacionesde mantenimiento de la paz entodos sus aspectos \n\tA/65/19 (Supp.)\t24/10/2011\tDAGGC\t12/05/2011\t12/05/2011\t20/06/2011\n\tInforme del Comité Especialde Operaciones deMantenimiento de la Paz sobreel período de sesionessustantivo de 2011 (22 defebrero a 18 de marzo y 9 demayo de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 19) \n54.\tCuestiones relativas a lainformación \n\tA/66/21 (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tDIP\t01/06/2011\t26/05/2011\t24/06/2011\n\tInforme sobre el 33º períodode sesiones del Comité deInformación (27 de abril a 6de mayo de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 21) \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tDIP\t09/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre cuestionesrelativas a la información \n55.\tInformación sobre losTerritorios no autónomostransmitida en virtud delArtículo 73 e de la Carta delas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tDAP\t14/03/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo a lainformación sobre losTerritorios no autónomostransmitida en virtud delArtículo 73 e de la Carta delas Naciones Unidas \n57.\tAplicación de la Declaraciónsobre la concesión de laindependencia a los países ypueblos coloniales por losorganismos especializados ylas institucionesinternacionales relacionadascon las Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/23 (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tDAGGC\t07/07/2011\t29/06/2011\t\n\tInforme del Comité Especialencargado de examinar lasituación con respecto a laaplicación de la Declaraciónsobre la concesión de laindependencia a los países ypueblos coloniales sobre lalabor realizada en 2011(Nueva York, junio-julio de2010) (Suplemento núm. 23) \n58.\tFacilidades de estudio yformación profesionalofrecidas por EstadosMiembros a los habitantes delos Territorios no autónomos \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tDAP\t18/03/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las facilidadesde estudio y formaciónprofesional ofrecidas porEstados Miembros a loshabitantes de los Territoriosno autónomos \n59.\tAplicación de la Declaraciónsobre la concesión de laindependencia a los países ypueblos coloniales \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tDAP\t25/07/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cuestión delSáhara Occidental \n60.\tCuestión de las islasmalgaches Gloriosas, Juan deNova, Europa y Bassas daIndia \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n61.\tSoberanía permanente delpueblo palestino en elterritorio palestino ocupado,incluida Jerusalén Oriental,y de la población árabe en elGolán sirio ocupado sobre susrecursos naturales \n\tA/66/78-E/2011/13\t31/10/2011\tOCRNY\t09/05/2011\t06/05/2011\t25/05/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre las consecuenciaseconómicas y sociales de laocupación israelí para lascondiciones de vida delpueblo palestino en elterritorio palestino ocupado,incluida Jerusalén Oriental,y de la población árabe en elGolán sirio ocupado \n62.\tInforme del Alto Comisionadode las Naciones Unidas paralos Refugiados, cuestionesrelacionadas con losrefugiados, los repatriados ylos desplazados y cuestioneshumanitarias \n\tA/66/12 (Supp.)\t02/11/2011\tACNUR \n\tInforme del Alto Comisionadode las Naciones Unidas paralos Refugiados (Suplementonúm. 12) \n\tA/66/12/Add.1 (Supp.)\t02/11/2011\tACNUR \n\tInforme del Comité Ejecutivodel Programa del AltoComisionado de las NacionesUnidas para los Refugiados(Ginebra, 61° período desesiones, octubre de 2011)(Suplemento núm. 12A)(Adición 1) \n\tA/66/\t02/11/2011\tACNUR\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistencia alos refugiados, losrepatriados y los desplazadosen África \n63.\tNueva Alianza para elDesarrollo de África:progresos en su aplicación yapoyo internacional \n\tA/66/202\t11/10/2011\tOAEA\t01/08/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la NuevaAlianza para el Desarrollo deÁfrica: noveno informeconsolidado sobre losprogresos en su aplicación yel apoyo internacional \nb)\tLas causas de los conflictosy la promoción de la pazduradera y el desarrollosostenible en África \n\tA/66/214-S/2011/476\t11/10/2011\tOAEA\t01/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicaciónde las recomendacionescontenidas en el informe delSecretario General sobre lascausas de los conflictos y lapromoción de la paz duraderay el desarrollo sostenible enÁfrica \n64.\tInforme del Consejo deDerechos Humanos \n\tA/66/53 (Supp.)\t01/11/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Consejo deDerechos Humanos (Suplementonúm. 53) \n\tA/66/53/Add.1 (Supp.)\t01/11/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Consejo deDerechos Humanos (Suplementonúm. 53A) (adición) \n\tA/66/\t01/11/2011\tACNUDH\t23/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la proclamacióndel 24 de marzo DíaInternacional para el Derechoa la Verdad en relación conlas Violaciones Graves de losDerechos Humanos y para laDignidad de las Víctimas \n\tA/66/\t01/11/2011\tACNUDH\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Consejo deDerechos Humanos sobre sulabor y funcionamiento \n65.\tPromoción y protección de losderechos del niño \n\tA/66/257\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t03/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las niñas \na)\tPromoción y protección de losderechos del niño \n\tA/66/230\t12/10/2011\tACNUDH\t03/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación dela Convención sobre losDerechos del Niño \n\tA/66/\t12/10/2011\tORESG/CNCA\t03/08/2011 \n\tInforme de la RepresentanteEspecial del SecretarioGeneral para la cuestión delos niños y los conflictosarmados \n\tA/66/227\t12/10/2011\tACNUDH\t03/08/2011\t02/08/2011\t\n\tInforme anual de laRepresentante Especial delSecretario General sobre laviolencia contra los niños \n\tA/66/228\t12/10/2011\tACNUDH\t03/08/2011\t02/08/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre la venta deniños, la prostitucióninfantil y la utilización deniños en la pornografía \n\tA/66/258\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t03/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientode los resultados del períodoextraordinario de sesiones dela Asamblea General sobre lainfancia \n66.\tDerechos de los pueblosindígenas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t17/10/2011 \n67.\tEliminación del racismo, ladiscriminación racial, laxenofobia y las formasconexas de intolerancia \na)\tEliminación del racismo, ladiscriminación racial, laxenofobia y las formasconexas de intolerancia \n\tA/66/18 (Supp.)\t31/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité para laEliminación de laDiscriminación Racial(Ginebra, 78º período desesiones, 14 de febrero a 11de marzo de 2011 y 79ºperíodo de sesiones, 15 deagosto a 8 de septiembre de2011) (Suplemento núm. 18) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tACNUDH\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Relator Especialsobre la inadmisibilidad deciertas prácticas quecontribuyen a exacerbar lasformas contemporáneas deracismo, discriminaciónracial, xenofobia y formasconexas de intolerancia \nb)\tAplicación y seguimientogenerales de la Declaración yel Programa de Acción deDurban \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tACNUDH\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesmundiales para la eliminacióntotal del racismo, ladiscriminación racial, laxenofobia y las formasconexas de intolerancia ypara la aplicación y elseguimiento generales de laDeclaración y el Programa deAcción de Durban \n68.\tDerecho de los pueblos a lalibre determinación \n\tA/66/172\t31/10/2011\tACNUDH\t22/08/2011\t22/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el derecho delos pueblos a la libredeterminación \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tACNUDH\t22/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Grupo de Trabajosobre la utilización demercenarios como medio deviolar los derechos humanos yobstaculizar el ejercicio delderecho de los pueblos a lalibre determinación \n69.\tPromoción y protección de losderechos humanos \na)\tAplicación de losinstrumentos de derechoshumanos \n\tA/66/44 (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité contra laTortura (Suplemento núm. 44) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. I) (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité deDerechos Humanos (Nueva York,101º período de sesiones, 14de marzo a 1 de abril de2011; Ginebra, 102º períodode sesiones, 11 a 29 de juliode 2011; y 103º período desesiones, 17 de octubre a 4de noviembre de 2011) (Vol.I) (Suplemento núm. 40) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. II) (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité deDerechos Humanos (Nueva York,101º período de sesiones, 14de marzo a 1 de abril de2011; Ginebra, 102º períodode sesiones, 11 a 29 de juliode 2011; y 103º período desesiones, 17 de octubre a 4de noviembre de 2011) (Vol.II) (Suplemento núm. 40) \n\tA/66/48 (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité deProtección de los Derechos deTodos los TrabajadoresMigratorios y de susFamiliares (Suplemento núm.48) \n\tA/66/121\t18/10/2011\tDAES\t12/07/2011\t07/07/2011\t27/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación dela Convención sobre losderechos de las personas condiscapacidad y su Protocolofacultativo \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH\t09/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidasadoptadas para seguirmejorando la eficacia delsistema de los órganoscreados en virtud detratados, armonizarlo yreformarlo \n\tA/66/175\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH\t27/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de los presidentes delos órganos creados en virtudde tratados de derechoshumanos sobre su 23ª reunión \n\tA/66/217\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH\t09/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situacióndel Fondo Fiduciario deContribuciones Voluntarias delas Naciones Unidas paraLuchar contra las FormasContemporáneas de laEsclavitud \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesdel Fondo Especialestablecido en virtud delProtocolo Facultativo de laConvención contra la Tortura \nb)\tCuestiones de derechoshumanos, incluidos otrosmedios de mejorar el goceefectivo de los derechoshumanos y las libertadesfundamentales \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t09/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el CentroSubregional para los DerechosHumanos y la Democracia enÁfrica Central \n\tA/66/225\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t09/08/2011\t02/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientodel Año Internacional delAprendizaje sobre losDerechos Humanos \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasinstituciones nacionales parala promoción y protección delos derechos humanos \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDAP\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de la funciónde las Naciones Unidas paramejorar la eficacia delprincipio de eleccionesperiódicas y genuinas y lapromoción de lademocratización \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el programa deactividades para el AñoInternacional de losAfrodescendientes \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la tortura y otrostratos o penas crueles,inhumanos o degradantes \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las operacionesdel Fondo de las NacionesUnidas de contribucionesvoluntarias para las víctimasde la tortura \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t25/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre las ejecucionesextrajudiciales, sumarias oarbitrarias \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la ConvenciónInternacional para laprotección de todas laspersonas contra lasdesapariciones forzadas \n\tA/66/156\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t04/08/2011\t18/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme provisional delRelator Especial sobre lalibertad de religión o decreencias \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la promoción yprotección de los derechoshumanos, incluidos mediospara promover los derechoshumanos de los migrantes \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t04/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la promoción yprotección de los derechoshumanos, incluidos los mediospara promover los derechoshumanos de los migrantes \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laglobalización y susconsecuencias para el plenodisfrute de todos losderechos humanos \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre derechoshumanos y medidas coercitivasunilaterales \n\tA/66/216\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011\t01/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el derecho aldesarrollo \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre el derecho a laalimentación \n\tA/66/204\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la protecciónde los derechos humanos y laslibertades fundamentales enla lucha contra el terrorismo \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t19/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la promoción yprotección de los derechoshumanos y las libertadesfundamentales en la luchacontra el terrorismo \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t04/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la lucha contrala difamación de lasreligiones \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Consejo deDerechos Humanos sobre sulabor y funcionamiento \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la situación de losderechos humanos y laslibertades fundamentales delos indígenas \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre una viviendaadecuada \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la promoción yprotección del derecho a lalibertad de opinión y deexpresión \n\tA/66/203\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011\t28/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre la situaciónde los defensores de losderechos humanos \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la expertaindependiente sobre lacuestión de los derechoshumanos y la pobreza extrema \n\tA/66/269\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre el derecho a laeducación \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t05/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme provisional delRelator Especial sobre elderecho a la salud \n\tA/66/289\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre laindependencia de losmagistrados y abogados \n\tA/66/283\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la RelatoraEspecial sobre la trata depersonas, especialmentemujeres y niños \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la situación de losderechos humanos en losterritorios palestinosocupados desde 1967 \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación dela Convención sobre losderechos de las personas condiscapacidad y su Protocolofacultativo y la aplicaciónde la resolución al respecto \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH \n\tInforme del Comité sobre losDerechos de las Personas conDiscapacidad \n\tA/66/161\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011\t20/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre derechoshumanos y diversidad cultural \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de su Representantesobre la protección yasistencia a los desplazadosinternos \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t04/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Expertoindependiente en deudaexterna \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t10/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la situación de losderechos humanos en laRepública Islámica del Irán \nc)\tSituaciones de derechoshumanos e informes derelatores y representantesespeciales \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t02/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación delos derechos humanos en laRepública Popular Democráticade Corea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t02/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre la situación de losderechos humanos en laRepública Popular Democráticade Corea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDAP\t04/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación delos derechos humanos enMyanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t08/09/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme provisional delRelator Especial sobre lasituación de los derechoshumanos en Myanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tACNUDH\t02/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la situación delos derechos humanos en laRepública Islámica del Irán \nd)\tAplicación y seguimientogenerales de la Declaración yel Programa de Acción deViena \n\tA/66/36 (Supp.)\t18/10/2011\tACNUDH\t09/08/2011 \n\tInforme de la AltaComisionada de las NacionesUnidas para los DerechosHumanos (Suplemento núm. 36) \n70.\tFortalecimiento de lacoordinación de la asistenciahumanitaria y de socorro encasos de desastre que prestanlas Naciones Unidas, incluidala asistencia económicaespecial \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tDS\t01/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al informeamplio y actualizado sobre laseguridad del personal deasistencia humanitaria y laprotección del personal delas Naciones Unidas \na)\tFortalecimiento de lacoordinación de la asistenciahumanitaria de emergencia queprestan las Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCAH\t16/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el examenindependiente del Fondocentral para la acción encasos de emergencia al finalde su quinto año deactividades \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tPNUD\t02/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cooperacióny coordinacióninternacionales para larehabilitación humana yecológica y el desarrolloeconómico de la región deSemipalatinsk en Kazajstán \n\tA/66/81-E/2011/117\t14/11/2011\tOCAH\t16/05/2011\t16/05/2011\t13/06/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de lacoordinación de la asistenciahumanitaria de emergencia queprestan las Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCAH\t03/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cooperacióninternacional para laasistencia humanitaria en loscasos de desastre natural,desde el socorro hasta eldesarrollo \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCAH\t03/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistenciahumanitaria y larehabilitación endeterminados países yregiones \nb)\tAsistencia al pueblopalestino \n\tA/66/80-E/2011/111\t14/11/2011\tDAP\t09/05/2011\t09/05/2011\t26/05/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistenciaal pueblo palestino \n71.\tAsistencia a lossupervivientes del genocidiocometido en 1994 en Rwanda,en particular a loshuérfanos, las viudas y lasvíctimas de violencia sexual \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCAH\t03/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistencia alos supervivientes delgenocidio cometido en 1994 enRwanda, en particular a loshuérfanos, las viudas y lasvíctimas de violencia sexual \n72.\tInforme de la CorteInternacional de Justicia \n\tA/66/4 (Supp.)\t27/10/2011\tCIJ\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme de la CorteInternacional de Justicia(Suplemento núm. 4) \n73.\tInforme del Tribunal PenalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables degenocidio y otras violacionesgraves del derechointernacional humanitariocometidas en el territorio deRwanda y de los ciudadanosrwandeses presuntamenteresponsables de genocidio yotras violaciones de esanaturaleza cometidas en elterritorio de Estados vecinosentre el 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994 \n\tA/66/209-S/2011/452\t10/10/2011\tTPIR\t29/07/2011\t29/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite eldecimosexto informe anual delTribunal Penal Internacionalpara el enjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables degenocidio y otras violacionesgraves del derechointernacional humanitariocometidas en el territorio deRwanda y de los ciudadanosrwandeses presuntamenteresponsables de genocidio yotras violaciones de esanaturaleza cometidas en elterritorio de Estados vecinosentre el 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994 \n74.\tInforme del TribunalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables de lasviolaciones graves delderecho internacionalhumanitario cometidas en elterritorio de la exYugoslavia desde 1991 \n\tA/66/210-S/2011/473\t10/10/2011\tTPIY\t29/07/2011\t29/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el 18º informe anualdel Tribunal Internacionalpara el enjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables de lasviolaciones graves delderecho internacionalhumanitario cometidas en elterritorio de laex-Yugoslavia desde 1991 \n75.\tInforme de la Corte PenalInternacional \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOAJ\t16/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la Corte PenalInternacional sobre susactividades en 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOAJ\t31/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los gastosrealizados y los reembolsosrecibidos por las NacionesUnidas en relación con laasistencia prestada a laCorte Penal Internacional \n76.\tLos océanos y el derecho delmar \na)\tLos océanos y el derecho delmar \n\tA/66/189\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t01/08/2011\t27/07/2011\t\n\tCarta de fecha 13 de julio de2011 dirigida al Presidentede la Asamblea General porlos Copresidentes del Grupode Trabajo Plenario Especial,por la que se trasmite elinforme sobre el ProcesoOrdinario de presentación deinformes y evaluación delestado del medio marino aescala mundial, incluidos losaspectos socioeconómicos \n\tA/66/186\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tCarta de fecha 22 de julio de2011 dirigida al Presidentede la Asamblea General porlos Copresidentes del procesode consultas, por la que setrasmite el informe sobre lalabor realizada en la 12ªreunión del proceso abiertode consultas oficiosas de lasNaciones Unidas sobre losocéanos y el derecho del mar \n\tA/66/119\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t30/06/2011\t30/06/2011\t21/07/2011\n\tCarta de fecha 30 de junio de2011 dirigida al Presidentede la Asamblea General porlos Copresidentes del Grupode Trabajo especial oficiosode composición abierta, porla que se trasmiten lasrecomendaciones de dichoGrupo de Trabajo encargado deestudiar las cuestionesrelativas a la conservación yel uso sostenible de ladiversidad biológica marinafuera de las zonas dejurisdicción nacional \n\tA/66/70\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t21/03/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los océanos yel derecho del mar \n\tA/66/70/Add.1\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t29/03/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los océanos yel derecho del mar (adición1) \n\tA/66/70/Add.2\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t30/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los océanos yel derecho del mar (adición2) \nb)\tLa pesca sostenible, inclusomediante el Acuerdo de 1995sobre la aplicación de lasdisposiciones de laConvención de las NacionesUnidas sobre el Derecho delMar de 10 de diciembre de1982 relativas a laconservación y ordenación delas poblaciones de pecestranszonales y laspoblaciones de pecesaltamente migratorios, einstrumentos conexos \n\tA/66/\t07/12/2011\tOAJ\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre medidasadoptadas por los Estados ylas organizaciones y losarreglos regionales deordenación pesquera enrespuesta a los párrafos 80 y83 a 87 de la resolución61/105, y los párrafos 113 a117 y 119 a 127 de laresolución 64/72 de laAsamblea General sobre laordenación pesquerasostenible, para hacer frentea los efectos de la pesca enlos fondos marinos sobre losecosistemas marinosvulnerables y lasostenibilidad a largo plazode las poblaciones de pecesde alta mar \n77.\tNacionalidad de las personasnaturales en relación con lasucesión de Estados \n\tA/66/178\t17/10/2011\tOAJ\t08/08/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tNota de la Secretaría por laque se trasmiten lasobservaciones de losgobiernos sobre lanacionalidad de las personasnaturales en relación con lasucesión de Estados \n78.\tResponsabilidad penal de losfuncionarios y expertos delas Naciones Unidas en misión \n\tA/66/174\t07/10/2011\tOAJ\t29/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laresponsabilidad penal de losfuncionarios y expertos delas Naciones Unidas en misión \n79.\tInforme de la Comisión de lasNaciones Unidas para elDerecho MercantilInternacional sobre la laborrealizada en su 44° períodode sesiones \n\tA/66/17 (Supp.)\t10/10/2011\tOAJ \n\tInforme de la Comisión de lasNaciones Unidas para elDerecho MercantilInternacional sobre la laborrealizada en su 44° períodode sesiones (Viena, 27 dejunio a 15 de julio)(Suplemento núm. 17) \n80.\tPrograma de asistencia de lasNaciones Unidas para laenseñanza, el estudio, ladifusión y una comprensiónmás amplia del derechointernacional \n\tA/AC.117/2011/CRP.1\t14/10/2011\tOAJ\t05/08/2011 \n\tProyecto de informe delSecretario General sobre elPrograma de asistencia de lasNaciones Unidas para laenseñanza, el estudio, ladifusión y una comprensiónmás amplia del derechointernacional \n81.\tInforme de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional sobrela labor realizada en su 63°período de sesiones \n\tA/66/10 (Supp.)\t24/10/2011\tOAJ\t22/08/2011 \n\tInforme de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional sobrela labor realizada en su 63°período de sesiones (Ginebra,26 de abril a 3 de junio y 4de julio a 12 de agosto de2011) (Suplemento núm.10) \n82.\tInforme del Comité Especialde la Carta de las NacionesUnidas y del Fortalecimientodel papel de la Organización \n\tA/66/33 (Supp.)\t06/10/2011\tOAJ\t16/03/2011\t16/03/2011\t30/03/2011\n\tInforme del Comité Especialde la Carta de las NacionesUnidas y del Fortalecimientodel papel de la Organización(Nueva York, 28 de febrero a4 de marzo, y 7 y 9 de marzode 2011) (Suplemento núm. 33) \n\tA/66/201\t06/10/2011\tOAJ\t28/07/2011\t27/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Repertoriode la práctica seguida porlos órganos de las NacionesUnidas y sobre el Repertoriode la práctica seguida por elConsejo de Seguridad \n\tA/66/213\t06/10/2011\tOAJ\t09/08/2011\t29/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicaciónde las disposiciones de laCarta de las Naciones Unidasrelativas a la asistencia aterceros Estados afectadospor la aplicación desanciones \n83.\tEl estado de derecho en losplanos nacional einternacional \n\tA/66/133\t05/10/2011\tOESG 13/07/2011\t28/07/2011\n\tInforme anual del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento y lacoordinación de lasactividades de las NacionesUnidas orientadas a lapromoción del estado dederecho \n84.\tAlcance y aplicación delprincipio de la jurisdicciónuniversal \n\tA/66/93\t12/10/2011\tOAJ\t03/08/2011\t20/06/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral preparado sobre labase de la información y lasobservaciones recibidas delos gobiernos y losobservadores sobre el alcancey aplicación del principio dela jurisdicción universal \n85.\tEl derecho de los acuíferostransfronterizos \n\tA/66/116\t18/10/2011\tOAJ\t29/07/2011\t29/06/2011\t27/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el derecho delos acuíferostransfronterizos \n86.\tInforme del OrganismoInternacional de EnergíaAtómica \n\tA/66/95\t01/11/2011\tOIEA\t16/08/2011\t22/06/2011\t27/06/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme del OrganismoInternacional de EnergíaAtómica \n87.\tReducción de los presupuestosmilitares \n\tA/66/117\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t11/07/2011\t29/06/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo a lainformación objetiva sobrecuestiones militares,incluida la transparencia delos gastos militares \nb)\tInformación objetiva sobrecuestiones militares,incluida la transparencia delos gastos militares \n\tA/66/89\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t17/06/2011\t14/06/2011\t11/07/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme del Grupo de ExpertosGubernamentales encargado deexaminar el funcionamiento yperfeccionamiento delInstrumento normalizado delas Naciones Unidas depresentación de informessobre gastos militares \n\tA/66/117/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t15/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo a lainformación objetiva sobrecuestiones militares,incluida la transparencia delos gastos militares(adición) \n88.\tProhibición del desarrollo yde la fabricación de nuevostipos de armas de destrucciónen masa y de nuevos sistemasde tales armas: informe de laConferencia de Desarme \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011 \n89.\tAplicación de la Declaracióndel Océano Índico como zonade paz \n\tA/66/29 (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tDAGGC\t29/07/2011\t19/07/2011\t28/07/2011\n\tInforme del Comité Especialdel Océano Índico (Suplementonúm. 29) \n90.\tTratado sobre una zona librede armas nucleares en África \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n91.\tLa verificación en todos susaspectos, incluida la funciónde las Naciones Unidas en laesfera de la verificación \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n92.\tExamen de la aplicación de laDeclaración sobre elfortalecimiento de laseguridad internacional \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n93.\tAvances en la esfera de lainformación y lastelecomunicaciones en elcontexto de la seguridadinternacional \n\tA/66/152\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t15/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los avances enla esfera de la información ylas telecomunicaciones en elcontexto de la seguridadinternacional \n\tA/66/152/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t21/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los avances enla esfera de la información ylas telecomunicaciones en elcontexto de la seguridadinternacional (adición) \n94.\tCreación de una zona libre dearmas nucleares en la regióndel Oriente Medio \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t15/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la creación deuna zona libre de armasnucleares en la región delOriente Medio (Part I) \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la creación deuna zona libre de armasnucleares en la región delOriente Medio (Part I)(adición) \n95.\tConcertación de arreglosinternacionales eficaces paradar garantías a los Estadosque no poseen armas nuclearescontra el empleo o la amenazadel empleo de armas nucleares \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n96.\tPrevención de la carrera dearmamentos en el espacioultraterrestre \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n97.\tFunción de la ciencia y latecnología en el contexto dela seguridad internacional yel desarme \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n98.\tDesarme general y completo \n\tA/66/176\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo a lainformación sobre medidas defomento de la confianza en laesfera de las armasconvencionales \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n\tA/66/176/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t21/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo a lainformación sobre medidas defomento de la confianza en laesfera de las armasconvencionales (adición) \n\tA/66/171\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t22/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme anual de laOrganización para laProhibición de las ArmasQuímicas \ne)\tHacia un tratado sobre elcomercio de armas:establecimiento de normasinternacionales comunes parala importación, exportación ytransferencia de armasconvencionales \n\tA/66/166\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t20/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al tratadosobre el comercio de armas:opiniones de los EstadosMiembros \n\tA/66/166/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t21/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al tratadosobre el comercio de armas:opiniones de los EstadosMiembros (adición) \ng)\tTransparencia en materia dearmamentos \n\tA/66/127\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t18/07/2011\t12/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Registro deArmas Convencionales de lasNaciones Unidas \n\tA/66/127/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t21/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Registro deArmas Convencionales de lasNaciones Unidas (adición) \nh)\tDesarme regional \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \ni)\tControl de las armasconvencionales en los planosregional y subregional \n\tA/66/154\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t15/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el control delas armas convencionales enlos planos regional ysubregional \n\tA/66/154/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el control delas armas convencionales enlos planos regional ysubregional (adición) \nj)\tMedidas de fomento de laconfianza en el contextoregional y subregional \n\tA/66/112\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t28/06/2011\t21/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidas defomento de la confianza en elcontexto regional ysubregional \n\tA/66/112/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t15/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidas defomento de la confianza en elcontexto regional ysubregional (adición) \nk)\tAsistencia a los Estados paradetener el tráfico ilícito dearmas pequeñas y armasligeras y proceder a surecogida \n\tA/66/177\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistencia alos Estados para detener eltráfico ilícito de armaspequeñas y armas ligeras yproceder a su recogida; elcomercio ilícito de armaspequeñas y armas ligeras entodos sus aspectos \nl)\tRelación entre desarme ydesarrollo \n\tA/66/168\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t21/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la relaciónentre desarme y desarrollo \n\tA/66/168/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t15/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la relaciónentre desarme y desarrollo(adición) \nm)\tObservancia de las normasambientales en la elaboracióny la aplicación de losacuerdos de desarme y controlde armamentos \n\tA/66/97\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t27/06/2011\t22/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la observanciade las normas ambientales enla elaboración y laaplicación de los acuerdos dedesarme y control dearmamentos \n\tA/66/97/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la observanciade las normas ambientales enla elaboración y laaplicación de los acuerdos dedesarme y control dearmamentos (adición) \nn)\tPromoción delmultilateralismo en la esferadel desarme y la noproliferación \n\tA/66/111\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t28/06/2011\t21/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la promocióndel multilateralismo en laesfera del desarme y la noproliferación \n\tA/66/111/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la promocióndel multilateralismo en laesfera del desarme y la noproliferación (adición) \no)\tDesarme nuclear \n\tA/66/132\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t13/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre desarmenuclear; reducción delpeligro nuclear; yseguimiento de la opiniónconsultiva de la CorteInternacional de Justiciasobre la legalidad de laamenaza o el empleo de lasarmas nucleares \n\tA/66/132/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre desarmenuclear; reducción delpeligro nuclear; yseguimiento de la opiniónconsultiva de la CorteInternacional de Justiciasobre la legalidad de laamenaza o el empleo de lasarmas nucleares (adición) \np)\tAplicación de la Convenciónsobre la prohibición deldesarrollo, la producción, elalmacenamiento y el empleo dearmas químicas y sobre sudestrucción \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \nq)\tHacia un mundo libre de armasnucleares: aceleración delcumplimiento de loscompromisos en materia dedesarme nuclear \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \ns)\tMedidas para evitar laadquisición por terroristasde armas de destrucción enmasa \n\tA/66/115\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t29/06/2011\t26/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidaspara evitar la adquisiciónpor terroristas de armas dedestrucción en masa \n\tA/66/115/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t19/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidaspara evitar la adquisiciónpor terroristas de armas dedestrucción en masa (adición) \nt)\tEl comercio ilícito de armaspequeñas y armas ligeras entodos sus aspectos \n\tA/66/177\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la asistencia alos Estados para detener eltráfico ilícito de armaspequeñas y armas ligeras yproceder a su recogida; elcomercio ilícito de armaspequeñas y armas ligeras entodos sus aspectos (tambiénen relación con el tema 98k)) \nu)\tTratado de prohibición de laproducción de materialfisionable para lafabricación de armasnucleares u otrosdispositivos explosivosnucleares \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \nv)\tMedidas de transparencia yfomento de la confianza enlas actividades relativas alespacio ultraterrestre \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011 \nw)\tMancomunación de esfuerzospara la eliminación total delas armas nucleares \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \ny)\tMisiles \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n99.\tExamen y aplicación delDocumento de Clausura delduodécimo períodoextraordinario de sesiones dela Asamblea General \na)\tCentro Regional de lasNaciones Unidas para la Paz yel Desarme en África \n\tA/66/159\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t19/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el CentroRegional de las NacionesUnidas para la Paz y elDesarme en África \nb)\tCentros regionales de lasNaciones Unidas para la paz yel desarme \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \nc)\tCentro Regional de lasNaciones Unidas para la Paz,el Desarme y el Desarrollo enAmérica Latina y el Caribe \n\tA/66/140\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t14/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el CentroRegional de las NacionesUnidas para la Paz, elDesarme y el Desarrollo enAmérica Latina y el Caribe \ne)\tCentro Regional de lasNaciones Unidas para la Paz yel Desarme en Asia y elPacífico \n\tA/66/113\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t28/06/2011\t13/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el CentroRegional de las NacionesUnidas para la Paz y elDesarme en Asia y el Pacífico \nf)\tMedidas de fomento de laconfianza en el planoregional: actividades delComité Consultivo Permanentede las Naciones Unidasencargado de las cuestionesde seguridad en ÁfricaCentral \n\tA/66/163\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t20/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidas defomento de la confianza en elplano regional: actividadesdel Comité ConsultivoPermanente de las NacionesUnidas encargado de lascuestiones de seguridad enÁfrica Central \n100.\tExamen de la aplicación delas recomendaciones ydecisiones aprobadas por laAsamblea General en su décimoperíodo extraordinario desesiones \n\tA/66/123\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t29/07/2011\t11/07/2011\t25/07/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme sobre el Instituto delas Naciones Unidas deInvestigación sobre elDesarme \n\tA/66/125\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t29/07/2011\t11/07/2011\t19/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la labor de laJunta Consultiva en Asuntosde Desarme \na)\tInforme de la Conferencia deDesarme \n\tA/66/27 (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n\tInforme de la Conferencia deDesarme (Ginebra, agosto aseptiembre de 2011)(Suplemento núm. 27) \nb)\tInforme de la Comisión deDesarme \n\tA/66/42 (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tDAGGC\t29/04/2011\t21/04/2011\t04/05/2011\n\tInforme de la Comisión deDesarme (4 a 21 de abril de2011) (Suplemento núm. 42) \n101.\tEl riesgo de proliferaciónnuclear en el Oriente Medio \n\tA/66/\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t11/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el riesgo deproliferación nuclear en elOriente Medio \n102.\tConvención sobreprohibiciones o restriccionesdel empleo de ciertas armasconvencionales que puedanconsiderarse excesivamentenocivas o de efectosindiscriminados \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n103.\tFortalecimiento de laseguridad y la cooperación enla región del Mediterráneo \n\tA/66/122\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t08/07/2011\t27/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de laseguridad y la cooperación enla región del Mediterráneo \n\tA/66/122/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t15/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de laseguridad y la cooperación enla región del Mediterráneo(adición) \n104.\tTratado de prohibicióncompleta de los ensayosnucleares \n\tA/66/155\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t15/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Tratado deprohibición completa de losensayos nucleares \n\tA/66/155/Add.1\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t21/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Tratado deprohibición completa de losensayos nucleares (adición) \n\tA/66/165\t03/10/2011\tOAD\t25/07/2011\t20/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme anual de la ComisiónPreparatoria de laOrganización del Tratado deProhibición Completa de losEnsayos Nucleares \n105.\tConvención sobre laprohibición del desarrollo,la producción y elalmacenamiento de armasbacteriológicas (biológicas)y toxínicas y sobre sudestrucción \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n106.\tRevitalización de la labor dela Conferencia de Desarme ypromoción de lasnegociaciones multilateralesde desarme \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t03/10/2011\tOAD \n107.\tPrevención del delito yjusticia penal \n\tA/66/\t05/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el seguimientodel 12º Congreso de lasNaciones Unidas sobrePrevención del Delito yJusticia Penal y lospreparativos para el 13ºCongreso de las NacionesUnidas sobre Prevención delDelito y Justicia Penal \n\tA/66/\t05/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tInforme del InstitutoAfricano de las NacionesUnidas para la Prevención delDelito y el Tratamiento delDelincuente \n\tA/66/\t05/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento del programade las Naciones Unidas enmateria de prevención deldelito y justicia penal, enparticular de su capacidad decooperación técnica \n\tA/66/92\t05/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la Conferencia delas Partes en la Convenciónde las Naciones Unidas contrala Delincuencia OrganizadaTransnacional \n108.\tFiscalización internacionalde drogas \n\tA/66/\t05/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la cooperacióninternacional contra elproblema mundial de lasdrogas \n109.\tMedidas para eliminar elterrorismo internacional \n\tA/66/37 (Supp.)\t03/10/2011\tOAJ\t22/04/2011\t25/04/2011\t17/05/2011\n\tInforme del Comité Especialestablecido en virtud de laresolución 51/210 de laAsamblea General, de 17 dediciembre de 1996 (NuevaYork, 11 a 15 de abril de2011) (Suplemento núm. 37) \n\tA/66/96\t03/10/2011\tOAJ\t29/07/2011\t24/06/2011\t26/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las medidaspara eliminar el terrorismointernacional \n110.\tMemoria del SecretarioGeneral sobre la labor de laOrganización \n\tA/66/1 (Supp.)\t04/10/2011\tOESG\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tMemoria del SecretarioGeneral sobre la labor de laOrganización (Suplemento núm.1) \n111.\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el Fondo parala Consolidación de la Paz \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t06/10/2011 \n112.\tNotificación hecha por elSecretario General en virtuddel párrafo 2 del Artículo 12de la Carta de las NacionesUnidas \n\tA/66/300\t08/11/2011\tDAP\t30/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la notificaciónhecha por el SecretarioGeneral en virtud del párrafo2 del Artículo 12 de la Cartade las Naciones Unidas \n113.\tElecciones para llenarvacantes en órganosprincipales \nc)\tElección de cinco miembros dela Corte Internacional deJusticia \n\tA/66/182-S/2011/452\t10/11/2011\tOAJ\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tMemorando del SecretarioGeneral sobre la elección decinco miembros de la CorteInternacional de Justicia \n\tA/66/183-S/2011/453\t10/11/2011\tOAJ\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite lalista de candidatospropuestos por gruposnacionales \n\tA/66/184-S/2011/454\t10/11/2011\tOAJ\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmiten losdatos biográficos de loscandidatos propuestos porgrupos nacionales \n114.\tElecciones para llenarvacantes en órganossubsidiarios y otraselecciones \nb)\tElección de los miembros dela Comisión de DerechoInternacional \n\tA/66/88\t16/11/2011\tOAJ\t13/06/2011\t07/06/2011\t10/06/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmiten lascandidaturas presentadas porlos gobiernos \n\tA/66/88/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOAJ 17/06/2011\t17/06/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmiten lascandidaturas presentadas porlos gobiernos (adición 1) \n\tA/66/88/Add.2\t16/11/2011\tOAJ \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmiten lascandidaturas presentadas porlos gobiernos (adición 2) \n\tA/66/88/Add.3\t16/11/2011\tOAJ \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmiten lascandidaturas presentadas porlos gobiernos (adición 3) \n\tA/66/90\t16/11/2011\tOAJ\t30/06/2011\t17/06/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmiten loscurrículos de los candidatospropuestos por los gobiernos \n\tA/66/\t16/11/2011\tOAJ\t31/10/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la elección de losmiembros de la Comisión deDerecho Internacional por laque se trasmite la listaconsolidada de miembros \n\tA/66/90/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOAJ\t29/07/2011\t28/06/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmiten loscurrículos de los candidatospara integrar la Comisión deDerecho Internacional(adición) \n115.\tNombramientos para llenarvacantes en órganossubsidiarios y otrosnombramientos \na)\tNombramiento de miembros dela Comisión Consultiva enAsuntos Administrativos y dePresupuesto \n\tA/66/101\t03/11/2011\tDG\t15/03/2011\t15/03/2011\t17/03/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros de la ComisiónConsultiva en AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto \nb)\tNombramiento de miembros dela Comisión de Cuotas \n\tA/66/102\t03/11/2011\tDG\t15/03/2011\t15/03/2011\t18/03/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros de la Comisión deCuotas \nc)\tConfirmación del nombramientode miembros del Comité deInversiones \n\tA/66/103\t03/11/2011\tDG\t15/03/2011\t15/03/2011\t18/03/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros del Comité deInversiones \nd)\tNombramiento de un miembro dela Junta de Auditores \n\tA/66/104\t03/11/2011\tDG\t15/03/2011\t15/03/2011\t17/03/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros de la Junta deAuditores \ne)\tNombramiento de miembros delComité Asesor Independientede Auditoría \n\tA/66/105\t03/11/2011\tDG\t15/03/2011\t15/03/2011\t18/03/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros del Comité AsesorIndependiente de Auditoría \nf)\tNombramiento de miembros delComité de Conferencias \n\tA/66/107\t01/12/2011\tDAGGC\t06/06/2011\t06/06/2011\t10/06/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros del Comité deConferencias \ng)\tNombramiento de miembros dela Dependencia Común deInspección \n\tA/66/106\t01/12/2011\tDG\t17/06/2011\t16/06/2011\t22/06/2011\n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento demiembros de la DependenciaComún de Inspección \nh)\tAprobación del nombramientodel Alto Comisionado de lasNaciones Unidas para losDerechos Humanos \n\tA/66/108\t13/12/2011\tOESG\t19/08/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre la aprobación delnombramiento del AltoComisionado de las NacionesUnidas para los DerechosHumanos \ni)\tNombramiento de losmagistrados del TribunalContencioso-Administrativo delas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/109\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento de losmagistrados del TribunalContencioso-Administrativo delas Naciones Unidas \nj)\tNombramiento de losmagistrados del Tribunal deApelaciones de las NacionesUnidas \n\tA/66/110\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNota del Secretario Generalsobre el nombramiento de losmagistrados del Tribunal deApelaciones de las NacionesUnidas \n116.\tAdmisión de nuevos Miembrosen las Naciones Unidas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n117.\tSeguimiento de los resultadosde la Cumbre del Milenio \n\tA/66/\t19/09/2011\tACNUDH \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme del Relator Especialsobre el derecho a laeducación: el derecho a laeducación en situaciones deemergencia \n\tA/66/126\t19/09/2011\tDAES\t11/07/2011\t11/07/2011\t02/08/2011\n\tInforme anual del SecretarioGeneral sobre medidas paraacelerar el logro de losObjetivos de Desarrollo delMilenio: opciones decrecimiento sostenido einclusivo y cuestionesrelativas a la promoción dela agenda de las NacionesUnidas para el desarrollo conposterioridad a 2015 \n\tA/66/\t19/09/2011\tONU-Mujeres \n\tInforme exhaustivo delSecretario General sobre lapropuesta relativa a la nuevaentidad encargada de lascuestiones de género \n\tA/66/\t19/09/2011\tDAES \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la coherenciaen todo el sistema \n\tA/66/83\t19/09/2011\tDAES\t02/05/2011\t19/05/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre prevención ycontrol de las enfermedadesno transmisibles \n\tA/66/120\t19/09/2011\tONU-Mujeres\t08/07/2011\t01/07/2011\t28/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elfortalecimiento de losarreglos institucionalesdestinados a apoyar laigualdad entre los géneros yel empoderamiento de la mujer \n\tA/66/\t15/11/2011\tDAES\t06/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre elempoderamiento jurídico delos pobres y la erradicaciónde la pobreza \n119.\tSeguimiento de la celebracióndel bicentenario de laabolición de la tratatransatlántica de esclavos \n\tA/66/\t08/12/2011\tDIP\t29/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la continuaciónde la labor de ejecución delprograma de difusióneducativa para movilizar,entre otras, a lasinstituciones docentes y lasociedad civil en relacióncon el tema del recuerdo dela trata transatlántica deesclavos y la esclavitud \n\tA/66/162\t08/12/2011\tUNFIP\t26/07/2011\t20/07/2011\t29/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el monumentopermanente y recuerdo de lasvíctimas de la esclavitud yde la trata transatlántica deesclavos: situación del FondoFiduciario de las NacionesUnidas para laColaboración-MonumentoPermanente \n120.\tAplicación de lasresoluciones de las NacionesUnidas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t22/11/2011 \n121.\tRevitalización de la labor dela Asamblea General \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t22/11/2011 \n122.\tCuestión de la representaciónequitativa en el Consejo deSeguridad y del aumento delnúmero de sus miembros ycuestiones conexas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t08/11/2011 \n123.\tFortalecimiento del sistemade las Naciones Unidas \na)\tFortalecimiento del sistemade las Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDOMP\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la capacidadcivil \nb)\tFunción central del sistemade las Naciones Unidas en lagobernanza mundial \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDAES\t31/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la gobernanzaeconómica mundial y eldesarrollo \n124.\tReforma de las NacionesUnidas: medidas y propuestas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n125.\tSeguimiento de lasrecomendaciones sobre lagestión administrativa y lasupervisión internaformuladas por el Comité deInvestigación Independientesobre el Programa \"Petróleopor Alimentos\" de lasNaciones Unidas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n126.\tSalud mundial y políticaexterior \n\tA/66/\t08/12/2011\tDAES\t28/09/2011 \n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se transmite elinforme de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud sobresalud mundial y políticaexterior \n127.\tTribunal Penal Internacionalpara el enjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables degenocidio y otras violacionesgraves del derechointernacional humanitariocometidas en el territorio deRwanda y de los ciudadanosrwandeses presuntamenteresponsables de genocidio yotras violaciones de esanaturaleza cometidas en elterritorio de Estados vecinosentre el 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994 \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n128.\tTribunal Internacional parael enjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables de lasviolaciones graves delderecho internacionalhumanitario cometidas en elterritorio de la exYugoslavia desde 1991 \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n129.\tMecanismo ResidualInternacional de losTribunales Penales \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n130.\tInteracción entre lasNaciones Unidas, losparlamentos nacionales y laUnión Interparlamentaria \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado\t02/12/2011 \n131.\tInformes financieros yestados financieroscomprobados e informes de laJunta de Auditores \n\tA/66/151 JA\t18/07/2011\t14/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme sobre los progresoshechos en la aplicación delas Normas ContablesInternacionales para elSector Público \n A/66/ DG \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la aplicaciónde las recomendaciones de laJunta de Auditores contenidasen su informe sobre el planmaestro de mejoras deinfraestructuracorrespondiente al ejercicioterminado el 31 de diciembrede 2011 \nb)\tFondos de contribucionesvoluntarias administrados porel Alto Comisionado de lasNaciones Unidas para losRefugiados \n\tA/66/5/Add.5 (Supp.) JA\t18/07/2011\t14/07/2011\t\n\tFondos de contribucionesvoluntarias administrados porel Alto Comisionado de lasNaciones Unidas para losRefugiados (Suplemento núm.5E) (adición 5) \n\tA/66/139 JA\t18/07/2011\t14/07/2011\t\n\tNota del Secretario Generalpor la que se trasmite elinforme de la Junta deAuditores sobre la aplicaciónde sus recomendacionesrelativas al bienio 2008-2009 \nc)\tPlan maestro de mejoras deinfraestructura \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Supp.) JA\t18/07/2011\t07/07/2011\t\n\tInforme de la Junta deAuditores sobre el planmaestro de mejoras deinfraestructuracorrespondiente al añoterminado el 31 de diciembrede 2009 (Vol. V) (Suplementonúm. 5) \n132.\tExamen de la eficiencia delfuncionamiento administrativoy financiero de las NacionesUnidas \n\tA/66/16 (Supp.) DG\t08/07/2011\t05/07/2011\t07/07/2011\n\tInforme del Comité delPrograma y de la Coordinaciónrelativo a su 51º período desesiones (6 de junio a 1 dejulio de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 16) \n\tA/66/299 CAIA\t11/08/2011 \n\tInforme del Comité AsesorIndependiente de Auditoríasobre sus actividades duranteel período comprendido entreel 1 de agosto de 2010 y el31 de julio de 2011 \n133.\tPresupuesto por programaspara el bienio 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DG\t11/11/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al segundoinforme sobre la ejecucióndel presupuesto por programaspara el bienio 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/188 UNFIP\t27/07/2011\t27/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la Oficina delas Naciones Unidas para lasAsociaciones de Colaboración \n\tA/66/82 DG\t18/05/2011\t18/05/2011\t31/05/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al informeunificado sobre los cambiosdel plan por programas bienalreflejados en el presupuestopor programas para el bienio2010-2011 y en el proyecto depresupuesto por programaspara el bienio 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DG\t10/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el novenoinforme anual sobre la marchade la ejecución del planmaestro de mejoras deinfraestructura \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre propuestas parafinanciar los costosasociados con el plan maestrode mejoras de infraestructura \n134.\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013 \n\tA/66/7 (Supp.) CCAAP\t10/08/2011 \n\tPrimer informe de la ComisiónConsultiva en AsuntosAdministrativos y dePresupuesto sobre el proyectode presupuesto por programaspara el bienio 2012-2013(Suplemento núm. 7) \n A/66/6 (Introduction) DG \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: prólogo eintroducción \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 1) DG\t28/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 1,Determinación de políticas,dirección y coordinación \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 2) DG\t04/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 2, Asuntosde la Asamblea General y delConsejo Económico y Social ygestión de conferencias \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 3) DG\t25/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 3, Asuntospolíticos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 4) DG\t01/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 4, Desarme \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 5) DG\t16/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 5,Operaciones de mantenimientode la paz \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 6) DG\t31/03/2011\t17/03/2011\t13/04/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 6,utilización del espacioultraterrestre con finespacíficos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 7) DG\t31/03/2011\t17/03/2011\t24/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 7, CorteInternacional de Justicia \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 8) y Corr.1 DG\t04/04/2011 24/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 8, Asuntosjurídicos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 9) DG\t04/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 9, Asuntoseconómicos y sociales \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 10) DG\t07/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 10, paísesmenos adelantados, países endesarrollo sin litoral ypequeños Estados insulares endesarrollo \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 11) DG\t08/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 11, Apoyode las Naciones Unidas a laNueva Alianza para elDesarrollo de África \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 12) DG\t11/04/2011 27/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 12,Comercio y desarrollo \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DG\t01/04/2011 20/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 13, Centrode Comercio Internacional \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DG\t05/09/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 13, Centrode Comercio Internacional(adición) \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 14) DG\t15/04/2011 11/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 14, Medioambiente \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 15) DG\t27/04/2011 18/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 15,Asentamientos humanos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 16) y Corr.1 DG\t22/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 16,Fiscalización internacionalde drogas, prevención deldelito y del terrorismo yjusticia penal \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 17) DG\t02/05/2011 24/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 17,ONU-Mujeres \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 18) DG\t25/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 18,Desarrollo económico y socialen África \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 19) DG\t20/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 19,Desarrollo económico y socialen Asia y el Pacífico \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 20) DG\t11/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 20,Desarrollo económico enEuropa \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 21) DG\t18/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 21,Desarrollo económico y socialen América Latina y el Caribe \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 22) DG\t14/04/2011 26/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 22,Desarrollo económico y socialen Asia Occidental \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 23) DG\t04/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 23,programa ordinario decooperación técnica \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 24) DG\t22/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 24,Derechos humanos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 25) DG\t31/03/2011 15/04/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 25,Protección internacional,soluciones duraderas yasistencia a los refugiados \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 26) y Corr.1 DG\t29/04/2011 24/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 26,Refugiados de Palestina \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 27) DG\t07/04/2011 24/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 27,Asistencia humanitaria \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 28) y Corr.1 DG\t13/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 28,Información pública \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29) DG\t06/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29,Servicios de gestión y deapoyo \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29A) DG\t28/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29A,Oficina del SecretarioGeneral Adjunto de Gestión \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29B) DG\t15/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29B,Oficina de Planificación deProgramas, Presupuesto yContaduría General \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29C) DG\t18/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29C,Oficina de Gestión deRecursos Humanos \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29D) DG\t22/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29D,Oficina de ServiciosCentrales de Apoyo \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29E) DG\t23/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29E,Administración, Ginebra \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29F) y Corr.1 DG\t20/04/2011 26/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29F,Administración, Viena \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29G) DG\t29/04/2011 26/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 29G,Administración, Nairobi \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 30) DG\t05/05/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 30,Oficina de Tecnología de laInformación y lasComunicaciones \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 31) DG\t08/04/2011 25/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 31,Supervisión interna \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 32) DG\t09/05/2011 20/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 32,Actividades administrativasde financiación conjunta \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 33) DG\t02/05/2011 16/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 33, Gastosespeciales \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 34) DG\t06/05/2011 01/06/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 34,Construcción, reforma,mejoras y trabajosimportantes de mantenimiento \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 35) DG\t27/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 35,Seguridad \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 36) DG\t11/05/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 36, Cuentapara el Desarrollo \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 37) DG\t02/05/2011 02/06/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 37,Contribuciones del personal \n\tA/66/6 (Income Sect. 1) DG\t09/05/2011 02/06/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: sección 1 deingresos, Ingresos porconcepto de contribucionesdel personal. \n\tA/66/6 (Income Sect. 2) DG\t22/04/2011 26/05/2011\n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: Sección 2 deingresos, Ingresos generales \n\tA/66/6 (Income Sect. 3) DG\t29/04/2011 \n\tProyecto de presupuesto porprogramas para el bienio2012-2013: Sección 3 deingresos, Servicios alpúblico \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Supp.) JA\t18/07/2011 \n\tInforme de la Junta deAuditores correspondiente alaño terminado el 31 dediciembre de 2010 (Vol. V)(Suplemento núm. 5) (tambiénen relación con el tema 131c)) \n\tA/66/ DG\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al informesobre la marcha del planestratégico de conservacióndel patrimonio de la Oficinade las Naciones Unidas enGinebra \n\tA/66/74 ACNUDH\t20/04/2011\t20/04/2011\t29/04/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la marcha deaplicación de lasrecomendaciones del informede la Oficina de Servicios deSupervisión Interna sobre laeficiencia de la ejecucióndel mandato de la Oficina delAlto Comisionado de lasNaciones Unidas para losDerechos Humanos \n\tA/66/ DAAT\t06/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el examenexhaustivo de los arreglosactuales de financiación yapoyo para las misionespolíticas especiales \n\tA/66/85 CAIA\t27/05/2011\t27/05/2011\t15/06/2011\n\tInforme del Comité Asesor deAuditoría Independiente sobresupervisión interna: proyectode presupuesto por programaspara el bienio 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DG\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el marco degestión de emergencias \n\tA/66/84 DG\t25/05/2011\t24/05/2011\t16/06/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la ejecución deproyectos financiados concargo a la Cuenta para elDesarrollo: séptimo informesobre la marcha de lostrabajos \n\tA/66/ DG\t08/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre una propuestade mecanismo para determinarlas prestaciones dejubilación \n\tA/66/ DG\t07/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laadministración de bienes ylos proyectos de construcciónen curso fuera de la Sede \n\tA/66/ DG\t17/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el TribunalEspecial para Sierra Leona \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al tercerinforme sobre la marcha delproyecto de planificación delos recursos institucionales \n\tA/66/ DG\t19/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad \n\tA/66/ /Add.1 DG\t30/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad: grupo temáticoI \n\tA/66/ /Add.2 DG\t15/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad: grupo temáticoII \n\tA/66/ /Add.3 DG\t11/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad: grupo temáticoIII \n\tA/66/ /Add.4 DG\t17/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad: Misión deAsistencia de las NacionesUnidas en el Afganistán \n\tA/66/ /Add.5 DG\t17/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones respecto de lasmisiones políticasespeciales, los buenosoficios y otras iniciativaspolíticas autorizadas por laAsamblea General o el Consejode Seguridad: Misión deAsistencia de las NacionesUnidas en el Iraq \n\tA/66/ DG\t19/12/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones revisadas:efecto de las variaciones delos tipos de cambio y lastasas de inflación \n\tA/66/ DG\t31/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al estudiode factibilidad sobre lasnecesidades de alojamiento alargo plazo de las NacionesUnidas \n\tA/66/ DG\t11/11/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las facultadesdiscrecionales limitadas \n\tA/66/170 DG\t22/07/2011\t21/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la solicitud deuna subvención para elInstituto de las NacionesUnidas de Investigación sobreel Desarme basada en lasrecomendaciones de la Juntade Consejeros del Institutosobre el programa de trabajodel Instituto para 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DG\t22/12/2011 \n\tEstado consolidado de loscargos al fondo paraimprevistos \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones revisadas parala Oficina del DirectorGeneral de la oficina de lasNaciones Unidas en Nairobi \n\tA/66/ DG\t18/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral relativo al cuartoinforme sobre la marcha de laadopción de las NormasContables Internacionalespara el Sector Público porlas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/ CCPPNU \n\tInforme del Comité Mixto dePensiones del Personal de lasNaciones Unidas sobre gastosadministrativos \n\tA/66/ DG\t21/11/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones revisadasresultantes de lasresoluciones y decisionesaprobadas por el Consejo deDerechos Humanos en susperíodos de sesiones 16º y17º \n\tA/66/ DG\t07/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones revisadasresultantes de lasresoluciones y decisionesadoptadas por el ConsejoEconómico y Social en superíodo de sesionessustantivo y la continuaciónde su período de sesionessustantivo de 2011 \n\tA/66/94 DG\t28/06/2011\t22/06/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre iniciativasrelativas a la tecnología dela información y lascomunicaciones a nivelinstitucional para laSecretaría de las NacionesUnidas \n135.\tPlanificación de losprogramas \n\tA/66/16 (Supp.) DG\t08/07/2011\t05/07/2011\t07/07/2011\n\tInforme del Comité delPrograma y de la Coordinaciónrelativo a su 51º período desesiones (6 de junio a 1 dejulio de 2011) (Suplementonúm. 16) (también en relacióncon el tema 132) \n136.\tMejoramiento de la situaciónfinanciera de las NacionesUnidas \n A/66/ DG \n\tInforme periódico delSecretario General sobre elmejoramiento de la situaciónfinanciera de las NacionesUnidas \n137.\tPlan de conferencias \n\tA/66/118 DAGGC\t01/07/2011\t01/07/2011\t25/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el plan deconferencias \n\tA/66/32 (Supp.) DAGGC\t26/09/2011 \n\tInforme del Comité deConferencias correspondientea 2011 (Suplemento núm. 32) \n138.\tEscala de cuotas para elprorrateo de los gastos delas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/11 (Supp.) DG\t08/07/2011\t08/07/2011\t22/07/2011\n\tInforme de la Comisión deCuotas sobre su 71° períodode sesiones (6 a 24 de juniode 2011) (Suplemento núm. 11) \n\tA/66/69 DG\t28/03/2011\t18/03/2011\t29/03/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre los planes depago plurianuales \n139.\tGestión de los recursoshumanos \n\tA/66/135 DG\t29/07/2011\t13/07/2011\t28/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la práctica delSecretario General encuestiones disciplinarias ycasos de presunta conductadelictiva, 1 de julio de 2010a 30 de junio de 2011 \n\tA/66/98 DG\t30/06/2011\t27/06/2011\t13/07/2011\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre conflictos deintereses personales \n\tA/66/ OESG\t19/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesde la Oficina de Ética \n\tA/66/ DG\t31/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre la composiciónde la Secretaría \n140.\tDependencia Común deInspección \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n141.\tRégimen común de las NacionesUnidas \n\tA/66/30 (Supp.) CAPI\t23/08/2011 \n\tInforme de la Comisión deAdministración PúblicaInternacional correspondienteal año 2011 (Suplemento núm.30) \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tExposición presentada por elSecretario General deconformidad con el artículo53 del reglamento de laAsamblea General sobre lasconsecuencias administrativasy financieras de lasdecisiones y recomendacionesque figuran en el informe dela Comisión de AdministraciónPública Internacional \n142.\tInforme sobre las actividadesde la Oficina de Servicios deSupervisión Interna \n\tA/66/ (Part I) OSSI\t09/08/2011 \n\tActividades de la Oficina deServicios de SupervisiónInterna correspondientes alperíodo comprendido entre el1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 dejunio de 2011 (Parte I) \n\tA/66/ (Part I)/Add.1 OSSI\t15/08/2011 \n\tActividades de la Oficina deServicios de SupervisiónInterna correspondientes alperíodo comprendido entre el1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 dejunio de 2011 (Parte I)(adición) \n\tA/66/180 OSSI\t25/07/2011\t25/07/2011\t\n\tInforme de la Oficina deServicios de SupervisiónInterna sobre el examen delmarco organizacional de lasfunciones de informaciónpública de la Secretaría \n143.\tAdministración de justicia enlas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/\t10/10/2011\tOESG\t18/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laadministración de justicia enlas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/158\t10/10/2011\tOESG\t18/07/2011\t19/07/2011\t\n\tInforme del Consejo deJusticia Interna sobre laadministración de justicia enlas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/86\t10/10/2011\tOESG\t18/07/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre enmiendas delos reglamentos del TribunalContencioso-Administrativo delas Naciones Unidas y elTribunal de Apelaciones delas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/224 OESG\t03/08/2011\t02/08/2011\t\n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre las actividadesde la Oficina del Ombudsman yde Servicios de Mediación delas Naciones Unidas \n\tA/66/275 OESG\t02/08/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre laadministración de justicia enlas Naciones Unidas \n144.\tFinanciación del TribunalPenal Internacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables degenocidio y otras violacionesgraves del derechointernacional humanitariocometidas en el territorio deRwanda y de los ciudadanosrwandeses presuntamenteresponsables de genocidio yotras violaciones de esanaturaleza cometidas en elterritorio de Estados vecinosentre el 1 de enero y el 31de diciembre de 1994 \n\tA/66/ DG\t15/11/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el segundoinforme de ejecución delTribunal Penal Internacionalpara Rwanda correspondienteal bienio 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el presupuestodel Tribunal PenalInternacional para Rwandacorrespondiente al bienio2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DG\t19/12/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre lasestimaciones revisadas parael Tribunal PenalInternacional para la exYugoslavia y el TribunalPenal Internacional paraRwanda: efecto de lasvariaciones de los tipos decambio y las tasas deinflación \n145.\tFinanciación del TribunalInternacional para elenjuiciamiento de lospresuntos responsables de lasviolaciones graves delderecho internacionalhumanitario cometidas en elterritorio de la exYugoslavia desde 1991 \n\tA/66/ DG\t15/11/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el segundoinforme de ejecución delTribunal Internacional parala ex Yugoslaviacorrespondiente al bienio2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DG\t30/09/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el presupuestodel Tribunal PenalInternacional para la exYugoslavia correspondiente albienio 2012-2013 \n146.\tAspectos administrativos ypresupuestarios de lafinanciación de lasoperaciones de las NacionesUnidas para el mantenimientode la paz \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n147.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas en laRepública Centroafricana y elChad \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n148.\tFinanciación de la Operaciónde las Naciones Unidas enCôte d’Ivoire \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n149.\tFinanciación de la Fuerza delas Naciones Unidas para elMantenimiento de la Paz enChipre \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n150.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas en laRepública Democrática delCongo \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n151.\tFinanciación de la Misión deEstabilización de lasNaciones Unidas en laRepública Democrática delCongo \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n152.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas en TimorOriental \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n153.\tFinanciación de la MisiónIntegrada de las NacionesUnidas en Timor-Leste \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n154.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas enEtiopía y Eritrea \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n155.\tFinanciación de la Misión deObservadores de las NacionesUnidas en Georgia \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n156.\tFinanciación de la Misión deEstabilización de lasNaciones Unidas en Haití \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n157.\tFinanciación de la Misión deAdministración Provisional delas Naciones Unidas en Kosovo \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n158.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas enLiberia \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n159.\tFinanciación de las fuerzasde las Naciones Unidasencargadas del mantenimientode la paz en el Oriente Medio \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n160.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas en elSudán \n\tA/66/ DG\t07/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el destinofinal de los activos de laMisión de las Naciones Unidasen el Sudán \n161.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas para elReferéndum del SáharaOccidental \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n162.\tFinanciación de la OperaciónHíbrida de la Unión Africanay las Naciones Unidas enDarfur \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n163.\tFinanciación de lasactividades emprendidas encumplimiento de la resolución1863 (2009) del Consejo deSeguridad \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n164.\tInforme del Comité deRelaciones con el PaísAnfitrión \n\tA/66/26 (Supp.)\t10/11/2011\tOAJ\t28/10/2011 \n\tInforme del Comité deRelaciones con el PaísAnfitrión (Suplemento núm.26) \n\tA/AC.154/2011/CRP.____\t10/11/2011\tOAJ\t14/10/2011 \n\tProyecto de informe delComité de Relaciones con elPaís Anfitrión \n165.\tOtorgamiento de la condiciónde observador en la AsambleaGeneral al Consejo deCooperación de los Estados deHabla Túrquica \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n166.\tOtorgamiento de la condiciónde observador en la AsambleaGeneral a la OrganizaciónInternacional para la Gestiónde las Emergencias \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n167.\tOtorgamiento de la condiciónde observador en la AsambleaGeneral a la Unión deNaciones Suramericanas \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n168.\tOtorgamiento de la condiciónde observador en la AsambleaGeneral a la AgenciaInternacional de EnergíasRenovables \n\tNo se prevé que se presentedocumentación por adelantado \n169.\tFinanciación de la FuerzaProvisional de Seguridad delas Naciones Unidas paraAbyei \n\tA/66/ DG\t21/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el presupuestopara la Fuerza Provisional deSeguridad de las NacionesUnidas para Abyeicorrespondiente al períodocomprendido entre el 1 dejulio de 2011 y el 31 dediciembre de 2011 \n170.\tFinanciación de la Misión delas Naciones Unidas en Sudándel Sur \n\tA/66/ DG\t21/10/2011 \n\tInforme del SecretarioGeneral sobre el presupuestopara la Misión de lasNaciones Unidas en Sudán delSur correspondiente alperíodo comprendido entre el1 de julio de 2011 y el 31 dediciembre de 2011" ]
[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly: status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present addendum contains the status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly as at 3 August 2011. The agenda item numbers correspond to those of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "Acronyms and abbreviations", "ACABQ\tAdvisory Committee on Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions\n BOA Board of Auditors \n DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs \n DFS Department of Field Support \nDGACM\tDepartment for General Assembly and ConferenceManagement\n DM Department of Management \n DPA Department of Political Affairs \n DPI Department of Public Information \n DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations \n DSS Department of Safety and Security \n EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General \n IAAC Independent Audit Advisory Committee \n IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency \n ICJ International Court of Justice \n ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda \n ICTY International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia \n ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \n OAJ Office of the Administration of Justice \n OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \n ODA Office for Disarmament Affairs \nOHCHR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights\nOHRLLS\tOffice of the High Representative for the LeastDeveloped Countries, Landlocked Developing Countriesand Small Island Developing States\n OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services \n OLA Office of Legal Affairs \n OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa \nOSRSG/CAC\tOffice of the Special Representative of theSecretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict\n RCNYO Regional Commissions New York Office \n UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity \n UNCDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification \n UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development \n UNDP United Nations Development Programme \n UNEP United Nations Environment Programme \nUNFCCC\tUnited Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange\n UNFIP United Nations Fund for International Partnerships \n UNFPA United Nations Population Fund \n UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund \n UNJSPF United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund \n UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \n UNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs \nUNRWA\tUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRefugees in the Near East\nUNSCEAR\tUnited Nations Scientific Committee on the Effectsof Atomic Radiation\nUN-Women\tUnited Nations Entity for Gender Equality and theEmpowerment of Women", "Status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Item/sub-item\tSymbolDocument title\tMeetingdate\tAuthor\tSlotdateofsubmission\tDatereceived\tDateissued \n1.\tOpening of the session bythe President of theGeneral Assembly \n\tNo advance documentation\t13/9/2011 \n2.\tMinute of silent prayeror meditation \n\tNo advance documentation\t13/9/2011 \n3.\tCredentials ofrepresentatives to thesixty-sixth session ofthe General Assembly \n(b)\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tOLA\t7/12/2011 \n\tReport of the CredentialsCommittee \n4.\tElection of the Presidentof the General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n5.\tElection of the officersof the Main Committees \n No advance documentation \n6.\tElection of theVice-Presidents of theGeneral Assembly \n No advance documentation \n7.\tOrganization of work,adoption of the agendaand allocation of items:reports of the GeneralCommittee \n\tA/66/50 DGACM\t15/2/2011\t11/2/2011\t14/2/2011\n\tPreliminary list of itemsto be included in theprovisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/100 DGACM\t15/6/2011\t20/4/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tAnnotated preliminarylist of items to beincluded in theprovisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/150 DGACM\t15/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t15/7/2011\n\tProvisional agenda of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/100/Add.1 DGACM\t12/8/2011 \n\tAnnotated draft agenda ofthe sixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly (addendum) \n\tA/66/200 DGACM\t24/8/2011 \n\tList of supplementaryitems proposed forinclusion in the agendaof the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/BUR/66/1 DGACM\t13/9/2011 \n\tMemorandum by theSecretary-General:Organization of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly, adoption of theagenda and allocation ofitems \n\tA/66/250 DGACM\t15/9/2011 \n\tFirst report of theGeneral Committee:Organization of thesixty-sixth regularsession of the GeneralAssembly, adoption of theagenda and allocation ofitems \n\tA/66/251 DGACM\t19/9/2011 \n\tAgenda of the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/252 DGACM\t19/9/2011 \n\tAllocation of agendaitems for the sixty-sixthsession of the GeneralAssembly \n8.\tGeneral debate \n\tNo advance documentation\t21/9/2011 \n9.\tReport of the Economicand Social Council \n\tA/66/3 (Suppl.)\t19/10/2011\tDGACM\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of the Economicand Social Council(Suppl. No. 3) \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tUNFPA\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Executive Directorof the United NationsPopulation Fund on theUnited Nations PopulationAward, 2011 \n10.\tSport for peace anddevelopment \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n11.\tGlobal road safety crisis \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDESA\t3/10/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the World HealthOrganization on improvingglobal road safety \n12.\t2001-2010: Decade to RollBack Malaria inDeveloping Countries,Particularly in Africa \n\tA/66/\t11/10/2011\tDESA\t29/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconsolidating gains andaccelerating efforts tocontrol and eliminatemalaria in developingcountries, particularlyin Africa, by 2015 \n13.\tIntegrated andcoordinatedimplementation of andfollow-up to the outcomesof the major UnitedNations conferences andsummits in the economic,social and related fields \n\tA/66/160\t19/10/2011\tOCHA\t22/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tHuman security: Note bythe Secretariat \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t04/8/2011 \n\tAnnual report of theindependent expert onhuman rights obligationsrelated to access to safedrinking water andsanitation \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport with options forconsideration by theFifth Committee, toprovide adequatefinancing to fundunforeseen andextraordinary expensesarising from resolutionsand decisions of theHuman Rights Council \n14.\tGlobal Agenda forDialogue amongCivilization \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n15.\tCulture of peace \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportby the Director-Generalof the United NationsEducational, Scientificand Cultural Organizationon the InternationalDecade for a Culture ofPeace and Non-Violence \n\tA/66/280\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onintercultural,interreligiousintercivilizationaldialogue \n16.\tInformation andcommunicationtechnologies fordevelopment \n\tA/66/77-E/2011/103\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t9/5/2011\t4/5/2011\t23/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theenhanced cooperation onpublic policy issuespertaining to theInternet \n\tA/66/64-E/2011/77\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onprogress made in theimplementation of andfollow-up to the outcomesof the World Summit onthe Information Societyat the regional andinternational levels \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t17/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the WorkingGroup on improvements tothe Internet GovernanceForum \n17.\tMacroeconomic policyquestions \n\tA/66/15 (Part I) (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD 30/3/2011\t\n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-first executivesession (Geneva, 29-30November 2010) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part I) \n\tA/66/15 (Part II)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-second executivesession (Geneva, 11-12,14 April 2011) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part II) \n\tA/66/15 (Part III)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-third executivesession (Africa/Reportson Commissions) (Geneva,27 and 28 June and 11July 2011)(Suppl. No. 15) (PartIII) \n\tA/66/15 (Part IV)(Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD \n\tReport of the Trade andDevelopment Board on itsfifty-eighth regularsession (Geneva, 12-23September 2011) (Suppl.No. 15) (Part IV) \n(a)\tInternational trade anddevelopment \n\tA/66/138\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t25/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onunilateral economicmeasures as a means ofpolitical and economiccoercion againstdeveloping countries \n\tA/66/185\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational trade anddevelopment \n(b)\tInternational financialsystem and development \n\tA/66/167\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t22/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theinternational financialsystem and development \n(c)\tExternal debtsustainability anddevelopment \n\tA/66/164\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onexternal debtsustainability anddevelopment \n(d)\tCommodities \n\tA/66/207\t3/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t28/7/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General onworld commodity trendsand prospects \n18.\tFollow-up to andimplementation of theoutcome of the 2002International Conferenceon Financing forDevelopment and the 2008Review Conference \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to andimplementation of theMonterrey Consensus andDoha Declaration onFinancing for Development \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t29/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninnovative mechanisms offinancing for development \n19.\tSustainable development \n\tA/66/25 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tUNEP \n\tReport of the GoverningCouncil/GlobalMinisterial EnvironmentForum on the work of itstwenty-sixth session(21-24 February 2011)(Suppl. No. 25) \n\tA/66/ -E/2011/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t25/4/2011 \n\tSummary by the Presidentof the Council of thespecial high-levelmeeting of the Economicand Social Council withthe Bretton Woodsinstitutions, the WorldTrade Organization andthe United NationsConference on Trade andDevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNEP\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoil slick on Lebaneseshores \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprotection of coral reefsfor sustainablelivelihoods anddevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCCD \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theUnited Nations Conventionto Combat Desertificationin Those CountriesExperiencing SeriousDrought and/orDesertification,Particularly in Africa \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t11/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportssubmitted by thesecretariats of theUnited Nations FrameworkConvention on ClimateChange, the UnitedNations Convention toCombat Desertification inThose CountriesExperiencing SeriousDrought and/orDesertification,Particularly in Africa,and the Convention onBiological Diversity onthe implementation ofUnited Nationsenvironmental conventions \n(a)\tImplementation of Agenda21, the Programme for theFurther Implementation ofAgenda 21 and theoutcomes of the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onagricultural technologyfor development \n\tA/66/287\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of Agenda21, the Programme for theFurther Implementation ofAgenda 21 and theoutcomes of the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopment \n(b)\tFollow-up to andimplementation of theMauritius Strategy forthe FurtherImplementation of theProgramme of Action forthe SustainableDevelopment of SmallIsland Developing States \n\tA/66/218\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thereview of United Nationssystem support to smallisland developing States \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconcrete recommendationsto enhance theimplementation of theBarbados Programme ofAction and the MauritiusStrategy \n(c)\tInternational Strategyfor Disaster Reduction \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tISDR\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onInternational Strategyfor Disaster Reduction:midterm review of theHyogo Framework forAction \n(d)\tProtection of globalclimate for present andfuture generations \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNFCCC \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the United NationsFramework Convention onClimate Change onprotection of globalclimate for present andfuture generations ofhumankind \n(f)\tConvention on BiologicalDiversity \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCBD/DESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Year ofBiodiversity, 2010 \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUNCBD \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Conference of theParties to the Conventionon Biological Diversityon its tenth meeting \n(h)\tHarmony with Nature \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onHarmony with Nature \n(i)\tSustainable mountaindevelopment \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsustainable mountaindevelopment \n(j)\tPromotion of new andrenewable sources ofenergy \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDESA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion of new andrenewable sources ofenergy \n20.\tImplementation of theoutcome of the UnitedNations Conference onHuman Settlements(Habitat II) andstrengthening of theUnited Nations HumanSettlements Programme(UN-Habitat) \n\tA/66/8 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t2/5/2011 \n\tReport of the GoverningCouncil of the UnitedNations Human SettlementsProgramme, twenty-thirdsession (Nairobi, 11-15April) (Suppl. No. 8) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethird United NationsConference on Housing andSustainable UrbanDevelopment (Habitat III) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tUN-Habitat\t12/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theoutcome of the UnitedNations Conference onHuman Settlements(Habitat II) andstrengthening of theUnited Nations HumanSettlements Programme(UN-Habitat) \n\tA/66/\t24/10/2011\tDGACM \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reporton the coordinatedimplementation of theHabitat Agenda \n21.\tGlobalization andinterdependence \n\tA/66/187\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t26/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportby the Director-Generalof the United NationsEducational, Scientificand Cultural Organizationon culture anddevelopment \n(a)\tRole of the UnitedNations in promotingdevelopment in thecontext of globalizationand interdependence \n\tA/66/223\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobalization andinterdependence:sustained, inclusive andequitable economic growthfor a fair and moreequitable globalizationfor all, including jobcreation \n(c)\tDevelopment cooperationwith middle-incomecountries \n\tA/66/208\t10/10/2011\tUNCTAD\t1/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onscience and technologyfor development \n\tA/66/220\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopment cooperationwith middle-incomecountries \n22.\tGroups of countries inspecial situations \n(a)\tFollow-up to the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries \n\tA/CONF.219/7\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t20/6/2011\t16/6/2011\t\n\tReport of the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries (Istanbul,Turkey, 9-13 May) \n\tA/66/66-E/2011/78\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t1/2/2011\t7/2/2011\t14/3/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theten-year appraisal andreview of theimplementation of theBrussels Programme ofAction for the LeastDeveloped Countries forthe Decade 2001-2010 \n\tA/66/134\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t15/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on theoutcome of the FourthUnited Nations Conferenceon the Least DevelopedCountries \n(b)\tSpecific actions relatedto the particular needsand problems oflandlocked developingcountries: outcome of theInternational MinisterialConference of Landlockedand Transit DevelopingCountries and DonorCountries andInternational Financialand DevelopmentInstitutions on TransitTransport Cooperation \n\tA/66/205\t10/10/2011\tOHRLLS\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theAlmaty Programme ofAction: addressing thespecial needs oflandlocked developingcountries with a newglobal framework fortransit transportcooperation forlandlocked and transitdeveloping countries \n23.\tEradication of povertyand other developmentissues \n(a)\tImplementation of theSecond United NationsDecade for theEradication of Poverty(2008-2017) \n\tA/66/221\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t29/7/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theSecond United NationsDecade for theEradication of Poverty(2008-2017) \n(b)\tWomen in development \n\tA/66/219\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t01/8/2011\t01/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onintegrating a genderperspective into nationaldevelopment strategies \n(c)\tHuman resourcesdevelopment \n\tA/66/206\t10/10/2011\tDESA\t1/8/2011\t28/7/211\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman resourcesdevelopment \n24.\tOperational activitiesfor development \n(a)\tOperational activitiesfor development of theUnited Nations system \n\tA/66/79-E/2011/107\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t6/5/2011\t19/5/2011\t1/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theanalysis of the fundingof operational activitiesfor development of theUnited Nations system for2009 \n(b)\tSouth-South cooperationfor development \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tUNDP\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestate of South-Southcooperation fordevelopment \n25.\tAgriculture developmentand food security \n\tA/66/\t17/10/2011\tDESA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onagriculture developmentand food security:progress in theimplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit on Food Security \n26.\tTowards globalpartnerships \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tEOSG\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onenhanced cooperationbetween the UnitedNations and all relevantpartners, in particularthe private sector \n27.\tSocial development \n\tA/66/136\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t13/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncooperatives in socialdevelopment andimplementation of theInternational Year ofCooperatives \n\tA/66/62-E/2011/4\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t30/11/2010\t30/11/2010\t22/11/2010\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the tenthanniversary of theInternational Year ofFamily and beyond \n(a)\tImplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit for SocialDevelopment and of thetwenty-fourth specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/124\t03/10/2011\tDESA\t13/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theoutcome of the WorldSummit for SocialDevelopment and of thetwenty-fourth specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n\tA/66/226\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t21/7/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theworld social situation2011: the global socialcrisis \n(b)\tSocial development,including questionsrelating to the worldsocial situation and toyouth, ageing, disabledpersons and the family \n\tA/66/129\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Year ofYouth: Dialogue andMutual Understanding \n\tA/66/61-E/2011/3\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t29/11/2010\t22/11/2010\t28/12/2010\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theWorld Programme of Actionon Youth: United Nationssystem coordination andcollaboration related toyouth \n\tA/66/128\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onrealization of theMillennium DevelopmentGoals and otherinternationally agreeddevelopment goals forpersons with disabilities \n(c)\tFollow-up to theInternational Year ofOlder Persons: SecondWorld Assembly on Ageing \n\tA/66/173\t3/10/2011\tDESA\t22/7/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the SecondWorld Assembly on Ageing \n28.\tAdvancement of women \n\tA/66/38 (Suppl.)\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/4/2011\t6/4/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tReport of the Committeeon the Elimination ofDiscrimination againstWomen, forty-sixthsession(12-30 July 2010),forty-seventh session(4-22 October 2010) andforty-eighth session (17January-4 February 2011)(Suppl. No. 38) \n\tA/66/181\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on theimprovement of thesituation of women inrural areas \n\tA/66/212\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General onviolence against womenmigrant workers \n\tA/66/99\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/8/2011\t28/6/2011\t19/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Elimination of AllForms of Discriminationagainst Women \n(a)\tAdvancement of women \n\tA/66/215\t10/10/2011\tOHCHR\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron violence againstwomen, its causes andconsequences \n(b)\tImplementation of theoutcome of the FourthWorld Conference on Womenand of the twenty-thirdspecial session of theGeneral Assembly \n\tA/66/211\t10/10/2011\tUN-Women\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures taken andprogress achieved infollow-up to theimplementation of theBeijing Declaration andPlatform for Action andthe outcomes of thetwenty-third specialsession of the GeneralAssembly \n29.\tReport of the SecurityCouncil \n\tA/66/2 (Suppl.)\t8/11/2011\tDPA\t2/9/2011 \n\tReport of the SecurityCouncil covering theperiod from 1 August 2010to 31 July 2011 (Suppl.No. 2) \n30.\tReport of thePeacebuilding Commission \n\tNo advance documentation\t6/10/2011 \n31.\tSupport by the UnitedNations system of theefforts of Governments topromote and consolidatenew or restoreddemocracies \n\tA/66/\t18/11/2011\tDPA\t7/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsupport by the UnitedNations system of theefforts of Governments topromote and consolidatenew or restoreddemocracies \n32.\tThe role of diamonds infuelling conflict A/66/\t9/12/2011\tDemocratic Republicof \n theCongo \n\tReport by the Chair ofthe Kimberley Process onthe implementation of theProcess \n33.\tPrevention of armedconflict \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tDPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the role ofmediation in peacefulsettlement of disputes,conflict prevention andresolution \n34.\tProtracted conflicts inthe GUAM area and theirimplications forinternational peace andsecurity \n\tA/66/\t12/12/2011\tUNHCR/DPKO \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of internallydisplaced persons andrefugees from Abkhazia,Georgia, and theTskhinvali region/SouthOssetia, Georgia \n35.\tThe situation in theMiddle East \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t29/11/2011\tDPA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onefforts and developmentson peaceful settlement ofthe question of Palestine \n\tA/66/\t29/11/2011\tDPA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation in the MiddleEast \n36.\tQuestion of Palestine \n\tA/66/35 (Suppl.)\t28/11/2011\tDPA\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Exercise of theInalienable Rights of thePalestinian People(Suppl. No. 35) \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t28/11/2011\tDPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onefforts and developmentson peaceful settlement ofthe question of Palestine \n37.\tThe situation inAfghanistan \n\tA/66/ -S/2011/\t23/11/2011\tDPKO\t23/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation in Afghanistanand its implications forinternational peace andsecurity \n38.\tThe situation in theoccupied territories ofAzerbaijan \n\tNo advance documentation\t12/12/2011 \n\tNo advance documentation\t12/12/2011 \n39.\tQuestion of the Comorianisland of Mayotte \n No advance documentation \n40.\tNecessity of ending theeconomic, commercial andfinancial embargo imposedby the United States ofAmerica against Cuba \n\tA/66/114\t25/10/2011\tDPA\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thenecessity of ending theeconomic, commercial andfinancial embargo imposedby the United States ofAmerica against Cuba \n41.\tThe situation in CentralAmerica: progress infashioning a region ofpeace, freedom, democracyand development \n\tA/66/ DPA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the InternationalCommission againstImpunity in Guatemala \n42.\tQuestion of Cyprus \n No advance documentation \n43.\tArmed aggression againstthe Democratic Republicof the Congo \n No advance documentation \n44.\tQuestion of the FalklandIslands (Malvinas) \n No advance documentation \n45.\tThe situation ofdemocracy and humanrights in Haiti \n No advance documentation \n46.\tArmed Israeli aggressionagainst the Iraqi nuclearinstallations and itsgrave consequences forthe establishedinternational systemconcerning the peacefuluses of nuclear energy,the non-proliferation ofnuclear weapons andinternational peace andsecurity \n No advance documentation \n47.\tConsequences of the Iraqioccupation of andaggression against Kuwait \n No advance documentation \n48.\tAssistance in mine action \n\tA/66/\t28/10/2011\tDPKO\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance in mine action \n49.\tEffects of atomicradiation \n\tA/66/46 (Suppl.)\t21/10/2011\tUNSCEAR \n\tReport of the UnitedNations ScientificCommittee on the Effectsof Atomic Radiation,fifty-eighth session(Vienna, 23-27 May 2011)(Suppl. No. 46) \n50.\tInternational cooperationin the peaceful uses ofouter space \n\tA/66/20 (Suppl.)\t11/10/2011\tUNOOSA \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Peaceful Uses ofOuter Space, fifty-fourthsession (Vienna, 1-10June 2011) (Suppl. No.20) \n51.\tUnited Nations Relief andWorks Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East \n\tA/66/13 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t31/3/2011\t31/3/2011\t\n\tReport of theCommissioner-General ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East (Suppl. No. 13) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t22/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thesixty-fifth report of theUnited NationsConciliation Commissionfor Palestine \n\tA/66/222\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t18/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onpersons displaced as aresult of the June 1967and subsequenthostilities \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onPalestine refugees’properties and theirrevenues \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tDPA\t29/9/2011 \n\tReport of the WorkingGroup on the Financing ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East \n\tA/66/13/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tUNRWA\t16/8/2011 \n\tReport of theCommissioner-General ofthe United Nations Reliefand Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in theNear East (Suppl. No. 13)(addendum) \n52.\tReport of the SpecialCommittee to InvestigateIsraeli PracticesAffecting the HumanRights of the PalestinianPeople and Other Arabs ofthe Occupied Territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the SpecialCommittee to investigateIsraeli practicesaffecting the humanrights of the Palestinianpeople and other Arabs ofthe occupied territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting theforty-third report of theSpecial Committee toinvestigate Israelipractices affecting thehuman rights of thePalestinian people andother Arabs of theoccupied territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theapplicability of theGeneva Conventionrelative to theProtection of CivilianPersons in Time of War,of 12 August 1949, to theOccupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and the otheroccupied Arab territories \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onIsraeli settlements inthe Occupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and theoccupied Syrian Golan \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onIsraeli practicesaffecting the humanrights of the Palestinianpeople in the OccupiedPalestinian Territory,including East Jerusalem \n\tA/66/\t4/11/2011\tOHCHR\t26/8/2011 \n\tReport Secretary-Generalon the occupied SyrianGolan \n53.\tComprehensive review ofthe whole question ofpeacekeeping operationsin all their aspects \n\tA/65/19 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tDGACM\t12/5/2011\t12/5/2011\t20/6/2011\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on PeacekeepingOperations on the 2011substantive session (22February-18 March and 9May 2011) (Suppl. 19) \n54.\tQuestions relating toinformation \n\tA/66/21 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tDPI\t1/6/2011\t26/5/2011\t24/6/2011\n\tReport on thethirty-third session ofthe Committee onInformation (27 April-6May 2011) (Suppl. No. 21) \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tDPI\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onquestions relating toinformation \n55.\tInformation fromNon-Self-GoverningTerritories transmittedunder Article 73 e of theCharter of the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t14/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation fromNon-Self-GoverningTerritories transmittedunder Article 73 e of theCharter of the UnitedNations \n57.\tImplementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples by thespecialized agencies andthe internationalinstitutions associatedwith the United Nations \n\tA/66/23 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t7/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on theSituation with regard tothe Implementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples for 2011 (NewYork, June/July 2011)(Suppl. No. 23) \n58.\tOffers by Member Statesof study and trainingfacilities forinhabitants ofNon-Self-GoverningTerritories \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t18/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoffers by Member Statesof study and trainingfacilities forinhabitants ofNon-Self-GoverningTerritories \n59.\tImplementation of theDeclaration on theGranting of Independenceto Colonial Countries andPeoples \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tDPA\t25/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thequestion of WesternSahara \n60.\tQuestion of the Malagasyislands of Glorieuses,Juan de Nova, Europa andBassas da India \n No advance documentation \n61.\tPermanent sovereignty ofthe Palestinian people inthe Occupied PalestinianTerritory, including EastJerusalem, and of theArab population in theoccupied Syrian Golanover their naturalresources \n\tA/66/78-E/2011/13\t31/10/2011\tRCNYO\t9/5/2011\t6/5/2011\t25/5/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theeconomic and socialrepercussions of theIsraeli occupation on theliving conditions of thePalestinian people in theoccupied Palestinianterritory, including EastJerusalem, and of theArab population in theoccupied Syrian Golan \n62.\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees, questionsrelating to refugees,returnees and displacedpersons and humanitarianquestions \n\tA/66/12 (Suppl.)\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR \n\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees (Suppl. No.12) \n\tA/66/12/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR \n\tReport of the ExecutiveCommittee of theProgramme of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Refugees (Geneva,sixty-first session,October 2011)(Suppl. No. 12A)(addendum 1) \n\tA/66/\t2/11/2011\tUNHCR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to refugees,returnees and displacedpersons in Africa \n63.\tNew Partnership forAfrica’s Development:progress inimplementation andinternational support \n\tA/66/202\t11/10/2011\tOSAA\t1/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theNew Partnership forAfrica’s Development:ninth consolidatedprogress report onimplementation andinternational support \n(b)\tCauses of conflict andthe promotion of durablepeace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa \n\tA/66/214-S/2011/476\t11/10/2011\tOSAA\t1/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations containedin the report of theSecretary-General on thecauses of conflict andthe promotion of durablepeace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa \n64.\tReport of the HumanRights Council \n\tA/66/53 (Suppl.)\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council (Suppl.No. 53) \n\tA/66/53/Add.1 (Suppl.)\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council (Suppl.No. 53A) (addendum) \n\tA/66/\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR\t23/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theproclamation of 24 Marchas the International Dayfor the Right to theTruth concerning GrossHuman Rights Violationsand for the Dignity ofVictims \n\tA/66/\t1/11/2011\tOHCHR\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council on itswork and functioning \n65.\tPromotion and protectionof the rights of children \n\tA/66/257\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thegirl child \n(a)\tPromotion and protectionof the rights of children \n\tA/66/230\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of theChild \n\tA/66/\t12/10/2011\tOSRSG/CAC\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of the SpecialRepresentative onChildren and ArmedConflict \n\tA/66/227\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tAnnual report of theSpecial Representative ofthe Secretary-General onviolence against children \n\tA/66/228\t12/10/2011\tOHCHR\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the sale of children,child prostitution andchild pornography \n\tA/66/258\t12/10/2011\tUNICEF\t3/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the specialsession of the GeneralAssembly on children \n66.\tRights of indigenouspeoples \n\tNo advance documentation\t17/10/2011 \n67.\tElimination of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n(a)\tElimination of racism,racial discrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n\tA/66/18 (Suppl.)\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Elimination ofRacial Discrimination(Geneva, seventy-eighthsession, 14 February-11March 2011, andseventy-ninth session, 15August-8 September 2011)(Suppl. No. 18) \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of the SpecialRapporteur on theinadmissibility ofcertain practices thatcontribute to fuellingcontemporary forms ofracism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n(b)\tComprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the DurbanDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theglobal efforts for thetotal elimination ofracism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and relatedintolerance and thecomprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the DurbanDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n68.\tRight of peoples toself-determination \n\tA/66/172\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theright of peoples toself-determination \n\tA/66/\t31/10/2011\tOHCHR\t22/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Working Group onthe use of mercenaries asa means of violatinghuman rights and impedingthe exercise of the rightof peoples toself-determination \n69.\tPromotion and protectionof human rights \n(a)\tImplementation of humanrights instruments \n\tA/66/44 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeagainst Torture (Suppl.No. 44) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. I) (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Committee (NewYork, 101st session, 14March-1 April 2011;Geneva, 102nd session,11-29 July 2011; and103rd session, 17October-4 November 2011)(Vol. I) (Suppl. No. 40) \n\tA/66/40 (Vol. II)(Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the HumanRights Committee (NewYork, 101st session, 14March-1 April 2011;Geneva, 102nd session,11-29 July 2011; and103rd session, 17October-4 November 2011)(Vol. II) (Suppl. No. 40) \n\tA/66/48 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon the Protection of theRights of All MigrantWorkers and Members ofTheir Families (Suppl.No. 48) \n\tA/66/121\t18/10/2011\tDESA\t12/7/2011\t7/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of Personswith Disabilities and theOptional Protocol thereto \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures taken to furtherimprove the effectivenessof, harmonizing andreforming the treaty bodysystem \n\tA/66/175\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t27/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Chairs of thehuman rights treatybodies on theirtwenty-third meeting \n\tA/66/217\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the UnitedNations Voluntary TrustFund on ContemporaryForms of Slavery \n\tA/66/\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoperations of the specialfund established by theOptional Protocol to theConvention againstTorture \n(b)\tHuman rights questions,including alternativeapproaches for improvingthe effective enjoymentof human rights andfundamental freedoms \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theSubregional Centre forHuman Rights andDemocracy in CentralAfrica \n\tA/66/225\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport ofSecretary-General on thefollow-up to theInternational Year ofHuman Rights Learning \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thenational institutions forthe promotion andprotection of humanrights \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDPA\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the role ofthe United Nations inenhancing theeffectiveness of theprinciple of periodic andgenuine elections and thepromotion ofdemocratization \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogramme of activitiesfor the InternationalYear for People ofAfrican Descent \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron torture and othercruel, inhuman ordegrading treatment orpunishment \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoperations of the UnitedNations Voluntary Fundfor Victims of Torture \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t25/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron extrajudicial, summaryor arbitrary executions \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theInternational Conventionfor the Protection of AllPersons from EnforcedDisappearance \n\tA/66/156\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011\t18/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the interimreport of the SpecialRapporteur on freedom ofreligion or belief \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion and protectionof human rights,including ways and meansto promote the humanrights of migrants \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of humanrights, including waysand means to promote thehuman rights of migrants \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobalization and itsimpact on the fullenjoyment of all humanrights \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman rights andunilateral coercivemeasures \n\tA/66/216\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011\t1/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theright to development \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right to food \n\tA/66/204\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onprotecting human rightsand fundamental freedomswhile counteringterrorism \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t19/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of humanrights and fundamentalfreedoms while counteringterrorism \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncombating defamation ofreligions \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of the HumanRights Council on itswork and functioning \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights and fundamentalfreedoms of indigenouspeople \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron adequate housing \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the promotion andprotection of the rightto freedom of expression \n\tA/66/203\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011\t28/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights defenders \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the independent experton the question of humanrights and extremepoverty \n\tA/66/269\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right to education \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t5/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the interimreport of the SpecialRapporteur on the rightto health \n\tA/66/289\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the independence ofjudges and lawyers \n\tA/66/283\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron trafficking inpersons, especially womenand children \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the PalestinianTerritories occupiedsince 1967 \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestatus of the Conventionon the Rights of Personswith Disabilities and theOptional Protocol theretoand the implementation ofthe resolution \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR \n\tReport of the Committeeon Right of Persons withDisabilities \n\tA/66/161\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onhuman rights and culturaldiversity \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof his representative onthe protection andassistance to internallydisplaced persons \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of the IndependentExpert on foreign debt \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t10/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the IslamicRepublic of Iran \n(c)\tHuman rights situationsand reports of specialrapporteurs andrepresentatives \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin the DemocraticPeople’s Republic ofKorea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in the DemocraticPeople’s Republic ofKorea \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tDPA\t4/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin Myanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t8/9/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the situation of humanrights in Myanmar \n\tA/66/\t19/10/2011\tOHCHR\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesituation of human rightsin the Islamic Republicof Iran \n(d)\tComprehensiveimplementation of andfollow-up to the ViennaDeclaration and Programmeof Action \n\tA/66/36 (Suppl.)\t18/10/2011\tOHCHR\t9/8/2011 \n\tReport of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights (Suppl.No. 36) \n70.\tStrengthening of thecoordination ofhumanitarian and disasterrelief assistance of theUnited Nations, includingspecial economicassistance \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tDSS\t1/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecomprehensive and updatedreport on the safety andsecurity of humanitarianpersonnel and protectionof United Nationspersonnel \n(a)\tStrengthening of thecoordination of emergencyhumanitarian assistanceof the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t16/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theindependent review of theCentral EmergencyResponse Fund at the endof its fifth year ofoperations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tUNDP\t2/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationand coordination for thehuman and ecologicalrehabilitation andeconomic development ofthe Semipalatinsk regionof Kazakhstan \n\tA/66/81-E/2011/117\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t16/5/2011\t16/5/2011\t13/6/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of thecoordination of emergencyhumanitarian assistanceof the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationon humanitarianassistance in the fieldof natural disasters,from relief todevelopment \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thehumanitarian assistanceand rehabilitation forselected countries andregions \n(b)\tAssistance to thePalestinian people \n\tA/66/80-E/2011/111\t14/11/2011\tDPA\t9/5/2011\t9/5/2011\t26/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to thePalestinian people \n71.\tAssistance to survivorsof the 1994 genocide inRwanda, particularlyorphans, widows andvictims of sexualviolence \n\tA/66/\t14/11/2011\tOCHA\t3/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to survivorsof the 1994 genocide inRwanda, particularlyorphans, widows andvictims of sexualviolence \n72.\tReport of theInternational Court ofJustice \n\tA/66/4 (Suppl.)\t27/10/2011\tICJ\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational Court ofJustice(Suppl. No. 4) \n73.\tReport of theInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n\tA/66/209-S/2011/452\t10/10/2011\tICTR\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thesixteenth annual reportof the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n74.\tReport of theInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n\tA/66/210-S/2011/473\t10/10/2011\tICTY\t29/7/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theeighteenth annual reportof the InternationalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n75.\tReport of theInternational CriminalCourt \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOLA\t16/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the InternationalCriminal Court on itsactivities for 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/\t27/10/2011\tOLA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onexpenses incurred andreimbursements receivedby the United Nations inconnection withassistance provided tothe InternationalCriminal Court \n76.\tOceans and the law of thesea \n(a)\tOceans and the law of thesea \n\tA/66/189\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t1/8/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tLetter dated 13 July 2011from the Co-Chairs of theAd Hoc Working Group ofthe Whole addressed tothe President of theGeneral Assembly,transmitting the reporton the Regular Processfor Global Reporting andAssessment of the MarineEnvironment, includingSocio‑economic Aspects \n\tA/66/186\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tLetter dated 22 July 2011from the Co-Chairs of theConsultative Processaddressed to thePresident of the GeneralAssembly transmitting thereport on the work of theUnited Nations Open-endedInformal ConsultativeProcess on Oceans and theLaw of the Sea at itstwelfth meeting \n\tA/66/119\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t30/6/2011\t30/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tLetter dated 30 June 2011from the Co-Chairs of theAd Hoc Open-endedInformal Working Group tothe President of theGeneral Assemblytransmitting itsrecommendations to studyissues relating to theconservation andsustainable use of marinebiological diversitybeyond areas of nationaljurisdiction \n\tA/66/70\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t21/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea \n\tA/66/70/Add.1\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t29/3/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea (addendum 1) \n\tA/66/70/Add.2\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onoceans and the law of thesea (addendum 2) \n(b)\tSustainable fisheries,including through the1995 Agreement for theImplementation of theProvisions of the UnitedNations Convention on theLaw of the Sea of 10December 1982 relating tothe Conservation andManagement of StraddlingFish Stocks and HighlyMigratory Fish Stocks,and related instruments \n\tA/66/\t7/12/2011\tOLA\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onactions taken by Statesand regional fisheriesmanagement organizationsand arrangements inresponse to paragraphs 80and 83 to 87 of GeneralAssembly resolution61/105 and paragraphs 113to 117 and 119 to 127 ofGeneral Assemblyresolution 64/72 onsustainable fisheries,addressing the impacts ofbottom fishing onvulnerable marineecosystems and thelong-term sustainabilityof deep-sea fish stocks \n77.\tNationality of naturalpersons in relation tothe succession of States \n\tA/66/178\t17/10/2011\tOLA\t8/8/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by the Secretariattransmitting the commentsreceived from Governmentson the nationality ofpersons in relation tothe succession of States \n78.\tCriminal accountabilityof United Nationsofficials and experts onmission \n\tA/66/174\t7/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncriminal accountabilityof United Nationsofficials and experts onmission \n79.\tReport of the UnitedNations Commission onInternational Trade Lawon the work of itsforty-fourth session \n\tA/66/17 (Suppl.)\t10/10/2011\tOLA \n\tReport of the UnitedNations Commission onInternational Trade Lawon the work of itsforty-fourth session(Vienna, 27 June-15 July)(Suppl. No. 17) \n80.\tUnited Nations Programmeof Assistance in theTeaching, Study,Dissemination and WiderAppreciation ofInternational Law \n\tA/AC.117/2011/CRP.1\t14/10/2011\tOLA\t5/8/2011 \n\tDraft report of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Programmeof Assistance in theTeaching, Study,Dissemination and WiderAppreciation ofInternational Law \n81.\tReport of theInternational LawCommission on the work ofits sixty-third session \n\tA/66/10 (Suppl.)\t24/10/2011\tOLA\t22/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational LawCommission on the work ofits sixty-third session(Geneva, 26 April-3 Juneand 4 July-12 August2011) (Suppl. No. 10) \n82.\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on the Charterof the United Nations andon the Strengthening ofthe Role of theOrganization \n\tA/66/33 (Suppl.)\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t16/3/2011\t16/3/2011\t30/3/2011\n\tReport of the SpecialCommittee on the Charterof the United Nations andon the Strengthening ofthe Role of theOrganization (New York,28 February-4 March, 7and 9 March 2011) (Suppl.No. 33) \n\tA/66/201\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t28/7/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theRepertory of Practice ofUnited Nations Organs andthe Repertoire of thePractice of the SecurityCouncil \n\tA/66/213\t6/10/2011\tOLA\t9/8/2011\t29/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of theprovisions of the Charterof the United Nationsrelated to assistance tothird States affected bythe application ofsanctions \n83.\tThe rule of law at thenational andinternational levels \n\tA/66/133\t5/10/2011\tEOSG 13/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening andcoordinating UnitedNations rule of lawactivities \n84.\tThe scope and applicationof the principle ofuniversal jurisdiction \n\tA/66/93\t12/10/2011\tOLA\t3/8/2011\t20/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-Generalprepared on the basis ofcomments and observationsof Governments andobservers on the scopeand application of theprinciple of universaljurisdiction \n85.\tThe law of transboundaryaquifers \n\tA/66/116\t18/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thelaw of transboundaryaquifers \n86.\tReport of theInternational AtomicEnergy Agency \n\tA/66/95\t1/11/2011\tIAEA\t16/8/2011\t22/6/2011\t27/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the InternationalAtomic Energy Agency \n87.\tReduction of militarybudgets \n\tA/66/117\t3/10/2011\tODA\t11/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onobjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures \n(b)\tObjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures \n\tA/66/89\t3/10/2011\tODA\t17/6/2011\t14/6/2011\t11/7/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the group ofgovernmental experts onthe operation and furtherdevelopment of the UnitedNations StandardizedInstrument for ReportingMilitary Expenditures \n\tA/66/117/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onobjective information onmilitary matters,including transparency ofmilitary expenditures(addendum) \n88.\tProhibition of thedevelopment andmanufacture of new typesof weapons of massdestruction and newsystems of such weapons:report of the Conferenceon Disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011 \n89.\tImplementation of theDeclaration of the IndianOcean as a Zone of Peace \n\tA/66/29 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t29/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of the Ad HocCommittee on the IndianOcean (Suppl. No. 29) \n90.\tAfricanNuclear-Weapon-Free ZoneTreaty \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n91.\tVerification in all itsaspects, including therole of the UnitedNations in the field ofverification \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n92.\tReview of theimplementation of theDeclaration on theStrengthening ofInternational Security \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n93.\tDevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity \n\tA/66/152\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity \n\tA/66/152/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General ondevelopments in the fieldof information andtelecommunications in thecontext of internationalsecurity (addendum) \n94.\tEstablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East (Part I) \n\tA/66/153 (Part I)/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestablishment of anuclear-weapon-free zonein the region of theMiddle East (Part I)(addendum) \n95.\tConclusion of effectiveinternationalarrangements to assurenon-nuclear-weapon Statesagainst the use or threatof use of nuclear weapons \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n96.\tPrevention of an armsrace in outer space \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n97.\tRole of science andtechnology in the contextof international securityand disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n98.\tGeneral and completedisarmament \n\tA/66/176\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the field ofconventional arms \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n\tA/66/176/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninformation onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the field ofconventional arms(addendum) \n\tA/66/171\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t22/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the annualreport of theOrganization for theProhibition of ChemicalWeapons \n(e)\tTowards an arms tradetreaty: establishingcommon internationalstandards for the import,export and transfer ofconventional arms \n\tA/66/166\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thearms trade treaty: viewsof Member States \n\tA/66/166/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thearms trade treaty: viewsof Member States(addendum) \n(g)\tTransparency in armaments \n\tA/66/127\t3/10/2011\tODA\t18/7/2011\t12/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Registerof Conventional Arms \n\tA/66/127/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Registerof Conventional Arms(addendum) \n(h)\tRegional disarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(i)\tConventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels \n\tA/66/154\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels \n\tA/66/154/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconventional arms controlat the regional andsubregional levels(addendum) \n(j)\tConfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context \n\tA/66/112\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context \n\tA/66/112/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onconfidence-buildingmeasures in the regionaland subregional context(addendum) \n(k)\tAssistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them \n\tA/66/177\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them; theillicit trade in smallarms and light weapons inall its aspects \n(l)\tRelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment \n\tA/66/168\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment \n\tA/66/168/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therelationship betweendisarmament anddevelopment (addendum) \n(m)\tObservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control \n\tA/66/97\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t27/6/2011\t22/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theobservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control \n\tA/66/97/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theobservance ofenvironmental norms inthe drafting andimplementation ofagreements on disarmamentand arms control(addendum) \n(n)\tPromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon-proliferation \n\tA/66/111\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t21/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon‑proliferation \n\tA/66/111/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepromotion ofmultilateralism in thearea of disarmament andnon‑proliferation(addendum) \n(o)\tNuclear disarmament \n\tA/66/132\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnuclear disarmament;reducing nuclear danger;follow-up to the advisoryopinion of theInternational Court ofJustice on the Legalityof the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons \n\tA/66/132/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnuclear disarmament;reducing nuclear danger;follow-up to the advisoryopinion of theInternational Court ofJustice on the Legalityof the Threat or Use ofNuclear Weapons(addendum) \n(p)\tImplementation of theConvention on theProhibition of theDevelopment, Production,Stockpiling and Use ofChemical Weapons and onTheir Destruction \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(q)\tTowards anuclear-weapon-freeworld: accelerating theimplementation of nucleardisarmament commitments \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(s)\tMeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction \n\tA/66/115\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t29/6/2011\t26/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction \n\tA/66/115/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t19/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to preventterrorists from acquiringweapons of massdestruction (addendum) \n(t)\tThe illicit trade insmall arms and lightweapons in all itsaspects \n\tA/66/177\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onassistance to States forcurbing the illicittraffic in small arms andlight weapons andcollecting them; theillicit trade in smallarms and light weapons inall its aspects (alsounder item 98 (k)) \n(u)\tTreaty banning theproduction of fissilematerial for nuclearweapons or other nuclearexplosive devices \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(v)\tTransparency andconfidence-buildingmeasures in outer spaceactivities \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011 \n(w)\tUnited action towards thetotal elimination ofnuclear weapons \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(y)\tMissiles \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n99.\tReview and implementationof the ConcludingDocument of the TwelfthSpecial Session of theGeneral Assembly \n(a)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Africa \n\tA/66/159\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Africa \n(b)\tUnited Nations regionalcentres for peace anddisarmament \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n(c)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace,Disarmament andDevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n\tA/66/140\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace,Disarmament andDevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n(e)\tUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Asia andthe Pacific \n\tA/66/113\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t13/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations RegionalCentre for Peace andDisarmament in Asia andthe Pacific \n(f)\tRegionalconfidence-buildingmeasures: activities ofthe United NationsStanding AdvisoryCommittee on SecurityQuestions in CentralAfrica \n\tA/66/163\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onregionalconfidence-buildingmeasures: activities ofthe United NationsStanding AdvisoryCommittee on SecurityQuestions in CentralAfrica \n100.\tReview of theimplementation of therecommendations anddecisions adopted by theGeneral Assembly at itstenth special session \n\tA/66/123\t3/10/2011\tODA\t29/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t25/7/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the United NationsInstitute for DisarmamentResearch \n\tA/66/125\t3/10/2011\tODA\t29/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t19/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the AdvisoryBoard on DisarmamentMatters \n(a)\tReport of the Conferenceon Disarmament \n\tA/66/27 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tODA \n\tReport of the Conferenceon Disarmament (Geneva,August-September 2011)(Suppl. No. 27) \n(b)\tReport of the DisarmamentCommission \n\tA/66/42 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tDGACM\t29/4/2011\t21/4/2011\t4/5/2011\n\tReport of the DisarmamentCommission (4-21 April2011) (Suppl. No. 42) \n101.\tThe risk of nuclearproliferation in theMiddle East \n\tA/66/\t3/10/2011\tODA\t11/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therisk of nuclearproliferation in theMiddle East \n102.\tConvention onProhibitions orRestrictions on the Useof Certain ConventionalWeapons Which May BeDeemed to Be ExcessivelyInjurious or to HaveIndiscriminate Effects \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n103.\tStrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region \n\tA/66/122\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t27/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region \n\tA/66/122/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t15/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thestrengthening of securityand cooperation in theMediterranean region(addendum) \n104.\tComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty \n\tA/66/155\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t15/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty \n\tA/66/155/Add.1\t3/10/2011\tODA\t21/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty(addendum) \n\tA/66/165\t3/10/2011\tODA\t25/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the annualreport of the PreparatoryCommission for theComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban TreatyOrganization \n105.\tConvention on theProhibition of theDevelopment, Productionand Stockpiling ofBacteriological(Biological) and ToxinWeapons and on TheirDestruction \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n106.\tRevitalizing the work ofthe Conference onDisarmament and takingforward multilateraldisarmament negotiations \n\tNo advance documentation\t3/10/2011\tODA \n107.\tCrime prevention andcriminal justice \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefollow-up to the TwelfthUnited Nations Congresson Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice andpreparations for theThirteenth United NationsCongress on CrimePrevention and CriminalJustice \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of the UnitedNations African Institutefor the Prevention ofCrime and the Treatmentof Offenders \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening the UnitedNations crime preventionand criminal justiceprogramme, in particularits technical cooperationcapacity \n\tA/66/92\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Conference of theParties to the UnitedNations Conventionagainst TransnationalOrganized Crime \n108.\tInternational drugcontrol \n\tA/66/\t5/10/2011\tUNODC \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oninternational cooperationagainst the world drugproblem \n109.\tMeasures to eliminateinternational terrorism \n\tA/66/37 (Suppl.)\t3/10/2011\tOLA\t22/4/2011\t25/4/2011\t17/5/2011\n\tReport of the Ad HocCommittee established byGeneral Assemblyresolution 51/210 of 17December 1996 (New York,11-15 April 2011) (Suppl.No. 37) \n\tA/66/96\t3/10/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t24/6/2011\t26/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmeasures to eliminateinternational terrorism \n110.\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the Organization \n\tA/66/1 (Suppl.)\t4/10/2011\tEOSG\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thework of the Organization(Suppl. No. 1) \n111.\tReport of theSecretary-General on thePeacebuilding Fund \n\tNo advance documentation\t6/10/2011 \n112.\tNotification by theSecretary-General underArticle 12, paragraph 2,of the Charter of theUnited Nations \n\tA/66/300\t8/11/2011\tDPA\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onnotification by theSecretary-General underArticle 12, paragraph 2,of the Charter of theUnited Nations \n113.\tElections to fillvacancies in principalorgans \n(c)\tElection of five membersof the InternationalCourt of Justice \n\tA/66/182-S/2011/452\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tMemorandum by theSecretary-General on theelection of five membersof the InternationalCourt of Justice \n\tA/66/183-S/2011/453\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the list ofcandidates nominated bynational groups \n\tA/66/184-S/2011/454\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thecurricula vitae ofcandidates nominated bynational groups \n114.\tElections to fillvacancies in subsidiaryorgans and otherelections \n(b)\tElection of the membersof the International LawCommission \n\tA/66/88\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t13/6/2011\t7/6/2011\t10/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments \n\tA/66/88/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOLA 17/6/2011\t17/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 1) \n\tA/66/88/Add.2\t16/11/2011\tOLA \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 2) \n\tA/66/88/Add.3\t16/11/2011\tOLA \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe list of candidatesnominated by Governments(addendum 3) \n\tA/66/90\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t30/6/2011\t17/6/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe curricula vitae ofcandidates nominated byGovernments \n\tA/66/\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t31/10/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission transmittingthe consolidated list ofmembers \n\tA/66/90/Add.1\t16/11/2011\tOLA\t29/7/2011\t28/6/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting thecurricula vitae ofcandidates for theelection of the membersof the International LawCommission (addendum) \n115.\tAppointments to fillvacancies in subsidiaryorgans and otherappointments \n(a)\tAppointment of members ofthe Advisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \n\tA/66/101\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t17/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Advisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \n(b)\tAppointment of members ofthe Committee onContributions \n\tA/66/102\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Committee onContributions \n(c)\tConfirmation of theappointment of members ofthe Investments Committee \n\tA/66/103\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theconfirmation of theappointment of members ofthe Investments Committee \n(d)\tAppointment of a memberof the Board of Auditors \n\tA/66/104\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t17/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of a memberof the Board of Auditors \n(e)\tAppointment of members ofthe Independent AuditAdvisory Committee \n\tA/66/105\t3/11/2011\tDM\t15/3/2011\t15/3/2011\t18/3/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Independent AuditAdvisory Committee \n(f)\tAppointment of members ofthe Committee onConferences \n\tA/66/107\t1/12/2011\tDGACM\t6/6/2011\t6/6/2011\t10/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Committee onConferences \n(g)\tAppointment of members ofthe Joint Inspection Unit \n\tA/66/106\t1/12/2011\tDM\t17/6/2011\t16/6/2011\t22/6/2011\n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of members ofthe Joint Inspection Unit \n(h)\tApproval of theappointment of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights \n\tA/66/108\t13/12/2011\tEOSG\t19/8/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theapproval of theappointment of the UnitedNations High Commissionerfor Human Rights \n(i)\tAppointment the judges ofthe United NationsDispute Tribunal \n\tA/66/109\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of the judgesof the United NationsDispute Tribunal \n(j)\tAppointment of the judgesof the United NationsAppeals Tribunal \n\tA/66/110\t13/12/2011\tOAJ \n\tNote by theSecretary-General on theappointment of the judgesof the United NationsAppeals Tribunal \n116.\tAdmission of new Membersto the United Nations \n No advance documentation \n117.\tFollow-up to the outcomeof the Millennium Summit \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tOHCHR \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Special Rapporteuron the right toeducation: the right toeducation in emergencysituations \n\tA/66/126\t19/9/2011\tDESA\t11/7/2011\t11/7/2011\t2/8/2011\n\tAnnual report of theSecretary-General onaccelerating progresstowards the MillenniumDevelopment Goals:options for sustained andinclusive growth andissues for advancing theUnited Nationsdevelopment agenda beyond2015 \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tUN-Women \n\tComprehensive report ofthe Secretary-General onthe proposal on the newgender entity \n\tA/66/\t19/9/2011\tDESA \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onsystem-wide coherence \n\tA/66/83\t19/9/2011\tDESA\t2/5/2011\t19/5/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprevention and control ofnon-communicable diseases \n\tA/66/120\t19/9/2011\tUN-Women\t8/7/2011\t1/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-Generalstrengthening theinstitutionalarrangements for supportof gender equality andthe empowerment of women \n\tA/66/\t15/11/2011\tDESA\t6/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onlegal empowerment of thepoor and eradication ofpoverty \n119.\tFollow-up to thecommemoration of thetwo‑hundredth anniversaryof the abolition of thetransatlantic slave trade \n\tA/66/\t8/12/2011\tDPI\t29/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General oncontinued action toimplement the programmeof educational outreachto mobilize, inter alia,educational institutionsand civil society on thesubject of rememberingthe transatlantic slavetrade and slavery \n\tA/66/162\t8/12/2011\tUNFIP\t26/7/2011\t20/7/2011\t29/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepermanent memorial to andremembrance of thevictims of slavery andthe transatlantic slavetrade: status of theUnited Nations Trust Fundfor Partnerships —Permanent Memorial \n120.\tImplementation of theresolutions of the UnitedNations \n\tNo advance documentation\t22/11/2011 \n121.\tRevitalization of thework of the GeneralAssembly \n\tNo advance documentation\t22/11/2011 \n122.\tQuestion of equitablerepresentation on andincrease in themembership of theSecurity Council andrelated matters \n\tNo advance documentation\t8/11/2011 \n123.\tStrengthening of theUnited Nations system \n(a)\tStrengthening of theUnited Nations system \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDPKO\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecivilian capacity \n(b)\tCentral role of theUnited Nations system inglobal governance \n\tA/66/\t22/11/2011\tDESA\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onglobal economicgovernance anddevelopment \n124.\tUnited Nations reform:measures and proposals \n No advance documentation \n125.\tFollow-up to therecommendations onadministrative managementand internal oversight ofthe Independent InquiryCommittee into the UnitedNations Oil-for-FoodProgramme \n No advance documentation \n126.\tGlobal health and foreignpolicy \n\tA/66/\t8/12/2011\tDESA\t28/9/2011 \n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the World HealthOrganization on globalhealth and foreign policy \n127.\tInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n No advance documentation \n128.\tInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n No advance documentation \n129.\tInternational residualmechanism for criminaltribunals \n No advance documentation \n130.\tInteraction between theUnited Nations, nationalparliaments and theInter-Parliamentary Union \n\tNo advance documentation\t2/12/2011 \n131.\tFinancial reports andaudited financialstatements, and reportsof the Board of Auditors \n\tA/66/151 BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reporton progress in theimplementation of theInternational PublicSector AccountingStandards \n A/66/ DM \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations of theBoard of Auditorscontained in its reporton the capital masterplan for the year ended31 December 2011 \n(b)\tVoluntary fundsadministered by theUnited Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees \n\tA/66/5/Add.5 (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tVoluntary fundsadministered by theUnited Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees(Suppl. No. 5E) (addendum5) \n\tA/66/139 BOA\t18/7/2011\t14/7/2011\t\n\tNote by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the reportof the Board of Auditorson implementation of itsrecommendations relatingto the biennium 2008-2009 \n(c)\tCapital master plan \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011\t7/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the Board ofAuditors for the yearended 31 December 2010 onthe capital master plan(Vol. V) (Suppl. No. 5) \n132.\tReview of the efficiencyof the administrative andfinancial functioning ofthe United Nations \n\tA/66/16 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t5/7/2011\t7/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeefor Programme andCoordination on itsfifty-first session (6June-1 July 2011) (Suppl.No. 16) \n\tA/66/299 IAAC\t11/8/2011 \n\tReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committeeon its activities for theperiod from 1 August 2010to 31 July 2011 \n133.\tProgramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t11/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportfor the programme budgetfor the biennium2010-2011 \n\tA/66/188 UNFIP\t27/7/2011\t27/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theUnited Nations Office forPartnerships \n\tA/66/82 DM\t18/5/2011\t18/5/2011\t31/5/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theconsolidated report onthe changes to thebiennial programme planas reflected in theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 andthe proposed programmebudget for the biennium2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t10/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theninth annual progressreport on theimplementation of thecapital master plan \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onproposals for financingassociated costs relatedto the capital masterplan \n134.\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013 \n\tA/66/7 (Suppl.) ACABQ\t10/8/2011 \n\tFirst report of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions onthe proposed programmebudget for the biennium2012-2013 (Suppl. No. 7) \n A/66/6 (Introduction) DM \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Foreword andintroduction \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 1) DM\t28/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 1,Overall policymaking,direction andcoordination \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 2) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 2,General Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil Affairs andconference management \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 3) DM\t25/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 3,Political affairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 4) DM\t1/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 4,Disarmament \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 5) DM\t16/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 5,Peacekeeping operations \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 6) DM\t31/3/2011\t17/3/2011\t13/4/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 6,Peaceful uses of outerspace \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 7) DM\t31/3/2011\t17/3/2011\t24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 7,International Court ofJustice \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 8) andCorr.1 DM\t4/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 8,Legal affairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 9) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 9,Economic and socialaffairs \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 10) DM\t7/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 10,Least developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countries andsmall island developingStates \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 11) DM\t8/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 11,United Nations supportfor the New Partnershipfor Africa’s Development \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 12) DM\t11/4/2011 27/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 12,Trade and development \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DM\t1/4/2011 20/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 13,International TradeCentre \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 13) DM\t5/9/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 13,International TradeCentre (addendum) \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 14) DM\t15/4/2011 11/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 14,Environment \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 15) DM\t27/4/2011 18/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 15,Human settlements \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 16) andCorr.1 DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 16,International drugcontrol, crime andterrorism prevention andcriminal justice \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 17) DM\t2/5/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 17,UN-Women \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 18) DM\t25/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 18,Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 19) DM\t20/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 19,Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia andthe Pacific \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 20) DM\t11/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 20,Economic development inEurope \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 21) DM\t18/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 21,Economic and socialdevelopment in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 22) DM\t14/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 22,Economic and socialdevelopment in WesternAsia \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 23) DM\t4/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 23,Regular programme oftechnical cooperation \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 24) DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 24,Human rights \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 25) DM\t31/3/2011 15/4/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 25,International protection,durable solutions andassistance to refugees \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 26) andCorr.1 DM\t29/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 26,Palestine refugees \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 27) DM\t7/4/2011 24/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 27,Humanitarian assistance \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 28) andCorr.1 DM\t13/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 28,Public information \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29) DM\t6/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29,Management and supportservices \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29A) DM\t28/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29A,Office of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29B) DM\t15/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29B,Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget andAccounts \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29C) DM\t18/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29C,Office of Human ResourcesManagement \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29D) DM\t22/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29D,Office of Central SupportServices \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29E) DM\t23/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29E,Administration, Geneva \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29F) andCorr.1 DM\t20/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29F,Administration, Vienna \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 29G) DM\t29/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 29G,Administration, Nairobi \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 30) DM\t5/5/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 30,Office of Information andCommunications Technology \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 31) DM\t8/4/2011 25/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 31,Internal oversight \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 32) DM\t9/5/2011 20/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 32,Jointly financedadministrative activities \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 33) DM\t2/5/2011 16/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 33,Special expenses \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 34) DM\t6/5/2011 1/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 34,Construction, alteration,improvement and majormaintenance \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 35) DM\t27/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 35,Safety and security \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 36) DM\t11/5/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 36,Development Account \n\tA/66/6 (Sect. 37) DM\t2/5/2011 2/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: section 37,Staff assessment \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 1) DM\t9/5/2011 2/6/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section1, Income from staffassessment \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 2) DM\t22/4/2011 26/5/2011\n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section2, General income \n\tA/66/6 (Income sect. 3) DM\t29/4/2011 \n\tProposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012‑2013: Income section3, Services to the public \n\tA/66/5 (Vol. V) (Suppl.) BOA\t18/7/2011 \n\tReport of the Board ofAuditors for the yearended 31 December 2010for the capital masterplan (Vol. V) (Suppl. No.5) (also under item 131(c)) \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogress report on thestrategic heritage planat the United NationsOffice at Geneva \n\tA/66/74 OHCHR\t20/4/2011\t20/4/2011\t29/4/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theprogress of theimplementation of therecommendations of thereport of the Office ofInternal OversightServices on theefficiency of theimplementation of themandate of the Office ofthe United Nations HighCommissioner for HumanRights \n\tA/66/ DFS\t6/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethorough review of thecurrent funding andbackstopping arrangementsfor the special politicalmissions \n\tA/66/85 IAAC\t27/5/2011\t27/5/2011\t15/6/2011\n\tReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committeeon internal oversight:proposed programme budgetfor the biennium2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theemergency managementframework \n\tA/66/84 DM\t25/5/2011\t24/5/2011\t16/6/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theimplementation ofprojects financed fromthe Development Account:seventh progress report \n\tA/66/ DM\t8/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on aproposal for a mechanismto determine retirementpension benefits \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theoverseas propertymanagement andconstruction projects inprogress \n\tA/66/ DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theSpecial Court in SierraLeone \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thethird progress report onthe enterprise resourceplanning project \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council \n\tA/66/ /Add.1 DM\t30/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster I \n\tA/66/ /Add.2 DM\t15/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster II \n\tA/66/ /Add.3 DM\t11/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:thematic cluster III \n\tA/66/ /Add.4 DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:United Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan \n\tA/66/ /Add.5 DM\t17/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onestimates in respect ofspecial politicalmissions, good officesand other politicalinitiatives authorized bythe General Assemblyand/or Security Council:United Nations AssistanceMission in Iraq \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/12/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimates: effectof changes in rates ofexchange and inflation \n\tA/66/ DM\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefeasibility study of theUnited NationsHeadquarters long-termaccommodationrequirements \n\tA/66/ DM\t11/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onlimited budgetarydiscretion \n\tA/66/170 DM\t22/7/2011\t21/7/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therequest for a subventionto the United NationsInstitute for DisarmamentResearch resulting fromthe recommendations ofthe Board of Trustees ofthe Institute on the workprogramme of theInstitute for 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t22/12/2011 \n\tConsolidated statement ofcharges to thecontingency fund \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimates for theOffice of theDirector-General of theUnited Nations office inNairobi \n\tA/66/ DM\t18/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefourth progress report onthe adoption ofInternational PublicSector AccountingStandards by the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/ UNJSPF \n\tReport of the UnitedNations Joint StaffPension Board onadministrative expenses \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimatesresulting fromresolutions and decisionsadopted by the HumanRights Council at itssixteenth and seventeenthsessions \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on therevised estimatesresulting fromresolutions and decisionsadopted by the Economicand Social Council at itssubstantive session andits resumed substantivesessions of 2011 \n\tA/66/94 DM\t28/6/2011\t22/6/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onenterprise informationand communicationstechnology initiativesfor the United NationsSecretariat \n135.\tProgramme planning \n\tA/66/16 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t5/7/2011\t7/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeefor Programme andCoordination on itsfifty-first session (6June-1 July 2011) (Suppl.No. 16) (also under item132) \n136.\tImproving the financialsituation of the UnitedNations \n A/66/ DM \n\tPeriodic report of theSecretary-General onimproving the financialsituation of the UnitedNations \n137.\tPattern of conferences \n\tA/66/118 DGACM\t1/7/2011\t1/7/2011\t25/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepattern of conferences \n\tA/66/32 (Suppl.) DGACM\t26/9/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon Conferences for 2011(Suppl. No. 32) \n138.\tScale of assessments forthe apportionment of theexpenses of the UnitedNations \n\tA/66/11 (Suppl.) DM\t8/7/2011\t8/7/2011\t22/7/2011\n\tReport of the Committeeon Contributions on itsseventy-first session(6-24 June 2011) (Suppl.No. 11) \n\tA/66/69 DM\t28/3/2011\t18/3/2011\t29/3/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onmulti-year payment plans \n139.\tHuman resourcesmanagement \n\tA/66/135 DM\t29/7/2011\t13/7/2011\t28/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thepractice of theSecretary-General indisciplinary matters andpossible criminalbehaviour, 1 July 2010 to30 June 2011 \n\tA/66/98 DM\t30/6/2011\t27/6/2011\t13/7/2011\n\tReport of theSecretary-General onpersonal conflict ofinterest \n\tA/66/ EOSG\t19/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theactivities of the EthicsOffice \n\tA/66/ DM\t31/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thecomposition of theSecretariat \n140.\tJoint Inspection Unit \n No advance documentation \n141.\tUnited Nations commonsystem \n\tA/66/30 (Suppl.) ICSC\t23/8/2011 \n\tReport of theInternational CivilService Commission forthe year 2011 (Suppl. No.30) \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tStatement submitted bythe Secretary-General onthe administrative andfinancial implications ofthe decisions andrecommendations containedin the report of theInternational CivilService Commission inaccordance with rule 53of the rules of procedureof the General Assembly \n142.\tReport on the activitiesof the Office of InternalOversight Services \n\tA/66/ (Part I) OIOS\t9/8/2011 \n\tActivities of the Officeof Internal OversightServices for the periodfrom 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (Part I) \n\tA/66/ (Part I)/(Add.1) OIOS\t15/8/2011 \n\tActivities of the Officeof Internal OversightServices for the periodfrom 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (Part I)(addendum) \n\tA/66/180 OIOS\t25/7/2011\t25/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the Office ofInternal OversightServices on the review ofthe organizationalframework of the publicinformation function ofthe Secretariat \n143.\tAdministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/158\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/7/2011\t19/7/2011\t\n\tReport of the InternalJustice Council on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n\tA/66/86\t10/10/2011\tEOSG\t18/7/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onamendments to the rulesof procedure for theUnited Nations DisputeTribunal and UnitedNations Appeals Tribunal \n\tA/66/224 EOSG\t3/8/2011\t2/8/2011\t\n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theactivities of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \n\tA/66/275 EOSG\t2/8/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on theadministration of justiceat the United Nations \n144.\tFinancing of theInternational CriminalTribunal for theProsecution of PersonsResponsible for Genocideand Other SeriousViolations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of Rwanda andRwandan CitizensResponsible for Genocideand Other Such ViolationsCommitted in theTerritory of NeighbouringStates between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994 \n\tA/66/ DM\t15/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportof the InternationalCriminal Tribunal forRwanda for the biennium2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget of theInternational CriminalTribunal for Rwanda forthe biennium 2012-2013 \n\tA/66/ DM\t19/12/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General onrevised estimates for theInternational CriminalTribunal for the formerYugoslavia and theInternational CriminalTribunal for Rwanda:effect of changes inrates of exchange andinflation \n145.\tFinancing of theInternational Tribunalfor the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible forSerious Violations ofInternationalHumanitarian LawCommitted in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 \n\tA/66/ DM\t15/11/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thesecond performance reportof the InternationalTribunal for the FormerYugoslavia for thebiennium 2010-2011 \n\tA/66/ DM\t30/9/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget of theInternational CriminalTribunal for the formerYugoslavia for thebiennium 2012-2013 \n146.\tAdministrative andbudgetary aspects of thefinancing of the UnitedNations peacekeepingoperations \n No advance documentation \n147.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in theCentral African Republicand Chad \n No advance documentation \n148.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Operation in Côted’Ivoire \n No advance documentation \n149.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations PeacekeepingForce in Cyprus \n No advance documentation \n150.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations OrganizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo \n No advance documentation \n151.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations OrganizationStabilization Mission inthe Democratic Republicof the Congo \n No advance documentation \n152.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in EastTimor \n No advance documentation \n153.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations IntegratedMission in Timor-Leste \n No advance documentation \n154.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission inEthiopia and Eritrea \n No advance documentation \n155.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Observer Missionin Georgia \n No advance documentation \n156.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations StabilizationMission in Haiti \n No advance documentation \n157.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations InterimAdministration Mission inKosovo \n No advance documentation \n158.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission inLiberia \n No advance documentation \n159.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations peacekeepingforces in the Middle East \n No advance documentation \n160.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in theSudan \n\tA/66/ DM\t7/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thefinal disposition of theassets of the UnitedNations Mission in theSudan \n161.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission for theReferendum in WesternSahara \n No advance documentation \n162.\tFinancing of the AfricanUnion-United NationsHybrid Operation inDarfur \n No advance documentation \n163.\tFinancing of theactivities arising fromSecurity Councilresolution 1863 (2009) \n No advance documentation \n164.\tReport of the Committeeon Relations with theHost Country \n\tA/66/26 (Suppl.)\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t28/10/2011 \n\tReport of the Committeeon Relations with theHost Country (Suppl. No.26) \n\tA/AC.154/2011/CRP.___\t10/11/2011\tOLA\t14/10/2011 \n\tDraft report of theCommittee on Relationswith the Host Country \n165.\tObserver status for theCooperation Council ofTurkic-speaking States inthe General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n166.\tObserver status for theInternational EmergencyManagement Organizationin the General Assembly \n No advance documentation \n167.\tObserver status for theUnion of South AmericanNations in the GeneralAssembly \n No advance documentation \n168.\tObserver status for theInternational RenewableEnergy Agency in theGeneral Assembly \n No advance documentation \n169.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Interim SecurityForce for Abyei \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the UnitedNations Interim SecurityForce for Abyei from1 July 2011 to 31December 2011 \n170.\tFinancing of the UnitedNations Mission in SouthSudan \n\tA/66/ DM\t21/10/2011 \n\tReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the UnitedNations Mission in SouthSudan from 1 July to31 December 2011" ]
A_65_902_ADD.1
[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly: status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "The present addendum contains the status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly as at 3 August 2011. The numbers of the items relate to those of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "Acronyms and acronyms", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "CAIA Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "International Civil Service Commission", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund", "ICJ International Court of Justice", "UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "CNUDB United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity", "United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification", "DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs", "Department for General Assembly and Conference Management", "DAP Department of Political Affairs", "DATT Department of Field Support", "JIU Joint Inspection Unit", "DG Department of Management", "DIP Department of Public Information", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "DS Department of Security", "EIRD International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "JA Board of Auditors", "CEB United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "OACP Peacebuilding Support Office", "OAD Office for Disarmament Affairs", "OAEA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa", "OAJ Office of Legal Affairs", "OARPPP Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs", "OCRNY Office of Regional Commissions in New York", "ODDP Office of Sport for Development and Peace", "OESG Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency", "WHO World Health Organization", "UNAEU United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "ORESG/CNCA Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNEP United Nations Environment Programme", "TPIR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "TPIY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "UNFIP United Nations Fund for International Cooperation", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNICEF United Nations Children &apos; s Fund", "UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women", "UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation", "Status of documentation for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "Subject/subject Symbol/title of the document Dateofreunion Author Dateofrepresentationforesaid Dateofreception Dateofpublication 1. Opening of the session by the President of the General Assembly It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 13/09/2011 2. Minute of silence dedicated to prayer or meditation It is not expected that documents will be submitted in advance 13/09/2011 3. Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the AssemblyGeneral (b) A/66/ 12/12/2011 OAJ 07/12/2011 Report of the Credentials Committee 4. Election of the President of the General Assembly It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 5. Election of officers of the Main Committees is not expected to be submitted in advance 6. Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 7. Sixty-sixth session General debate No advance documentation is expected 21/09/2011 9. Report of the Economic and Social Council A/66/3 (Suppl.) 19/10/2011 DAGGC 22/08/2011 Report of the Economic and Social Council (Suppl. No. 3) A/66/ 19/10/2011 UNFPA 10/08/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the 2011 United Nations Population Award 10. Sport for peace and development It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 17/10/2011 11. Global road safety crisis A/66/ 12/12/2011 DESA 03/10/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the World Health Organization on improving world safety 12. 2001-2010: Decade to Approval of Lamalarian Regression in Developing Countries, Particularly in Africa A/66/ 11/10/2011 DESA 29/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on consolidating achievements and accelerating efforts to control and eliminate malaria in developing countries, in Africa, by2015 13. Implementation and coordinated follow-up of the outcomes of the major conferences and summits of the United Nations in the related economic and social spheres A/66/160 19/10/2011 OCHA 22/07/2011 19/07/2011 28/07/2011 Human security: note by the Secretary-General A/66/ 19/10/2011 OHCHR 04/08/2011 Annual report of the expert on the question of human rights obligations relating to sanitation Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 17/10/2011 15. Culture of peace A/66/ 17/10/2011 DAES 08/08/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence A/66/280 17/10/2011 DAES 08/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations 16. The Information and Communication Technologies for Development A/66/77-E/2011/103 17/10/2011 DAES 09/05/2011 04/05/2011 23/05/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on cooperation in public policy matters related to the Internet A/66/64-E/2011/77 17/10/2011 UNCTAD Report of the Secretary-General on progress in the implementation and follow-up to the decisions of the World Summit IV/10/2011 The international financial system and development A/66/167 03/10/2011 DESA 22/07/2011 21/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on international financial system and development (c) External debt sustainability and development A/66/164 03/10/2011 UNCTAD 25/07/2011 20/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on external debt sustainability and development (d) Commodities A/66/207 03/10/2011 Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the International Conference on Financing for Development held in 2002 and the 2008 Review Conference A/66/ 03/10/2011 DAES 31/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the follow-up to and implementation of the Monterrey Consensus and the Doha Declaration on Financing for Development A/66/ 03/10/2011 DAES 29/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on financing for development mechanisms 19. Agenda for the biennium 2011 Implementation of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) Globalization and interdependence A/66/187 10/10/2011 DAES 01/08/2011 26/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNCED) on culture and development (a) Role of the United Nations in promoting development in the context of globalization and interdependence A/66/223 10/10/2011 United Nations Development Programme Eradication of Yotras poverty issues of development (a) Activities of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) A/66/221 10/10/2011 DES 29/07/2011 01/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) (b) Women in development A/66/219 10/10/2011 UN-Women 01/08/2011 01/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on gender mainstreaming in national development strategies (c) Human resources development A/66/206 10/10/2011 DAES 01/08/2011 28/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on human resources development 24. Operational activities for development (a) Operational activities of the United Nations development system A/66/79-E/2011/107 03/10/2011 DESA 06/05/2011 19/05/2011 01/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the analysis of the financing of the operational activities of the United Nations development system in 2009 (b) South-South cooperation for development A/66/ 03/10/2011 UNDP 03/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the status of development Agricultural development and food security A/66/ 17/10/2011 DESA 08/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on agricultural development and food security: progress in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security 26. Towards global partnerships A/66/ 31/10/2011 OESG 22/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the intensification of cooperation between the United Nations and all relevant partners, in particular the private sector 27. General Assembly 03/10/2011 Advancement of women A/66/38 (Suppl.) 10/10/2011 OHCHR 01/04/2011 06/04/2011 15/06/2011 Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on its forty-sixth session (12-30 July 2010), 47th (4-22 October 2010) and 48th (17 January-4 February 2011) (Suppl. No. 38) A/66/181 10/10/2011 UN-Women 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the improvement of the situation of women in rural areas A/66/212 10/10/2011 UN-Women 29/07/2011 29/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on violence against women migrant workers A/66/99 10/10/2011 OHCHR 01/08/2011 28/06/2011 19/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the situation of violence Implementation of the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the thirty-third session of the General Assembly A/66/211 10/10/2011 UN-Women 29/07/2011 29/07/2011 29/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the steps and progress achieved in the follow-up to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly 29. Report of the Security Council A/66/2 (Suppl.) 08/11/2011 DAP 02/09/2011 Report of the Security Council for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011 (Suplementonum. 2) 30. Report of the Peacebuilding Commission It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 06/10/2011 31. Support of the United Nations system for the efforts of Governments to promote and consolidate new or state-of-the-art democracies A/66/ 18/11/2011 DAP 07/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the support of the United Nations system for the efforts of Governments to promote and consolidate new or restored democracies 32. Diamonds as a contributing factor to conflicts A/66/ 09/12/2011 RepublicDemocratic of the Congo Report of the Chair of the Kimberley Process on the Implementation of Process 33. Conflict prevention A/66/ 12/12/2011 DAP Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening the role of mediation in the settlement of disputes and conflict prevention and resolution 34. Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and implications for peace, security and inter-country development A/66/ 12/12/2011 UNHCR/DOMP Report of the Secretary-General on the situation of internally displaced persons and refugees from Abkhazia, Georgia, and the region ofTskhinvali/South Ossetia, Georgia 35. The situation in the EastMedium A/66/ -S/2011/ 29/11/2011 DAP 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on activities and developments in a settlement of the question ofPalestine A/66/ 29/11/2011 DAP 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East 36. Question of Palestine A/66/35 (Suppl.) 28/11/2011 DAP 07/10/2011 Report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Rights of the Palestinian People (Suppl. No.35) A/66/ -S/2011/ 28/11/2011 DAP Report of the Secretary-General on the activities and developments in a settlement of the question ofPalestine 37. The situation in Afghanistan A/66/ -S/2011/ 23/11/2011 DOMP 23/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security 38. The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 12/12/2011 It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 12/12/2011 39. Question of Comoranade Mayotte Island No advance documentation is expected. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba A/66/114 25/10/2011 DAP 02/08/2011 Report of the SecretaryGeneral on the need to end the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba 41. The situation in Central America: progress in setting up a peace, freedom, democracy and development A/66/ DAP Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala 42. Question of Cyprus No advance documentation is expected. Armed aggression against the Democratic Republic of the Congo No advance documentation is expected. Question of theMalvinas Islands (Malvinas) No advance documentation is expected. The situation of democracy and human rights in Haiti It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted. Israel &apos; s armed aggression against Iraqi nuclear facilities and its grave consequences for the international system established for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and international peace and security Documentation is not expected in advance 47. Consequences of the Iraqi occupation and aggression against Kuwait It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 48. Assistance for mine action A/66/ 28/10/2011 DPKO 10/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on assistance for mine action 49. Effects of A/66/46 (Suppl.) 21/10/2011 UNSCEAR Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, fifty-eighth session (Vienna, 23-27 May 2011) (Suppl. No. 46) 50. International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space A/66/20 (Supp.) 11/10/2011 ONUAEU Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of SpaceUltraterrestrial with Purposes, fifty-fourth session (Vienna, 1-10 June 2011) (Suplementonúm. 20) 51. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East A/66/13 (Supp.) 31/10/2011 UNRWA 31/03/2011 31/03/2011 Report of the CommissionerGeneral of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (Suplementonum 13) A/66/ 31/10/2011 DAP 22/08/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine A/66/222 31/10/2011 UNRWA 18/08/2011 01/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on persons deferred as a result of the June-1967 hostilities and subsequent hostilities A/66/ 31/10/2011 DAP 22/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the properties of Palestine refugees and Report of the Special Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 26/11/2011 Comprehensive review of all aspects of peacekeeping operations A/65/19 (Supp.) 24/10/2011 DAGGC 12/05/2011 12/05/2011 20/06/2011 Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations on the Substantive Session of 2011 (22 defebrero a 18 March and 9 May 2011) (Suplementonúm. 19) 54. Questions relating to information A/66/21 (Supp.) 18/10/2011 DIP 01/06/2011 26/05/2011 24/06/2011 Report on the thirty-third session of the Committee on Information (27 April-6 May 2011) (Suplementonúm. 21) A/66/ 18/10/2011 DIP 09/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on issues related to information 55. Information on Non-Self-Governing Territories transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter of the United Nations A/66/ 03/10/2011 DAP 14/03/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the information on Non-Self-Governing Territories transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter of the United Nations 57. Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples by the specialized agencies and the inter-country institutions associated with the United Nations A/66/23 (Suppl.) 03/10/2011 DAGGC 07/07/2011 29/06/2011 Report of the Special Committee to Review the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries (New June 2010) Offered by States of study and training facilitiesMembers of the inhabitants of the Non-Self-Governing Territories A/66/ 03/10/2011 DAP 18/03/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the facilities of study and training offered by Member States to the inhabitants of the Autonomous Territories 59. Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples A/66/ 03/10/2011 DAP 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the question of Western Sahara 60. Question of the Glorious Islands, Juan deNova, Europa and Bassas daIndia No advance documentation is expected. Permanent sovereignty of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan over their natural resources A/66/78-E/2011/13 31/10/2011 OCRNY 09/05/2011 06/05/2011 25/05/2011 Note by the Secretary-General on the economic and social consequences of the Israeli occupation of the occupied Arab and Palestinian people, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, issues relating to refugees, returnees and displaced persons and humanitarian issues A/66/12 (Suppl.) 02/11/2011 UNHCR Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Suplementonum 12) A/66/12/Add.1 (Suppl.) 02/11/2011 UNHCR Report of the Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development: progress in its international implementation A/66/202 11/10/2011 OAEA 01/08/2011 28/07/2011 Report of the SecretaryGeneral on New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development: ninth consolidated report on progress in implementation and international support (b) The causes of conflict and the promotion of peace and sustainable development in Africa A/66/214-S/2011/476 11/10/2011 OAEA 01/08/2011 01/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa 64. Report of the Human Rights Council A/66/53 (Supp.) 01/11/2011 OHCHR Report of the Human Rights Council (Suplementonúm. 53) A/66/53/Add.1 (Supp.) 01/11/2011 OHCHR Report of the Human Rights Council (Suplementonúm. 53A) (addition) A/66/ 01/11/2011 OHCHR 23/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the proclamation of 24 March/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the Rights of the Child A/66/257 12/10/2011 UNICEF 03/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the Rights of the Child A/66/230 12/10/2011 OHCHR 03/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the situation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child A/66/ 12/10/2011 Rights of indigenous peoples It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 17/10/2011 67. Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (a) Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance A/66/18 (Supp.) 31/10/2011 OHCHR Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Geneva, seventy-eighth session, 14 February-11 March 2011 and seventy-ninth session) A/66/ 31/10/2011 OHCHR 22/08/2011 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the inadmissibility of certain practices that contribute to exacerbating contemporary forms of racism, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (b) Implementation and follow-up of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action A/66/ 31/10/2011 OHCHR 22/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on worldly activities for the elimination of racism, racial discrimination Right of peoples to self-determination A/66/172 31/10/2011 OHCHR 22/08/2011 22/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the right of peoples to self-determination A/66/ 31/10/2011 OHCHR 22/08/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of deviolting human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to free determination 69. Report of the Secretary-General General report on humanitarian assistance Assistance to survivors of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, in particular orphans, widows and sexual violence victims A/66/ 14/11/2011 OCHA 03/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on assistance to survivors of crime committed in Rwanda in 1994, in particular to orphans, widows and victims of sexual violence 72. Report of the International Court of Justice A/66/4 (Suppl.) 27/10/2011 CIJ 08/08/2011 Report of the International Court of Justice (Suppl. No. 4) 73. Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 A/66/209-S/2011/IR452 10/10/2011 Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 A/66/210-S/2011/473 10/10/2011 TPIY 29/07/2011 29/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General on the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Laws Report of the International Criminal Court A/66/ 27/10/2011 OAJ 16/08/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the International Criminal Court on its activities in 2010-2011 A/66/ 27/10/2011 OAJ 31/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on expenditures incurred and reimbursements received by the United Nations in relation to the assistance provided to the International Criminal Court 76. Report of the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement on the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December1982 on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Fisheries Populations, Related E-Instruments A/66/ 07/12/2011 OAJ 15/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on regional measures adopted by 119 Nationality of natural persons in relation to States A/66/178 17/10/2011 OAJ 08/08/2011 25/07/2011 Note by the Secretariat transmitting the observations of the Government on the nationality of natural persons in relation to States &apos; recession 78. Criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission A/66/174 07/10/2011 OAJ 29/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission 79. Report of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on the work of its forty-fourth session A/66/17 (Supp.) 10/10/2011 OAJ Report of the Commission on International Trade Law on the work of its forty-fourth session (Vienna, 27 June-15 July) (Suppl. No. 17) 80. United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law A/AC.117/2011/CRP.1 14/10/2011 OAJ 05/08/2011 Draft report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law 81. Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-third session A/66/10 (Suppl.) 24/10/2011 OAJ 22/08/2011 Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-third session (Geneva, 26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August 2011) (Suppl. No.10) 82. Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization A/66/33 (Suppl.) 06/10/2011 OAJ 16/03/2011 16/03/2011 30/03/2011 Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (New York, 28 February-4 March, 7 and 9 March 2011) (Suppl. No. 33) A/66/201 06/10/2011 OAJ 28/07/2011 27/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the Repertoire of the Practice of United Nations Organs and on the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council A/66/213 06/10/2011 OAJ 09/08/2011 29/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Charter related to the implementation of 83 affected States. The rule of law in the national and international plans A/66/133 05/10/2011 OESG 13/07/2011 28/07/2011 Annual report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening and coordination of United Nations activities aimed at the promotion of the right state 84. Scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction A/66/93 12/10/2011 OAJ 03/08/2011 20/06/2011 Report of the SecretaryGeneral prepared on the discontinuation of information and observations received from Governments and observers on the scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction 85. The right of transboundary aquifers A/66/116 18/10/2011 OAJ 29/07/2011 29/06/2011 27/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the right of transboundary aquifers 86. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency A/66/95 01/11/2011 IAEA 16/08/2011 22/06/2011 27/06/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency 87. Reduction of military budgets A/66/117 03/10/2011 OAD 11/07/2011 29/06/2011 Report of the SecretaryGeneral on objective reporting on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures (b) Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures A/66/89 03/10/2011 OAD 17/06/2011 14/06/2011 11/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament Documentation is not expected in advance 03/10/2011 89. Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace A/66/29 (Suppl.) 03/10/2011 DAGGC 29/07/2011 19/07/2011 28/07/2011 Report of the Special Committee on the Indian Ocean (Suplementonúm. 29) 90. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty No advance documentation is expected 03/10/2011 OAD 91. Verification in all its aspects, including the role of the United Nations in the field of verification is not expected to be submitted in advance 03/10/2011 OAD 92. Review of the implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 03/10/2011 OAD 93. Progress in the area of information and telecommunications in the context of international security A/66/152 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 15/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on progress in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of intercountry security A/66/152/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 21/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on progress in the field of information and telecommunications in the field of security. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East A/66/153 (Part I) 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 15/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East (Part I) A/66/153 (Part I)/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East (Part I)( Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons Documentation is not expected in advance 03/10/2011 OAD 96. Prevention of armal race in space-traterrestrial No advance documentation is expected 03/10/2011 OAD 97. The role of science and technology in the context of international security and disarmament is not expected to be submitted in advance 03/10/2011 OAD 98. General and complete disarmament A/66/176 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on information on confidence-building measures in the field of arms-conventional weapons Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Convention Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels A/66/154 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 15/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels A/66/154/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels (addition) (j) Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context A/66/112 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 28/06/2011 21/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on confidence-building measures in the regional and sub-regional context A/66/112/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 15/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on confidence-building measures in the regional and sub-regional context (addition) (k) Assistance to States for curbing the illicit trade in small arms and weapons and for proceeding to the south-fashioned A/66/177 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in arms and light weapons and for collecting them; illicit trade in arms and light weapons in all their aspects; (l) Relationship between disarmament and development Observance of environmental norms in the development and implementation of disarmament and arms control agreements A/66/97 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 27/06/2011 22/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the observance of environmental norms in the elaboration and implementation of agreements to disarm and control dearmments A/66/97/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of environmental agreements Promotion of multilateralism in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation A/66/111 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 28/06/2011 21/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the promotion of multilateralism in the sphere of disarmament and non-proliferation A/66/111/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the promotion of multilateralism in the sphere of disarmament and non-proliferation (addition) or Nuclear disarmament A/66/132 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 13/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on disarmament; reduction of nuclear danger; and follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons A/66/132/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on disarmament; reduction of nuclear danger Pre-arm-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments No advance documentation is expected 03/10/2011 OAD s) Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction A/66/115 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 29/06/2011 26/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction A/66/115/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 19/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on measures to prevent the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects A/66/177 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States to curb the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and to proceed to their collection; the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (also under item 98k) u) Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 03/10/2011 OAD v) Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 03/10/2011 (w) Manufacture of efforts for the total elimination of nuclear weapons is not expected to be submitted Review and implementation of the Concluding Document of the Twelfth Session of the General Assembly (a) United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa A/66/159 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 19/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Peace and Disarmament Centre in Africa (b) United Nations Peace and Disarmament Organization (UNCED) Review of the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session A/66/123 03/10/2011 OAD 29/07/2011 11/07/2011 25/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report on the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research A/66/125 03/10/2011 OAD 29/07/2011 11/07/2011 19/07/2011 Report of the Disarmament Commission A/66/42 (Suppl.) 03/10/2011 DAGGC 29/04/2011 21/04/2011 04/05/2011 Report of the Disarmament Commission (4-21 April 2011) (Suppl. No. 42) 101. The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East A/66/ 03/10/2011 OAD 11/10/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East 102. Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects Documentation is not expected in advance 03/10/2011 OAD 103. Strengthening of security and cooperation in the Mediterranean region A/66/122 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 08/07/2011 27/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening security and cooperation in the Mediterranean region A/66/122/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 15/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening security and cooperation in the Mediterranean region (addition) 104. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty A/66/155 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 15/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty A/66/155/Add.1 03/10/2011 OAD 21/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (addition) A/66/165 03/10/2011 OAD 25/07/2011 20/07/2011 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Promotion of Biological and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction Documentation is not expected in advance 03/10/2011 OAD 106. Revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the Promotion of Multilateral Negotiations of Disarmament It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 03/10/2011 OAD 107. Crime prevention and criminal justice A/66/ 05/10/2011 UNODC Report of the Secretary-General on follow-up to the Twelfth Congress of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and Preparative Justice for the Thirteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention A/66/ 05/10/2011 UNODC Report of the United Nations Institute for the Prevention of Crime International drug control A/66/ 05/10/2011 UNODC Report of the Secretary-General on international cooperation against the world drug problem 109. Measures to eliminate international terrorism A/66/37 (Suppl.) 03/10/2011 OAJ 22/04/2011 25/04/2011 17/05/2011 Report of the Special Committee established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996 (New York, 11-15 April 2011) (Suppl. No. 37) A/66/96 03/10/2011 OAJ 29/07/2011 24/06/2011 26/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization A/66/1 (Suppl.) 04/10/2011 OESG 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization (Suppl. No.1) 111. Report of the Secretary-General on the Peacebuilding Fund It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 06/10/2011 112. Notification by the Secretary-General under Article 12, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations A/66/300 08/11/2011 DAP 30/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the notification made by the Secretary-General under Article 12, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations 113. Election of five members of the International Court of Justice A/66/182-S/2011/452 10/11/2011 OAJ 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Memorandum by the Secretary-General on the election of five members of the International Court of Justice A/66/183-S/2011/453 10/11/2011 OAJ 25/07/2011 25/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General Elections to fill in subsidiary bodies and other elections (b) Election of members of the International Law Commission A/66/88 16/11/2011 OAJ 13/06/2011 07/06/2011 10/06/2011 Note by the Secretary-General on the election of members of the International Law Commission by which the candidates presented by the Governments A/66/88/Add.1 16/11/2011 A/66/88/Add.2 16/11/2011 OAJ Note by the Secretary-General on the election of members of the International Law Commission transmitting the nominations submitted by Governments (addition 2) A/66/88/Add.3 16/11/2011 OAJ Note by the Secretary-General on the election of members of the International Law Commission transmitting the nominations submitted by Governments (addition 3) A/66/90 16/11/2011 OAJ 30/06/2011 17/06/2011 Note by the Secretary-General on the election of members of the International Law Commission transmitting the curricula vitae of the candidates proposed by the Governments A/66/ 16/11/2011 OAJ 31/10/2011 Note by the Secretary-General on the election of members of the International Law Commission by which the consolidated list of members of the General Assembly is circulated Note 15/11/2011 Appointment of the judges of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal A/66/109 13/12/2011 OAJ Note by the Secretary-General on the appointment of the judges of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal (j) Appointment of the judges of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal A/66/110 13/12/2011 OAJ Note by the Secretary-General on the appointment of the judges of the Tribunal. Admission of new Members to the United Nations No advance documentation is expected. Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit A/66/ 19/09/2011 OHCHR Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education: the right to education in emergency situations A/66/126 19/09/2011 Follow-up to the commemoration of the two-hundredth anniversary of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade A/66/ 08/12/2011 DIP 29/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the continuation of the work of the dissemination-education programme to mobilize, among others, the educational institutions and civil society in relation to the theme of the memory of the transatlantic slave trade 120/07/2011 Implementation of the United Nations resolutions No advance documentation is expected 22/11/2011 121. Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 22/11/2011 122. Question of representation in the Security Council and the increase in the number of its members and related questions No advance documentation is expected 08/11/2011 123. Strengthening of the United Nations system (a) Strengthening of the United Nations system A/66/ 22/11/2011 DPKO 15/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on capacity (b) Central role of the United Nations system in global governance A/66/ 22/11/2011 DESA 31/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on global economic governance and development 124. United Nations reform: measures and proposals Documentation is not expected in advance 125. Follow-up to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight issued by the Independent Investigative Committee on the United Nations \"Petroleopor Food\" Programme No advance documentation is expected. 126 Global and political health A/66/ 08/12/2011 DAES 28/09/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the World Health Organization on world health and foreign policy 127. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 No advance documentation is expected. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 No advance documentation is expected. 129 International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Courts No advance documentation is expected. Interaction between the United Nations, national parliaments and the Inter-Parliamentary Union It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 02/12/2011 131. Financial and audited reports and reports of the Board of Auditors A/66/151 JA 18/07/2011 14/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report on the progress made in the implementation of the International Accounting Standards for the Public Sector A/66/ DG Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors contained its report on the 2011 planature Voluntary funds administered by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees A/66/5/Add.5 (Suppl.) JA 18/07/2011 14/07/2011 Voluntary funds administered by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Suppl. No. 5E) (addition 5) A/66/139 JA 18/07/2011 14/07/2011 Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Board of Auditors on the implementation of its recommendations for the biennium 2008-2009 (c) Master plan for improvements in deinfrastructure A/66/5. JA 18/07/2011 07/07/2011 Report of the Board of Auditors on the plan of improvement of correspondent infrastructural infrastructure on the year ended 31 December 2009 (Vol. V) (Suplementonúm. 5) 132. Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations A/66/16 (Suppl.) DG 08/07/2011 05/07/2011 07/07/2011 Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination regarding its fifty-first session (6 June-1 July 2011) (Suplementonúm. 16) A/66/299 CAIA 11/08/2011 Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011 133. Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 A/66/ DG 11/11/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 A/66/188 UNFIP 27/07/2011 27/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Office for Partnerships Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013 A/66/7 (Suppl.) CCAAP 10/08/2011 First report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (Suppl. No. 7) A/66/6 (Introduction) DG Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: prologue eintroduction A/66/6 (Sect. 1) DG 28/04/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 1, Policy development, direction and coordination A/66/6 (Sect. 2) DG 04/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management A/66/6 (Sect. 3) DG 25/04/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 3, Political affairs A/66/6 (Sect. 4) DG 01/04/2011 25/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012 - 2013: section 4, DG 31/03/2011 17/03/2011 13/04/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 6, use of land-based space for project purposes A/66/6 (Sect. 7) DG 31/03/2011 17/03/2011 24/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 7, International Court of Justice A/66/6 (Sect. 8) and Corr.1 Project by programme Economic project by programme DG 14/04/2011 26/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012 - 2013: section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia A/66/6 (Sect. 23) DG 04/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012 - 2013: section 23, regular programme of technical cooperation A/66/6 (Sect. 24) DG 22/04/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012 - 2011 DG 29/04/2011 24/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 26, Palestine refugees A/66/6 (Sect. 27) DG 07/04/2011 24/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 27, Humanitarian assistance A/66/6 (Sect. 28) and Corr.1 Project by programme DG 20/04/2011 26/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 29F, Administration, Vienna A/66/6 (Sect. 29G) Project by programme DG 09/05/2011 02/06/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: section 1 deingresos, Staff assessment income. A/66/6 (Income Sect. 2) DG 22/04/2011 26/05/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: Section 2 deingresos, General income A/66/6 (Income Sect. 3) DG 29/04/2011 Proposed programme budget for the biennium2012-2013: Section 3 deingresos, Public services A/66/5 (Vol. V) (Suppl.) General report Programme planning A/66/16 (Supp.) DG 08/07/2011 05/07/2011 07/07/2011 Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination regarding its fifty-first session (6 June to 1 July 2011) (Suplementonúm. 16) (also under item 132) 136. Improving the financial situation of the United Nations A/66/ DG Periodic report of the Secretary-General on improving the financial situation of the United Nations 137. Pattern of conferences A/66/118 DAGGC 01/07/2011 01/07/2011 25/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the dispute plan A/66/32 (Supp.) DAGGC 26/09/2011 Report of the Committee on Conferences for 2011 (Suppl. No. 32) 138. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations A/66/11 (Suppl.) DG 08/07/2011 08/07/2011 22/07/2011 Report of the Commission of Accounts on its seventy-first session (6 - 24 June 2011) (Suppl. No. 11) A/66/69 DG 28/03/2011 18/03/2011 29/03/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on multi-year plans of work 139. Human resources management A/66/135 DG 29/07/2011 13/07/2011 28/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the practice of the Secretary-General disciplinary matters and cases of alleged criminal conduct, 1 July 2010a 30 June 2011 A/66/98 DG 30/06/2011 27/06/2011 13/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on conflicts of personal interest A/66/ OESG 19/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on activities 140 Joint Inspection Unit No advance documentation is expected. United Nations common system A/66/30 (Suppl.) ICSC 23/08/2011 Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011 (Suppl. No.30) A/66/ DG 30/09/2011 Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule53 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on administrative and financial implications of decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission 142. Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services A/66/ (Part I) OIOS 09/08/2011 Activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (Part I) A/66/ (Part I)/Add.1 OIOS 15/08/2011 Activities of the Office of Oversight Services Administration of justice at the United Nations A/66/ 10/10/2011 OESG 18/08/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the administration of justice at the United Nations A/66/158 10/10/2011 OESG 18/07/2011 19/07/2011 Report of the Internal Justice Council on the administration of justice at the United Nations A/66/86 10/10/2011 OESG 18/07/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on amendments to the regulations of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 A/66/ DG 15/11/2011 Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 A/66/ DG 15/11/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the second performance report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2010-2011 A/66/ DG 30/09/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the budget Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations There is no provision for advance documentation 147. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad No advance documentation is expected. 148. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Côte d &apos; Ivoire 149 is not expected to be submitted in advance. Financing of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus No advance documentation is expected. Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo No advance documentation is expected. Financing of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo No advance documentation is expected 152. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Timor-Leste It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 153. Financing of the United NationsIntegrated Mission in Timor-Leste No advance documentation is expected 154. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea No advance documentation is expected. 155 Financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia No advance documentation is expected. Financing of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in Haiti No advance documentation is expected. Financing of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo No advance documentation is expected 158. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Liberia No advance documentation is expected 159. Financing of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle East is not expected to provide advance documentation 160. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan A/66/ DG 07/10/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the fate of the assets of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan 161. Financing of the United Nations Mission for the Western Sahara Referendum It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 162. Financing of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur 163 are not expected to be submitted in advance. Financing of the activities arising from Security Council resolution1863 (2009) No advance documentation is expected to be submitted 164. Report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country A/66/26 (Suppl.) 10/11/2011 OAJ 28/10/2011 Report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Suppl. No.26) A/AC.154/2011/CRP.____ 10/11/2011 OAJ 14/10/2011 Draft report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country 165. Observer status for the General Assembly to the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States is not expected to be submitted in advance. Observer status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General Assembly It is not expected that advance documentation will be submitted 167. Observer status for the Union of South American Nations in the General Assembly is not expected to be submitted in advance 168. Observer status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General Assembly is not expected to be submitted in advance 169. Financing of the United Nations Security Force forAbyei A/66/ DG 21/10/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the budget for the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei for the period from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2011 170. Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan A/66/ DG 21/10/2011 Report of the Secretary-General on the budget for the United Nations Mission in South Sudan for the period from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2011" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 9 del programa provisional*", "Informe del Consejo Económico y Social", "Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas 2011", "Nota del Secretario General", "* A/66/150.", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General el informe de la Directora Ejecutiva del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas, establecido por la Asamblea en su resolución 36/201. El informe se refiere al año 2011 y fue elaborado con arreglo a la decisión 1982/112 del Consejo Económico y Social.", "Informe de la Directora Ejecutiva del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas 2011", "I. Introducción", "1. El 17 de diciembre de 1981, en virtud de su resolución 36/201, la Asamblea General estableció el Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas. El Premio se concede anualmente a una o varias personas, a una o varias instituciones, o a una combinación de ellas por su labor destacada en la concienciación sobre los problemas de población o su solución.", "2. El laureado es seleccionado por el Comité de Concesión del Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas, que está integrado por representantes de 10 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas elegidos por el Consejo Económico y Social por un período de tres años.", "3. Por su decisión 41/445, la Asamblea General enmendó el párrafo 1 del artículo 2 del reglamento relativo al Premio de Población para que una persona y una institución pudieran compartir el Premio.", "4. Por su decisión 1987/129, el Consejo Económico y Social enmendó en consecuencia el reglamento del Comité de Concesión del Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas.", "5. Los actuales miembros elegidos del Comité son Bangladesh, Egipto, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Malasia, Nicaragua, Noruega, la República Checa y la República Unida de Tanzanía.", "6. En su primera sesión de organización, celebrada el 5 de enero de 2011, el Comité eligió Presidente para 2011 al Embajador Maged A. Abdelaziz (Egipto).", "II. Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas 2011", "7. El Comité recibió 10 candidaturas para el premio de 2011, presentadas por personas o entidades habilitadas. De ellas, 5 correspondían a la categoría individual y 5 a la institucional. El 9 de marzo de 2011, con arreglo al mandato otorgado por la Asamblea General y tras un minucioso examen de las candidaturas, el Comité eligió al Profesor Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, de la República Islámica del Irán, en la categoría individual, y al Institut de formation et de recherche démographique, con sede en el Camerún, en la categoría institucional.", "8. El Comité seleccionó al Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi en reconocimiento de: a) su contribución ejemplar a la comprensión de la dinámica del descenso de la fecundidad en la República Islámica del Irán, mediante la demostración de los vínculos existentes entre la mejora de la educación y la condición de la mujer (en particular, facilitando su acceso a servicios de salud reproductiva) y las familias más pequeñas; b) su contribución a la mejora de la comprensión de los valores y creencias relacionados con la familia y el comportamiento demográfico, a través de estudios en casi 20 países que demuestran que las diferencias sociales, económicas y culturales entre los países son más importantes que la religión como explicación de las diferencias en las tasas de fecundidad, y que la igualdad entre los géneros, la postergación del matrimonio y la disminución de la fecundidad son tanto causas como consecuencias del desarrollo socioeconómico; y c) su éxito como enlace entre los principales demógrafos del mundo y los estudiosos y directores de programas iraníes.", "9. El Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi es un estudioso de las ciencias sociales. Después de completar su Licenciatura en Ciencias Sociales (Universidad de Isfahán, República Islámica del Irán, 1987), obtuvo una maestría en demografía de la Universidad de Teherán (1991), y un Doctorado en Demografía de la Research School of Social Sciences de la Australian National University en 1998. Su carrera profesional ha combinado la docencia, la investigación demográfica y los servicios de asesoramiento y formulación de políticas. Su trabajo se ha centrado en población y desarrollo, salud reproductiva y fecundidad, cambios en la familia, inmigración y refugiados. Desde 2001, es Presidente de la División de Investigación Demográfica de la Universidad de Teherán.", "10. Como investigador en ciencias sociales, el Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi ha contribuido a la comprensión de la dinámica del descenso de la fecundidad en la República Islámica del Irán, demostrando que la mejora de la educación y la condición de la mujer, así como su acceso a servicios de salud reproductiva, han facilitado la adopción de un ideal de familia de menor tamaño. Ha realizado investigaciones sobre la situación de los refugiados afganos en la República Islámica del Irán, y también es Presidente del Grupo Científico sobre los Refugiados de la Unión Internacional para el Estudio Científico de la Población. Ha desempeñado un papel importante en la formación y orientación de una nueva generación de demógrafos en la República Islámica del Irán.", "11. El Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi ha contribuido de forma decisiva al establecimiento y la consolidación de instituciones demográficas a nivel nacional e internacional. Ha sido miembro de numerosos consejos profesionales y comisiones asesoras de publicaciones y asociaciones profesionales en la esfera de la población. Desempeñó un papel muy destacado en la creación de la Asian Population Association, que actualmente preside. Desde 2007, es miembro de la Junta Directiva del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Diarreicas en Bangladesh. En 1993, recibió el reconocimiento nacional como coautor de un libro de texto sobre población y planificación familiar que se convirtió en el manual utilizado por el Ministerio de Educación en la República Islámica del Irán. En 2009, preparó el informe de evaluación demográfica de la República Islámica del Irán, en colaboración con el Ministerio de Salud del país y el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas.", "12. El Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi tiene una larga historia de colaboración en investigaciones con la Australian National University y actualmente es Future Fellow en el Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute. Sus investigaciones durante una década en colaboración con investigadores de la Australian National University sobre el marcado descenso de la fecundidad en la República Islámica del Irán culminaron en un libro, The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction, publicado por Springer, que ganó el Premio Mundial de 2011 como Libro del Año de la República Islámica del Irán. Desde 2006, el Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi es un miembro activo del Grupo de Estudio del Idealismo del Desarrollo de la University of Michigan. El Grupo ha estudiado los valores y creencias relacionados con el comportamiento demográfico y familiar en casi 20 países; los resultados de este estudio interdisciplinario han demostrado que la igualdad entre los géneros, el retraso de la edad del matrimonio y la disminución de la fecundidad son tanto causas como consecuencias del desarrollo socioeconómico. El Profesor Abbasi-Shavazi ha promovido la idea de que las diferencias sociales, económicas y culturales entre los países son más importantes que la religión como explicación de las diferencias en las tasas de fecundidad.", "13. El Comité de Concesión del Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas seleccionó al Institut de formation et de recherche démographique (IFORD) en reconocimiento de sus logros desde 1972: a) formando a especialistas africanos en la esfera de la población, incluidos más de 500 demógrafos africanos; b) realizando investigaciones pertinentes para la comprensión de los problemas demográficos de África en las esferas de la pobreza, la salud sexual y reproductiva, el género y la demografía, y la migración; c) realizando investigaciones sobre los vínculos entre población, medio ambiente y desarrollo, fundamentales para la creación de capacidad y la formulación de políticas en más de 26 países de la región de África y el Océano Índico; d) ofreciendo apoyo técnico a los países para elaborar sus censos de población, establecer actividades locales de investigación, impartir capacitación local, crear y gestionar bases de datos, y proporcionar asesoramiento sobre la formulación y evaluación de políticas de población; y e) produciendo publicaciones científicas respetadas y de alta calidad, como el Bulletin de Liaison.", "14. El IFORD es una institución académica africana dedicada a formar especialistas y realizar investigaciones en temas de población. El IFORD fue creado a raíz de la recomendación formulada por el Consejo de Ministros de la Comisión Económica para África. Inició sus actividades en 1972 y tiene su sede en Yaoundé. El IFORD está vinculado académicamente a la Universidad de Yaoundé. El IFORD tiene tres objetivos principales: a) capacitar a equipos africanos en materia de población y desarrollo; b) realizar investigaciones pertinentes para la comprensión de los problemas demográficos africanos; y c) ofrecer apoyo técnico a los países en materia de población y el desarrollo.", "15. El programa de capacitación del IFORD tiene dos niveles —el primero conduce a un título de maestría en demografía y el segundo a un doctorado en demografía. Desde su creación, el IFORD ha capacitado a más de 500 demógrafos africanos en el marco de estos dos programas. Más recientemente, el IFORD ha ampliado su capacidad para ofrecer programas de formación de corta duración de tres a cinco semanas.", "16. El IFORD mantiene un programa continuo de investigación que se concentra en cinco ámbitos: pobreza; salud sexual y reproductiva; cuestiones de género y demográficas; migración; y vínculos entre población, medio ambiente y desarrollo. Los proyectos de investigación son realizados por el personal del IFORD, con la participación de estudiantes de postgrado del Instituto y profesores visitantes. En el área de la asistencia técnica, el IFORD ayuda a los países africanos a realizar sus censos de población, establecer actividades de investigación locales, capacitar en el plano local, crear y gestionar bases de datos, y proporcionar asesoramiento sobre la formulación y evaluación de políticas de población. Dos ejemplos recientes son un estudio a fondo de tres años sobre los vínculos entre la pobreza y las necesidades no satisfechas de salud reproductiva entre los adolescentes y los jóvenes de África Central, y el estudio sobre las políticas y los programas de salud reproductiva de los adolescentes en Burkina Faso, el Camerún y el Togo.", "17. El IFORD es la institución líder en la región de África y el Océano Índico en formación, investigación y asistencia técnica en el ámbito de la población, y sirve a 26 países. El IFORD cuenta con una larga lista de publicaciones científicas; en 1979, lanzó el Bulletin de Liaison, su principal instrumento de difusión de información. Otras publicaciones periódicas, como Les Annales de lۥIFORD, Les Cahiers de lۥIFORD y Les Dossiers de lۥIFORD, se han sumado al Bulletin de Liaison. Recientemente, la Oficina Nacional de Estadística del Camerún ayudó al IFORD a instalar la aplicación informática National Date Archive para poner a disposición del público en general los metadatos y microdatos de las encuestas.", "III. Cuestiones financieras", "18. Al 31 de diciembre de 2010, el saldo total del Fondo Fiduciario para el Premio de Población de las Naciones Unidas era de 1.782.100,84 dólares. Los ingresos por concepto de intereses en 2010 ascendieron a 28.405,02 dólares. Los gastos de 2011, incluidos los premios concedidos a los dos laureados, sumaron 80.845,51 dólares." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "United Nations Population Award 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award, established by the Assembly in its resolution 36/201. The report covers the year 2011, and was prepared in accordance with Economic and Social Council decision 1982/112.", "Report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award 2011", "I. Introduction", "1. On 17 December 1981, by its resolution 36/201, the General Assembly established the United Nations Population Award. The Award is presented annually to an individual or individuals, to an institution or institutions, or to any combination thereof, for the most outstanding contribution to increasing awareness of population questions or to finding solutions to them.", "2. The Committee for the United Nations Population Award selects the laureate for the Award. The Committee is composed of representatives of 10 States Members of the United Nations, elected by the Economic and Social Council for a period of three years.", "3. In decision 41/445, the General Assembly amended article 2, paragraph 1, of the regulations governing the United Nations Population Award, so that an individual and an institution could share the award.", "4. In decision 1987/129, the Economic and Social Council amended the rules of procedure of the Committee for the Population Award accordingly.", "5. The current elected members of the Committee are Bangladesh, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Norway and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "6. During its organizational meeting, on 5 January 2011, the Committee elected Ambassador Maged A. Abdelaziz (Egypt) as Chair for 2011.", "II. United Nations Population Award 2011", "7. The Committee received 10 nominations from qualified nominators for the 2011 Award. Of these, five were for the individual category and five were for the institutional category. On 9 March 2011, in accordance with the mandate given to it by the General Assembly, and after a thorough review of the nominations, the Committee selected Professor Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the individual category, and the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique, based in Cameroon, in the institutional category.", "8. The Committee selected Professor Abbasi-Shavazi in recognition of (a) his exemplary contribution to understanding the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran, by demonstrating the linkages between improving the education and status of women — in particular, by facilitating their access to reproductive health services — and smaller families; (b) his contributions to improving the understanding of values and beliefs related to family and demographic behaviour, through studies in nearly 20 countries that demonstrate that social, economic and cultural differences among countries are more important than religion as explanations of fertility differentials, and that gender equality, delayed marriage and lower fertility are both causes and consequences of socio-economic development; and (c) his success in serving as a bridge between the world’s outstanding demographers and Iranian scholars and programme managers.", "9. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi is a social sciences academician. After completing his BA in social sciences (Esfahan University, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1987), he obtained an MA in demography from the University of Tehran (1991), and a PhD in demography at the Research School of Social Sciences of the Australian National University in 1998. His professional career has combined teaching, demographic research, and advisory and policy services. His work has focused on population and development, reproductive health and fertility, family change, immigration and refugees. Since 2001, he has been Chair of the Division of Population Research at the University of Tehran.", "10. As a social sciences researcher, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has contributed to understanding the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran, demonstrating that improving the education and status of women, as well as their access to reproductive health services, has facilitated the adoption of smaller family size ideals. He has conducted research on the situation of Afghan refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and he is also the Chair of the Scientific Panel on Refugees at the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. He has played a major role in training and guiding a new generation of demographers in the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "11. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has been instrumental in establishing and consolidating population institutions at national and international levels. He has served as a member of numerous professional and advisory boards of population journals and professional associations. He was a leading force in creating the Asian Population Association, of which he is the current President. Since 2007, he has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh. In 1993, he was nationally recognized after he co-authored a textbook on population and family planning that became the manual used by the Ministry of Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2009, he prepared the Population Assessment Report for the Islamic Republic of Iran, in collaboration with the country’s Ministry of Health and the United Nations Population Fund.", "12. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has had a long history of research collaboration with the Australian National University and is now Future Fellow at the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute. His decade-long research collaboration with researchers at the Australian National University on the sharp fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran culminated in a book, The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction, published by Springer, which won the 2011 World Prize for Book of the Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 2006, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has been an active member of the Developmental Idealism Study Group at the University of Michigan. The Group has been studying values and beliefs related to family and demographic behaviour in nearly 20 countries; the results of this interdisciplinary subject have demonstrated that gender equality, delaying the age at marriage, and achieving lower fertility are both causes and consequences of socio-economic development. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has promoted the view that social, economic and cultural differences among countries are more important than religion as explanations of fertility differentials.", "13. The Committee for the United Nations Population Award selected the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique (IFORD) in recognition of its achievements since 1972: (a) training African population specialists, including more than 500 African demographers; (b) conducting research relevant to understanding African population issues in the areas of poverty, sexual and reproductive health, gender and demography, and migration; (c) conducting research on the linkages between population, environment and development, critical to capacity-building and policymaking in more than 26 countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean region; (d) offering technical support to countries to conduct their population censuses, establish local research activities, provide local training, create and manage databases, and provide advice on formulating and evaluating population policies; and (e) producing respected, high-quality scientific publications, including the Bulletin de Liaison.", "14. IFORD is an African academic institution dedicated to training population specialists and to conducting research. IFORD was created upon the recommendation of the Council of Ministers of the Economic Commission for Africa. It began its activities in 1972 and is headquartered in Yaoundé. IFORD is linked academically to the University of Yaoundé. IFORD has three principal goals: (a) to train African teams in the field of population and development; (b) to conduct research relevant to understanding African population issues; and (c) to offer technical support to countries in the field of population and development.", "15. The training programme at IFORD has two levels — the first one leads to an MA degree in demography, and the second one leads to a PhD degree in demography. Since its creation, IFORD has trained more than 500 African demographers through these two programmes. More recently, IFORD has expanded its capacity to provide short training programmes of three to five weeks’ duration.", "16. IFORD has a continuous programme of research that concentrates on five areas: poverty; sexual and reproductive health; gender and demographic issues; migration; and the linkages between population, the environment and development. Research projects are conducted by the staff of IFORD, with the participation of its graduate students and visiting scholars. In the area of technical support, IFORD assists African countries in conducting their population censuses, establishing local research activities, providing local training, creating and managing databases, and providing advice on formulating and evaluating population policies. Two recent examples are the in-depth, three-year study on the linkages between poverty and unmet needs in reproductive health among adolescents and young people in Central Africa; and the study on adolescent reproductive health policies and programmes in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Togo.", "17. IFORD is the leading institution in Africa and the Indian Ocean region for training, research and technical assistance in the field of population, serving 26 countries. IFORD has a long list of scientific publications; in 1979, it launched the Bulletin de Liaison, the main instrument for disseminating information. Other periodic publications, including Les Annales de l’IFORD, Les Cahiers de l’IFORD and Les Dossiers de l’IFORD, have complemented the Bulletin de Liaison. Recently, the National Statistical Office of Cameroon assisted IFORD in installing the National Data Archive application to make survey metadata and microdata available online to the general public.", "III. Financial matters", "18. As at 31 December 2010, the Trust Fund for the United Nations Population Award had a total fund balance of $1,782,100.84. Interest income in 2010 was $28,405.02. Expenditure in 2011, including prizes given to the two laureates, totalled $80,845.51." ]
A_66_263
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "United Nations Population Award 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "* A/66/150.", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award, established by the Assembly in its resolution 36/201. The report refers to 2011 and was prepared in accordance with Economic and Social Council decision 1982/112.", "Report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund on the United Nations Population Award 2011", "I. Introduction", "1. On 17 December 1981, by its resolution 36/201, the General Assembly established the United Nations Population Award. The Award is awarded annually to one or more persons, one or more institutions, or a combination of them for their outstanding work in raising awareness of population problems or their solution.", "2. The laureate is selected by the United Nations Population Award Committee, which is composed of representatives of 10 United Nations Member States elected by the Economic and Social Council for a period of three years.", "3. By its decision 41/445, the General Assembly amended rule 2, paragraph 1, of the Regulations on the Population Award for a person and an institution to share the Award.", "4. By its decision 1987/129, the Economic and Social Council therefore amended the rules of procedure of the United Nations Population Award Committee.", "5. The current elected members of the Committee are Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Norway, the Czech Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "6. At its 1st organizational meeting, on 5 January 2011, the Committee elected Ambassador Maged A. Abdelaziz (Egypt) as Chairman for 2011.", "II. United Nations Population Award 2011", "7. The Committee received 10 nominations for the 2011 award, submitted by qualified individuals or entities. Of these, 5 were individual and 5 were institutional. On 9 March 2011, in accordance with the mandate given by the General Assembly and following a thorough review of nominations, the Committee elected Professor Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the individual level and the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique, based in Cameroon, at the institutional level.", "8. The Committee selected Professor Abbasi-Shavazi in recognition of: (a) his exemplary contribution to understanding the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran by demonstrating the links between improving education and the status of women (in particular, facilitating their access to reproductive health services) and smaller families; (b) their contribution to the improvement of the understanding of economic values and beliefs", "9. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi is a social science scholar. After completing his Bachelor of Social Sciences (University of Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran, 1987), he obtained a master's degree in demography from the University of Tehran (1991), and a PhD in Demographics from the Research School of Social Sciences of the Australian National University in 1998. His career has combined teaching, demographic research and advisory and policy-making services. Their work has focused on population and development, reproductive health and fertility, family changes, immigration and refugees. Since 2001, he has been President of the Demographic Research Division of the University of Tehran.", "10. As a social science researcher, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has contributed to the understanding of the dynamics of fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran, demonstrating that the improvement of women &apos; s education and status and their access to reproductive health services have facilitated the adoption of a smaller family ideal. He has conducted research on the situation of Afghan refugees in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and is also Chairman of the International Union Scientific Group on Refugees for the Scientific Study of Population. It has played an important role in the formation and guidance of a new generation of demographers in the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "11. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has contributed decisively to the establishment and consolidation of demographic institutions at the national and international levels. He has been a member of numerous professional councils and advisory commissions on publications and professional associations in the field of the population. He played a very prominent role in the creation of the Asian Population Association, which he currently chairs. Since 2007, he has been a member of the Board of Directors of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research in Bangladesh. In 1993, it received national recognition as co-author of a textbook on population and family planning, which became the manual used by the Ministry of Education in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2009, it prepared the demographic assessment report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health of the country and the United Nations Population Fund.", "12. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has a long history of collaboration in research with the Australian National University and is currently Future Fellow at the Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute. His research for a decade in collaboration with Australian National University researchers on the marked decline in fertility in the Islamic Republic of Iran culminated in a book, The Fertility Transition in Iran: Revolution and Reproduction, published by Springer, which won the 2011 World Prize as the Book of the Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 2006, Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has been an active member of the University of Michigan Development Idealism Study Group. The Group has studied values and beliefs related to demographic and family behaviour in almost 20 countries; the results of this interdisciplinary study have shown that gender equality, the delay in the age of marriage and the decline in fertility are both causes and consequences of socio-economic development. Professor Abbasi-Shavazi has promoted the idea that social, economic and cultural differences among countries are more important than religion as an explanation of differences in fertility rates.", "13. The United Nations Population Award Concession Committee selected the Institut de formation et de recherche démographique (IFORD) in recognition of its achievements since 1972: (a) training African population specialists, including more than 500 African demographers; (b) conducting research relevant to the understanding of African demographic problems in the areas of poverty, sexual and reproductive health, gender and", "14. IFORD is an African academic institution dedicated to training specialists and conducting research on population issues. IFORD was created following the recommendation made by the Council of Ministers of the Economic Commission for Africa. He began his activities in 1972 and is based in Yaoundé. IFORD is academically linked to Yaoundé University. IFORD has three main objectives: (a) training African teams in population and development; (b) conducting research relevant to the understanding of African demographic problems; and (c) providing technical support to countries in population and development.", "15. The IFORD training program has two levels — the first leads to a master's degree in demography and the second to a doctorate in demography. Since its inception, IFORD has trained more than 500 African demographers under these two programmes. More recently, IFORD has expanded its capacity to deliver short-term training programmes from three to five weeks.", "16. IFORD maintains a continuous research programme focusing on five areas: poverty; sexual and reproductive health; gender and demographic issues; migration; and linkages between population, environment and development. Research projects are carried out by IFORD staff, with the participation of graduate students from the Institute and visiting professors. In the area of technical assistance, IFORD helps African countries to conduct their population censuses, establish local research activities, train locally, create and manage databases, and provide advice on population policy formulation and evaluation. Two recent examples are a three-year in-depth study on linkages between poverty and unmet reproductive health needs among adolescents and young people in Central Africa, and the study on adolescent reproductive health policies and programmes in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Togo.", "17. IFORD is the leading institution in the African and Indian Ocean region in training, research and technical assistance in the population area and serves 26 countries. IFORD has a long list of scientific publications; in 1979, it launched the Liaison Bulletin, its main information dissemination tool. Other periodicals, such as Les Annales de l.IFORD, Les Cahiers de l.IFORD and Les Dossiers de l.IFORD, have joined the Liaison Bulletin. Recently, the Cameroon National Statistical Office helped IFORD to install the National Date Archive computer application to make available to the general public the metadata and microdata of the surveys.", "III. Financial matters", "18. As at 31 December 2010, the total Trust Fund for the United Nations Population Award was $1,782,100.84. Interest income in 2010 amounted to $28,405.02. Expenditure for 2011, including awards to the two laureates, totalled $80,845,51." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "El derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General el informe provisional preparado por Anand Grover, Relator Especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental, de conformidad con las resoluciones 15/22 y 6/29 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "Informe provisional del Relator Especial sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental", "Resumen", "En el presente informe, el Relator Especial sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental examina la interacción entre las leyes penales y otras restricciones jurídicas relativas a la salud sexual y reproductiva y el derecho a la salud. El derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva es una parte fundamental del derecho a la salud. Por consiguiente, los Estados deben asegurar que este aspecto del derecho a la salud se haga plenamente efectivo.", "El Relator Especial examina los efectos de las restricciones jurídicas penales y de otra índole en el aborto; la conducta durante el embarazo; los métodos anticonceptivos y la planificación de la familia; y el acceso a la educación y la información en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva. Algunas de las restricciones jurídicas penales y de otra índole que se aplican en cada uno de esos ámbitos, a menudo discriminatorias, dificultan el acceso a bienes, servicios e información de calidad y, por consiguiente, vulneran el derecho a la salud. También atentan contra la dignidad humana al coartar las libertades dimanantes del derecho a la salud, en particular en lo que respecta a la adopción de decisiones y a la integridad física. Asimismo, la aplicación de esas leyes para obtener determinados resultados en el ámbito de la salud pública resulta a menudo ineficaz y desproporcionada.", "El ejercicio del derecho a la salud requiere la eliminación de las barreras que interfieren en la adopción de decisiones relacionadas con la salud y en el acceso a los servicios de salud, la educación y la información, en particular en lo que respecta a las afecciones que solo afectan a las mujeres y a las niñas. En los casos en que una barrera es producto de una ley penal o de restricciones jurídicas de otra índole, los Estados están obligados a eliminarla. La eliminación de esas leyes y restricciones no depende de la disponibilidad de recursos y, por consiguiente, no tiene por qué llevarse a cabo de manera progresiva. Por consiguiente, las barreras erigidas con arreglo a leyes penales y otras leyes y políticas que afectan a la salud sexual y reproductiva deben eliminarse inmediatamente a fin de asegurar el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la salud.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 4\nII.Antecedentes 4III.Las 5 normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho a la salud sexual y \nreproductiva IV. El 6 derecho penal y otras restricciones jurídicas que afectan al derecho a la salud sexual y \nreproductiva Efectosde 9 lasleyes penalesyotrasrestriccionesjurídicasenlasaludsexualy \nreproductiva \nV.Recomendaciones 22", "I. Introducción", "1. Desde su informe anterior a la Asamblea General (A/65/255), el Relator Especial ha llevado a cabo misiones a la República Árabe Siria en noviembre de 2010 (A/HRC/17/25/Add.3) y Ghana en mayo de 2011. El Relator Especial presentó los siguientes informes al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 17º período de sesiones, celebrado en junio de 2011: informe sobre el derecho a la salud y el desarrollo (A/HRC/17/25) e informe sobre la consulta de expertos sobre el acceso a los medicamentos como elemento fundamental del derecho a la salud (A/HRC/17/43). Asimismo, en abril de 2011 convocó una consulta de expertos y una consulta pública sobre el derecho a la salud de las personas de edad, que sirvió de base para el informe presentado al Consejo en su 18º período de sesiones, que se celebrará en septiembre de 2011.", "2. El Relator Especial ha participado en varias reuniones y conferencias sobre el derecho a la salud, entre las que figuran la reunión sobre los derechos humanos y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, organizada por el Open Society Institute y el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA) en Nueva York en marzo de 2011, y la conferencia sobre el respeto del derecho a la salud organizada por la Universidad de Europa Central en Budapest en junio de 2011. El Relator Especial, en calidad de orador principal, presentó ponencias ante la Asamblea de Irlanda del Norte en septiembre de 2010 sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y en el seminario del Centro Internacional de Política sobre las Drogas sobre la proporcionalidad de las penas impuestas por delitos relacionados con las drogas, celebrado en Londres en mayo de 2011.", "3. El Relator Especial también celebró consultas regionales con la sociedad civil relativas a África Oriental (celebradas en Nairobi), Europa Oriental (Budapest) y la Federación de Rusia y Asia Central (Moscú). Dichas consultas le permitieron recabar información sobre la realización del derecho a la salud en esas regiones y difundir información sobre su mandato.", "II. Antecedentes", "4. En el presente informe se examina la tipificación como delito de determinados servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, especialmente los relacionados con las mujeres, y sus consecuencias para el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental (en adelante el “derecho a la salud”). Se estudia asimismo el efecto de otras políticas y restricciones jurídicas que afectan a la conducta y la adopción de decisiones en el contexto de la salud sexual y reproductiva. En el informe se examina la aplicación de leyes penales y restricciones jurídicas de otra índole para regular el aborto, la conducta durante el embarazo, la educación sexual y reproductiva y los métodos anticonceptivos y de planificación de la familia. También se analiza el posible impacto negativo del derecho penal y de otro tipo de restricciones jurídicas en la atención de la salud, incluido el acceso a bienes, servicios e información, en las libertades y la dignidad de las personas afectadas, especialmente las mujeres, y en la eficacia de las políticas de salud pública.", "5. El Relator Especial decidió tratar estas cuestiones debido a que los Estados regulan la conducta y la adopción de decisiones en el ámbito del derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva mediante leyes penales y restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que podrían vulnerar el derecho a la salud.", "III. Las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva", "6. El derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva es un componente esencial del derecho a la salud. El artículo 12.2 a) del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales pone de relieve algunos aspectos del derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva. En la Observación general núm. 14 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales se afirma además que el derecho a la salud incluye la adopción de medidas para mejorar la salud infantil y materna, los servicios de salud sexuales y genésicos, incluido el acceso a la planificación de la familia, la atención anterior y posterior al parto, los servicios obstétricos de urgencia y el acceso a la información, así como a los recursos necesarios para actuar con arreglo a esa información (E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 14). Asimismo, observa que el ejercicio del derecho de la mujer a la salud conlleva el deber de suprimir todas las barreras que impiden el acceso de la mujer a los servicios de salud, educación e información, en particular en la esfera de la salud sexual y reproductiva (ibid., párr. 21). Las recomendaciones del Comité siempre han apoyado este enfoque[1].", "7. La Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer[2] insta a los Estados a adoptar medidas para que las mujeres disfruten de igualdad en todos los ámbitos, incluidos la educación, el empleo y el acceso a la atención de la salud. Concretamente, la Convención aboga por una comprensión adecuada de la maternidad como función social, el acceso a información sobre planificación de la familia y la eliminación de la discriminación contra la mujer en el matrimonio y las relaciones familiares. Asimismo, el artículo 16.1 e) estipula que las mujeres deben disfrutar de los mismos derechos a decidir libre y responsablemente el número de sus hijos y el intervalo entre los nacimientos y a tener acceso a la información, la educación y los medios que les permitan ejercer estos derechos.", "8. La Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño vela por la protección del derecho a la salud de los jóvenes menores de 18 años. El artículo 24 de la Convención afirma el derecho a la salud según se define en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, lo cual resulta especialmente oportuno habida cuenta de la importancia de la salud sexual y reproductiva en las vidas de las mujeres y hombres jóvenes[3]. La Convención insta a los Estados a asegurar atención sanitaria prenatal y postnatal apropiada a las madres, desarrollar la educación y los servicios en materia de planificación de la familia y abolir las prácticas tradicionales que sean perjudiciales para la salud de los niños[4].", "9. El derecho a la salud reproductiva también ocupa un lugar destacado en el Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo de 1994, la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing de 1995 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, que afirman el derecho de la mujer a controlar todos los aspectos de su salud, a respetar su autonomía e integridad físicas y a decidir de forma libre todo lo relativo a su sexualidad y reproducción, sin sufrir discriminación, coerción o violencia. La Plataforma de Acción de Beijing afirma que los Estados deberían considerar la posibilidad de eliminar las medidas punitivas relativas a la salud sexual y reproductiva. Se pone especialmente de relieve la relación entre la mejora de la salud sexual y reproductiva para las mujeres y la reducción de la pobreza. Lamentablemente, el Informe sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 2010[5] declara que el progreso en ámbitos indicativos como los embarazos adolescentes y el uso de anticonceptivos se ha estancado en algunas partes del mundo y que la ayuda para la planificación de la familia como porcentaje de la ayuda total para la salud disminuyó drásticamente entre 2000 y 2008.", "10. La Observación general núm. 14 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales desarrolla el concepto de salud reproductiva y afirma que la mujer y el hombre están en libertad para decidir si desean reproducirse y en qué momento, y tienen el derecho de estar informados y tener acceso a métodos de planificación seguros, eficaces, asequibles y aceptables de su elección y a los servicios de atención de la salud pertinentes que, por ejemplo, permitirán a la mujer pasar sin peligros las etapas de embarazo y parto (E/C.12/2000/4, nota 12). La salud sexual es un estado de bienestar físico, emocional, mental y social relacionado con la sexualidad, y no simplemente la ausencia de afecciones, disfunciones o enfermedades[6]. El Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo afirma que la salud sexual incluye el derecho a una vida sexual satisfactoria y segura, así como a la libertad de decidir cuándo reproducirse y con qué frecuencia (A/CONF.171/13, párr. 7.2). Afirma asimismo que la salud sexual requiere un enfoque positivo y respetuoso de la sexualidad y las relaciones sexuales, así como la posibilidad de gozar de experiencias sexuales agradables y seguras, exentas de coacción, discriminación y violencia.", "IV. El derecho penal y otras restricciones jurídicas que afectan al derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva", "11. Los Estados promulgan leyes penales para regular conductas que se perciben como amenazadoras, peligrosas o dañinas para una o varias personas o para la sociedad. Esas leyes constituyen la manifestación más clara del poder punitivo del Estado y se encuentran entre sus actos más intencionales. El derecho penal castiga a quienes incurren en conductas prohibidas; también tiene por objeto disuadir a otras personas de conductas similares, incapacitar y rehabilitar a los delincuentes y ofrecer reparación a las víctimas.", "12. El uso flagrante de la coacción física por el Estado u otros actores no estatales, como en los casos de esterilización, aborto, anticoncepción o embarazo forzados, se ha condenado desde hace tiempo como una forma injustificable de coerción sancionada por el Estado y una violación del derecho a la salud[7]. De igual modo, cuando se utiliza el derecho penal como instrumento para regular la conducta de una persona y sus decisiones en el contexto del derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva, la voluntad del Estado se impone por la fuerza, anulando la del individuo.", "13. Los Estados imponen también otras restricciones jurídicas, como disposiciones civiles y administrativas, para restringir o prohibir la disponibilidad de bienes, servicios e información relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva o el acceso a ellas.", "14. La aplicación de algunas leyes penales y otras restricciones jurídicas podría impedir el acceso a determinados bienes de salud sexual y reproductiva, como los métodos anticonceptivos, prohibir directamente un servicio determinado, como el aborto, o prohibir el suministro de información sexual y reproductiva mediante programas educativos escolares o por otros medios. En la práctica, estas disposiciones afectan a una gran variedad de personas, entre las que figuran las mujeres que desean abortar o utilizar métodos anticonceptivos; los amigos o familiares que ayudan a las mujeres que desean abortar; los profesionales que practican abortos; los docentes que imparten educación sexual; los farmacéuticos que suministran métodos anticonceptivos; los empleados de instituciones establecidas para prestar servicios de planificación de la familia; los activistas de derechos humanos que defienden el derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva; y los adolescentes que desean tener acceso a métodos anticonceptivos para mantener relaciones sexuales consentidas.", "15. Las leyes penales y las restricciones de la salud sexual y reproductiva de otra índole podrían afectar negativamente al derecho a la salud en múltiples aspectos, incluso atentando contra la dignidad humana. El respeto de la dignidad es fundamental para el ejercicio de todos los derechos humanos. La dignidad exige que las personas sean libres para tomar decisiones personales sin la injerencia del Estado, especialmente en un ámbito tan importante e íntimo como la salud sexual y reproductiva.", "16. Las leyes penales y las restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que afectan a la salud sexual y reproductiva podrían considerarse violaciones del derecho a la salud. Si bien el presente informe se ocupa predominantemente del modo en que estas leyes y restricciones jurídicas afectan a las mujeres y las niñas, en modo alguno pretende ignorar los problemas similares que afectan a los hombres y los niños. No obstante, por lo general es más probable que se infrinja el derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres[8], dada la fisiología de la reproducción humana y el contexto social, jurídico y económico en que se encuadran la sexualidad, la fertilidad, el embarazo y la paternidad, muy condicionado por el género. La persistencia de los estereotipos sobre el papel de la mujer en la sociedad y la familia establece y alimenta normas sociales. Muchas de esas normas se basan en la convicción de que la libertad de la mujer, especialmente en lo que respecta a su identidad sexual, debe reducirse y controlarse (véase E/CN.4/2002/83, párr. 99). Cuando una mujer que reivindica su libertad sexual y reproductiva transgrede esas normas basadas en estereotipos suele sufrir severos castigos⁶, con los consiguientes efectos adversos para su salud; eso constituye una violación de su derecho a la salud. Las leyes penales y las restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que se examinan en el presente informe, como las que fuerzan a las mujeres a llevar a término embarazos no deseados o no planeados, facilitan y justifican el control del Estado sobre sus vidas.", "17. La relación de causalidad entre los estereotipos de género, la discriminación y la marginalización de las mujeres y las niñas y su disfrute del derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva queda reflejada en muchos documentos (véanse E/CN.4/2002/83 y E/CN.4/2004/49). La penalización genera y perpetúa el estigma, limita la capacidad de las mujeres para hacer pleno uso de los bienes, servicios e información disponibles en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva, les niega la plena participación en la sociedad y distorsiona las percepciones de los profesionales de la salud, lo que a su vez puede dificultar el acceso de las mujeres a los servicios de atención de la salud. Las leyes penales y las restricciones jurídicas de otra índole pueden impedir el empoderamiento de la mujer, disuadiéndolas de adoptar medidas para proteger su salud a fin de evitar incurrir en responsabilidad penal o por miedo a la estigmatización. Al restringir el acceso a los bienes, servicios e información relacionados con salud sexual y reproductiva, estas leyes también pueden tener un efecto discriminatorio, ya que afectan desproporcionadamente a quienes más necesitan esos recursos, es decir, las mujeres. A consecuencia de ello, las mujeres y las niñas son castigadas tanto si cumplen las leyes en detrimento de su salud física y mental, como si no las cumplen y se exponen a ser encarceladas.", "18. Los Estados suelen aludir a dos motivos para aplicar leyes penales o leyes restrictivas de otra índole que afectan al derecho a la salud sexual y reproductiva: la salud y la moralidad públicas. La moralidad pública no puede esgrimirse como pretexto para promulgar o aplicar leyes que puedan dar pie a violaciones de los derechos humanos, incluidas las que tienen por objeto regular la conducta sexual y reproductiva y la adopción de decisiones. Si bien la obtención de determinados resultados en materia de salud pública es un objetivo legítimo del Estado, las medidas adoptadas para lograrlo deben estar fundamentadas en pruebas y ser proporcionadas, a fin de asegurar el respeto de los derechos humanos. Los Estados deberían abstenerse de emplear leyes penales y restricciones jurídicas para regular la salud pública que no están fundamentadas en pruebas ni sean proporcionadas, ya que violan el derecho a la salud de las personas afectadas y además son contrarias a los propios fines que las justifican.", "19. La protección de los derechos de la mujer es esencial para mejorar los resultados en materia de salud para ambos sexos. No obstante, muchos de los problemas de salud reproductiva y sexual no se denuncian, probablemente por múltiples razones de índole política, social y cultural, y eso plantea graves dificultades. Debido a su efecto inhibidor en el intercambio abierto de información y la reunión de datos, la penalización exacerba aún más el problema derivado de la falta de información disponible sobre algunos indicadores de salud importantes. En consecuencia, resulta imposible mejorar los resultados insatisfactorios en materia de salud y se agravan las dificultades que experimenta la comunidad internacional para lograr los objetivos fundamentales de desarrollo. Además, los indicadores de desarrollo no reflejan plenamente los efectos de la penalización, ya que solo se tienen en cuenta determinados datos de salud pública cuantificables y queda excluida la privación de dignidad y autonomía.", "20. La imposición de restricciones penales y de otra índole por los Estados para regular la salud sexual y reproductiva puede constituir una grave violación del derecho a la salud de las personas afectadas y carece de eficacia como intervención en el ámbito de la salud pública. La aplicación de esas leyes debe reconsiderarse inmediatamente. Su eliminación no debe ser progresiva ya que no constituye una carga pesada desde el punto de vista de los recursos, ni siquiera de minimis.", "Efectos de las leyes penales y otras restricciones jurídicas en la salud sexual y reproductiva", "1. Penalización del aborto y otras restricciones jurídicas conexas", "21. Las leyes penales que castigan y restringen el aborto inducido son el ejemplo paradigmático de las barreras inaceptables que impiden a las mujeres ejercer su derecho a la salud y, por consiguiente, deben eliminarse. Estas leyes atentan contra la dignidad y autonomía de la mujer al restringir gravemente su libertad para adoptar decisiones que afecten a su salud sexual y reproductiva. Asimismo, generan invariablemente efectos nocivos para la salud física, al ser causa de muertes evitables, morbilidad y mala salud, y para la salud mental, entre otras cosas porque las mujeres afectadas se arriesgan a caer en el sistema de justicia penal. La promulgación o el mantenimiento de leyes que penalicen el aborto puede constituir una violación de la obligación de los Estados de respetar, proteger y hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud.", "22. El Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer ha condenado enérgicamente las leyes que restringen el aborto, especialmente las que prohíben y penalizan el aborto en todas las circunstancias (véase CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4, párr. 19). También ha confirmado que ese tipo de legislación no impide que las mujeres recurran a abortos ilegales practicados en condiciones peligrosas, y ha calificado las leyes que restringen el aborto de violación de los derechos a la vida, la salud y la información[9]. Al Comité de los Derechos del Niño le preocupan también los efectos de las leyes que restringen severamente el aborto en el derecho a la salud de las niñas adolescentes[10]. El Comité contra la Tortura también ha afirmado que las leyes que penalizan el aborto deberían volver a evaluarse, ya que dan lugar a violaciones del derecho de la mujer a no verse sometida a tratos inhumanos y degradantes[11]. El Comité de Derechos Humanos llegó a la conclusión de que la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres exigía la igualdad de trato en el ámbito de la salud y la eliminación de la discriminación en el suministro de bienes y servicios, e hizo hincapié en la necesidad de examinar la legislación relativa al aborto para evitar que se violasen los derechos de la mujer (véase CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, párrs. 20, 28 y 31). El anterior Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la salud pidió que se eliminaran las disposiciones que castigaban a las mujeres que abortaban (E/CN.4/2004/49, párr. 30).", "23. En los Estados en que está penalizado el aborto puede haber supuestos en que este no constituya delito. No obstante, en los casos más extremos el aborto está penalizado sin excepción (situación que solo existe en unos pocos países), o solo se autoriza cuando la vida de la mujer corre peligro. Aproximadamente el 25% de la población mundial vive en regímenes jurídicos que prohíben el aborto excepto en los casos de violación o incesto, y cuando es necesario para salvar la vida de la mujer. Algunos regímenes menos restrictivos permiten el aborto por motivos de salud física y mental y por motivos socioeconómicos, como la pobreza y el número de hijos. Por último, el aborto está totalmente despenalizado en 56 Estados, si bien siguen fijándose límites en función de las semanas de gestación[12].", "24. Existen restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que también dificultan el acceso al aborto legal. Las leyes de objeción de conciencia levantan barreras que dificultan el acceso, ya que permiten que los profesionales de la salud y el personal auxiliar, como los recepcionistas y farmacéuticos, se nieguen a prestar servicios de aborto, a proporcionar información sobre procedimientos y a derivar a las interesadas a centros y proveedores de servicios alternativos[13]. Cabe citar además las siguientes restricciones: leyes que prohíben la financiación pública del aborto; asesoramiento y plazos de espera obligatorios para las mujeres que desean interrumpir un embarazo; obligación de obtener la aprobación de más de un profesional de la salud; obligación de obtener el consentimiento paterno o conyugal; y leyes que exigen a los profesionales de la salud denunciar los casos “sospechosos” de tratarse de abortos ilegales cuando una mujer acude a recibir atención después de un aborto, incluido un aborto espontáneo. Estas leyes dificultan el acceso de las mujeres pobres, desplazadas y jóvenes a abortos sin riesgo y a la atención posterior al aborto. Estos regímenes restrictivos, que no tienen equivalente en otros ámbitos de la atención de la salud sexual y reproductiva, contribuyen a reforzar el estigma del aborto como práctica objetable.", "25. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha confirmado que los motivos jurídicos determinan en gran medida la trayectoria de una mujer con un embarazo no deseado hacia un aborto en condiciones seguras o peligrosas[14]. Dado que las restricciones jurídicas influyen considerablemente en las condiciones en que se practica un aborto[15], es probable que en los regímenes más restrictivos se produzcan más abortos en condiciones peligrosas. El porcentaje de abortos que se practican en condiciones peligrosas y la proporción entre abortos en condiciones peligrosas y abortos sin riesgo están directamente relacionados con el grado de restricción o punición de las leyes que rigen el aborto[16]. Se calcula que casi un 13% de las muertes derivadas de la maternidad registradas en todo el mundo obedece a abortos practicados en condiciones peligrosas¹⁴. Otros 5 millones de mujeres y niñas sufren lesiones a corto y largo plazo debidas a abortos practicados en condiciones peligrosas[17], entre las que figuran hemorragias, septicemias, traumatismos de vagina, útero y órganos abdominales, desgarros en el cuello del útero, peritonitis, infecciones del sistema reproductor, enfermedad inflamatoria de la pelvis y dolor pélvico crónico, conmoción e infertilidad.", "26. Entre las circunstancias que llevan a que se practiquen abortos en condiciones peligrosas figuran las siguientes: acceso limitado a información, en particular en relación con cuándo y cómo pueden practicarse los abortos legales; abortos practicados por una persona no cualificada en condiciones insalubres o por un profesional de la salud sin los medios adecuados; aborto provocado por la propia mujer o por un curandero mediante la inserción de un objeto en el útero, la ingesta de una sustancia peligrosa o un masaje violento; e ingestión de medicamentos recetados incorrectamente sin el debido seguimiento y sin información adicional[18]. La penalización del aborto crea y perpetúa estas condiciones inseguras. En los regímenes más liberales, las mujeres pueden recibir legalmente los servicios y el tratamiento de profesionales de la salud en circunstancias seguras y adecuadas desde el punto de vista médico, incluido el uso de píldoras abortivas, que provocan abortos autoinducidos en condiciones seguras y en una fase temprana del embarazo.", "27. La penalización del aborto es una clara expresión de la injerencia del Estado en la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujer, ya que restringe el control de la mujer sobre su cuerpo y podría exponerla a riesgos para la salud innecesarios. La prohibición del aborto también obliga a las mujeres a llevar a término embarazos no deseados y a dar a luz cuando no desean hacerlo. Los Estados tienen la obligación de impedir que se niegue a las mujeres el acceso a servicios posteriores al aborto cuando lo necesiten, independientemente de si el aborto se ha practicado de forma legal.", "28. Los Estados también están obligados a adoptar medidas de protección contra la vulneración del derecho a la salud por terceras partes. En los Estados en que el aborto está prohibido no pueden existir reglamentaciones de salud y seguridad públicas relativas al aborto, como normas sobre capacitación y certificación de los profesionales de la salud, por lo que aumentan las posibilidades de que se practiquen abortos en condiciones peligrosas. La despenalización del aborto, junto con una reglamentación adecuada y la prestación de servicios seguros y accesibles, es el método más expeditivo para proteger íntegramente el derecho a la salud contra posibles violaciones cometidas por terceras partes. Los Estados también deben adoptar medidas para proteger a quienes desean prestar servicios de aborto y conexos frente al acoso, las agresiones, los secuestros y los asesinatos perpetrados por actores no estatales (por motivos religiosos o de otra índole).", "29. Los Estados deben adoptar medidas para asegurar la disponibilidad y la accesibilidad de servicios de aborto legales, seguros y de calidad. No obstante, la despenalización del aborto no implica la disponibilidad inmediata de la posibilidad de abortar en condiciones seguras, a menos que los Estados creen las condiciones necesarias para ello, entre las que figuran el establecimiento de clínicas accesibles y asequibles; la prestación de servicios de capacitación adicional para médicos y personal sanitario; el establecimiento de requisitos de certificación; y la disponibilidad del equipo y los medicamentos más seguros y modernos.", "30. Las mujeres tienen derecho a recibir del Estado una atención de la salud en pie de igualdad como parte de su derecho a la salud. Independientemente de la condición jurídica del aborto, las mujeres tienen derecho a acceder a bienes, servicios e información relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva. En particular, tienen derecho a acceder a servicios de salud de calidad para tratar las complicaciones derivadas del aborto, incluidos los practicados en condiciones peligrosas y los abortos espontáneos. Esa atención debe ser incondicional, aun cuando el aborto conlleve sanciones penales, no deberá depender de la posterior cooperación de la mujer en el enjuiciamiento penal, y en ningún caso podrá utilizarse como prueba contra ella ni contra quienes hayan practicado el aborto. La legislación no debe obligar al personal sanitario a denunciar a las autoridades policiales o judiciales a las mujeres que hayan recibido atención relacionada con el aborto.", "31. La prohibición absoluta conforme al derecho penal priva a la mujer del acceso a procedimientos que, en algunos casos, podrían salvarles la vida. Incluso los abortos clandestinos practicados en entornos relativamente seguros e higiénicos podrían ser inasequibles para las mujeres más vulnerables. En lugar de ello, las mujeres pobres y marginadas solo pueden recurrir a abortos autoinducidos en condiciones peligrosas. Cuando el aborto solo está permitido en casos muy concretos, como cuando la vida de la mujer corre peligro, la penalización podría llegar a bloquear el acceso a la información sobre los servicios de aborto legales. Con frecuencia, las mujeres no conocen esas excepciones debido a que el estigma que rodea a la cuestión del aborto impide que una información tan necesaria como esa se difunda y reciba la debida consideración. La existencia de restricciones jurídicas que limitan la disponibilidad de información relativa al aborto también se debe a que las leyes penales a menudo contienen disposiciones que prohíben explícitamente la producción y distribución de esa información.", "32. La mala calidad de los bienes y servicios de salud es uno de los problemas más graves derivados de los regímenes jurídicos que penalizan el aborto. En esas circunstancias, la falta de normas estatales y profesionales que regulen la práctica médica conlleva la realización de abortos por personal no cualificado en condiciones insalubres para eludir la acción de la justicia[19]. Por el contrario, cuando es realizado por profesionales de la salud cualificados en condiciones adecuadas, el aborto es uno de los procedimientos médicos más seguros[20]. La penalización también impide a los profesionales tener acceso a información fidedigna y, cuando la legislación contempla excepciones, el efecto inhibidor generado por el estigma que acarrea el aborto puede disuadir al personal sanitario de solicitar información y capacitación al respecto. Por consiguiente, el personal sanitario que opta por practicar abortos en esas circunstancias puede estar insuficientemente informado y capacitado en relación con los procedimientos adecuados y la atención posterior al aborto, lo cual resta calidad a los abortos legales y reduce su disponibilidad.", "33. En ocasiones, los profesionales de la salud han denegado a las mujeres el acceso a servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva autorizados por la ley, o simplemente se han negado a tratar a mujeres que sufrían complicaciones derivadas de un aborto clandestino practicado en otro lugar. Debido al estigma que pesa sobre el aborto, los trabajadores del sector de la salud también han proporcionado información errónea a las mujeres, afirmando, por ejemplo, que a una mujer solo se le permite abortar legalmente una vez.", "34. La marginalización y la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres a consecuencia del estigma y la discriminación relacionados con el aborto perpetúan e intensifican las violaciones del derecho a la salud. El estigma que acarrea el aborto impide a las mujeres recurrir al aborto, e impide a quienes abortan solicitar tratamiento cuando se presentan complicaciones médicas. La escasez de datos sobre el aborto (solo se tiene constancia de entre un 35% y un 60% de los abortos practicados) es uno de los indicadores de la magnitud del estigma asociado al aborto. Si bien son muchos los factores sociales y culturales que generan y agravan los estigmas, su penalización perpetúa la discriminación y genera nuevas formas de estigmatización. Por ejemplo, la infertilidad de una mujer puede achacarse erróneamente a un aborto anterior. La “culpa” se atribuye así a la mujer, en lugar de reconocerse que la infertilidad puede obedecer a varias afecciones inconexas.", "35. El estigma resultante de la penalización crea un círculo vicioso. La tipificación como delito del aborto empuja a las mujeres a buscar abortos clandestinos, posiblemente en condiciones peligrosas. El estigma resultante de un aborto ilegal y, por consiguiente, de una conducta delictiva, perpetúa la noción de que el aborto es una práctica inmoral y de que el procedimiento es intrínsecamente peligroso, lo que a su vez refuerza la continua penalización de esta práctica.", "36. La penalización del aborto también afecta gravemente a la salud mental. La necesidad de recurrir a servicios de salud ilegales y la intensa estigmatización del procedimiento del aborto y de las mujeres que se someten a él pueden tener efectos perniciosos para la salud mental de la mujer[21]. La presión acumulada y el estigma asociado al aborto han llegado a empujar a algunas mujeres al suicidio[22]. En las jurisdicciones en que la violación no puede alegarse como motivo de interrupción de un embarazo, las mujeres y las niñas que han quedado embarazadas a consecuencia de una violación y desean interrumpir su embarazo se ven obligadas a llevarlo a término o a recurrir a un aborto ilegal. Ambas opciones pueden ocasionar una profunda angustia. Al optar por una de ellas, la amenaza general de ser investigadas, juzgadas y sancionadas dentro del sistema de justicia penal tiene considerables efectos negativos para la salud emocional y el bienestar de las mujeres que deciden abortar y de las que no lo hacen. Asimismo, si bien se han estudiado ampliamente los efectos psicológicos de recurrir a un aborto ilegal o de llevar a término un embarazo no deseado, no existen pruebas que demuestren que el aborto voluntario conlleve secuelas a largo plazo para la salud mental[23].", "2. Control y penalización de la conducta durante el embarazo y el parto", "37. La salud materna, la atención anterior y posterior al parto y el acceso a la información son componentes del derecho a la salud, como se explica en la Observación general núm. 14. Asimismo, el artículo 10.2 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales dispone que se deberá conceder especial protección a las madres. La Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer reconoce también que las mujeres deberán disponer de servicios apropiados en relación con el embarazo. En el capítulo VII.A del Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo se observa que la salud reproductiva comprende el acceso a servicios que permitan a las mujeres un embarazo y un parto seguros[24]. Pese a estas obligaciones positivas de prestar apoyo a las mujeres durante el embarazo y después del parto, algunos Estados han propuesto o promulgado leyes penales o restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que prohíben determinadas formas de conducta, lo cual vulnera el derecho a la salud de las mujeres afectadas.", "38. En algunas jurisdicciones han sido enjuiciadas mujeres embarazadas por varios tipos de conductas durante el embarazo. Algunos casos de consumo de drogas ilícitas por mujeres embarazadas se han enjuiciado con arreglo a leyes preexistentes relativas al abuso de menores, el intento de asesinato, el homicidio y el homicidio por negligencia. También se han aplicado leyes penales para enjuiciar a mujeres por otro tipo de conductas, como consumir alcohol durante el embarazo, dar a luz a bebés muertos o perder el feto por un aborto espontáneo (véase A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, párr. 68), no seguir las instrucciones del médico, no abstenerse de mantener relaciones sexuales durante el embarazo u ocultar el nacimiento de un bebé.", "39. En algunos casos, la legislación civil relativa al bienestar del niño se ha ampliado para incluir sanciones contra la exposición a las drogas durante el embarazo, que puede constituir un motivo de pérdida de la patria potestad y la custodia del niño después del parto. Los resultados positivos de una prueba de toxicología practicada a una mujer embarazada o los síntomas de exposición a las drogas en recién nacidos pueden considerarse pruebas de abuso de menores o negligencia con arreglo a esos marcos legislativos. En algunas jurisdicciones, los profesionales de la salud están obligados a realizar pruebas a mujeres embarazadas o recién nacidos para detectar si han estado expuestos a drogas, o están autorizados a hacerlo si la mujer ha sido previamente notificada. En otras se ha promulgado legislación que autoriza el internamiento de las mujeres que hayan consumido drogas durante el embarazo. Los profesionales de la salud también podrían ser obligados a comunicar al gobierno los resultados de una prueba de detección de drogas si estos han sido positivos.", "40. Algunos Estados también han tipificado como delito la transmisión perinatal del VIH. Por ejemplo, en una jurisdicción una persona infectada con el VIH (y consciente de ello) debe “tomar todos los recaudos y precauciones razonables para no transmitir el virus a otros, y, en el caso de las embarazadas, al feto, previéndose sanciones penales en caso contrario” (véase A/HRC/14/20, párr. 67). En ese caso, la no disponibilidad de bienes, servicios e información o la falta de acceso a ellos no se consideran circunstancias eximentes ni atenuantes. Los estatutos de las jurisdicciones que penalizan la transmisión del VIH en general también pueden aplicarse a la transmisión perinatal.", "41. La penalización de la conducta durante el embarazo dificulta el acceso a los bienes y servicios relacionados con la atención de la salud, lo que vulnera el derecho a la salud de las mujeres embarazadas. El temor a ser enjuiciadas por vía penal puede disuadir a algunas mujeres de solicitar servicios y atención en materia de salud o información sobre el embarazo. Por ejemplo, algunas mujeres podrían no solicitar servicios de atención prenatal si se exponen a ser enjuiciadas por transmisión del VIH, lo que pone en peligro su salud y la salud del feto. Esto redunda en detrimento de los objetivos de salud pública relativos al VIH, ya que algunas mujeres pueden negarse a someterse a pruebas por miedo a que se les apliquen sanciones penales por transmitir el virus.", "42. Si bien los objetivos de salud pública pueden justificar un cierto grado de injerencia en las libertades personales, son muchos los estudios que demuestran que la penalización no contribuye a lograr los objetivos de salud pública, sino que, por el contrario, a menudo puede resultar contraproducente (véase A/HRC/14/20, párr. 51). La aplicación del derecho penal para regular conductas como el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo es una respuesta desproporcionada y carece de eficacia como elemento de disuasión. Varias asociaciones médicas se oponen al uso del derecho penal como arma contra el consumo de drogas durante el embarazo debido a su ineficacia y desproporcionalidad[25]. Para lograr los objetivos de salud pública con eficacia y, al mismo tiempo, promover el derecho de la mujer a la salud, los Estados no deben penalizar este tipo de conductas durante el embarazo, sino facilitar el acceso a bienes, servicios e información que promuevan la salud durante el embarazo y el parto.", "43. Algunos regímenes penales eximen al Estado de la responsabilidad de hacer efectivo el derecho a la salud e imponen esa carga a las mujeres, castigándolas por la incapacidad del gobierno de proporcionar bienes, servicios y educación en materia de salud. Por ejemplo, cuando una mujer que vive con el VIH debe adoptar todas las medidas y precauciones razonables para evitar la transmisión del virus al feto pero dispone de acceso limitado o nulo a servicios de atención de la salud y tratamientos antirretrovirales, el Estado incumple su obligación de proporcionarle lo que necesita para evitar ser enjuiciada. El Relator Especial ha señalado que “cuando no se garantiza el derecho a acceder a los debidos servicios de salud …, las mujeres simplemente no pueden tomar las precauciones necesarias para evitar la transmisión, lo que puede hacerlas pasibles de responsabilidad penal” (véase A/HRC/14/20, párr. 66). Dado que la disponibilidad de bienes y servicios de atención de la salud y el acceso a ellos son responsabilidad del Estado, es inaceptable que el derecho penal pueda castigar a las mujeres por la inoperancia del gobierno a ese respeto.", "3. Anticoncepción y planificación de la familia", "44. La OMS define la planificación de la familia como un proceso que permite a las personas lograr un número deseado de hijos y determinar la separación entre los embarazos, lo cual se logra mediante el uso de métodos anticonceptivos y el tratamiento de la infertilidad[26]. El uso de métodos de planificación de la familia es un componente integral del derecho a la salud. La anticoncepción es un método de control de la fertilidad que afecta a la planificación de la familia. Algunos anticonceptivos también pueden prevenir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, principalmente los consistentes en barreras físicas como los preservativos. Existen otros métodos anticonceptivos, desde la esterilización quirúrgica hasta métodos farmacéuticos como la píldora anticonceptiva, pero no protegen contra las enfermedades de transmisión sexual.", "45. La planificación de la familia capacita a la mujer para adoptar decisiones autónomas y bien fundamentadas sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva y reduce la mortalidad materna al retrasar la edad en que las jóvenes se quedan embarazadas; de no ser así, estarían expuestas a un mayor riesgo de fallecimiento o de padecer problemas de salud derivados de la procreación prematura. Se ha demostrado que el acceso voluntario a la planificación de la familia puede reducir la mortalidad materna entre un 25% y un 40%[27]. La planificación de la familia también reduce el número de abortos en condiciones peligrosas y la transmisión perinatal del VIH. La utilización de preservativos se traduce en una menor incidencia de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y, cuando se usan de manera correcta y sistemática, el preservativo masculino previene los embarazos con una eficacia del 98%²⁶.", "46. La insatisfecha necesidad mundial de planificación de la familia sigue constituyendo un obstáculo importante para el logro de los objetivos de desarrollo y los relacionados con derechos. La OMS calcula que unos 200 millones de parejas de los países en desarrollo desearían no tener más hijos o postergar la procreación, pero no emplean ningún método anticonceptivo²⁶. En 2009, el 24% de las mujeres en edad fértil de los países menos adelantados que estaban casadas o vivían en pareja expresaron su deseo de no tener más hijos o de postergar el nacimiento de su próximo hijo[28]. Entre los motivos por los que no se ha satisfecho esa necesidad mundial figuran el limitado acceso a los anticonceptivos y la escasa variedad de métodos disponibles, el miedo o los efectos secundarios, la oposición cultural o religiosa, la mala calidad de los servicios disponibles y las barreras basadas en el género.", "47. La planificación de la familia permite a las mujeres decidir si desean procrear y cuándo desean hacerlo, lo que la convierte en un componente imprescindible del desarrollo y la plena participación de la mujer en la sociedad. En algunas zonas del África Subsahariana la utilización de métodos anticonceptivos es cuatro veces mayor entre las mujeres que han concluido sus estudios de educación secundaria que entre mujeres que no tienen estudios, y es casi cuatro veces mayor entre las mujeres de hogares más ricos que entre las mujeres de los hogares más pobres[29]. A juzgar por los resultados de un estudio transnacional, el porcentaje de mujeres que integran la fuerza de trabajo está directamente relacionado con los índices nacionales de natalidad[30]. También parece existir un estrecho vínculo entre el uso de anticonceptivos por las mujeres y las oportunidades de trabajar fuera del hogar; en un país, los ingresos medios de las mujeres que habían tenido entre uno y tres embarazos doblaban los de las mujeres que habían tenido más de siete³⁰.", "48. Las leyes penales y las restricciones jurídicas de otra índole que reducen o deniegan el acceso a bienes y servicios relacionados con la planificación de la familia o a determinados métodos anticonceptivos modernos, como los anticonceptivos de emergencia, constituyen una violación del derecho a la salud. La Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer exhorta a los Estados a garantizar el acceso al material informativo específico que contribuya a asegurar la salud y el bienestar de la familia, incluida la información y el asesoramiento sobre planificación de la familia, así como a servicios adecuados de atención médica, inclusive información, asesoramiento y servicios en materia de planificación de la familia[31]. En su Observación general núm. 14, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales exhorta a los Estados a adoptar medidas para “mejorar la salud infantil y materna, los servicios de salud sexuales y genésicos, incluido el acceso a la planificación de la familia (…) y el acceso a la información, así como a los recursos necesarios para actuar con arreglo a esa información” (véase E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 14).", "49. En el capítulo II, principio 8, del Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo se confirma que los Estados deberían adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas para asegurar, en condiciones de igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, el acceso universal a los servicios de atención médica, incluidos los relacionados con la salud reproductiva, que incluye la planificación de la familia y la salud sexual. También se insiste en la importancia de la participación y se señala que los programas de planificación de la familia son más eficaces cuando las mujeres participan plenamente en el diseño, prestación, gestión y evaluación de los servicios. Se añade además que los gobiernos deberían eliminar los obstáculos jurídicos, médicos, clínicos y normativos innecesarios que entorpecen el acceso a la información y a los servicios y métodos de planificación de la familia. En el párrafo 96, la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing declara que los derechos humanos de la mujer incluyen su derecho a tener control sobre las cuestiones relativas a su sexualidad, incluida su salud sexual y reproductiva, y decidir libremente respecto de esas cuestiones, sin verse sujeta a la coerción, la discriminación y la violencia.", "50. No obstante, en muchos Estados las leyes penales y otras restricciones jurídicas limitan gravemente el acceso a los bienes y servicios de planificación de la familia. En esas jurisdicciones, las mujeres y los hombres (especialmente los pobres) carecen de acceso a métodos anticonceptivos seguros y eficaces y se les niega la libertad de decidir si desean o no procrear.", "51. Por ejemplo, algunos Estados tipifican como delito la distribución y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos de emergencia[32] y alegan para justificar esas leyes que se trata de métodos abortivos. No obstante, la OMS ha confirmado la validez de la anticoncepción de emergencia[33]. Un embarazo no deseado llevado a término a consecuencia de esas leyes también puede tener efectos adversos para la salud física y mental[34]. Del mismo modo, las mujeres que carecen de acceso a métodos anticonceptivos de emergencia debido a la prohibición que pesa sobre ellos podrían a la larga verse obligadas a recurrir a abortos clandestinos, exponiéndose a los riesgos para la salud que estos conllevan.", "52. La restricción del acceso a métodos anticonceptivos quirúrgicos también contraviene la obligación del Estado de asegurar la disponibilidad y asequibilidad de servicios de calidad. Por ejemplo, un proceso de esterilización femenina seguro y eficaz como la ligadura de trompas está prohibido por ley en algunos países, excepto en casos muy concretos en que el procedimiento se considera necesario desde el punto de vista terapéutico. En virtud de estas leyes, que se interpretan conjuntamente con las leyes que penalizan la violencia que provoca daños físicos permanentes, los profesionales de la salud que llevan a cabo el procedimiento pueden incurrir en responsabilidad penal y, por consiguiente, se restringe el acceso de las mujeres a este método anticonceptivo. Las mujeres pueden someterse a procedimientos de ligadura de trompas en centros no certificados, lo que en potencia las pone en peligro de sufrir complicaciones y en la práctica niega el acceso a este procedimiento a las mujeres pobres que no se lo pueden permitir.", "53. Entre las leyes de índole no penal que restringen el acceso a la planificación de la familia y a los métodos anticonceptivos cabe citar también el caso de una jurisdicción en que se prohibió de facto el uso de los llamados métodos anticonceptivos “artificiales” en una ciudad, lo que generó considerables dificultades a las mujeres que deseaban acceder a métodos fiables de control de la natalidad (véase A/HRC/14/20/Add.1). El 70% de la población afectada, en su mayoría mujeres pobres y marginadas, dependían de los proveedores gubernamentales de servicios como la esterilización femenina, las píldoras anticonceptivas, los dispositivos intrauterinos y las inyecciones (ibid.). La prohibición privó a muchos hombres y mujeres del acceso a servicios de planificación de la familia y a métodos anticonceptivos. En otros casos, los Estados obligan a las mujeres a obtener el consentimiento de sus esposos y a las adolescentes a obtener el consentimiento de sus padres antes de adquirir determinados medios anticonceptivos. Otras jurisdicciones permiten que los farmacéuticos, y en algunos casos las farmacias, se nieguen a dispensar anticonceptivos de emergencia permitidos por la ley. Estas leyes infringen el derecho de las mujeres y las niñas a tomar decisiones libres y bien fundadas en lo que respecta a su salud sexual y reproductiva y responden a nociones discriminatorias del papel de la mujer en la familia y en la sociedad.", "54. Las mujeres también tienen derecho a participar en todas las decisiones que afecten a su salud sexual y reproductiva en todo el proceso de adopción de decisiones. Se ha demostrado que la participación a nivel comunitario en relación con el uso de anticonceptivos refuerza la autonomía de la mujer y su capacidad para decidir libremente si desea utilizar preservativos, proporcionándole un método de control de la fertilidad y protegiendo su salud al evitar las enfermedades de transmisión sexual[35].", "55. La obligación de respetar el derecho a la salud exige que los Estados se abstengan de limitar el acceso a los anticonceptivos y otros métodos de protección de la salud sexual y reproductiva. Por consiguiente, los Estados deben eliminar las leyes penales y las restricciones jurídicas de otra índole, incluidas las leyes que exigen el consentimiento de los padres o la autorización de terceras partes, a fin de garantizar el acceso a bienes, servicios e información en relación con la planificación de la familia y los métodos anticonceptivos. La obligación de proteger exige que los Estados eviten que terceras partes o prácticas sociales o tradicionales nocivas interfieran en el acceso a la atención prenatal y posterior al parto y a la planificación de la familia (véase E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 35) o coarten el acceso a algunos métodos anticonceptivos o a todos ellos. Por último, la obligación de cumplir exige la adopción y aplicación de una estrategia nacional de salud pública que incluya la prestación de “una amplia variedad de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, entre ellos el acceso a la planificación familiar (...) y el acceso a la información” (véase E/CN.4/2004/49, párr. 29).", "4. Educación e información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva", "56. La disponibilidad de educación e información exhaustivas en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva es un factor esencial para el ejercicio del derecho a la salud y de otros derechos, como el derecho a la educación y al acceso a la información. Así pues, las leyes penales y de otra índole que restringen el acceso a la educación y la información en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva son incompatibles con el ejercicio pleno del derecho a la salud, y los Estados deben eliminarlas (véase E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 11). Estas barreras afectan tanto a las mujeres como a los hombres; sin embargo, las mujeres sufren sus efectos de manera desproporcionada.", "57. La Observación general núm. 14 hace especial hincapié en el acceso a la información porque se trata de un componente crítico del derecho a la salud (ibid., nota 8) y, en particular, garantiza el acceso a la información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva. Los Estados tienen la obligación adicional de proporcionar los recursos necesarios y abstenerse de “censurar, ocultar o desvirtuar intencionalmente la información relacionada con la salud, incluida la educación sexual y la información al respecto” (véase E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 14). El Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer ha recomendado que, para que el contenido de la educación sexual y reproductiva sea exhaustivo, esta debe abarcar temas como los derechos reproductivos, el comportamiento sexual responsable, la salud sexual y reproductiva, la prevención de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, incluido el VIH/SIDA, la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia y la planificación de la familia[36], y ha insistido en la urgente necesidad de poner en marcha campañas de educación para combatir algunas prácticas nocivas como la mutilación genital femenina[37]. La disponibilidad de información y educación exhaustivas en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva también contribuye a reducir las diferencias de conocimientos entre hombres y mujeres sobre estas cuestiones[38].", "58. Las Directrices Internacionales de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) sobre educación sexual la definen como un enfoque amplio que resulte apropiado a la edad y tenga en cuenta las diferencias culturales, e incluya programas que proporcionen información precisa desde el punto de vista científico, realista y que no entrañe juicios de valor[39]. De igual modo, toda educación sexual y reproductiva exhaustiva debe ofrecer la oportunidad de explorar los propios valores y actitudes y reforzar las aptitudes en materia de adopción de decisiones, comunicación y reducción de riesgos en lo que respecta a todos los aspectos de la sexualidad³⁹. El Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la educación ha insistido además en que un plan de estudios exhaustivo debe tener en cuenta la diversidad sexual e incorporar una perspectiva de género (véase A/65/162, párr. 23).", "59. Las leyes que restringen la información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva y que censuran las deliberaciones sobre la homosexualidad en el aula agravan el estigma y la discriminación de las minorías vulnerables[40]. Por ejemplo, las leyes y políticas que promueven la educación basada únicamente en la abstinencia reducen la educación sexual a imágenes y estereotipos de heteronormatividad, debido a su insistencia en la procreación. Algunos de estos programas incluso tienen contenidos explícitamente discriminatorios sobre género y orientación sexual[41]. Se han dado casos de profesores que han sido suspendidos temporalmente o han sido amenazados con demandas judiciales por debatir en el aula cuestiones sexuales “inapropiadas” con los alumnos cuando estudiaban el tema de la salud sexual y reproductiva. En otros casos, debido a las políticas contra la obscenidad y centradas únicamente en la abstinencia, algunos distritos escolares, tribunales y legisladores han prohibido a una organización de la sociedad civil celebrar reuniones en centros de enseñanza públicos. Estas leyes y políticas perpetúan estereotipos falsos y negativos en relación con la sexualidad, aíslan a los estudiantes de diferente orientación sexual e impiden a los estudiantes tomar decisiones bien fundamentadas sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva.", "60. Aun en las jurisdicciones en que se permite impartir alguna modalidad de educación sexual y reproductiva, la calidad y eficacia de esta pueden verse gravemente afectadas por las prescripciones normativas. Algunos Estados han contribuido a difundir información errónea sobre el uso del preservativo, ya sea distribuyendo material que contiene información equivocada o guardando silencio al respecto, lo que da pie a la proliferación de información contradictoria e inexacta[42]. De igual modo, las campañas que exhortan a abstenerse de mantener relaciones sexuales como único medio para evitar las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y los embarazos no deseados ofrecen una visión sesgada e incompleta en lugar de una perspectiva amplia. Se ha demostrado que estos programas, que a menudo carecen de información fidedigna y fundada en pruebas, apenas contribuyen a reducir el contagio de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, o no lo hacen en absoluto.", "61. Se han realizado estudios que han demostrado que, si bien son pocos los jóvenes que poseen conocimientos rigurosos sobre el VIH/SIDA[43], por lo general las mujeres están aún menos informadas que los hombres. Según un estudio realizado por el ONUSIDA en 147 países, más del 70% de los hombres jóvenes reconocían que los preservativos podían proteger contra el VIH, mientras que solo el 55% de las jóvenes sabía que los preservativos eran una estrategia eficaz de prevención del VIH[44]. Las mujeres y las niñas se ven afectadas de manera desproporcionada por las restricciones jurídicas que pesan sobre la información y la educación en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva, lo cual refuerza y acentúa las desigualdades entre los géneros, como demuestran esas cifras. Las restricciones jurídicas que limitan el acceso a la información y la educación en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva llevan a la difusión de información errónea mediante fuentes oficiosas que a menudo son inexactas y pueden contribuir a reforzar los estereotipos de género negativos. A consecuencia de ello, las jóvenes están menos preparadas para la vida sexual y reproductiva, lo que las hace vulnerables a la coerción, los abusos y la explotación, y las expone a un mayor riesgo de embarazos no deseados, abortos en condiciones peligrosas, mortalidad materna y contracción del VIH/SIDA y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual[45].", "62. En las jurisdicciones que penalizan algunos aspectos de la salud sexual y reproductiva, la disponibilidad y la accesibilidad de la información conexa está muy restringida. Por ejemplo, algunos códigos penales contienen disposiciones específicas que prohíben el suministro de información sobre la interrupción del embarazo o material que pudiera estar en discrepancia con determinadas nociones de moralidad o decencia. Las sanciones previstas comprenden desde multas hasta penas de prisión. Las restricciones de la información relativa a la salud también pueden derivarse no intencionadamente de algunas leyes relativas a otro tipo de información, como las leyes contra la pornografía, que prohíben algunos materiales relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva[46]. Así pues, se prohíben a todos los efectos los programas y las actividades de salud pública y empoderamiento que se basan en esa información, como las campañas educativas dedicadas a la prevención del VIH/SIDA y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, la planificación de la familia, la violencia doméstica, la discriminación por motivos de género, la mutilación genital femenina, la diversidad sexual y la salud sexual y reproductiva en general. Es muy probable que esta carencia de servicios y programas afecte en mayor medida a las mujeres y las niñas, ya que están expuestas a un riesgo más alto de contracción del VIH/SIDA y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual, mortalidad materna y embarazos no deseados o no planificados.", "63. Se ha demostrado en múltiples ocasiones la eficacia de los conocimientos adecuados sobre salud sexual y reproductiva para reducir el índice de mortalidad materna; prevenir los embarazos no deseados, los abortos en condiciones peligrosas, el VIH/SIDA y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual; retrasar el comienzo de las relaciones sexuales; conocer mejor las diferentes opciones de planificación de la familia; y proteger contra la violencia basada en el género (véase E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 21). También se impone la necesidad de empoderar a la mujer mediante educación e información exhaustivas en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva, dado que las jóvenes suelen tener menos poder o control en las relaciones, lo que las hace desproporcionadamente vulnerables a la coerción, los abusos y la explotación[47]. La educación y la información exhaustivas son un instrumento de empoderamiento y permiten examinar las desigualdades entre los géneros y los estereotipos con espíritu crítico, contribuyendo así a socavar algunos sistemas patriarcales muy arraigados que perpetúan las violaciones de los derechos de la mujer, incluido su derecho a la salud (véase A/65/162, párrs. 7 a 9). Proporcionar a las mujeres conocimientos y aptitudes en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva y la educación e información conexas potencia su libertad para tomar decisiones fundamentadas en relación con su salud, y promueve su participación en la sociedad en condiciones de igualdad.", "64. Los Estados que restringen el acceso a la información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva mediante leyes penales o de otra índole limitan activamente la información disponible y, por ende, incumplen su obligación de respetar el derecho a la salud. Esas leyes y el estigma que generan también dan lugar a que terceras partes, como docentes, editores o libreros, denieguen a las mujeres y las niñas el acceso a material necesario relacionado con la salud sexual y reproductiva. La obligación de los Estados de garantizar el derecho a la salud conlleva el deber de elaborar estrategias para que todo el mundo tenga acceso a educación e información exhaustivas en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva, especialmente las mujeres y las niñas.", "V. Recomendaciones", "65. Al aplicar un enfoque basado en el derecho a la salud, los Estados deben llevar a cabo reformas encaminadas a desarrollar y aplicar políticas y programas relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva, de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. En este contexto, el Relator Especial exhorta a los Estados a:", "a) Formular políticas y programas de salud pública que difundan información fundamentada en pruebas relativa a la salud sexual y reproductiva y a la prevención de la transmisión perinatal del VIH;", "b) Elaborar políticas y programas amplios de planificación de la familia que proporcionen una amplia gama de bienes, servicios e información en relación con los métodos anticonceptivos y que estén disponibles y sean accesibles y de calidad;", "c) Despenalizar el suministro y la utilización de todos los métodos anticonceptivos y la esterilización voluntaria para controlar la natalidad, y suprimir el requisito del consentimiento de los padres o el cónyuge;", "d) Adoptar medidas que garanticen la disponibilidad, accesibilidad y calidad de todos los métodos anticonceptivos, tanto farmacéuticos como quirúrgicos;", "e) Despenalizar el suministro de información relacionada con la salud sexual y reproductiva, incluida la educación sexual y reproductiva fundamentada en pruebas;", "f) Formular políticas para evitar que las leyes penales en vigor, como las relativas a la pornografía, se apliquen con miras a restringir el acceso a la información y la educación en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva fundamentadas en pruebas o castigar a quienes suministran esa información o imparten esa educación;", "g) Adoptar medidas para normalizar los planes nacionales de estudios a fin de impartir una educación sexual y reproductiva amplia y fundamentada en pruebas que incluya información relativa a los derechos humanos, las cuestiones de género y la sexualidad;", "h) Despenalizar el aborto y derogar las leyes conexas, como las relativas a la facilitación del aborto;", "i) Como medida provisional, considerar la posibilidad de que las autoridades competentes formulen políticas y protocolos que impongan una moratoria a la aplicación de las leyes penales relativas al aborto, incluida la obligación jurídica impuesta a los profesionales de la salud de denunciar a las mujeres a las autoridades encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley;", "j) Proporcionar servicios de salud seguros y de buena calidad, incluido el aborto, de conformidad con los protocolos de la OMS;", "k) Establecer políticas y programas que garanticen la disponibilidad y accesibilidad de servicios seguros, fiables y de calidad para tratar las complicaciones derivadas del aborto y prestar los cuidados posteriores, de conformidad con los protocolos de la OMS, en particular en las jurisdicciones en que el aborto está penalizado;", "l) Asegurar que la población disponga de información precisa y fundamentada en pruebas en relación con el aborto y con los supuestos en que la legislación lo permite, y que los profesionales de la salud conozcan bien la legislación relativa al aborto y sus excepciones;", "m) Asegurar que el alcance de las exenciones por objeción de conciencia esté bien definido y su uso bien reglamentado, y garantizar la derivación de pacientes y la prestación de servicios alternativos cuando un profesional de la salud formule una objeción de conciencia;", "n) Suspender o abolir la aplicación de las leyes penales en vigor a varios comportamientos durante el embarazo, como las conductas que afectan al feto, principalmente el aborto espontáneo, el consumo de alcohol y drogas y la transmisión del VIH.", "[1] Véanse E/C.12/1/Add.98, párr. 43; E/C.12/1/Add.105 y Corr.1, párrs. 53 y 54; E/C.12/BRA/CO/2, párr. 29; y E/C.12/COL/CO/5, párr. 5.", "[2] Véanse en particular los artículos 5, 10 h), 11, 12.1 y 16.", "[3] Véase Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, Eight Lives: Stories of Reproductive Health (Nueva York, 2010).", "[4] Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, núm. 27531, artículo 24; véase también CRC/GC/2003/4, párr. 31.", "[5] Publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.10.I.7.", "[6] Paul Hunt y Judith Bueno de Mesquita, The Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health (Colchester, Essex, Universidad de Essex, 2006).", "[7] Véanse CRC/C/15/Add.268, párr. 46 e); CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6, párr. 32; y E/CN.4/2004/49, párr. 25.", "[8] Con la excepción de los hombres que mantienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres, véase A/HRC/14/20.", "[9] Véanse A/53/38/Rev.1, párr. 337, y A/54/38/Rev.1, primera parte, párrs. 56, 228 y 393.", "[10] CRC/C/15/Add.107, párr. 30; CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, párr. 55; y CRC/C/URY/CO/2, párr. 51.", "[11] CAT/C/PER/CO/4, párr. 23; CAT/C/NIC/CO/1, párr. 16; y CAT/C/CR/32/5, párr. 7.", "[12] R. Boland, “Second trimester abortion laws globally: actuality, trends and recommendations”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, núm. 36 (2010), págs. 67 a 89.", "[13] Louise Finer y Judith Bueno de Mesquita, Conscientious Objection: Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (Colchester, Essex, Universidad de Essex, 2010).", "[14] OMS, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2008, 6ª ed. (Ginebra, 2011), pág. 2.", "[15] Axel I. Mundigo, “Determinants of unsafe induced abortion in developing countries”, en Ina K. Warriner e Iqbal H. Shah, editores, Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action (Nueva York, Guttmacher Institute, 2006), págs. 51 a 54.", "[16] OMS, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems (Ginebra, 2003), pág. 86.", "[17] Lori Ashford, “Hidden suffering: disabilities from pregnancy and childbirth in less developed countries” (Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2002). Puede consultarse en: http://www.prb.org/pdf/HiddenSufferingEng.pdf.", "[18] Michael Vlassoff y otros, “Estimates of health care system costs of unsafe abortion in Africa and Latin America”, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 35, núm. 3 (2009), págs. 114 a 121.", "[19] OMS, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates, pág. 7 (véase la nota 14).", "[20] OMS, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance, pág. 14 (véase la nota 16).", "[21] OMS, Mental Health Aspects of Women’s Reproductive Health (Ginebra, 2008), pág. 54.", "[22] Ibid., pág. 52.", "[23] Vignetta E. Charles y otros, “Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence”, Contraception, vol. 78, núm. 6 (diciembre de 2008), pág. 436.", "[24] Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, núm. 20378, artículo 12.", "[25] National Advocates for Pregnant Women, “What's wrong with making it a crime to be pregnant and to have a drug problem?” (9 de marzo de 2006).", "[26] OMS, Planificación familiar, nota descriptiva núm. 351 (abril de 2011).", "[27] Banco Mundial, “Population issues in the 21st century: the role of the World Bank”, Health, Nutrition and Population (Washington, D.C., abril de 2007).", "[28] World Contraceptive Use 2010 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2010); puede consultarse en: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wcu2010/Main.html.", "[29] Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio – Informe 2010 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.10.I.7), pág. 37.", "[30] Banco Mundial, “Population issues”, pág. 26 (véase la nota 27).", "[31] Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, núm. 20378, artículos 10 h), 14 b).", "[32] Eileen Kelly, “Crisis of conscience: pharmacist refusal to provide health care services on moral grounds”, Employee Responsibility Rights, vol. 23, núm. 1 (2011), págs. 37 a 54.", "[33] OMS, Levonorgestrel para anticoncepción de emergencia, nota descriptiva núm. 244, (revisada en octubre de 2005). Puede consultarse en http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/es/index.html.", "[34] OMS, Mental Health, pág. 55 (véase nota 21).", "[35] Por ejemplo, en Calcuta (India), el porcentaje de utilización de preservativos entre los trabajadores del sexo aumentó del 3% al 90% en siete años a consecuencia de una intervención estructural de base comunitaria conocida como “Proyecto Sonagachi”. Véase T. Ghosea y otros, “Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: the boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework”, Social Science Medicine, vol. 67, núm. 2 (2008), págs. 311 a 320.", "[36] Véanse A/56/38, párr. 224; A/56/38, párr. 303; A/53/38, párr. 349; y CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, párr. 28.", "[37] Véanse E/C.12/1/Add.78, párr. 31; y E/C.12/1/Add.62, párr. 39.", "[38] ONUSIDA, Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic 2008 (Ginebra, 2008).", "[39] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach to Effective Sex, Relationships and HIV/STI Education (París, 2009), pág. 61.", "[40] Véase Centro Internacional para la Protección Jurídica de los Derechos Humanos c. Croacia; Human Rights Watch, Rights at Risk, resumen (2011); y BBC, “Brazil sex education material suspended by President” (25 de mayo de 2011). Puede consultarse en http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13554077.", "[41] Véase A/65/162, párrs. 68 y 69; A/HRC/14/20/Add.3, párr. 25.", "[42] UNESCO, “Review of sex, relationships and HIV education in schools (2007)”, págs. 16 y 17.", "[43] ONUSIDA, Global Report 2008, pág. 98 (véase la nota 38).", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, pág. 2 (véase la nota 39).", "[46] Amnistía Internacional, Left Without a Choice: Barriers to Reproductive Health in Indonesia (Londres, 2010).", "[47] Véase UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, pág. 20 (véase la nota 39)." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Anand Grover, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 15/22 and 6/29.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health considers the interaction between criminal laws and other legal restrictions relating to sexual and reproductive health and the right to health. The right to sexual and reproductive health is a fundamental part of the right to health. States must therefore ensure that this aspect of the right to health is fully realized.", "The Special Rapporteur considers the impact of criminal and other legal restrictions on abortion; conduct during pregnancy; contraception and family planning; and the provision of sexual and reproductive education and information. Some criminal and other legal restrictions in each of those areas, which are often discriminatory in nature, violate the right to health by restricting access to quality goods, services and information. They infringe human dignity by restricting the freedoms to which individuals are entitled under the right to health, particularly in respect of decision-making and bodily integrity. Moreover, the application of such laws as a means to achieving certain public health outcomes is often ineffective and disproportionate.", "Realization of the right to health requires the removal of barriers that interfere with individual decision-making on health-related issues and with access to health services, education and information, in particular on health conditions that only affect women and girls. In cases where a barrier is created by a criminal law or other legal restriction, it is the obligation of the State to remove it. The removal of such laws and legal restrictions is not subject to resource constraints and can thus not be seen as requiring only progressive realization. Barriers arising from criminal laws and other laws and policies affecting sexual and reproductive health must therefore be immediately removed in order to ensure full enjoyment of the right to health.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4\nII. Background 4III. International 5 human rights law and the right to sexual and reproductive \nhealth IV.Criminal 6 laws and other legal restriction affecting the right to sexual and reproductive \nhealth Impactof 7 criminal laws andotherlegal restrictionsonsexual and \nreproductivehealth \nV.Recommendations 19", "I. Introduction", "1. Since his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/255), the Special Rapporteur has undertaken country missions to the Syrian Arab Republic in November 2010 (A/HRC/17/25/Add.3) and Ghana in May 2011. He submitted reports on the right to health and development (A/HRC/17/25) and on the expert consultation on access to medicines as a fundamental component of the right to health (A/HRC/17/43) to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, held in June 2011. He convened an expert consultation and held a public consultation on the right to health of older persons in April 2011, which informed the report submitted to the Council at its eighteenth session in September 2011.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has contributed to a number of meetings and conferences on the right to health, including the meeting on human rights and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, organized by the Open Society Institute/Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in New York in March 2011, and the conference on enforcement of the right to health organized by the Central European University in Budapest in June 2011. The Special Rapporteur gave keynote presentations at the Northern Ireland Assembly in September 2010 on the Millennium Development Goals and at the International Drug Policy Consortium seminar, held in London in May 2011, on proportionality in sentencing for drug offences.", "3. The Special Rapporteur also held regional civil society consultations in Nairobi, for East Africa; Budapest, for Eastern Europe; and Moscow, the Russian Federation and Central Asia. The consultations allowed the Rapporteur to gather information regarding realization of the right to health in those regions and to disseminate information about the mandate.", "II. Background", "4. The present report considers the criminalization of certain sexual and reproductive health services, particularly in relation to women, and their impact on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (hereafter, the “right to health”). It also discusses the effect of other legal restrictions and policies affecting conduct and decision-making in the context of sexual and reproductive health. It examines how laws and other legal restrictions are used to regulate abortion, conduct during pregnancy, sexual and reproductive education, and contraception and family planning. It also discusses the negative impact that such criminal laws and other legal restrictions may have on health care, including access to goods, services and information, on the freedoms and human dignity of affected persons, particularly women, and on public health outcomes.", "5. The Special Rapporteur decided to address those issues given that the right to sexual and reproductive health is an area in which conduct and decision-making are regulated by the State through a range of criminal laws and other legal restrictions that may violate the right to health.", "III. International human rights law and the right to sexual and reproductive health", "6. The right to sexual and reproductive health is an integral component of the right to health. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasizes aspects of the right to sexual and reproductive health in article 12.2 (a). General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that the right to health includes measures to improve child and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning, prenatal and post-natal care, emergency obstetric services and access to information, as well as to resources necessary to act on that information (E/C.2/2000/4, para. 14). Moreover, it notes that women’s right to health requires the removal of all barriers interfering with access to health services, education and information, including in the area of sexual and reproductive health (ibid., para. 21). The recommendations of the Committee have consistently supported that approach.[2]", "7. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[3] requires States to take action to ensure that women are afforded broad equality in, inter alia, education, employment and access to health care. The Convention specifically provides for a proper understanding of maternity as a social function, access to family planning information, and the elimination of discrimination against women in marriage and family relations. Furthermore, article 16.1 (e) mandates that women be provided the same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to have access to the information, education and means to enable them to exercise those rights.", "8. The Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the protection of the right to health of young persons under the age of 18. Article 24 of the Convention affirms the right to health as established in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is especially relevant given the importance of sexual and reproductive health to the lives of young women and men.[4] The Convention urges States to ensure prenatal and post-natal care for mothers, develop family planning education and services and ensure the elimination of traditional practices that are “prejudicial to the health of children”.[5]", "9. Reproductive health rights also feature prominently in the Programme of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals, which affirm the rights of women to control all aspects of their health, to respect bodily autonomy and integrity and to decide freely in matters relating to their sexuality and reproduction, free of discrimination, coercion and violence. The Beijing Platform for Action states that States should consider removing punitive measures related to sexual and reproductive health. The relationship between improved sexual and reproductive health for women and poverty reduction is particularly emphasized. Unfortunately, the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010[6] declared that progress in parts of the world in some indicative areas, such as adolescent pregnancy and contraceptive use, had slowed and that aid for family planning as a proportion of total aid to health had declined sharply between 2000 and 2008.", "10. General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights elaborates the concept of reproductive health, stating that women and men have the freedom to decide if and when to reproduce and the right to be informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice and appropriate health-care services that will, for example, enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth (E/C.12/2000/4, footnote 12). Sexual health is a “state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality, not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity”.[7] The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development states that sexual health includes the right to a satisfying and safe sex life as well as the freedom to decide when and how often to reproduce (A/CONF.171/13, para. 7.2). It also states that sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.", "IV. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions affecting the right to sexual and reproductive health", "11. Criminal laws are enacted by the State to regulate conduct perceived as threatening, dangerous, or harmful to an individual, to other individuals or society. Such laws represent the strongest expression of the State’s power to punish and are among its most intentional acts. Criminal laws punish those who engage in prohibited conduct; they are also intended to deter others from similar conduct, incapacitate and rehabilitate offenders, and provide restitution for victims.", "12. The use of overt physical coercion by the State or non-State actors, such as in cases of forced sterilization, forced abortion, forced contraception and forced pregnancy has long been recognized as an unjustifiable form of State-sanctioned coercion and a violation of the right to health.[8] Similarly, where the criminal law is used as a tool by the State to regulate the conduct and decision-making of individuals in the context of the right to sexual and reproductive health the State coercively substitutes its will for that of the individual.", "13. States also use other legal restrictions, including provisions in civil and administrative laws to restrict or prohibit access and/or availability of sexual and reproductive health services, goods and information.", "14. In their application, criminal laws and other legal restrictions may prevent access to certain sexual and reproductive health-care goods, such as contraceptive methods, directly outlaw a particular service, such as abortion, or ban the provision of sexual and reproductive information through school-based education programmes or otherwise. In practice, these laws affect a wide range of individuals, including women who attempt to undergo abortions or seek contraception; friends or family members who assist women to access abortions; practitioners providing abortions; teachers providing sexual education; pharmacists supplying contraceptives; employees of institutions that are established to provide family planning services; human rights defenders advocating for sexual and reproductive health rights; and adolescents seeking access to contraception for consensual sexual activity.", "15. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health may have a negative impact on the right to health in many ways, including by interfering with human dignity. Respect for dignity is fundamental to the realization of all human rights. Dignity requires that individuals are free to make personal decisions without interference from the State, especially in an area as important and intimate as sexual and reproductive health.", "16. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions affecting sexual and reproductive health may amount to violations of the right to health. Although the present report deals predominantly with the impact of these laws and legal restrictions on women and girls, it by no means discounts similar problems faced by men and boys. Women, however, are generally more likely to experience infringements of their right to sexual and reproductive health[9] given the physiology of human reproduction and the gendered social, legal and economic context in which sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and parenthood occur. Persistent stereotyping of women’s roles within society and the family establish and fuel societal norms. Many of those norms are based on the belief that the freedom of a woman, especially with regard to her sexual identity, should be curtailed and regulated (see E/CN.4/2002/83, para. 99). Where women transgress these stereotype-driven norms in the pursuit of sexual and reproductive freedom, they are often punished severely,⁶ with resultant adverse effects on their health outcomes and violations of their right to health. The criminal laws and other legal restrictions examined in the present report facilitate and justify State control over women’s life, such as forcing women to continue unwanted or unplanned pregnancies.", "17. The causal relationship between the gender stereotyping, discrimination and marginalization of women and girls and their enjoyment of their right to sexual and reproductive health is well documented (see E/CN.4/2002/83 and E/CN.4/2004/49). Criminalization generates and perpetuates stigma; restricts their ability to make full use of available sexual and reproductive health-care goods, services and information; denies their full participation in society; and distorts perceptions among health-care professionals which, as a consequence, can hinder their access to health-care services. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions disempower women, who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health, in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-care goods, services and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect, in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources, namely women. As a result, women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws, and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and when they do not, and thus face incarceration.", "18. States most frequently cite two grounds for implementing criminal or other restrictive laws in relation to the right to sexual and reproductive health: public health and public morality. Public morality cannot serve as a justification for enactment or enforcement of laws that may result in human rights violations, including those intended to regulate sexual and reproductive conduct and decision-making. Although securing particular public health outcomes is a legitimate State aim, measures taken to achieve this must be both evidence-based and proportionate to ensure respect of human rights. When criminal laws and legal restrictions used to regulate public health are neither evidence-based nor proportionate, States should refrain from using them to regulate sexual and reproductive health, as they not only violate the right to health of affected individuals, but also contradict their own public health justification.", "19. Securing the rights of women is crucial to improving health outcomes for both sexes. However, substantial underreporting of reproductive and sexual health problems is a serious challenge and probably arises for a variety of political, social, and cultural reasons. By generating a chilling effect on the open exchange of information and data collection, criminalization further exacerbates the underreporting of important health indicators. As a result, effectively addressing poor health outcomes is rendered impossible, and difficulties faced by the international community in meeting core development goals are compounded. Moreover, development indicators do not capture the full impact of criminalization because they only address specific quantifiable public health data and exclude deprivations of dignity and autonomy.", "20. The use by States of criminal and other legal restrictions to regulate sexual and reproductive health may represent serious violations of the right to health of affected persons and are ineffective as public health interventions. These laws must be immediately reconsidered. Their elimination is not subject to progressive realization since no corresponding resource burden, or a de minimis one, is associated with their elimination.", "Impact of criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health", "1. Criminalization and other legal restrictions related to abortion", "21. Criminal laws penalizing and restricting induced abortion are the paradigmatic examples of impermissible barriers to the realization of women’s right to health and must be eliminated. These laws infringe women’s dignity and autonomy by severely restricting decision-making by women in respect of their sexual and reproductive health. Moreover, such laws consistently generate poor physical health outcomes, resulting in deaths that could have been prevented, morbidity and ill-health, as well as negative mental health outcomes, not least because affected women risk being thrust into the criminal justice system. Creation or maintenance of criminal laws with respect to abortion may amount to violations of the obligations of States to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health.", "22. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has strongly disapproved of restrictive abortion laws, especially those that prohibit and criminalize abortion in all circumstances (see CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4, para. 19). It has also confirmed that such legislation does not prevent women from procuring unsafe illegal abortions and has framed restrictive abortion laws as a violation of the rights to life, health and information.[10] The Committee on the Rights of the Child is also concerned about the impact of highly restrictive abortion laws on the right to health of adolescent girls.[11] The Committee against Torture has further stated that punitive abortion laws should be reassessed since they lead to violations of a woman’s right to be free from inhuman and cruel treatment.[12] The Human Rights Committee concluded that equality between men and women required equal treatment in the area of health and the elimination of discrimination in the provision of goods and services and addressed the need to review abortion laws to prevent rights violations (see CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, paras. 20, 28 and 31). The former Special Rapporteur on the right to health called for removal of punitive measures against women who seek abortions (see E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 30).", "23. In States where abortion is criminalized, particular grounds for seeking an abortion may be exempt from criminalization. In the most severe cases, however, abortion is completely criminalized without exception — a situation that exists in only a handful of States — or allowed only to save the life of the woman. Approximately 25 per cent of the world’s population lives under legal regimes that prohibit all abortions except for those following rape or incest, as well as those necessary to save a woman’s life. Slightly less restrictive legal regimes permit abortion on a number of physical health, mental health and socio-economic grounds, such as poverty and number of children. Finally, abortion is unrestricted on any grounds in 56 States, though limits still exist with respect to how late in pregnancy an abortion will be permitted.[13]", "24. Other legal restrictions also contribute to making legal abortions inaccessible. Conscientious objection laws create barriers to access by permitting health-care providers and ancillary personnel, such as receptionists and pharmacists, to refuse to provide abortion services, information about procedures and referrals to alternative facilities and providers.[14] Examples of other restrictions include: laws prohibiting public funding of abortion care; requirements of counselling and mandatory waiting periods for women seeking to terminate a pregnancy; requirements that abortions be approved by more than one health-care provider; parental and spousal consent requirements; and laws that require health-care providers to report “suspected” cases of illegal abortion when women present for post-abortion care, including miscarriages. These laws make safe abortions and post-abortion care unavailable, especially to poor, displaced and young women. Such restrictive regimes, which are not replicated in other areas of sexual and reproductive health care, serve to reinforce the stigma that abortion is an objectionable practice.", "25. The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that legal grounds largely shape the course for women with an unplanned pregnancy towards a safe or an unsafe abortion.[15] As legal restrictions primarily influence whether abortion is safe or not,[16] more unsafe abortions are likely to occur in legal regimes that are more restrictive of abortion. The rate of unsafe abortions and the ratio of unsafe to safe abortions both directly correlate to the degree to which abortion laws are restrictive and/or punitive.[17] Unsafe abortions are estimated to account for nearly 13 per cent of all maternal deaths globally.¹⁴ A further 5 million women and girls suffer short- and long-term injuries due to unsafe abortions,[18] including haemorrhage; sepsis; trauma to the vagina, uterus and abdominal organs; cervical tearing; peritonitis; reproductive tract infections; pelvic inflammatory disease and chronic pelvic pain; shock and infertility.", "26. The conditions under which unsafe abortions occur include: limited access to information, particularly concerning when and how legal abortions may be obtained; abortion induced by an unskilled provider in unhygienic conditions or by a health-care worker outside of appropriate facilities; abortion induced by the woman herself or a traditional medical practitioner through insertion of an object into the uterus, drinking of a hazardous substance or violent massage; and incorrectly prescribed medicine with no follow-up or further information provided.[19] Criminalization of abortion creates and perpetuates these unsafe conditions. In more liberal regimes, women are able to legally seek service and treatment through professional health-care providers under safe and medically appropriate circumstances, including the use of medical abortion pills, which allow for safe, self-induced early abortions.", "27. Criminal prohibition of abortion is a very clear expression of State interference with a woman’s sexual and reproductive health because it restricts a woman’s control over her body, possibly subjecting her to unnecessary health risks. Criminal prohibition also requires women to continue unplanned pregnancies and give birth when it is not their choice to do so. States are obliged to ensure that women are not denied access to necessary post-abortion medical services, irrespective of the legality of the abortion undertaken.", "28. States are also obliged to protect against infringement of the right to health by third parties. In States where abortion is prohibited, public health and safety regulations regarding abortion, such as provisions for the training and licensing of health-care workers, cannot exist, thus increasing the potential for unsafe abortion practices. Decriminalization, coupled with appropriate regulation and the provision of accessible, safe abortion services, is the most expeditious method of fully protecting the right to health against third-party violations. Additionally, States should take measures to protect those who provide abortions and related services from harassment, violence, kidnappings and murder perpetrated by non-State actors (religiously motivated or otherwise).", "29. States must take measures to ensure that legal and safe abortion services are available, accessible, and of good quality. Safe abortions, however, will not immediately be available upon decriminalization unless States create conditions under which they may be provided. These conditions include establishing available and accessible clinics; the provision of additional training for physicians and health-care workers; enacting licensing requirements; and ensuring the availability of the latest and safest medicines and equipment.", "30. Women are entitled to equal health protection afforded by the State as part of the right to health. Regardless of the legal status of abortion, women are entitled to receive access to goods, services and information related to sexual and reproductive health. In particular, they are entitled to have access to quality health services for the management of complications, including those arising from unsafe abortions and miscarriages. Such care must be unconditional even where the threat of criminal punishment is present, and it should not be contingent on a woman’s cooperation in any subsequent criminal prosecution, or used as evidence in any proceeding against her or the abortion providers. Laws must not require health-care personnel to report women for abortion-related care to law enforcement or judicial authorities.", "31. Absolute prohibition under criminal law deprives women of access to what, in some cases, is a life-saving procedure. Even where a clandestine abortion can be performed in a relatively safe, hygienic setting, it may be financially inaccessible for the most vulnerable women. Poor and marginalized women may instead turn to unsafe, self-induced abortions. Where narrow exceptions to the criminalization of abortion exist, such as to save the life of a woman, criminalization may effectively block access to information about legal abortion services. Women often remain unaware of these exceptions because the stigma surrounding the issue of abortion prevents dissemination and discussion of such necessary information. Legal restrictions on the availability of information relating to abortions also exist because criminal laws often include explicit provisions prohibiting the production and distribution of the information.", "32. The provision of health-care goods and services that are of poor quality is a major problem arising from legal regimes criminalizing abortion. In these circumstances, the lack of State and professional regulation of medical practices means that abortions are performed by unskilled practitioners, in unhygienic conditions, in order to evade law enforcement.[20] On the contrary, when performed by trained health-care providers under appropriate conditions, abortion is one of the safest medical procedures available.[21] Criminalization further prevents practitioners from accessing accurate health information and, where exceptions to criminalization exist, the chilling effect created by its associated stigma may prevent health-care workers from seeking training and information on abortion. Health-care workers who choose to perform abortions under these circumstances may accordingly be uninformed and untrained on appropriate abortion procedure and post-abortion care, reducing the quality and availability of legal abortions.", "33. Health-care workers have, on occasion, denied women access to legally available sexual and reproductive health services or simply refused to treat women suffering from complications resulting from a clandestine abortion performed elsewhere. Owing to the stigma surrounding abortion, health-care workers have also provided erroneous information to women, such as stating that a woman may have only one legal abortion.", "34. The marginalization and vulnerability of women as a result of abortion-related stigma and discrimination perpetuate and intensify violations of the right to health. Abortion-related stigma prevents women from seeking abortions and prevents those who undergo abortions from requesting treatment for resulting medical complications. The gross underreporting of abortion — only 35 to 60 per cent are reported — is one indicator of the magnitude of the stigma attached to abortion. Although many social and cultural factors generate and exacerbate the stigma attached to abortion, criminalization of abortion perpetuates discrimination and generates new forms of stigmatization. For example, a woman’s infertility may be misunderstood to be the result of a previous abortion, placing “culpability” on the woman as a result of the stigma associated with abortion rather than acknowledging that her infertility may be due to various unrelated health conditions.", "35. The stigma resulting from criminalization creates a vicious cycle. Criminalization of abortion results in women seeking clandestine, and likely unsafe, abortions. The stigma resulting from procuring an illegal abortion and thereby breaking the law perpetuates the notion that abortion is an immoral practice and that the procedure is inherently unsafe, which then reinforces continuing criminalization of the practice.", "36. The criminalization of abortion also has a severe impact on mental health. The need to seek illegal health services and the intense stigmatization of both the abortion procedure and women who seek such procedures can have deleterious effects on women’s mental health.[22] In some cases, women have committed suicide because of accumulated pressures and stigma related to abortion.[23] In jurisdictions where rape is not a ground for termination of pregnancy, women and girls who are pregnant as a result of rape but who do not wish to continue their pregnancy are either forced to carry the pregnancy to term or seek an illegal abortion. Both options can cause enormous anguish. In electing to pursue either option, the overarching threat of being investigated, prosecuted and punished within the criminal justice system has significant negative impacts on the emotional health and well-being of both those who seek abortions and those who do not. Moreover, while the psychological impact of seeking an illegal abortion or carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term is well documented, no corresponding evidence supports the existence of long-term mental health sequelae resulting from elective abortion.[24]", "2. Control over and criminalization of conduct during pregnancy and delivery", "37. Maternal health, prenatal and post-natal care, and access to information, are all elements of the right to health elaborated under General Comment No. 14. Additionally, article 10.2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that special protection should be accorded to mothers. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women also recognizes that women should be provided with appropriate services in connection with pregnancy. In chapter VII.A., the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development observes that reproductive health includes access to services that enable women to go through pregnancy and childbirth safely.[25] Despite these positive obligations to support women during pregnancy and post-birth, certain States have proposed or enacted criminal laws or other legal restrictions prohibiting certain forms of conduct, which infringe the right to health of affected women.", "38. In certain jurisdictions, pregnant women have been prosecuted for various types of conduct during pregnancy. A number of prosecutions have occurred in relation to the use of illicit drugs by pregnant woman, including under pre-existing laws relating to child abuse, attempted murder, manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide. Criminal laws have also been used to prosecute women for other conduct, including alcohol use during pregnancy, the birth of stillborn babies or the miscarriage of a foetus (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 68), failing to follow a doctor’s orders, failing to refrain from sexual intercourse, and concealment of the birth.", "39. In some instances, civil legislation related to child welfare has been expanded to include punitive sanctions for prenatal drug exposure, where such exposure may provide a ground for the termination of parental rights and the removal of the child upon birth. A pregnant woman’s positive toxicology report or clinical signs of drug exposure in newborns, may be regarded as proof of child abuse or neglect under these legislative schemes. In some jurisdictions, health professionals are required to test pregnant women or newborns for drug exposure or may do so provided the woman is given notice. Others have enacted legislation authorizing the institutionalization of women who have used drugs during pregnancy. Health professionals may also be obliged to report positive drug-screening results to the Government.", "40. Some States have also criminalized perinatal HIV transmission. For example, in one jurisdiction, a person infected with HIV (and aware of the fact) must “‘take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to others and in the case of pregnant women, the foetus’, with criminal sanctions imposed for failure to do so” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 67). In this case, no exception or defence is allowed in relation to unavailability or lack of access to preventive health-care goods, services and information. Statutes from other jurisdictions, which criminalize HIV transmission generally, may also be applied to perinatal transmission.", "41. Criminalization of conduct during pregnancy impedes access to health-care goods and services, infringing the right to health of pregnant women. Where women fear criminal prosecution, they may be deterred from accessing health services and care, as well as pregnancy-related information. For example, women may not seek antenatal services if they are faced with the risk of prosecution from transmitting HIV, which poses a risk to their health and the health of the foetus. This undermines public health objectives related to HIV, because women may refuse testing entirely if they face criminal penalties for transmission.", "42. While public health goals can justify some degree of interference with personal freedoms, it has been well documented that the public health goals are not realized through criminalization; rather, they are often undermined by it (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 51). The application of criminal law to regulate conduct such as alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a disproportionate response and an ineffective deterrent. A number of professional medical associations oppose use of the criminal law as a means to address substance abuse by pregnant women, on the grounds of ineffectiveness and disproportionality.[26] In order to realize public health outcomes effectively and simultaneously promote the right to health of women, States should not criminalize such conducts during pregnancy, but rather ensure the provision of health-care goods, services and information that promote health throughout pregnancy and childbirth.", "43. Certain criminal laws effectively shift the burden of realizing the right to health away from States onto pregnant women, punishing women for the lack of effective provision of health-care goods, services and education by the Government. For instance, where a woman living with HIV must take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to the foetus but there is limited or no access to health-care services and antiretroviral treatment, the State fails to provide what is needed for a woman to avoid criminal prosecution. The Special Rapporteur has observed that “where the right to access to appropriate health services … is not ensured, women are simply unable to take necessary precautions to prevent transmission, which could place them at risk of criminal liability” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 66). As availability of, and access to, health-care goods and services is the responsibility of States, it is particularly perverse that the criminal law has the potential to punish women for the inadequacy of the Government in this respect.", "3. Contraception and family planning", "44. WHO defines family planning as a process that allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies which is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility.[27] Use of family planning methods is an integral component of the right to health. Contraception is a method of fertility control by which family planning is affected. Some forms can also be used for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, primarily through physical barrier methods of contraception such as condoms. Various other forms of contraception exist, ranging from surgical sterilization to pharmaceutical methods, such as the oral contraceptive pill, which do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.", "45. Family planning empowers women to make autonomous and informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health. It reduces maternal mortality by delaying pregnancies in young women who would otherwise face an increased risk of health problems and death from early childbearing. Evidence shows that access to voluntary family planning can reduce maternal deaths by between 25 and 40 per cent.[28] Family planning also reduces the number of unsafe abortions and the perinatal transmission of HIV. Condom use not only results in lower incidences of sexually transmitted infections but, when used correctly and consistently, male condoms are 98 per cent effective toward preventing pregnancy.²⁶", "46. The global unmet need for family planning remains a significant barrier to achieving rights-related and development goals. WHO estimates that 200 million couples in developing countries would like to delay or stop childbearing but are not using any method of contraception.²⁶ In 2009, 24 per cent of women of reproductive age in the least developed countries, who were married or in a union, reported not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the birth of their next child.[29] Reasons for the global unmet need included limited access to contraception; limited choice of contraceptive methods; fear or experience of side-effects; cultural or religious opposition; poor quality of available services; and gender-based barriers.", "47. Family planning allows women to choose whether and when to reproduce and is thus integral to development and the full participation of women in society. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, contraceptive use is four times higher among women with a secondary education than among those with no education, and is almost four times higher among women in the richest households than those in the poorest households.[30] One cross-national survey suggests that the percentage of women in the labour force is directly related to national birth rates.[31] Strong links have also been observed between contraception use by women and opportunities to work outside of the home; in one country, the average income growth for women with one to three pregnancies was twice that of women who had been pregnant more than seven times.³⁰", "48. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions that reduce or deny access to family planning goods and services, or certain modern contraceptive methods, such as emergency contraception, constitute a violation of the right to health. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women calls upon States to ensure access to specific educational information to help to ensure the health and well-being of families, including information and advice on family planning, as well as access to adequate health-care facilities, including information, counselling and services in family planning.[32] In General Comment No. 14, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights calls upon States to take measures to “improve child and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning … and access to information, as well as to resources necessary to act on that information” (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 14).", "49. In chapter II, principle 8, of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development confirms that States should take all appropriate measures to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, universal access to health-care services, including those related to reproductive health care, which includes family planning and sexual health. It also stresses the need for participation and notes that family planning programmes are most successful when women are fully involved in the design, provision, management and evaluation of services. It further adds that Governments should remove all unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to family-planning services and methods. In paragraph 96, the Beijing Platform for Action declares that the human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.", "50. However, in many States access to family planning goods and services is severely curtailed by criminal laws and other legal restrictions. In these jurisdictions, women and men (especially the poor) lack access to safe and effective contraception and are denied the freedom to decide whether or not to reproduce.", "51. For example, some States have criminalized the distribution and use of emergency contraception,[33] justifying such laws with claims that emergency contraception is abortifacient. WHO, however, confirms that emergency contraception is a valid form of contraception.[34] Women who carry an unplanned pregnancy to term as a result of such laws also might face adverse physical and mental health outcomes.[35] At the same time, women who lack access to emergency contraception as a result of criminal prohibitions may ultimately be forced to seek clandestine abortions, thus exposing themselves to the associated health risks.", "52. Restricting access to surgical methods of contraception also contravenes the obligations of States to ensure that quality services are available and accessible. For instance, tubal ligation, a safe and effective sterilization procedure for women, is prohibited by law in some countries except under narrow circumstances where the procedure is therapeutically necessary. Read in conjunction with laws criminalizing violence causing permanent damage to a limb, this law exposes health professionals who perform the procedure to criminal liability, thus restricting women’s access to this method of contraception. Women may instead seek tubal ligation procedures in unlicenced health facilities, potentially placing them at the risk of experiencing health complications and effectively denying access to poor women who cannot afford such procedures.", "53. Other laws restricting access to family planning and contraception include a city-wide de facto ban on so-called “artificial” contraception in one jurisdiction, which created significant difficulty for women in accessing reliable forms of birth control (see A/HRC/14/20/Add.1). A total of 70 per cent of the affected population, a majority of whom were poor and marginalized, depended on Government providers for services including female sterilization, oral pills, intrauterine devices and injectables (ibid.). The ban resulted in the absolute deprivation of access to family planning services and contraception for many women and men. In other instances, States require women to obtain their husband’s consent and adolescents to obtain parental consent before acquiring various forms of contraception. Other jurisdictions allow pharmacists, and in some cases pharmacies, to refuse to dispense emergency contraception, which is otherwise legally available. These laws directly infringe upon the right of women and girls to make free and informed choices about their sexual and reproductive health and reflect discriminatory notions of women’s roles in the family and society.", "54. Women are also entitled to participate in all decisions affecting their sexual and reproductive health at all levels of decision-making. Community-level participation concerning use of contraception has been shown to increase a woman’s autonomy and capacity to freely choose to use condoms, not only providing her with a means of controlling fertility but also protecting her own health in preventing sexually transmitted infections.[36]", "55. The obligation to respect the right to health requires that States abstain from limiting access to contraceptives and other means of maintaining sexual and reproductive health. States should therefore remove criminal laws and other legal restrictions, including parental consent laws and other third party authorizations, to ensure access to family planning and contraceptive goods, services and information. The obligation to protect requires States ensure that neither third parties nor harmful social or traditional practices interfere with access to prenatal and post-natal care and family-planning (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 35), or curtail access to some or all contraceptive methods. Finally, the obligation to fulfil includes adopting and implementing a national public health strategy, which includes the provision of “a wide range of sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning (...) and access to information (see E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 29)”.", "4. Education and information on sexual and reproductive health", "56. The provision of comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is an essential component of the right to health and to the realization of other rights, such as the right to education and access to information. Criminal and other laws restricting access to comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health are thus incompatible with the full realization of the right to health and should be removed by States (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 11). Both women and men are adversely affected by these barriers. Women, however, are disproportionately impacted.", "57. General Comment No. 14 places emphasis on access to information because it is a critical component of the right to health (ibid; footnote 8), and particularly guarantees access to sexual and reproductive health information. States are additionally required to provide adequate resources and refrain “from censoring, withholding or intentionally misrepresenting health-related information, including sexual education and information (see E/C.12/2000/14, para. 14)”. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has recommended that a comprehensive understanding of the content of sexual and reproductive education encompass the topics of reproductive rights, responsible sexual behaviour, sexual and reproductive health, prevention of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, prevention of teenage pregnancies, and family planning,[37] and stressed that education campaigns are urgently needed to combat harmful practices such as female genital mutilation.[38] Comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is also useful in reducing knowledge gaps between men and women on these issues.[39]", "58. The International Guidelines on Sexuality Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) describe optimal sexual education as “an age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and comprehensive approach … that include programmes providing scientifically accurate, realistic, non-judgmental information”.[40] Moreover, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information should provide “opportunities to explore one’s own values and attitudes and to build decision-making, communication, and risk reduction skills about all aspects of sexuality”.³⁹ The Special Rapporteur on the right to education has further emphasized that a comprehensive curriculum requires sensitivity to sexual diversity and a gendered perspective (see A/65/162, para. 23).", "59. Laws restricting information about sexual and reproductive health and which censor discussions of homosexuality in the classroom fuel stigma and discrimination of vulnerable minorities.[41] For example, laws and policies that promote abstinence-only education reduce sexual education to images and stereotypes of heteronormativity, given their focus on procreation; some of these programmes even contain explicitly discriminatory content on gender and sexual orientation.[42] In certain instances, teachers have been suspended or threatened with lawsuits for engaging in discussions on “inappropriate” sexual matters with their students when discussing sexual and reproductive health issues in the classroom. In other cases, pursuant to abstinence-only and anti-obscenity policies, school districts, courts and legislators have prohibited civil society organizations from meeting in public schools. Such laws and policies perpetuate false and negative stereotypes concerning sexuality, alienate students of different sexual orientations and prevent students from making fully informed decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health.", "60. Even in jurisdictions where sexual and reproductive health education is permitted in some form, its quality and effectiveness can be severely diminished by policy prescriptions. States have assisted in the dissemination of misinformation on condom use either by distributing materials that contain inaccurate information or by remaining silent on the topic, which allows for the proliferation of contradictory and inaccurate information.[43] Similarly, abstinence-only campaigns that focus only on abstaining from sexual intercourse as a means to avoid sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies provide a narrow and incomplete rather than a comprehensive perspective. Such programmes, which often lack accurate and evidence-based information, have been shown to have a minimal or no effect on reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.", "61. Studies have shown that while few young people have accurate knowledge about HIV/AIDS,[44] women are generally even less well informed than men. In a UNAIDS study of 147 countries, whereas more than 70 per cent of young men were found to recognize that condoms can protect against HIV, only 55 per cent of young women identified condoms as an effective strategy for HIV prevention.[45] Women and girls are disproportionally impacted by legal restrictions to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information, which both reinforces and exacerbates the gender inequalities that the figures demonstrate. The existence of legal restrictions on access to sexual and reproductive health information and education lead to the provision of inaccurate information through informal sources that are often inaccurate and may reinforce negative gender stereotypes. As a result, young women are less prepared for their sexual and reproductive lives, leaving them vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation, as well as to an increased risk of unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.[46]", "62. In jurisdictions where aspects of sexual and reproductive health are criminalized, the availability and accessibility of related information is greatly restricted. For example, penal codes may contain specific provisions that prohibit dispensing information on the prevention or interruption of pregnancies, or materials that supposedly conflict with notions of morality or decency. Punishments can range from fines to imprisonment. Moreover, the restriction of information relating to health can be an unintended result of laws relating to other information, such as pornography laws, which can also extend to criminalize sexual and reproductive health materials.[47] Thus, public health and empowerment programmes and activities that rely on such information — educational campaigns on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infection prevention, family planning, domestic violence, gender discrimination, female genital mutilation, sexual diversity, overall sexual and reproductive health — are effectively prohibited. Women and girls are most likely to be affected by this gap in available services and programming because they are exposed to a higher risk of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, maternal mortality, unsafe abortion and unwanted or unplanned pregnancies.", "63. Adequate knowledge about sexual and reproductive health has repeatedly proved to be effecting in lowering rates of maternal mortality; preventing unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortion, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections; delaying the onset of sexual intercourse; increasing knowledge about family planning options; and protecting against gender-based violence (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 21). Empowering women through comprehensive education and information on sexual and reproductive health is also imperative since young women often have less power or control in their relationships, which make them disproportionately vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation.[48] As a tool for empowerment and means to critically examine gender inequalities and stereotypes, comprehensive education and information also becomes a way of eroding deeply entrenched systems of patriarchy; such systems perpetuate violations of women’s rights, including their right to health (see A/65/162, paras. 7-9). Providing women with knowledge and skills relating to their sexual and reproductive health, related education and information enhances their freedom in making informed health-related decisions, and promotes their equal participation in society.", "64. States that implement and enforce criminal or other laws to restrict access to sexual and reproductive health information actively reduce access to information and therefore do not meet their obligation to respect the right to health. As a consequence of such laws and the stigma they generate, third parties, such as teachers, publishers, or booksellers may also deny women and girls access to necessary sexual and reproductive health materials. The obligation of States to fulfil the right to health requires that they develop strategies to ensure that comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information is provided to everyone, especially women and young girls.", "V. Recommendations", "65. In applying a right-to-health approach, States should undertake reforms toward the development and implementation of policies and programmes relating to sexual and reproductive health as required by international human rights law. In that context, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to:", "(a) Formulate public health policies and programmes that disseminate evidence-based information regarding sexual and reproductive health, as well as the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission;", "(b) Develop comprehensive family planning policies and programmes, which provide a wide range of goods, services and information relating to contraception and are available, accessible and of good quality;", "(c) Decriminalize the supply and use of all forms of contraception and voluntary sterilization for fertility control and remove requirements for spousal and/or parental consent;", "(d) Take steps to ensure the availability, accessibility and quality of a full range of contraceptive methods, including both pharmaceutical and surgical contraceptive methods;", "(e) Decriminalize the provision of information relating to sexual and reproductive health, including evidence-based sexual and reproductive health education;", "(f) Formulate policies to ensure that existing criminal laws, such as those concerning pornography, are not applied to restrict access to, or punish those who provide, evidence-based sexual and reproductive health information and education;", "(g) Take steps to standardize national curricula to ensure that sexual and reproductive education is comprehensive, evidence-based, and includes information regarding human rights, gender and sexuality;", "(h) Decriminalize abortion, including related laws, such as those concerning abetment of abortion;", "(i) Consider, as an interim measure, the formulation of policies and protocols by responsible authorities imposing a moratorium on the application of criminal laws concerning abortion, including legal duties on medical professionals to report women to law enforcement authorities;", "(j) Ensure safe, good quality health services, including abortion, using services, in line with WHO protocols;", "(k) Establish policies and programmes to ensure the accessibility and availability of safe, reliable and good quality services for abortion-related complications and post-abortion care, in line with WHO protocols, particularly in jurisdictions where abortion is criminalized;", "(l) Ensure that accurate, evidence-based information concerning abortion and its legal availability is publicly available and that health-care providers are fully aware of the law related to abortion and its exceptions;", "(m) Ensure that conscientious objection exemptions are well-defined in scope and well-regulated in use and that referrals and alternative services are available in cases where the objection is raised by a service provider;", "(n) Suspend/abolish the application of existing criminal laws to various forms of conduct during pregnancy, such as conduct related to treatment of the foetus, most notably miscarriage, alcohol and drug consumption and HIV transmission.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See E/C.12/1/Add.98, para. 43; E/C.12/1/Add.105 and Corr.1, paras. 53 and 54; E/C.12/BRA/ CO/2, para. 29; and E/C.12/COL/CO/5, para. 5.", "[3] See in particular articles 5, 10 (h), 11, 12.1 and 16.", "[4] See United Nations Population Fund, Eight Lives: Stories of Reproductive Health (New York, 2010).", "[5] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531, article 24; see also CRC/GC/2003/4, para. 31.", "[6] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7.", "[7] Paul Hunt and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, The Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health (Colchester, Essex, University of Essex, 2006).", "[8] See CRC/C/15/Add.268, para. 46(e); CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6, para. 32; E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 25.", "[9] With the exception of men who have sex with men; see A/HRC/14/20.", "[10] See A/53/38/Rev.1, para. 337; and A/54/38/Rev.1, part I, paras. 56, 228 and 393.", "[11] CRC/C/15/Add.107, para. 30; CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, para. 55; and CRC/C/URY/CO/2, para. 51.", "[12] CAT/C/PER/CO/4, para. 23; CAT/C/NIC/CO/1, para. 16; and CAT/C/CR/32/5, para. 7.", "[13] R. Boland, “Second trimester abortion laws globally: actuality, trends and recommendations”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, No. 36 (2010), pp. 67-89.", "[14] Louise Finer and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, Conscientious Objection: Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (Colchester, Essex, University of Essex, 2010).", "[15] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2008, 6th ed. (Geneva, 2011), p. 2.", "[16] Axel I. Mundigo, “Determinants of unsafe induced abortion in developing countries”, in Ina K. Warriner and Iqbal H. Shah, eds., Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action (New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2006), pp. 51-54.", "[17] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems (Geneva, 2003), p. 86.", "[18] Lori Ashford, “Hidden suffering: disabilities from pregnancy and childbirth in less developed countries” (Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2002). Available from: http://www.prb.org/pdf/HiddenSufferingEng.pdf.", "[19] Michael Vlassoff and others, “Estimates of health care system costs of unsafe abortion in Africa and Latin America”, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 35, No. 3 (2009), pp. 114-121.", "[20] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates, p. 7 (see footnote 14 above).", "[21] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance, p. 14 (see footnote 16 above).", "[22] WHO, Mental Health Aspects of Women’s Reproductive Health (Geneva, 2008), p. 54.", "[23] Ibid, p. 52.", "[24] Vignetta E. Charles and others, “Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence”, Contraception, vol. 78, No. 6 (December 2008), p. 436.", "[25] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, article 12.", "[26] National Advocates for Pregnant Women, “What’s wrong with making it a crime to be pregnant and to have a drug problem?” (9 March 2006).", "[27] WHO, Family Planning, Fact sheet No. 351 (April 2011).", "[28] World Bank, “Population issues in the 21st century: the role of the World Bank”, Health, Nutrition, and Population (Washington, D.C., April 2007).", "[29] World Contraceptive Use 2010 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2010), available from http://www.un.org/esa/ population/publications/WCP_2010/Data.html.", "[30] Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7), p. 37.", "[31] World Bank, “Population issues”, p. 26 (see footnote 27 above).", "[32] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, articles 10 (h), 14 (b).", "[33] Eileen Kelly, “Crisis of conscience: pharmacist refusal to provide health care services on moral grounds”, Employee Responsibility Rights, vol. 23, No. 1 (2011), 37-54.", "[34] WHO, Emergency contraception, Fact Sheet No. 244 (revised October 2005). Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/index.html.", "[35] WHO, Mental health, p. 55 (see footnote 21 above).", "[36] For example, in Kolkata, India, the rate of condom use among sex workers rose from 3 to 90 per cent over the course of seven years as a result of a community-led structural intervention called the Sonagachi Project. See T. Ghosea and others, “Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: the boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework”, Social Science Medicine, vol. 67, No. 2 (2008), pp. 311-320.", "[37] See A/56/38, para. 224; A/56/38, para. 303; A/53/38, para. 349; CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, para. 28.", "[38] See E/C.12/1/Add.78, para. 31; and E/C.12/1/Add.62, para. 39.", "[39] UNAIDS, Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic 2008 (Geneva, 2008).", "[40] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach to Effective Sex, Relationships and HIV/STI Education (Paris, 2009), p. 61.", "[41] See the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights (INTERIGHTS) v. Croatia; Human Rights Watch, Rights at Risk, Executive Summary (2011); and BBC, “Brazil sex education material suspended by President” (25 May 2011). Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13554077.", "[42] See A/65/162, paras. 68 and 69; and A/HRC/14/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[43] UNESCO, “Review of sex, relationships and HIV education in schools” (2007), pp. 16 and 17.", "[44] UNAIDS, Global Report 2008, p. 98 (see footnote 38 above).", "[45] Ibid.", "[46] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 2 (see footnote 39 above).", "[47] Amnesty International, Left Without a Choice: Barriers to Reproductive Health in Indonesia (London, 2010).", "[48] See UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 20 (see footnote 39 above)." ]
A_66_254
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by Anand Grover, Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 15/22 and 6/29.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health examines the interaction between criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health and the right to health. The right to sexual and reproductive health is a fundamental part of the right to health. States should therefore ensure that this aspect of the right to health becomes fully effective.", "The Special Rapporteur examines the effects of criminal and other legal restrictions on abortion; conduct during pregnancy; contraceptive methods and family planning; and access to sexual and reproductive health education and information. Some of the criminal and other legal restrictions applied in each of these areas, often discriminatory, hinder access to quality goods, services and information and therefore violate the right to health. They also undermine human dignity by curbing the freedoms of the right to health, in particular with regard to decision-making and physical integrity. Moreover, the application of these laws to obtain certain results in the field of public health is often ineffective and disproportionate.", "The exercise of the right to health requires the elimination of barriers to health-related decision-making and access to health services, education and information, in particular with regard to conditions affecting only women and girls. Where a barrier is the product of a criminal law or other legal restrictions, States are obliged to remove it. The elimination of such laws and restrictions does not depend on the availability of resources and therefore does not have to be implemented progressively. Accordingly, barriers under criminal laws and other laws and policies affecting sexual and reproductive health should be removed immediately in order to ensure the full exercise of the right to health.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 4 II. Background 4III.The 5 international human rights standards and the right to sexual and reproductive health IV. 6 Criminal Law and Other Legal Restrictions Affecting the Right to Sexual and Reproductive Health Effects of 9 Criminal Laws and Reproductive Legal Restrictions V. Recommendations 22", "I. Introduction", "1. Since his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/255), the Special Rapporteur has conducted missions to the Syrian Arab Republic in November 2010 (A/HRC/17/25/Add.3) and Ghana in May 2011. The Special Rapporteur submitted the following reports to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, in June 2011: report on the right to health and development (A/HRC/17/25) and report on the expert consultation on access to medicines as a fundamental element of the right to health (A/HRC/17/43). It also convened an expert consultation and a public consultation on the right to health of older persons in April 2011, which provided the basis for the report submitted to the Council at its eighteenth session in September 2011.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has participated in several meetings and conferences on the right to health, including the meeting on human rights and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, organized by the Open Society Institute and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in New York in March 2011, and the conference on respect for the right to health organized by the University of Central Europe in Budapest in June 2011. The Special Rapporteur, as the main speaker, presented presentations to the Northern Ireland Assembly in September 2010 on the Millennium Development Goals, and at the International Drug Policy Centre seminar on the proportionality of penalties imposed for drug-related crimes, held in London in May 2011.", "3. The Special Rapporteur also held regional consultations with civil society on East Africa (held in Nairobi), Eastern Europe (Budapest) and the Russian Federation and Central Asia (Moscow). These consultations enabled him to gather information on the realization of the right to health in those regions and to disseminate information on his mandate.", "II. Background", "4. The present report examines the criminalization of certain sexual and reproductive health services, especially those related to women, and their impact on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (hereinafter the “right to health”). The impact of other legal policies and restrictions affecting behaviour and decision-making in the context of sexual and reproductive health is also discussed. The report examines the application of criminal laws and other legal restrictions to regulate abortion, conduct during pregnancy, sexual and reproductive education and contraceptive and family planning methods. It also analyses the potential negative impact of criminal law and other legal restrictions on health care, including access to goods, services and information, on the freedoms and dignity of affected persons, especially women, and on the effectiveness of public health policies.", "5. The Special Rapporteur decided to address these issues because States regulate behaviour and decision-making in the area of the right to sexual and reproductive health through criminal laws and other legal restrictions that could violate the right to health.", "III. International human rights standards and the right to sexual and reproductive health", "6. The right to sexual and reproductive health is an essential component of the right to health. Article 12.2 (a) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights highlights some aspects of the right to sexual and reproductive health. General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights further states that the right to health includes measures to improve child and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning, pre- and post-partum care, emergency obstetric services and access to information, as well as the necessary resources to act on such information (E/C.12/2000/4, para. 14). It also notes that the exercise of women &apos; s right to health entails the duty to remove all barriers to women &apos; s access to health, education and information services, in particular in the area of sexual and reproductive health (ibid., para. 21). The Committee &apos; s recommendations have always supported this approach[1].", "7. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[2] urges States to take measures to ensure that women enjoy equality in all areas, including education, employment and access to health care. Specifically, the Convention advocates an adequate understanding of maternity as a social function, access to information on family planning and the elimination of discrimination against women in marriage and family relations. Article 16.1 (e) also stipulates that women must enjoy the same rights to decide freely and responsibly the number of their children and the interval between births and to have access to information, education and the means that enable them to exercise these rights.", "8. The Convention on the Rights of the Child ensures the protection of the right to health of young people under the age of 18. Article 24 of the Convention affirms the right to health as defined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is particularly timely given the importance of sexual and reproductive health in the lives of young women and men.[3] The Convention urges States to ensure appropriate prenatal and postnatal health care for mothers, develop family planning education and services and abolish traditional practices that are harmful to the health of children.[4]", "9. The right to reproductive health is also prominent in the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development of 1994, the Beijing Platform for Action of 1995 and the Millennium Development Goals, which affirm the right of women to control all aspects of their health, to respect their physical autonomy and integrity and to decide freely all aspects of their sexuality and reproduction, without discrimination, coercion or violence. The Beijing Platform for Action affirms that States should consider eliminating punitive measures on sexual and reproductive health. The relationship between the improvement of sexual and reproductive health for women and poverty reduction is particularly highlighted. Unfortunately, the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010[5] states that progress in indicative areas such as teenage pregnancies and contraceptive use has stagnated in some parts of the world and that aid for family planning as a percentage of total health aid has decreased dramatically between 2000 and 2008.", "10. General comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights develops the concept of reproductive health and states that women and men are at liberty to decide whether to reproduce and at what time, and have the right to be informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable planning methods of their choice and to the relevant health-care services, which, for example, will enable women to pass the pregnancy and childbirth stages without danger.4 Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality, and not simply the absence of conditions, dysfunctions or diseases[6]. The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development affirms that sexual health includes the right to a satisfactory and safe sexual life, as well as the freedom to decide when to reproduce and how often (A/CONF.171/13, para. 7.2). It also states that sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relations, as well as the possibility of enjoyable and safe sexual experiences, free from coercion, discrimination and violence.", "IV. Criminal law and other legal restrictions affecting the right to sexual and reproductive health", "11. States enact criminal laws to regulate conduct perceived as threatening, dangerous or harmful to one or more persons or to society. These laws constitute the clearest manifestation of the punitive power of the State and are among its most intentional acts. Criminal law punishes those who engage in prohibited conduct; it also aims to deter other persons from similar conduct, to incapacitate and rehabilitate offenders and to provide redress to victims.", "12. The flagrant use of physical coercion by the State or other non-State actors, such as in cases of forced sterilization, abortion, contraception or pregnancy, has long been condemned as an unjustifiable form of coercion sanctioned by the State and a violation of the right to health[7]. Similarly, when criminal law is used as an instrument for regulating the conduct of a person and its decisions in the context of the right to sexual and reproductive health, the will of the State is enforced by force, annuling that of the individual.", "13. States also impose other legal restrictions, such as civil and administrative provisions, to restrict or prohibit the availability of or access to sexual and reproductive health goods, services and information.", "14. The application of some criminal laws and other legal restrictions could prevent access to certain sexual and reproductive health assets, such as contraceptive methods, directly prohibit a given service, such as abortion, or prohibit the provision of sexual and reproductive information through school or other educational programmes. In practice, these provisions affect a wide range of people, including women who wish to abort or use contraceptive methods; friends or family members who help women who wish to abort; abortion practitioners; sex education teachers; pharmacists who provide contraceptive methods; employees of institutions established to provide family planning services; human rights activists who defend the right to sexual and reproductive health;", "15. Criminal laws and other sexual and reproductive health restrictions could adversely affect the right to health in multiple aspects, including by targeting human dignity. Respect for dignity is essential for the exercise of all human rights. Dignity requires people to be free to make personal decisions without State interference, especially in such an important and intimate environment as sexual and reproductive health.", "16. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions affecting sexual and reproductive health could be considered violations of the right to health. While the present report deals predominantly with the way in which these laws and legal restrictions affect women and girls, it is in no way intended to ignore similar problems affecting men and boys. However, it is generally more likely that the right to sexual and reproductive health of women is infringed[8], given the physiology of human reproduction and the social, legal and economic context in which sexuality, fertility, pregnancy and paternity are framed, which is highly gender conditioned. The persistence of stereotypes about the role of women in society and the family establishes and nurtures social norms. Many of these standards are based on the conviction that women &apos; s freedom, especially with regard to their sexual identity, should be reduced and controlled (see E/CN.4/2002/83, para. 99). When a woman claiming her sexual and reproductive freedom violates those stereotyping-based norms, she often suffers severe punishments, with the consequent adverse effects on her health; that is a violation of her right to health. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions discussed in the present report, such as those that force women to complete unwanted or unplanned pregnancies, facilitate and justify State control over their lives.", "17. The causal relationship between gender stereotypes, discrimination and marginalization of women and girls and their enjoyment of the right to sexual and reproductive health is reflected in many documents (see E/CN.4/2002/83 and E/CN.4/2004/49). Criminalization generates and perpetuates stigma, limits women &apos; s ability to make full use of sexual and reproductive health goods, services and information, denies them full participation in society and distorts the perceptions of health professionals, which in turn can hinder women &apos; s access to health care services. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions may prevent women &apos; s empowerment, by deterring them from taking measures to protect their health in order to avoid criminal responsibility or fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-related goods, services and information, these laws may also have a discriminatory effect, as they disproportionately affect those most in need of such resources, i.e. women. As a result, women and girls are punished both if they comply with the laws to the detriment of their physical and mental health, and if they do not comply with them and are exposed to imprisonment.", "18. States often allude to two reasons for applying criminal laws or other restrictive laws that affect the right to sexual and reproductive health: public health and morality. Public morality cannot be used as a pretext for enacting or implementing laws that may lead to human rights violations, including those aimed at regulating sexual and reproductive behaviour and decision-making. While obtaining certain results in public health is a legitimate objective of the State, the measures taken to achieve this must be based on evidence and proportionate, in order to ensure respect for human rights. States should refrain from the use of criminal laws and legal restrictions to regulate public health that are neither substantiated nor proportionate, as they violate the right to health of the persons concerned and are also contrary to their own purposes.", "19. The protection of women &apos; s rights is essential to improving health outcomes for both sexes. However, many of the reproductive and sexual health problems are not reported, probably for multiple political, social and cultural reasons, and this poses serious difficulties. Due to its inhibitive effect on the open exchange of information and data collection, criminalization further exacerbates the problem resulting from the lack of available information on some important health indicators. It was therefore impossible to improve unsatisfactory health outcomes and the difficulties experienced by the international community in achieving the fundamental development goals were compounded. In addition, development indicators do not fully reflect the effects of criminalization, since only certain quantifiable public health data are taken into account and deprivation of dignity and autonomy is excluded.", "20. The imposition of criminal and other restrictions by States on the regulation of sexual and reproductive health may constitute a serious violation of the right to health of the affected persons and lacks effectiveness as an intervention in the field of public health. The implementation of such laws should be reconsidered immediately. Their elimination should not be progressive since it does not constitute a heavy burden from the point of view of resources, not even of minimis.", "Effects of criminal laws and other legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health", "1. Criminalization of abortion and other related legal restrictions", "21. Criminal laws punishing and restricting induced abortion are the paradigmatic example of unacceptable barriers that prevent women from exercising their right to health and should therefore be eliminated. These laws threaten the dignity and autonomy of women by severely restricting their freedom to make decisions affecting their sexual and reproductive health. They also invariably produce harmful effects on physical health, as a cause of preventable deaths, morbidity and poor health, and mental health, including because affected women risk falling into the criminal justice system. The enactment or maintenance of laws criminalizing abortion may constitute a violation of the obligation of States to respect, protect and enforce the right to health.", "22. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has strongly condemned laws restricting abortion, especially those prohibiting and criminalizing abortion in all circumstances (see CEDAW/C/CH/CO/4, para. 19). It has also confirmed that such legislation does not prevent women from resorting to illegal abortions in dangerous conditions, and has qualified laws that restrict abortion from violating the rights to life, health and information.[9] The Committee on the Rights of the Child is also concerned about the effects of laws that severely restrict abortion on the right to health of adolescent girls[10]. The Committee against Torture has also stated that laws criminalizing abortion should be re-evaluated, as they result in violations of women &apos; s right not to be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment.[11] The Human Rights Committee concluded that equality between men and women required equal treatment in the area of health and the elimination of discrimination in the provision of goods and services, and emphasized the need to review legislation on abortion to prevent the violation of women &apos; s rights (see CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10, paras. 20, 28 and 31). The previous Special Rapporteur on the right to health called for the elimination of provisions punishing women who aborted (E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 30).", "23. In States where abortion is criminalized, there may be instances in which abortion does not constitute a crime. However, in the most extreme cases abortion is penalized without exception (situation that exists only in a few countries), or only when women &apos; s lives are at risk. Approximately 25 per cent of the world &apos; s population live in legal regimes prohibiting abortion except in cases of rape or incest, and where necessary to save women &apos; s lives. Some less restrictive regimes allow abortion on the basis of physical and mental health and socio-economic reasons, such as poverty and the number of children. Finally, abortion is completely decriminalized in 56 States, although it still sets limits on gestation weeks.[12]", "24. There are other legal restrictions that also hinder access to legal abortion. Conscientious objection laws raise barriers to access, as they allow health professionals and auxiliary staff, such as receptionists and pharmacists, to refuse to provide abortion services, to provide information on procedures and to bring stakeholders to alternative service centres and providers.[13] The following restrictions may also be cited: laws prohibiting public funding for abortion; mandatory counselling and waiting periods for women who wish to terminate pregnancy; obligation to obtain approval from more than one health professional; obligation to obtain parental or marital consent; and laws that require health professionals to report “suspicious” cases of illegal abortion when a woman comes to receiving care after an abortion. These laws make it difficult for poor, displaced and young women to access safe abortions and post-abortion care. These restrictive regimes, which have no equivalent in other areas of sexual and reproductive health care, contribute to strengthening the stigma of abortion as an objective practice.", "25. The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed that legal grounds largely determine the trajectory of a woman with an unwanted pregnancy towards a safe or dangerous abortion[14]. Since legal restrictions have a significant impact on the conditions under which abortion is practised[15], more abortions are likely to occur in the most restrictive regimes in dangerous conditions. The percentage of unsafe abortions and the proportion of unsafe abortions and unsafe abortions are directly related to the degree of restriction or puncture of abortion laws.[16] It is estimated that nearly 13 per cent of maternal deaths worldwide are due to unsafe abortions.14 Another 5 million women and girls suffer short- and long-term injuries due to unsafe abortions[17], including bleeding, septicemia, vaginal trauma, uterus and abdominal organs, tears in the cervix, peritonitis, reproductive system infections, pelvis inflammatory disease, and chronic pelvic pain, shock and infertility.", "26. The circumstances leading to dangerous abortions include the following: limited access to information, in particular when and how legal abortions can be practiced; abortions performed by an unqualified person under unhealthy conditions or by a health professional without adequate means; abortion caused by the woman herself or by a healer by inserting an object into the uterus, ingestion of an additional dangerous substance, and non-prescription. The criminalization of abortion creates and perpetuates these unsafe conditions. In the most liberal regimes, women may legally receive the services and treatment of health professionals in safe and medically appropriate circumstances, including the use of abortion pills, which cause self-induced abortions in safe conditions and at an early stage of pregnancy.", "27. The criminalization of abortion is a clear expression of State interference in women &apos; s sexual and reproductive health, as it restricts women &apos; s control over their bodies and could expose them to unnecessary health risks. The ban on abortion also requires women to complete unwanted pregnancies and give birth when they do not wish to do so. States have an obligation to prevent women from being denied access to post-abortion services when needed, regardless of whether abortion has been legal.", "28. States are also required to take measures to protect against the violation of the right to health by third parties. In States where abortion is prohibited, there can be no public health and safety regulations on abortion, such as training and certification standards for health professionals, thus increasing the chances of performing unsafe abortions. The decriminalization of abortion, together with adequate regulation and the provision of safe and accessible services, is the most expeditious way to fully protect the right to health from possible violations committed by third parties. States should also take measures to protect those who wish to provide abortion and related services from harassment, assault, abduction and killing by non-State actors (for religious or other reasons).", "29. States should take measures to ensure the availability and accessibility of legal, safe and quality abortion services. However, the decriminalization of abortion does not imply the immediate availability of safe abortion, unless States create the necessary conditions, including the establishment of accessible and affordable clinics; the provision of additional training for doctors and health personnel; the establishment of certification requirements; and the availability of safer and more modern equipment and medicines.", "30. Women have the right to receive equal health care from the State as part of their right to health. Regardless of the legal status of abortion, women have the right to access sexual and reproductive health goods, services and information. In particular, they have the right to access quality health services to address complications arising from abortion, including those in dangerous conditions and miscarriages. Such care must be unconditional, even if abortion carries criminal sanctions, it should not depend on the subsequent cooperation of women in criminal prosecution, and in no case may be used as evidence against it or against those who have performed abortion. The legislation should not force health personnel to report to the police or judicial authorities to women who have received abortion-related care.", "31. The absolute prohibition under criminal law deprives women of access to procedures that, in some cases, could save their lives. Even clandestine abortions practiced in relatively safe and hygienic environments could be unfriendly for the most vulnerable women. Instead, poor and marginalized women can only resort to self-induced abortions in dangerous conditions. When abortion is only permitted in very specific cases, such as when women &apos; s lives are at risk, criminalization could block access to information about legal abortion services. Women often do not know such exceptions because the stigma surrounding the issue of abortion prevents such necessary information as that from spreading and receiving due consideration. The existence of legal restrictions limiting the availability of information relating to abortion is also because criminal laws often contain provisions explicitly prohibiting the production and distribution of such information.", "32. The poor quality of health goods and services is one of the most serious problems arising from legal regimes criminalizing abortion. In these circumstances, the lack of state and professional standards governing medical practice entails abortions by unqualified staff in unhealthy conditions to circumvent the action of justice[19]. On the contrary, when performed by qualified health professionals in appropriate conditions, abortion is one of the safest medical procedures[20]. Criminalization also prevents professionals from having access to reliable information and, when legislation provides for exceptions, the inhibitive effect generated by the stigma of abortion may deter health personnel from requesting information and training in this regard. Accordingly, medical personnel who choose to perform abortions in such circumstances may be insufficiently informed and trained in appropriate procedures and post-abortion care, which detracts the quality of legal abortions and reduces their availability.", "33. Sometimes, health professionals have denied women access to sexual and reproductive health services authorized by law, or simply refused to treat women who suffered complications from clandestine abortion elsewhere. Because of the stigma on abortion, health sector workers have also provided misinformation to women, stating, for example, that a woman is only allowed to legally abort once.", "34. The marginalization and vulnerability of women as a result of stigma and discrimination related to abortion perpetuate and intensify violations of the right to health. The stigma of abortion prevents women from resorting to abortion, and prevents abortions from seeking treatment when medical complications occur. The scarcity of abortion data (only 35 to 60 per cent of abortions are recorded) is one of the indicators of the magnitude of the stigma associated with abortion. While many social and cultural factors generate and aggravate stigma, their criminalization perpetuates discrimination and generates new forms of stigmatization. For example, a woman &apos; s infertility may be misguided by an earlier abortion. The “culpture” is thus attributed to women, rather than recognizing that infertility can be due to several inconsistencies.", "35. The stigma resulting from criminalization creates a vicious circle. The criminalization of abortion prompts women to seek clandestine abortions, possibly in dangerous conditions. The stigma resulting from illegal abortion and therefore from criminal conduct perpetuates the notion that abortion is an immoral practice and that the procedure is inherently dangerous, which in turn reinforces the continued criminalization of this practice.", "36. The criminalization of abortion also severely affects mental health. The need to resort to illegal health services and the intense stigmatization of the abortion procedure and of women who are subjected to it may have an adverse effect on women &apos; s mental health[21]. The cumulative pressure and stigma associated with abortion have led some women to suicide.[22] In jurisdictions where rape cannot be claimed as a cause for termination of pregnancy, women and girls who have become pregnant as a result of rape and wish to interrupt their pregnancy are forced to terminate or resort to illegal abortion. Both options can cause deep anguish. By opting for one of them, the general threat of being investigated, tried and punished within the criminal justice system has considerable adverse effects on the emotional health and well-being of women who decide to abort and those who do not. Similarly, while the psychological effects of illegal abortion or undesired pregnancy have been extensively studied, there is no evidence to demonstrate that voluntary abortion carries long-term sequelae for mental health.[23]", "2. Control and criminalization of conduct during pregnancy and childbirth", "37. Maternal health, pre- and post-natal care and access to information are components of the right to health, as explained in General Comment No. 14. Furthermore, article 10.2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that special protection should be accorded to mothers. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women also recognizes that women should have appropriate services in relation to pregnancy. Chapter VII.A of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development notes that reproductive health includes access to services that enable women to be pregnant and safe in childbirth.[24] Despite these positive obligations to support women during pregnancy and after childbirth, some States have proposed or enacted criminal laws or other legal restrictions prohibiting certain forms of conduct, which violates the right to health of affected women.", "38. In some jurisdictions pregnant women have been prosecuted for various types of conduct during pregnancy. Some cases of illicit drug use by pregnant women have been prosecuted under pre-existing laws relating to child abuse, attempted murder, and negligence killing. Criminal laws have also been applied to prosecute women for other forms of conduct, such as alcohol during pregnancy, give birth to dead babies or lose the fetus for miscarriage (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 68), do not follow the instructions of the doctor, do not refrain from sexual intercourse during pregnancy or conceal the birth of a baby.", "39. In some cases, civil legislation on the well-being of the child has been expanded to include sanctions against drug exposure during pregnancy, which may constitute a ground for loss of parental authority and custody of the child after childbirth. The positive results of a toxicology test for a pregnant woman or the symptoms of exposure to newborn drugs may be considered evidence of child abuse or neglect under these legislative frameworks. In some jurisdictions, health professionals are required to test pregnant or newborn women to detect whether they have been exposed to drugs, or are authorized to do so if the woman has previously been notified. Others have enacted legislation authorizing the placement of women who have used drugs during pregnancy. Health professionals may also be required to inform the government of the results of a drug screening test if they have been positive.", "40. Some States have also criminalized the perinatal transmission of HIV. For example, in one jurisdiction a person infected with HIV (and aware of this) must “take all reasonable precautions and precautions not to transmit the virus to others, and, in the case of pregnant women, to the fetus, with criminal sanctions on the contrary” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 67). In that case, the non-availability of goods, services and information or the lack of access to them are not considered extenuating or mitigating circumstances. The statutes of jurisdictions criminalizing HIV transmission in general may also apply to perinatal transmission.", "41. The criminalization of conduct during pregnancy makes it difficult to access health-care goods and services, which violates the right to health of pregnant women. Fear of criminal prosecution may deter some women from seeking health care or information on pregnancy. For example, some women may not apply for prenatal care if they are prosecuted for HIV transmission, which endangers their health and the health of the fetus. This is detrimental to the public health goals relating to HIV, as some women may refuse to be tested for fear of criminal sanctions being applied for transmission of the virus.", "42. While public health objectives can justify a certain degree of interference with personal freedoms, many studies show that criminalization does not contribute to achieving public health goals, but can, on the contrary, often be counterproductive (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 51). The application of criminal law to regulate behaviors such as alcohol use during pregnancy is a disproportionate response and lacks effectiveness as a deterrent. Several medical associations oppose the use of criminal law as a weapon against drug use during pregnancy due to their inefficiency and disproportionality.[25] In order to achieve public health goals effectively and, at the same time, promote women &apos; s right to health, States should not criminalize such conduct during pregnancy, but also facilitate access to goods, services and information that promote health during pregnancy and childbirth.", "43. Some criminal regimes demand that the State be responsible for the realization of the right to health and impose this burden on women, punishing them for the inability of the Government to provide health goods, services and education. For example, when a woman living with HIV must take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of the virus to the fetus but has limited or no access to health care and antiretroviral treatments, the State fails to comply with its obligation to provide her with what she needs to avoid being prosecuted. The Special Rapporteur has noted that “when the right to access adequate health services is not guaranteed ..., women simply cannot take the necessary precautions to avoid transmission, which can make them liable for criminal liability” (see A/HRC/14/20, para. 66). Since the availability of and access to health-care goods and services are the responsibility of the State, it is unacceptable that criminal law can punish women for the inoperability of the government to that respect.", "3. Contraception and family planning", "44. WHO defines family planning as a process that allows people to achieve a desired number of children and determine the separation between pregnancies, which is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility.[26] The use of family planning methods is an integral component of the right to health. Contraception is a method of controlling fertility that affects family planning. Some contraceptives may also prevent sexually transmitted diseases, mainly those involving physical barriers such as condoms. There are other contraceptive methods, from surgical sterilization to pharmaceutical methods such as the birth control pill, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.", "45. Family planning empowers women to take autonomous and well-founded decisions on their sexual and reproductive health and reduces maternal mortality by delaying the age at which young women become pregnant; otherwise, they would be exposed to increased risk of death or health problems resulting from premature procreation. Voluntary access to family planning has been shown to reduce maternal mortality by 25 to 40 per cent.[27] Family planning also reduces the number of unsafe abortions and the perinatal transmission of HIV. Condom use results in a lower incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and, when used correctly and systematically, male condom prevents pregnancies with an efficacy of 98%26.", "46. The unsatisfied global need for family planning remains a major obstacle to the achievement of development and rights-related goals. WHO estimates that some 200 million couples from developing countries would like to have no more children or to postpone procreation, but do not use any contraceptive method.26 In 2009, 24 per cent of women of fertile age in the least developed countries who were married or living together expressed their desire not to have more children or to postpone the birth of their next child.[28] The reasons why this global need has not been met include limited access to contraceptives and the limited variety of available methods, fear or side effects, cultural or religious opposition, poor quality of available services and gender-based barriers.", "47. Family planning allows women to decide whether to procreate and when to do so, making it an essential component of development and the full participation of women in society. In some areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the use of contraceptive methods is four times greater among women who have completed their secondary education than among women who do not have studies, and is almost four times greater among women in households richer than among women in the poorest households.[29] Judging by the results of a transnational study, the percentage of women integrating the labour force is directly related to national birth rates.[30] There also appears to be a close link between the use of contraceptives by women and opportunities to work outside the home; in one country, the average income of women who had had between one and three pregnancies doubled among women who had had more than seven30.", "48. Criminal laws and other legal restrictions that reduce or deny access to family planning goods and services or certain modern contraceptive methods, such as emergency contraceptives, constitute a violation of the right to health. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women calls upon States to ensure access to specific information materials that contribute to ensuring the health and well-being of the family, including information and advice on family planning, as well as adequate health-care services, including information, advice and services on family planning.[31] In its general comment No. 14. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights calls upon States to take measures to &quot; improve children &apos; s and maternal health, sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning (...) and access to information, as well as the resources necessary to act on such information &quot; (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 14).", "49. Chapter II, principle 8, of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development confirms that States should take all appropriate measures to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, universal access to health-care services, including those related to reproductive health, including family planning and sexual health. It also emphasizes the importance of participation and notes that family planning programmes are more effective when women fully participate in the design, delivery, management and evaluation of services. It is further added that Governments should remove unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory obstacles that hinder access to information and family planning services and methods. In paragraph 96, the Beijing Platform for Action states that women &apos; s human rights include their right to control issues relating to their sexuality, including their sexual and reproductive health, and to decide freely on such issues, without being subject to coercion, discrimination and violence.", "50. In many States, however, criminal laws and other legal restrictions severely limit access to family planning goods and services. In such jurisdictions, women and men (especially the poor) lack access to safe and effective contraceptive methods and are denied the freedom to decide whether or not to procreate.", "51. For example, some States criminalize the distribution and use of emergency contraceptive methods[32] and claim to justify such laws as abortion methods. However, WHO has confirmed the validity of emergency contraception.[33] An unintended pregnancy brought to an end as a result of these laws may also have adverse effects on physical and mental health.[34] Similarly, women who lack access to emergency contraceptive methods due to the ban on them could eventually be forced to resort to clandestine abortions, exposing themselves to the health risks they entail.", "52. Restricting access to surgical contraceptives also contravenes the State &apos; s obligation to ensure the availability and affordability of quality services. For example, a safe and effective feminine sterilization process such as tube ligature is prohibited by law in some countries, except in very specific cases where the procedure is considered necessary from the therapeutic point of view. Under these laws, which are interpreted in conjunction with laws that criminalize violence that causes permanent physical damage, health professionals who carry out the procedure may incur criminal liability and therefore restrict women &apos; s access to this contraceptive method. Women may be subjected to tube ligation procedures in uncertified centres, which puts them in potential danger of complications and in practice denies access to this procedure to poor women who cannot afford it.", "53. Non-criminal laws restricting access to family planning and contraceptive methods also include the case of a jurisdiction where the use of so-called “artificial” contraceptive methods was de facto prohibited in a city, which caused considerable difficulties for women seeking access to reliable birth control methods (see A/HRC/14/20/Add.1). 70% of the affected population, mostly poor and marginalized women, depended on government service providers such as female sterilization, birth control pills, intrauterine devices and injections (ibid.). The ban deprived many men and women of access to family planning services and contraceptive methods. In other cases, States require women to obtain the consent of their husbands and adolescents to obtain the consent of their parents before acquiring certain contraception. Other jurisdictions allow pharmacists, and in some cases pharmacies, to refuse to provide emergency contraception permitted by law. These laws infringe the right of women and girls to make free and well-founded decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health and respond to discriminatory notions of the role of women in the family and in society.", "54. Women also have the right to participate in all decisions affecting their sexual and reproductive health throughout the decision-making process. Community-based participation in contraceptive use has been shown to reinforce women &apos; s autonomy and ability to freely decide whether to use condoms by providing a fertility control method and protecting their health by avoiding sexually transmitted diseases.[35]", "55. The obligation to respect the right to health requires States to refrain from limiting access to contraceptives and other methods of protection of sexual and reproductive health. States should therefore eliminate criminal laws and other legal restrictions, including laws requiring parental consent or third-party authorization, in order to ensure access to goods, services and information relating to family planning and contraceptive methods. The obligation to protect requires States to prevent third parties or harmful social or traditional practices from interfering in access to prenatal and post-natal care and family planning (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 35) or to provide access to or all contraceptive methods. Finally, the obligation to fulfil requires the adoption and implementation of a national public health strategy that includes the provision of “a wide range of sexual and reproductive health services, including access to family planning (...) and access to information” (see E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 29).", "4. Sexual and Reproductive Health Education and Information", "56. The availability of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information is an essential factor in the realization of the right to health and other rights, such as the right to education and access to information. Thus, criminal and other laws restricting access to sexual and reproductive health education and information are incompatible with the full exercise of the right to health, and States must eliminate them (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 11). These barriers affect both women and men; however, women suffer their effects disproportionately.", "57. General comment No. 14 places particular emphasis on access to information because it is a critical component of the right to health (ibid., note 8) and, in particular, guarantees access to information on sexual and reproductive health. States have an additional obligation to provide the necessary resources and refrain from &quot; intentionally censoring, concealing or distorting health-related information, including sexual education and information &quot; (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 14). The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has recommended that, in order to ensure that the content of sexual and reproductive education is comprehensive, it should cover such topics as reproductive rights, responsible sexual behaviour, sexual and reproductive health, the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, the prevention of teenage pregnancy and family planning[36], and has emphasized the urgent need for harmful female genital mutilation campaigns. The availability of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information and education also contributes to reducing knowledge gap between men and women on these issues.[38]", "58. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Guidelines on Sexual Education define it as a comprehensive approach that is age-appropriate and takes into account cultural differences, and include programmes that provide scientific, realistic and non-value information.[39] Similarly, any comprehensive sexual and reproductive education should provide an opportunity to explore one &apos; s own values and attitudes and strengthen decision-making, communication and risk reduction skills in all aspects of sexuality. The Special Rapporteur on the right to education has also emphasized that a comprehensive curriculum should take into account sexual diversity and incorporate a gender perspective (see A/65/162, para. 23).", "59. Laws restricting information on sexual and reproductive health and censoring deliberations on homosexuality in the classroom exacerbate stigma and discrimination against vulnerable minorities[40]. For example, laws and policies that promote abstinence-only education reduce sexual education to images and stereotypes of heteronormativity, due to their insistence on procreation. Some of these programmes even have explicitly discriminatory content on gender and sexual orientation.[41] There have been cases of teachers who have been temporarily suspended or have been threatened with lawsuits for discussing “inappropriate” sexual issues with students in the classroom when they studied sexual and reproductive health. In other cases, due to obscenity policies and only abstinence-centred, some school districts, courts and legislators have banned a civil society organization from holding meetings in public education centres. These laws and policies perpetuate false and negative stereotypes regarding sexuality, isolate students of different sexual orientation and prevent students from making informed decisions about their sexual and reproductive health.", "60. Even in jurisdictions where sexual and reproductive education is permitted, the quality and effectiveness of sexual and reproductive education may be severely affected by policy requirements. Some States have contributed to the dissemination of erroneous information on the use of the condom, either by distributing material containing or silent information, which leads to the proliferation of contradictory and inaccurate information[42]. Similarly, campaigns that urge to refrain from sexual intercourse as the only means to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies offer a biased and incomplete vision rather than a broad perspective. It has been shown that these programmes, which often lack reliable and evidence-based information, hardly contribute to reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, or do not do so at all.", "61. Studies have been conducted that have shown that, although few young people have strong knowledge of HIV/AIDS[43], women are generally even less informed than men. According to a study conducted by UNAIDS in 147 countries, more than 70 per cent of young men recognized that condoms could protect against HIV, while only 55 per cent of young women knew that condoms were an effective HIV prevention strategy.[44] Women and girls are disproportionately affected by legal restrictions on sexual and reproductive health information and education, which reinforces and accentuates gender inequalities, as evidenced by these figures. Legal restrictions limiting access to sexual and reproductive health information and education lead to the dissemination of misinformation through informal sources that are often inaccurate and can contribute to strengthening negative gender stereotypes. As a result, young women are less prepared for sexual and reproductive life, which makes them vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation, and exposes them to a higher risk of unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, maternal mortality and contraction of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.[45]", "62. In jurisdictions that criminalize certain aspects of sexual and reproductive health, the availability and accessibility of related information is very restricted. For example, some penal codes contain specific provisions prohibiting the provision of information on termination of pregnancy or material that may be in discrepancy with certain notions of morality or decency. The penalties provided include fines to imprisonment. Restrictions on health information may also be unintentionally derived from some laws relating to other information, such as anti-pornography laws, which prohibit some materials related to sexual and reproductive health[46]. Thus, public health and empowerment programmes and activities based on such information are prohibited for all purposes, such as education campaigns on HIV/AIDS prevention and sexually transmitted diseases, family planning, domestic violence, gender discrimination, female genital mutilation, sexual diversity and sexual and reproductive health in general. This lack of services and programmes is most likely to affect women and girls more, as they are exposed to a higher risk of HIV/AIDS contraction and other sexually transmitted diseases, maternal mortality and unwanted or unplanned pregnancies.", "63. The effectiveness of adequate knowledge on sexual and reproductive health has been shown on multiple occasions to reduce the maternal mortality rate; to prevent unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; to delay the start of sexual relations; to better understand the different options for family planning; and to protect against gender-based violence (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 21). There is also a need to empower women through comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information, as young women tend to have less power or control in relationships, making them disproportionately vulnerable to coercion, abuse and exploitation.[47] Comprehensive education and information are an empowering tool and enable the examination of gender inequalities and stereotypes in a critical spirit, thereby contributing to undermining some deeply entrenched patriarchal systems that perpetuate violations of women &apos; s rights, including their right to health (see A/65/162, paras. 7-9). Providing women with knowledge and skills in sexual and reproductive health and education and related information enhances their freedom to make informed decisions regarding their health, and promotes their equal participation in society.", "64. States that restrict access to sexual and reproductive health information through criminal or other laws actively limit available information and therefore fail to comply with their obligation to respect the right to health. These laws and the stigma they generate also result in third parties, such as teachers, publishers or bookstores, denying women and girls access to necessary material related to sexual and reproductive health. The obligation of States to guarantee the right to health entails the duty to develop strategies for everyone to have access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and information, especially women and girls.", "V. Recommendations", "65. In implementing a right-to-health approach, States should undertake reforms aimed at developing and implementing policies and programmes related to sexual and reproductive health, in accordance with international human rights standards. In this context, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to:", "(a) Develop public health policies and programmes that disseminate evidence-based information on sexual and reproductive health and prevention of perinatal HIV transmission;", "(b) Develop comprehensive family planning policies and programmes that provide a wide range of contraceptive goods, services and information available and accessible and of quality;", "(c) Decriminalize the supply and use of all contraceptive methods and voluntary sterilization to control birth, and eliminate the requirement of parental or spouse consent;", "(d) Take measures to ensure the availability, accessibility and quality of all contraceptive methods, both pharmaceutical and surgical;", "(e) Decriminalizing the provision of evidence-based sexual and reproductive health-related information, including sexual and reproductive education;", "(f) Develop policies to prevent existing criminal laws, such as those relating to pornography, from being implemented with a view to restricting access to sexual and reproductive health information and education based on evidence or punishing those who provide such information or provide such education;", "(g) Take measures to standardize national curricula to provide comprehensive and evidence-based sexual and reproductive education, including information on human rights, gender and sexuality;", "(h) Decriminalizing abortion and repealing related laws, such as abortion facilitation;", "(i) As an interim measure, consider the possibility for the competent authorities to formulate policies and protocols that impose a moratorium on the application of criminal abortion laws, including the legal obligation imposed on health professionals to denounce women to law enforcement authorities;", "(j) Provide safe and quality health services, including abortion, in accordance with WHO protocols;", "(k) Establish policies and programmes to ensure the availability and accessibility of safe, reliable and quality services to address complications arising from abortion and provide subsequent care, in accordance with WHO protocols, in particular in the jurisdictions where abortion is criminalized;", "(l) Ensure that the population has accurate and evidence-based information on abortion and the assumptions in which the legislation permits it, and that health professionals are well aware of abortion legislation and its exceptions;", "(m) Ensure that the scope of conscientious objection exemptions is well-defined and well-regulated, and ensure referral of patients and the provision of alternative services when a health professional makes a conscientious objection;", "(n) Suspend or abolish the application of existing criminal laws to various behaviours during pregnancy, such as behaviours affecting the fetus, mainly spontaneous abortion, alcohol and drug use and HIV transmission.", "[1] See E/C.12/1/Add.98, para. 43; E/C.12/1/Add.105 and Corr.1, paras. 53 and 54; E/C.12/BRA/CO/2, para. 29; and E/C.12/COL/CO/5, para. 5.", "[2] See in particular articles 5, 10 (h), 11, 12.1 and 16.", "[3] See United Nations Population Fund, Eight Lives: Stories of Reproductive Health (New York, 2010).", "[4] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531, article 24; see also CRC/GC/2003/4, para. 31.", "[5] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7.", "[6] Paul Hunt and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, The Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health (Colchester, Essex, University of Essex, 2006).", "[7] See CRC/C/15/Add.268, para. 46 (e); CEDAW/C/CHN/CO/6, para. 32; and E/CN.4/2004/49, para. 25.", "[8] With the exception of men who have sex with other men, see A/HRC/14/20.", "[9] See A/53/38/Rev.1, para. 337, and A/54/38/Rev.1, part one, paras. 56, 228 and 393.", "[10] CRC/C/15/Add.107, para. 30; CRC/C/CHL/CO/3, para. 55; and CRC/C/URY/CO/2, para. 51.", "[11] CAT/C/PER/CO/4, para. 23; CAT/C/NIC/CO/1, para. 16; and CAT/C/CR/32/5, para. 7.", "[12] R. Boland, “Second trimester abortion laws globally: actuality, trends and recommendations”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 18, No. 36 (2010), pp. 67-89.", "[13] Louise Finer and Judith Bueno de Mesquita, Conscientious Objection: Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (Colchester, Essex, Essex University, 2010).", "[14] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2008, 6a ed. (Geneva, 2011), p. 2.", "[15] Axel I. Mundigo, “Determinants of unsafe induced abortion in developing countries”, in Ina K. Warriner and Iqbal H. Shah, editors, Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action (New York, Gutmacher Institute, 2006), pp. 51-54.", "[16] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems (Geneva, 2003), p. 86.", "[17] Lori Ashford, “Hidden suffering: disabilities from pregnancy and childbirth in less developed countries” (Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau, 2002). Available at http://www.prb.org/pdf/HiddenSufferingEng.pdf.", "[18] Michael Vlassoff and others, “Estimates of health care system costs of unsafe abortion in Africa and Latin America”, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, vol. 35, No. 3 (2009), pp. 114 to 121.", "[19] WHO, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates, p. 7 (see note 14).", "[20] WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance, p. 14 (see note 16).", "[21] WHO, Mental Health Aspects of Women’s Reproductive Health (Geneva, 2008), p. 54.", "[22] Ibid., p. 52.", "[23] Vignetta E. Charles et al., “Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence”, Contraception, vol. 78, No. 6 (December 2008), p. 436.", "[24] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, article 12.", "[25] National Advocates for Pregnant Women, “What’s wrong with making it a crime to be pregnant and to have a drug problem?” (9 March 2006).", "[26] WHO, Family Planning, descriptive note No. 351 (April 2011).", "[27] World Bank, “Population issues in the 21st century: the role of the World Bank”, Health, Nutrition and Population (Washington, D.C., April 2007).", "[28] World Contraceptive Use 2010 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2010); http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wcu2010/Main.html.", "[29] Millennium Development Goals - Report 2010 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7), p. 37.", "[30] World Bank, “Population issues”, p. 26 (see note 27).", "[31] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378, articles 10 (h), 14 (b).", "[32] Eileen Kelly, “Crisis of conscience: pharmacist refusal to provide health care services on moral grounds”, Employee Responsibility Rights, vol. 23, No. 1 (2011), pp. 37 to 54.", "[33] WHO, Levonorgestrel for emergency contraception, descriptive note No. 244, (revised in October 2005). Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/es/index.html.", "[34] WHO, Mental Health, p. 55 (see note 21).", "[35] For example, in Calcutta, India, the percentage of condom use among sex workers increased from 3 to 90 per cent in seven years as a result of a community-based structural intervention known as the Sonagachi Project. See T. Ghosea et al., “Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: the boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework”, Social Science Medicine, vol. 67, No. 2 (2008), pp. 311 to 320.", "[36] See A/56/38, para. 224; A/56/38, para. 303; A/53/38, para. 349; and CEDAW/C/PHI/CO/6, para. 28.", "[37] See E/C.12/1/Add.78, para. 31; and E/C.12/1/Add.62, para. 39.", "[38] UNAIDS, Global Report on the AIDS Epidemic 2008 (Geneva, 2008).", "[39] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach to Effective Sex, Relationships and HIV/STI Education (Paris, 2009), p. 61.", "[40] See International Centre for Legal Protection of Human Rights v. Croatia; Human Rights Watch, Rights at Risk, summary (2011); and BBC, “Brazil sex education material suspended by President” (25 May 2011). Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13554077.", "[41] See A/65/162, paras. 68 and 69; A/HRC/14/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[42] UNESCO, “Review of sex, relationships and HIV education in schools (2007)”, pp. 16 and 17.", "[43] UNAIDS, Global Report 2008, p. 98 (see note 38).", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 2 (see note 39).", "[46] Amnesty International, Left Without a Choice: Barriers to Reproductive Health in Indonesia (London, 2010).", "[47] See UNESCO, International Guidelines on Sexuality Education, p. 20 (see note 39)." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Temas 13 y 69 b) del programa provisional*", "* A/66/150.", "Aplicación y seguimiento integrados y coordinados de los resultados de las grandes conferencias y cumbres de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas económica y social y esferas conexas", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Informe de la Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "La Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Catarina de Albuquerque, presenta este informe a la Asamblea General con arreglo a lo dispuesto en la resolución 64/292 de la Asamblea General y las resoluciones 15/9 y 16/2 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. En él se examinan las principales cuestiones referentes a los recursos disponibles para hacer realidad los derechos al agua potable y el saneamiento. En la sección II del informe se ofrece una breve reseña de la situación de los recursos en los sectores. Seguidamente se examinan varias fuentes principales de financiación en esos sectores y se ofrecen propuestas sobre las formas en que podrían acrecentarse y mejorarse mediante la adaptación a los principios de los derechos humanos, y se recapitulan los enormes beneficios de la inversión en los derechos al agua potable y el saneamiento. En la sección III se examina el problema conexo de la eficaz orientación de los recursos. Se exponen ejemplos concretos de las formas en que los interesados pueden aprovechar mejor sus recursos limitados teniendo presentes los principios relativos a los derechos humanos. Por último, en la sección IV se abordan otros problemas de la adecuada financiación, como la fragmentación institucional y la falta de transparencia.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II. La 5 financiación inadecuada para el agua potable y el \nsaneamiento A.La 6 incorporación de los derechos humanos en los mecanismos tradicionales de \nfinanciación B.Fuentes 8 de \nfinanciación C.Beneficios 15 de las inversiones en agua y \nsaneamiento III.Orientación 16 eficaz de los \nrecursos A.Los 16 derechos humanos y la orientación de los \nrecursos B.Los 17 recursos no llegan a los sectores más vulnerables y \nmarginados C.Elección 19 de las tecnologías \nconvenientes D.Gestión 19 y \nmantenimiento E. Descentralización 20 y fortalecimiento de las \ncapacidades \nF.Reglamentación 21G.Creación 22 de conciencia y divulgación en la \ncomunidad IV.Relevamiento 23 preciso de los \nrecursos A. Problemas 23 de \nfragmentación B. Problemas 25 de \ntransparencia C. Falta 27 de medición de las contribuciones \nindividuales V.Conclusiones 27 y \nrecomendaciones", "I. Introducción", "1. La Relatora Especial sobre el derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, Catarina de Albuquerque, presenta este informe a la Asamblea General de conformidad con lo dispuesto por la resolución 15/9 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en la que le pidió que informara anualmente a la Asamblea General, así como la resolución 64/292 de la Asamblea, en la que pide que la Relatora Especial “le presente en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones las principales dificultades relacionadas con el ejercicio del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento y su efecto en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”. De conformidad con su mandato, según fue renovado por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su resolución 16/2, la Relatora Especial también procura determinar “los retos y obstáculos que se oponen a la plena efectividad del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento”.", "2. La Relatora Especial ha abordado en otros informes problemas concretos del ejercicio del derecho humano al agua potable segura y el saneamiento, como la falta de voluntad política y la necesidad de planes de acción nacionales (por ejemplo, en el documento A/HRC/18/33). Sin embargo, los diversos interesados invocan permanentemente la falta de recursos, y este factor merece una atención especial. En consecuencia, la Relatora Especial ha optado por tratar este tema en el presente informe a la Asamblea General.", "3. En el informe se trata la cuestión de los recursos destinados al ejercicio del derecho humano al agua potable y el saneamiento, planteando si se cuenta con recursos suficientes para la realización de ese derecho y si esos recursos se gastan de forma adecuada. En términos generales, se comprueba en este informe que, aunque podrían y deberían dedicarse más recursos a esos sectores, es mucho más lo que puede hacerse con los fondos actuales mediante intervenciones mejor orientadas y ajustadas a las obligaciones que corresponden a los derechos humanos. Una mayor transparencia y una mejor coordinación contribuirían a un mejor conocimiento general de los recursos que se destinan a los sectores y la forma en que se los utiliza, lo que apoyaría una mejor elaboración y ejecución de las medidas.", "4. La Relatora Especial destaca la insoslayable verdad de que la realización de los derechos humanos, entre ellos los derechos civiles y políticos, cuesta dinero. Un sistema judicial, una fuerza de policía que respete los derechos humanos, políticas sociales que protejan a la población más desfavorecida y la construcción de infraestructuras son elementos necesarios para respaldar una sociedad basada en el respeto de los derechos humanos, y tienen costos pecuniarios. Esos costos se cubren por lo general mediante una combinación de apoyo estatal y contribuciones personales. Por ejemplo, la enseñanza y el asesoramiento jurídico se apoyan a menudo en impuestos, y los servicios médicos se cubren mediante programas de seguro e impuestos.", "5. Las inversiones en agua potable y saneamiento no se efectúan en medio de un vacío. La política macroeconómica ejerce gran influencia en las decisiones de los Estados cuando se trata de determinar cómo y dónde se han de gastar recursos. La política que da prioridad al crecimiento económico por sí solo y sin abordar las necesidades económicas y sociales de la población puede poner en peligro el goce de derechos humanos[1]. Por ejemplo, ciertas teorías económicas dejan a un lado la pertinencia de la distribución de los ingresos y propugnan la minimización del gasto público basándose en la premisa de que los recursos pueden gastarse más eficientemente por el sector privado[2]. Sin embargo, la atención dirigida estrecha y exclusivamente al crecimiento económico, sin atender simultáneamente la equidad de los resultados y la solidez del marco reglamentario plantea importantes problemas de derechos humanos. El crecimiento económico puede desempeñar una función medular en la atenuación de la pobreza y el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y en última instancia la realización de los derechos humanos, pero únicamente si pueden participar en él los sectores más vulnerables de la sociedad.", "6. La disponibilidad de recursos para el agua potable y el saneamiento también se vincula estrechamente con la forma en que se realizan en general los préstamos de dinero. Los Estados que deben dedicar grandes porciones de su producto interno bruto al servicio de su deuda externa pueden verse limitados en sus posibilidades de determinar su presupuesto nacional y la asignación de recursos para servicios públicos esenciales, entre ellos los de agua potable y saneamiento. Además, la persistente aplicación de condicionalidades a esas disposiciones también puede distorsionar las prioridades de los Estados y ejercer efectos perniciosos para los derechos humanos, como se analizará más adelante[3].", "7. La política económica debe estar orientada por los derechos humanos y servir para su realización. Quienes adoptan las decisiones internacionales tienen la responsabilidad de considerar sus opciones macroeconómicas a la luz de sus obligaciones respecto de los derechos humanos. La política económica debe analizarse respecto del cumplimiento de las normas y principios de derechos humanos, como los de realización progresiva, no retroceso, no discriminación, transparencia, participación y responsabilidad. No cabe en el alcance del presente informe un análisis detallado sobre la política económica; pero es fundamental comprender desde el principio que la financiación del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento para todos tienen lugar en ese contexto más general y sufren sus consecuencias.", "8. Teniendo presente ese contexto más amplio, en este informe se demostrará que un compromiso más profundo de los Estados y los donantes internacionales en cuanto a incorporar los principios de los derechos humanos en la financiación del sector puede ayudar a los Estados a movilizar, gastar y encontrar recursos. En la preparación del informe, la Relatora Especial se entrevistó en mayo de 2011, en Lisboa, con expertos en las normas de derechos humanos, el agua potable, el saneamiento, la macroeconomía y el desarrollo[4], y continuó sus consultas bilaterales con diversos expertos. Las perspectivas y los conocimientos especializados que así obtuvo fueron de extrema utilidad, y la Relatora Especial agradece a todos quienes le comunicaron sus puntos de vista.", "II. La financiación inadecuada para el agua potable y el saneamiento", "9. Las estimaciones más recientes revelan que casi 1.000 millones de personas carecen de acceso a fuentes mejoradas de agua potable y 2.600 millones de personas no tienen acceso todavía a sistemas de saneamiento mejorados[5]. La meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio respecto del saneamiento dista muchísimo de estarse cumpliendo y el número de personas que no tienen acceso va, en realidad, en aumento[6]. Aunque se cumpliera la meta fijada para 2015, más de 1.700 millones de personas seguirían careciendo de acceso a sistemas mejorados de saneamiento⁶. Respecto del agua potable la meta se está cumpliendo, pero los progresos siguen siendo inciertos. Si se alcanzara la meta, por lo menos 672 millones de personas en todo el mundo seguirían careciendo de acceso a fuentes mejoradas de agua potable[7], y el número de las personas sin acceso a agua potable segura sería indudablemente mucho mayor, ya que los datos actuales no incluyen la medición de la calidad del agua ni su asequibilidad. Las poblaciones que siguen careciendo de acceso a ella son, invariablemente, las más marginadas y excluidas; es triste comprobar que los progresos logrados respecto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio no han dado lugar a cambios importantes para las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "10. En su informe de 2010 a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, la Relatora Especial explicó que el contenido normativo del derecho al agua y el saneamiento puede contribuir al logro de la meta 7.C de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de forma más amplia, responsable, participativa, no discriminatoria y sostenible. La Relatora Especial destaca ahora que, aunque las Metas establecen referencias concretas respecto del desarrollo, una perspectiva basada en los derechos humanos destaca obligaciones jurídicamente vinculantes y contempla un acceso universal, equitativo y asequible.", "11. Con independencia de que se ponga el acento en las metas de desarrollo o en los derechos humanos, la realidad es que con los niveles de financiación actuales y las pautas actuales en materia de gasto no se dispone de recursos suficientes para lograr lo uno ni lo otro. En un estudio se calcula que el logro del acceso universal al agua potable y el saneamiento para 2015 supone un costo anual de 16.580 millones de dólares EE.UU., pero se señala que esta cifra probablemente sea inferior a la necesaria[8]. Con respecto a las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la financiación para el sector del agua potable y el saneamiento debe aumentar considerablemente, tal vez hasta duplicarse, para que pueda alcanzarse la meta 7.C para el año 2015[9]. Según diversas estimaciones, el costo total que supone alcanzar las metas para 2015 se sitúa entre 6.700 y 75.000 millones de dólares EE.UU. por año, según factores tales como los años de referencia, el crecimiento demográfico y su distribución y el costo de la tecnología, y según que el costo incluya únicamente infraestructuras nuevas o también los gastos de utilización y mantenimiento o de creación de capacidad institucional para mejorar el acceso[10]. En el plano nacional se ha calculado que, como mínimo, los Estados deberían proponerse gastar para el agua y el saneamiento un 1% de su producto interno bruto[11].", "12. En contraste con estos importantes costos, la realidad muestra que ni los gobiernos ni los donantes están comprometiendo recursos suficientes para servicios de agua y saneamiento. En 2008, la ayuda total comprometida internacionalmente para el agua y el saneamiento a penas alcanzó a 7.400 millones de dólares EE.UU., equivalentes al 5% del total de la ayuda internacional informada[12]. En comparación con el gasto destinado a la salud y la educación, la proporción de la ayuda internacional destinada al agua y el saneamiento ha ido disminuyendo a lo largo del último decenio[13], a pesar de que las inversiones en agua y saneamiento tienen una repercusión decisiva en el logro de otras metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, como la reducción de la mortalidad relacionada con la maternidad, el logro de la educación primaria universal, la promoción social de la mujer o la reducción de mortalidad infantil. El agua y el saneamiento deben figurar de forma más destacada entre las prioridades de los gobiernos, tanto en el plano interno como en el internacional, para que puedan alcanzarse todas las Metas y se materialicen cabalmente los derechos al agua y el saneamiento.", "A. La incorporación de los derechos humanos en los mecanismos tradicionales de financiación", "13. Aunque las normas sobre derechos humanos reconocen que los Estados disponen a menudo de recursos limitados, están obligados sin embargo a tratar de lograr de manera progresiva el pleno ejercicio del derecho al agua y el saneamiento. El principio de la realización progresiva reconoce que la aplicación plena de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales es un proceso de largo plazo, pero afirma que los Estados deben progresar gradualmente, adoptando “medidas ... deliberadas, concretas y orientadas lo más claramente posible hacia la satisfacción de las obligaciones reconocidas en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales”[14], para “proceder lo más expedita y eficazmente posible” con miras a lograr la realización de esos derechos[15]. Es un corolario de este principio la prohibición de “todas las medidas de carácter deliberadamente retroactivo”¹⁵. Los Estados que incumplan sus obligaciones básicas y reduzcan la protección de determinado derecho tienen sobre sí la carga de probar que esas medidas están justificadas “plenamente por referencia a la totalidad de los derechos previstos en el Pacto y en el contexto del aprovechamiento pleno del máximo de los recursos de que se disponga”¹⁵.", "14. Con el fin de lograr progresivamente la realización de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento, los Estados están obligados a tomar medidas utilizando hasta el máximo de los recursos de que dispongan[16]. Los Estados no pueden justificar la desatención de sus obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos basándose en la afirmación de que carecen de los recursos humanos o los fondos necesarios[17], sino que tienen la obligación positiva de movilizar recursos de quienes viven dentro de sus fronteras y, en caso necesario, de la comunidad internacional[18]. Cualquiera que sea la fuente de financiación que escoja un Estado, siempre debe garantizar la existencia de mecanismos organizados para respaldar la transparencia, la participación pública y la responsabilidad.", "15. Sin embargo, no basta que los Estados movilicen recursos de gran cuantía para el sector del agua y el saneamiento sin asegurar también que esos recursos se gasten del modo que tenga la mayor repercusión posible en el logro de la realización universal de los derechos. Los Estados deben tratar de maximizar los resultados, en particular elaborando estrategias sectoriales y un marco normativo firme; procurando fomentar la conciencia y la demanda de servicios de agua y saneamiento; e invirtiendo en tecnologías de bajo costo y gran eficiencia en cuanto sea apropiado. Las nuevas estrategias en la esfera de la evaluación cuantitativa hacen posible fiscalizar si se está destinando el máximo de los recursos disponibles a la realización de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, en particular el derecho al agua y el saneamiento[19]. Las normas de derechos humanos también exigen que los Estados promuevan activamente la no discriminación[20]. Los Estados deben dar prioridad en sus desembolsos a los sectores y las comunidades que tienen mayores necesidades.", "16. Aunque algunos aspectos del derecho al agua y el saneamiento son objeto de realización progresiva, las normas de derechos humanos contemplan también obligaciones de aplicación inmediata que deben determinar las prioridades y decisiones de los Estados a corto plazo[21]. En lo relativo a los derechos al agua y el saneamiento, esto supone en particular la prioridad del acceso a “por lo menos niveles esenciales” de agua y saneamiento con criterios no discriminatorios; la adopción y aplicación de una estrategia nacional en materia de agua y saneamiento; y comenzar a fiscalizar el grado de realización de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento[22].", "B. Fuentes de financiación", "17. Los Estados, además de invertir en tecnologías eficientes y asignar prioridad a las necesidades básicas, también deben tratar de diversificar y optimizar las fuentes de financiación para los sectores del agua y el saneamiento, incluyendo las tarifas y las contribuciones de los usuarios, los ingresos por impuestos locales y nacionales y la asistencia internacional, ya sea en forma de donaciones o de préstamos. Muchos proyectos encaminados a ampliar el acceso habrán de suponer una combinación de diversas fuentes de financiación.", "18. La incorporación en los mecanismos de financiación de principios sobre los derechos humanos, como los de responsabilidad, participación y no discriminación, acentúa sus efectos asegurando que los recursos se distribuyan apuntando principalmente a mejorar el acceso a los servicios de agua y saneamiento para quienes actualmente carecen de ellos o tienen un acceso inadecuado.", "1. Contribuciones de los hogares y los usuarios", "19. La Relatora Especial destaca que un marco de derechos humanos no exige que los servicios de agua y saneamiento se presten gratuitamente. La obtención de agua sin costo puede, en los hechos, perjudicar a los hogares de bajos ingresos al privar a los proveedores del servicio de los ingresos que se necesitan para ampliar y mantener los servicios, y tiene el riesgo de no ser sostenible[23]. Además, la resistencia al pago no siempre se manifiesta en las comunidades más desfavorecidas y de más bajos ingresos, que no están conectadas a la red formal y, en consecuencia, pagan por litro de agua sumas considerablemente mayores a vendedores informales. Para la población de esas comunidades, el pago por los servicios formales de suministro es a menudo una oportunidad excelente de disponer de servicios más regulares de saneamiento y agua de mejor calidad[24].", "20. Los hogares pueden contribuir de varias formas diferentes a mejorar el acceso al agua y el saneamiento. En los casos de abastecimiento por redes, las discusiones relativas a las tarifas adquieren especial importancia porque la mayoría de los servicios de suministro de agua potable (y de saneamiento) cubren por lo menos una parte de su costo mediante tarifas, es decir, pagos directos por los hogares que reciben acceso a esos servicios[25]. Los servicios se administran cada vez más por separado, de tal modo que los recursos recaudados mediante la aplicación de tarifas solamente pueden utilizarse para la explotación, el mantenimiento y la mejora o ampliación de los servicios de distribución de agua y saneamiento y no pueden destinarse a otros fines oficiales. Algunos gobiernos también exigen que se observe el principio de la recuperación de los costos, por lo menos respecto de los gastos de explotación y mantenimiento, lo que significa que la totalidad de los gastos de explotación y mantenimiento de los servicios de abastecimiento de agua (y de saneamiento en algunos casos) se sufraga por medio de la aplicación de tarifas. Sin embargo, los pagos de los usuarios no suelen generar el nivel de ingresos necesario para la inversión en nuevos proyectos o la ampliación de las infraestructuras ya existentes²⁵. Cuando rige el principio de recuperación de los costos, es fundamental que las tarifas estén organizadas de tal modo que quienes no están en condiciones de pagar el costo del abastecimiento de agua (y de los servicios de saneamiento) reciban ayuda mediante sistemas complementarios que garanticen la asequibilidad de esos servicios. Por lo tanto, existe una tensión derivada de que los servicios públicos deben prestarse con criterio comercial pero al mismo tiempo deben ofrecer un servicio público asequible.", "21. Otra forma de contribución de los hogares a los servicios formales de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento consiste en los gravámenes por conexión. Estos costos consisten en pagos al proveedor del servicio público por el costo de la conexión a la red (por ejemplo, los gastos que genera la instalación de las tuberías hasta la vivienda) y los costos de las de mejoras realizadas en la vivienda para hacer posible esa conexión (por ejemplo, tuberías, tanques, etc.). Estos costos son a menudo un obstáculo importante para quienes viven de la pobreza extrema, y según resulta de investigación recientes el costo medio que se paga en África por la conexión a los servicios públicos era de 185,50 dólares EE.UU., mientras que en Asia era de 178,90. Para poner estas cifras en su contexto, la conexión al sistema de abastecimiento de agua en Ghana, por ejemplo, requiere los ingresos correspondientes a un año[26]. Algunos países han resuelto atenuar los obstáculos al acceso a servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento suprimiendo ese gravamen para la totalidad de los hogares o algunos de ellos, o bien incorporando la totalidad o una parte del costo de prestación del servicio en los pagos periódicos. Cabe sostener que una ampliación del conjunto de usuarios del servicio de abastecimiento de agua puede permitir que obtenga mayores ingresos que exigiendo el cobro de un gravamen elevado por la conexión[27].", "22. Las contribuciones de los hogares para obtener servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento en las zonas rurales y los asentamientos irregulares pueden tener diferencias muy considerables con las contribuciones que se efectúan por el abastecimiento de agua corriente y saneamiento. En estos casos, los costos a cargo del usuario pueden oscilar desde la construcción de instalaciones para la prestación de servicios comunales o individuales (un pozo, o letrinas comunales o familiares) hasta el almacenamiento de agua (en baldes, bidones o tanques) y su tratamiento (por ebullición, filtros de cloro, etc.) y la limpieza, mantenimiento y vaciamiento de letrinas y pozos sépticos y la eliminación de excrementos.", "23. En cualquier caso, el marco basado en los derechos humanos obliga a los Estados a garantizar, en primer lugar, que el costo del acceso al agua y el saneamiento sea asequible y corresponda adecuadamente a las necesidades de los sectores marginados y vulnerables; y en segundo lugar, que exista una red de seguridad para quienes no pueden efectuar ese pago o solo pueden pagar un gravamen mínimo. A este respecto, debe entenderse por “asequible” que los costos no afecten de manera importante a las posibilidades del hogar en cuanto a sufragar sus demás gastos esenciales, como los de alimentación, vivienda y atención médica[28].", "24. Como se expondrá más adelante, hay diversas formas de apoyo estatal, como las subvenciones directas o cruzadas, que pueden tener una repercusión positiva en la asequibilidad[29]. La utilización de indicadores válidos y transparentes para medir y fiscalizar la asequibilidad contribuye a promover la responsabilidad en el sector.", "Aunque en el presente informe se examina a la vez la financiación del abastecimiento de agua y del saneamiento, conviene evaluar las razones por las que la financiación del saneamiento se diferencia de la del abastecimiento de agua.", "A pesar de que los beneficios de la inversión en saneamiento son considerablemente mayores que los de la inversión destinada exclusivamente al agua, las necesidades de este último sector son más fáciles de financiar que las que exige el sector del saneamiento; el primero absorbe un 37% de los recursos de ayuda^(a) mientras que el gasto público para el segundo apenas llega por término medio a un 20%^(b).", "El acceso al agua potable es una necesidad que experimentan todos los hombres, mujeres y niños de cualquier situación económica y nada puede sustituirlo, por lo que llegan a pagarse altos precios por agua de baja calidad cuando no hay otra posibilidad. Por estas razones, el agua figura por lo general en un lugar más destacado de la agenda política de los gobiernos y entre las prioridades del presupuesto de los hogares, las escuelas, los lugares de trabajo y las clínicas en comparación con el saneamiento, en cuyo caso las ventajas económicas y sanitarias de la posesión y utilización de una letrina no se comprenden cabalmente.", "Además, el saneamiento puede ser un tema tabú, y en muchas culturas resulta difícil discutir necesidades individuales, en particular las de la mujer. Esto significa que se carece de información suficiente sobre quiénes carecen de acceso adecuado al saneamiento y por qué razones, lo que hace difícil, cuando no imposible, la planificación y la presupuestación.", "El varón jefe de hogar, que puede ser quien adopta las decisiones sobre las prioridades en el presupuesto, suele tener posibilidades más variadas en materia de saneamiento básico, ya sea en su lugar de trabajo o mediante normas culturales que hacen más aceptable que los hombres orinen al aire libre, e incluso defequen. Esto puede significar que las necesidades de la mujer no estén representadas en las decisiones de la familia sobre su presupuesto, y que no se atiendan las necesidades de la familia respecto de un saneamiento básico adecuado, no solo para uso personal sino también para facilitar la atención de los niños, los enfermos y las personas de edad.", "La financiación para el saneamiento se requiere respecto de todos los aspectos de un saneamiento adecuado, que incluyen la adquisición o construcción de una letrina o retrete y la retirada o el transporte de los desechos (es decir, un sistema de alcantarillado o de vaciado de pozos o tanques) y su tratamiento, eliminación o reutilización. Aunque muchas familias pueden planificar eficazmente la construcción de un retrete o una letrina, la planificación y presupuestación de medios adecuados para el transporte, el tratamiento, la eliminación o la reutilización son más complejos y exigen, sobre todo en las zonas urbanas, un enfoque más integrado. Los esfuerzos de los gobiernos y los donantes para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales han apuntado principalmente a los sistemas de alcantarillado en red, que a menudo no están al alcance de las familias más pobres, con lo que no se resuelve el tratamiento del cieno de cloaca de las letrinas y fosas sépticas. En las zonas urbanas densamente habitadas y en las zonas rurales no conectadas con sistemas de alcantarillado es preciso realizar más esfuerzos para encontrar sistemas adecuados de eliminación de los excrementos^(c).", "Para que el acceso al saneamiento resulte sostenible, suele ser indispensable efectuar inversiones en temas tales como la creación de conciencia para estimular la demanda. El suministro de infraestructuras y conexiones de saneamiento en lugares en que la demanda es baja genera el peligro de que los servicios no se utilicen^(d).", "^(a) UN Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, marzo de 2010), página 28.", "^(b) Ibíd., página 29.", "^(c) Maggie Black y Ben Fawcett, The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis (Londres y Stirling, Virginia, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008), páginas 212 a 216.", "^(d) Véase Carolien van der Voorden y Andy Peal, Public Funding for Sanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (Ginebra, Consejo de colaboración para el abastecimiento de agua potable y el saneamiento, 2009); y Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky y Eddy Perez, Financing On site Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.C., Programa de Agua y Saneamiento del Banco Mundial, enero de 2010).", "2. Impuestos y financiación gubernamental", "25. Aunque los derechos y tarifas que pagan los usuarios pueden respaldar la prestación de servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento, no es frecuente que cubran todos los gastos respectivos, sobre todo la ampliación a zonas nuevas o insuficientemente atendidas. Así ocurre tanto en países desarrollados como en países en desarrollo. Por ejemplo, en el Japón los subsidios gubernamentales representan un 7% de las inversiones en estos sectores; mientras que en Portugal un 31% de la financiación de los sectores del abastecimiento de agua y el saneamiento proviene de recursos financieros del presupuesto nacional y los presupuestos municipales y no de tarifas a cargo de los usuarios (http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31)[30].", "26. Por lo tanto, el apoyo gubernamental es indispensable por varias razones para asegurar la financiación. En primer lugar, suele ser la fuente principal de financiación para las obras de infraestructura con gran intensidad de capital, como la construcción de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales[31]. De hecho, cuando se trata de ampliar el acceso en zonas no atendidas y empobrecidas, como los barrios de tugurios y otros asentamientos informales, en que los costos iniciales son elevados y el rendimiento de corto plazo que obtiene la inversión es reducido, los Estados pueden ser los únicos agentes dispuestos y en condiciones de actuar a gran escala.", "27. En segundo lugar, la financiación gubernamental en forma de subvenciones puede resultar necesaria para hacer más asequibles los servicios para los hogares de bajos ingresos. Un problema que tiene importantes consecuencias en el plano de los derechos humanos es el de si los programas de subvenciones oficiales deben ser universales o destinarse a determinados sectores[32]. Las subvenciones orientadas ―destinadas únicamente a quienes las necesitan― corresponden a la realidad de que las limitaciones presupuestarias restringen los recursos que los Estados pueden destinar a un sector determinado[33]. Al mismo tiempo, quienes están en condiciones de contribuir por sí mismos deberían hacerlo. En consecuencia, los Estados pueden emprender medidas tales como la verificación de los medios de vida para determinar a quiénes corresponde prestar ayuda.", "28. Sin embargo, puede resultar complejo y oneroso asegurar que las subvenciones orientadas lleguen a los beneficiarios a quienes están destinadas. Es particularmente importante garantizar que esas subvenciones no encubran un favoritismo que beneficia a sectores determinados sobre la base de vinculaciones políticas ni den lugar a una captación por minorías selectas, pues tal cosa podría acentuar las disparidades entre sectores o regiones. A este respecto tiene especial importancia que el procedimiento seguido y los criterios habilitantes sean justos, razonables, objetivos y transparentes[34]. Cuando la determinación de las personas que necesitan la subvención resulta difícil, puede ser conveniente un sistema universal de subvenciones para garantizar que quienes más necesitan ayuda la reciban efectivamente. Al no utilizar ningún sistema de verificación de los medios de vida, los sistemas universales también pueden ser menos costosos en su administración. En lo esencial, los Estados deben tener organizado un sistema que asegure que los hogares que necesitan asistencia para su acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento la obtengan, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de las generaciones presentes y futuras, así como el aprovechamiento eficiente de los recursos.", "29. Cuando las personas o las familias administran sus propios servicios locales, también puede ser preciso otorgar subsidios o subvenciones para asegurar el acceso permanente al agua potable y el saneamiento. En algunos casos se otorgan subvenciones para la construcción de puntos de abastecimiento de agua o letrinas, pero no suelen otorgarse para su funcionamiento y mantenimiento. Los gobiernos otorgan muy poca ayuda a las familias para la gestión de la eliminación de excrementos. La desatención de la sostenibilidad de esos servicios genera un peligro de retroceso y puede dar lugar a violaciones de las normas de derechos humanos. Los enfoques tales como la iniciativa de saneamiento total dirigida por la comunidad han dejado valiosas enseñanzas, sobre todo acerca de la asignación de recursos para el fortalecimiento de la capacidad en las comunidades en lugar de destinar subvenciones a la construcción de letrinas para garantizar que éstas sean objeto de mantenimiento y se utilicen efectivamente.", "3. Ayuda internacional", "30. Cuando las contribuciones de los hogares y el gasto público no bastan para hacer efectivos los derechos al agua y el saneamiento, la ayuda internacional contribuye a menudo a su financiación[35]. Para aplicar al máximo los recursos disponibles en cumplimiento del principio de realización progresiva, los países tienen la obligación de recurrir a la ayuda internacional cuando es necesaria[36]. A su vez, los países que están en condiciones de prestar asistencia tienen la obligación de facilitarla en conformidad con los principios de derechos humanos[37]. Esta obligación de cooperación internacional rige para los Estados que son partes en los correspondientes tratados sobre derechos humanos en general y no corresponden a ningún Estado en particular (E/CN.4/2006/WG.23/2, párrafo 50).", "31. Aunque en el último decenio se manifestó una tendencia a la mayor financiación nacional, la ayuda internacional sigue siendo la fuente principal de recursos para el sector del agua y el saneamiento en muchos países en desarrollo y algunos países en transición[38]. Mientras tanto, la proporción de la ayuda internacional que se destina al agua potable y el saneamiento ha disminuido en el último decenio[39] y merece una prioridad más alta en la financiación teniendo en cuenta los importantes beneficios que conlleva un mejor acceso (véase infra).", "32. En el clima económico actual, los Estados que dependen en gran medida de la ayuda internacional para apoyar la realización de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento deben impulsar la prioridad de la financiación de esos servicios dentro de las asignaciones de ayuda actuales, adoptando a la vez medidas para mantener los progresos alcanzados en la realización de esos derechos incluso sin aumentos significativos de la financiación.", "33. Este proceso comienza con una planificación sectorial firme, que incluya la simultánea determinación de una política uniforme para el sector y de objetivos concretos. Los elementos de juicio indican que sin un marco definido de política nacional resulta particularmente difícil alcanzar una prestación eficaz de servicios[40]. Además, cuando los donantes internacionales consideran cuáles son los sectores que deben recibir prioridad suelen citar la existencia de proyectos sectoriales sólidos como factor decisivo que influye en su decisiones[41]. La planificación sectorial, mientras tanto, debe comenzar con una evaluación completa de los recursos disponibles y la situación actual en que se encuentra la realización de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento, tanto en lo que respecta al acceso general como a la asequibilidad, el grado en que los servicios son aceptables y la calidad[42].", "34. Si los países en desarrollo están obligados a tomar medidas para garantizar que la ayuda internacional asignada a los sectores del agua y el saneamiento resulte sostenible y apoye la realización progresiva, los donantes internacionales tienen la correspondiente obligación de facilitarlo. La ayuda internacional debe ajustarse a los principios de la Declaración de París sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda y el Programa de Acción de Accra, asegurando que los acuerdos sobre ayuda estén en conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y ajustando las prioridades de la ayuda a los marcos de política nacional de sus asociados para el desarrollo[43].", "35. Además, se obtiene dinero para el agua y el saneamiento a través de préstamos y donaciones de instituciones financieras internacionales y donantes. Estos protagonistas deben esforzarse por eliminar las condicionalidades inadecuadas impuestas a esos acuerdos de financiación[44]. Cuando el dinero destinado al desarrollo se vincula con la aplicación de determinadas políticas macroeconómicas, puede dar lugar a reducciones del gasto público que de otro modo apoyarían la realización del derecho al agua y el saneamiento[45]. La privatización de bienes estatales en particular de proveedores de servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento, también puede figurar en las condicionalidades. Cuando la participación del sector privado no está prohibida por las normas de derechos humanos, de no adoptarse simultáneamente medidas concretas para regular la prestación del servicio y mantener un acceso a él asequible para todos, se crean peligros importantes de que esa participación reduzca los incentivos para ampliar y mejorar el acceso en las zonas insuficientemente atendidas y se contribuya a la vez a una menor responsabilidad y mayores costos para los hogares.", "4. Apoyo del sector privado y no gubernamental", "36. La financiación por el sector privado entra en juego principalmente para colmar lagunas de los servicios, causadas por la falta de apoyo gubernamental. Los aguadores, por ejemplo, desempeñan una función importante, aunque a menudo informal, en comunidades que no reciben servicios. En el caso del saneamiento, los agentes privados participan en la construcción, la gestión o el mantenimiento de letrinas individuales o públicas, así como en la venta de jabón y otros productos de higiene. En términos más generales, el sector privado puede intervenir colmando lagunas de financiación, compensando los costos de la prestación de servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento. Sin embargo, la financiación por el sector privado formal suele realizarse en el entendimiento de que tales fondos habrán de reembolsarse, lo que puede ser un desincentivo para la prestación de servicios en asentamientos de bajos ingresos. Análogamente, las organizaciones no gubernamentales pueden desempeñar una función importante, pero su contribución en relación con la financiación global sigue siendo mínima. La Relatora Especial se ha referido pormenorizadamente al papel que cumplen los agentes privados dando apoyo a la realización de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento (véase el documento A/HRC/15/31), reiterando que las normas de derechos humanos son neutrales respecto de los modelos económicos y que el deber recae primordialmente en los Estados, que por consiguiente tienen la responsabilidad en lo relativo a la contratación y la reglamentación de los servicios de los agentes privados.", "C. Beneficios de las inversiones en agua y saneamiento", "37. Al analizar los costos de las inversiones en agua y saneamiento es fácil perder de vista sus beneficios. De hecho, el costo económico de no efectuar mayores gastos en agua y saneamiento puede resultar muy superior. En los países desarrollados, los progresos alcanzados en la esperanza de vida y en la mortalidad infantil solamente acompañaron el crecimiento económico después de que los gobiernos comenzaron a efectuar inversiones importantes en el abastecimiento de agua y, sobre todo, en el saneamiento[46].", "38. Las ventajas económicas de esas mejoras son extraordinarias. Según algunas estimaciones, la relación entre los beneficios y los costos del cumplimiento de las metas de los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio respecto del agua y el saneamiento conjuntamente es de 8 a 1[47].", "39. El acceso universal al agua potable y el saneamiento combinados podría generar beneficios por valor de 170.000 millones de dólares EE.UU. en los países no miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos⁴⁷. Esos beneficios se manifiestan particularmente en el mejoramiento sanitario: por ejemplo, por la prevención de casos de diarrea y las economías en el tratamiento de enfermedades causadas por la falta de acceso al agua y el saneamiento[48]. De hecho, las inversiones en mejores servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento permitirían reducir como mínimo en un 10% el costo mundial total de las enfermedades, expresado en años de vida ajustados en función de las discapacidades[49]. Los beneficios del agua corriente en los hogares también tienen repercusiones positivas considerables en la disminución de la mortalidad infantil: un estudio llevado a cabo en la Argentina comprobó que el aumento de las conexiones de agua corriente reducía la mortalidad infantil en las municipalidades más pobres en un 24%[50]. Los beneficios económicos de un mejor acceso al agua y el saneamiento incluyen también una mayor productividad de los adultos y la mejor asistencia de los niños a las escuelas, a las que afectan las enfermedades crónicas derivadas de la falta de higiene[51].", "40. No todos los beneficios pueden expresarse en términos monetarios. Hay beneficios intangibles, como el tiempo que se ahorra y la dignidad que se gana, que justifican una consideración detenida de sus efectos en el bienestar humano. Las repercusiones positivas particularmente importantes para las mujeres y las niñas que tiene la inversión en agua y saneamiento es fundamental para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de derechos humanos referentes a la igualdad de género. También los beneficios ambientales son difíciles de cuantificar, pero pueden ser inmensos, puesto que el mejoramiento de los servicios de agua y saneamiento contribuye a la lucha contra el deterioro ambiental.", "III. Orientación eficaz de los recursos", "A. Los derechos humanos y la orientación de los recursos", "41. El éxito en la obtención de los recursos necesarios para lograr el acceso universal no garantiza por sí solo el pleno ejercicio de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento. Los principios de derechos humanos ofrecen tres consideraciones básicas que deben orientar a los Estados y los donantes internacionales al determinar la forma de asignar recursos destinados al agua y el saneamiento. En primer lugar, los recursos deben orientarse ante todo al cumplimiento de las obligaciones con efectos inmediatos[52]. Seguidamente, los Estados deben apoyarse en esas bases para realizar más cabalmente esos derechos y avanzar a niveles de servicio más elevados. En segundo lugar, los Estados y los donantes deben promover enérgicamente la no discriminación en sus programas y políticas referentes al agua y el saneamiento, procurando eliminar las disparidades del acceso que se basan, en particular, en la raza, el color, el origen étnico, la religión, el género, la situación económica o la ciudadanía. Por último, el principio de no retroceso sugiere que los recursos deben contribuir a la sostenibilidad de los esfuerzos a largo plazo con vistas al ejercicio universal de los derechos. Muy a menudo esto significa optimizar el aprovechamiento de los recursos existentes y crear la infraestructura física y normativa, así como la capacidad humana necesaria para absorber en el futuro nuevos recursos.", "42. Según resulta de evaluaciones recientes de los recursos disponibles en los sectores del agua y el saneamiento, no siempre se los utiliza para lograr progresos hacia la realización de los derechos. Tanto en el plano nacional como en el internacional, la mayor parte de los recursos beneficia a comunidades en situación relativamente acomodada y no a las de bajos ingresos que carecen incluso de un acceso básico[53]. Además, aunque los Estados y los donantes internacionales han realizado progresos en cuanto a la ampliación del alcance de los servicios, no consideran prioritarias las correspondientes inversiones en el funcionamiento y mantenimiento de los servicios, la creación de capacidades y el fomento de la conciencia, factores todos que apoyan la sostenibilidad de los adelantos en el ejercicio de los derechos. En síntesis, el dinero no se gasta de forma conveniente. En las secciones que siguen se destacarán algunos de los principales problemas de derechos humanos que plantea la forma actual de destinar los recursos en el sector y se ofrecen sugerencias sobre la forma en que los Estados podrían aprovechar los recursos más eficazmente.", "B. Los recursos no llegan a los sectores más vulnerables y marginados", "43. El cumplimiento de las obligaciones inmediatas relativas a los derechos al agua y el saneamiento supone garantizar el acceso básico de todas las personas a esos servicios, dando prioridad a la vez a los individuos y las comunidades más vulnerables y marginados. Con la actual asignación de los recursos, sin embargo, no se da prioridad por lo general a esos sectores y no hay relación entre la cuantía de la ayuda que recibe cada país y el porcentaje de la población con acceso adecuado a servicios de agua potable y saneamiento[54].", "44. Esto obedece a varias razones, entre ellas la inadecuada orientación de los recursos y su fiscalización como consecuencia de la falta de datos, tanto a nivel nacional como en el plano internacional, y porque los donantes dan prioridad a determinados países receptores por razones geopolíticas. En el plano internacional, la mayoría de los donantes no conoce concretamente a quiénes llegan los recursos ni cómo se los orienta. Apenas algo más de la mitad de los donantes manifiesta que realiza mediciones de los efectos de su ayuda en los sectores más pobres de la población[55], y muchos de ellos informan de que más de la mitad de sus compromisos de ayuda para servicios de agua potable y saneamiento se destinaban a países de medianos ingresos[56]. De hecho, siete de los diez principales países receptores de ayuda para el agua y el saneamiento dan cuenta de niveles de acceso a servicios mejorados de agua y saneamiento que superan el 90%[57]. Aunque la ayuda a los países de medianos ingresos es importante, es fundamental preguntarse si esos considerables recursos llegan a los sectores más marginados y desfavorecidos o se destinan a mejorar el acceso de la población que está en situación relativamente acomodada.", "45. En el plano nacional, son pocos los Estados que informan de que han elaborado y aplican sistemáticamente criterios destinados a garantizar que los recursos del sector se distribuyan equitativamente, en particular respecto del saneamiento[58]. En la India, por ejemplo, 166 millones de personas han obtenido acceso a mejores servicios de saneamiento entre 1995 y 2008, y sin embargo en el quintil más pobre de la población ese acceso apenas ha mejorado en un 3%, aproximadamente[59].", "46. Los Estados y los donantes internacionales, en sus estrategias relativas al agua y el saneamiento, deben dar prioridad a las obligaciones de efecto inmediato relativas a esos derechos. Los donantes deben considerar la posibilidad de modificar su enfoque y el destino de sus recursos a países de bajos ingresos en que los niveles de acceso básico siguen siendo reducidos, o bien desarrollar indicadores más firmes a fin de garantizar que la ayuda destinada a países de medianos ingresos se oriente efectivamente a comunidades marginadas y desfavorecidas. A su vez, los Estados deberían elaborar estrategias nacionales respecto del agua y el saneamiento que hagan hincapié en la ampliación del acceso básico, asegurando que alcance a las poblaciones más excluidas y marginadas. Esto también requerirá un mayor apoyo financiero para la fiscalización, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, a fin de realizar un seguimiento del destino de los recursos y determinar a quiénes benefician. Las consultas con las comunidades también proporcionarán una información importante sobre los hogares más necesitados.", "47. Las pautas actuales de la financiación se orientan desproporcionadamente a zonas urbanas ya dotadas de redes. Los grandes sistemas urbanos (como las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y las tuberías de alcantarillado) reciben sumas enormemente mayores que los servicios básicos de zonas rurales y desfavorecidas (por ejemplo, letrinas, pozos de agua y bombas manuales). En la actualidad, un 60% del total de la ayuda del sector se destina a desarrollar grandes sistemas, mientras que solo un 16% se destina a sistemas básicos[60]. Esto indica una disminución de un 10% en relación con 2003.", "48. Cuando se proyectan sistemas en gran escala, es importante investigar a quiénes benefician: si esas inversiones mejoran los servicios para quienes ya disponen de acceso a ellos o amplían su alcance a quienes no lo tienen. Los sistemas de agua corriente ofrecen por lo general agua de la mejor calidad al menor costo por habitante, gracias a las economías de escala. Pero esos sistemas deben ponerse al alcance de los hogares que no reciben servicios, o los reciben en grado insuficiente, en los asentamientos suburbanos e informales. Actualmente los beneficios de los sistemas en gran escala se destinan en gran medida a hogares de ingresos altos y medianos, acentuando la discriminación y exacerbando las disparidades entre pobres y ricos[61].", "C. Elección de las tecnologías convenientes", "49. La realización progresiva de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento no se traduce automáticamente en mayores costos. Las diferentes regiones y situaciones exigirán que se consideren diversas tecnologías. Existen tecnologías de bajo costo, y hacen falta más innovaciones para determinar las soluciones más convenientes en diversos contextos. Pueden emplearse tecnologías distintas para dar acceso suficiente, a corto y mediano plazo, a los sectores de la población que viven en zonas rurales apartadas o en asentamientos urbanos informales. Algunas de esas tecnologías serán de bajo costo, otras podrán ser de costo mayor pero sostenibles y representar de ese modo una mejor inversión con el tiempo. Estas diversas posibilidades deben examinarse detenidamente para determinar la tecnología más conveniente en cada situación a fin de lograr el ejercicio pleno de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento. La inversión en tecnologías más onerosas no da lugar forzosamente a mejoras importantes de los servicios[62]. La inversión en tecnologías de bajo costo y gran eficiencia, a su vez, puede reducir extraordinariamente la cuantía de los recursos necesarios para el ejercicio de los derechos[63].", "50. La Relatora Especial no rechaza categóricamente ninguna tecnología determinada ni sugiere que la ampliación o el mejoramiento del acceso al agua y el saneamiento deban realizarse a bajo costo. Las soluciones de bajo costo para el saneamiento son muchas veces solo temporales, ya que los servicios dignos de confianza que mejoran la salud pública a largo plazo se logran normalmente a costo mayor. Los Estados deben determinar la tecnología conveniente sobre la base del objetivo. Si éste consiste, por ejemplo, en estabilizar el acceso al agua en un asentamiento informal a corto plazo con la perspectiva de que la comunidad interesada obtendrá servicios más permanentes en algunos años, las soluciones de bajo costo, como los puestos de venta de agua atendidos por empresas de servicios, pueden ser aceptables durante un tiempo limitado.", "D. Gestión y mantenimiento", "51. La dedicación de más recursos a la gestión y mantenimiento es esencial para la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de los esfuerzos tendientes al ejercicio de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento. Un 75% de los recursos anuales actuales necesarios para alcanzar las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en materia de agua y saneamiento se destina a la sustitución y el mantenimiento de los recursos actuales[64]. Lamentablemente, a pesar de los progresos en la ampliación del alcance de los servicios de agua y saneamiento, hay indicios inequívocos de que muchas comunidades que habían recibido mejores sistemas vuelven a caer en pautas antiguas debido a insuficiencias del mantenimiento[65]. En la India, por ejemplo, alrededor del 30% de las comunidades que habían obtenido mejor acceso a servicios de agua y saneamiento lo han perdido desde entonces[66]. En toda África se calcula que, en cualquier momento determinado, hay entre 30 y 40% de las bombas manuales que no están en funcionamiento[67]. Es comparativamente escasa la ayuda internacional que actualmente se destina a sufragar esos gastos[68].", "52. Para evitar este tipo de retrocesos son fundamentales las inversiones que toman en consideración el costo del ciclo vital de las mejoras de los sistemas de agua o saneamiento, o se orientan específicamente al mantenimiento y el funcionamiento de los servicios nuevos o ya existentes. Desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia, los beneficios en relación con el costo son enormemente mayores cuando se invierte en el funcionamiento y el mantenimiento que cuando que hay que rehabilitar obras después de que ya han dejado de funcionar[69].", "E. Descentralización y fortalecimiento de las capacidades", "53. A largo plazo, el éxito en el ejercicio de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento exige también inversiones en capacidad humana y gubernamental, sobre todo a nivel local. La descentralización de la responsabilidad respecto de la gestión de los servicios de agua y saneamiento puede impulsar su eficiencia, y con ello su sostenibilidad, fomentando a la vez la transparencia, la responsabilidad y la sensibilidad ante las necesidades locales[70]. Sin embargo, estas virtudes de la descentralización no son automáticas, y el gobierno central mantiene una función importante de fiscalización respecto de los derechos humanos. En particular, debe asegurar que se dé prioridad a los sectores más marginados y desfavorecidos y se adopten las medidas necesarias (por ejemplo, mediante transferencias de recursos con destinos especiales a las autoridades locales), a fin de evitar que los recursos financieros se desvíen a sectores privilegiados de la población, o sean captados por ellos, o se destinen a otros sectores.", "54. Los gobiernos locales no suelen contar con la capacidad financiera y técnica necesaria para abordar los problemas de acceso, asequibilidad y calidad de los servicios. La descentralización de la responsabilidad por la prestación de servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento no resulta eficaz sin el apoyo prestado a las autoridades locales para la modificación de las tarifas o las estructuras de subvenciones, planificar nuevos proyectos u obtener nuevos recursos. Sin embargo, los informes indican que son escasos los recursos disponibles para apoyar el fortalecimiento de la capacidad[71]. No suele asignarse a las administraciones locales sistemáticamente recursos suficientes para pagar la totalidad de sus obligaciones, y pocas de ellas están en condiciones de obtener esos fondos por sí mismas. Un estudio reciente reveló que a penas una tercera parte, aproximadamente, de los desembolsos del Estado para servicios de agua y saneamiento se destina a los presupuestos de las administraciones locales[72].", "55. Para asegurar el pleno cumplimiento de su obligación de realizar progresivamente los derechos al agua y el saneamiento hasta el máximo de los recursos de que dispongan, los Estados que opten por descentralizar el control del agua y el saneamiento deben mejorar la eficiencia y la eficacia del proceso destinando mayores recursos al fortalecimiento de la capacidad a nivel local. Las inversiones en el fortalecimiento de la capacidad deben orientarse principalmente a dos esferas. En primer lugar, los Estados y los donantes internacionales deben dedicar más recursos a dar apoyo a la capacidad de las administraciones locales para la financiación de proyectos y la ampliación de servicios de forma independiente, garantizando a la vez que los recursos se destinen a quienes más los necesitan. Esta cuestión no se refiere simplemente a dar más dinero a las autoridades locales, sino que puede entrañar la mejora de la solvencia de las administraciones locales y su capacidad de obtener su propia financiación externa[73].", "56. En segundo lugar, deben destinarse más recursos a mejorar la capacidad de los agentes locales para absorber mayores recursos y administrar y prestar servicios de agua y saneamiento. Esto significa una mayor capacitación práctica sobre la forma de gestionar y mantener mejoras de esos servicios, así como una formación administrativa sobre la planificación y presupuestación de nuevos proyectos, la recaudación de gravámenes y, en algunos casos, la aplicación de un programa de subvenciones[74].", "F. Reglamentación", "57. Además del fortalecimiento de la capacidad, el progreso hacia el ejercicio de los derechos al agua y el saneamiento no puede ser sostenible si no se realiza en un marco normativo firme[75]. Los marcos normativos nacionales fomentan esos derechos de múltiples formas, en particular estableciendo metas y niveles de referencia precisos para su ejecución; aclarando y armonizando las responsabilidades de los diversos agentes; fijando normas mínimas de calidad, posibilidad de acceso y asequibilidad; y mejorando la responsabilidad mediante la creación de incentivos para el cumplimiento[76]. Los marcos normativos permiten a los gobiernos dar prioridad a las poblaciones que no reciben servicios o no los reciben suficientemente y pueden sentar las bases para programas de subvenciones y otras salvaguardias en favor de las familias de bajos ingresos[77].", "G. Creación de conciencia y divulgación en la comunidad", "58. La proliferación y la sostenibilidad de los servicios de agua y saneamiento no depende solamente de la financiación y la construcción de nuevas instalaciones. Los Estados también tienen la obligación de educar a las comunidades acerca de la utilización higiénica de los servicios de agua y saneamiento[78]. Destinar recursos a la instrucción de las comunidades sobre la utilización y los beneficios del agua y el saneamiento y consultarlas sobre sus necesidades específicas ofrece múltiples ventajas, en particular las de asegurar la utilización correcta de los servicios de forma que contribuya a su sostenibilidad a largo plazo; la mejor identificación de las comunidades con ese servicio, y la mayor transparencia y responsabilidad; la garantía de que los servicios son aceptables y corresponden a las necesidades culturales de la comunidad; y el mejoramiento general de la salud pública. A pesar de estos beneficios, la mayor parte de los países cuenta todavía con una capacidad limitada para destinar mayores recursos a esta esfera[79]. El apoyo internacional también sigue siendo reducido, y en 2008 apenas representó un 1% de la ayuda total destinada al sector[80].", "59. Las actividades de divulgación y fomento de la conciencia también sientan las bases para una expansión de los servicios más eficaz en el futuro. La dedicación de recursos a estas actividades puede traducirse a menudo en una mayor demanda y, en consecuencia, generar una mayor voluntad política. La necesidad de crear demanda es particularmente importante respecto del saneamiento, en cuyo caso los beneficios de la prestación de mejores servicios no se manifiestan con evidencia de inmediato, y los obstáculos al acceso pueden ser importantes[81]. Aunque los beneficios del acceso al agua son más evidentes, con frecuencia la divulgación puede desempeñar una función importante al difundir el conocimiento sobre la existencia de programas de subvenciones[82]. Afortunadamente, los Estados comienzan a reconocer la importancia de destinar recursos a actividades de fomento de la conciencia y divulgación en la comunidad, como se manifiesta, por ejemplo, en la Declaración de eThekwini de 2008 y su compromiso de “destacar” el saneamiento y la higiene en las estrategias nacionales de reducción de la pobreza[83].", "IV. Relevamiento preciso de los recursos", "60. Es imposible que los Estados realicen una evaluación realista de la forma y el destino con que deben gastar sus recursos mientras no tengan un relevamiento preciso de los recursos de que disponen. Por diversas razones, entre ellas la fragmentación institucional, la falta de transparencia y la falta de mecanismos para la supervisión de las contribuciones individuales, actualmente resulta difícil medir con exactitud o efectuar un seguimiento de la cuantía de los recursos que ingresan en el sector o se pierden de él. En esta sección se tratarán brevemente esos obstáculos ofreciendo algunas recomendaciones preliminares para su mejoramiento.", "A. Problemas de fragmentación", "61. La fragmentación, es decir, la dispersión de los recursos y las responsabilidades entre múltiples y variadas instituciones y proyectos, cada uno de los cuales tiene sus reglas y objetivos propios, plantea un problema fundamental para la medición precisa de los recursos[84]. El abastecimiento de agua y el saneamiento, al relacionarse con diversos sectores que van desde la salud pública hasta la vivienda, están particularmente expuestos a ello[85].", "62. La fragmentación se produce muchas veces horizontalmente, entre instituciones, cuando la ayuda sectorial está a cargo de diversos ministerios; por ejemplo, puede haber un organismo con facultades normativas encargado de la gestión de las tarifas mientras que es otro el que vigila la calidad del agua. En tales casos, la fragmentación no siempre genera ineficiencia ni plantea un peligro grave para el seguimiento de los recursos. Sin embargo, se convierte en un problema cuando múltiples instituciones están encargadas de responsabilidades similares o una institución tiene la responsabilidad de elaborar la política mientras que otra controla los recursos económicos[86]. La fragmentación horizontal también afecta gravemente a los donantes en el plano internacional[87]. Por ejemplo, cuando se negocian conjuntos de medidas de ayuda, cada uno de los donantes procura a menudo disposiciones extrapresupuestarias especiales con el gobierno. Tales acuerdos pueden perjudicar la capacidad del Estado de tomar en consideración la totalidad de los recursos disponibles al elaborar las estrategias para el sector[88]. La Relatora Especial ha expresado su preocupación por los problemas que causa la fragmentación horizontal en los informes relativos a su misiones cumplidas en Costa Rica y Egipto (A/HRC/12/24/Add.1 y Corr.1, párrafo 61, y A/HRC/15/31/Add.3 y Corr.1, párrafo 13); pero sus conversaciones con numerosos expertos indican que se trata de un problema sistémico en los sectores del agua y el saneamiento en todo el mundo.", "63. La fragmentación también puede ser vertical, cuando no se produce simplemente entre distintos ministerios sino también entre instituciones nacionales, territoriales y locales. Se produce a menudo en relación con la descentralización, cuando ésta no va acompañada por una estrategia nacional coherente y un marco normativo firme[89]. Las vías de financiación muchas veces llegan a ser tortuosas y provocan onerosos solapamientos y duplicaciones[90], y puede ocurrir que en distintos lugares del país se apliquen normas incoherentes. La Relatora Especial ha formulado sus observaciones sobre la función primordial que incumbe al gobierno central en cuanto a asegurar los derechos al agua y el saneamiento en las disposiciones sobre descentralización de la prestación de esos servicios, en particular en sus informes sobre las misiones que cumplió en Eslovenia y los Estados Unidos de América[91].", "64. En lo que respecta a la medición de los recursos disponibles, la fragmentación constituye un obstáculo en varios sentidos. Ante todo, es bastante habitual que diversas instituciones, en el plano nacional o a nivel local, tengan un punto de entrada en el sector del agua y el saneamiento como parte de su cartera más general de responsabilidades. Como en materia de presupuestación la contribución de cada organismo al sector puede estar formulada como parte de esas responsabilidades más generales (por ejemplo, iniciativas sobre salud pública, vivienda, medio ambiente, etc.), resulta difícil para los Estados verificar con precisión la cuantía de los recursos que destinan al agua y el saneamiento[92]. De hecho, esta difusión de las responsabilidades respecto del agua y el saneamiento contribuye en gran medida a que los recursos sean insuficientes[93]. Además, al estar situados los recursos en varias cuentas diferentes, se hace difícil fiscalizar los desembolsos. Por ejemplo, una cuenta única de tesorería, que consolida la totalidad del efectivo con que cuenta un gobierno y permite efectuar el seguimiento de los desembolsos de fondos y su destino[94], ofrece un modo de resolver este problema.", "65. Análogamente, cuando muy múltiples organismos e interesados que se ocupan del mismo sector, hay grandes posibilidades de solapamiento y duplicación de servicios. Por ejemplo, un informe sobre la ubicación de los puntos de abastecimiento de agua en Malawi comprobó que, por falta de coordinación, se estaban “perforando nuevos puntos de abastecimiento de agua cercanos a pozos ya existentes” mientras que seguía desatendiéndose zonas necesitadas de servicios[95]. Por consiguiente, aunque fuera posible determinar la cuantía de lo que un Estado gasta en determinado momento para servicios de agua y saneamiento, aun así podría ser difícil determinar la cuantía de los recursos de que podría disponerse si se eliminasen esos gastos inútiles. Por último, las diferentes instituciones, incluidos los donantes internacionales, pueden tener mecanismos de fiscalización distintos para el agua y el saneamiento, que tomen en consideración criterios variados y empleen métodos propios. Esto plantea un grave problema para los gobiernos que confían en aplicar una estrategia nacional respecto del agua y el saneamiento, ya que da lugar a evaluaciones diversas sobre las necesidades y los costos[96].", "66. La Relatora Especial ha hecho hincapié en la importancia de la planificación nacional y de una asignación clara de las responsabilidades para lograr un ejercicio efectivo de los derechos respecto del agua y el saneamiento (véase el documento A/HRC/18/33). Los Estados, en consecuencia, deben asumir seriamente su obligación de coordinar la labor de los agentes en todos los niveles y adoptar una política general para el sector del agua y el saneamiento[97].", "B. Problemas de transparencia", "67. La limitada transparencia en los sectores del agua y el saneamiento representa otro problema fundamental para conocer con precisión los recursos de que se dispone. Una presupuestación transparente para el agua y el saneamiento es esencial para la sostenibilidad y el éxito de las mejoras en el sector a largo plazo, ya que constituye la base de la previsibilidad, la planificación y la distribución equitativa de los recursos y la coordinación de los servicios entre diversos organismos. La transparencia de la presupuestación también puede servir como plataforma para la promoción y la responsabilidad en las comunidades vulnerables o que cuentan con servicios insuficientes[98].", "68. Un bajo nivel de transparencia en la presupuestación se debe sobre todo a la falta de detalle. A menudo los presupuestos nacionales no dan cuenta adecuadamente, respecto de los gastos en el sector del agua y el saneamiento, de cómo han de efectuase, dónde y por quién. Este problema guarda estrecha relación con la fragmentación horizontal, ya mencionada, por efecto de la cual el agua y el saneamiento forman parte de múltiples carteras de responsabilidades más generales. Incluso cuando los presupuestos son suficientemente detallados, puede ser limitado el acceso a la información a su respecto. Las iniciativas concretas sobre el agua y el saneamiento, como las del Centro Internacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento (www.washcost.org) y la Evaluación anual mundial sobre saneamiento y agua potable de ONU Agua, están adoptando importantes medidas para mejorar la fiscalización de la financiación en estos sectores y garantizar un mejor acceso a la información para personas e instituciones. En los últimos años se ha acentuado considerablemente la labor de fiscalización de los presupuestos de derechos humanos, lo que ofrece importantes instrumentos a la sociedad civil y otros interesados para obtener acceso a las informaciones y efectuar el seguimiento de las consignaciones presupuestarias a fin de que los gobiernos respondan del cumplimiento de sus obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos. Esta labor supone la desagregación de los presupuestos por regiones y sectores y pueden tener una repercusión profunda en la comprensión de la forma en que se distribuyen los recursos conforme a las obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos. El seguimiento de la realización del gasto público también es importante para evaluar si los fondos efectivamente se destinan en conformidad con el propósito declarado del presupuesto.", "69. Aunque los presupuestos sean transparentes, a menudo no dan cuenta de los demás recursos extrapresupuestario que se destinan al agua y el saneamiento por donantes internacionales y organizaciones no gubernamentales, que muchas veces aspiran a administrar sus proyectos con independencia de los gobiernos. Los recursos gastados en estos proyectos casi nunca se registran en los presupuestos nacionales. Cuando los Estados se apoyan en contribuciones internacionales para la mayor parte de su labor en el sector del agua y el saneamiento, ello significa que los gobiernos y las comunidades tiene escaso conocimiento de la cuantía de los recursos de que disponen efectivamente. En Malawi, por ejemplo, se estimaba respecto de 2006 que los gastos extrapresupuestarios efectuados por organizaciones no gubernamentales llegaban a triplicar los consignados en el presupuesto anual para agua y saneamiento[99].", "70. La falta de transparencia también puede impedir una medición precisa de los recursos cuando los Estados celebran contratos para la prestación de servicios con el sector privado, sobre todo cuando los procedimientos de licitación y los contratos tienden a no hacerse públicos[100]. La Relatora Especial ha destacado la importancia que tiene la transparencia en la participación del sector privado, señalando sobre todo que los contratos definitivos y los mandatos deben estar sujetos al control del público y sus observaciones (A/HRC/15/31, párrafo 36). Los contratistas privados algunas veces también han presentado ofertas deliberadamente bajas para reducir artificialmente los costos a fin de ganar contratos, logrando así condiciones más favorables en su renegociación bilateral, práctica que la Relatora Especial ha señalado como contraria a las prescripciones de las normas sobre derechos humanos.", "71. En cualquier clase de financiación, la falta de transparencia puede crear incentivos para sustraer recursos, dar o aceptar sobornos o incurrir en otros comportamientos indebidos. Tales actividades se traducen en mayores costos que no suelen constar, lo que priva a los gobiernos y los organismos de una noción clara de la cuantía de que se dispone efectivamente para el agua y el saneamiento[101]. Por ejemplo, Transparency International ha calculado que la corrupción podría acrecentar el costo del cumplimiento de la meta 7.C de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio para el año 2015 en casi 50.000 millones de dólares EE.UU.[102]", "C. Falta de medición de las contribuciones individuales", "72. Como ya se ha explicado, las contribuciones de personas y hogares cumplen una función importante en la ampliación y el mejoramiento del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento. En el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano se cita el caso de China, donde se han registrado acelerados progresos en el acceso de las zonas rurales al saneamiento, y un 70% de la financiación de esas mejoras proviene de los hogares[103]. Sin embargo, el valor de esas contribuciones no suele tomarse en consideración en la evaluación de los costos que realizan los Estados.", "73. Resulta sumamente difícil efectuar un seguimiento de esas contribuciones e incluirlas en la planificación y la presupuestación generales. Aunque las tarifas de los servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento son de fiscalización relativamente fácil, la cuantía de lo que gastan los hogares para obtener y mantener su acceso a esos servicios es más difícil de determinar, sobre todo en los casos de servicios que no se distribuyen por redes. Un análisis basado en los derechos humanos obliga a considerar esos costos, ya que repercuten en la asequibilidad de los servicios de agua y saneamiento. Esa información es fundamental para comprender cuáles son los sectores de la población que requieren asistencia, y de qué tipo, a fin de garantizar que tengan acceso al agua y el saneamiento. El importante nivel de las contribuciones de los hogares que a menudo se requiere para obtener o mantener el acceso a esos servicios puede actuar como obstáculo en el caso de las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "74. En el presente informe se han reseñado diversos problemas de la financiación del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento para el ejercicio de esos derechos humanos. El logro del agua potable y el saneamiento para todos exigirá recursos considerablemente mayores para ampliar un acceso sostenible a los miles de millones de personas que todavía no lo tienen. Sin embargo, más allá de la necesidad de mayores recursos, también los recursos actuales tienen que orientarse mejor para dar prioridad a los sectores más excluidos y marginados. También los presupuestos más transparentes y mejor coordinados ayudarán a captar cabalmente los recursos disponibles para atender la crisis del agua y el saneamiento.", "75. Sobre la base de las comprobaciones del presente informe, la Relatora Especial recomienda a los Estados:", "a) Dar prioridad en la financiación, tanto en el presupuesto nacional como en la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, a los servicios de agua potable y saneamiento, prestando especial atención a la ampliación del acceso a esos servicios a los sectores que no los reciben o los reciben de forma insuficiente. Ello debería incluir medidas destinadas a determinar las poblaciones más marginadas, excluidas y desfavorecidas desde el punto de vista del acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento, e iniciativas concretas para mejorar su situación;", "b) Asegurar que las contribuciones de los hogares, ya se efectúen a través del pago de tarifas o de otras formas de contribución, se mantengan en niveles asequibles, en particular estableciendo sistemas de complementación para ayudar a los hogares de bajos ingresos a lograr y mantener el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento;", "c) Acrecentar el porcentaje de la ayuda internacional destinada al agua potable y el saneamiento e incorporar un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos;", "d) Garantizar que los recursos destinados al sector sean informados por todos los agentes, incluidos los donantes, los agentes privados y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, a fin de obtener un cuadro completo de los recursos asignados a los sectores y la forma en que se los orienta;", "e) Dar prioridad al gasto en sistemas que con mayor probabilidad alcancen a los sectores más marginados y desfavorecidos, en particular garantizando que el suministro de agua corriente llegue también a los asentamiento informales, y consultar a las comunidades sobre los tipos de tecnología disponibles para asegurar un acceso sostenible;", "f) Incorporar en las inversiones las consideraciones relativas al costo del funcionamiento y el mantenimiento de los servicios a fin de asegurar su sostenibilidad;", "g) Invertir recursos en el mejoramiento de la capacidad de las autoridades locales en los casos de descentralización;", "h) Invertir recursos para garantizar que la reglamentación pueda llevarse a cabo con eficacia y los conocimientos técnicos indispensables;", "i) Invertir recursos en el fomento de la conciencia acerca de la importancia del agua, el saneamiento y la higiene como medio para generar una mayor demanda de esos servicios;", "l) Asegurar la coordinación, tanto horizontal como vertical, tanto con los demás interesados como con los donantes, los proveedores de servicios del sector privado y las organizaciones no gubernamentales;", "m) Asegurar la transparencia de los presupuestos y demás formas de financiación de estos sectores, incluyendo datos desglosados que indiquen el nivel de acceso que tiene cada sector de la población.", "76. La Relatora Especial alienta también a los Estados donantes, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y las organizaciones internacionales a cerciorarse de que sus políticas, programas y proyectos apoyen los esfuerzos tendientes a una financiación más coordinada y transparente en los sectores del agua potable y el saneamiento.", "[1] Radhika Balakrishnan, Diane Elson y Raj Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective (Carnegie Council, febrero de 2009), páginas 10 y 11. Puede consultarse en http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/gobalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf. http://www.cw\\gl.rutgers.edu/gobalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf.", "[2] Ibíd.", "[3] Véase también el informe del experto independiente sobre las consecuencias de la deuda externa y de otras obligaciones financieras internacionales conexas de los Estados para el pleno goce de todos los derechos humanos, en particular sobre los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (A/65/260).", "[4] La reunión sobre política macroeconómica y el derecho al agua potable y el saneamiento fue organizada junto con el Center for Women’s Global Leadership de la Rutgers University.", "[5] Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento de Agua y del Saneamiento, Progress on Sanitation and drinking-water: 2010 Update, páginas 6 y 7. Puede consultarse en: http://www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/.", "[6] Ibíd., página 8.", "[7] Ibíd., página 9.", "[8] OMS y Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), “Economic and health effects of increasing the coverage of low-cost household drinking water supply and sanitation interventions” (WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05), páginas 21 y 22. Puede consultarse en: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf.", "[9] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial del Agua, Financing Water for All, informe del Grupo de Expertos mundiales en financiación de la infraestructura del agua (marzo de 2003), Prefacio. Puede consultarse en: www.financingwaterforall.org/index.php?id=1098.", "[10] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, marzo de 2010), página 20. Puede consultarse en: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/.", "[11] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006. Más allá de la escasez: Poder, pobreza y la crisis mundial del agua (Nueva York, 2006), página 8.", "[12] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, página 14.", "[13] Ibíd., página 15.", "[14] Observación General núm. 3 (1990) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafo 2. Documentos Oficiales del Consejo Económico y Social, 1991, Suplemento núm. 3 (E/1991/23), anexo III.", "[15] Ibíd., párrafo 9.", "[16] Artículo 2 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (resolución 2200 A (XXI) de la Asamblea General, anexo).", "[17] Observación General núm. 3 (1990) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafo 10.", "[18] Balakrishnan, Elson y Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies, página 8.", "[19] Véase, por ejemplo: E. Felner, “A new frontier in economic and social rights advocacy? Turning quantitative data into a tool for human rights accountability”, International Journal on Human Rights, núm. 9 (diciembre de 2008); y S. Fukuda-Parr, T. Lawson-Remer y S. Randolph, “Measuring the progressive realization of human rights obligations: an index of economic y social rights fulfillment”, Economic Rights Working Paper Series, núm. 8, Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Connecticut (agosto de 2008).", "[20] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, artículo 2, párrafo 2.", "[21] Observación General núm. 3 (1990) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafo 10.", "[22] Observación General núm. 15 (2002) del Comité, párrafo 37.", "[23] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, Grupo de trabajo sobre financiación del agua para todos, Informe núm. 1 (Marsella (Francia), marzo de 2006)), página 6. Puede consultarse en: www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/wwc_task_force_financing_water_for_all.pdf (consultado el 9 de agosto de 2011).", "[24] Véase PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006. Más allá de la escasez: Poder, pobreza y la crisis mundial del agua (Nueva York, 2006).", "[25] Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services (París, OECD Publishing, 2010), página 70.", "[26] R.W.A. Franceys “Charging to enter a water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 5, núm. 6 (Londres, International Water Association Publishing, 2005), páginas 209 a 216, 213 y 215.", "[27] Ibíd., página 216.", "[28] Observación General núm. 15 (2002) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[29] Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, página 77.", "[30] Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, página 72.", "[31] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial para el Agua, Financing Water for All.", "[32] En su próximo informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre prácticas convenientes (que se publicará con la signatura A/HRC/18/33/Add.1), la Relatora Especial expondrá tipos habituales de subvenciones que los Estados utilizan para hacer más asequibles los servicios de abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento.", "[33] Thandika Mkandawire, “Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction”. Programa de Política Social y Desarrollo, documento núm. 23 (Instituto de Investigaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Social, diciembre de 2005).", "[34] Informe de la Experta independiente encargada de la cuestión de los derechos humanos y la extrema pobreza (A/HRC/11/9), párrafo 39.", "[35] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial para el Agua, Financing Water for All, página 2.", "[36] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, artículo 2, párrafo 1, y Observación General núm. 3 (1990) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafo 13.", "[37] Carta de las Naciones Unidas, Artículos 55 y 56; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, artículo 11; y Observación General núm. 3 (1990) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafos 13 y 14.", "[38] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 46.", "[39] Ibíd., página 15.", "[40] Ibíd., página 38.", "[41] Ibíd., página 22.", "[42] Se encuentran más informaciones sobre la planificación nacional desde el punto de vista de los derechos humanos en el informe presentado por la Relatora Especial al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 18º período de sesiones (A/HRC/18/33).", "[43] Declaración de París, párrafo 16.", "[44] Programa de Accra (A/63/539, anexo), párrafo 18.", "[45] Véase el informe del experto independiente sobre las consecuencias de la deuda externa y de otras obligaciones financieras internacionales conexas de los Estados (A/65/260), sección B.", "[46] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006.", "[47] Ibíd.", "[48] Ibíd.", "[49] Annette Prüss Üstün y otros, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote health (Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2008), página 7.", "[50] R.W.A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop?”, página 210.", "[51] Hutton, Haller y Bartram, “Economic and health effects”, página 30.", "[52] Proyecto de directrices para la realización del derecho al agua potable y al saneamiento (véase el documento E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25), párrafo 2.3 a).", "[53] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 26.", "[54] Ibíd., página 33.", "[55] Ibíd., página 35.", "[56] Ibíd., página 26.", "[57] Ibíd., página 24.", "[58] Ibíd., página 34.", "[59] UNICEF, “Equity Fact Sheet: MDG 7”. Puede consultarse en www.childinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf.", "[60] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 30.", "[61] Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky y Eddy Perez, Financing On Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.C., Programa de Agua y Saneamiento del Banco Mundial, enero de 2010).", "[62] Catarina Fonseca y otros, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last” (WASHCost, abril de 2011). Puede consultarse (mediante conexión) en www.washcost.info/page/121.", "[63] Guy Hutton y Jamie Bartram, “Regional and global costs of attaining the supply and sanitation target (target 10) of the Millennium Development Goals”, documento WHO/HSF/AMR/08/01 (Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2008). Puede consultarse en http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf.", "[64] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 21.", "[65] Fonseca y otros, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[66] Ton Schouten y otros, “Taking a service delivery approach to monitoring water supply in low income areas and implications for the Joint Monitoring Programme” (WASHCost, Centro Internacional del Agua y el Saneamiento, 2011), sección 1.1. Puede consultarse (mediante conexión) en www.washcost.info/redir/.../Monitoring_sustainability_JMP_Berlin.pdf.", "[67] Ibíd.", "[68] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 23. De los 27 donantes internacionales, 8 pudieron desglosar los desembolsos según que se tratase de nuevos servicios, la ampliación de servicios ya existentes o de los niveles de tratamiento, y el mantenimiento o sustitución de servicios; a esta última categoría solo se destinaba un 13% de la ayuda.", "[69] Fonseca y otros, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[70] Meera Mehta y Dinesh Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels (Londres, WaterAid, enero de 2008), página 45. Puede consultarse en www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin¬_documents/financing_water_and_sanitation_at_local levels.pdf.", "[71] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 46.", "[72] Mehta y Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, página 46.", "[73] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture. Véase también Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial para el Agua, Financing Water for All, página 15.", "[74] Ibíd.", "[75] Observación General núm. 15 (2002) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrafos 16, 47 y 48.", "[76] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial del Agua, Financing Water for All, página 9. Véase también Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Asociación Estadounidense para el Progreso de la Ciencia, Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación y Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU Hábitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation (2008), página 37; puede consultarse en www.cohre.org/sites/default/files/manual_on_the_right_to_water_and_sanitation_2008.pdf.", "[77] Agencia Alemana de Cooperación Técnica, Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Reglamentación y la Participación del Sector Privado en el África Subsahariana, “Sharing the Experience on Regulation in the Water Sector” (abril de 2004). Puede consultarse en www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-sector-africa.pdf. (consultado el 10 de agosto de 2011).", "[78] Observación General núm. 15 (2002) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales; y Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Asociación Estadounidense para el Progreso de la Ciencia, Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación y Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU Hábitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation, página 106.", "[79] Instituto Internacional del Agua de Estocolmo y OMS, Securing Sanitation: The Compelling Case to Address the Crisis (Estocolmo, 2005), página 25. Puede consultarse en www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/securingsanitation.pdf.", "[80] ONU-Agua, Evaluación mundial anual, página 30.", "[81] Instituto Internacional del Agua de Estocolmo y OMS, Securing Sanitation, páginas 24 y 25.", "[82] Sophie Trémolet, “World Water Day: a global inundation of funds is not enough” The Guardian, 22 de marzo de 2011. Puede consultarse en www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/22/world-water-day-sanitation-hygiene.", "[83] Compromiso núm. 4 de la Declaración de eThekwini, aprobada por la Segunda Conferencia Africana sobre Saneamiento e Higiene, celebrada en Durban (Sudáfrica) del 18 al 21 de febrero de 2008. El texto de la Declaración se encuentra en www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwinAfricaSAn.pdf.", "[84] Mehta y Mehta, Financig Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, página 59.", "[85] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006, páginas 12 y 61.", "[86] Ibíd.", "[87] Ibíd., páginas 70 y 71.", "[88] Tom Slaymaker y Peter Newborne, “Implementation of water supply and sanitation programmes under PRSPs: synthesis of research findings from sub-Saharan Africa” (Londres, Instituto de Desarrollo de Ultramar, agosto de 2004). Puede consultarse en www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1663&title=water-supply-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-africa.", "[89] Mehta y Mehta, Financig Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, página 59.", "[90] Ibíd., página 28.", "[91] Documento A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, párrafo 48, donde exhorta al Gobierno de Eslovenia a intervenir en las municipalidades que no cumplen las obligaciones de derechos humanos en relación con la población romaní, y el documento A/HRC/33/Add.4 (de próxima publicación), en el que exhorta a establecer una norma federal obligatoria sobre la asequibilidad de los servicios en los Estados Unidos de América.", "[92] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006, página 62.", "[93] Ibíd., página 61.", "[94] Ehtisham Ahmad, “Macro, fiscal and decentralization options to address marginality: reaching the extreme poor”, documento preparado para la Conferencia Internacional de Mesa Redonda sobre la Marginalidad y la Extrema Pobreza titulada “Towards Inclusive Development for and with the Poorest”, celebrada en el Centro de Investigaciones sobre el Desarrollo de la Universidad de Bonn (Alemania) del 20 al 22 de junio de 2011.", "[95] Katharina Welle, “Learning for advocacy and good practice: WaterAid water point mapping: report of findings based on country visits to Malawi and Tanzania”, WaterAid Report (Londres, Instituto para el Desarrollo de Ultramar, diciembre de 20059. Puede consultarse en www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2592.pdf.", "[96] OMS y UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org.country collaborations/data reconciliation).", "[97] Observación General núm. 15 (2002) del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[98] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006, página 63.", "[99] Consejo de Ministros de África para el Agua, Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation; a Status Review of Sixteen African Countries (diciembre de 206), página 47.", "[100] Nila Ardhianie, “Water privatisation in Indonesia”, en B. Balanyá y otros (eds.), Reclaiming Public Water; Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory, 2005), página 227, y Violeta Petrova, “At the frontiers of the rush for blue gold: water privatization and the human right to water”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, vol. 31, núm. 2 (2006), páginas 577 a 614.", "[101] Consejo Mundial del Agua, Tercer Foro Mundial del Agua y Asociación Mundial para el Agua, Financing Water for All, página 10.", "[102] Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector (Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2008), página 10. Puede consultarse en www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008.", "[103] PNUD, Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006, página 128." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 13 and 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/292, and in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 15/9 and 16/2. It reviews the major issues surrounding the resources available for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation. Section II of the report offers a brief review of the status of resources for the sectors. It then considers several principal sources of financing within the sectors and offers suggestions on how these can be augmented and improved through alignment with human rights principles, and recaps the tremendous benefits of investing in the rights to water and sanitation. Section III considers the related challenge of targeting resources effectively. It offers concrete examples of how stakeholders can better utilize limited resources by keeping human rights principles in mind. Finally, section IV addresses additional challenges to adequate financing, such as institutional fragmentation and lack of transparency.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Inadequate 4 funding for water and \nsanitation A. Incorporating 6 human rights into traditional financing \nmechanisms B.Sources 7 of \nfinancing C.Benefits 13 of investing in water and \nsanitation III. Targeting 14 resources \neffectively A. Human 14 rights and \ntargeting B. Resources 15 are not reaching the most vulnerable and \nmarginalized C.Choosing 16 appropriate \ntechnologies D. Operation 17 and \nmaintenance E.Decentralization 18 and \ncapacity-building \nF.Regulation 19G. Awareness-raising 19 and community \noutreach IV. Taking 20 accurate stock of \nresources A.Problems 20 of \nfragmentation B.Problems 22 of \ntransparency C.No 24 measurement of individual \ncontributions V.Conclusions 24 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, by which the Council requested the Special Rapporteur (then an independent expert) to report annually to the General Assembly, and in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 64/292, in which the Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, in her report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, to address the principal challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Pursuant to her mandate, as renewed by the Human Rights Council in resolution 16/2, the Special Rapporteur, is also working on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has addressed specific challenges to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in other reports, such as lack of political will and the need for national plans of action (e.g. A/HRC/18/33). Lack of resources is, however, consistently invoked by different stakeholders and is deserving of special attention. Thus, she has chosen to focus on this topic for in the present report.", "3. The report tackles the issue of resources for the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, querying whether the resources available are enough to realize that right and whether they are being spent appropriately. Overall, the conclusion is that, while additional resources could and should be devoted to the sectors, much more can be done with existing funds through better targeted interventions aligned with human rights obligations. Greater transparency and improved coordination will contribute to better overall knowledge of the resources that are being directed to the sectors and how they are being utilized, thus supporting improved policy design and implementation.", "4. The Special Rapporteur underlines the inescapable truth that the realization of human rights, including civil and political rights, costs money. A functioning judicial system, a police force which respects human rights, social policies which protect the most disadvantaged populations and construction of infrastructure are necessary to support a society built on respect for human rights, and have monetary costs. These costs are generally shared by a combination of State support and the payments of individuals. For instance, education and legal aid is often supported by taxes and health care through insurance programmes and taxes.", "5. Investments in water and sanitation do not occur in a vacuum. Macroeconomic policies greatly influence State decision-making when it comes to determining how and where resources are spent. Policies that prioritize economic growth in its own right without addressing the economic and social needs of the population can threaten the enjoyment of human rights.[1] For instance, certain economic theories disregard the relevance of income distribution and advocate minimizing public spending based on the assumption that resources can be more efficiently spent by the private sector.[2] However, a narrow focus on economic growth, without simultaneous attention on whether outcomes are equitable and on building a strong regulatory framework, raises important human rights concerns. Economic growth can play a central role in poverty reduction, the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and, ultimately, the realization of human rights, but only if the most vulnerable sectors of society are able to participate.", "6. The availability of resources for water and sanitation is also closely related to how money is lent and borrowed globally. States required to devote large portions of gross domestic product to service external debt may be restricted in their ability to determine their national budget and resource allocation for essential public services, including water and sanitation. Furthermore, the continued use of conditionalities in these financing arrangements can also distort State priorities and have a deleterious effect on human rights, as further discussed below.[3]", "7. Economic policy must be guided by human rights and serve as a tool for their realization. States and international policymakers have a responsibility to consider their macroeconomic policy choices in the light of their human rights obligations. Economic policy should be scrutinized for compliance with human rights standards and such principles as progressive realization, non-retrogression, non‑discrimination, transparency, participation and accountability. It is not within the scope of the present report to comment in detail on economic policy, but it is crucial to understand from the outset that financing access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all takes place within, and is impacted by, this larger context.", "8. Bearing the larger context in mind, the present report demonstrates how a deeper commitment on the part of States and international donors to incorporate human rights principles into sector financing can aid States in mobilizing, spending and tracking resources. To prepare the report, the Special Rapporteur met with experts in human rights law, water, sanitation, macroeconomics and development in Lisbon in May 2011,[4] and continued to consult bilaterally with a number of experts. The perspectives and expertise they offered have been extremely helpful and the Special Rapporteur is thankful to all those who shared their views.", "II. Inadequate funding for water and sanitation", "9. The most recent estimates reveal that nearly one billion people lack access to an improved source of drinking water, and 2.6 billion still do not have access to improved sanitation.[5] The Millennium Development Goal target on sanitation is woefully off track and the number of people with no access is on the rise.[6] Even if the 2015 target were met, over 1.7 billion people would still lack access to improved sanitation.⁶ The target for water is on track, but progress remains shaky. If achieved, at least 672 million people throughout the world will continue to lack access to improved water sources[7] and the number of people without access to safe water would undoubtedly be much higher since current data do not include measurements of water quality or affordability. Invariably, it is the most marginalized and excluded populations which will continue to be without access; sadly, the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals has not resulted in significant changes for people living in poverty.", "10. In her report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/254), the Special Rapporteur explained how the normative content of the rights to water and sanitation can support the achievement of target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goals in a more comprehensive, accountable, participatory, non‑discriminatory and sustainable manner. She now stresses that, while the Goals provide concrete development benchmarks, a human rights perspective highlights legally binding obligations and envisions universal, equitable and affordable access.", "11. Irrespective of whether the focus is on development goals or human rights, the reality is that, at current funding levels and with current spending patterns, there are not enough resources available to attain either. One study estimates that achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2015 implies an annual cost of US$ 16.58 billion but notes that this figure is probably an underestimate.[8] Concerning the Millennium Development Goal targets, funding for the water and sanitation sector must increase significantly, perhaps even double, if target 7.C is to be met by 2015.[9] By various estimates, the global cost of meeting the 2015 targets ranges between US$ 6.7 billion to US$ 75 billion annually, depending on factors such as baseline years, population growth and distribution, costs of technology, and whether cost estimates include the costs of new infrastructure, operation and maintenance and/or of building institutional capacity to sustain access.[10] At the national level, it has been estimated that, at a minimum, States should aim to spend 1 per cent of gross domestic product on water and sanitation.[11]", "12. Contrasting with these substantial costs, the reality is that neither governments nor donors are committing sufficient resources to water and sanitation services. In 2008, the total international aid commitment to water and sanitation was just US$ 7.4 billion, or 5 per cent of all reported international aid.[12] Compared to spending on health and education, the proportion of international aid devoted to water and sanitation has dwindled over the past decade,[13] even though investments in water and sanitation have a crucial impact in achieving other Millennium Development Goals, such as reduction of maternal mortality, achievement of universal primary education, empowerment of women and reduction of child mortality. Water and sanitation must figure more prominently in the priorities of Governments, both domestically and internationally, if all of the Goals are to be achieved and the rights to water and sanitation fully realized.", "A. Incorporating human rights into traditional financing mechanisms", "13. Although human rights law recognizes that States often have limited means, they are nonetheless required to work progressively to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. The principle of progressive realization acknowledges that fully implementing economic, social and cultural rights is a long-term process, but affirms that States must progress over time, taking deliberate, concrete and targeted steps towards meeting the obligations recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,[14] in order to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible towards fulfilment of those rights.[15] Running corollary to this principle is the prohibition of deliberately retrogressive measures.¹⁵ States which renege on their basic obligations and reduce protection for a particular right bear the burden of proof to show that such measures are justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant and in the context of full use of the maximum available resources.¹⁵", "14. With a view to achieving progressively full realization of the rights to water and sanitation, each State is obliged to take steps to the maximum of its available resources[16] and cannot justify neglect of its human rights obligations based on assertions that it lacks the necessary funds or human resources.[17] Rather, there is a positive obligation for States to mobilize resources from those living within their borders and, where necessary, the international community.[18] Regardless of the funding sources that a State chooses, it must always ensure that there are corresponding mechanisms in place to support transparency, public participation and accountability.", "15. It is not enough, however, for States to mobilize a large amount of resources for the water and sanitation sector without also ensuring that they are spent in ways that have the greatest possible impact on achieving universal realization. States should look to maximize results by, inter alia, developing sector-wide strategies and strong regulatory frameworks; working to increase awareness and demand for water and sanitation services; and investing in low-cost, high-efficiency technologies, where appropriate. Emerging strategies in the area of quantitative assessment make it possible to monitor whether the maximum of available resources are directed towards the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the rights to water and sanitation.[19] Human rights law also requires States to actively promote non-discrimination.[20] States must prioritize their spending to target groups and communities with the greatest need.", "16. While some aspects of the rights to water and sanitation are subject to progressive realization, human rights law also contemplates obligations of immediate effect that should dictate State priorities and decision-making in the short term.[21] In the context of the rights to water and sanitation, this involves, inter alia, prioritizing access to minimum essential levels of water and sanitation on a non‑discriminatory basis; adopting and implementing a national water and sanitation strategy; and beginning to monitor the extent of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation.[22]", "B. Sources of financing", "17. Beyond investing in efficient technology and prioritizing basic needs, States should also look to diversify and optimize sources of funding for the water and sanitation sectors, including tariffs and user contributions, national and local tax revenue, and international assistance, whether in the form of grants or loans. Many projects to extend access will involve a combination of different sources of financing.", "18. Incorporating human rights principles, such as accountability, participation and non-discrimination, into financing mechanisms will enhance their impact by ensuring that resources are distributed so as to focus on improving access to water and sanitation services for those who currently have no or inadequate access.", "1. Household and user contributions", "19. The Special Rapporteur stresses that a human rights framework does not require that water and sanitation services be provided free of charge. Obtaining water at no cost may actually harm low-income households by depriving service providers of the revenue needed to expand and maintain the service, and risks being unsustainable.[23] Further, resistance to payment does not always rest with the most disadvantaged and low-income communities which are not connected to the formal network and thus pay considerably more per litre for water from informal vendors. For the people in those communities, paying for formal service provision is often a welcome opportunity to have a more regular service and better quality water and sanitation.[24]", "20. There are several means by which households may contribute to improving access to water and sanitation. In cases of networked supply, discussions concerning tariffs are particularly important, as most water (and sewerage) utilities cover at least part of their costs through tariffs (i.e. direct payments by households for access to water and sanitation services).[25] Increasingly, utilities are ring-fenced, so that the funds raised from tariffs can only be used on the operation, maintenance and improvement or extension of access to water and sanitation services and cannot be utilized for other government purposes. Some governments also demand that the cost recovery principle be followed, at a minimum insofar as operation and maintenance costs, meaning that all costs related to operating and maintaining water (and in some cases, sanitation) services are paid for through tariffs. User fees however normally do not generate the level of revenue needed to invest in new projects or expand existing infrastructure.²⁵ Where there is a cost recovery principle in place, it is crucial that the tariffs be structured such that those who cannot afford to pay cost price for the delivery of water (and sanitation) services are assisted through supplementary systems that ensure affordability. Therefore there is an inconsistency in that utilities are expected to deliver services on a commercial basis but at the same time provide an affordable public good.", "21. Another form of household contribution in accessing formal water and sewerage services is the connection charges. These costs consist of payments to the utility for the cost of connection to the network (e.g. the physical costs of bringing the pipes to the household) and the cost of improvements within the household to enable such a connection (e.g. in-house pipes, water storage tanks etc.). These costs are often a significant barrier for those living in extreme poverty, with recent research suggesting that in Africa the average connection cost paid to utilities was US$ 185.50, and in Asia, US$ 168.90. Putting these numbers in context, connecting to the water system in, for example, Ghana requires about one year’s income.[26] Some countries have decided to reduce the barriers to accessing water and sanitation services by removing this charge for all or some households, or by incorporating some or all of the cost of extending the service into standard service charges. Arguably, expanding the customer base of the water utility has the potential to bring in more revenue than insisting on high connection charges.[27]", "22. Household contributions for water and sanitation services in rural areas and in informal settlements can differ quite substantially from household contributions for standard piped water and sewerage provision. In these cases, user costs can range from the construction of communal or individual household provision (a well, communal or household toilet), through the storage of water (buckets, jerry cans, tanks), treatment of water (boiling, chlorine, filters etc.), cleaning, maintenance, emptying of latrines or septic tanks, to the disposal of excreta.", "23. In any event, the human rights framework obliges States to ensure, first, that the cost of accessing water and sanitation remains affordable and appropriately reflects the needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups and, second, that there is a safety net in place for those who cannot afford to pay or who can only afford to pay a minimal fee. In this context, affordable means that the costs should not significantly detract from a household’s ability to pay other essential costs, such as food, housing or health care.[28]", "24. As discussed below, various forms of government support, for instance, direct or cross subsidization, can have a positive impact on affordability.[29] Sound, transparent indicators for measuring and monitoring affordability help to further promote accountability in the sector.", "While consideration is given throughout the present report tofinancing for both water and sanitation, it is worth assessing thereasons why financing for sanitation differs from that for water. Although the benefits from investing in sanitation are considerablymore pronounced than investing only in water, requirements for thewater sector are easier to finance than requirements for thesanitation sector, with 37 per cent of aid funding^(a) and anaverage of a mere 20 per cent of government spending on the sectorsgoing to sanitation.^(b) \nAccess to water is a need felt by every woman, child and man,regardless of economic status, and there is no substitute, sopeople will pay high prices even for poor quality water if there isno alternative. For these reasons, water is generally higher onboth the political agenda of governments and list of budgetpriorities of households, schools, workplaces and clinics than issanitation, where the economic and health benefits of owning andusing a latrine are not fully understood.\nFurther, sanitation can be a taboo subject, with many culturesfinding it difficult to discuss individual needs, particularlythose of women. This means that there is not enough information onwho does not have adequate access to sanitation and why, makingplanning and budgeting difficult, if not impossible.\nA male head of household, who may be the decision maker in budgetprioritization, has often a wider range of options for accessingsafe sanitation, whether at the workplace or through cultural normswhich make it more acceptable for men to urinate, if not defecate,in the open. This may mean that women’s needs are not representedin household budgetary decisions, and their need for convenient andsafe sanitation, not only for personal use but also to assist incare of children, the sick and the elderly, is not met.\nFinancing for sanitation is required for all aspects of adequatesanitation, including the purchase or construction of a latrine ortoilet, and removal or transport of waste matter (i.e. sewerage ora pit/septic tank emptying system) and its treatment, disposaland/or reuse. While many households may plan effectively for theconstruction of a toilet or latrine, planning and budgeting forappropriate transport, treatment, disposal and reuse is morecomplex and requires, particularly in urban areas, a more holisticapproach. Wastewater treatment efforts by governments and donorshave focused on networked sewerage systems which are often notavailable to the poorest households, leaving treatment of faecalsludge from latrines and septic tanks unaddressed. More must bedone to find appropriate systems of excreta disposal in dense urbanenvironments and rural areas not connected to the sewer system.^(c)\nFor access to sanitation to be sustainable, investments in areassuch as awareness-raising are usually necessary to stimulatedemand. Providing sanitation infrastructure and fittings wheredemand is low risks non-use of the facility.^(d)^(a) UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation andDrinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results(Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), p. 28. ^(b) Ibid., p. 29. ^(c) Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett, The Last Taboo: Opening the Dooron the Global Sanitation Crisis (London and Stirling, Virginia,Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008), pp. 212-216. \n^(d) See Carolien van der Voorden and Andy Peal, Public Funding forSanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (Geneva, WaterSupply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, 2009); and SophieTrémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On-site Sanitationfor the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis(Washington, D.C., World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme,January 2010).", "2. Taxes and government funding", "25. While tariffs and user fees can support the provision of water and sanitation services, they rarely cover all associated costs, in particular expansion into new or under-served areas. This holds true for both developed and developing countries. For instance, in Japan, government subsidies account for 7 per cent of investment in these sectors, while in Portugal, 31 per cent of financing for the water and sanitation sectors is provided through financing from the national and municipal budgets, rather than from tariffs (http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31).[30]", "26. Government support is for several reasons therefore necessary to ensure financing. First, it is often the primary source of funding for capital-intensive infrastructure projects, such as building wastewater treatment facilities.[31] Indeed, in cases in which expanding access involves working in unserved and impoverished areas, such as slums or other informal settlements, where initial costs are high and short-term returns on investment are low, States may be the only actors willing and able to deliver on a major scale.", "27. Second, government funding in the form of subsidies may be necessary to improve the affordability of services in low-income households. One issue with major human rights implications is whether government subsidy programmes should be universal or targeted in nature.[32] Targeted subsidies aimed at reaching only those in need reflect the reality that budgetary limitations restrict the resources that States can devote to any given sector.[33] Those who are able to contribute on their own, meanwhile, should be expected to do so. Accordingly, States may undertake measures such as means testing to identify those eligible for support.", "28. Ensuring that targeted subsidies reach the intended beneficiaries can, however, be complicated and expensive. It is especially important to ensure that targeted subsidies are not a mask for favouritism of certain groups based on political connections, or subject to capture by the elite, as this could reinforce disparities among groups or regions. In this regard, it is especially important that the targeting process and eligibility criteria be fair, reasonable, objective and transparent.[34] Where identifying the persons in need is difficult, a universal system of subsidies may be appropriate in order to guarantee that those most in need of assistance actually benefit. With no system of means testing, universal systems can also be cheaper to administer. Essentially, States must have a system in place to ensure that households requiring assistance in accessing water and sanitation obtain such assistance, taking into account the needs of present and future generations as well as the efficient use of resources.", "29. Where individuals or households manage their own localized services, it may be necessary to provide grants or subsidies to ensure sustained access to water and sanitation. In some cases, subsidies are available for the construction of water points or latrines, but seldom for their operation and maintenance. Very little support is provided by Governments to assist households in managing the safe disposal of excreta. Lack of attention to sustainability runs the risk of retrogression and, potentially, violations of human rights law. Approaches such as community-led total sanitation have provided valuable lessons, especially in terms of allocating funding towards capacity-building for the community rather than direct subsidies for latrine construction to ensure that latrines will be both maintained and used effectively.", "3. International aid", "30. Where household contributions and government spending are insufficient to realize the rights to water and sanitation, international aid frequently contributes to financing.[35] In order to employ the maximum available resources in compliance with the principle of progressive realization, countries have an obligation to turn to international support when necessary.[36] In turn, countries in a position to assist have an obligation to provide support in a manner consistent with human rights principles.[37] This obligation of international cooperation applies to States parties to relevant human rights treaties in general and does not pertain to any particular State (E/CN.4/2006/WG.23/2, para. 50).", "31. While there has been a trend towards greater domestic financing over the past decade, international aid remains the primary source of funding for the water and sanitation sector in many developing countries and for some countries in transition.[38] Meanwhile, the share of international aid going to water and sanitation has decreased over the past decade[39] and deserves higher priority in funding given the significant benefits brought by enhanced access (see below).", "32. In the current economic climate, States relying heavily on international aid to support the realization of the rights to water and sanitation should push for the prioritization of funding for water and sanitation within existing aid allocations, while also adopting measures to sustain progress towards realization of those rights even without significant increases in funding.", "33. This process begins with strong sectoral planning, including the articulation of both a uniform, sector-wide policy and specific targets. Evidence shows that without a clear national policy framework, effective and efficient service delivery is particularly difficult to achieve.[40] Moreover, when international donors consider which sectors to prioritize they regularly cite the existence of strong sectoral plans as a crucial factor influencing their decision-making.[41] Sectoral planning, meanwhile, should begin with a comprehensive assessment of available resources and the current status of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, both in terms of overall access as well as affordability, acceptability and quality.[42]", "34. If developing countries are obliged to take steps to ensure that international aid allocations for the water and sanitation sectors are sustainable and support progressive realization, international donors have a corresponding obligation to facilitate this process. International aid should adhere to the principles articulated in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, ensuring that aid agreements are consistent with international human rights law and aligning aid priorities with the national policy frameworks of their development partners.[43]", "35. In addition, money for water and sanitation is mobilized through loans and grants from international financial institutions and donors. These actors must work to eliminate inappropriate conditionalities attached to these financing agreements.[44] When money for development hinges on the enactment of particular macroeconomic policies, it can lead to cuts in public expenditures that could otherwise support the realization of the rights to water and sanitation.[45] Privatization of government assets, including providers of water and sanitation services, may also feature in conditionalities. While private sector participation is not prohibited under human rights law, without the simultaneous implementation of specific measures to regulate service provision and to maintain affordable access for all, there is significant risk that such participation could reduce incentives to expand and improve access in under-served areas while contributing to lower accountability and higher household costs.", "4. Private sector and non-governmental support", "36. Private sector financing mainly comes into play to cover gaps in service resulting from a lack of government support. Water vendors, for instance, play a significant, albeit frequently informal, role in unserved communities. In the case of sanitation, private actors are involved in the construction, management or maintenance of individual or public latrines as well as in selling soap and other cleaning products. More generally, the private sector may be involved in bridging financing gaps, offsetting some of the costs associated with the provision of water and sanitation services. Financing by the formal private sector, however, is generally provided on the understanding that such funds will be recouped, which can be a disincentive to delivering services to low-income settlements. Similarly, non‑governmental organizations can play an important role, but their contribution in terms of overall financing remains minimal. The Special Rapporteur has addressed in detail the role of the private sector in supporting the realization of the rights to water and sanitation (see A/HRC/15/31), reiterating that human rights law is neutral with respect to economic models and that States are the primary duty bearers and, as such, are responsible for the effective contracting and regulation of private actors.", "C. Benefits of investing in water and sanitation", "37. In discussing the costs of investing in water and sanitation it is easy to lose sight of the benefits. Indeed, the economic costs of not spending more on water and sanitation are potentially much higher. In developed nations, advances in life expectancy and child mortality accompanied economic growth only after governments began making substantial investments in water supply and, more importantly, in sanitation.[46]", "38. The economic benefits of such improvements are staggering. By some estimates, the combined cost-benefit ratio for meeting both the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goal targets is 8 to 1.[47]", "39. Universal access to water and sanitation combined could produce benefits of US$ 170 billion in countries non-members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.⁴⁷ These benefits are particularly felt in improved health: for instance, through averted cases of diarrhoea and savings in the treatment of illnesses caused by lack of access to water and sanitation.[48] Indeed, the total global disease burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years could be reduced by at least 10 per cent through investment in improvements to water and sanitation services.[49] The benefits of a household connection also have considerable positive impacts on reducing child mortality; one study carried out in Argentina found that increased household connections reduced child mortality in the poorest municipalities by 24 per cent.[50] The economic benefits of improved access to water and sanitation include increased productivity of adults and school attendance of children, both of which may be affected by chronic illness that stems from poor hygiene.[51]", "40. Not all benefits can be monetized. Intangible benefits, such as time saved and dignity gained, warrant careful consideration for their impact on human well-being. The particularly positive impact for women and girls of investing in water and sanitation is crucial for realizing human rights obligations related to gender equality. Environmental benefits are also difficult to put a figure on, but may be enormous, given that improving water and sanitation services helps combat environmental degradation.", "III. Targeting resources effectively", "A. Human rights and targeting", "41. Successfully mobilizing the resources needed to ensure universal access does not by itself guarantee success in fully realizing the rights to water and sanitation. Human rights principles offer three basic considerations which should guide States and international donors when determining how to allocate resources for water and sanitation. First, resources should initially be directed towards meeting obligations of immediate effect.[52] States can then build on that foundation to more fully realize the rights and move to higher levels of service. Second, States and donors must vigorously promote non-discrimination in their water and sanitation programmes and policies, looking to eliminate disparities in access based on, inter alia, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, gender, economic status or citizenship. Finally, the principle of non-retrogression suggests that resources should contribute to the long-term sustainability of efforts towards universal realization. Quite often this means optimizing the use of existing resources and creating the necessary physical and regulatory infrastructure, as well as the human capacity needed to absorb additional resources in the future.", "42. Recent assessments of resources available to the water and sanitation sectors show that they are not always being used to make gains towards realization of the rights. At both the international and national level, the majority of resources are benefiting the relatively well off rather than low-income communities which lack even basic access.[53] Moreover, while States and international donors have made headway in terms of expanding coverage, corresponding investments in operation and maintenance, capacity-building and awareness-raising, all of which support the sustainability of progress towards realizing the rights, are not a priority. In short, money is being spent in the wrong places. The subsections below highlight some of the key human rights arising out of current targeting within the sector and offer suggestions on how States can utilize resources more effectively.", "B. Resources are not reaching the most vulnerable and marginalized", "43. Meeting the obligations of immediate effect related to the rights to water and sanitation means guaranteeing basic access to all people while prioritizing the most vulnerable and marginalized individuals and communities. Under the current allocation of resources, priority is, however, generally not assigned to these groups, and there is no correlation between the amount of aid a particular country receives and the percentage of the population with adequate access to water and sanitation services.[54]", "44. There are several reasons for this, including poor targeting and monitoring as a result of a lack of data at both the international and national level and because donors prioritize certain recipient countries for geopolitical reasons. At the international level, most donors do not know specifically whom their resources are reaching or how they are being targeted. Only slightly more than one half of them indicate that they measure the impact of their aid on the poorest sectors of the population,[55] many reporting that more than one half of their aid commitments to water and sanitation were to middle-income countries.[56] Indeed, 7 of the top 10 recipient countries of aid for water and sanitation report levels of access to improved water and sanitation of more than 90 per cent.[57] While aid to middle-income countries is important, it is crucial to ask whether these significant resources are reaching those who are most marginalized and disadvantaged or whether the funds go towards improving access for the relatively well off.", "45. At the national level, few States report that they have developed or consistently apply criteria designed to ensure that sectoral resources are distributed equitably, particularly with respect to sanitation.[58] In India, for example, 166 million people gained access to improved sanitation between 1995 and 2008, yet access among the poorest quintile of the population improved by only around 3 per cent.[59]", "46. States and international donors must prioritize in their water and sanitation strategies the obligations of immediate effect related to the rights. Donors should consider shifting their focus and resources to low-income countries in which levels of basic access remain low or, alternatively, developing stronger indicators to ensure that aid allocations to middle-income countries effectively target marginalized and disadvantaged communities. States, meanwhile, should develop national strategies for water and sanitation that emphasize the expansion of basic access, ensuring that the most marginalized and excluded are reached. This will also necessitate heightened financial support for monitoring at both the national and international level in order to track where their funds are going, as well as who benefits. Consultation with communities will also provide important information on which households are the most in need.", "47. Current funding patterns disproportionately target networked urban areas. Large systems in urban areas (e.g. wastewater treatment facilities and sewerage pipelines etc.) receive vastly larger sums than basic services in rural areas and deprived urban areas (e.g. latrines, boreholes and hand pumps). Currently, 62 per cent of all of the sectoral aid goes to developing large systems, while only 16 per cent goes to basic systems.[60] This marks a near 10 per cent decline in funding basic services since 2003.", "48. Where large-scale systems are planned, it is important to investigate who benefits: do these investments improve services for those who already enjoy access, or do they expand coverage to those who lack it? Piped water systems generally offer the best quality water at the lowest cost per capita owing to economies of scale. These systems must, however, also be made available to those households which are unserved or under-served in peri-urban and informal settlements. At present, the benefits from large-scale systems largely go to middle and upper-income households, reinforcing discrimination and exacerbating disparities between rich and poor.[61]", "C. Choosing appropriate technologies", "49. Progressive realization of the rights to water and sanitation does not automatically translate into higher costs. Different regions and contexts will require consideration of different technologies. Low-cost alternative technologies exist and further innovation is necessary to devise the most appropriate solutions for different contexts. Alternative technologies may be useful in providing access in an efficient manner, in the short to medium term, to those parts of the population living in remote rural areas or informal urban settlements. Some of these alternative technologies will be low cost, others might be higher cost but more sustainable and thus a better investment over time. These options should be carefully examined to determine which technology is most appropriate in a given context to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. Investing in more expensive technologies does not necessarily lead to significant improvements in service.[62] Investing in low-cost, high-efficiency technologies, meanwhile, can dramatically reduce the amount of funding required to achieve the rights.[63]", "50. The Special Rapporteur does not categorically reject any particular technology or suggest that expanding or improving access to water and sanitation should be done cheaply. Low-cost solutions for sanitation are often only temporary solutions, as reliable services that yield the long-term public health improvements normally come at a higher cost. States should determine which technology is appropriate based on the objective. If the goal is, for instance, to stabilize access to water in an informal settlement in the short term with the expectation that the community will be reached by more permanent services after a few years, low-cost options such as water kiosks served by utilities might be acceptable for a limited period.", "D. Operation and maintenance", "51. Directing more resources towards operation and maintenance is essential for the long-term sustainability of efforts to realize the rights to water and sanitation. Seventy-five per cent of the current annual resource needs to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation are for replacing and maintaining existing resources.[64] Unfortunately, despite progress in expanding coverage of water and sanitation services, there are clear signs of slippage, whereby communities that had received improved coverage fell into old patterns owing to poor maintenance.[65] In India, for instance, roughly 30 per cent of all communities that had gained improved access to water and sanitation have since lost some or all of that coverage.[66] Throughout Africa, it is estimated that, at any given moment, between 30 and 40 per cent of hand pumps are not functional.[67] Comparatively little international aid currently goes to covering such expenses.[68]", "52. Investments that take the life-cycle cost of a water or sanitation improvement into account, or that are specifically directed towards the maintenance and operation of new and existing services, are essential to avoid this sort of retrogression. In terms of efficiency, it is also vastly more cost effective to invest in operation and maintenance than to rehabilitate a project after it has failed.[69]", "E. Decentralization and capacity-building", "53. The long-term success of the realization of the rights to water and sanitation also requires investment in governmental and human capacity, particularly at the local level. Decentralizing responsibility for managing water and sanitation services may boost their efficiency, and thus their sustainability, while also enhancing transparency, accountability and sensitivity to local needs.[70] These attributes of decentralization, however, are not automatic and the central Government maintains an important monitoring role in respect of human rights. In particular, the central Government must ensure that the most marginalized and disadvantaged groups are prioritized, and adopt the necessary measures (e.g. through tied or earmarked transfers to local authorities), so as to avoid funding being diverted to, or captured by, privileged segments of the population or other sectors.", "54. Local governments rarely have the financial or technical capacity needed to address the accessibility, affordability and quality of services. Decentralized responsibility for providing water and sanitation services is not effective unless accompanied by support to local authorities as they learn to modify tariff and/or subsidy structures, plan new projects or mobilize additional resources. There are, however, reportedly few resources available to support capacity improvement.[71] Local governments are not routinely assigned resources sufficient to pay for all of their obligations and few are in a position to raise the money themselves. One recent study revealed that only around one third of State expenditure on water and sanitation goes to local government budgets.[72]", "55. In order to ensure that they are fully complying with their obligation to progressively realize the rights to water and sanitation to the maximum of available resources, States choosing to decentralize control over water and sanitation must improve the efficiency and the efficacy of the process by devoting more resources to building capacity at the local level. Investments in capacity-building should focus primarily on two areas. First, States and international donors should devote more resources to supporting the ability of local governments to finance projects and expand services independently, while ensuring that resources are spent on those in greatest need. Not simply a question of giving local authorities more money, this may involve improving a local government’s creditworthiness and its ability to attract its own external funding.[73]", "56. Second, more funding must go towards improving the ability of local actors to absorb additional resources and to manage and deliver water and sanitation services. This means more practical training in how to operate and maintain water and sanitation improvements as well as administrative training in how to plan and budget new projects, collect fees and, in some cases, implement a subsidy programme.[74]", "F. Regulation", "57. As with capacity-building, progress towards realization of the rights to water and sanitation cannot be sustainable unless it occurs within the context of a strong regulatory framework.[75] National regulatory frameworks bolster the rights in a number of ways, such as setting clear targets and benchmarks for implementation; clarifying and harmonizing the responsibilities of various actors; setting minimum standards for quality, accessibility and affordability; and improving accountability by creating incentives for compliance.[76] Regulatory frameworks allow governments to prioritize unserved or under-served populations and can form the foundation of subsidy programmes and other safeguards for low-income households[77].", "G. Awareness-raising and community outreach", "58. The proliferation and sustainability of water and sanitation services depends not only on financing and constructing new facilities. States also have an obligation to educate communities about the hygienic use of water and sanitation services.[78] Devoting resources towards educating communities about the use and benefits of water and sanitation and consulting with them about their specific needs have a number of benefits, including, inter alia, ensuring that the services are used correctly and in a manner that supports their long-term sustainability; improving local ownership, transparency and accountability; ensuring that facilities are acceptable and reflect the cultural needs of the community; and improving overall public health. Despite these benefits, most countries still have limited capacity to devote further resources to this area.[79] International support also remains low, representing just 1 per cent of total aid to the sector in 2008.[80]", "59. Outreach and awareness-raising also lay the groundwork for more effective expansion of services in the future. Devoting resources to these activities can often translate into greater demand and consequently result in greater political will. The need to create demand is especially relevant with respect to sanitation, where the benefits of improved services are not immediately obvious and the barriers to access can be high.[81] While the benefits of having access to water are more obvious, community outreach can still play an important role by spreading the word about subsidy programmes.[82] Fortunately, States are beginning to recognize the importance of allocating resources to community outreach and awareness-raising, as reflected, for instance, in the 2008 eThekwini Declaration commitment to increase the profile of sanitation and hygiene in national poverty reduction strategies.[83]", "IV. Taking accurate stock of resources", "60. It is not possible for States to make realistic assessments of where and how resources should be spent until they can accurately take stock of available resources. For a variety of reasons, including institutional fragmentation, a lack of transparency and the absence of mechanisms for monitoring individual contributions, it is currently difficult to accurately measure or track the amount of resources flowing into, or leaking out of, the sector. The present section briefly addresses these obstacles and offers some preliminary recommendations for improvement.", "A. Problems of fragmentation", "61. Fragmentation, that is, when resources and responsibilities are dispersed across a wide array of institutions and projects, each with their own rules and objectives, presents a central challenge to accurately measuring resources.[84] Because they span a number of sectors, ranging from public health to housing, water and sanitation are especially susceptible in this regard.[85]", "62. Fragmentation often occurs horizontally between institutions when sectoral aid is managed by a variety of government ministries; for instance, one regulatory agency may be in charge of managing tariffs, while another monitors water quality. In such cases, fragmentation is not always particularly inefficient, nor does it pose a serious threat to resource tracking. It becomes a problem, however, when multiple institutions are charged with similar responsibilities, or when one institution is responsible for articulating policy while another controls the purse strings.[86] Horizontal fragmentation also plagues donors at the international level.[87] When negotiating aid packages, for instance, individual donors often seek out personalized, extrabudgetary arrangements with Governments. These agreements may undermine a State’s ability to account for all available resources when developing strategies for the sector.[88] The Special Rapporteur has expressed concern about the problems caused by horizontal fragmentation in the reports on her missions to Costa Rica and Egypt (A/HRC/12/24/Add.1 and Corr.1, para. 61, and A/HRC/15/31/Add.3 and Corr.1, para. 13) but discussions with many experts indicate that they are systemic in the water and sanitation sectors around the world.", "63. Fragmentation can also be vertical, occurring not just between ministries, but also between national, subnational and local institutions. It often occurs in the context of decentralization when it is not coupled with a coherent national strategy or strong regulatory framework.[89] Financing channels can often become convoluted, leading to costly overlap and duplication,[90] and inconsistent standards across a country may be applied. The Special Rapporteur has commented on the overarching role of the central Government in ensuring the rights to water and sanitation in the context of decentralized arrangements for delivering these services, especially in her reports on her missions to Slovenia and the United States of America.[91]", "64. In terms of measuring available resources, fragmentation presents an obstacle in several ways. For one, it is fairly common that a variety of institutions at the national or local level will have an entry point into the water and sanitation sector as part of their broader portfolio of responsibilities. Because in regard to budgeting each agency’s contribution to the sector may be couched in terms of these larger responsibilities (e.g. public health initiatives, housing initiatives, environmental initiatives etc.), it is difficult for States to ascertain with precision the amount of resources they devote to water and sanitation.[92] Indeed, this diffusion of responsibility for water and sanitation is a major contributor to under-resourcing.[93] Furthermore, with resources located in several different accounts, it is difficult to monitor disbursements. For example, a Treasury single account, which consolidates all of the Government’s cash and provides a trail of how the funds are spent and to whom,[94] offers one way of addressing this challenge.", "65. Similarly, with multiple agencies and stakeholders focusing on the same sector, there is a high potential for overlap or wasteful duplication of services. For instance, a report on water point mapping in Malawi found that, as a result of lack of coordination, new water points were drilled next to existing boreholes while under-served areas continued to be neglected.[95] Accordingly, even if it were possible to determine how much a State is spending on water and sanitation at any given moment, it still might be difficult to determine the amount of resources that could be available if this waste were eliminated. Finally, different institutions, including international donors, may have different monitoring mechanisms for water and sanitation that consider various criteria and employ unique methodologies. This poses a serious problem for Governments hoping to implement a national water and sanitation strategy, as it leads to varying assessments of need and cost.[96]", "66. The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of national planning and a clear allocation of responsibilities to effectively realize the rights to water and sanitation (see A/HRC/18/33). States must therefore take their obligation to coordinate the work of actors at all levels seriously, and adopt comprehensive sector-wide policies for water and sanitation.[97]", "B. Problems of transparency", "67. Limited transparency within the water and sanitation sectors represents another key challenge to accurately taking stock of resources. Transparent budgeting for water and sanitation is essential to the sustainability and long-term success of improvements in the sector as it supports predictability, planning and the equitable distribution of resources and facilitates coordination among various agencies. Transparent budgeting can also serve as a platform for advocacy and accountability within vulnerable or unserved communities.[98]", "68. A low level of transparency in budgeting is primarily the product of a lack of detail in budgeting. All too often, national budgets do not adequately account for how, where and by whom expenditures in the water and sanitation sector will be allocated. This problem is closely related to horizontal fragmentation, mentioned above, whereby water and sanitation are enveloped within multiple broader portfolios. Even where budgets are sufficiently detailed, access to information about the budget may still be limited. Specific water and sanitation initiatives, such as WASHCost (www.washcost.org) and the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water, are taking important steps towards better monitoring of financing for the sectors and ensuring improved access to information for individuals and institutions. Human rights budget monitoring work has increased substantially in recent years, offering important tools to civil society and other stakeholders to demand access to information and track budget allocations with a view to holding Governments accountable for meeting their human rights obligations. This work involves disaggregating budgets by region and group and can have a profound impact on understanding whether funds are being allocated in line with human rights obligations. Public expenditure tracking is also important for assessing whether funds have actually been spent in line with the stated intention in the budget.", "69. Even transparent budgeting can seldom account for the additional off-budget resources spent on water and sanitation by international donors and non‑governmental organizations, which often wish to manage their projects independent of Governments. The resources expended on these projects are then almost never recorded in national budgets. In cases in which States rely on international contributions for the majority of their work in the water and sanitation sector, this means that Governments and communities have little knowledge of how much funding is actually available. In Malawi in 2006, for example, it is estimated that off-budget spending by non-governmental organizations was as much as three times the reported annual budget for water and sanitation.[99]", "70. A lack of transparency may also impede accurate measurement of resources when States enter into contracts for service delivery with the private sector, particularly as bidding processes and contracts tend not to be made public.[100] The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of transparency in private sector participation, particularly noting that the final contract and terms of reference must be available for public scrutiny and comment (A/HRC/15/31, para. 36). Private contractors have also sometimes intentionally underbid, artificially lowering costs in order to win contracts and then securing more favourable terms in bilateral renegotiations of contracts, a practice which the Special Rapporteur has highlighted as contrary to human rights requirements.", "71. In all forms of financing, a lack of transparency can create incentives to siphon off resources, to make or accept bribes, or to engage in other unsavoury behaviour. These activities translate into added costs that are rarely reported, leaving Governments and individual agencies without a clear notion of how much money is actually available for water and sanitation.[101] For instance, Transparency International has estimated that corruption could increase the cost of meeting Millennium Development Goal target 7.C by 2015 by nearly US$ 50 billion.[102]", "C. No measurement of individual contributions", "72. As explained above, individual and household contributions play a significant role in the expansion and improvement of access to water and sanitation. The Human Development Report cited the case of China which has seen rapid progress in access to sanitation in rural areas, with 70 per cent of financing for these improvements coming from households.[103] The value of these contributions is, however, rarely factored into State assessments of costs.", "73. It is exceedingly difficult to track these contributions and factor them into overall planning and budgeting. While tariffs for water and sanitation services will be relatively easy to monitor, the amount that households spend to build and maintain their access is more difficult, especially in cases of non-networked services. A human rights analysis requires consideration of these costs as they impact the affordability of water and sanitation. This information is essential for understanding which segments of the population require which kind of assistance in order to ensure their access to water and sanitation. The significant level of household contributions often required for gaining or maintaining access to water and sanitation can function as a barrier for people living in poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "74. The present report has reviewed various challenges in financing access to water and sanitation for the realization of these human rights. Ensuring water and sanitation for all will require considerably more resources to extend sustainable access to the billions of people who still lack access. Beyond the need for additional resources, however, existing resources must also be better targeted to prioritize the most excluded and marginalized. More transparent budgets and better coordination will also assist in acquiring a more complete understanding of the resources available to tackle the water and sanitation crisis.", "75. Based on the findings of the present report, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:", "(a) Prioritize funding, both in the national budget and for official development assistance, for water and sanitation with a particular focus on extending access to the unserved or under-served. This should include measures to identify the most marginalized, excluded and disadvantaged populations in terms of access to water and sanitation and specific initiatives to improve their situation;", "(b) Ensure that household contributions, whether tariffs or other forms of contributions, remain affordable, including by establishing supplementary systems to support low-income households to gain and maintain access to water and sanitation;", "(c) Increase the percentage of international aid allocated to water and sanitation and incorporate a human rights approach;", "(d) Ensure that funding to the sectors is reported by all actors, including donors, private providers and non-governmental organizations, in order to obtain a complete picture of the resources allocated to the sectors and how it is being targeted;", "(e) Prioritize spending on systems which are more likely to reach the most marginalized and disadvantaged, including ensuring that a piped water supply is also available to informal settlements, and consult with communities on the range of technologies available to ensure sustainable access;", "(f) Integrate cost considerations of operation and maintenance into investments with a view to ensuring sustainability;", "(g) Invest resources in building the capacity of local authorities in cases of decentralization;", "(h) Invest resources in ensuring that regulation can be carried out effectively and with the necessary expertise;", "(i) Invest resources in awareness-raising about the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene as a means of creating greater demand for these services;", "(j) Ensure coordination, both horizontally and vertically, as well with other stakeholders such as donors, private service providers and non‑governmental organizations;", "(k) Ensure transparency of budgets and other funding for the sectors, including disaggregated information on which segments of the population have which level of access.", "76. The Special Rapporteur encourages donor States, non-governmental organizations and international organizations to ensure that their policies, programmes and projects support efforts towards more coordinated and transparent funding of the water and sanitation sectors.", "[1] Radhika Balakrishnan, Diane Elson and Raj Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective (Carnegie Council, February 2009), pp. 10 and 11. Available from http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/globalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf.", "[2] Ibid.", "[3] See also the report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights (A/65/260).", "[4] The meeting, on macroeconomic policy and the rights to water and sanitation, was organized in conjunction with the Center for Women’s Global Leadership, Rutgers University.", "[5] World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update, pp. 6 and 7. Available from www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/.", "[6] Ibid., p. 8.", "[7] Ibid., p. 9.", "[8] WHO and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Economic and health effects of increasing the coverage of low-cost household drinking water supply and sanitation interventions” (WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05), pp. 21 and 22. Available from www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf.", "[9] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All: Report of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure (March 2003), foreword. Available from www.financingwaterforall.org/index.php?id=1098.", "[10] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), p. 20. Available from www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/.", "[11] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity — Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York, 2006), p. 9.", "[12] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 14.", "[13] Ibid., p. 15.", "[14] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 2. Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1991, Supplement No. 3 (E/1991/23), annex III.", "[15] Ibid., para. 9", "[16] Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex).", "[17] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 10.", "[18] Balakrishnan, Elson and Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies, p. 8.", "[19] See, for example, E. Felner, “A new frontier in economic and social rights advocacy? Turning quantitative data into a tool for human rights accountability”, International Journal on Human Rights, No. 9 (December 2008); and S. Fukuda-Parr, T. Lawson-Remer and S. Randolph, “Measuring the progressive realization of human rights obligations: an index of economic and social rights fulfilment” Economic Rights Working Paper Series, No. 8 (Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut Human Rights Institute, August 2008).", "[20] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, para. 2.", "[21] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 10.", "[22] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee, para. 37.", "[23] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, Task Force on Financing Water for All, Report No. 1 (Marseilles, France, March 2006), p. 6. Available from www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/wwc_task_force_financing_water_for_all.pdf (accessed 9 August 2011).", "[24] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity — Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York, 2006), pp. 52 and 53.", "[25] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2010), p. 70.", "[26] R. W. A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 5, No. 6 (London, International Water Association (IWA) Publishing, 2005), pp. 209-216, 213 and 215.", "[27] Ibid., p. 216.", "[28] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[29] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, p. 77.", "[30] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, p. 72.", "[31] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All.", "[32] In her forthcoming report to the Human Rights Council on good practices (to be issued as A/HRC/18/33/Add.1), the Special Rapporteur describes common types of subsidies used by States to support the affordability of water and sanitation services.", "[33] Thandika Mkandawire, “Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction”, Social Policy and Development Programme, paper No. 23 (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, December 2005).", "[34] Report of the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty (A/HRC/11/9), para. 39.", "[35] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 2.", "[36] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, para. 1, and General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 13.", "[37] Charter of the United Nations, Arts. 55 and 56; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 11; General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paras. 13 and 14.", "[38] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 46.", "[39] Ibid., p. 15.", "[40] Ibid., p. 38.", "[41] Ibid., p. 22.", "[42] For more information on national planning from a human rights perspective, see the report submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/33).", "[43] Paris Declaration, para. 16.", "[44] Accra Agenda (A/63/539, annex), para. 18.", "[45] See report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States (A/65/260), sect. B.", "[46] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, pp. 28-31.", "[47] Ibid., p. vi.", "[48] Ibid., pp. 25-29.", "[49] Annette Prüss-Üstün and others, Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008), p. 7.", "[50] R. W. A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop?”, p. 210.", "[51] Hutton, Haller and Bartram, “Economic and health effects”, p. 30.", "[52] Draft guidelines for the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25), para. 2.3 (a).", "[53] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 26.", "[54] Ibid., p. 33.", "[55] Ibid., p. 35.", "[56] Ibid., p. 26.", "[57] Ibid. p. 24.", "[58] Ibid., p. 34.", "[59] UNICEF, “Equity fact sheet: MDG 7”. Available from www.childinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf.", "[60] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 30.", "[61] Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On-site Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.C., World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme, January 2010).", "[62] Catarina Fonseca and others, “Life-cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last” (WASHCost, April 2011). Available from www.washcost.info/page/121 (log-in required).", "[63] Guy Hutton and Jamie Bartram, “Regional and global costs of attaining the water supply and sanitation target (target 10) of the Millennium Development Goals, document WHO/HSE/AMR/08/01 (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008). Available from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf.", "[64] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 21.", "[65] Fonseca and others, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[66] Ton Schouten and others, “Taking a service delivery approach to monitoring water supply in low-income areas and implications for the Joint Monitoring Programme” (WASHCost, International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2011), sect. 1.1. Available from www.washcost.info/redir/.../Monitoring_sustainability_JMP_Berlin.pdf (log-in required).", "[67] Ibid.", "[68] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 32. Of 27 international donors, 8 were able to break down disbursements according to new services, increased service or treatment levels, and maintain or replace existing services, with the latter receiving only 13 per cent of aid.", "[69] Fonseca and others, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[70] Meera Mehta and Dinesh Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels (London, WaterAid, January 2008), p. 45. Available from www.wateraid.org/documents/ plugin_documents/financing_water_and_sanitation_at_local_levels.pdf.", "[71] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 46.", "[72] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 46.", "[73] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, p. 5. See also World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 15.", "[74] Ibid.", "[75] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paras. 16, 47 and 48.", "[76] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 9. See also Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAS), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation (2008), p. 37; available from www.cohre.org/sites/default/files/ manual_on_the_right_to_water_and_sanitation_2008.pdf.", "[77] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Working Group on Regulation and Private Sector Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, “Sharing the Experience on Regulation in the Water Sector” (April 2004). Available from www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-sector-africa.pdf (accessed 10 August 2011).", "[78] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 25; and COHRE, AAS, SDC and UN-Habitat, Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation, p. 106.", "[79] Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and WHO, Securing Sanitation: The Compelling Case to Address the Crisis (Stockholm, 2005), p. 25. Available from www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/hygiene/securingsanitation.pdf.", "[80] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, p. 30.", "[81] SIWI and WHO, Securing Sanitation, pp. 24 and 25.", "[82] Sophie Trémolet, “World Water Day: a global inundation of funds is not enough”, The Guardian, 22 March 2011. Available from www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/ mar/22/world-water-day-sanitation-hygiene.", "[83] Commitment No. 4 of the eThekwini Declaration, adopted by the Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene, held in Durban, South Africa, from 18 to 21 February 2008. The text of the Declaration is available from www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwiniAfricaSan.pdf.", "[84] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 59.", "[85] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, pp. 12 and 61.", "[86] Ibid.", "[87] Ibid., pp. 70 and 71.", "[88] Tom Slaymaker and Peter Newborne, “Implementation of water supply and sanitation programmes under PRSPs: synthesis of research findings from sub-Saharan Africa” (London, Overseas Development Institute, August 2004). Available from www.odi.org.uk/ resources/details.asp?id=1663&title=water-supply-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-africa.", "[89] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, p. 59.", "[90] Ibid., p. 28.", "[91] A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, para. 48, calling on the Slovenian Government to intervene in municipalities failing to meet human rights obligations related to the Roma population, and A/HRC/33/Add.4 (forthcoming), calling for a mandatory federal standard on affordability in the United States of America.", "[92] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 62.", "[93] Ibid., p. 61.", "[94] Ehtisham Ahmad, “Macro, fiscal and decentralization options to address marginality: reaching the extreme poor”, paper prepared for the International Roundtable Conference on Marginality and Extreme Poverty: Towards Inclusive Development for and with the Poorest, held at the Centre for Development Research, University of Bonn, Germany, from 20 to 22 June 2011.", "[95] Katharina Welle, “Learning for advocacy and good practice: WaterAid water point mapping: report of findings based on country visits to Malawi and Tanzania”, WaterAid Report (London, Overseas Development Institute, December 2005). Available from www.odi.org.uk/resources/ download/2952.pdf.", "[96] WHO and UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org/country-collaborations/data-reconciliation).", "[97] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 51.", "[98] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 63.", "[99] African Ministers’ Council on Water, Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation; a Status Review of Sixteen African Countries (December 2006), p. 47.", "[100] Nila Ardhianie, “Water privatisation in Indonesia”, in B. Balanyá and others (eds.), Reclaiming Public Water: Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory, 2005), p. 227; and Violeta Petrova, “At the frontiers of the rush for blue gold: water privatization and the human right to water, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, vol. 31, No. 2 (2006), pp. 577‑614.", "[101] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and Global Water Partnership, Financing Water for All, p. 10.", "[102] Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 10. Available from www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008.", "[103] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, p. 128." ]
A_66_255
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 13 and 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque, presents this report to the General Assembly pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolutions 15/9 and 16/2. It discusses the main issues of available resources to realize the rights to safe drinking water and sanitation. A brief overview of the resource situation in the sectors is provided in section II of the report. A number of major sources of funding in these sectors are discussed and proposals are made on ways in which they could be increased and improved by adapting to human rights principles, and the enormous benefits of investment in the rights to safe drinking water and sanitation are recaptured. Section III reviews the related problem of effective resource guidance. Specific examples of ways in which stakeholders can better leverage their limited resources, bearing in mind human rights principles. Finally, section IV addresses other problems of adequate funding, such as institutional fragmentation and lack of transparency.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II. 5 Inadequate Financing for Drinking Water and Sanitation A.The 6 Human Rights Incorporation in Traditional Financing Mechanisms B.Sources 8 C.Benefits 15 of Water and Sanitation Investments III.Resourced 16 Effective A.The 16 Human Rights and Resource Orientation B.The 17 resources do not reach the most vulnerable and marginalized sectors C.Elction 19 of the convenient technologies D.Gestion 19 and maintenance Decentralization 20 and strengthening of F capacities.Regulation 21G.Creation 22 of awareness and dissemination in the community IV.Relevation 23 precise of resources A. Problems 23 of fragmentation B. Transparency issues 25 C. missing 27 measurement of individual contributions V.Conclusions 27 and recommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque, submits this report to the General Assembly in accordance with the provisions of Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, in which she requested her to report annually to the General Assembly, as well as Assembly resolution 64/292, in which she requested that the Special Rapporteur “submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session the main difficulties related to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and In accordance with her mandate, as renewed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 16/2, the Special Rapporteur also seeks to identify “the challenges and obstacles to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation”.", "2. The Special Rapporteur has addressed in other reports specific problems of the exercise of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, such as lack of political will and the need for national action plans (e.g., in document A/HRC/18/33). However, the various stakeholders constantly invoke the lack of resources, and this factor deserves special attention. Accordingly, the Special Rapporteur has chosen to address this item in the present report to the General Assembly.", "3. The report addressed the issue of resources for the exercise of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, raising whether adequate resources were available for the realization of that right and whether those resources were adequately spent. In general, it is found in this report that, although more resources could and should be devoted to these sectors, much more can be done with the current funds through interventions that are better oriented and consistent with human rights obligations. Increased transparency and better coordination would contribute to a better understanding of the resources allocated to the sectors and how they are used, which would support better development and implementation of the measures.", "4. The Special Rapporteur stresses the unsuspecting truth that the realization of human rights, including civil and political rights, cost money. A judicial system, a police force that respects human rights, social policies that protect the most disadvantaged population and the construction of infrastructures are necessary to support a society based on respect for human rights, and have monetary costs. These costs are usually covered by a combination of state support and personal contributions. For example, education and legal advice often rely on taxes, and medical services are covered through insurance and tax programmes.", "5. Investments in drinking water and sanitation are not made in the midst of a vacuum. Macroeconomic policy exerts great influence on State decisions when it comes to determining how and where resources are to be spent. The policy that prioritizes economic growth alone and without addressing the economic and social needs of the population can jeopardize the enjoyment of human rights[1]. For example, certain economic theories leave aside the relevance of income distribution and advocate for the minimization of public spending on the premise that resources can be spent more efficiently by the private sector[2]. However, close and exclusively focused attention to economic growth, while simultaneously addressing the fairness of results and the robustness of the regulatory framework poses significant human rights problems. Economic growth can play a central role in the alleviation of poverty and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and ultimately the realization of human rights, but only if the most vulnerable sectors of society can participate.", "6. The availability of resources for safe drinking water and sanitation is also closely linked to how money loans are generally made. States that should devote large portions of their gross domestic product to the service of their external debt may be limited in their ability to determine their national budget and the allocation of resources for essential public services, including those for drinking water and sanitation. In addition, the persistent application of conditionalities to those provisions may also distort the priorities of States and exercise harmful effects on human rights, as discussed below.[3]", "7. Economic policy must be human rights-oriented and serve for its realization. Those who make international decisions have the responsibility to consider their macroeconomic options in the light of their human rights obligations. Economic policy should be analysed with respect to compliance with human rights standards and principles, such as progressive realization, non-retrogress, non-discrimination, transparency, participation and accountability. A detailed analysis of economic policy is not within the scope of the present report, but it is essential to understand from the outset that the financing of access to safe drinking water and sanitation for all takes place in that more general context and suffers from its consequences.", "8. Bearing in mind that broader context, this report will demonstrate that a deeper commitment by States and international donors to incorporating human rights principles into sector finance can help States mobilize, spend and find resources. In preparing the report, the Special Rapporteur met in May 2011, in Lisbon, with experts in human rights standards, drinking water, sanitation, macroeconomics and development,[4] and continued her bilateral consultations with various experts. The perspectives and expertise it gained were extremely useful, and the Special Rapporteur thanks all those who informed her of their views.", "II. Inadequate funding for drinking water and sanitation", "9. The most recent estimates show that nearly 1 billion people lack access to improved sources of drinking water and 2.6 billion people still have no access to improved sanitation systems.[5] The Millennium Development Goals target for sanitation is far from being met and the number of people who do not have access is actually increasing.[6] Although the target set for 2015, more than 1.7 billion people would still lack access to improved sanitation systems.6 With regard to drinking water, the target is being met, but progress remains uncertain. If the target was reached, at least 672 million people around the world would still lack access to improved drinking water sources[7], and the number of people without access to safe drinking water would undoubtedly be much greater, as current data did not include water quality measurement and affordability. The populations that still lack access to it are, invariably, the most marginalized and excluded; it is sad to note that the progress made towards the Millennium Development Goals has not led to significant changes for people living in poverty.", "10. In her 2010 report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, the Special Rapporteur explained that the normative content of the right to water and sanitation can contribute to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals target 7.C in a more comprehensive, accountable, participatory, non-discriminatory and sustainable manner. The Special Rapporteur now stresses that, although the Goals establish specific references to development, a human rights-based perspective highlights legally binding obligations and includes universal, equitable and affordable access.", "11. Regardless of the emphasis on development goals or human rights, the reality is that current funding levels and current expenditure patterns do not have sufficient resources to achieve either. A study estimates that achieving universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015 amounts to an annual cost of US$ 16,580 million, but it is noted that this figure is likely to be less than necessary.[8] With regard to the Millennium Development Goals targets, funding for the drinking water and sanitation sector should increase considerably, perhaps even to double, so that the target could be achieved by 2015.[9] According to various estimates, the total cost of achieving the 2015 targets is between US$ 6.7 billion and US$ 7.5 billion per year, depending on factors such as baseline years, population growth and distribution and the cost of technology, and according to the fact that the cost includes only new infrastructures, as well as the costs of use and maintenance or institution-building to improve access[10]. At the national level, it has been estimated that at least 1 per cent of gross domestic product should be spent on water and sanitation by States.[11]", "12. In contrast to these important costs, the reality shows that neither Governments nor donors are committing sufficient resources for water and sanitation services. In 2008, the total international commitment to water and sanitation reached US$ 7.4 billion, equivalent to 5 per cent of total informed international aid.[12] Compared to spending on health and education, the proportion of international aid for water and sanitation has been declining over the past decade[13], although investments in water and sanitation have a critical impact on achieving other Millennium Development Goals targets, such as reducing maternal mortality, achieving universal primary education, social promotion of women or reducing child mortality. Water and sanitation should be more prominent among the priorities of Governments, both at the domestic and international levels, so that all the Goals can be achieved and the rights to water and sanitation fully realized.", "A. The incorporation of human rights into traditional financing mechanisms", "13. While human rights standards recognize that States often have limited resources, they are nevertheless obliged to seek to progressively achieve the full exercise of the right to water and sanitation. The principle of progressive realization recognizes that the full implementation of economic, social and cultural rights is a long-term process, but states that States must gradually progress, adopting “discussed, concrete and oriented measures as clearly as possible towards meeting the obligations recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”[14], to “provide as expeditiously and effectively as possible” with a view to achieving the realization of those rights[15] It is a corollary of this principle to ban “all deliberately retroactive measures”15. States that fail to comply with their basic obligations and reduce the protection of a particular right bear on themselves the burden of proving that such measures are justified “fully by reference to the full range of rights provided for in the Covenant and in the context of the full realization of the maximum available resources.”15", "14. In order to achieve progressively the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, States are obliged to take action using as much of their available resources.[16] States cannot justify the neglect of their human rights obligations on the basis of the claim that they lack the necessary human resources or funds.[17] They have a positive obligation to mobilize resources from those living within their borders and, if necessary, from the international community.[18] Whatever the source of funding chosen by a State, it must always ensure that organized mechanisms exist to support transparency, public participation and accountability.", "15. However, it is not enough for States to mobilize large resources for the water and sanitation sector without also ensuring that such resources are spent in a manner that has the greatest impact on achieving universal realization of rights. States should seek to maximize results, including by developing sectoral strategies and a strong policy framework; by promoting awareness and demand for water and sanitation; and by investing in low-cost and high-efficiency technologies as soon as appropriate. New strategies in the area of quantitative assessment make it possible to monitor whether the maximum resources available for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, in particular the right to water and sanitation, are being allocated.[19] Human rights standards also require States to actively promote non-discrimination[20]. States should give priority in their disbursements to sectors and communities with the greatest needs.", "16. While some aspects of the right to water and sanitation are progressively realized, human rights standards also include immediate implementation obligations that must determine the priorities and decisions of States in the short term.[21] With regard to the rights to water and sanitation, in particular the priority of access to “at least essential levels” of water and sanitation with non-discriminatory criteria; the adoption and implementation of a national water and sanitation strategy; and to begin monitoring the realization of the rights to water and sanitation[22].", "B. Sources of funding", "17. States, in addition to investing in efficient technologies and prioritizing basic needs, should also seek to diversify and optimize sources of funding for the water and sanitation sectors, including user fees and contributions, local and national tax revenues and international assistance, either in the form of donations or loans. Many projects aimed at expanding access would have to involve a combination of various sources of funding.", "18. Incorporating human rights principles financing mechanisms, such as responsibility, participation and non-discrimination, accentuates their impact by ensuring that resources are distributed primarily aimed at improving access to water and sanitation services for those currently lacking or having inadequate access.", "1. Household and user contributions", "19. The Special Rapporteur stresses that a human rights framework does not require free provision of water and sanitation. In fact, obtaining water at no cost can harm low-income households by depriving vendors of the income needed to expand and maintain services, and is at risk of not being sustainable.[23] In addition, the resistance to payment is not always manifested in the most disadvantaged and lower-income communities, which are not connected to the formal network and, consequently, pay considerably higher amounts for liters of water to informal sellers. For the population of these communities, payment for formal supply services is often an excellent opportunity to have more regular sanitation and water services of better quality.[24]", "20. Households can contribute in various ways to improving access to water and sanitation. In the case of network supply, tariff discussions are of particular importance because the majority of drinking water (and sanitation) services cover at least a portion of their cost through tariffs, i.e. direct payments by households receiving access to such services.[25] Services are increasingly administered separately, so that resources collected through the application of tariffs can only be used for the exploitation, maintenance and improvement or expansion of water distribution and sanitation services and cannot be used for other official purposes. Some Governments also require that the principle of cost recovery be observed, at least with respect to operating and maintenance costs, which means that all expenditures for the exploitation and maintenance of water supply services (and sanitation in some cases) are met through the application of fees. However, user payments do not usually generate the income level required for investment in new projects or the expansion of existing infrastructures.25 When the principle of cost-recovery is governed, it is essential that the rates be organized so that those who are not in a position to pay the cost of water supply (and sanitation) are assisted through complementary systems to ensure the affordability of these services. Therefore, there is a tension that arises from the fact that public services must be provided on a commercial basis but at the same time they must provide an affordable public service.", "21. Another form of household contribution to formal water and sanitation services consists of connecting charges. These costs consist of payments to the public service provider for the cost of connection to the network (e.g., the costs generated by the installation of the pipes to the house) and the costs of improvements made in the house to make possible that connection (e.g. pipes, tanks, etc.). These costs are often a major obstacle to those living in extreme poverty, and as a result of recent research, the average cost paid in Africa for connection to public services was US$ 185.50, while in Asia it was US$ 178.90. To put these figures in context, the connection to the water supply system in Ghana, for example, requires one-year income[26]. Some countries have resolved to mitigate barriers to access to water and sanitation services by removing this tax for all households or some of them, or by incorporating the full or part of the cost of service provision in regular payments. It should be argued that an expansion of the pool of water supply users can enable it to obtain greater income than by requiring the collection of a high levy by the connection.[27]", "22. Household contributions for water and sanitation services in rural areas and irregular settlements can have very significant differences with contributions from current water supply and sanitation. In these cases, the costs charged by the user can range from the construction of facilities for the provision of communal or individual services (a well, or communal or family latrines) to the storage of water (in baldes, drums or tanks) and its treatment (by boiling, chlorine filters, etc.) and the cleaning, maintenance and vaciamiento of latrines and septic wells and the elimination of the waste.", "23. In any case, the human rights framework requires States to ensure, first of all, that the cost of access to water and sanitation is affordable and adequately meets the needs of marginalized and vulnerable sectors; and secondly, there is a safety net for those who cannot make such payment or can only pay a minimum wage. In this regard, it should be understood that costs do not affect the potential of the household in terms of meeting their other essential expenses, such as food, housing and medical care.[28]", "24. As discussed below, there are various forms of state support, such as direct or cross-subsidies, which may have a positive impact on affordability.[29] The use of valid and transparent indicators to measure and monitor affordability contributes to promoting accountability in the sector.", "While the present report reviews the financing of water supply and sanitation, it is appropriate to assess the reasons why sanitation finance differs from that of water supply.", "Although the benefits of investment in sanitation are considerably greater than those of investment exclusively for water, the needs of this last sector are easier to finance than those required by the sanitation sector; the first one absorbs 37% of the aid resources^(a) while public spending for the second one only reaches 20%^(b).", "Access to safe drinking water is a need experienced by all men, women and children of any economic situation and nothing can replace it, so high prices are paid for low quality water when there is no other possibility. For these reasons, water is generally placed in a more prominent place on the political agenda of Governments and among the priorities of the household budget, schools, workplaces and clinics compared to sanitation, where the economic and health benefits of the possession and use of a latrine are not fully understood.", "In addition, sanitation can be a taboo issue, and in many cultures it is difficult to discuss individual needs, particularly those of women. This means that sufficient information is lacking on who lacks adequate access to sanitation and why, which makes it difficult, when not impossible, to plan and budget.", "The male head of household, who may be the one making decisions on the priorities in the budget, often has more varied possibilities in basic sanitation, either in their workplace or through cultural norms that make it more acceptable for men to pray outdoors, and even defecate. This may mean that women &apos; s needs are not represented in family decisions on their budget, and that the family &apos; s needs are not met with respect to adequate basic sanitation, not only for personal use but also to facilitate the care of children, the sick and the elderly.", "Funding for sanitation is required in respect of all aspects of adequate sanitation, including the acquisition or construction of a latrine or toilet and the removal or transport of wastes (i.e., a sewage or drainage system of wells or tanks) and their treatment, disposal or reuse. Although many families can effectively plan the construction of a toilet or latrin, planning and budgeting of appropriate means for transport, treatment, elimination or reuse are more complex and require, particularly in urban areas, a more integrated approach. The efforts of Governments and donors for the treatment of wastewater have mainly targeted network sewage systems, which are often not within the reach of the poorest families, thereby failing to resolve the treatment of the septic sewage sewage seals and latrines. In densely inhabited urban areas and in rural areas not connected with sewage systems, more efforts are needed to find adequate systems for removing excrements^(c).", "In order for access to sanitation to be sustainable, investments in such areas as awareness-raising to stimulate demand are often essential. The provision of infrastructures and sanitation connections in places where demand is low poses the danger that services are not used^(d).", "^(a) UN Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), page 28.", "^(b) Ibid., page 29.", "^(c) Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett, The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis (London and Stirling, Virginia, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008), pages 212-216.", "^(d) See Carolien van der Voorden and Andy Peal, Public Funding for Sanitation: The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies (Geneva, Collaboration Council for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2009); and Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On site Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.).", "2. Taxes and government funding", "25. While the rights and fees paid by users can support the provision of water and sanitation services, it is not common for them to cover all the respective costs, especially the expansion to new or insufficiently treated areas. This is the case in both developed and developing countries. For example, in Japan, government subsidies account for 7 per cent of investments in these sectors; while in Portugal 31 per cent of the financing of the water supply and sanitation sectors comes from financial resources from the national budget and municipal budgets and not from user fees (http://insaar.inag.pt/index.php?id=31)[30].", "26. Government support is therefore indispensable for several reasons to ensure funding. First, it is usually the main source of funding for capital-intensive infrastructure works, such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants.[31] In fact, when it comes to expanding access in unmet and impoverished areas, such as slums and other informal settlements, where the initial costs are high and the short-term return of investment is reduced, States can be the only actors willing and able to act on a large scale.", "27. Second, government funding in the form of grants may be necessary to make services for low-income households more affordable. A problem that has significant human rights implications is whether official subsidies programmes should be universal or targeted in certain sectors.[32] The targeted subsidies—destinated only to those in need— correspond to the reality that budgetary constraints restrict the resources that States can allocate to a particular sector.[33] At the same time, those who are in a position to contribute themselves should do so. Accordingly, States may undertake such measures as the verification of livelihoods to determine who to assist.", "28. However, it may be complex and onerous to ensure that targeted subsidies reach the beneficiaries to whom they are intended. It was particularly important to ensure that such subsidies did not cover a favouritism that benefited specific sectors on the basis of political linkages and did not lead to targeted minority recruitment, as such could accentuate disparities between sectors or regions. In this regard, it is particularly important that the procedure followed and the enabling criteria be fair, reasonable, objective and transparent.[34] Where the determination of persons in need of the subsidy is difficult, a universal grant system can be desirable to ensure that those in need of assistance receive it effectively. By not using any means of verification, universal systems can also be less costly in their administration. Essentially, States should have a system to ensure that households that need assistance for their access to safe drinking water and sanitation obtain it, taking into account the needs of present and future generations, as well as the efficient use of resources.", "29. Where individuals or families manage their own local services, subsidies or subsidies may also be required to ensure permanent access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In some cases, subsidies are granted for the construction of water supply points or latrines, but they are not usually granted for operation and maintenance. Governments give very little assistance to families in managing the elimination of excrements. The denial of the sustainability of such services poses a risk of decline and can lead to violations of human rights standards. Approaches such as the community-led total sanitation initiative have left valuable lessons, particularly on the allocation of resources for community-led capacity-building rather than the provision of subsidies for the construction of latrines to ensure that they are maintained and effectively used.", "3. International assistance", "30. Where household contributions and public expenditure are not sufficient to realize the rights to water and sanitation, international aid often contributes to their funding.[35] To maximize the resources available in compliance with the principle of progressive realization, countries have an obligation to resort to international aid when necessary.[36] In turn, countries in a position to provide assistance have an obligation to facilitate it in accordance with human rights principles.[37] This obligation of international cooperation applies to States that are parties to the relevant human rights treaties in general and do not belong to any particular State (E/CN.4/2006/WG.23/2, para. 50).", "31. While there has been a trend towards increased national funding over the past decade, international aid remains the main source of resources for the water and sanitation sector in many developing countries and some countries in transition.[38] Meanwhile, the proportion of international aid devoted to safe drinking water and sanitation has decreased over the past decade[39] and deserves a higher priority in funding taking into account the significant benefits of improved access (see below).", "32. In the current economic climate, States that rely heavily on international aid to support the realization of the rights to water and sanitation should promote the priority of financing such services within existing aid allocations, while taking steps to maintain progress in the realization of those rights even without significant increases in funding.", "33. This process begins with strong sectoral planning, including the simultaneous determination of a uniform sector policy and specific objectives. The evidence indicates that without a defined national policy framework it is particularly difficult to achieve effective service delivery[40]. Moreover, when international donors consider which sectors should be given priority, they often cite the existence of strong sectoral projects as a critical factor influencing their decisions.[41] Sectoral planning, meanwhile, should begin with a full assessment of available resources and the current situation in which the realization of the rights to water and sanitation is located, both in terms of general access and affordability, the extent to which services are acceptable and quality[42].", "34. If developing countries are required to take measures to ensure that international aid allocated to water and sanitation sectors is sustainable and support progressive realization, international donors have the corresponding obligation to facilitate it. International assistance should be in line with the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, ensuring that aid agreements are in conformity with international human rights standards and in line with the priorities of aid to the national policy frameworks of their development partners.[43]", "35. In addition, money is obtained for water and sanitation through loans and donations from international financial institutions and donors. These actors should strive to eliminate the improper conditionalities imposed on these financing agreements.[44] When development money is linked to the implementation of certain macroeconomic policies, it can lead to reductions in public spending that would otherwise support the realization of the right to water and sanitation.[45] Privatization of State property in particular of water and sanitation service providers can also be found in conditionalities. Where private sector involvement is not prohibited by human rights standards, not simultaneously taking concrete measures to regulate and maintain affordable access to service for all, significant dangers are created that such participation reduces incentives to expand and improve access in underserved areas and contributes to lower responsibility and higher household costs.", "4. Private and non-governmental sector support", "36. Private sector funding is primarily at stake to fill service gaps, caused by lack of government support. Waterers, for example, play an important but often informal role in communities that do not receive services. In the case of sanitation, private agents participate in the construction, management or maintenance of individual or public latrines, as well as in the sale of soap and other hygiene products. In more general terms, the private sector can intervene by filling funding gaps, offsetting the costs of providing water and sanitation services. However, formal private sector funding is usually made on the understanding that such funds will be reimbursed, which may be a disincentive to service delivery in low-income settlements. Similarly, non-governmental organizations can play an important role, but their contribution to global funding remains minimal. The Special Rapporteur has referred in detail to the role of private actors in supporting the realization of the rights to water and sanitation (see document A/HRC/15/31), reiterating that human rights standards are neutral with respect to economic models and that the duty falls primarily on States, which therefore bears responsibility for the recruitment and regulation of the services of private actors.", "C. Benefits of investments in water and sanitation", "37. When analysing the costs of investments in water and sanitation it is easy to lose sight of their benefits. In fact, the economic cost of not spending more on water and sanitation can be much higher. In developed countries, progress in life expectancy and infant mortality only accompanied economic growth after Governments began to make significant investments in water supply and, above all, sanitation.[46]", "38. The economic advantages of such improvements are extraordinary. According to some estimates, the ratio of benefits to the costs of meeting the Millennium Development Goals targets for water and sanitation together is 8 to 1[47].", "39. Universal access to combined drinking water and sanitation could generate benefits of $170 billion in non-OEC countries.47 These benefits are particularly evident in health improvement: for example, the prevention of diarrhoea and the economies in the treatment of diseases caused by lack of access to water and sanitation.[48] In fact, investments in improved water and sanitation services would reduce the total global cost of disease by at least 10 per cent, expressed in years of life adjusted for disabilities.[49] The benefits of running water in households also have significant positive impacts on the decline in infant mortality: a study conducted in Argentina found that the increase in current water connections reduced infant mortality in the poorest municipalities by 24 per cent.[50] The economic benefits of improved access to water and sanitation also include increased productivity of adults and the best assistance of children to schools, to which chronic diseases stem from lack of hygiene[51].", "40. Not all benefits can be expressed in monetary terms. There are intangible benefits, such as saving time and gaining dignity, which justify a careful consideration of their effects on human well-being. The particularly important positive impact for women and girls who have investment in water and sanitation is essential for the implementation of human rights obligations relating to gender equality. Environmental benefits are also difficult to quantify, but can be immense, as the improvement of water and sanitation services contributes to the fight against environmental degradation.", "III. Effective resource orientation", "A. Human rights and resource orientation", "41. The success in obtaining the necessary resources to achieve universal access alone does not guarantee the full realization of the rights to water and sanitation. The human rights principles provide three basic considerations that should guide States and international donors in identifying ways to allocate resources for water and sanitation. In the first place, resources must be directed primarily to the fulfilment of obligations with immediate effects.[52] States should then rely on those bases to more fully realize those rights and advance to higher levels of service. Second, States and donors should vigorously promote non-discrimination in their water and sanitation programmes and policies, seeking to eliminate the disparities in access that are based, in particular on race, colour, ethnic origin, religion, gender, economic status or citizenship. Finally, the principle of non-regress suggests that resources should contribute to the sustainability of long-term efforts towards the universal exercise of rights. Very often this means optimizing the use of existing resources and creating physical and normative infrastructure, as well as the human capacity to absorb new resources in the future.", "42. As a result of recent assessments of the resources available in the water and sanitation sectors, they are not always used to achieve progress towards the realization of rights. At both the national and international levels, most of the resources benefit relatively well-off communities rather than low-income communities that lack even basic access.[53] Furthermore, while States and international donors have made progress in expanding the scope of services, they do not consider the corresponding investments in the operation and maintenance of services, capacity-building and awareness-raising as a priority, all of which support the sustainability of progress in the exercise of rights. In short, money is not spent conveniently. The following sections will highlight some of the main human rights challenges that the current way of channelling resources into the sector and provide suggestions on how States could take advantage of resources more effectively.", "B. Resources do not reach the most vulnerable and marginalized sectors", "43. The fulfilment of immediate obligations relating to the rights to water and sanitation entails ensuring the basic access of all persons to such services, while giving priority to the most vulnerable and marginalized individuals and communities. The current allocation of resources, however, does not generally give priority to those sectors and there is no relation between the level of aid received by each country and the percentage of the population with adequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation services.[54]", "44. This is due to a number of reasons, including inadequate resource guidance and control as a result of lack of data, both at the national and international levels, and because donors give priority to certain recipient countries for geopolitical reasons. At the international level, most donors do not specifically know who the resources are or how they are directed. Just over half of donors show that they measure the impact of their aid on the poorest sectors of the population[55], and many report that more than half of their aid commitments for drinking water and sanitation were intended for middle-income countries.[56] In fact, seven of the top ten recipient countries for water and sanitation account for levels of access to improved water and sanitation services that exceed 90 per cent.[57] While aid to middle-income countries is important, it is essential to ask whether these substantial resources reach the most marginalized and disadvantaged sectors or are intended to improve access for the relatively well-off population.", "45. At the national level, few States report that they have systematically developed and applied criteria to ensure that sector resources are distributed equitably, in particular with regard to sanitation.[58] In India, for example, 166 million people have gained access to improved sanitation between 1995 and 2008, and yet in the poorest quintile of the population, access has barely improved by 3 per cent, approximately[59].", "46. States and international donors, in their water and sanitation strategies, should give priority to immediate obligations relating to those rights. Donors should consider changing their approach and the destination of their resources to low-income countries where basic access levels remain low, or developing stronger indicators to ensure that aid for middle-income countries is effectively targeted at marginalized and disadvantaged communities. In turn, States should develop national water and sanitation strategies that emphasize the expansion of basic access, ensuring that it reaches the most excluded and marginalized populations. This will also require increased financial support for control, both at the national and international levels, in order to monitor the fate of resources and identify those who benefit. Consultations with communities will also provide important information on the most needy households.", "47. Current funding patterns are disproportionately directed to urban areas already equipped with networks. Large urban systems (such as wastewater treatment plants and sewage pipes) receive enormously higher amounts than basic services in rural and disadvantaged areas (e.g. latrines, water wells and manual pumps). At present, 60 per cent of the total aid in the sector is intended to develop large systems, while only 16 per cent is targeted at basic systems[60]. This indicates a decrease of 10 per cent over 2003.", "48. When large-scale systems are projected, it is important to investigate who they benefit: whether such investments improve services for those who already have access to them or extend their reach to those who do not. Current water systems generally offer water of the best quality at the lowest per capita cost, thanks to economies of scale. But these systems must be made available to households that do not receive services or receive them to an insufficient degree in the suburban and informal settlements. The benefits of large-scale systems are now largely spent on high- and middle-income households, increasing discrimination and exacerbating disparities between the poor and the rich.[61]", "C. Choice of desirable technologies", "49. The progressive realization of the rights to water and sanitation does not automatically translate into higher costs. Different regions and situations will require a variety of technologies to be considered. There are low-cost technologies, and there is a need for more innovations to identify the most convenient solutions in various contexts. Different technologies can be used to provide sufficient short- and medium-term access to sectors of the population living in remote rural areas or informal urban settlements. Some of these technologies will be of low cost, others may be of greater but sustainable cost and thus represent a better investment over time. These various possibilities should be carefully examined to identify the most appropriate technology in each situation in order to achieve the full realization of the rights to water and sanitation. Investment in more expensive technologies does not necessarily lead to significant improvements in services[62]. Investment in low-cost and high-efficiency technologies, in turn, can dramatically reduce the amount of resources required for the exercise of rights.[63]", "50. The Special Rapporteur does not categorically reject any particular technology, nor does she suggest that the expansion or improvement of access to water and sanitation should be made at low cost. Low-cost sanitation solutions are often only temporary, as reliable services that improve long-term public health are normally achieved at higher cost. States should identify appropriate technology on the basis of the objective. If this involves, for example, stabilizing access to water in a short-term informal settlement with the view that the community concerned will obtain more permanent services in some years, low-cost solutions, such as water sales posts served by service companies, can be acceptable for a limited period of time.", "D. Management and maintenance", "51. The commitment of more resources to management and maintenance is essential for the long-term sustainability of efforts to realize the rights to water and sanitation. 75 per cent of the current annual resources required to achieve the Millennium Development Goals targets for water and sanitation are devoted to the replacement and maintenance of existing resources.[64] Regrettably, despite progress in expanding the scope of water and sanitation services, there is unequivocal evidence that many communities who had received better systems return to old patterns due to maintenance inadequacies.[65] In India, for example, about 30 per cent of communities that had gained better access to water and sanitation have lost it since then.[66] Throughout Africa, it is estimated that at any given time, there are between 30 and 40 per cent of manual bombs that are not in operation.[67] There is comparatively little international aid that is currently intended to cover these costs.[68]", "52. In order to avoid such setbacks, investments that take into account the cost of the life cycle of improvements in water or sanitation systems are essential, or are specifically directed at the maintenance and operation of new or existing services. From the point of view of efficiency, cost benefits are enormously higher when investing in operation and maintenance than when rehabilitating works after they have ceased to operate.[69]", "E. Decentralization and capacity-building", "53. In the long term, success in the exercise of the rights to water and sanitation also requires investments in human and governmental capacity, particularly at the local level. Decentralization of responsibility for the management of water and sanitation services can boost its efficiency, and thus its sustainability, while promoting transparency, accountability and sensitivity to local needs[70]. However, these virtues of decentralization are not automatic, and the central government maintains an important human rights control role. In particular, it should ensure that the most marginalized and disadvantaged sectors are given priority and that necessary measures are taken (e.g., through transfers of resources for special destinations to local authorities), in order to prevent financial resources from being diverted to privileged sectors of the population, or captured by them, or to other sectors.", "54. Local governments often do not have the financial and technical capacity to address the problems of access, affordability and quality of services. Decentralization of responsibility for the provision of water and sanitation services is not effective without the support provided to local authorities for the modification of tariffs or subsidy structures, planning new projects or obtaining new resources. However, reports indicate that the resources available to support capacity-building are scarce.[71] Local governments are often not systematically allocated sufficient resources to pay their full obligations, and few of them are in a position to obtain such funds themselves. A recent study revealed that approximately one third of the State &apos; s disbursements for water and sanitation are allocated to local government budgets[72].", "55. In order to ensure full compliance with their obligation to progressively realize the rights to water and sanitation to the maximum extent of their available resources, States that opt to decentralize water and sanitation control should improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the process by assigning greater resources to capacity-building at the local level. Investments in capacity-building should focus primarily on two areas. First, States and international donors should devote more resources to supporting the capacity of local governments for project financing and the expansion of services independently, while ensuring that resources are allocated to those most in need. This issue does not simply refer to giving more money to local authorities, but may involve improving the solvency of local governments and their ability to obtain their own external financing.[73]", "56. Second, more resources should be devoted to improving the capacity of local actors to absorb greater resources and manage and deliver water and sanitation services. This means more practical training on how to manage and maintain improvements in these services, as well as administrative training on the planning and budgeting of new projects, tax collection and, in some cases, the implementation of a grant programme.[74]", "F. Regulation", "57. In addition to capacity-building, progress towards the realization of the rights to water and sanitation cannot be sustainable without a strong policy framework.[75] National policy frameworks promote these rights in multiple ways, including by setting precise targets and benchmarks for their implementation; by clarifying and harmonizing the responsibilities of the various actors; by setting minimum standards of quality, access and affordability; and by improving accountability through the creation of incentives for compliance.[76] The policy frameworks allow Governments to give priority to populations who do not or do not receive services sufficiently and can lay the foundations for subsidy programmes and other safeguards for low-income families.[77]", "G. Community awareness-raising and outreach", "58. The proliferation and sustainability of water and sanitation services is not only dependent on the financing and construction of new facilities. States also have an obligation to educate communities about the hygienic use of water and sanitation services.[78] To allocate resources to community instruction on the use and benefits of water and sanitation and to consult them on their specific needs offers multiple advantages, including ensuring the proper use of services in a way that contributes to their long-term sustainability; better identification of communities with that service; and greater transparency and accountability; ensuring that services are acceptable and responsive to the cultural needs of the community; and overall improvement of public health. Despite these benefits, most countries still have limited capacity to allocate more resources to this area.[79] International support also remains low, and in 2008 it accounted for only 1 per cent of total sector aid[80].", "59. Outreach and awareness-raising activities also provide the basis for more effective service expansion in the future. The commitment of resources to these activities can often be translated into increased demand and thus generate greater political will. The need to create demand is particularly important with regard to sanitation, where the benefits of providing better services are not manifested with immediate evidence, and barriers to access may be important.[81] While the benefits of access to water are more evident, outreach can often play an important role in disseminating knowledge about the existence of grant programmes.[82] Fortunately, States begin to recognize the importance of channelling resources to community awareness-raising and outreach activities, as manifested, for example, in the 2008 eThekwini Declaration and its commitment to “storage” sanitation and hygiene in national poverty reduction strategies.[83]", "IV. Accurate collection of resources", "60. It is impossible for States to undertake a realistic assessment of the manner and fate with which they should spend their resources until they have a precise relay of their resources. For various reasons, including institutional fragmentation, lack of transparency and lack of mechanisms for monitoring individual contributions, it is currently difficult to measure accurately or to track the level of resources that enter or are lost from the sector. This section will briefly address these obstacles by providing some preliminary recommendations for improvement.", "A. Fragmentation problems", "61. The fragmentation, that is, the dispersion of resources and responsibilities between multiple and varied institutions and projects, each of which has its own rules and objectives, poses a fundamental problem for the precise measurement of resources[84]. Water supply and sanitation, in relation to various sectors ranging from public health to housing, are particularly exposed to this.[85]", "62. Fragmentation occurs often horizontally, between institutions, when sectoral aid is in charge of various ministries; for example, there may be an agency with policy powers responsible for the management of tariffs while another one that monitors the quality of water. In such cases, fragmentation does not always generate inefficiency or pose a serious threat to resource monitoring. However, it becomes a problem when multiple institutions are responsible for similar responsibilities or an institution has the responsibility to develop the policy while another controls economic resources[86]. Horizontal fragmentation also severely affects donors at the international level[87]. For example, when aid packages are negotiated, each donor often seeks special extrabudgetary provisions with the government. Such agreements may adversely affect the State &apos; s ability to take into consideration all available resources in developing sector strategies.[88] The Special Rapporteur has expressed concern about the problems caused by horizontal fragmentation in the reports on her missions in Costa Rica and Egypt (A/HRC/12/24/Add.1 and Corr.1, para. 61, and A/HRC/15/31/Add.3 and Corr.1, para. 13); but her discussions with many experts indicate that this is a systemic problem in the water and sanitation sectors around the world.", "63. Fragmentation can also be vertical, when it is not only produced between different ministries but also between national, territorial and local institutions. It often occurs with regard to decentralization, when it is not accompanied by a coherent national strategy and a strong policy framework.[89] The avenues of financing often become tortuous and cause onerous overlaps and duplication[90], and it may occur that in different parts of the country inconsistencies apply. The Special Rapporteur has commented on the central Government &apos; s primary role in ensuring the rights to water and sanitation in the provisions on decentralization of the provision of such services, in particular in her reports on the missions she carried out in Slovenia and the United States of America.[91]", "64. With regard to the measurement of available resources, fragmentation was an obstacle in several ways. First of all, it is quite common for various institutions, at the national or local level, to have an entry point in the water and sanitation sector as part of their broader portfolio of responsibilities. As in budgeting, the contribution of each agency to the sector may be formulated as part of those broader responsibilities (e.g., public health, housing, environment, etc.), it is difficult for States to accurately verify the amount of water and sanitation resources.[92] Indeed, this diffusion of water and sanitation responsibilities greatly contributes to insufficient resources[93]. In addition, as resources are located in several different accounts, it is difficult to monitor disbursements. For example, a single treasury account, which consolidates the totality of the cash available to a government and allows the tracking of the disbursements of funds and their destination[94], offers a way of solving this problem.", "65. Similarly, when very many agencies and stakeholders involved in the same sector, there are great possibilities of overlap and duplication of services. For example, a report on the location of water points in Malawi found that, due to lack of coordination, new water supply points near existing wells were being “strengthened” while areas in need of services continued to be discontinued.[95] Therefore, even if it is possible to determine the amount of what a State spends at a given time for water and sanitation services, it may still be difficult to determine the amount of resources available if such useless costs are eliminated. Finally, the different institutions, including international donors, may have different control mechanisms for water and sanitation, taking into account varied criteria and using their own methods. This poses a serious challenge for Governments relying on a national water and sanitation strategy, as it leads to diverse needs and costs assessments.[96]", "66. The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of national planning and a clear allocation of responsibilities for the effective exercise of water and sanitation rights (see A/HRC/18/33). States must therefore seriously assume their obligation to coordinate the work of actors at all levels and adopt a comprehensive policy for the water and sanitation sector.[97]", "B. Transparency issues", "67. Limited transparency in the water and sanitation sectors poses another critical challenge for accurate knowledge of available resources. Transparent budgeting for water and sanitation is essential for the sustainability and success of long-term sector improvements, as it is the basis for predictability, planning and equitable distribution of resources and coordination of services among various agencies. Transparency in budgeting can also serve as a platform for advocacy and accountability in vulnerable or underserved communities.[98]", "68. A low level of transparency in budgeting is mainly due to lack of detail. Often national budgets do not adequately account for expenditures in the water and sanitation sector, for how they are to be realized, where and by whom. This problem is closely related to the horizontal fragmentation, already mentioned, by which water and sanitation are part of multiple portfolios of broader responsibilities. Even when budgets are sufficiently detailed, access to information may be limited. Specific initiatives on water and sanitation, such as those of the International Centre for Drinking Water and Sanitation (www.washcost.org) and the Global Annual Assessment on Clean Water and Sanitation of UN-Water, are taking important steps to improve financing control in these sectors and to ensure better access to information for individuals and institutions. In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed on the monitoring of human rights budgets, which provides important tools for civil society and other stakeholders to gain access to information and to follow up on budgetary allocations so that Governments respond to their human rights obligations. This work entails disaggregation of budgets by regions and sectors and may have a profound impact on understanding how resources are distributed in accordance with human rights obligations. Monitoring of public spending is also important in assessing whether funds are actually allocated in accordance with the stated purpose of the budget.", "69. Although budgets are transparent, they often do not realize the other extra-budgetary resources allocated to water and sanitation by international donors and non-governmental organizations, which often aspire to manage their projects independently of Governments. The resources spent on these projects are almost never recorded in national budgets. Where States rely on international contributions for most of their work in the water and sanitation sector, this means that Governments and communities have little knowledge of the amount of resources available to them. In Malawi, for example, it was estimated in 2006 that extrabudgetary expenditures by non-governmental organizations would triple those in the annual water and sanitation budget.[99]", "70. Lack of transparency could also prevent accurate measurement of resources when States entered into contracts for the provision of services with the private sector, particularly when tendering procedures and contracts tended not to become public[100]. The Special Rapporteur has emphasized the importance of transparency in private sector participation, noting above all that final contracts and mandates must be subject to public control and observations (A/HRC/15/31, para. 36). Private contractors have sometimes also presented deliberately low offers to artificially reduce costs in order to earn contracts, thus achieving more favourable conditions in their bilateral renegotiation, a practice which the Special Rapporteur has pointed out as contrary to the requirements of human rights standards.", "71. In any kind of funding, lack of transparency can create incentives to subtract resources, give or accept bribes or engage in other misbehavior. Such activities result in increased costs that are not usually reported, which deprives Governments and agencies of a clear understanding of the amount actually available for water and sanitation.[101] For example, Transparency International has estimated that corruption could increase the cost of meeting Millennium Development Goals target 7.C by 2015 by nearly US$ 5 billion.[102]", "C. Lack of measurement of individual contributions", "72. As explained above, contributions by individuals and households play an important role in expanding and improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation. The Human Development Report cites the case of China, where progress has been made in accessing rural areas to sanitation, and 70 per cent of funding for these improvements comes from households.[103] However, the value of such contributions is not usually taken into consideration in assessing the costs of States.", "73. It was extremely difficult to track those contributions and include them in overall planning and budgeting. Although water and sanitation services rates are relatively easy to control, the amount of household spending to obtain and maintain their access to such services is more difficult to determine, particularly in cases of non-networking services. A human rights-based analysis requires consideration of these costs, as they affect the affordability of water and sanitation services. Such information is critical to understanding the sectors of the population that require assistance, and of what kind, in order to ensure that they have access to water and sanitation. The significant level of household contributions that are often required to obtain or maintain access to such services may be an obstacle for people living in poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "74. The present report has outlined a number of challenges in financing access to safe drinking water and sanitation for the exercise of these human rights. The achievement of safe drinking water and sanitation for all will require significantly greater resources to expand sustainable access to the billions of people who do not yet have it. However, beyond the need for increased resources, existing resources must also be better targeted to give priority to the most excluded and marginalized sectors. The more transparent and better coordinated budgets will also help to fully capture the resources available to address the water and sanitation crisis.", "75. On the basis of the findings of the present report, the Special Rapporteur recommends to States:", "(a) Prioritize funding, both in the national budget and in official development assistance, to safe drinking water and sanitation services, paying particular attention to expanding access to those services to sectors that do not receive or receive them in an insufficient way. This should include measures to identify the most marginalized, excluded and disadvantaged populations in terms of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and specific initiatives to improve their situation;", "(b) Ensure that household contributions are already made through the payment of fees or other forms of contribution, remain at affordable levels, including through the establishment of complementary systems to help low-income households achieve and maintain access to safe drinking water and sanitation;", "(c) Increase the percentage of international assistance for drinking water and sanitation and incorporate a human rights-based approach;", "(d) Ensure that sector resources are reported by all actors, including donors, private actors and non-governmental organizations, in order to obtain a full picture of sector resources and how they are targeted;", "(e) Prioritize spending on systems that most likely reach the most marginalized and disadvantaged sectors, in particular by ensuring that the supply of running water also reaches informal settlements, and consult communities on the types of technology available to ensure sustainable access;", "f) Incorporate into investments considerations relating to the cost of operation and maintenance of services to ensure their sustainability;", "(g) Investing resources in improving the capacity of local authorities in cases of decentralization;", "(h) Investing resources to ensure that the regulation can be effectively implemented and the necessary technical knowledge;", "(i) Investing resources in raising awareness of the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene as a means of generating greater demand for such services;", "(l) Ensure coordination, both horizontal and vertical, with both other stakeholders and donors, private sector service providers and non-governmental organizations;", "(m) Ensure transparency of budgets and other forms of funding for these sectors, including disaggregated data indicating the level of access for each sector of the population.", "76. The Special Rapporteur also encourages donor States, non-governmental organizations and international organizations to ensure that their policies, programmes and projects support efforts towards more coordinated and transparent financing in the drinking water and sanitation sectors.", "[1] Radhika Balakrishnan, Diane Elson and Raj Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies from a Human Rights Perspective (Carnegie Council, February 2009), pages 10 and 11. Available at http://www.cwgl.rutgers.edu/gobalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf. http://www.cw\\gl.rutgers.edu/gobalcenter/publications/whymes2.pdf.", "[2] Ibid.", "[3] See also the report of the independent expert on the implications of external debt and other related international financial obligations of States for the full enjoyment of all human rights, in particular on economic, social and cultural rights (A/65/260).", "[4] The meeting on macroeconomic policy and the right to safe drinking water and sanitation was organized together with the Center for Women’s Global Leadership at Rutgers University.", "[5] World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF), Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Sanitation and drinking-water: 2010 Update, pages 6 and 7. Available at http://www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/.", "[6] Ibid., page 8.", "[7] Ibid., page 9.", "[8] WHO and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Economic and health effects of increasing the coverage of low-cost household drinking water supply and sanitation interventions” (WHO/SDE/WSH/07/05), pages 21 and 22. Available at: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg10_offtrack.pdf", "[9] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All, report of the Global Group of Experts on Water Infrastructure Financing (March 2003), Preface. Available at: www.financingwaterforall.org/index.php?id=1098.", "[10] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-water 2010: Targeting Resources for Better Results (Geneva, World Health Organization, March 2010), page 20. Available at http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/.", "[11] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006. Beyond scarcity: Power, Poverty and the World Water Crisis (New York, 2006), Page 8.", "[12] UN-Water Global Annual Assessment, page 14.", "[13] Ibid., page 15.", "[14] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraph 2. Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1991, Supplement No. 3 (E/1991/23), annex III.", "[15] Ibid., paragraph 9.", "[16] Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex).", "[17] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraph 10.", "[18] Balakrishnan, Elson and Patel, Rethinking Macro Economic Strategies, page 8.", "[19] See, for example: E. Felner, “A new frontier in economic and social rights advocacy? Turning quantitative data into a tool for human rights accountability”, International Journal on Human Rights, No. 9 (December 2008); and S. Fukuda-Parr, T. Lawson-Remer and S. Randolph, “Measuring the progressive realization of human rights obligations: an index of economic and social rights fulfillment”, Economic Rights Working Paper Series, No. 8, Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Connecticut (August 2008).", "[20] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 2, paragraph 2.", "[21] General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraph 10.", "[22] General Comment No. 15 (2002), paragraph 37.", "[23] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture, Working Group on Water Financing for All, Report No. 1 (Marsella, France, March 2006)), page 6. Available at: www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/wwc_task_force_financing_water_for_all.pdf (see August 9, 2011).", "[24] See UNDP, Human Development Report 2006. Beyond scarcity: Power, Poverty and the World Water Crisis (New York, 2006).", "[25] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services (Paris, OECD Publishing, 2010), page 70.", "[26] R.W.A. Franceys “Charging to enter a water shop? The costs of urban water connections for the poor”, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 5, No. 6 (London, International Water Association Publishing, 2005), pages 209-216, 213 and 215.", "[27] Ibid., page 216.", "[28] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[29] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, page 77.", "[30] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pricing Water Resources and Water and Sanitation Services, page 72.", "[31] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All.", "[32] In her next report to the Human Rights Council on best practices (to be issued as A/HRC/18/33/Add.1), the Special Rapporteur will present regular types of subsidies that States use to make water and sanitation more affordable.", "[33] Thandika Mkandawire, “Targeting and universalism in poverty reduction”. Programme for Social Policy and Development, document No. 23 (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, December 2005).", "[34] Report of the independent expert on human rights and extreme poverty (A/HRC/11/9), para. 39.", "[35] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All, page 2.", "[36] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 2, paragraph 1, and General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraph 13.", "[37] Charter of the United Nations, Articles 55 and 56; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 11; and General Comment No. 3 (1990) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraphs 13 and 14.", "[38] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 46.", "[39] Ibid., page 15.", "[40] Ibid., page 38.", "[41] Ibid., page 22.", "[42] Further information on national human rights planning is found in the report submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/33).", "[43] Paris Declaration, paragraph 16.", "[44] Accra Agenda (A/63/539, annex), para. 18.", "[45] See the report of the independent expert on the implications of external debt and other related international financial obligations of States (A/65/260), section B.", "[46] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006.", "[47] Ibid.", "[48] Ibid.", "[49] Annette Prüss Üstün et al., Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008), p. 7.", "[50] R.W.A. Franceys, “Charging to enter the water shop?”, page 210.", "[51] Hutton, Haller and Bartram, “Economic and health effects”, page 30.", "[52] Draft guidelines for the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25, para. 2.3 (a).", "[53] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 26.", "[54] Ibid., page 33.", "[55] Ibid., page 35.", "[56] Ibid., page 26.", "[57] Ibid., page 24.", "[58] Ibid., page 34.", "[59] UNICEF, “Equity Fact Sheet: MDG 7”. Available at www.childinfo.org/files/MDG7.pdf.", "[60] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 30.", "[61] Sophie Trémolet, Pete Kolsky and Eddy Perez, Financing On Sanitation for the Poor: A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis (Washington, D.C., World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme, January 2010).", "[62] Catarina Fonseca and others, “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last” (WASHCost, April 2011). Available at www.washcost.info/page/121.", "[63] Guy Hutton and Jamie Bartram, “Regional and global costs of attaining the supply and sanitation target (target 10) of the Millennium Development Goals”, WHO/HSF/AMR/08/01 (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008). Available at http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/mdg_global_costing.pdf", "[64] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, Page 21.", "[65] Fonseca et al., “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[66] Ton Schouten et al., “Taking a service delivery approach to monitoring water supply in low income areas and implications for the Joint Monitoring Programme” (WASHCost, International Water and Sanitation Centre, 2011), section 1.1. Available at www.washcost.info/redir/.../Monitoring_sustainability_JMP_Berlin.pdf.", "[67] Ibid.", "[68] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 23. Of the 27 international donors, 8 were able to disaggregate disbursements as new services were concerned, the expansion of existing services or treatment levels, and the maintenance or replacement of services; only 13 per cent of aid was allocated to the latter category.", "[69] Fonseca et al., “Life cycle costs approach for water and sanitation services that last”.", "[70] Meera Mehta and Dinesh Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels (London, WaterAid, January 2008), page 45. Available at www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin¬_documents/financing_water_and_sanitation_at_local levels.pdf.", "[71] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 46.", "[72] Mehta and Mehta, Financing Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, page 46.", "[73] World Water Council, Enhancing Access to Finance for Local Governments: Financing Water for Agriculture. See also World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All, page 15.", "[74] Ibid.", "[75] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paragraphs 16, 47 and 48.", "[76] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All, page 9. See also Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHabitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation (2008), page 37; available at www.cohre.org/sites/default/files/manual_on_the_right_totation_and_pdf.", "[77] German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Working Group on Private Sector Regulation and Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, “Sharing the Experience on Regulation in the Water Sector” (April 2004). Available at www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-regulation-water-sector-africa.pdf. (See August 10, 2011).", "[78] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), American Association for the Advancement of Science, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHabitat), Manual on the Right to Water and Sanitation, page 106.", "[79] Stockholm International Water Institute and WHO, Securing Sanitation: The Compelling Case to Address the Crisis (Estocolmo, 2005), page 25. Available at www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/securingsanitation.pdf.", "[80] UN-Water, Annual Global Assessment, page 30.", "[81] Stockholm International Water Institute and WHO, Securing Sanitation, pages 24 and 25.", "[82] Sophie Trémolet, “World Water Day: a global inundation of funds is not enough” The Guardian, March 22, 2011. Available at www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/22/world-water-day-sanitation-hygiene.", "[83] Commitment No. 4 of the eThekwini Declaration, adopted by the Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene, held in Durban, South Africa, from 18 to 21 February 2008. The text of the Declaration is available at www.africasan3.com/Images/eThekwinAfricaSAn.pdf.", "[84] Mehta and Mehta, Financig Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, page 59.", "[85] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, pages 12 and 61.", "[86] Ibid.", "[87] Ibid., pages 70 and 71.", "[88] Tom Slaymaker and Peter Newborne, “Implementation of water supply and sanitation programmes under PRSPs: synthesis of research findings from sub-Saharan Africa” (London, Ultramar Development Institute, August 2004). Available at www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1663 blindness=water-supply-sanitation-prsps-synthesis-research-sub-saharan-africa.", "[89] Mehta and Mehta, Financig Water and Sanitation at Local Levels, page 59.", "[90] Ibid., page 28.", "[91] Document A/HRC/18/33/Add.2, paragraph 48, which calls upon the Government of Slovenia to intervene in municipalities that do not meet human rights obligations in relation to the Roma population, and document A/HRC/33/Add.4 (for the next publication), in which it calls for the establishment of a mandatory federal standard on the affordability of services in the United States of America.", "[92] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, page 62.", "[93] Ibid., page 61.", "[94] Ehtisham Ahmad, “Macro, fiscal and decentralization options to address marginality: reaching the extreme poor”, paper prepared for the International Round Table Conference on Marginality and Extreme Poverty entitled “Towards Inclusive Development for and with the Poorest”, held at the Development Research Centre at the University of Bonn, Germany, from 20 to 22 June 2011.", "[95] Katharina Welle, “Learning for advocacy and good practice: WaterAid water point mapping: report of findings based on country visits to Malawi and Tanzania”, WaterAid Report (London, Ultramar Development Institute, December 20059. Available at www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2592.pdf.", "[96] WHO and UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org.country collaborations/data reconciliation).", "[97] General Comment No. 15 (2002) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[98] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, page 63.", "[99] African Council of Ministers for Water, Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water and Sanitation; a Status Review of Sixteen African Countries (December 206), page 47.", "[100] Nila Ardhianie, “Water privatisation in Indonesia”, in B. Balanyá et al. (eds.), Reclaiming Public Water; Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory, 2005), page 227, and Violeta Petrova, “At the frontiers of the rush for blue gold Law privatization and the human water right to water 31, No. 2 (2006), pp. 577-614.", "[101] World Water Council, Third World Water Forum and World Water Association, Financing Water for All, page 10.", "[102] Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption in the Water Sector (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008), page 10. Available at www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_2008.", "[103] UNDP, Human Development Report 2006, page 128." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 65 a) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos del niño: promoción y protección de los derechos del niño", "Informe de la Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados", "Resumen", "El presente informe se presenta de conformidad con la resolución 51/77 de la Asamblea General y resoluciones posteriores sobre los derechos del niño, la más reciente de las cuales es la resolución 64/146. En su resolución 64/146, la Asamblea solicitó a la Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados que presentara un informe a la Asamblea General que incluyera información sobre sus visitas sobre el terreno, los progresos alcanzados y los problemas que subsistían en relación con la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados.", "El presente informe abarca el período comprendido entre agosto de 2010 y agosto de 2011 y ofrece una sinopsis de los avances alcanzados respecto de la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados, al que le sigue una descripción de las tendencias y los desafíos pendientes. En la sección II se detallan los progresos realizados durante el último año, en particular en materia de sensibilización, creación de asociaciones, recopilación de información y liberación de niños de fuerzas y grupos armados. En la sección III se destacan los retos pendientes en el contexto de la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos y se reseñan otras cuestiones emergentes que son motivo de preocupación. En la sección IV se describe el camino a seguir para poner fin a las violaciones de los derechos de los niños. En la sección V se describen las medidas adoptadas para incorporar la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados en las actividades generales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En la sección VI se presenta una serie de recomendaciones prácticas sobre la protección de los niños afectados por conflictos para que la Asamblea General las examine.", "En el anexo del informe se sugieren procedimientos operativos estándar en que se describen las medidas mínimas que pueden aplicar las fuerzas armadas nacionales, así como las fuerzas multinacionales y de mantenimiento de la paz, para garantizar la protección de los niños durante las operaciones militares.", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe se presenta a la Asamblea General en virtud de la resolución 51/77 y resoluciones posteriores sobre los derechos del niño, la más reciente de las cuales es la resolución 64/146. El informe abarca el período comprendido entre agosto de 2010 y agosto de 2011 y destaca los progresos realizados en el último año, tendencias y desafíos actuales, el camino a seguir para poner fin a las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños en los conflictos armados y la incorporación de la protección de los niños en las actividades generales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. El informe concluye con recomendaciones destinadas a mejorar la protección de los niños afectados por conflictos.", "II. Cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados: sinopsis de los avances logrados", "A. Mayor sensibilización a nivel mundial", "2. La sensibilización y la promoción de la reunión de información sobre la situación de los niños afectados por conflictos armados es un aspecto central del mandato encomendado por la Asamblea General a la Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados. Durante el período de que se informa la Oficina de la Representante Especial ha adoptado un enfoque multidimensional con respecto a la sensibilización.", "3. La Representante Especial ha seguido presentando informes sobre la situación de los niños y los conflictos armados a la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Además, la Oficina de la Representante Especial ha sido la entidad de la Secretaría encargada de la preparación, en estrecha consulta con los asociados de las Naciones Unidas y los equipos de tareas sobre los países, de los informes anuales y específicos de cada país sobre los niños y los conflictos armados presentados por el Secretario General al Consejo de Seguridad. Estos informes proporcionan una plataforma de promoción y una descripción autorizada y periódica de los progresos realizados y los desafíos planteados con respecto a la protección de los niños en situaciones de países concretos.", "4. La Oficina de la Representante Especial apoya la formulación de políticas mediante la preparación y distribución de documentación que contribuye a los debates normativos. Los documentos de trabajo sobre aspectos fundamentales de la protección de los niños, como el documento de 2010 sobre los niños desplazados internamente, aportan conocimientos y comprensión de las “zonas grises” en la materia aprovechando la experiencia académica y normativa y apoyando los esfuerzos de promoción. Además, junto con el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) y otros asociados clave de las Naciones Unidas, la Oficina de la Representante Especial ha formulado una amplia gama de directrices para las actividades sobre el terreno, que incluyen orientación y modelos que los asociados de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno pueden utilizar en la elaboración de planes de acción para poner fin a la violencia sexual y la matanza y mutilación de niños.", "5. La Representante Especial, como defensora mundial de los niños afectados por los conflictos armados, continúa siendo una voz moral independiente para esos niños. Mediante visitas sobre el terreno, la divulgación y el uso de medios de comunicación tradicionales y sociales, la Representante Especial ha logrado transmitir las preocupaciones relativas a los niños en zonas de conflicto, movilizar la solidaridad en pro de los niños afectados por los conflictos armados y mantener un sentido de urgencia entre los principales encargados de adoptar decisiones. Además, durante el período de que se informa su Oficina organizó nueve actos para sensibilizar e informar sobre la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados.", "6. La labor de promoción de la Representante Especial sigue haciendo hincapié en las misiones sobre el terreno. Las visitas sobre el terreno permiten evaluar directamente la situación de los niños, la colaboración con los gobiernos para apoyar sus esfuerzos de protección de los niños, la obtención de compromisos concretos de las partes en conflicto sobre la protección de los niños y el apoyo a la ejecución de actividades de seguimiento y presentación de informes, y el diálogo con las partes pertinentes. Durante el período de que se informa y por invitación de los gobiernos interesados, la Representante Especial realizó visitas sobre el terreno a Somalia (noviembre de 2010), el Afganistán (enero de 2011), Filipinas (abril de 2011) y el Chad (junio de 2011).", "B. Creación de alianzas mundiales", "7. De conformidad con el mandato encomendado a la Representante Especial por la Asamblea General, es indispensable crear asociaciones mundiales y una red de partes interesadas para mejorar la protección. La Representante Especial desempeña una función de coordinación y reúne a los interesados en la protección de los niños afectados por conflictos armados y actúa de puente entre todas las partes.", "8. Una de las prioridades fundamentales de la Representante Especial ha sido mantener un estrecho contacto con los miembros de la Asamblea General a fin de crear conciencia al respecto, hacer un balance de sus prioridades y fortalecer el apoyo mundial para la protección de los niños afectados por los conflictos armados. El Grupo de Amigos para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados, compuesto por Estados Miembros de todos los grupos regionales que se ocupan de la cuestión de la protección de los niños, ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en lo que respecta a esos contactos.", "9. Es esencial seguir manteniendo consultas con los Estados Miembros, en particular durante la preparación de los informes anuales y específicos de cada país del Secretario General sobre los niños y los conflictos armados, para asegurar que las preocupaciones de los Estados Miembros se tengan en cuenta a la hora de redactar los informes. De cara al futuro, la Representante Especial tiene previsto continuar este importante diálogo con los Estados Miembros afectados, a fin de fortalecer la colaboración y garantizar la participación y el compromiso con respecto a la protección de los niños.", "10. Las organizaciones de la sociedad civil son fundamentales para la labor de la Oficina de la Representante Especial. Informan a la Oficina de cuestiones emergentes que son motivo de preocupación, presentan sugerencias innovadoras sobre cuestiones normativas y desafíos y avisan a la Oficina de los ámbitos que es preciso mejorar, según convenga. La Representante Especial colabora estrechamente con organizaciones no gubernamentales a nivel mundial y nacional y celebra reuniones periódicas con representantes de la sociedad civil para intercambiar ideas, debatir sobre temas de interés común y mantenerlos al corriente de la evolución de la cuestión. Los esfuerzos concertados de promoción sobre situaciones de países concretos durante el período de que se informa, incluida la situación de los niños afectados por el conflicto de la República Centroafricana, han dado lugar a una colaboración más estrecha con las autoridades, una mayor atención internacional y la concertación de compromisos operacionales por los asociados en materia de protección del niño sobre el terreno.", "C. Recopilación de información sobre la cuestión de los niños afectados por conflictos armados", "11. Con el establecimiento del mecanismo de vigilancia y presentación de informes sobre los niños y los conflictos armados en 2005 en virtud de la resolución 1612 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad y su posterior aplicación en diversos países, los esfuerzos para reunir información oportuna y fidedigna sobre violaciones graves contra los niños han sido fructíferos. La creación de equipos de tareas sobre los países encargados del seguimiento y la denuncia de violaciones graves contra los niños, bajo la dirección de la máxima autoridad de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno, ha fortalecido la capacidad de reunión de datos de las Naciones Unidas y ha mejorado la recopilación y la transmisión de información precisa sobre seis violaciones graves. Este marco amplio de recopilación de información contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados y a una mayor gama de respuestas adecuadas de la Sede y los organismos y programas sobre el terreno. Hasta la fecha, el mecanismo de vigilancia y presentación de informes se ha aplicado satisfactoriamente en 15 situaciones de distintos países.", "12. Como resultado de los esfuerzos de recopilación de información en nombre del Secretario General, la Oficina de la Representante Especial, durante el período de que se informa, ha preparado seis informes relativos a países concretos sobre la situación de los niños y los conflictos armados en el Afganistán, el Chad, la República Centroafricana, el Iraq, el Sudán y Somalia, en consulta con los asociados pertinentes. Estos informes dan prominencia a la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados y, a través de su difusión, son una base sólida de información para la respuesta de los asociados nacionales e internacionales encargados de la protección de los niños y la sociedad civil, a la vez que proporcionan datos para la comunidad académica.", "D. Liberación de niños de las fuerzas y grupos armados", "13. El estudio de Graça Machel de 1996 relativo a las repercusiones de los conflictos armados sobre los niños (A/51/306 y Add.1) destacó que el reclutamiento y la utilización de niños por fuerzas y grupos armados era una característica alarmante de los conflictos contemporáneos que constituía una violación grave. Desde entonces, gracias a las actividades de promoción y los esfuerzos focalizados de los asociados nacionales e internacionales en materia de protección de los niños, se ha separado a un gran número de niños de las fuerzas y grupos armados. En 2010, 11.393 niños (8.624 niños varones y 2.769 niñas) recibieron asistencia para la reintegración con el apoyo de los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas (véase A/65/741, párr. 16).", "14. Combinando las actividades de promoción con el compromiso práctico para poner fin al reclutamiento y la utilización de niños en los conflictos armados, los planes de acción solicitados por el Consejo de Seguridad en, entre otras, la resolución 1539 (2004), también responden a la resolución 64/146 de la Asamblea General, en la que los Estados Miembros exhortaron a todas las partes en conflicto a que adoptaran medidas eficaces y con plazos determinados para poner fin a todas las violaciones y abusos de los derechos de los niños. Los planes de acción para poner fin a las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños demuestran un reconocimiento generalizado de que las repercusiones de los conflictos armados en los niños son una afrenta no solo a los derechos humanos y el desarrollo, sino también al programa de paz y seguridad de las Naciones Unidas.", "15. Hasta la fecha, se han firmado planes de acción para detener el reclutamiento y la utilización de niños en conflictos armados con 15 Estados y partes no estatales en 8 países: Afganistán, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Filipinas, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Sudán y Uganda. Durante el período de que se informa, las fuerzas de seguridad afganas y chadianas firmaron planes de acción para liberar a los niños presentes en sus unidades y aplicar las salvaguardias legales y los protocolos prácticos necesarios para impedir el reclutamiento y la utilización de niños. Hasta la fecha han concluido satisfactoriamente seis planes de acción. La Oficina de la Representante Especial, junto con los principales asociados de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos el UNICEF y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), apoya la promoción de la firma de planes de acción y proporciona apoyo técnico y orientación para su preparación y ejecución.", "16. La separación duradera de niños de las fuerzas y grupos armados es un proceso complejo que requiere garantías de seguridad adecuadas, el apoyo de los asociados para la protección del niño y la existencia de oportunidades de reintegración económica y social. De conformidad con los Principios y Directrices sobre los niños vinculados a fuerzas o grupos armados (Principios de París), la experiencia de los asociados operacionales demuestra que la asistencia para la reintegración de los niños debe adaptarse a sus necesidades concretas. Por lo tanto, las necesidades de los niños de menor edad son distintas de las de los que tienen edad de trabajar (entre 15 y 17 años, según la legislación nacional). Mientras que la asistencia a la reintegración de los niños de menor edad debe hacer hincapié en la escolarización combinada, según convenga, con la ayuda económica a la familia, los niños de mayor edad requieren por lo general formación profesional o cursos de aprendizaje, lo que permitirá su transición al mundo laboral. La Oficina de la Representante Especial, por conducto del Grupo de Trabajo Interinstitucional sobre Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración, presidido conjuntamente por el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), seguirá contribuyendo a la formulación de políticas y orientación sobre el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración de niños y realizando actividades de promoción encaminadas a la aplicación e incorporación de esa orientación en los programas generales.", "E. Perfeccionamiento del marco jurídico y normativo relativo a los niños y los conflictos armados", "17. Durante el período de que se informa, la Representante Especial desplegó esfuerzos para fortalecer el marco jurídico y normativo de protección del niño, en particular mediante la campaña para la ratificación universal del Protocolo facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados. La campaña “Zero Under 18” (Nadie menor de 18), se ha realizado en cooperación con el UNICEF, la Oficina del Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños, y la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH). El Protocolo facultativo, aprobado en 2000, prohíbe el reclutamiento forzado de niños menores de 18 años por fuerzas armadas y grupos armados y su participación directa en las hostilidades.", "18. La Representante Especial ha llevado a cabo actividades de divulgación con 34 Estados Miembros que no son parte en el Protocolo facultativo y ha realizado reuniones informativas para diversas organizaciones regionales, incluidas la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) y la Organización de Cooperación Islámica. La Oficina de la Representante Especial organizó un acto de firma durante la Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, celebrada en septiembre de 2010, y celebró un foro en Nueva York con motivo del primer aniversario de la campaña en mayo de 2010. Durante un seminario organizado por el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones, la Oficina prestó asesoramiento técnico a los Estados Miembros sobre el proceso de ratificación.", "19. Desde la presentación de la campaña en mayo de 2010, se han adoptado 12 medidas relativas a tratados: tres Estados Miembros han firmado el Protocolo facultativo (Etiopía, Irán (República Islámica del) y República Centroafricana), cinco lo han ratificado (Chipre, Djibouti, Gabón, Malawi y Seychelles) y otros cinco se han adherido a él (Arabia Saudita, Congo, Georgia, Guyana y San Vicente y las Granadinas). Hasta la fecha, 142 Estados han ratificado el Protocolo facultativo.", "20. La Representante Especial sigue alentando a los Estados Miembros a hacerse parte en otros tratados pertinentes, incluido el Convenio núm. 182 (1999) de la OIT sobre la prohibición de las peores formas de trabajo infantil y la acción inmediata para su eliminación, que define el reclutamiento de niños como una de las peores formas de trabajo infantil, así como la Carta Africana sobre los Derechos y el Bienestar del Niño (1999), que prohíbe el reclutamiento de niños y defiende sus derechos fundamentales.", "III. Los niños y los conflictos armados: tendencias y desafíos", "A. La naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos", "1. La utilización de niños como instrumentos de la violencia en los conflictos", "21. Una preocupación creciente es el uso de niños, a veces sin ellos mismos saberlo, para llevar explosivos. Durante el período que se examina ha aumentado de manera constante el número de niñas y niños utilizados por los grupos armados para tales fines. Estos niños, a veces de tan solo 8 años, no suelen ser conscientes de las acciones o consecuencias de los actos que son instigados a cometer. Tales actos suelen tener como consecuencia su propia muerte y la matanza de civiles, incluidos otros niños.", "22. Se sabe muy poco de las estrategias de captación de niños utilizadas por los agentes armados para que cometan esos actos de violencia. Sin embargo, los casos de los que se tiene conocimiento sugieren que se obliga a las familias a entregar a sus hijos para que participen en estas acciones y también hay casos de familias pobres que se han visto inducidas por grupos armados a entregar a sus hijos con la promesa de una remuneración. El uso de niños muy pequeños o niños con discapacidad para esos actos es también una tendencia horrible y muy preocupante. Urge subsanar esta escasez de conocimientos y entender mejor cómo se pueden prevenir estos actos. Al mismo tiempo, es necesario abordar mejor la estigmatización de los niños sospechosos de colaborar con agentes armados, y los prejuicios contra ellos, que dan lugar a otras violaciones de sus derechos, incluidos palizas, amenazas a los niños y sus familias, actos equivalentes a la tortura y arrestos y detenciones arbitrarios. En este contexto, debe prestarse especial atención a los niños pequeños, las niñas y los niños con discapacidad.", "2. Protección de los niños durante las operaciones militares", "23. En su último informe, la Representante Especial hizo hincapié en los riesgos para los niños durante las operaciones militares y la necesidad de poner en práctica políticas y procedimientos concretos, incluidos directivas tácticas y procedimientos operativos estándar, con el fin de hacer respetar el derecho internacional humanitario y prevenir violaciones de los derechos de los niños. Los nuevos instrumentos de guerra, incluido el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, y la ausencia de campos de combate claros y adversarios identificables suponen un mayor riesgo para los niños durante las operaciones militares. El uso de ataques aéreos, incluidos los realizados con aviones no tripulados, y las redadas nocturnas deben ser revisados con carácter prioritario por todos los agentes armados con el fin de minimizar el número de muertos y heridos entre la población civil y los daños a bienes de carácter civil.", "24. La seguridad de los niños es fundamental para la legitimidad y credibilidad de toda actividad militar. Ello es aún más importante en el contexto de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz o de estabilización, en las que el consentimiento de la presencia extranjera es fundamental para el éxito de la misión. Las normas para entablar combate de las fuerzas armadas deben prever la protección de los civiles como consideración fundamental en las operaciones militares, incluso en el contexto de las actividades de contrainsurgencia. Los principios de proporcionalidad y distinción deben ser defendidos en las situaciones actuales de conflicto por todos los agentes armados; solo mediante el respeto de estos principios puede prevenirse la victimización de los niños.", "25. La Representante Especial reitera su llamamiento a la elaboración de directrices y procedimientos operativos estándar para que las operaciones militares se lleven a cabo de conformidad con el derecho internacional humanitario vigente y garanticen la protección de los civiles, incluidos los niños. Durante el período que se examina, el ejército de Uganda ha elaborado procedimientos operativos estándar, con el apoyo de la Oficina de la Representante Especial, para garantizar la protección de los niños capturados por fuerzas armadas, o bajo la custodia de estas, durante las operaciones en contra del Ejército de Resistencia del Señor. La Representante Especial reitera su llamamiento a todos los agentes militares pertinentes, incluidas las fuerzas armadas, las fuerzas multinacionales y las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, para poner en práctica con carácter prioritario el conjunto mínimo de medidas mencionadas en el anexo del presente informe.", "3. Detención y enjuiciamiento de niños asociados con grupos armados", "26. Los Estados están arrestando y deteniendo cada vez más a niños por su presunta vinculación con grupos armados. Las condiciones en que se mantiene a los niños que son capturados y encarcelados a veces no cumplen las normas mínimas establecidas en diversos instrumentos jurídicos internacionales.", "27. En algunos casos, los Estados mantienen a los niños bajo detención administrativa, en vez de acusarlos de un delito penal y llevarlos ante un tribunal. Estos niños suelen permanecer detenidos durante largos períodos sin que se les permita el acceso a un letrado y sin que se apliquen otras salvaguardias legales. Está ampliamente demostrado que, cuando se les priva de su libertad, los niños son particularmente vulnerables a abusos de los derechos humanos, incluidos los tratos inhumanos y degradantes o actos equivalentes a la tortura.", "28. En otros casos, los Estados acusan a los niños de la presunta comisión, durante su asociación con un grupo armado, de actos tipificados como delitos en virtud de la legislación nacional o el derecho internacional. Estos niños a veces permanecen en un régimen prolongado de prisión preventiva sin acceso a asistencia letrada. Además, en los juicios ante tribunales nacionales o tribunales militares no se aplican en general las normas de justicia de menores ni las garantías procesales debidas. Como consecuencia de ello, los niños suelen ser juzgados sin representación o asistencia letrada, no están acompañados por sus padres o un tutor legal y no tienen una comprensión clara de los cargos presentados contra ellos.", "29. Puesto que su asociación con grupos armados suele ser forzada, y teniendo en cuenta su edad, los niños deben ser tratados primordialmente como víctimas, y no como autores de un delito. Se debe hacer hincapié en el enjuiciamiento de personas sobre la base del concepto de responsabilidad del mando. Los Estados también deben enjuiciar a los comandantes y reclutadores adultos no solo por el delito de reclutamiento de niños, sino también por otros delitos que puedan haber obligado a los niños a cometer.", "30. La detención y el enjuiciamiento de niños por los delitos cometidos durante su participación activa en las hostilidades debe ser siempre una medida de último recurso. Es posible que muchos de los niños acusados de esos delitos hayan sido obligados o inducidos a unirse a grupos armados. Durante su asociación con un grupo armado, los niños suelen ser maltratados, golpeados, explotados y manipulados por los comandantes para que cometan actos delictivos, que van desde delitos leves contra la seguridad a crímenes de guerra. Aunque se reconoce la necesidad de algún tipo de rendición de cuentas formal, es más adecuado apartar a los niños del sistema judicial. Entre las alternativas que velan por los intereses del niño y promueven su reintegración en la familia y la comunidad figuran mecanismos no judiciales como las medidas de justicia restitutiva, la búsqueda de la verdad, las ceremonias de curación tradicionales y los programas de reintegración.", "31. La Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño exige que los Estados busquen alternativas a los procedimientos judiciales para los niños a nivel nacional y que cualquier solución debe tener en cuenta el hecho de que “este asuma una función constructiva en la sociedad”. El hecho de que los niños entiendan y reconozcan que han obrado mal en el pasado desempeña una función crucial en su desarrollo psicológico y proceso de reintegración. La rendición de cuentas basada en enfoques restitutivos contribuye a la rehabilitación del niño y a la reconciliación con su comunidad.", "32. La Oficina de la Representante Especial está ultimando un documento de trabajo que examinará la cuestión de la responsabilidad y la rendición de cuentas de niños que han cometido actos delictivos durante un conflicto armado y las alternativas que pueden utilizarse para ayudarles a que se reintegren en la sociedad. El objetivo será aclarar la cuestión desde un punto de vista conceptual mediante el examen del marco jurídico internacional relacionado con la detención de niños, el trato y los derechos de los niños en régimen de detención, y la protección de niños que son procesados y juzgados. También se analizarán otros mecanismos de justicia no judiciales que estén más enfocados a la rehabilitación.", "B. Protección del niño y reforma del sector de la seguridad", "33. En los últimos años, a petición de los gobiernos o el Consejo de Seguridad, los órganos de las Naciones Unidas han desempeñado un papel cada vez mayor en la prestación de asistencia a los esfuerzos de los agentes nacionales para desarrollar instituciones de seguridad responsables y eficaces sobre la base de la no discriminación, el respeto de los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho. El apoyo ha abarcado desde la facilitación de debates sobre medidas de seguridad como parte de negociaciones más amplias entre las partes en un acuerdo de paz futuro a la prestación de asesoramiento y apoyo técnicos para la ejecución de los planes de reforma del sector de la seguridad. En este contexto, las consideraciones relativas a la protección del niño ocupan un lugar central en los esfuerzos por crear sistemas de seguridad responsables y basados en los derechos.", "34. Las necesidades de seguridad de los grupos marginados o excluidos socialmente, en particular las de los niños y las mujeres, deben tenerse en cuenta al elaborar planes para la reforma del sector de la seguridad. Las instituciones de seguridad deben integrar la protección de los niños como esfera prioritaria de sus mandatos; las amenazas a los niños a menudo han pasado desapercibidas, por lo que estos se han visto expuestos a violaciones graves de sus derechos, tanto en los conflictos como en tiempos de paz. En países como el Sudán y Sudán del Sur, el establecimiento de unidades especializadas de protección de menores en las fuerzas armadas ha contribuido en gran medida a asegurar una respuesta oportuna a los casos de violaciones de los derechos de los niños y ha ayudado a aumentar la conciencia sobre sus derechos y bienestar entre las fuerzas de seguridad de manera más amplia. Esas iniciativas positivas deben ampliarse a otros lugares. Además, con el fin de evitar la movilización de niños, los protocolos de reclutamiento deben garantizar la verificación rigurosa de la edad: cuando la información del registro civil esté incompleta o sea inexacta se deberá complementar con otros procedimientos para determinar la edad.", "35. Cuando se fusionan fuerzas y grupos armados, o se desmovilizan y reintegran como parte de un acuerdo de paz, es necesario garantizar, como primer paso en cualquier proceso de reforma del sector de la seguridad, que se separe a los niños que puedan estar asociados con las distintas partes. La etapa inicial en este tipo de situaciones suele ser el registro de los combatientes. Se deben aplicar medidas de manera sistemática para verificar la edad o, cuando no se disponga de datos fidedignos administrados por el Estado sobre fechas de nacimiento, establecer un método sólido para la determinación de la edad. Sin embargo, la separación de niños de las fuerzas y grupos armados no debería estar supeditada a planes de reforma del sector de la seguridad. El reclutamiento y la utilización de niños en conflictos armados contraviene al derecho internacional; existe el imperante normativo de identificar y separar a los niños en contextos como el de los planes de acción mencionados.", "36. La sensibilización y la capacitación sobre la protección de los niños es fundamental para fortalecer la rendición de cuentas y el respeto de los derechos humanos en las fuerzas de seguridad. Esta formación debe impartirse a todos los agentes del sector de la seguridad y debe abarcar el marco normativo internacional y nacional y su aplicación, así como el cuidado y el trato de los niños en conflicto con la ley.", "37. Por otra parte, asegurar que las instituciones de seguridad defiendan y apliquen las medidas de protección del niño es un objetivo a largo plazo que requiere dedicación y esfuerzos focalizados por parte de los agentes nacionales, a saber, el Gobierno, los órganos legislativos, el poder judicial y la sociedad civil. Mediante una alianza entre los agentes nacionales, con apoyo internacional, es posible incorporar la protección del niño en el sector de la seguridad.", "C. Protección de la educación en los conflictos armados", "38. En sus informes anteriores, la Representante Especial ha observado con preocupación los ataques crecientes a la educación. Esos actos incluyen la destrucción parcial o completa de escuelas y otros centros de enseñanza y las amenazas o los ataques dirigidos contra el personal docente. Los ataques a la educación socavan el establecimiento de un entorno protector para los niños y sus posibilidades de un futuro mejor. Además, los ataques violentos contra niñas y los ataques específicos contra su educación socavan su papel en la sociedad y les impiden el ejercicio de sus derechos.", "39. Durante el período que se examina se ha avanzado en lo que respecta a las medidas de protección de la educación y los derechos de los niños a la educación. Gracias al aumento de la atención internacional en este ámbito, en 2010 se creó la Coalición mundial para proteger de los ataques a los sistemas educativos, compuesta por organismos de las Naciones Unidas y organizaciones no gubernamentales. La coalición ha contribuido a prevenir ataques a la educación, a desarrollar una respuesta eficaz contra estos, a mejorar los conocimientos, el seguimiento y la presentación de informes, y a abogar por la formulación de normas y estándares internacionales y una mayor rendición de cuentas. En marzo de 2011, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) publicó un informe innovador en que se resaltaba el impacto de los conflictos armados en la educación[1]. La Representante Especial celebra estas iniciativas y espera con interés colaborar estrechamente con la Coalición mundial, la UNESCO y otros interesados para mejorar la protección contra los ataques a la educación.", "40. Tras la aprobación por la Asamblea General de su innovadora resolución 64/290, relativa al derecho a la educación en situaciones de emergencia, el Consejo de Seguridad también intensificó sus esfuerzos en este ámbito. En julio de 2011, el Consejo de Seguridad aprobó la resolución 1998 (2011) para que también se incluyera en los anexos de los informes anuales del Secretario General sobre los niños y los conflictos armados a los autores de ataques recurrentes contra escuelas y de ataques o amenazas de ataques recurrentes contra personal protegido en relación con esos centros. La Representante Especial elogia la atención que la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Seguridad han dedicado al derecho de los niños a acceder a la educación, e insta a los Estados Miembros a que, junto con otros asociados en la protección del niño, apliquen las decisiones de ambos órganos.", "D. Esfuerzos transfronterizos para proteger a los niños afectados por conflictos", "41. Debido al movimiento de civiles y combatientes a través de las fronteras, los aspectos regionales de los conflictos plantean nuevos desafíos para la seguridad y protección de los niños. Ha resultado difícil seguir las actividades transfronterizas de grupos armados como el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor, que está activo en amplias zonas de África central, por lo que ha sido igualmente difícil contener la amenaza que estos plantean. Cabe destacar dos aspectos con respecto a la respuesta operacional a los desafíos planteados por las amenazas transfronterizas.", "42. En primer lugar, es necesario que haya un mecanismo coordinado de vigilancia y presentación de informes que pueda aglutinar los diversos aspectos de la información específica de cada país a fin de tener una visión global de las tendencias y pautas de las violaciones perpetradas por los grupos armados. Esto es fundamental para que se adopten medidas prácticas adecuadas que protejan a los civiles en las zonas afectadas. Por ejemplo, durante el período que se examina, con el apoyo de la Oficina de la Representante Especial, el UNICEF aumentó su capacidad para facilitar la coordinación y el intercambio de información sobre el Ejército de Resistencia del Señor entre los equipos de protección del niño en la República Centroafricana, la República Democrática del Congo, el Sudán y Uganda.", "43. En segundo lugar, la reintegración de niños que han estado asociados con fuerzas y grupos armados suele conllevar un componente de repatriación, mediante el cual el niño, que operaba junto a una fuerza o grupo armado en territorio extranjero, regresa a su país de origen para reintegrarse a la vida civil. En esos casos, es esencial la coordinación y el contacto estrechos entre las autoridades nacionales y los asociados en materia de protección del niño.", "IV. Medidas para poner fin a las violaciones y los abusos de los derechos de los niños en los conflictos", "A. Causas subyacentes", "44. Los esfuerzos para poner fin a las violaciones y los abusos de los derechos de los niños durante los conflictos deben ser el resultado de un conocimiento en profundidad de las causas estructurales del conflicto y las circunstancias que dan lugar a estas violaciones y abusos. La pobreza, la discriminación, la degradación del medio ambiente, la marginación social y económica y la desigualdad son algunos de los factores que crean las condiciones necesarias para que los niños se asocien a fuerzas o grupos armados, ya sea por la fuerza o voluntariamente.", "45. Los estudios demuestran una fuerte correlación entre la pobreza y los conflictos violentos, así como entre los conflictos violentos y los bajos niveles de desarrollo humano. Según los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, los países en situaciones de conflicto armado representan un tercio de las personas que viven en la extrema pobreza, la mitad de los niños que no tienen acceso a la enseñanza primaria y la mitad de los niños que mueren antes de cumplir 5 años. Aunque no todos los niños pobres en situaciones de conflicto se hacen soldados, la pobreza es un factor que contribuye de manera importante a que los niños se unan a fuerzas y grupos armados. En varias zonas, la pobreza conlleva la falta de acceso a la educación y otros servicios sociales básicos y escasas oportunidades de empleo y generación de ingresos. Los niños, a menudo con el apoyo de los padres y la incitación de los agentes armados, se hacen combatientes con la esperanza de recibir alimentos, alojamiento y protección.", "46. Las percepciones de discriminación, injusticia social, exclusión política y desigualdades económicas son a menudo factores que motivan a los niños a unirse a grupos armados. En combinación con la identidad colectiva, que suele definirse en términos étnicos, regionales o religiosos, estas percepciones se convierten en poderosos elementos de movilización de comunidades, incluidos los niños. Los grupos armados utilizan a veces la lealtad al grupo como instrumento de presión y los miembros de la comunidad se ven llamados a desempeñar su papel y contribuir con sus hijos a la lucha. Los niños son susceptibles a estas exigencias, no solo como resultado de la presión social o un sentido del deber, sino también como consecuencia de las injusticias personales que hayan sufrido. Cuando se cometen delitos contra los niños de manera impune, muchos se unen a grupos armados motivados por un deseo de venganza.", "47. La debilidad de la autoridad del Estado, particularmente en las zonas periféricas, es otro factor que contribuye al conflicto y a que los niños se vean expuestos a la violencia. Cuando el Estado tiene dificultades para garantizar la seguridad, prestar servicios sociales básicos, pronunciarse sobre quejas y facilitar la actividad económica, las comunidades locales acuden a otras formas de autoridad. Es posible que se dé precedencia a las estructuras de gobierno o los mecanismos de justicia tradicionales ante la debilidad de las instituciones establecidas por la ley. No obstante, las estructuras tradicionales de gobierno no suelen sustentarse en los criterios normativos y los mecanismos de protección facilitados por el Estado. Allí donde hay un conflicto, las comunidades locales también suelen formar grupos de autodefensa y a menudo reclutan a niños jóvenes de la comunidad para luchar y defenderlas de las amenazas externas.", "48. En algunas sociedades, los conflictos violentos prolongados se convierten en un fin en sí mismos, con una economía política impulsada por la lógica de las ganancias económicas y el compromiso político. En esos contextos, los niños se ven condicionados socialmente a asumir que la guerra es la norma, en vez de la excepción, y a sacar provecho de las estructuras que esta crea. Los jefes militares se convierten en modelos para los niños y los valores militares pasan a formar parte de la vida cotidiana. Unirse a un grupo armado puede facilitar la movilidad social, además del acceso a los recursos y la capacidad de ejercer poder e influencia en el territorio controlado por el grupo armado. En esas situaciones de conflicto crónico, unirse a un grupo armado puede ser visto por los niños como una vía legítima de avanzar en una sociedad que apenas les ofrece otras posibilidades.", "49. Estos son algunos de los factores clave que crean un entorno que favorece que los niños se vean atrapados en conflictos. Si no se abordan las condiciones que dan lugar a conflictos a nivel estratégico, los niños seguirán siendo víctimas de los conflictos armados. En este sentido, en virtud de lo solicitado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 63/241, los Estados deben mejorar “la complementariedad y la coordinación de las políticas y estrategias nacionales en materia de seguridad, desarrollo, derechos humanos y cuestiones humanitarias, con miras a abordar de manera eficaz, sostenible y amplia los efectos a corto, mediano y largo plazo de los conflictos armados en los niños”. El sistema de las Naciones Unidas y, a un nivel más amplio, la comunidad internacional deben apoyar los esfuerzos de los gobiernos encaminados a la creación de sociedades que sean resistentes durante los conflictos, en particular contribuyendo al desarrollo económico y la equidad, además de apoyar iniciativas para fortalecer la justicia social y la rendición de cuentas.", "B. Prevención de violaciones y abusos de los derechos de los niños", "50. A nivel estratégico, está claro que la forma más eficaz de proteger a los niños del flagelo de la guerra es mitigando el estallido de un conflicto armado. La prevención de conflictos conlleva abordar las causas subyacentes de la violencia y promover el desarrollo humano sostenible y equitativo. Según se desprende del estudio Machel y del examen decenal de 2007 de ese estudio (véase A/62/228), para que la prevención de conflictos y la consolidación de la paz sean sostenibles es preciso ir más allá de los acuerdos políticos y fortalecer los vectores clave de la paz, incluida la buena gobernanza; crear un sector de la seguridad responsable, legítimo y basado en normas; un sistema judicial independiente y eficaz; prestar servicios sociales básicos; y crear un entorno económico propicio para la creación de empleo y riqueza.", "51. Los estudios sugieren que existe una fuerte correlación entre una población joven desproporcionadamente grande y los conflictos civiles. Aunque los datos demográficos por sí solos no provocan conflictos, la aplicación de programas de desarrollo que de manera sistemática hagan participar y vayan dirigidos a los jóvenes, particularmente en los países con un aumento de la población joven, podría mitigar el riesgo. La necesidad de promover el empleo juvenil y el desarrollo de aptitudes entre los jóvenes en tiempos de paz y en períodos posteriores a los conflictos debe ser un componente importante de las estrategias de reconstrucción y desarrollo.", "52. Las medidas anteriores, de carácter general y a largo plazo, deben ser abordadas de manera progresiva por los Estados afectados por conflictos, con el apoyo sostenido de la comunidad internacional. Los agentes nacionales pueden adoptar una serie de medidas más directas de protección, con apoyo internacional. Durante los conflictos, la creación de redes de protección de los niños puede ayudar a las comunidades a proteger mejor a estos. Estas redes alertan a la comunidad de amenazas o violaciones de sus derechos y pueden ayudar a formular una respuesta comunitaria a las consecuencias de la violencia. También pueden ayudar a prevenir los abusos mediante la sensibilización y la creación de vínculos con entidades que pueden proporcionar protección. La posibilidad de confiar en una red de apoyo hace que los niños se sientan más seguros y proporciona un mecanismo de asistencia cuando se cometen violaciones o abusos de sus derechos.", "53. Al comienzo de un conflicto, se debe convencer a los líderes comunitarios de que hagan un esfuerzo especial para negociar con las partes a fin de asegurar que las escuelas sean designadas “zonas de paz” y no sean objeto de ataques ni utilizadas por fuerzas militares o grupos armados. De esta manera, los niños podrán seguir sus estudios sin ser objeto de abusos ni violencia. Las medidas comunitarias para proteger las escuelas son otra forma de garantizar la seguridad de los niños. El mantenimiento de un cierto grado de normalidad en la vida de los niños durante un conflicto, mediante la continuación de la enseñanza, contribuye a su desarrollo, a la vez que previene que sean reclutados por agentes armados.", "C. La rendición de cuentas a nivel mundial", "54. Desde el estudio Machel de 1996, la comunidad internacional ha logrado avances significativos en lo que respecta al fortalecimiento del marco jurídico de protección de los niños en los conflictos armados y al enjuiciamiento de los autores de los delitos cometidos contra ellos. La Corte Penal Internacional, los Tribunales Penales Internacionales para la ex Yugoslavia y para Rwanda y el Tribunal Especial para Sierra Leona se han ocupado de violaciones contra los derechos de los niños. Estos tribunales internacionales e híbridos, junto con salas mixtas, como las establecidas en Bosnia y Herzegovina, han sido un complemento fundamental de los mecanismos nacionales de justicia en lo que respecta a los delitos contra niños.", "55. Es preciso destacar que solamente mediante los esfuerzos internacionales no pueden lograrse resultados duraderos en la lucha contra la impunidad. La rendición de cuentas sostenida por los delitos cometidos solo puede lograrse a través de la implicación de la población y el sistema de justicia del país en cuestión, de conformidad con las normas internacionales. En las sociedades que salen de un conflicto, en que las instituciones del Estado y el tejido social han sido debilitados por la guerra, la comunidad internacional tiene un papel importante que desempeñar en la prestación de apoyo a los esfuerzos nacionales para fortalecer el sector de la justicia y el estado de derecho de manera más amplia. El desarrollo de la capacidad de las sociedades para hacer frente a las violaciones de derechos mediante un sistema judicial eficaz es la única manera de garantizar que la justicia sea sostenible.", "56. La comunidad internacional también debe apoyar los mecanismos de reparación en países que salen de un conflicto armado. Las reparaciones son una forma de proporcionar justicia social en las sociedades que salen de un conflicto y son un mecanismo eficaz adicional de rendición de cuentas. Ello es especialmente cierto en las zonas donde el acceso a la justicia y la reparación por conducto de los tribunales es difícil o no es posible como consecuencia de la debilidad del sistema judicial o la falta de confianza en el poder judicial, cuando se desconoce la identidad de los autores o cuando, por motivos políticos, se exime a los autores de abusos de los derechos humanos de los procesos judiciales de rendición de cuentas.", "D. Necesidad de un diálogo sobre la protección", "57. En su resolución 64/146, la Asamblea General instó a los Estados y demás partes en conflictos armados que, en contravención del derecho internacional aplicable, incurrían en abusos y violaciones de los derechos de los niños, a que adoptaran medidas eficaces y con plazos determinados para poner fin a esas prácticas. La prestación de protección y asistencia a niños víctimas de abusos y violaciones de sus derechos en conflictos armados por parte de los Estados, junto con entidades de las Naciones Unidas, la sociedad civil y las organizaciones regionales, requiere un diálogo entre todos los interlocutores, con el fin de asegurar la coordinación y el establecimiento de mecanismos adecuados de respuesta. Las asociaciones con los gobiernos son fundamentales para poner fin a las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños. En este sentido, los comités interministeriales integrados por las entidades gubernamentales competentes pueden servir de foros eficaces para la coordinación y el diálogo con homólogos de las Naciones Unidas.", "58. Cuando sea pertinente y posible, puede haber un diálogo con agentes no estatales en el contexto de los procesos de paz. Sin embargo, en estrecha colaboración con los gobiernos pertinentes, debe estudiarse la posibilidad de mantener un diálogo sobre el establecimiento de medidas eficaces y con plazos determinados para proteger a los niños que hayan sido víctimas de abusos, incluidos planes de acción para poner fin a violaciones concretas, independientemente del estado en que se encuentren las deliberaciones políticas. Los contextos varían y la experiencia ha demostrado que la innovación es un ingrediente clave para la adopción de medidas eficaces de protección. Ante la ausencia de un proceso de paz, los gobiernos, como principales garantes de la protección de los niños, deben colaborar con las Naciones Unidas para garantizar la aplicación por todas las partes de medidas eficaces y con plazos determinados que incluyan planes de acción.", "E. Medidas selectivas y graduales", "59. Siguen desplegándose esfuerzos para fortalecer los vínculos entre la labor del Consejo de Seguridad relativa a los niños y los conflictos armados y su régimen de sanciones. Las sanciones selectivas y graduales contra quienes cometen abusos repetidos deben aplicarse como último recurso, cuando no se haya logrado poner fin a la impunidad por los delitos cometidos contra niños a través de los demás medios. En su resolución más reciente sobre los niños y los conflictos armados (resolución 1998 (2011)), el Consejo de Seguridad reafirmó su disposición, expresada en anteriores resoluciones y declaraciones de la Presidencia, a adoptar medidas selectivas y graduales contra quienes persistan en perpetrar violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños, y a integrar cada vez más esas violaciones en sus regímenes de sanciones.", "60. En respuesta a ello, en mayo de este año, la Representante Especial, durante una presentación al Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea, propuso que las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños se incluyeran como criterios de designación para la aplicación de sanciones. El Consejo de Seguridad, en su resolución 2002 (2011), amplió el régimen de sanciones en Somalia para incluir en sus criterios de designación las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños en los conflictos armados. Una colaboración más estrecha entre el Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea y el Grupo de Trabajo del Consejo de Seguridad sobre los niños y los conflictos armados mejorará la coherencia en la labor del Consejo y fortalecerá sus medidas contra la impunidad. De cara al futuro, será fundamental ampliar esta práctica a otros comités de sanciones que se ocupan de los autores de violaciones graves repetidas de los derechos de los niños.", "F. Papel de los gobiernos en la protección de los niños afectados por conflictos", "61. Los gobiernos tienen la responsabilidad primordial de proteger a los niños y, más ampliamente, a la población civil. Es preciso tomar una serie de medidas para crear un entorno de protección de los niños, antes, durante y después de un conflicto. En primer lugar, es necesario establecer un marco jurídico nacional en que se consagren normas internacionales que defienda los derechos de los niños y los proteja de las consecuencias de los conflictos. En este sentido, la ratificación y posterior aplicación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, por medios como su incorporación en la legislación nacional, seguida de los ajustes normativos necesarios en materia administrativa, presupuestaria y social, es un paso clave fundamental para la protección de los niños. Otros instrumentos jurídicos relativos específicamente a los niños, como códigos o leyes de protección del niño, que incluyen una amplia gama de medidas que van desde la justicia de menores a las medidas punitivas contra las violaciones y abusos de los derechos del niño, han proporcionado un nivel adicional de protección jurídica en los Estados afectados por conflictos.", "62. Tras un conflicto, es preciso que las autoridades nacionales pongan en marcha mecanismos de justicia de transición que aseguren la rendición de cuentas por los crímenes de guerra cometidos contra niños. Los mecanismos de justicia de transición basados en procesos judiciales pueden complementarse con mecanismos no judiciales de rendición de cuentas. Estos mecanismos, que pueden incluir la búsqueda de la verdad y enfoques restitutivos, pueden proporcionar el efecto catártico necesario para la reconciliación y son adecuados cuando los autores son niños que, como tales, no deberían ser enjuiciados. Por ejemplo, la Ley de Víctimas aprobada recientemente en Colombia es una iniciativa loable que tiene por objeto asegurar que los niños que han sido víctimas de violaciones y abusos de sus derechos durante el conflicto reciban una reparación por parte del Gobierno.", "G. Actividades de promoción", "63. Ante los importantes desafíos pendientes en materia de protección de los niños afectados por conflictos, las actividades de promoción son fundamentales para crear conciencia e incitar al cambio de comportamiento con miras a poner fin definitivamente a las violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños en los conflictos. Los esfuerzos de promoción de la Representante Especial seguirán poniendo de relieve cuestiones de interés fundamental con el fin de recabar un mayor apoyo político y de los donantes para los gobiernos y los asociados operacionales que trabajan en el ámbito de la protección de los niños afectados por conflictos.", "64. Los esfuerzos de promoción se centrarán en una serie de ámbitos prioritarios. Estos incluyen la prestación de asistencia amplia y a largo plazo para la reintegración de los niños, basada en las mejores prácticas de programación que se hayan determinado; los derechos de los niños desplazados internamente, en particular con respecto al acceso a la educación y la seguridad; los derechos de los niños en contacto con los sistemas de justicia, como víctimas y autores de delitos; la relación entre los conflictos y la pobreza, haciendo especial referencia a los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio; y los desafíos en materia de protección planteados por la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos y la exposición de los niños a las operaciones militares.", "65. La Representante Especial seguirá colaborando con los Estados Miembros, los expertos y la comunidad académica para fomentar un mayor conocimiento y desarrollar y perfeccionar el conocimiento y la comprensión de los retos emergentes para la protección de los niños en los conflictos.", "V. Incorporación de la protección del niño en las actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "A. Protección de los niños en las misiones sobre el terreno de las Naciones Unidas", "66. Una de las prioridades fundamentales para la Representante Especial ha sido la incorporación de la experiencia en materia de protección del niño en las actividades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, de conformidad con su mandato de contribuir a la coordinación de esfuerzos y promover la recopilación de información sobre la situación de los niños afectados por conflictos armados. Dentro de la Secretaría, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, ambos con presencia sobre el terreno, han nombrado a coordinadores para asegurar que las cuestiones relativas a la protección del niño se tengan en cuenta en las políticas y actividades operacionales de sus departamentos, a la vez que colaboran estrechamente con la Oficina de la Representante Especial. En 2011, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz consiguió un puesto de plantilla para el coordinador de la protección del niño, lo que permite la prestación de apoyo específico y sostenido a los asesores en materia de protección de menores sobre el terreno y la integración de la protección del niño en las actividades de la Sede. Habida cuenta de los desafíos crecientes en materia de protección del niño señalados en el presente informe, es imprescindible adoptar un enfoque sistemático sobre la protección del niño en los departamentos competentes de la Secretaría. La Representante Especial alienta a los órganos clave de la Secretaría, incluidos el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, el ACNUDH y la Oficina de Apoyo a la Consolidación de la Paz, a seguir el ejemplo del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz.", "67. La directriz sobre la protección de los niños del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, establecida en 2009 y reseñada en el informe anterior de la Representante Especial (A/65/219), orienta las actividades de protección del niño en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y contribuye a la recopilación de información precisa, objetiva, fidedigna y verificable sobre violaciones graves de los derechos de los niños. La directriz define las funciones y responsabilidades del personal encargado de la protección de los niños en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y proporciona un marco claro respecto de la división del trabajo y la complementariedad entre las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y los órganos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas. Se prevé que la directiva se examine y actualice durante el próximo ciclo de presentación de informes. El examen puede servir para estudiar la posibilidad de que el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos formulen directrices conjuntas sobre la protección del niño aplicables a todas las misiones sobre el terreno de las Naciones Unidas. Es fundamental incorporar la protección del niño en las actividades de las misiones políticas especiales y las oficinas de consolidación de la paz gestionadas por el Departamento de Asuntos Políticos, ya que están llamadas a desempeñar un papel cada vez mayor en materia de protección del niño en situaciones posteriores a conflictos y durante la compleja transición del mantenimiento de la paz a la consolidación de la paz.", "68. Desde la adopción de la política de protección del niño, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz ha formulado un plan de aplicación de políticas para facilitar la ejecución sostenida y sistemática del mandato de protección del niño sobre el terreno y en la Sede. Entre las principales prioridades señaladas en el plan figura el fortalecimiento de las actividades de capacitación para el personal de mantenimiento de la paz. En este sentido, el Departamento colabora con la Oficina de la Representante Especial, el UNICEF y Save the Children para fortalecer y preparar programas y material de capacitación previo al despliegue y en la misión.", "69. El apoyo de la Asamblea General al despliegue y la función de los asesores de protección de menores ha sido considerable, en particular mediante la resolución 62/141, relativa a los derechos del niño, y el Comité Especial de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz. Se ha nombrado a asesores de protección de menores en siete misiones sobre el terreno. En este sentido, cabe destacar que la mayoría de los mandatos de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y las misiones políticas de las Naciones Unidas incluyen actualmente una dimensión relativa a la protección del niño. El compromiso de proteger a los niños ha cobrado un protagonismo cada vez mayor en la plantilla y los recursos destinados a la protección del niño aprobados por la Asamblea General para las operaciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno, a través de la labor de la Quinta Comisión, con el asesoramiento de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto y el apoyo del Comité Especial de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz. La Representante Especial agradece el apoyo crucial de la Asamblea General a la incorporación de la protección del niño en las actividades de las Naciones Unidas e insta a que se siga prestando apoyo a las mismas.", "B. Asociaciones en materia de protección del niño en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas", "70. Como presidenta del Equipo especial para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados de la Sede, la Representante Especial se reúne con 16 departamentos, organismos, fondos y programas con el fin de celebrar consultas sobre cuestiones relativas a la protección del niño y la preparación del informe anual del Secretario General sobre los niños y los conflictos armados. Estos encuentros ayudan a determinar los ámbitos que requieren una mayor promoción, presencia en las actividades generales o cooperación y coordinación. Mediante los equipos de tareas sobre los países, la Oficina de la Representante Especial ha seguido apoyando los esfuerzos sobre el terreno en materia de protección del niño, en particular mediante la prestación de apoyo técnico, además del apoyo a la formación, la promoción y la recaudación de fondos.", "71. Durante el período de que se informa prosiguió la estrecha colaboración entre el UNICEF y la Oficina de la Representante Especial. Esta cooperación ha sido fundamental para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados, tanto a nivel mundial como sobre el terreno, y la coordinación técnica sigue dando sus frutos en lo que respecta a la orientación para las actividades sobre el terreno, la aplicación de planes de acción y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de protección de los niños sobre el terreno. La Representante Especial mantiene su compromiso de defender esta cuestión ante los países donantes para que estos planes de acción y programas de reintegración dirigidos por el UNICEF reciban la atención necesaria en términos de financiación sostenible a largo plazo.", "72. También se coordinan actividades de manera periódica con la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños respecto de temas de interés común, incluida la campaña conjunta para la ratificación universal de los Protocolos facultativos de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño.", "73. La Oficina de la Representante Especial sigue colaborando estrechamente con la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos para promover actividades de prevención de la violencia sexual contra los niños. El período que se examina ha sido testigo de una mayor colaboración a nivel técnico para que las actividades de ambas oficinas se complementen entre sí. Diversos funcionarios de la Oficina de la Representante Especial participaron en un curso práctico sobre este tema organizado por el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y han colaborado de forma continua con la Oficina de la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el UNICEF en la preparación de orientaciones sobre la violencia sexual para las misiones sobre el terreno y los asociados. Se ha acordado que la Representante Especial sobre la Violencia Sexual en los Conflictos tome la iniciativa en todos los asuntos relacionados con la violencia sexual, incluida la obtención de compromisos de las partes en conflicto según convenga, y en estrecha consulta con la Oficina de la Representante Especial para la Cuestión de los Niños y los Conflictos Armados en lo que respecta a las cuestiones relativas a los niños. En situaciones donde no se haya establecido un marco de seguimiento y presentación de informes para la cuestión relativa a la violencia sexual en los conflictos, la Representante Especial para la Cuestión de los Niños y los Conflictos Armados seguirá abogando por la aplicación de planes de acción sobre la violencia sexual contra los niños.", "VI. Recomendaciones para el futuro", "74. La Representante Especial insta a los Estados Miembros, los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales a que redoblen sus esfuerzos para aplicar toda la gama de medidas programáticas y de protección señaladas en las recomendaciones del estudio Machel de 1996 y el examen decenal de 2007 de ese estudio. En ese sentido, se hace referencia a la segunda parte del informe de la Representante Especial de 2007 (A/62/228), que incluía recomendaciones basadas en las conclusiones del examen decenal.", "75. Consciente de la responsabilidad primordial de los Estados respecto de la protección de los niños, la Representante Especial insta a los Estados Miembros a que fortalezcan políticas y prácticas que garanticen la prevención de la violación y el abuso de los derechos de los niños y está dispuesta a facilitar el intercambio de mejores prácticas entre los Estados Miembros en ese sentido.", "76. La Representante Especial reitera su llamamiento a los Estados a que fijen en 18 años la edad mínima para el reclutamiento voluntario en las fuerzas armadas cuando depositen su declaración vinculante (en virtud del artículo 3), al ratificar el Protocolo facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados.", "77. La Representante Especial exhorta a los Estados Miembros a que pongan fin a la impunidad y enjuicien y sancionen a quienes cometan violaciones graves contra los derechos de los niños durante los conflictos armados. La comunidad internacional debe apoyar a los Estados Miembros, según convenga, desarrollando su capacidad para ocuparse de las cuestiones relativas a la justicia en situaciones de conflicto.", "78. Teniendo en cuenta el grave impacto que tienen en los niños las operaciones militares, en particular las relacionadas con ataques aéreos, incluidos los de aviones no tripulados y helicópteros, y las incursiones nocturnas, la Representante Especial acoge con beneplácito los esfuerzos realizados por las fuerzas multinacionales para adoptar y aplicar directrices tácticas y procedimientos operativos estándar con el fin de minimizar las bajas civiles y la destrucción de instalaciones civiles, e insta a todas las fuerzas multinacionales y a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz a que se aseguren de que se aplican políticas y procedimientos adecuados y que se lleva a cabo la capacitación necesaria del personal militar.", "79. La Representante Especial alienta a los Estados Miembros a que apliquen las normas de justicia de menores y las garantías procesales debidas cuando se enjuicie a un niño y para evitar el mantenimiento de los niños en regímenes de detención administrativa o preventiva durante un período de tiempo prolongado. Siempre que sea posible, los Estados Miembros deberán estudiar la posibilidad de eximir a los niños menores de 18 años de responsabilidad penal por los delitos cometidos durante su asociación con una fuerza armada o un grupo armado, en virtud de su edad, la jerarquía de mando y el carácter forzado del reclutamiento. Deben introducirse mecanismos restitutivos no judiciales de rendición de cuentas que tengan en cuenta el interés superior del niño y promuevan su reintegración.", "80. Reconociendo que la reintegración social y económica sostenible a largo plazo es la piedra angular para lograr la separación duradera de los niños de las partes en conflictos armados, la Representante Especial insta a los donantes a que presten un apoyo sostenido y a largo plazo a la reintegración, en virtud de los Principios y Directrices sobre los niños vinculados a fuerzas o grupos armados, en particular en los ámbitos de la educación, la formación profesional y las actividades de generación de ingresos, según corresponda, y a que apoyen los aspectos financieros de la ejecución de planes de acción para poner fin al reclutamiento y la utilización, la matanza y la mutilación de niños, y la violencia sexual contra estos, así como los ataques contra escuelas y hospitales.", "81. La Representante Especial alienta a los Estados Miembros a seguir apoyando la integración de la protección del niño en las actividades de las Naciones Unidas, tanto en las misiones sobre el terreno como en la Sede, y a que faciliten el despliegue oportuno de asesores especializados en la protección de menores en las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y consolidación de la paz, según convenga, así como la autorización de recursos suficientes para este fin.", "82. Se alienta a los Estados Miembros que aportan personal uniformado a que incorporen un módulo de protección del niño en la formación nacional que se imparte antes del despliegue al personal militar, civil y de policía.", "83. La Representante Especial insta a todos los organismos y programas pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas a que fortalezcan su capacidad de protección del niño, incluso con personal especializado según convenga, a nivel mundial y sobre el terreno.", "Anexo", "Procedimientos operativos estándar propuestos para la protección de los niños en las operaciones militares", "a) Realizar una evaluación militar-civil conjunta del riesgo para la seguridad de la población, y especialmente los niños, antes de cualquier acción militar;", "b) Abstenerse de entablar combate o utilizar artillería pesada en zonas densamente pobladas. En este contexto, debe ser primordial la protección de las escuelas y los hospitales como “zonas de paz”;", "c) Abstenerse de ocupar o utilizar escuelas y centros de salud, o sus inmediaciones, para fines que puedan convertirlos en objetivos militares;", "d) Realizar evaluaciones sistemáticas tras una operación del impacto sobre los civiles, incluidos los niños;", "e) Aplicar un marco inmediato y transparente de investigación de los presuntos delitos cometidos contra niños por elementos de las fuerzas armadas durante las operaciones militares. Deben hacerse públicos los informes sobre los avances y resultados de estas investigaciones y deberán adoptarse con prontitud medidas disciplinarias, según convenga, contra los autores de esos delitos;", "f) Establecer un marco para asegurar que se conceden reparaciones o indemnizaciones a los niños y sus familias por violaciones cometidas en el contexto de las operaciones militares que hayan causado la muerte o la mutilación de niños o provocado actos de violencia sexual contra niños;", "g) Formular procedimientos para la recepción, el trato y la entrega rápida a las entidades de protección del niño de las Naciones Unidas de niños separados de grupos armados durante una operación militar;", "h) Designar a un coordinador para los niños y los conflictos armados en las fuerzas armadas con el fin de dar seguimiento a todas las medidas mencionadas.", "[1] Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Una crisis encubierta: conflictos armados y educación (París, 2011)." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children:", "promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "Summary The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assemblyresolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of thechild, the most recent of which is resolution 64/146. In resolution64/146, the Assembly requested the Special Representative of theSecretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to submit a reportto the General Assembly containing information on her field visits,on the progress achieved and the challenges remaining on the childrenand armed conflict agenda. The present report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011and provides an overview of progress in the children and armedconflict agenda, followed by an account of the trends and remainingchallenges faced. Section II details progress made over the pastyear, including on awareness-raising, partnership building,information collection and the release of children from armed forcesand groups. Section III highlights remaining challenges in thecontext of the changing nature of conflict and outlines otheremerging issues of concern. Section IV describes the way forward interms of ending violations committed against children. Section Vdescribes actions taken to mainstream the children and armed conflictagenda within the United Nations system Section VI presents a set ofactionable recommendations on the protection of children affected byconflict for the attention of the General Assembly. \nThe annex to the report sets out suggested standard operatingprocedures outlining minimum measures that may be put in place bynational armed forces, as well as multinational and peacekeepingforces, to ensure the protection of children in the course ofmilitary operations.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to resolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of the child, the most recent of which is resolution 64/146. The report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011 and highlights progress made over the past year, current trends and challenges, the way forward on ending grave violations against children in armed conflict and child protection mainstreaming in the United Nations system. The report ends with recommendations aimed at enhancing the protection of children affected by conflict.", "II. Children and armed conflict agenda: overview of progress", "A. Raising global awareness", "2. Raising awareness and promoting the collection of information on the plight of children affected by armed conflict is a core aspect of the mandate given to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict by the General Assembly. A multipronged approach to awareness-raising has been undertaken by the Office of the Special Representative during the reporting period.", "3. The Special Representative has continued to submit reports on the situation of children and armed conflict to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. In addition, the Office of the Special Representative has served as the Secretariat entity charged with the preparation, in close consultation with United Nations partners and country task forces, of the Secretary-General’s annual and country-specific reports on children and armed conflict to the Security Council. These reports provide a platform for advocacy and an authoritative and regular account of the progress made and challenges faced with regard to the protection of children in concrete country situations.", "4. The Office of the Special Representative supports the development of policy through the preparation and distribution of literature that contributes to policy discussions. Working papers on key aspects of child protection, such as the 2010 paper on internally displaced children, build knowledge and understanding of “grey areas” in the subject by distilling academic and policy experience and supporting advocacy efforts. In addition, together with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other key United Nations partners, the Office of the Special Representative has produced a broad range of guidelines for the field, including guidance and templates for use by field-based United Nations partners in the development of action plans to halt sexual violence and the killing and maiming of children.", "5. The Special Representative, in her role as global advocate for children affected by armed conflict, has continued to serve as an independent moral voice for such children. Through field trips, outreach and use of traditional and social media, the Special Representative has managed to relay the concerns of children in conflict areas, mobilize solidarity with children affected by armed conflict and maintain a sense of urgency amongst key decision makers. In addition, during the reporting period her Office organized nine events to raise awareness and knowledge related to children and armed conflict.", "6. The Special Representative’s emphasis on field missions continues to be central to her advocacy efforts. Field visits enable first-hand assessments of the situation of children, engagement with Governments to support their efforts in protecting children, the securing of concrete commitments from parties to conflict on child protection and support for the implementation of monitoring and reporting activities, and dialogue with relevant parties. During the reporting period and upon the invitation of the Governments concerned, the Special Representative undertook field visits to Somalia (November 2010), Afghanistan (January 2011), the Philippines (April 2011), and Chad (June 2011).", "B. Building global partnerships", "7. In line with the mandate given to the Special Representative by the General Assembly, building global partnerships and a network of stakeholders is indispensable to enhancing protection. Playing a convening role, the Special Representative brings together those with stakes in the protection of children affected by armed conflict and acts as a bridge between all parties.", "8. Maintaining close contact with members of the General Assembly in order to create awareness, take stock of their priorities and strengthen global support for the protection of children affected by armed conflict has been a key priority for the Special Representative. The Group of Friends of Children and Armed Conflict, composed of Member States from all regional groups committed to the child protection agenda, has been critical for this engagement.", "9. Continuing consultations with Member States, particularly during the preparation of the Secretary-General’s annual and country-specific reports on children and armed conflict, are essential to ensure that the concerns of Member States are taken into account in the drafting of the reports. Going forward, the Special Representative aims to continue this critical dialogue with concerned Member States, in order to strengthen collaboration and ensure buy-in and commitment to the protection of children.", "10. Civil society organizations are fundamental to the work of the Office of the Special Representative. They inform the Office of emerging matters of concern, provide innovative suggestions on policy questions and challenges and alert the Office to areas in need of improvement, when necessary. The Special Representative works closely with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating at the global and national levels and holds regular meetings with civil society representatives to brainstorm, discuss areas of common concern and keep them abreast of developments on the agenda. Concerted advocacy efforts on specific country situations during the reporting period, including on the situation of children affected by conflict in the Central African Republic, have led to a closer partnership with the authorities, increased international attention and operational commitments by child protection partners on the ground.", "C. Collection of information on children affected by armed conflict", "11. With the establishment of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on children and armed conflict in 2005 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and its subsequent implementation in various countries, efforts to gather timely and reliable information on grave violations against children have borne fruit. The creation of country task forces on the monitoring and reporting of grave violations against children, under the leadership of the highest United Nations authority on the ground, has strengthened United Nations data-gathering capacities and improved the collection and flow of accurate information on six grave violations. This comprehensive framework of information collection contributes to a better understanding of the issue of children and armed conflict and to a greater range of appropriate responses from Headquarters and agencies and programmes in the field. To date, the monitoring and reporting mechanism has been successfully implemented in 15 country situations.", "12. As a result of information collection efforts on behalf of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Special Representative has, during the reporting period, prepared six country-specific reports, on the situation of children and armed conflict in Afghanistan, Chad, the Central African Republic, Iraq, the Sudan and Somalia, in consultation with relevant partners. These reports raise the profile of the children and armed conflict agenda and, through their dissemination, provide a solid information base for response by national and international child protection partners and civil society, while providing data for the academic community.", "D. Release of children from armed forces and groups", "13. The 1996 Graça Machel study on the impact of armed conflict on children (A/51/306 and Add.1) highlighted the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and groups as an alarming characteristic of contemporary conflict and one which constitutes a grave violation. Since then, through advocacy and the focused efforts of national and international child protection partners, numerous children have been separated from armed forces and groups. In 2010, 11,393 children (8,624 male and 2,769 female) benefited from reintegration assistance supported by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes (see A/65/741, para. 16).", "14. Marrying advocacy with practical commitment to halt the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict, action plans requested by the Security Council in, inter alia, resolution 1539 (2004), also respond to General Assembly resolution 64/146, in which Member States called on all parties to conflict to take time-bound and effective measures to end all violations and abuses against children. Action plans to end grave violations against children signal a widespread acknowledgement that the impact of armed conflict on children is an affront not only to human rights and development, but also to the peace and security agenda of the United Nations.", "15. To date, action plans to halt the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict have been signed with 15 State and non-State parties in 8 countries: Afghanistan, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Uganda. During the reporting period, the Afghan and Chadian security forces signed action plans to release children present in their units and put in place the legal safeguards and practical protocols necessary to prevent the recruitment and use of children. Six action plans have been successfully completed to date. The Office of the Special Representative, together with key United Nations partners, including UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO), supports advocacy for the signature of action plans and provides technical support and guidance for their preparation and implementation.", "16. The durable separation of children from armed forces and groups is a complex process that requires appropriate security safeguards, support from child protection partners and the existence of economic as well as social reintegration opportunities. In line with the Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, the experience of operational partners has shown that reintegration assistance to children must be tailored to their specific needs. As such, the needs of younger children are different to those of working age (15-17 depending on national legislation). While for younger children reintegration assistance should emphasize schooling combined, where appropriate, with economic assistance to the family, older children usually require vocational training or apprenticeships, which would enable a transition to employment. The Office of the Special Representative, through the Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, co-chaired by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), will continue to contribute to policy and guidance development on child disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and to conduct advocacy for the implementation and mainstreaming of such guidance.", "E. Enhancing the legal and normative framework for children and armed conflict", "17. During the reporting period, the Special Representative worked towards the strengthening of the legal and normative framework for the protection of children, including through the implementation of the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. The campaign, Zero Under 18, has been conducted in cooperation with UNICEF, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Violence against Children, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Optional Protocol, adopted in 2000, prohibits the forced recruitment of children under the age of 18 by armed forces and armed groups and their direct participation in hostilities.", "18. The Special Representative has conducted outreach activities with 34 Member States that are not party to the Optional Protocol and briefed several regional organizations, including the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). The Office of the Special Representative organized a treaty signing event during the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010 and held a forum in New York on the occasion of the first anniversary of the campaign in May 2010. During a seminar organized by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, the Office provided technical advice to Member States on the ratification process.", "19. Since the launch of the campaign in May 2010, 12 treaty actions have been taken: three Member States have signed the Optional Protocol (Central African Republic, Ethiopia and Iran (Islamic Republic of)), five have ratified it (Cyprus, Djibouti, Gabon, Malawi and Seychelles) and five have acceded to it (Congo, Georgia, Guyana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Saudi Arabia). To date, the Optional Protocol has been ratified by 142 States.", "20. The Special Representative continues to encourage Member States to become party to other relevant treaties, including ILO Convention No. 182 (1999) concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour, which defines child recruitment as one of the worst forms of child labour, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999), which prohibits child recruitment and upholds the fundamental rights of children.", "III. Children and armed conflict: trends and challenges", "A. The changing nature of conflict", "1. Use of children as instruments of violence in conflict", "21. Of growing concern is the use of children — sometimes unbeknownst to them — to carry or wear explosives. The reporting period has seen a steady increase in the number of girls and boys being used by armed groups for such purposes. These children, sometimes as young as eight, are often unaware of the actions or consequences of the acts they are instigated to commit. Such acts often lead to their own death and the killing of civilians, including other children.", "22. Little is known of the strategies used by armed actors to access children for these acts of violence. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that families are forced to hand over their children to take part in these actions, and there have also been cases of poor families being induced by armed groups to give their children away, through the promise of money. The use of very young children and/or disabled children for such acts is also a horrifying trend of grave concern. There is an urgent need to fill the knowledge gap and to reach a better understanding of how these acts could be prevented. Concomitantly, there is a need to better address the stigmatization of, and prejudice against, children suspected of collaboration with armed actors, which lead to other violations including beatings, threats to children and their families, acts tantamount to torture, arbitrary arrests and detentions. In this context, particular attention must be given to young children, girls and disabled children.", "2. Protection of children during military operations", "23. In her last report, the Special Representative emphasized the risks for children during the course of military operations and the need to put in place specific policies and procedures, including tactical directives and standard operating procedures, in order to uphold international humanitarian law and prevent violations against children. New instruments of war, including the use of new technologies, the absence of clear battlefields and identifiable opponents have led to greater risks to children during military operations. The use of aerial attacks, including by drone, and night raids should be reviewed as a matter of priority by all armed actors, in order to minimize incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects.", "24. The safety and security of children is critical to the legitimacy and credibility of any military activity. This is even more important in the context of peacekeeping or stabilization operations, where consent for the foreign presence is paramount to the success of the mission. The rules of engagement of armed forces must stipulate the protection of civilians as a foremost consideration in military operations, including in the context of counter-insurgency activities. The principles of proportionality and distinction must be upheld in today’s conflict settings by all armed actors; it is only through respect for these principles that the victimization of children can be avoided.", "25. The Special Representative reiterates her call for the development of directives and standard operating procedures to ensure that military operations are conducted in conformity with applicable international humanitarian law and safeguard the protection of civilians, including children. During the reporting period, standard operating procedures have been developed by the Ugandan army, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, to ensure the protection of children captured by, or in the custody of, the armed forces during operations against the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The Special Representative reiterates her call to all relevant military actors, including armed forces, multinational forces and peacekeeping operations, to implement as a matter of priority the minimum set of measures highlighted in the annex to the present report.", "3. Detention and prosecution of children associated with armed groups", "26. States are increasingly arresting and detaining children for alleged association with armed groups. Children who are captured and placed in detention are sometimes kept in conditions which do not meet the minimum standards set out in various international legal instruments.", "27. In some situations, States place children in administrative detention, rather than charging them with a criminal offence and bringing them before a court. These children are often detained for long periods without being granted access to a lawyer and without other legal safeguards being applied. Evidence abounds that, when deprived of their liberty, children are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses, including degrading and inhuman treatment and/or acts tantamount to torture.", "28. In other situations, States charge children for allegedly having committed acts during their association with an armed group that are regarded as crimes under national or international law. These children sometimes languish in prolonged pretrial detention without access to legal assistance. In addition, trials before national courts or military tribunals do not generally apply juvenile justice standards and due process safeguards. As a result, children are frequently tried without legal representation or assistance, are not accompanied by their parents or a legal guardian and do not have a clear understanding of the charges brought against them.", "29. Given the often forced nature of their association with armed groups, and considering their age, children should be treated primarily as victims, not as perpetrators. Emphasis should be placed on prosecuting individuals based on the concept of command responsibility. States should also prosecute adult recruiters and commanders not only for the crime of child recruitment, but also for other crimes they may have forced children to commit.", "30. The detention and prosecution of children for crimes arising from active participation in hostilities should always be a measure of last resort. Many children who are charged with such crimes may themselves have been forced or enticed to join armed groups. During their association with an armed group, children are often abused, beaten, exploited and manipulated by commanders to commit criminal acts, ranging from minor security offences to war crimes. Although the need for some form of formal accountability is acknowledged, diversion from the judicial system is more suitable for children. Alternatives that take the best interest of the child into consideration and promote the reintegration of the child into his or her family and community include non-judicial mechanisms such as restorative justice measures, truth-telling, traditional healing ceremonies and reintegration programmes.", "31. The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires that States seek alternatives to judicial proceedings for children at the national level and that any solution needs to take into account “the child’s assuming of a constructive role in society.” For children, understanding and acknowledging a past wrongdoing plays a crucial role in their psychosocial development and reintegration process. Accountability based on restorative approaches contributes to a child’s rehabilitation and reconciliation with his or her community.", "32. The Office of the Special Representative is finalizing a working paper which will explore the issue of the responsibility and accountability of children who have committed criminal acts during armed conflict and the alternatives that can be used to assist children in reintegrating into society. The purpose will be to bring conceptual clarity to the issue by examining the international legal framework related to the detention of children; the treatment and rights of children in detention; and the protection of children who are subject to prosecution and trial. It will also discuss other, non-judicial justice mechanisms with more rehabilitative functions.", "B. Child protection and security sector reform", "33. In recent years, at the request of Governments or the Security Council, United Nations bodies have played an increasing role in assisting national actors in their efforts to develop accountable and effective security institutions on the basis of non-discrimination, respect for human rights and the rule of law. Support has ranged from facilitating discussions on security arrangements as part of wider negotiations between parties to a prospective peace agreement, to technical advice on and/or support for the implementation of security sector reform plans. In this context, child protection considerations are central to efforts to build rights-based, accountable security systems.", "34. The security needs of marginalized or socially excluded groups, particularly those of children and women, should be taken into account when developing plans for security sector reform. Security institutions should integrate the protection of children as a priority area of their mandates; threats to children have often been overlooked, resulting in the exposure of children to grave violations, both in conflict and peacetime. In countries such as the Sudan and South Sudan, the establishment of specialized child protection units in the armed forces has gone a long way to ensuring timely response to cases of violations against children and has helped raise awareness of child rights and welfare among the security forces more widely. Such positive initiatives should be replicated elsewhere. In addition, in order to prevent mobilization of children, recruitment protocols must ensure rigorous age verification: civil registry records, when incomplete or inaccurate, must be supplemented by other procedures to ascertain age.", "35. Where armed forces and groups are merged, or demobilized and reintegrated as part of a peace agreement, there is a need to ensure, as a first step in any security sector reform process, that children who may be associated with the parties are separated. The initial stage in such situations is often the registration of combatants. Measures must be systematically put in place to effect age verification or, where reliable State-managed data on birth dates are not available, to establish a solid method of for age determination. However, separating children from armed forces and groups should not be dependent on security sector reform plans. Recruitment and use of children in armed conflict is a violation of international law; there is a normative imperative for children to be identified and separated, inter alia in the context of the action plans mentioned earlier.", "36. Awareness-raising and training on child protection is critical to strengthening accountability and respect for human rights within the security forces. Such training must be administered to all actors in the security sector and should cover the international and national normative framework and its application, as well as the care and treatment of children in conflict with the law.", "37. Ultimately, ensuring that security institutions uphold and practice child protection is a long-term endeavour, requiring dedicated and focused efforts on the part of national actors: the Government, legislative bodies, the judiciary and civil society. It is through a partnership between national actors, with international support, that child protection can be mainstreamed into the security sector.", "C. Protecting education in armed conflict", "38. In her previous reports, the Special Representative has consistently noted with concern the increasing trend of attacks on education. Such acts include the partial or total destruction of schools and other education facilities and threatened or actual targeting of education personnel. Attacks on education undermine the establishment of a protective environment for children and their chances for a better future. In addition, violent attacks on girls and targeted attacks on their education undermine their role in society and prevent them from exercising their rights.", "39. The reporting period has seen progress in terms of protective measures for education and the rights of children to education. Greater international attention led to the creation in 2010 of the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, composed of United Nations agencies and NGOs. It has helped prevent attacks on education; develop effective response to attacks; improve knowledge, monitoring and reporting; and advocate for international norms and standards and increased accountability. In March 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published an innovative report highlighting the impact of armed conflict on education.[1] The Special Representative welcomes these initiatives and looks forward to working closely with the Global Coalition, UNESCO and other concerned partners to enhance protection from attacks on education.", "40. Following the adoption by the General Assembly of its groundbreaking resolution 64/290 on the right to education in emergency situations, the Security Council also strengthened its efforts on this matter. In July 2011, the Security Council adopted resolution 1998 (2011), expanding the listing in the annexes to the annual reports of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict to perpetrators of recurrent attacks against schools and recurrent attacks or threats of attacks against protected personnel in relation to such facilities. The Special Representative commends the focused attention of the General Assembly and the Security Council on the right of children to access education and urges Member States, together with other child protection partners, to implement the decisions of both bodies.", "D. Cross-border efforts to protect children affected by conflict", "41. With the flow of civilians and combatants across borders, the regional aspects of conflicts have brought new challenges to the safety, security and protection of children. The activities across borders by armed groups such as the LRA, operating over vast stretches of the central African hinterland, have proven difficult to follow, and as a result the threat posed by them has been concomitantly difficult to contain. Two aspects are worthy of note with regard to the operational response to the challenges posed by cross-border threats.", "42. First, there is a need to ensure a well-coordinated monitoring and reporting mechanism, which is able to pull the various country-specific strands of information together in order to develop a comprehensive view of the trends and patterns of violations perpetrated by armed groups. This is critical in order to ensure that appropriate practical measures are taken to protect civilians in affected areas. For instance, during the reporting period, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF enhanced its capacity to facilitate coordination and information-sharing on LRA between child protection teams in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Sudan and Uganda.", "43. Secondly, the reintegration of children formerly associated with armed forces and groups often involves a repatriation component, where the child, operating alongside the armed force or group on foreign soil, returns to his or her country of origin for reintegration into civilian life. In such cases, close contact and coordination between national authorities and child protection partners is essential.", "IV. Ending violations and abuses against children in conflict", "A. Root causes", "44. Efforts to end violations and abuses against children during conflict must stem from a thorough understanding of the structural causes of conflict and the circumstances that give rise to these violations and abuses. Poverty, discrimination, environmental degradation, social and economic marginalization and inequity are some of the factors that create the conditions for children to be associated with armed forces or groups, forcibly or voluntarily.", "45. Research has demonstrated a strong correlation between poverty and violent conflict, as well as between violent conflict and poor human development indicators. Millennium Development Goal indicators reveal that countries in situations of armed conflict account for one third of those living in extreme poverty, half of the children with no access to primary education and half of the children who die before their fifth birthday. While not all poor children in conflict situations become soldiers, poverty is an important motivating factor for children to join armed forces and groups. In some areas, poverty means a lack of access to education and other basic social services and few opportunities for employment and income generation. Children, often with the encouragement of parents and the incitement of armed actors, become combatants in the hope that they will be well fed, housed and protected.", "46. Perceptions of discrimination, social injustice, political exclusion and economic disparity are often motivating factors for children to join armed groups. Compounded with collective identity, defined often in ethnic, regional or religious terms, these perceptions become potent mobilizers of communities, including children. Loyalty to the group sometimes becomes a bargaining tool for armed groups, and members of the community are called upon to play their part and contribute their children to the struggle. Children are susceptible to these demands, not only as a result of social pressure or a sense of obligation, but also as a consequence of personal injustices suffered. When crimes against children are committed with impunity, many join armed groups motivated by a desire for revenge.", "47. The weak writ of the State, particularly in peripheral areas, is another contributing factor to conflict and has played a role in exposing children to violence. Where the State is challenged in its ability to provide security, deliver basic social services, adjudicate on grievances and facilitate economic activity, local communities turn to alternative forms of authority. Traditional governance structures and/or justice mechanisms, may take precedence over weak statutory institutions. However, traditional governance structures are often not underpinned by the normative standards and protection mechanisms facilitated by the State. Where conflict is occurring, local communities also often form self-defence groups and frequently enlist young children in the community to fight and defend them against external threats.", "48. In some societies, protracted violent conflict becomes an end in itself, with a political economy driven by the logic of economic gain and political compromise. In such contexts, children are socialized to accept war as the norm, not the exception, and to seek advancement in the structures it creates. Military commanders become role models for children and the military ethos becomes part of everyday life. Joining an armed group may facilitate social mobility, with access to resources and the ability to wield power and influence in the territory under the control of the armed group. In such situations of chronic conflict, joining an armed group may be seen by children as a legitimate avenue of advancement in a society that offers them few other options.", "49. The above are some of the key factors which create an environment that is conducive to children being caught up in conflict. Without addressing the conditions which create conflict at the strategic level, children will continue to be victimized by armed conflict. In this regard, as called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/241, States must “enhance complementarity and coordination of national policies and strategies related to security, development, human rights and humanitarian issues, with a view to addressing the short-, medium- and long-term impact of armed conflict on children in an effective, sustainable and comprehensive manner”. The United Nations system and the international community more widely must support the efforts of Governments in building societies that are resilient during conflict, including by contributing to economic development and equity, while supporting initiatives to strengthen social justice and accountability.", "B. Prevention of violations and abuses against children", "50. At the strategic level, clearly the most effective way of protecting children from the scourge of war is by mitigating the outbreak of armed conflict. Conflict prevention means addressing the root causes of violence and promoting sustainable and equitable human development. As identified in the Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of that study (see A/62/228), sustainable conflict prevention and peacebuilding require going beyond political settlements and strengthening the key vectors of peace, including good governance; the creation of an accountable, legitimate and rule-based security sector; an independent and effective judicial system; the delivery of basic social services; and the creation of an economic environment conducive to employment and wealth creation.", "51. Studies suggest that there is a strong correlation between a disproportionately large youth population and civil strife. While demographics alone do not instigate conflict, systematically engaging and targeting young people as the beneficiaries of development programmes, particularly in countries with a youth bulge, could mitigate the risk. The need to promote youth employment and the development of skills among young people during peacetime and in post-conflict periods must be an important component of reconstruction and development strategies.", "52. The above are broad and long-term measures that States affected by conflict must address progressively, with the sustained support of the international community. A number of more direct protective steps may be taken by national actors, with international support. During conflict, the creation of child protection networks may assist in helping communities to better protect their children. These networks alert the community to threats or violations and can help develop a community-based response to the consequences of violence. They can also help prevent abuses by raising awareness and forging linkages with entities that can provide protection. Being able to rely on a network of support makes children feel more secure and provides a mechanism for assistance when violations or abuses are committed against them.", "53. At the start of any conflict, community leaders should be persuaded to make a special effort to negotiate with parties to ensure that schools are designated as “zones of peace” and are not the targets of attacks or use by military forces or armed groups. In this way, children will be free to pursue their education without abuse or violence. Community-based action to protect schools is another way in which to ensure that children are safe. Maintaining a degree of normalcy in the lives of children during conflict, through the continuation of schooling, sustains their development, while protecting them from recruitment by armed actors.", "C. Addressing accountability at the global level", "54. Since the 1996 Machel study, the international community has made significant progress in strengthening the legal framework for the protection of children in armed conflict and in bringing perpetrators to justice. Violations against children have been addressed by the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. These international and hybrid courts, along with mixed chambers such as those established in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been critical in complementing national justice mechanisms in addressing crimes against children.", "55. It must be emphasized that international efforts alone cannot achieve durable results in the fight against impunity. Sustained accountability for crimes committed can only be reached through the ownership of the people and justice system of the nation concerned, in conformity with international standards. In societies emerging from conflict, where State institutions and the social fabric have been weakened by war, the international community has an important role to play in supporting national efforts to strengthen the justice sector and the rule of law more broadly. Developing the capacity of societies to deal with violations through an effective justice system is the only way to ensure that justice will be sustainable.", "56. The international community should also support reparations mechanisms in countries emerging from armed conflict. Reparations are a way of providing social justice in post-conflict societies, and are an effective additional accountability mechanism. This is particularly the case in areas where access to justice and redress through the courts is difficult or not possible because of a weak judicial system or a lack of confidence in the judiciary, where the identity of perpetrators are unknown, or where, for political reasons, perpetrators of human rights abuses are exempted from judicial accountability processes.", "D. The need for a protection dialogue", "57. In its resolution 64/146, the General Assembly called on States and other parties to armed conflict that engage in violations and abuses against children in contravention of applicable international law to take time-bound and effective measures to end such practices. The delivery of protection and assistance to child victims of violations and abuses in armed conflict by States, together with United Nations entities, civil society and regional organizations, necessitates a dialogue among all partners involved, in order to ensure coordination and the establishment of appropriate response mechanisms. Partnerships with Governments are critical in ending grave violations against children. In this regard, inter-ministerial committees composed of relevant Government entities can serve as effective forums for coordination and dialogue with United Nations counterparts.", "58. Where relevant and possible, dialogue with non-State actors may take place in the context of peace processes. However, working closely with the relevant Governments, dialogue on the establishment of time-bound and effective measures to protect child victims — including action plans to halt particular violations — should be explored regardless of the status of political discussions. Contexts vary and experience has shown that innovation is a key ingredient for effective protection measures to be put in place. In the absence of a peace process Governments, as the primary duty-bearers for the protection of children, should work in partnership with the United Nations to ensure that time-bound and effective measures, including action plans, are put in place by all parties.", "E. Targeted and graduated measures", "59. Efforts to strengthen the links between the work of the Security Council on children and armed conflict and its sanctions regime is an area of ongoing work. Targeted and graduated sanctions should be applied against persistent perpetrators as a measure of last resort, when all other means have failed to end impunity for crimes committed against children. In its most recent resolution on children and armed conflict (resolution 1998 (2011)), the Security Council reaffirmed its readiness, expressed in previous resolutions and presidential statements, to adopt targeted and graduated measures against persistent perpetrators of grave violations against children, and increasingly to integrate violations against children into its sanctions regimes.", "60. In response, in May of this year, the Special Representative briefed the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, proposing the addition of grave violations against children as designation criteria for sanctions. The Security Council, by its resolution 2002 (2011), expanded the sanctions regime in Somalia to include grave violations against children in armed conflict in its designation criteria. Closer collaboration between the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea and the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict will enhance coherence in the work of the Council and strengthen its actions against impunity. Going forward, it will be critical to expand this practice to other sanctions committees which address persistent perpetrators of grave violations against children.", "F. Role of Governments in protecting children affected by conflict", "61. Governments bear the primary responsibility for the protection of children and, more widely, of civilians. A number of steps must be taken to build a protective environment for children, before, during and after conflict. Foremost is the establishment of a national legal framework enshrining international norms that upholds the rights of children and protects them from the consequences of conflict. In this regard, the ratification and subsequent implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, inter alia through translation into national legislation, followed by the necessary administrative, budgetary and social policy adjustments, is a key foundational step towards the protection of children. Further child-specific legal instruments, such as child protection codes or acts, which include a gamut of measures from juvenile justice to punitive measures against violations and abuses of child rights, have provided an additional layer of legal protection in States affected by conflict.", "62. Where societies are emerging from conflict, transitional justice mechanisms should be put in place by national authorities to ensure that wartime crimes against children are accounted for. Transitional justice mechanisms based on judicial processes may be complemented by non-judicial accountability mechanisms. These mechanisms, which can include truth-seeking and restorative approaches, can provide the cathartic effect required for reconciliation and are appropriate for child perpetrators who, as children, should be spared from prosecution. The recently passed Victims Law in Colombia, for example, is a laudable initiative aiming at ensuring that child victims of violations and abuses during conflict receive reparations from the Government.", "G. Advocacy", "63. With significant challenges remaining to the protection of children affected by conflict, advocacy is critical in developing awareness and instigating behaviour change with a view to ultimately ending grave violations against children in conflict. The Special Representative’s advocacy efforts will continue to highlight key issues of concern with a view to creating greater political and donor support for Governments and operational partners working on the protection of children affected by conflict.", "64. Advocacy efforts will focus on a number of key priority areas. These include the delivery of comprehensive and long-term reintegration assistance for children, based on identified programmatic best practice; the rights of internally displaced children, particularly with regard to access to education and security; the rights of children in contact with justice systems, both as victims and perpetrators; the relationship between conflict and poverty, with particular reference to Millennium Development Goal indicators; and the protection challenges raised by the changing nature of conflict and the exposure of children to military operations.", "65. The Special Representative will continue to engage with Member States, experts and the academic community to foster greater knowledge and develop and refine knowledge and understanding of emerging challenges to the protection of children in conflict.", "V. Mainstreaming child protection within the United Nations system", "A. Child protection in United Nations field missions", "66. A key priority for the Special Representative has been the mainstreaming of child protection expertise within the United Nations system, in line with her mandate to contribute to the coordination of efforts and to promote the collection of information on the plight of children affected by armed conflict. Within the Secretariat, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs, two departments with a field presence, have appointed focal points to ensure that child protection concerns are factored into their departmental policy and operational activities, while working closely with the Office of the Special Representative. In 2011, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations obtained a regular post for the child protection focal point, enabling the provision of dedicated and sustained support to field-based child protection advisers and the mainstreaming of child protection at Headquarters. Given the increasing child protection challenges as outlined in the present report, there is a critical need for a consistent focus on child protection within relevant departments of the Secretariat. The Special Representative encourages key Secretariat bodies, including the Department of Political Affairs, OHCHR and the Peacebuilding Support Office to follow the example of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "67. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations-Department of Field Support child protection policy directive, established in 2009 and outlined in the previous report of the Special Representative (A/65/219) , has guided child protection activities in peacekeeping operations and contributed to the collection of accurate, objective, reliable and verifiable information on grave violations against children. The policy directive defines the roles and responsibilities of child protection personnel in peacekeeping operations and provides a clear framework for the division of labour and complementarity between peacekeeping operations and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes. It is expected that the policy directive will be reviewed and updated during the next reporting cycle. This review may constitute an opportunity to consider the development of joint child protection guidance by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs, applicable to all United Nations field missions. Mainstreaming child protection in special political missions and peacebuilding offices managed by the Department of Political Affairs is critical, as they are called to play an increasing child protection role in post-conflict environments and during the complex transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding.", "68. Since the adoption of the child protection policy, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations has developed a policy implementation plan to facilitate sustained and systematic implementation of the child protection mandate in the field and at Headquarters. Among the key priorities identified in the plan is the strengthening of training activities for peacekeeping personnel. In this regard, the Department is partnering with the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF and Save the Children to strengthen and develop predeployment and in-mission training programmes and material.", "69. The support of the General Assembly for the deployment and role of child protection advisers has been significant, including through resolution 62/141 on the rights of the child and the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. Child protection advisers have been appointed in seven field missions. In this regard, it is notable that most mandates for United Nations peacekeeping and political missions now include a child protection dimension. The commitment to protect children has increasingly been reflected in the child protection staffing and resources approved by the General Assembly for United Nations field operations, through the work of the Fifth Committee, with the advice of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and support of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. The Special Representative appreciates the critical support provided by the General Assembly to the mainstreaming of child protection in United Nations activities and urges continued support for the same.", "B. Partnerships on child protection in the United Nations system", "70. As chair of the Headquarters Task Force on Children and Armed Conflict, the Special Representative convenes 16 departments, agencies, funds and programmes in order to consult on child protection issues of concern and the preparation of the annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. These encounters help identify areas requiring further advocacy, mainstreaming and/or increased cooperation and coordination. Through the country task forces, the Office of the Special Representative has continued to support field-based child protection efforts, including through the provision of technical support, as well as support for training, advocacy and fund-raising.", "71. The close partnership between UNICEF and the Office of the Special Representative continued during the reporting period. This cooperation has been critical for the children and armed conflict agenda, at both the global and field levels, and technical coordination continues to bear fruit in terms of guidance for the field, the implementation of action plans and the strengthening of child protection capacities in the field. The Special Representative remains committed to advocating with donor countries to ensure that these action plans and reintegration programmes led by UNICEF receive the necessary attention in terms of long-term sustainable funding.", "72. Regular coordination also takes place with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children on issues of common concern, including the joint campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "73. The Office of the Special Representative has continued to work closely with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Conflict to advance preventive activities on sexual violence against children. This reporting period has seen increased collaboration at the technical level to ensure that the activities of the two offices complement each other. Members of staff of the Office of the Special Representative participated in a workshop organized by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations on this matter and engaged on an ongoing basis with the Office of the Special Representative for Sexual Violence in Conflict, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UNICEF for the preparation of guidance on sexual violence for field missions and partners. It has been agreed that the Special Representative for Sexual Violence in Conflict will take the lead on all matters related to sexual violence, including on obtaining commitments from parties to conflict where appropriate, and in close consultation with the Office of the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict for matters relating to children. In situations where there is no monitoring and reporting framework for the sexual violence in conflict agenda to take the lead, the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict will continue to advocate for the implementation of action plans on sexual violence against children.", "VI. Recommendations for the way forward", "74. The Special Representative urges Member States, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and NGOs to redouble efforts to implement the full range of protection and programmatic measures outlined in the recommendations of the 1996 Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of that study. In this regard, part two of the report of the Special Representative of 2007 (A/62/228), which included recommendations based on the findings of the 10-year review, is referenced.", "75. Cognizant of the primary responsibility of States in the protection of children, the Special Representative urges Member States to strengthen policies and practices that ensure prevention of violation and abuse and stands ready to facilitate the sharing of best practices between Member States in that regard.", "76. The Special Representative reiterates her call for States to establish 18 years as the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the armed forces when depositing their binding declaration (under article 3) upon ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.", "77. The Special Representative calls upon Member States to end impunity and to prosecute and punish those who commit grave violations against children during armed conflict. The international community should support Member States whenever appropriate by developing their capacity to deal with issues of justice during conflict situations.", "78. Given the serious impact that military operations, particularly those involving aerial attacks, including by drone and helicopter, and night raids, have on children, the Special Representative welcomes efforts by multinational forces to adopt and implement tactical directives and standard operating procedures to minimize civilian casualties and destruction of civilian installations and urges all multinational forces and peacekeeping operations to ensure that appropriate policies and procedures be put in place, and the requisite training of military personnel conducted.", "79. The Special Representative encourages Member States to apply juvenile justice standards and due process safeguards when bringing a child to trial and to avoid maintaining children in administrative or prolonged pretrial detention. Where possible, Member States should consider excluding children below 18 from criminal responsibility for crimes committed while associated with an armed force or an armed group, by virtue of their age, the chain of command and the forced nature of recruitment. Non-judicial, restorative accountability mechanisms that take the best interests of the child into consideration and promote their reintegration should be introduced.", "80. Recognizing that sustainable, long-term social and economic reintegration is the cornerstone for the durable separation of children from parties to armed conflict, the Special Representative urges donors to provide sustained and long-term support to reintegration in line with the Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, including in the areas of education, vocational training and income-generating activities, as appropriate, and to support the financial aspects of the implementation of actions plans to end the recruitment and use, killing and maiming of and sexual violence against children, as well as attacks on schools and hospitals.", "81. The Special Representative encourages Member States to continue to support the mainstreaming of child protection in United Nations activities, both in field missions and at Headquarters, and to facilitate the timely deployment of child protection advisers in peacekeeping and peacebuilding, as appropriate, as well as the authorization of adequate resources for this purpose.", "82. Member States contributing uniformed personnel are encouraged to incorporate a child protection module into their national predeployment training for military, police and civilian personnel.", "83. The Special Representative encourages all relevant United Nations agencies and programmes to strengthen their child protection capacity, including with dedicated capacity when appropriate, at global and field levels.", "Annex", "Suggested standard operating procedures for the protection of children in the conduct of military operations", "(a) Establish a joint military-civilian assessment of the security risk for populations, and especially children, prior to any military action;", "(b) Refrain from engaging in combat and/or using heavy artillery in highly populated areas. In this context, the protection of schools and hospitals as “zones of peace” should be paramount;", "(c) Refrain from occupying or using schools and health facilities, or their vicinity, for purposes that could turn them into military targets;", "(d) Undertake systematic post-operation assessment of the impact on civilians including children;", "(e) Implement an immediate and transparent framework of investigation into alleged crimes committed against children by elements of the armed forces in the conduct of military operations. Reports on the progress and results of these investigations should be made public and disciplinary measures, if appropriate, should be promptly taken against the perpetrators;", "(f) Establish a framework to ensure reparations and/or compensation are provided to children and their families for violations committed in the context of military operations that led to the killing and/or maiming of children or acts of sexual violence against children;", "(g) Develop procedures for the reception, treatment and rapid handover to United Nations child protection actors of children separated from armed groups in the course of military operations;", "(h) Appoint a focal point on children and armed conflict within the armed forces in order to follow up on all steps mentioned above.", "[1] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011)." ]
A_66_256
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children: promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of the child, the latest of which is resolution 64/146. In its resolution 64/146, the Assembly requested the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to submit a report to the General Assembly that would include information on their field visits, progress and remaining challenges in relation to the issue of children and armed conflict.", "The present report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011 and provides an overview of progress on the issue of children and armed conflict, followed by a description of outstanding trends and challenges. Section II details progress made over the past year, including awareness-raising, partnerships, information collection and release of children from armed forces and groups. Section III highlights outstanding challenges in the context of the changing nature of conflicts and outlines other emerging issues of concern. Section IV describes the way forward to end violations of children &apos; s rights. Section V describes measures taken to incorporate the issue of children and armed conflict into the overall activities of the United Nations system. Section VI presents a number of practical recommendations on the protection of children affected by conflict for consideration by the General Assembly.", "The annex to the report suggests standard operating procedures describing the minimum measures that the national armed forces, as well as the multinational and peacekeeping forces, can implement to ensure the protection of children during military operations.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by resolution 51/77 and subsequent resolutions on the rights of the child, the latest of which is resolution 64/146. The report covers the period from August 2010 to August 2011 and highlights the progress made in the past year, current trends and challenges, the way forward to end serious violations of children &apos; s rights in armed conflict and the mainstreaming of child protection in the overall activities of the United Nations system. The report concludes with recommendations aimed at improving the protection of children affected by conflict.", "II. Question of children and armed conflict: overview of progress", "A. Increased global awareness", "2. Awareness-raising and the promotion of information on the situation of children affected by armed conflict is a central aspect of the mandate entrusted by the General Assembly to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. During the reporting period, the Office of the Special Representative has taken a multidimensional approach to awareness-raising.", "3. The Special Representative has continued to report on the situation of children and armed conflict to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. In addition, the Office of the Special Representative has been the entity of the Secretariat responsible for the preparation, in close consultation with United Nations partners and country task forces, of the annual and country-specific reports on children and armed conflict submitted by the Secretary-General to the Security Council. These reports provide a platform for the promotion and authoritative and periodic description of the progress made and the challenges posed with regard to the protection of children in specific country situations.", "4. The Office of the Special Representative supports policy-making through the preparation and distribution of documentation that contributes to policy discussions. Working papers on key aspects of the protection of children, such as the 2010 paper on internally displaced children, provide knowledge and understanding of “grey areas” in this area, drawing on academic and policy experience and supporting advocacy efforts. In addition, together with the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) and other key United Nations partners, the Office of the Special Representative has developed a wide range of guidelines for field activities, including guidance and models that United Nations partners in the field can use in the development of action plans to end sexual violence and the killing and maiming of children.", "5. The Special Representative, as a global defender of children affected by armed conflict, remains an independent moral voice for these children. Through field visits, the dissemination and use of traditional and social media, the Special Representative has been able to convey concerns about children in conflict zones, mobilize solidarity for children affected by armed conflict and maintain a sense of urgency among key decision makers. In addition, during the reporting period, its Office organized nine events to raise awareness and report on children and armed conflict.", "6. The advocacy work of the Special Representative continues to focus on field missions. Field visits allow for the direct assessment of the situation of children, collaboration with Governments to support their child protection efforts, the realization of specific commitments by the parties to the conflict on the protection of children and support for the implementation of follow-up and reporting activities, and dialogue with relevant parties. During the reporting period and at the invitation of the Governments concerned, the Special Representative conducted field visits to Somalia (November 2010), Afghanistan (January 2011), the Philippines (April 2011) and Chad (June 2011).", "B. Building global partnerships", "7. In accordance with the mandate entrusted to the Special Representative by the General Assembly, it is essential to create global partnerships and a network of stakeholders to improve protection. The Special Representative plays a coordinating role and brings together stakeholders in the protection of children affected by armed conflict and acts as a bridge between all parties.", "8. One of the key priorities of the Special Representative has been to maintain close contact with the members of the General Assembly in order to raise awareness, take stock of their priorities and strengthen global support for the protection of children affected by armed conflict. The Group of Friends on Children and Armed Conflict, composed of Member States of all regional groups dealing with the issue of child protection, has played a key role in such contacts.", "9. It is essential to continue consultations with Member States, in particular during the preparation of the annual and country-specific reports of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict, to ensure that the concerns of Member States are taken into account in the drafting of reports. In the future, the Special Representative intends to continue this important dialogue with affected Member States in order to strengthen collaboration and ensure participation and commitment to the protection of children.", "10. Civil society organizations are critical to the work of the Office of the Special Representative. They inform the Office of emerging issues of concern, provide innovative suggestions on policy issues and challenges and notify the Office of areas that need to be improved, as appropriate. The Special Representative works closely with non-governmental organizations at the global and national levels and holds regular meetings with representatives of civil society to exchange ideas, discuss issues of common concern and keep them abreast of developments. Concerted advocacy efforts on country-specific situations during the reporting period, including the situation of children affected by the conflict in the Central African Republic, have led to closer collaboration with the authorities, increased international attention and the conclusion of operational commitments by child protection partners in the field.", "C. Compilation of information on the issue of children affected by armed conflict", "11. With the establishment of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on children and armed conflict in 2005 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and its subsequent implementation in various countries, efforts to gather timely and credible information on grave violations against children have been fruitful. The establishment of country task forces for monitoring and reporting serious violations against children, under the leadership of the highest United Nations authority in the field, has strengthened United Nations data collection capacity and improved the collection and transmission of accurate information on six grave violations. This comprehensive information-gathering framework contributes to a better understanding of the issue of children and armed conflict and a wider range of appropriate responses from Headquarters and field agencies and programmes. To date, the monitoring and reporting mechanism has been successfully implemented in 15 different country situations.", "12. As a result of efforts to collect information on behalf of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Special Representative, during the reporting period, has prepared six country-specific reports on the situation of children and armed conflict in Afghanistan, Chad, the Central African Republic, Iraq, the Sudan and Somalia, in consultation with relevant partners. These reports give prominence to the issue of children and armed conflict and, through their dissemination, are a solid information base for the response of national and international partners responsible for the protection of children and civil society, while providing data for the academic community.", "D. Release of children from armed forces and groups", "13. The 1996 Graça Machel study on the impact of armed conflict on children (A/51/306 and Add.1) emphasized that the recruitment and use of children by armed forces and groups was an alarming feature of contemporary conflicts that constituted a serious violation. Since then, a large number of children have been separated from armed forces and groups through advocacy and targeted efforts by national and international partners on child protection. In 2010, 11,393 boys (8,624 boys and 2,769 girls) received reintegration assistance with the support of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes (see A/65/741, para. 16).", "14. Combining advocacy with practical commitment to ending the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict, the action plans requested by the Security Council in, inter alia, resolution 1539 (2004) also respond to General Assembly resolution 64/146, in which Member States called upon all parties to conflict to take effective and time-bound action to end all violations and abuses of children &apos; s rights. Action plans to end grave violations of children &apos; s rights demonstrate widespread recognition that the impact of armed conflict on children is an affront not only to human rights and development, but also to the United Nations peace and security programme.", "15. To date, action plans have been signed to stop the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict with 15 States and non-State parties in 8 countries: Afghanistan, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Uganda. During the reporting period, Afghan and Chadian security forces signed action plans to release children present in their units and to implement the legal safeguards and practical protocols necessary to prevent the recruitment and use of children. To date, six action plans have been successfully completed. The Office of the Special Representative, together with major United Nations partners, including UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO), supports the promotion of the signing of action plans and provides technical support and guidance for their preparation and implementation.", "16. Durable separation of children from armed forces and groups is a complex process that requires adequate security assurances, support from child protection partners and opportunities for economic and social reintegration. In accordance with the Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Groups (Paris Principles), the experience of operational partners demonstrates that assistance for the reintegration of children must be tailored to their specific needs. Therefore, the needs of young children are different from those of working age (between 15 and 17 years, according to national legislation). While assistance in the reintegration of younger children should emphasize combined schooling, as appropriate, with economic assistance to the family, older children generally require vocational training or learning courses, which will allow their transition to the working world. The Office of the Special Representative, through the Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, co-chaired by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), will continue to contribute to the formulation of policies and guidance on the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of children and to advocacy for the implementation and mainstreaming of such guidance in the general programmes.", "E. Improvement of the legal and normative framework for children and armed conflict", "17. During the reporting period, the Special Representative made efforts to strengthen the legal and policy framework for the protection of children, including through the campaign for universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. The “Zero Under 18” campaign (No one under 18) has been conducted in cooperation with UNICEF, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The Optional Protocol, adopted in 2000, prohibits the forced recruitment of children under the age of 18 by armed forces and armed groups and their direct participation in hostilities.", "18. The Special Representative has carried out outreach activities with 34 Member States not party to the Optional Protocol and has conducted briefings for various regional organizations, including the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The Office of the Special Representative organized a signing event during the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010, and held a forum in New York on the first anniversary of the campaign in May 2010. During a seminar organized by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, the Office provided technical advice to Member States on the ratification process.", "19. Since the launch of the campaign in May 2010, 12 treaty actions have been taken: three Member States have signed the Optional Protocol (Ethiopia, Iran (Islamic Republic of) and Central African Republic), five have ratified it (Cyprus, Djibouti, Gabon, Malawi and Seychelles) and five others have acceded to it (Saudi Arabia, Congo, Georgia, Guyana and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). To date, 142 States have ratified the Optional Protocol.", "20. The Special Representative continues to encourage Member States to become parties to other relevant treaties, including Convention No. ILO 182 (1999) on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, which defines the recruitment of children as one of the worst forms of child labour, as well as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999), which prohibits the recruitment of children and defends their fundamental rights.", "III. Children and armed conflict: trends and challenges", "A. The changing nature of conflicts", "1. The use of children as instruments of violence in conflict", "21. A growing concern is the use of children, sometimes without themselves knowing, to carry explosives. During the reporting period, the number of girls and boys used by armed groups has increased steadily. These children, sometimes only 8 years old, are often not aware of the actions or consequences of acts that are instigated to commit. Such acts often result in their own death and killing of civilians, including other children.", "22. Very little is known about the strategies for the recruitment of children used by armed actors to commit such violence. However, the cases that are known suggest that families are forced to give their children to participate in these actions and there are also cases of poor families that have been induced by armed groups to give their children the promise of a remuneration. The use of very young children or children with disabilities for such acts is also a horrible and very worrying trend. This lack of knowledge needs to be addressed and better understood how these acts can be prevented. At the same time, there is a need to better address the stigmatization of children suspected of collaborating with and prejudice against armed agents, resulting in other violations of their rights, including beatings, threats to children and their families, acts equivalent to torture and arbitrary arrests and detentions. In this context, special attention should be paid to young children, girls and boys with disabilities.", "2. Protection of children during military operations", "23. In her last report, the Special Representative emphasized the risks to children during military operations and the need to implement specific policies and procedures, including tactical directives and standard operating procedures, with a view to ensuring respect for international humanitarian law and preventing violations of children &apos; s rights. New war instruments, including the use of new technologies, and the absence of clear combat camps and identifiable adversaries pose a greater risk to children during military operations. The use of air strikes, including those carried out with unmanned aircraft, and night raids should be reviewed as a matter of priority by all armed actors to minimize the number of deaths and injuries among civilians and damage to civilian objects.", "24. The security of children is fundamental to the legitimacy and credibility of any military activity. This is even more important in the context of peace-keeping or stabilization operations, in which the consent of the foreign presence is essential for the success of the mission. The rules of engagement of the armed forces should provide for the protection of civilians as a fundamental consideration in military operations, including in the context of counter-insurgency activities. The principles of proportionality and distinction must be defended in the current situations of conflict by all armed actors; only by respecting these principles can the victimization of children be prevented.", "25. The Special Representative reiterates her call for the development of standard operating guidelines and procedures for the conduct of military operations in accordance with current international humanitarian law and for the protection of civilians, including children. During the period under review, the Ugandan army has developed standard operating procedures, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, to ensure the protection of children captured by or in the custody of armed forces, during operations against the Lord &apos; s Resistance Army. The Special Representative reiterates her appeal to all relevant military actors, including the armed forces, multinational forces and peacekeeping operations, to implement as a matter of priority the minimum set of measures mentioned in the annex to the present report.", "3. Detention and prosecution of children associated with armed groups", "26. States are increasingly arresting and arresting children for their alleged links with armed groups. The conditions under which children who are captured and imprisoned sometimes do not meet the minimum standards set out in various international legal instruments.", "27. In some cases, States keep children under administrative detention, instead of accusing them of a criminal offence and bringing them to court. These children are often detained for long periods without access to counsel and without other legal safeguards. It is widely shown that, when deprived of their liberty, children are particularly vulnerable to human rights abuses, including inhuman and degrading treatment or acts equivalent to torture.", "28. In other cases, States accuse children of the alleged commission, during their association with an armed group, of acts criminalized under national legislation or international law. These children sometimes remain in prolonged pretrial detention without access to legal aid. In addition, proceedings before national courts or military courts do not generally apply juvenile justice standards or due process. As a result, children are often tried without representation or legal assistance, not accompanied by their parents or legal guardians and have no clear understanding of the charges against them.", "29. Since their association with armed groups is often forced, and taking into account their age, children must be treated primarily as victims, not as perpetrators of a crime. Emphasis should be placed on the prosecution of persons on the basis of the concept of command responsibility. States should also prosecute adult commanders and recruiters not only for the crime of child recruitment, but also for other offences that may have forced children to commit.", "30. The detention and prosecution of children for crimes committed during their active participation in hostilities must always be a measure of last resort. Many of the children accused of such crimes may have been forced or induced to join armed groups. During their association with an armed group, children tend to be ill-treated, beaten, exploited and manipulated by commanders to commit criminal acts, ranging from petty crimes against security to war crimes. While recognizing the need for some kind of formal accountability, it is more appropriate to remove children from the judicial system. Alternatives that ensure the interests of the child and promote their reintegration into the family and the community include non-judicial mechanisms such as restorative justice measures, truth-seeking, traditional healing ceremonies and reintegration programmes.", "31. The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States to seek alternatives to judicial procedures for children at the national level and that any solution should take into account the fact that “this assumes a constructive role in society”. The fact that children understand and recognize that they have done wrong in the past plays a crucial role in their psychological development and reintegration process. Restitution-based accountability contributes to the rehabilitation of the child and to reconciliation with his community.", "32. The Office of the Special Representative is finalizing a working paper that will examine the issue of responsibility and accountability of children who have committed criminal acts during an armed conflict and the alternatives that can be used to help them reintegrate into society. The objective will be to clarify the issue from a conceptual point of view by examining the international legal framework relating to the detention of children, the treatment and rights of children in detention, and the protection of children who are prosecuted and tried. Other non-judicial justice mechanisms that are more focused on rehabilitation will also be discussed.", "B. Child protection and security sector reform", "33. In recent years, at the request of Governments or the Security Council, United Nations bodies have played an increasing role in assisting national actors in developing responsible and effective security institutions on the basis of non-discrimination, respect for human rights and the rule of law. Support has ranged from facilitating discussions on security measures as part of broader negotiations between the parties to a future peace agreement to providing technical advice and support for the implementation of security sector reform plans. In this context, child protection considerations are central to efforts to create rights-based and responsible security systems.", "34. The security needs of marginalized or socially excluded groups, particularly those of children and women, should be taken into account in developing plans for security sector reform. Security institutions should integrate the protection of children as a priority area of their mandates; threats to children have often gone unnoticed, so they have been exposed to serious violations of their rights, both in conflicts and in times of peace. In countries such as the Sudan and South Sudan, the establishment of specialized units for the protection of minors in the armed forces has greatly contributed to ensuring a timely response to cases of violations of children &apos; s rights and has helped to raise awareness of their rights and well-being among the security forces more broadly. Such positive initiatives should be expanded to other places. In addition, in order to avoid the mobilization of children, recruitment protocols must ensure rigorous age verification: when civil registration information is incomplete or inaccurate, it should be supplemented by other age determination procedures.", "35. When armed forces and groups are merged or demobilized and reintegrated as part of a peace agreement, it is necessary to ensure, as a first step in any security sector reform process, that children who may be associated with the various parties be separated. The initial stage in such situations is usually the registration of combatants. Measures should be implemented in a systematic manner to verify the age or, where no reliable data is available on dates of birth, establish a solid method for determining the age. However, the separation of children from armed forces and groups should not be subject to security sector reform plans. The recruitment and use of children in armed conflict contravenes international law; there is a policy imperative to identify and separate children in contexts such as that of the aforementioned action plans.", "36. Awareness-raising and training on child protection is critical to strengthening accountability and respect for human rights in the security forces. This training should be provided to all security sector actors and should cover the international and national policy framework and its implementation, as well as the care and treatment of children in conflict with the law.", "37. Moreover, ensuring that security institutions defend and implement child protection measures is a long-term goal that requires dedicated and focused efforts by national actors, namely, the Government, legislative bodies, the judiciary and civil society. Through a partnership between national actors, with international support, it is possible to incorporate child protection into the security sector.", "C. Protection of education in armed conflict", "38. In her previous reports, the Special Representative has noted with concern the growing attacks on education. These acts include the partial or complete destruction of schools and other educational facilities and threats or attacks directed against teachers. Attacks on education undermine the establishment of a protective environment for children and their potential for a better future. In addition, violent attacks against girls and targeted attacks against their education undermine their role in society and prevent them from exercising their rights.", "39. During the period under review, progress has been made in the protection of education and children &apos; s rights to education. With increased international attention in this area, the Global Coalition was established in 2010 to protect from attacks on educational systems, composed of United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations. The coalition has contributed to preventing attacks on education, developing an effective response against education, improving knowledge, monitoring and reporting, and advocating for the formulation of international standards and standards and increased accountability. In March 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published an innovative report highlighting the impact of armed conflicts on education[1]. The Special Representative welcomes these initiatives and looks forward to working closely with the Global Coalition, UNESCO and other stakeholders to improve protection against attacks on education.", "40. Following the adoption by the General Assembly of its innovative resolution 64/290 on the right to education in emergency situations, the Security Council also intensified its efforts in this area. In July 2011, the Security Council adopted resolution 1998 (2011) to include in the annexes of the Secretary-General &apos; s annual reports on children and armed conflict the perpetrators of recurring attacks on schools and of attacks or threats of recurrent attacks against protected personnel in connection with those centres. The Special Representative commends the attention that the General Assembly and the Security Council have devoted to the right of children to access education, and urges Member States, together with other child protection partners, to implement the decisions of both bodies.", "D. Cross-border efforts to protect children affected by conflict", "41. Owing to the movement of civilians and combatants across borders, regional aspects of conflict pose new challenges to the safety and protection of children. It has been difficult to follow the cross-border activities of armed groups such as the Lord &apos; s Resistance Army, which is active in large areas of Central Africa, and it has been equally difficult to contain the threat they pose. Two aspects of the operational response to the challenges posed by cross-border threats are noteworthy.", "42. First, there is a need for a coordinated monitoring and reporting mechanism that can bring together the various aspects of country-specific information in order to have a comprehensive vision of trends and patterns of violations perpetrated by armed groups. This is essential for appropriate practical measures to protect civilians in affected areas. For example, during the reporting period, with the support of the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF increased its capacity to facilitate the coordination and exchange of information on the Lord &apos; s Resistance Army among child protection teams in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Sudan and Uganda.", "43. Secondly, the reintegration of children who have been associated with armed forces and groups often entails a repatriation component, whereby the child, who operated alongside an armed force or group in foreign territory, returns to his country of origin to reintegrate into civilian life. In such cases, close coordination and contact between national authorities and child protection partners is essential.", "IV. Measures to end violations and abuses of children &apos; s rights in conflict", "A. underlying causes", "44. Efforts to end violations and abuses of children &apos; s rights during conflict must be the result of an in-depth understanding of the structural causes of the conflict and the circumstances leading to these violations and abuses. Poverty, discrimination, environmental degradation, social and economic marginalization and inequality are some of the factors that create the necessary conditions for children to join armed forces or groups, whether by force or voluntarily.", "45. Studies show a strong correlation between poverty and violent conflicts, as well as between violent conflicts and low levels of human development. According to the Millennium Development Goals indicators, countries in situations of armed conflict account for one third of people living in extreme poverty, half of children who do not have access to primary education and half of the children who die before the age of 5. While not all poor children in conflict situations become soldiers, poverty is a major contributor to children joining armed forces and groups. In several areas, poverty entails lack of access to education and other basic social services and limited employment and income generation opportunities. Children, often with the support of parents and the incitement of armed agents, are combatants in the hope of receiving food, shelter and protection.", "46. Perceptions of discrimination, social injustice, political exclusion and economic inequalities are often factors that motivate children to join armed groups. In combination with collective identity, which is often defined in ethnic, regional or religious terms, these perceptions become powerful elements of community mobilization, including children. Armed groups sometimes use allegiance to the group as a tool of pressure and community members are called to play their role and contribute to the struggle with their children. Children are susceptible to these demands, not only as a result of social pressure or a sense of duty, but also as a result of the personal injustices they have suffered. When crimes against children are committed with impunity, many join armed groups motivated by a desire for revenge.", "47. The weakness of State authority, particularly in peripheral areas, is another factor contributing to the conflict and to children being exposed to violence. Where the State has difficulty in ensuring security, providing basic social services, complaining and facilitating economic activity, local communities come to other forms of authority. The traditional structures of government or justice mechanisms may be given precedence to the weakness of the institutions established by law. However, traditional government structures are often not based on the policy criteria and protection mechanisms provided by the State. Where there is a conflict, local communities also tend to form self-defence groups and often recruit young children from the community to fight and defend them from external threats.", "48. In some societies, prolonged violent conflicts become an end in themselves, with a political economy driven by the logic of economic gains and political commitment. In these contexts, children are socially conditioned to assume that war is the norm, rather than the exception, and to take advantage of the structures it creates. Military leaders become models for children and military values become part of everyday life. Joining an armed group can facilitate social mobility, in addition to access to resources and the ability to exercise power and influence in the territory controlled by the armed group. In such situations of chronic conflict, joining an armed group can be seen by children as a legitimate way of advancing in a society that hardly offers them other possibilities.", "49. These are some of the key factors that create an environment that encourages children to be trapped in conflict. If the conditions of conflict at the strategic level are not addressed, children will continue to be victims of armed conflict. In this regard, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/241, States should improve “the complementarity and coordination of national policies and strategies on security, development, human rights and humanitarian issues, with a view to effectively, sustainable and comprehensively addressing the short, medium and long-term effects of armed conflict on children”. The United Nations system and, at a broader level, the international community should support the efforts of Governments to create societies that are resistant during conflict, in particular by contributing to economic development and equity, and supporting initiatives to strengthen social justice and accountability.", "B. Prevention of violations and abuses of the rights of children", "50. At the strategic level, it is clear that the most effective way of protecting children from the scourge of war is by mitigating the outbreak of armed conflict. Conflict prevention involves addressing the root causes of violence and promoting sustainable and equitable human development. According to the Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of this study (see A/62/228), sustainable conflict prevention and peace-building need to go beyond political agreements and strengthen key means of peace, including good governance; create a responsible, legitimate and rule-based security sector; an independent and effective judicial system; provide basic social services; and create an enabling economic environment for the creation of employment and wealth.", "51. Studies suggest that there is a strong correlation between a disproportionately large young population and civil conflicts. Although population data alone do not cause conflict, the implementation of development programmes that systematically involve and target young people, particularly in countries with an increase in the young population, could mitigate the risk. The need to promote youth employment and skills development among youth in peace and post-conflict periods should be an important component of reconstruction and development strategies.", "52. The above measures, of a general and long-term nature, should be addressed progressively by States affected by conflicts, with the sustained support of the international community. National actors can take a series of more direct protection measures, with international support. During conflict, the creation of child protection networks can help communities better protect them. These networks alert the community to threats or violations of their rights and can help formulate a community response to the consequences of violence. They can also help prevent abuse through awareness-raising and linkages with entities that can provide protection. The possibility of trusting a support network makes children feel safer and provides a mechanism of assistance when violations or abuses of their rights are committed.", "53. At the beginning of a conflict, community leaders should be persuaded to make a special effort to negotiate with the parties in order to ensure that schools are designated “peace zones” and are not targeted or used by military forces or armed groups. Thus, children may follow their studies without being subjected to abuse or violence. Community measures to protect schools are another way of ensuring the safety of children. The maintenance of a certain degree of normality in the life of children during a conflict, through the continuation of education, contributes to their development, while preventing them from being recruited by armed agents.", "C. Global accountability", "54. Since the 1996 Machel study, the international community has made significant progress in strengthening the legal framework for the protection of children in armed conflict and in prosecuting perpetrators of crimes against them. The International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone have dealt with violations of the rights of children. These international and hybrid courts, together with mixed chambers, such as those established in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been a fundamental complement to national justice mechanisms in relation to crimes against children.", "55. It should be noted that only through international efforts can lasting results be achieved in the fight against impunity. Accountability for crimes committed can only be achieved through the involvement of the country &apos; s population and justice system in accordance with international standards. In post-conflict societies, where State institutions and social fabric have been weakened by war, the international community has an important role to play in supporting national efforts to strengthen the justice sector and the rule of law more broadly. Developing the capacity of societies to address violations of rights through an effective judicial system is the only way to ensure that justice is sustainable.", "56. The international community should also support reparation mechanisms in countries emerging from armed conflict. Remedies are a means of providing social justice in post-conflict societies and are an additional effective mechanism for accountability. This is particularly true in areas where access to justice and redress through the courts is difficult or not possible as a result of the weakness of the judicial system or the lack of confidence in the judiciary, when the identity of the perpetrators is unknown or when, for political reasons, perpetrators of human rights abuses of judicial accountability processes are exempted.", "D. Need for a dialogue on protection", "57. In its resolution 64/146, the General Assembly urged States and other parties to armed conflict, in contravention of applicable international law, to commit abuses and violations of the rights of children, to take effective and time-bound measures to end such practices. The provision of protection and assistance to child victims of abuse and violations of their rights in armed conflict by States, together with United Nations entities, civil society and regional organizations, requires dialogue among all actors in order to ensure coordination and the establishment of appropriate response mechanisms. Partnerships with Governments are critical to ending serious violations of children &apos; s rights. In this regard, inter-ministerial committees composed of relevant government entities can serve as effective forums for coordination and dialogue with United Nations counterparts.", "58. Where relevant and possible, there may be a dialogue with non-State actors in the context of peace processes. However, in close cooperation with relevant Governments, consideration should be given to maintaining a dialogue on the establishment of effective and time-bound measures to protect children who have been victims of abuse, including action plans to end specific violations, regardless of the state of political deliberations. Contexts vary and experience has shown that innovation is a key ingredient for effective protection measures. In the absence of a peace process, Governments, as the main guarantors of the protection of children, should work with the United Nations to ensure the implementation by all parties of effective and time-bound measures including action plans.", "E. Selective and gradual measures", "59. Efforts continue to be made to strengthen the links between the work of the Security Council on children and armed conflict and its sanctions regime. Targeted and gradual sanctions against perpetrators of repeated abuses should be applied as a last resort, when impunity for crimes against children has not been ended through the other means. In its most recent resolution on children and armed conflict (resolution 1998 (2011)), the Security Council reaffirmed its willingness, expressed in previous resolutions and presidential statements, to take targeted and gradual action against those who persist in committing serious violations of the rights of children, and to increasingly integrate such violations into their sanctions regimes.", "60. In response, in May of this year, the Special Representative, during a presentation to the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, proposed that grave violations of children &apos; s rights be included as criteria for the designation of sanctions. The Security Council, in its resolution 2002 (2011), extended the sanctions regime in Somalia to include in its designation criteria grave violations of the rights of children in armed conflict. Closer collaboration between the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea and the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict will enhance coherence in the work of the Council and strengthen its action against impunity. In the future, it will be essential to extend this practice to other sanctions committees dealing with perpetrators of repeated serious violations of children &apos; s rights.", "F. Role of Governments in the protection of children affected by conflict", "61. Governments have the primary responsibility to protect children and, more broadly, the civilian population. A number of measures should be taken to create an environment for the protection of children before, during and after conflict. First, there is a need to establish a national legal framework for international standards to uphold children &apos; s rights and protect them from the consequences of conflicts. In this regard, the ratification and subsequent implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, such as its incorporation into national legislation, followed by necessary policy adjustments in administrative, budgetary and social matters, is a key step in the protection of children. Other legal instruments relating specifically to children, such as child protection codes or laws, which include a wide range of measures ranging from juvenile justice to punitive measures against child rights violations and abuses, have provided an additional level of legal protection in conflict-affected States.", "62. Following conflict, national authorities need to put in place transitional justice mechanisms to ensure accountability for war crimes against children. Transitional justice mechanisms based on judicial processes can be complemented by non-judicial accountability mechanisms. These mechanisms, which may include the search for truth and restorative approaches, can provide the necessary catalytic effect for reconciliation and are adequate when the perpetrators are children who, as such, should not be prosecuted. For example, the Victims Act recently adopted in Colombia is a commendable initiative aimed at ensuring that children who have been victims of violations and abuses of their rights during the conflict receive redress from the Government.", "G. Promotional activities", "63. In the face of significant challenges to the protection of children affected by conflict, advocacy activities are critical to raising awareness and inciting behavioural change with a view to definitively ending grave violations of children &apos; s rights in conflict. The Special Representative &apos; s advocacy efforts will continue to highlight key issues in order to seek greater political and donor support for Governments and operational partners working in the area of the protection of children affected by conflict.", "64. Advocacy efforts will focus on a number of priority areas. These include the provision of comprehensive and long-term assistance for the reintegration of children, based on best programming practices identified; the rights of internally displaced children, in particular with regard to access to education and security; the rights of children in contact with justice systems, as victims and perpetrators of crimes; the relationship between conflict and poverty, with particular reference to indicators of the Millennium Development Goals; and challenges in the area of changing nature of conflict protection.", "65. The Special Representative will continue to work with Member States, experts and the academic community to promote greater knowledge and develop and improve knowledge and understanding of emerging challenges for the protection of children in conflict.", "V. Mainstreaming child protection into United Nations system activities", "A. Protection of children in United Nations field missions", "66. One of the key priorities for the Special Representative has been the mainstreaming of child protection experience in the activities of the United Nations system, in accordance with her mandate to contribute to the coordination of efforts and to promote the collection of information on the situation of children affected by armed conflict. Within the Secretariat, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs, both with field presence, have appointed focal points to ensure that child protection issues are taken into account in the policies and operational activities of their departments, while working closely with the Office of the Special Representative. In 2011, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations established a post for the child protection coordinator, which allows for the provision of targeted and sustained support to field child protection advisers and the integration of child protection into Headquarters activities. In view of the growing challenges in child protection identified in the present report, a systematic approach to child protection is essential in the relevant departments of the Secretariat. The Special Representative encourages key Secretariat bodies, including the Department of Political Affairs, OHCHR and the Peacebuilding Support Office, to follow the example of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "67. The guideline on the protection of children of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, established in 2009 and outlined in the previous report of the Special Representative (A/65/219), guides child protection activities in peacekeeping operations and contributes to the collection of accurate, objective, reliable and verifiable information on grave violations of the rights of children. The guideline defines the roles and responsibilities of child protection personnel in peacekeeping operations and provides a clear framework for the division of labour and complementarity between peacekeeping operations and United Nations bodies, funds and programmes. The directive is expected to be reviewed and updated during the next reporting cycle. The review can serve to explore the possibility of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs developing joint guidelines on child protection for all United Nations field missions. It is essential to incorporate child protection into the activities of special political missions and peacebuilding offices managed by the Department of Political Affairs, as they are called to play an increasing role in child protection in post-conflict situations and during the complex transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding.", "68. Since the adoption of the child protection policy, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations has developed a policy implementation plan to facilitate the sustained and systematic implementation of the child protection mandate in the field and at Headquarters. The main priorities identified in the plan include strengthening training for peacekeepers. In this regard, the Department works with the Office of the Special Representative, UNICEF and Save the Children to strengthen and prepare predeployment and mission training programmes and materials.", "69. The support of the General Assembly for the deployment and role of child protection advisers has been considerable, in particular through resolution 62/141, on the rights of the child, and the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. Child protection advisers have been appointed in seven field missions. In this regard, it should be noted that most mandates of United Nations peacekeeping missions and political missions currently include a child protection dimension. The commitment to the protection of children has gained increasing emphasis on the staffing table and resources for the protection of children approved by the General Assembly for United Nations field operations, through the work of the Fifth Committee, with the advice of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the support of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. The Special Representative appreciates the crucial support of the General Assembly for the mainstreaming of child protection in United Nations activities and calls for continued support.", "B. Child protection partnerships within the United Nations system", "70. As Chair of the Special Team on Children and Armed Conflict at Headquarters, the Special Representative meets with 16 departments, agencies, funds and programmes to consult on child protection issues and to prepare the annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. These meetings help identify areas that require further promotion, presence in general activities or cooperation and coordination. Through country task forces, the Office of the Special Representative has continued to support field efforts in child protection, including through technical support, in addition to support for training, advocacy and fund-raising.", "71. The close collaboration between UNICEF and the Office of the Special Representative continued during the reporting period. This cooperation has been central to the issue of children and armed conflict, both globally and on the ground, and technical coordination continues to bear fruit in terms of guidance for field activities, implementation of action plans and strengthening child protection capacity in the field. The Special Representative remains committed to defend this issue with donor countries to ensure that these UNICEF-led action plans and reintegration programmes receive the necessary attention in terms of long-term sustainable funding.", "72. Activities are also coordinated on a regular basis with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children on issues of common concern, including the joint campaign for universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "73. The Office of the Special Representative continues to work closely with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict to promote activities to prevent sexual violence against children. The period under review has witnessed increased technical collaboration to complement the activities of both offices. A number of staff members from the Office of the Special Representative participated in a workshop on this topic organized by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and have worked continuously with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and UNICEF to develop guidance on sexual violence for field missions and partners. It has been agreed that the Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict should take the lead in all matters relating to sexual violence, including the engagement of parties to conflict as appropriate, and in close consultation with the Office of the Special Representative on Children and Armed Conflict on children &apos; s issues. In situations where a monitoring and reporting framework on sexual violence in conflict has not been established, the Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict will continue to advocate for the implementation of action plans on sexual violence against children.", "VI. Recommendations for the future", "74. The Special Representative urges Member States, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and non-governmental organizations to redouble their efforts to implement the full range of programmatic and protection measures identified in the recommendations of the 1996 Machel study and the 2007 10-year review of that study. In that regard, reference was made to the second part of the 2007 report of the Special Representative (A/62/228), which included recommendations based on the conclusions of the 10-year review.", "75. Recognizing the primary responsibility of States for the protection of children, the Special Representative urges Member States to strengthen policies and practices that ensure the prevention of rape and abuse of children &apos; s rights and is prepared to facilitate the exchange of best practices among Member States in this regard.", "76. The Special Representative reiterates her appeal to States to set the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the armed forces in 18 years when they deposit their binding declaration (under article 3) by ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.", "77. The Special Representative calls upon Member States to end impunity and prosecute and punish those who commit serious violations of children &apos; s rights during armed conflict. The international community should support Member States, as appropriate, by developing their capacity to address justice issues in conflict situations.", "78. Taking into account the grave impact of military operations on children, in particular those related to air strikes, including those of unmanned aircraft and helicopters, and nocturnal incursions, the Special Representative welcomes the efforts made by multinational forces to adopt and implement standard tactical guidelines and operational procedures to minimize civilian casualties and the destruction of civilian facilities, and urges all multinational forces and peacekeeping operations to ensure adequate peacekeeping operations.", "79. The Special Representative encourages Member States to implement juvenile justice standards and due process guarantees when a child is prosecuted and to prevent the maintenance of children in administrative or preventive detention regimes for a prolonged period of time. Where possible, Member States should consider exempting children under the age of 18 from criminal responsibility for crimes committed during their association with an armed force or armed group, by virtue of their age, the rank of command and the forced nature of recruitment. Non-judicial accountability mechanisms should be introduced that take into account the best interests of the child and promote their reintegration.", "80. Recognizing that the long-term sustainable social and economic reintegration is the cornerstone for achieving the durable separation of children from parties to armed conflict, the Special Representative urges donors to provide sustained and long-term support for reintegration, in accordance with the Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Groups, in particular in the areas of education, vocational training and income-generating activities, as appropriate, and to support the financial aspects of child recruitment, killing,", "81. The Special Representative encourages Member States to continue to support the integration of child protection into United Nations activities, both in field missions and at Headquarters, and to facilitate the timely deployment of specialist child protection advisers in peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions, as appropriate, and the authorization of adequate resources for this purpose.", "82. Member States providing uniformed personnel are encouraged to incorporate a child protection module into national training that is provided prior to deployment to military, civilian and police personnel.", "83. The Special Representative urges all relevant United Nations agencies and programmes to strengthen their child protection capacity, including with appropriate expertise, at the global and field levels.", "Annex", "Standard operating procedures proposed for the protection of children in military operations", "(a) Conduct a joint military-civil assessment of the risk for the safety of the population, and especially children, before any military action;", "(b) Stop fighting or use heavy artillery in densely populated areas. In this context, the protection of schools and hospitals as “peace zones” should be paramount;", "(c) To refrain from occupying or using schools and health centres, or their immediate vicinity, for purposes that may turn them into military objectives;", "(d) Conduct systematic assessments following an impact operation on civilians, including children;", "(e) Implement an immediate and transparent framework for investigating alleged crimes committed against children by armed forces elements during military operations. Reports on the progress and results of these investigations should be made public and disciplinary measures should be taken promptly, as appropriate, against perpetrators of such crimes;", "f) Establish a framework to ensure reparations or compensation to children and their families for violations committed in the context of military operations that have caused the death or mutilation of children or caused sexual violence against children;", "(g) Formulate procedures for the reception, treatment and rapid delivery of children separated from armed groups to United Nations child protection entities during a military operation;", "(h) Designate a coordinator for children and armed conflict in the armed forces to follow up on all the measures mentioned above.", "[1] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, A Covered Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011)." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 100 del programa provisional*", "Examen de la aplicación de las recomendaciones y decisiones aprobadas por la Asamblea General en su décimo período extraordinario de sesiones", "Instituto de las Naciones Unidas de Investigación sobre el Desarme", "Nota del Secretario General", "Corrección", "1. Anexo II", "Sustitúyase el cuadro que sigue al párrafo 2 por el siguiente:", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Necesidades de personal Total de Gastos Gastos de Total de sueldos comunes de representación gastos netos personal", "1 D-2 210,2 75,7 0,6 286,5", "1 D-1 193,3 69,6 – 262,9", "2 funcionarios del Cuadro de 201,6 72,6 – 274,2 Servicios Generales (otras categorías)", "Total 823,6", "2. Anexo III", "[No se aplica al texto en español.]" ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 100 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session", "United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "1. Annex II", "For the table following paragraph 2 substitute", "(In thousands of United States dollars)", "Staffing requirement Total net Common Representation Total salaries staff costs allowance", "1 D-2 210.2 75.7 0.6 286.5", "1 D-1 193.3 69.6 — 262.9", "2 General Service (Other 201.6 72.6 — 274.2 level)", "Total       823.6", "2. Annex III", "The column headings should read", "Voluntary contributions 2009 2010 2011^(a) 2012^(a)" ]
A_66_123_CORR.1
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 100 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the implementation of the recommendations and decisions adopted by the General Assembly at its tenth special session", "United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "1. Annex II", "Replace the table following paragraph 2 with the following:", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Staff requirements Total expenditures Total common salaries for net staff costs", "1 D-2 210.2 75.7 0.6 286.5", "1 D-1 193,3 69,6 - 262,9", "2 General Service (Other level)", "Total 823.6", "2. Annex III", "[It does not apply to the Spanish text. ]" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 65 a) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos de los niños", "* A/66/150.", "La niña", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "Este informe, presentado de conformidad con la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 64/145, incluye una breve reseña de las obligaciones internacionales y los compromisos mundiales concernientes a la niña, que dimanan de tratados de derechos humanos y conferencias internacionales, y de la evolución en materia jurídica y normativa.", "En el informe se evalúan las repercusiones desfavorables para la niña de la pobreza y la crisis económica mundial; la violencia, los abusos y la explotación; las disparidades de género en la educación; la falta de agua y de servicios de saneamiento e higiene adecuados; la nutrición; el VIH/SIDA; la salud; la discapacidad; las crisis humanitarias y las cuestiones de participación, y se destacan las medidas adoptadas para combatir el matrimonio en la infancia y el matrimonio forzoso.", "I. Introducción", "1. Este informe se presenta de conformidad con la resolución 64/145 de la Asamblea General, titulada “La niña”, en la que se pedía al Secretario General que presentara a la Asamblea, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución a fin de evaluar sus repercusiones en el bienestar de la niña, en el que se hiciera especial hincapié en la eliminación del matrimonio en la infancia y el matrimonio forzoso. Para la preparación del informe, se enviaron a los Estados Miembros[1] y a los organismos, los fondos y los programas de las Naciones Unidas notas verbales en las que se solicitaba información relativa a la aplicación de la resolución, y se dirigieron cartas a las principales organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) que se ocupan de promover los derechos de las niñas.", "2. El informe da seguimiento al informe presentado por el Secretario General a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo cuarto período de sesiones (A/64/315), en el que se hizo especial hincapié en la eliminación de la mutilación genital femenina. En él se ofrece un panorama de los marcos jurídicos y normativos y los compromisos internacionales vigentes en lo que concierne a los derechos de la niña (secc. II); la situación de la niña en los ámbitos que abarca la resolución 64/145 (secc. III); y un análisis detallado sobre la práctica del matrimonio en la infancia y el matrimonio forzoso (secc. IV). En el informe también se destacan los avances y los logros alcanzados en la promoción de los derechos de la niña (secc. V) y las recomendaciones para futuras medidas (secc. VI).", "II. Marco jurídico y normativo y compromisos mundiales", "A. Tratados de derechos humanos y otros convenios internacionales", "3. La realización de los derechos de las niñas es una obligación y un imperativo moral consagrado en el derecho internacional. Existe un amplio marco jurídico internacional que impone a los Estados obligaciones relativas a los derechos humanos de la niña. Además de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, que establece un exhaustivo conjunto de derechos que se han de respetar “sin distinción alguna” ni discriminación, en particular por motivos de sexo, todos los tratados sobre derechos humanos fundamentales incluyen disposiciones que reafirman el principio de no discriminación e igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres, los niños y las niñas. Reviste particular importancia la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, que si bien se centra en las mujeres, tiene una influencia directa sobre la situación y el bienestar de la niña. Además, la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, que entró en vigor en mayo de 2008, incluye disposiciones específicas con respecto a los niños (artículo 7). Asimismo, de conformidad con el artículo 6 de esa Convención “los Estados Partes reconocen que las mujeres y niñas con discapacidad están sujetas a múltiples formas de discriminación y, a ese respecto, adoptarán medidas para asegurar que puedan disfrutar plenamente y en igualdad de condiciones de todos los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales”.", "4. Además de los tratados sobre derechos humanos, algunas obligaciones jurídicas dimanan de instrumentos de derecho laboral vinculantes, entre ellos, el Convenio sobre la edad mínima, de 1973 (núm. 138) y el Convenio sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil, de 1999 (núm. 182) de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). Este marco jurídico concerniente a los derechos de los niños en general y de las niñas en particular se ve reforzado por instrumentos regionales de derechos humanos, tales como el Protocolo de la Carta Africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos, de 2005, relativo a los derechos de la mujer en África.", "5. En cuanto a las actividades realizadas en la esfera normativa durante el período que abarca el presente informe figura la aprobación por el Comité de los Derechos del Niño de la Observación general núm. 13 (2011), relativa al derecho del niño a no ser objeto de ninguna forma de violencia, que amplía el artículo 19 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. En la Observación general se analizan las dimensiones de género de la violencia contra los niños y se hace la siguiente recomendación: “Los Estados partes deben procurar que las políticas y medidas que se adopten tengan en cuenta los distintos factores de riesgo a que se enfrentan las niñas y los niños en lo que respecta a las diversas formas de violencia en diferentes entornos”. Se exhorta también a los Estados a que hagan frente a todas las formas de discriminación de género en el marco de una estrategia amplia de prevención de la violencia, que incluya la lucha contra los estereotipos basados en el género, los desequilibrios de poder, las desigualdades y la discriminación, factores todos ellos que contribuyen a perpetuar la utilización de la violencia y la coacción en el hogar, la escuela y los centros educativos, las comunidades, el lugar de trabajo, las instituciones y la sociedad en general, y se afirma que “deben alentarse activamente las asociaciones y alianzas estratégicas entre niños y adultos de sexo masculino, dando a estos, al igual que a las mujeres y las niñas, oportunidades de aprender a respetar al otro sexo y a poner fin a la discriminación de género y sus manifestaciones violentas” (CRC/C/GC/13, párr. 72 b)).", "B. Conferencias internacionales, órganos intergubernamentales y compromisos conexos", "6. Además de los instrumentos internacionales jurídicamente vinculantes que han ratificado, los Estados Miembros han contraído compromisos de gran alcance para eliminar la discriminación de la niña en el contexto de conferencias mundiales y otros foros internacionales. Con ocasión de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer organizada por las Naciones Unidas en Beijing, en 1995, se incluyó por primera vez una sección especial referida a la niña. En la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing[2] se formularon objetivos estratégicos concernientes a diversas cuestiones, tales como la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación y de las actitudes y prácticas culturales negativas contra las niñas, y la promoción y protección de los derechos de la niña, en particular los relativos a educación, salud y nutrición, trabajo infantil, violencia, y participación en la vida social, económica y política.", "7. En su resolución 64/145, la Asamblea General reafirmó los demás documentos de las grandes cumbres y conferencias de las Naciones Unidas relativos a la niña, incluidos el documento final aprobado por la Asamblea en su vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones titulado “La mujer en el año 2000: igualdad entre los géneros, desarrollo y paz para el siglo XXI”[3], el Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo[4]; el Programa de Acción de la Cumbre Mundial sobre Desarrollo Social[5]; y la declaración aprobada por la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer con ocasión de su 49° período de sesiones[6], así como las conclusiones convenidas del 51° período de sesiones de la Comisión que tuvo como tema prioritario “La eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación y violencia contra la niña”[7].", "8. En su 16° período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos examinó el informe conjunto de la Relatora Especial sobre la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía y la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños (A/HRC/16/56). El informe se centró en los mecanismos eficaces de asesoramiento y denuncia que tuvieran en cuenta las necesidades de los niños y a los que los niños pudieran acudir en condiciones de seguridad para denunciar incidentes de violencia, incluidas la violencia y la explotación sexuales. En el informe conjunto se observó que, en su Informe internacional sobre la violencia contra los niños de 2010, Child Helpline International había señalado más de 250.000 incidentes de violencia y maltrato notificados por las 62 líneas telefónicas que habían contribuido a su estudio. La mayoría de los casos se referían a niños de 10 a 15 años de edad, en particular a niñas. El maltrato físico y la intimidación eran los incidentes que con mayor frecuencia se notificaban, seguidos del abandono, el abuso sexual y la violencia emocional. En el informe también se reconocía que las niñas seguían siendo las principales víctimas de la violencia sexual en los conflictos armados.", "9. Tras una mesa redonda celebrada en el mismo período de sesiones, sobre la protección y la promoción de los derechos de los niños que viven o trabajan en la calle, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, hondamente preocupado por la situación de las niñas y los niños que trabajaban y/o vivían en la calle en todo el mundo y por los efectos negativos que esto tenía sobre el pleno disfrute de sus derechos y sobre su desarrollo, condenó enérgicamente las violaciones y los abusos cometidos contra esos niños, incluida la violencia de género, e instó a los Estados a velar por que se diera una respuesta holística basada en los derechos del niño y en el género a este fenómeno (véase la resolución 16/12 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos).", "III. Discriminación y situación de la niña", "A. La pobreza y el efecto de la crisis económica mundial", "10. En todo el mundo, más de 8 millones de niños mueren antes de cumplir los 5 años, y más de 5,7 millones de estas muertes se producen antes de cumplir 1 año[8]. La pobreza afecta gravemente a la vida de los niños, poniendo en peligro su supervivencia y desarrollo, sus derechos a la salud y a una alimentación y nutrición adecuadas, y su educación. Además, la pobreza menoscaba su derecho a la participación y a la protección contra la violencia, el daño y la explotación. Las niñas, además, no solo sufren los efectos de la pobreza y las enfermedades, sino también de otros factores, como las normas sociales y culturales que refuerzan la desigualdad entre los géneros, la discriminación basada en su origen étnico y las desigualdades sociales, geográficas y de ingresos, lo que puede agravar la discriminación que sufren por motivos de género. Por tanto están extremadamente expuestas a una mayor privación y marginación.", "11. La crisis económica mundial, que se inició en 2008, ha potenciado las repercusiones y el grado de pobreza que padecen muchos niños. En las crisis se combinan las vulnerabilidades propias de la edad y del género: las mujeres y los jóvenes pueden ser los primeros que pierdan su puesto de trabajo o se encuentran subempleados; los hogares se pueden ver obligados a reducir el gasto, lo que afecta al aporte nutricional de los niños; y los niños pueden tener que abandonar la escuela para ayudar a su familia a conseguir ingresos adicionales[9]. Según cálculos recientes, es posible que hayan muerto entre 30.000 y 50.000 niños más en el África Subsahariana durante la crisis, la mayor parte de ellos niñas[10].", "12. Aunque la economía mundial está mostrando indicios de recuperación y las tasas del producto interno bruto (PIB) se han recuperado considerablemente desde 2009, las niñas y las mujeres siguen estando expuestas a muchas de las secuelas de la crisis. Las pronunciadas subidas de los precios de los alimentos registradas recientemente también pueden haber tenido repercusiones negativas para las mujeres. El índice de la Organización para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) para los precios de los alimentos, que mide el precio internacional de los alimentos incluidos en una cesta común de productos básicos, se ha disparado en los últimos meses hasta alcanzar un promedio de 234 puntos en junio de 2011, justo por debajo del máximo registrado en febrero y un 39% superior a la cifra correspondiente a junio de 2010[11]. Los precios nacionales de los alimentos también se han mantenido alarmantemente elevados desde la anterior escalada de los precios de los alimentos que se produjo en 2008[12]. Los cálculos recientes sugieren que las acusadas subidas de los alimentos acaecidas recientemente han sumido en la pobreza a unos 44 millones de personas[13].", "13. A medida que los gobiernos van tomando medidas para combatir la acumulación del déficit fiscal, surge la preocupación de que se recorte el gasto en las principales esferas que influyen sobre el bienestar de las niñas. Además, cuando se producen restricciones del gasto público en salud y educación, el grueso del costo recae a menudo en los hogares, en particular en las mujeres y las niñas. Cuando descienden los ingresos del hogar, muchas veces las mujeres no tienen más remedio que aceptar trabajos de poca monta y de carácter temporal, que se suman al resto de sus deberes, y las niñas se pueden ver afectadas por un reparto desigual de los alimentos en el hogar³.", "B. Violencia, abusos y explotación", "14. Para millones de niñas y mujeres de todo el mundo, la violencia forma parte de su vida cotidiana, ya sea en el hogar, en la escuela, en las instituciones de atención y de justicia, o en su lugar de trabajo y su comunidad. Esta situación se da tanto en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo.", "15. Según los datos, 150 millones de niñas menores de 18 años han sufrido alguna forma de violencia sexual[14], y más de 70 millones de niñas y mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 49 años de 29 países han sido víctimas de la mutilación o la ablación genital femenina[15]. Los datos procedentes de muchas zonas del África Subsahariana indican que la circuncisión femenina puede dar lugar a problemas graves de la pelvis y el conducto urinario y a una reducción de la movilidad que pueden causar invalidez crónica, y puede dejar a las niñas expuestas a un riesgo mayor de contraer varias enfermedades infecciosas, entre ellas el VIH[16]. Sin embargo, los datos al respecto son limitados y la violencia contra las niñas y las mujeres no se reconoce ni se denuncia o registra suficientemente debido al estigma que conlleva, al temor, a la tolerancia social y, a menudo, a la naturaleza ilegal y encubierta de tales actividades.", "16. Las niñas cargan a menudo con la triple responsabilidad del hogar, el trabajo escolar y el trabajo fuera de casa, sea o no remunerado. Tales responsabilidades, en especial las horas dedicadas al trabajo del hogar, que no se reconoce, reducen de forma considerable sus logros escolares y las tasas de finalización de los estudios, y aumentan las posibilidades de que ellas y sus hijos perpetúen el ciclo del trabajo infantil[17].", "C. Disparidades de género en la educación", "17. El aumento de la matriculación en la última década ha logrado que la brecha entre los géneros de la población sin escolarizar se haya reducido en la enseñanza primaria: el porcentaje de niñas en edad de asistir a la escuela primaria sin escolarizar disminuyó del 57% en 1998 al 53% en 2008. Sin embargo, sigue habiendo casi 36 millones de niñas sin escolarizar en la enseñanza primaria y más de 39 millones en los cursos inferiores de la enseñanza secundaria. El progreso ha sido desigual y las cifras globales a menudo enmascaran grandes variaciones entre los países y las regiones. El número de niñas sin escolarizar es mucho mayor en el sur y el oeste de Asia y en el África Subsahariana[18].", "18. Además del género, factores como la pobreza, la etnia y la ubicación del hogar también aumentan las posibilidades de que un niño no asista a la escuela. En el conjunto de las regiones en desarrollo, las posibilidades de que las niñas pertenecientes al 20% de los hogares más pobres no asistan a la escuela son 3,5 veces superiores a las de las niñas de los hogares más acomodados, y 4 veces superiores a las de los niños de los hogares más ricos[19].", "D. Falta de acceso al agua y a los servicios de saneamiento e higiene", "19. La responsabilidad de recoger agua recae más a menudo sobre las niñas que sobre los niños. Los datos de 45 países en desarrollo indican que las niñas menores de 15 años tienen el doble de probabilidades de ocuparse de esta tarea que los niños del mismo grupo de edad. La tasa aumenta a medida que las niñas se hacen adultas, y las mujeres son las encargadas de buscar el agua en casi las dos terceras partes de los hogares. En algunos casos, las niñas tienen que recorrer grandes distancias a pie para buscar agua, lo que incrementa su volumen de trabajo y afecta a su capacidad para dedicar tiempo a su educación y a su salud. Además, buscar agua y estar en contacto con agua insalubre puede ocasionar un deterioro físico[20].", "20. Además, las niñas, en particular las adolescentes, pueden correr el riesgo de ser víctimas de acoso sexual o violación en los pozos y otros lugares donde se recoge agua, así como en los aseos escolares, en especial, en los que están situados fuera del entorno protector de la escuela. En las crisis en el ámbito humanitario, los problemas de las niñas relacionados con el agua, el saneamiento y las prácticas de higiene se agudizan aún más.", "E. Servicios de nutrición inadecuados y prevalencia de la anemia", "21. A escala mundial, las disparidades de género en los indicadores de resultados relativos a la nutrición son insignificantes por lo que se refiere a los niños y las niñas menores de 5 años. Sin embargo, en general los problemas de los servicios de nutrición (en materia de cobertura de los programas de nutrición, así como de calidad y disponibilidad de alimentos y suministros) tienen repercusiones negativas que afectan de una manera desproporcionada a las mujeres y a las niñas. Esto se debe al aumento de las necesidades nutricionales de las mujeres y las adolescentes, a las barreras culturales que les impiden recorrer largas distancias para acudir a los servicios y la falta de tiempo debida a su carga de trabajo. Además, los estudios y los análisis revelan una importante correlación entre las bajas tasas de alfabetización materna y la mala nutrición de los niños pequeños[21].", "22. Cabe destacar que la anemia (debida a la deficiencia de hierro en dos de cada tres casos), cuya prevalencia es elevada entre las adolescentes y las mujeres de los países en desarrollo, aumenta el riesgo de muerte de la madre. Los elevados índices de anemia registrados entre las niñas y las mujeres guardan relación con la pérdida de hierro que sufren, especialmente durante la adolescencia, debido a la menstruación y los embarazos.", "F. Un riesgo desproporcionadamente elevado de contraer el VIH y el SIDA", "23. Las jóvenes y las adolescentes siguen corriendo un riesgo desproporcionadamente elevado de infección, debido a su vulnerabilidad biológica, así como a la desigualdad y la exclusión sociales. Casi el 78% del total de los jóvenes que viven con el VIH comprendidos en el grupo de edad de los 15 a los 24 años proceden del África Subsahariana, y la mayoría de ellos son mujeres que no son conscientes de su condición de seropositivas. Más del 60% del total de los adolescentes que viven con el VIH comprendidos en el grupo de edad de los 10 a los 19 años son niñas[22].", "24. En todo el mundo (excluida China), el 11% de las adolescentes ha tenido relaciones sexuales antes de los 15 años, y se registran 15 millones de nacimientos anuales entre las adolescentes menores de 20 años[23]. Las experiencias precoces con el sexo y las drogas son factores clave ligados al riesgo de que las adolescentes contraigan el VIH. Estos comportamientos reflejan problemas en el entorno de las adolescentes y son el resultado de un gran número de fallos en su protección y su cuidado que probablemente estén vinculados a la violencia, la explotación, el abuso y la falta de atención.", "25. La desigualdad social y de ingresos, junto a un conocimiento insuficiente de la sexualidad y del VIH, determinan otros comportamientos que agravan el riesgo de infección del virus, por ejemplo, el sexo con distintas parejas y las relaciones en las que hay una gran diferencia de edad. Las jóvenes y las adolescentes se ven obligadas a menudo a mantener relaciones con hombres de más edad como una táctica de supervivencia para obtener dinero, alimentos, protección u otras ventajas sociales y materiales. Su riesgo de infección se agrava debido a la legislación, así como a las medidas y las prácticas que restringen el acceso de las adolescentes a los preservativos, a las pruebas del VIH y a una educación sexual correcta y completa. La violencia infligida por los compañeros en las relaciones íntimas, que se produce a menudo con el conocimiento de las familias y las comunidades, también limita la capacidad de las jóvenes y las niñas para tomar decisiones eficaces con miras a prevenir el VIH e intensifica el riesgo de que contraigan el virus.", "G. La salud en la adolescencia", "26. Mientras que la mortalidad de los menores de 5 años tiende a ser más elevada en el caso de los niños que en el de las niñas, debido a ciertas ventajas biológicas y genéticas que estas poseen, la desigualdad entre los géneros hace que las niñas se enfrenten a mayores riesgos para la salud en la adolescencia[24]. Los embarazos y los partos a una edad temprana figuran entre las principales causas de muerte en todo el mundo de las adolescentes de 15 a 19 años. En esta etapa de su vida, las niñas suelen correr más riesgos que los hombres de tener problemas de salud como la depresión, y esta amenaza a menudo se agrava debido a la discriminación y el abuso por motivos de género. Las niñas son especialmente propensas a sufrir trastornos alimentarios como la anorexia y la bulimia, y esta vulnerabilidad se debe en parte a una profunda ansiedad sobre su imagen corporal fomentada por los estereotipos sobre la belleza femenina presentes en la cultura y en los medios de comunicación¹⁵.", "H. La discapacidad como fuente de oprobio y marginación", "27. Las niñas con discapacidad no solo se enfrentan al oprobio y a la marginación sociales que sufren los niños en su misma situación, sino que son objeto de una discriminación adicional por su sexo. Además de padecer la marginación en la familia, la comunidad y la escuela, así como en círculos sociales más amplios, lo que puede empeorar su salud y sus resultados escolares, las niñas con discapacidad suelen estar expuestas a un riesgo mayor de violencia, lesiones o abuso, abandono o trato negligente, malos tratos o explotación[25]. Asimismo, pueden ser sometidas a la esterilización forzada o al aborto[26].", "I. Crisis en el ámbito humanitario", "28. Durante las crisis en el ámbito humanitario, como los conflictos armados y las catástrofes naturales, las niñas se ven expuestas a un aumento drástico de las violaciones de sus derechos humanos, como resultado de la mayor inestabilidad e inseguridad que acarrean y del consiguiente colapso de los mecanismos de protección oficiales y extraoficiales. La problemática de género está muy presente en las consecuencias de las crisis de orden humanitario, que tal vez respondan a desigualdades de género preexistentes que pueden acentuar los efectos perjudiciales para las niñas. En las situaciones de emergencia, las niñas, especialmente las adolescentes, son presa fácil para las violaciones y la explotación sexual a manos de las fuerzas combatientes, los miembros de la comunidad, los trabajadores humanitarios y el personal uniformado. En las situaciones de conflicto armado, las niñas pueden ser secuestradas o reclutadas por fuerzas o grupos armados. Son frecuentes los informes de niñas que utilizan el sexo como moneda de cambio para obtener asistencia, o que comercian con el sexo para atender sus propias necesidades o las de su familia. Este tipo de actividades aumenta su vulnerabilidad a la explotación y los abusos sexuales, al VIH y a las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y a los embarazos indeseados. Las niñas que han sobrevivido a la violencia sexual y a otras formas de violencia de género sufren problemas de salud mental y psicosociales, y se ven gravemente afectadas por el estigma y la exclusión sociales.", "29. Las niñas afectadas por las crisis tienen menos posibilidades que los niños de matricularse en la escuela o acceder a la educación en la primera infancia, y también tienen un acceso limitado a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva. En las culturas en las que se valora más a los niños que a las niñas, las familias y los miembros de la comunidad pueden conceder prioridad a los primeros en la distribución de asistencia. El aumento de la pobreza derivado de las crisis también puede llevar a los padres a empujar a sus hijas al matrimonio infantil (como táctica de supervivencia) en algunos casos. Las niñas, quienes, junto con las mujeres, asumen tradicionalmente la mayor parte de las tareas domésticas, a menudo soportan más trabajo en las crisis para mantener a sus familias, ante la reducción de los servicios sociales. Esta situación aumenta sus labores cotidianas y resta tiempo a la escuela y a otras actividades.", "J. Falta de oportunidades de participación", "30. El cumplimiento del artículo 12 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, en el que se estipula que “los Estados Partes garantizarán al niño que esté en condiciones de formarse un juicio propio el derecho de expresar su opinión libremente en todos los asuntos que afectan” al niño o a la niña, plantea graves dificultades a los gobiernos en la mayoría de las regiones del mundo. Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que los niños carecían de la experiencia, los conocimientos o el entendimiento necesarios para participar directamente en las contribuciones a las decisiones fundamentales que afectan a su vida. Las pautas sociales y culturales de conducta en la familia ponen por regla general más obstáculos a la capacidad de las niñas y las mujeres para hacer valer sus derechos. Los programas de servicios para los jóvenes están creando cada vez más espacios para la participación de la juventud. Sin embargo, la proporción de niñas, en especial de las que no están escolarizadas y de las desfavorecidas, en las asociaciones de personas de su edad y los programas juveniles habituales es normalmente muy baja. En muchas comunidades también faltan personalidades femeninas poderosas que sirvan de modelo, así como oportunidades para que las mujeres y las niñas creen redes y ejerciten su derecho a la participación.", "IV. La eliminación del matrimonio en la infancia y el matrimonio forzoso", "31. El matrimonio de un niño o una niña menores de 18 años está reconocido en los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales como una violación de los derechos humanos de los niños[27]. Incluso cuando el menor da su consentimiento, el matrimonio en la infancia es el resultado de normas sociales vigentes en virtud de las cuales se espera de los hijos que contraigan matrimonio en la niñez, por lo que se puede considerar un matrimonio forzado. En ciertos casos, se alude al matrimonio en la infancia como matrimonio temprano; sin embargo, esta terminología se presta al equívoco por ser de carácter relativo. Por ejemplo, podría utilizarse también para promover el matrimonio a una edad más temprana en los países en los que el promedio de edad para casarse supera los 30 años.", "32. El matrimonio en la infancia es el resultado de la interrelación de fuerzas económicas y sociales especialmente poderosas en lo relativo al matrimonio de las niñas. El costo del matrimonio para las familias tiende a ser inferior si los hijos son más jóvenes, dado que dejan de estar a cargo de sus padres y que las niñas más jóvenes suelen necesitar una dote menor. Estas fuerzas sociales se manifiestan en la aprobación social que reciben las familias si se percibe que respetan la tradición, velan por la castidad de sus hijas, protegen el honor familiar y reducen el riesgo de que las niñas tengan hijos fuera de la unión matrimonial. El incumplimiento de las normas sociales acarrea la desaprobación de la sociedad, que puede incluso entrañar el uso de la violencia contra la niña o los miembros de la familia.", "33. Un estudio realizado por el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) en 2010 utilizando los datos de las últimas Encuestas de Demografía y Salud y encuestas a base de indicadores múltiples muestra que aproximadamente la tercera parte de las mujeres del mundo en desarrollo de edades de 20 a 24 años se habían casado antes de los 18 años. También indica que, en general, la práctica del matrimonio en la infancia ha ido decayendo, aunque lentamente. Mientras que el 48% de las mujeres de los países en desarrollo de 45 a 49 años se habían casado antes de cumplir los 18 años, esta proporción desciende al 35% en el caso de las mujeres de 20 a 24 años de edad^(24,) [28].", "34. Los datos revelan además importantes desigualdades. El matrimonio en la infancia está estrechamente asociado a los bajos niveles de educación de las niñas. La práctica ha disminuido de manera casi exclusiva en los hogares pertenecientes al quintil de ingresos más elevado, mientras que el número de casos apenas ha fluctuado en los hogares del quintil de ingresos inferior. Los datos avalan la idea de que el matrimonio en la infancia obedece en parte a factores económicos y de que, aunque es necesario, no basta con ocuparse de esos factores para acabar con la práctica.", "35. En las comunidades en las que esta práctica está muy extendida, casar a las niñas forma parte de un acervo de normas y actitudes en materia de género que reflejan el escaso valor que se concede a los derechos humanos de las niñas. Entre estas normas figuran la maternidad temprana y reiterada, que repercute negativamente en la salud de la madre y el hijo; la dote o “precio de la novia”, por la que se equipara a las niñas a activos económicos; la preferencia otorgada a la educación de los niños sobre la de las niñas; el hecho de que las niñas coman después que los hombres y los niños de la casa, lo que puede tener efectos negativos sobre la salud y la nutrición de estas; y la expectativa generalizada de que las niñas estén supeditadas a los varones, lo que contraviene su derecho a la participación.", "36. Cuando el matrimonio en la infancia está muy extendido, las adolescentes se casan, se quedan embarazadas y tienen hijos antes de estar preparadas para ser madres desde el punto de vista físico, emocional y social. Aproximadamente 15 millones de adolescentes, la mayoría casadas, son madres cada año²³. Gran parte de estas jóvenes no son conscientes de sus derechos y desconocen los servicios de atención a la salud, entre ellos los de salud reproductiva. Como resultado, se enfrentan a riesgos considerables durante el embarazo, entre ellos, la fístula obstétrica y la muerte[29]. Las niñas de 10 a 14 años tienen cinco veces más probabilidades que las mujeres de 20 a 24 años de morir durante el embarazo y el parto. Dado que empiezan a tener niños a una edad temprana, las adolescentes suelen tener más hijos y a intervalos más breves, lo que representa mayor riesgo de muerte y discapacidad para la madre. En consecuencia, sus opciones de vida también se ven limitadas, dado que se restringen sus posibilidades de finalizar los estudios, adquirir conocimientos amplios sobre la salud, participar en la comunidad y prepararse para un empleo. El matrimonio en la infancia también expone a las jóvenes casadas a un riesgo mayor de contraer el VIH e infecciones de transmisión sexual, ya que se ven impotentes para rechazar las relaciones sexuales no deseadas y sin protección con sus maridos de más edad. También acarrea consecuencias negativas para la próxima generación: las madres menores de 20 años tienen el 50% más de posibilidades de dar a luz niños muertos y de morir que las mujeres de 20 a 29 años[30].", "37. Los progresos en la eliminación del matrimonio en la infancia son de crucial importancia para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Además, favorecerán la aplicación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño y de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, y darán respuesta a las recomendaciones formuladas en el estudio del Secretario General de 2006 sobre la violencia contra los niños¹⁴.", "38. La experiencia de los países muestra que acabar con el matrimonio en la infancia exige un enfoque que incorpore el compromiso del Gobierno mediante la promulgación de la legislación oportuna, así como el apoyo a las comunidades para permitirles encontrar alternativas mejores. Aunque es necesario, es muy difícil hacer cumplir la legislación que prohíbe el matrimonio en la infancia cuando existe un gran apoyo social a esta práctica. Sin embargo, se pueden utilizar medidas jurídicas y estrategias de información para reducirlo y, cuando empiece a decrecer la aceptación social, para legitimar y apoyar a los que se estén movilizando para ponerle fin.", "39. Varios países están promulgando legislación por la que se establece la edad mínima para contraer matrimonio en los 18 años, de conformidad con la Observación general núm. 4 del Comité de los Derechos del Niño, mientras que otros están elevando la edad mínima para casarse a 18 años y eliminando las diferencias entre la edad jurídica de los varones y las niñas. En 2009, Eritrea examinó su Código civil y penal a fin de aumentar la edad mínima para contraer matrimonio a los 18 años para los varones y las niñas, garantizar que el matrimonio sea consensuado e igualitario, y restringir prácticas como el “precio de la novia” y la dote. En Malawi se está redactando de nuevo la legislación para elevar la edad jurídica para contraer matrimonio por encima de los 16 años. En otros países, como Malí y el Yemen, la cuestión es objeto de debate, y se están estudiando propuestas encaminadas a establecer o aumentar la edad jurídica para contraer matrimonio.", "40. Para acabar con el matrimonio en la infancia es preciso respaldar el debate en la comunidad para examinar colectivamente las alternativas a esta práctica[31]. En estos debates, se debe respetar el deseo de las familias de mantener la tradición, al tiempo que se muestran los daños que conlleva y se refuerzan los principios de los derechos humanos. Se puede facilitar información a través de fuentes fidedignas, como el personal médico y los líderes religiosos, y se puede dar más voz a las propias niñas, velando por la coherencia del mensaje en toda la comunidad. También es necesario que exista un firme compromiso por parte de los hombres y los jóvenes. Se han recibido informes de países de varias regiones sobre este tipo de medidas de sensibilización.", "41. Las medidas y los programas amplios relativos al matrimonio en la infancia tienen en cuenta las necesidades de los adolescentes que ya están casados, al tiempo que apoyan las acciones para poner fin a la práctica. Estas medidas ofrecen alternativas viables y apoyo institucional, en especial, una oferta educativa más amplia para las niñas, incluidas las que ya están casadas o embarazadas. Los países están ampliando el acceso físico a la educación mediante la creación de residencias seguras, el aumento de los incentivos financieros para las familias, la promoción del empoderamiento de las niñas, la mejora de la calidad educativa y el logro de condiciones seguras e higiénicas en las escuelas. En ciertos países, por ejemplo en Djibouti, se han adoptado medidas para hacer obligatoria la asistencia al colegio hasta los 16 años.", "42. Pese a su gran difusión, el matrimonio en la infancia tradicionalmente ha recibido una atención limitada. Sin embargo, cada vez es mayor el número de iniciativas llevadas a cabo por una serie de asociados, entre ellos las organizaciones no gubernamentales, el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) y el UNICEF. Estos dos últimos organismos han intensificado sus actividades de promoción y apoyo a los programas de los países, mediante la labor del Equipo de Tareas Interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes, entre otros. Además, el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer y el Comité de los Derechos del Niño están redactando un comentario o recomendación general sobre las prácticas perjudiciales, que actualizará las directrices facilitadas a los Estados partes sobre el matrimonio en la infancia. Los organismos de cooperación para el desarrollo, como USAID, también están prestando mayor atención a la cuestión de acabar con el matrimonio en la infancia y el matrimonio forzado.", "43. La experiencia de países tan diversos como Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Etiopía, la India, el Níger, el Senegal, Somalia y Suecia indica que la combinación de medidas jurídicas con iniciativas de apoyo a las comunidades, encaminadas a proporcionarles alternativas viables y permitirles debatir y alcanzar una decisión clara y colectiva para poner fin al matrimonio en la infancia, logra resultados positivos. Las iniciativas emprendidas por las organizaciones de la sociedad civil en el ámbito nacional y local también han cosechado resultados alentadores. En otros países, también se ha avanzado en algunos de los aspectos necesarios para acabar con el matrimonio en la infancia. Por ejemplo, Bélgica, Eslovaquia y Nicaragua señalan que se han reforzado los marcos jurídicos que prohíben el matrimonio en la infancia. Sin embargo, en otros países se concede escasa prioridad a eliminar el matrimonio en la infancia, pese a que esta práctica vulnera los derechos de gran parte de las adolescentes y, en menor medida, de los adolescentes.", "44. Si se mantienen las tendencias actuales, hasta 100 millones de niñas podrían contraer matrimonio durante la próxima década[32]. No obstante, con los conocimientos y la experiencia disponibles y una mayor actividad de los Estados, en más estrecha colaboración con la sociedad civil, la mayoría de las niñas y los niños podría retrasar el matrimonio y aprovechar mucho más su potencial en beneficio de toda su comunidad.", "V. Progreso y logros alcanzados", "45. Se ha progresado en varios aspectos relativos a la promoción de los derechos de las niñas y la aplicación de la resolución 64/145 de la Asamblea General. A continuación se destacan algunos de los principales logros.", "A. Refuerzo de la legislación y mayor compromiso", "46. La legislación nacional en materia de violencia contra las mujeres y las niñas se está mejorando de manera sistemática en todo el mundo. Muchos Estados han aprobado leyes y medidas, así como planes de acción y estrategias concretas para combatir las múltiples formas de violencia contra las niñas, entre otras, la trata de personas, la violencia y la explotación sexuales, la mutilación y la ablación genital femenina y el matrimonio en la infancia. Además, la respuesta institucional a la violencia y la explotación se ha reforzado en algunos países mediante la coordinación intersectorial y el desarrollo de la capacidad de los servicios de bienestar social, justicia, educación y salud.", "47. Debido en parte a la campaña mundial, iniciada en mayo de 2010, a favor de la ratificación universal de los Protocolos Facultativos de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativos a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía y la participación de los niños en los conflictos armados, aproximadamente el 75% de los Estados Miembros ha ratificado en la actualidad ambos protocolos facultativos y está adoptando medidas para aplicar sus disposiciones. Varios países ya han aprobado algún tipo de legislación para acabar con la pornografía infantil.", "48. El Convenio sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos, aprobado por la OIT en junio de 2011, establece una serie de normas internacionales encaminadas a mejorar las condiciones laborales de decenas de millones de trabajadores domésticos en todo el mundo, incluidos los niños, de los que el 90% son niñas, según los cálculos¹⁵.", "49. La respuesta internacional en cuanto a la protección de las niñas afectadas por los conflictos se ha reforzado con la aprobación de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1882 (2009), relativa a los niños y los conflictos armados, por la que se amplía el mecanismo de supervisión y presentación de informes para incluir la violencia sexual en los conflictos armados; 1888 (2009) y 1960 (2010), relativas a la prevención de la violencia sexual ligada a los conflictos y la protección frente a esta, por las que se establecen mecanismos más estrictos para exigir responsabilidades a quienes perpetran estos actos; y 1889 (2009), relativa a las mujeres y la paz y la seguridad, en la que se exhorta a que se adopte un conjunto de indicadores destinados a utilizarse a nivel mundial para vigilar mejor la inclusión de las niñas y las mujeres en los procesos de consolidación de la paz, atender sus necesidades en materia de seguridad y proporcionarles servicios básicos.", "B. Iniciativas conjuntas", "50. Con el apoyo del UNFPA y el UNICEF, 15 países africanos han adoptado un enfoque común para poner fin a las prácticas nocivas, que incluye la promoción de legislación y programas comunitarios, las sesiones de debate comunitario a gran escala basadas en los principios de los derechos humanos, y las declaraciones públicas en el ámbito de la comunidad y del distrito a favor del abandono de la mutilación y la ablación genital femenina.", "51. Muchos gobiernos también están llevando a cabo iniciativas multisectoriales para ofrecer apoyo a las niñas y las mujeres, y para combatir la violencia contra las niñas en el hogar, las escuelas, las comunidades y el lugar de trabajo. En el contexto del Convenio del Consejo de Europa para la protección de los niños contra la explotación y el abuso sexual, que entró en vigor el 1 de julio de 2010, los países están combinando las iniciativas institucionales con las de sensibilización y apoyo directo a las niñas y a las mujeres que sufren la violencia, mediante medidas como la creación de líneas telefónicas directas para los niños y la difusión en las comunidades de información sobre las disposiciones en materia de prevención y la protección.", "52. La Iniciativa para la Educación de las Niñas de las Naciones Unidas, presentada en el Foro Mundial sobre la Educación en el año 2000, sigue cumpliendo una importante función para que el tema de la educación de la niña siga teniendo permanente vigencia. La Iniciativa agrupa a diversas partes interesadas, como los gobiernos, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, los organismos bilaterales de asistencia, el sector privado y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, para que colaboren con miras a garantizar el derecho a la educación gratuita y obligatoria, así como la igualdad entre los géneros. La asociación está en marcha actualmente en 47 países de África y Asia.", "53. El Equipo de Tareas Interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes, presidido conjuntamente por el UNFPA y el UNICEF, e integrado por la OIT, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), ONU-Mujeres y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ofrece una plataforma para la acción colectiva a favor de las adolescentes más marginadas. Están en marcha iniciativas, en colaboración con los gobiernos y sus asociados, para elaborar programas amplios en Etiopía, Guatemala, Malawi, Liberia, la República Unida de Tanzanía y otros países.", "54. La comunidad humanitaria está cada vez más empeñada en asegurar que los mecanismos de coordinación interinstitucionales respondan a las necesidades especiales de las niñas, así como a las de los niños, las mujeres y los hombres. En 2010 se crearon nuevos recursos y directrices interinstitucionales para permitir que los organismos humanitarios atendieran con mayor eficacia a las necesidades especiales de las niñas afectadas por situaciones de crisis y velaran por sus derechos, como la “Guía de bolsillo sobre las cuestiones de género” (2010) de la Red Interinstitucional para la educación en situaciones de emergencia, que contiene ejemplos concretos sobre cómo promocionar la educación de las niñas en situaciones de emergencia; el “Manual de coordinación de las intervenciones contra la violencia basada en el género en situaciones de emergencia” (2010), que ofrece orientación sobre las funciones directivas, las principales responsabilidades y las medidas concretas que se deben adoptar; y el Maletín de recursos de salud sexual y reproductiva para adolescentes en entornos humanitarios (2010), centrado en las necesidades especiales de los adolescentes durante las crisis de ámbito humanitario, con especial hincapié en las vulnerabilidades que afectan de manera especial a las niñas y a los más marginados, como los grupos indígenas, los migrantes y las personas con discapacidad.", "C. Mejora del acceso a la educación y de su calidad", "55. Desde que se presentó la iniciativa “Educación para Todos” en 1990, varias medidas adoptadas en los países en desarrollo han logrado impulsar las tasas de matriculación y finalización de los estudios de las niñas. Por ejemplo, la eliminación de las tasas de usuario y la concesión de subsidios y transferencias de efectivo a las niñas ha redundado en un aumento de la demanda educativa en países como Bangladesh, El Salvador, México y Kenya. En Namibia, la actividad se ha centrado en las normas culturales y sociales que obstaculizan la educación de las niñas mediante la adopción de una política que permitiera a las madres adolescentes volver a la escuela tras el parto. Además, el Gobierno ha puesto en marcha una campaña nacional de “tolerancia cero” frente a la violencia basada en el género, y se han llevado a cabo iniciativas encaminadas a desarrollar la capacidad de los administradores en todos los sectores para atender los casos de violencia por motivos de género, así como la de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación para informar sobre el tema.", "56. Varios Estados Miembros y organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas, entre ellas el UNICEF, la FAO, la UNESCO y el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS) están apoyando el paso de las niñas a la educación secundaria, y promoviendo la oferta de capacitación en formación profesional para las adolescentes basada en sus necesidades y su situación concretas. El Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) ha estado distribuyendo raciones para llevar a casa como un incentivo a la matriculación escolar de las niñas y a su permanencia en la escuela. Además de la mejora del acceso, también se están llevando a cabo actividades para mejorar la experiencia escolar de las niñas y la calidad de la educación que reciben, velando por que las escuelas ofrezcan un entorno propicio para la infancia y las cuestiones de género, y fomenten la educación basada en los derechos humanos.", "57. Países como El Salvador y Nicaragua están incorporando a los programas escolares la educación en materia de derechos humanos y preparación práctica para la vida, incluidas las cuestiones de salud reproductiva, para dotar a las adolescentes de los conocimientos adecuados. En Madagascar, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia apoya a organizaciones como los clubs de exploradores y los grupos ecológicos juveniles para promover entre los niños y los jóvenes el valor de la igualdad entre los géneros y los derechos humanos. En Ghana el UNICEF presta apoyo a la cadena radiofónica conocida como “Mentes curiosas” para que funcione como una plataforma de difusión de conocimientos orientada al intercambio de ideas y la divulgación de la legislación relativa a la infancia en general. Estas redes han sido útiles como canales para dar publicidad a la información relativa a la educación de las niñas, la protección frente a las prácticas tradicionales y el embarazo en la adolescencia.", "58. Se han tomado otras medidas a fin de contratar a profesoras debidamente preparadas y desarrollar la capacidad de los profesores y los administradores del sector de la educación para tratar las cuestiones de género en el sector. En Malta y Suecia, por ejemplo, los encargados de la formulación de políticas, los profesores y los alumnos están sensibilizados sobre la necesidad de fomentar la igualdad de género en la elección de carrera, con el objetivo de lograr que las niñas participen más en las disciplinas matemáticas y científicas.", "D. Mejora de los servicios de salud", "59. Los servicios de salud para las niñas se han reforzado en muchas partes del mundo. Por ejemplo, en Djibouti, se prestan servicios confidenciales de planificación de la familia, y las mujeres y las niñas constituyen el eje del plan estratégico nacional sobre el VIH/SIDA 2008-2012. En Bangladesh, el uso de la estrategia de gestión integrada de las enfermedades de la infancia y la capacitación de trabajadores comunitarios de la salud han contribuido a reducir las disparidades por motivo de género en la cobertura de vacunación. Los programas de salud del OOPS ofrecen servicios pediátricos preventivos y terapéuticos a los refugiados palestinos, entre otros, los dispensados en las escuelas, que al mismo tiempo sensibilizan a esta población sobre la importancia de acabar con el matrimonio en la infancia y prevenir la violencia por motivos de género.", "E. La participación de las niñas", "60. Se han puesto en marcha iniciativas para fomentar el potencial de las niñas creando oportunidades para que participen, fomentando sus dotes directivas, informándolas sobre sus derechos y ayudándolas a desarrollar la capacidad de ejercitarlos. En Jamaica, se celebró un simposio sobre la infancia y talleres de capacitación sobre las cuestiones de género, estos últimos organizados por la Oficina de Asuntos de la Mujer, para informar a los niños y las niñas sobre sus derechos, y sensibilizarlos sobre las cuestiones de violencia basada en el género y salud sexual y reproductiva. En Chile, ONU-Mujeres colaboró en un estudio, llevado a cabo por 40 mujeres jóvenes, sobre la violencia contra las jóvenes en el matrimonio y en otras relaciones. Los resultados del estudio se utilizarán para actividades de promoción entre los parlamentarios.", "61. En el Camerún, se puso en marcha con el apoyo del UNICEF una iniciativa para fomentar las aptitudes de liderazgo de los jóvenes mediante la creación de consejos municipales juveniles que dio lugar al establecimiento de 21 consejos de este tipo, 17 de ellos dirigidos por muchachas. La mitad de los miembros de los consejos son muchachas, mientras que tan solo el 6% de los consejos nacionales tienen al frente a alcaldesas. Los jóvenes alcaldes y sus concejales promueven la participación de los jóvenes en la toma de decisiones en sus comunidades. En Guatemala, Malawi y Etiopía, el UNFPA está contribuyendo al empoderamiento de las jóvenes mediante la promoción de espacios seguros, el fomento de las aptitudes de liderazgo y el apoyo a las actividades de preparación para la vida especialmente centradas en la salud sexual y reproductiva. Estos programas también están gestionados por líderes juveniles.", "F. Mitigación del efecto de la crisis económica mundial", "62. Se han adoptado medidas especiales para mitigar el efecto de la crisis económica en las niñas y las mujeres. Entre los ejemplos de iniciativas eficaces figuran el mantenimiento de los gastos necesarios en el sector social y la aplicación de medidas de protección social encaminadas a garantizar su derecho a la atención sanitaria, la educación y los servicios de salud materna. Según un estudio reciente, en 35 países se destinó a actividades de protección social aproximadamente el 25% del gasto realizado para estimular la economía, por valor de 635.000 millones de dólares[33]. Es importante velar por que estas medidas no se desactiven como parte de los programas de austeridad encaminados a controlar el gasto del sector público. Además, las medidas de protección social de carácter transformador, por ejemplo, las políticas contra la discriminación y la reforma legislativa, entrañan el potencial de combatir las vulnerabilidades sociales, lo que asegura el acceso equitativo a los servicios de los niños y las niñas.", "VI. Recomendaciones", "63. Si bien se ha progresado, según demuestran los ejemplos citados, es necesario que estas iniciativas continúen y se amplíen, para lo que hacen falta medidas enérgicas por parte de los gobiernos, apoyadas por los organismos para el desarrollo, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y la sociedad civil, así como por una participación activa de las niñas, los niños, los hombres y las mujeres.", "A. Empoderamiento de las niñas", "64. Se debe promover más la participación y el empoderamiento de las niñas, conforme a lo solicitado por la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, el Comité de los Derechos del Niño y otros organismos[34]. Es importante que se reconozca que las niñas son un factor clave para lograr la igualdad entre los géneros y su propio empoderamiento. Se debe prestar apoyo a los programas para fomentar sus aptitudes de liderazgo como parte de los planes escolares o por otros medios, por ejemplo, las asociaciones exclusivamente femeninas, o como parte de programas de capacitación más amplios. También se debe promover que las niñas participen en la elaboración y la ejecución de los programas de desarrollo destinados a ellas. Las actividades también deben velar por que se incluya la perspectiva de las niñas, así como la de las adolescentes, en los debates sobre los planes de preparación, respuesta y recuperación en el ámbito humanitario, de modo que se institucionalicen las oportunidades para que manifiesten sus inquietudes particulares y formulen recomendaciones sobre cómo atenderlas.", "65. Las niñas no pueden ejercitar sus derechos si no pueden acceder a la información de manera que les permita utilizarla y entenderla. Las redes sociales y los espacios seguros para las niñas pueden facilitarles el acceso a información esencial sobre los servicios de salud y protección. Una educación sexual general y adecuada a su edad y el conocimiento de su situación respecto al VIH fomentan su capacidad para protegerse y asumir el control de su salud y su bienestar.", "B. Apoyo al cambio social y a la transformación de las relaciones de poder", "66. Cuando las desigualdades y la discriminación de las niñas están muy arraigadas, el cambio social y la transformación de las relaciones de poder resultan esenciales para conseguir la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de las niñas y las mujeres. Comprender mejor la función de las normas sociales y el modo en que afectan a los procesos de toma de decisión de las personas, las familias y las comunidades para configurar las medidas y las estrategias y ampliar la escala de las intervenciones complementa de manera vital las iniciativas de alto nivel como la reforma legislativa. Si no se enfrentan las causas subyacentes de la desigualdad entre los géneros y la exclusión de las niñas, no es posible cumplir con el deber colectivo de protegerlas y hacer valer sus derechos. Los gobiernos, las comunidades y los hogares son responsables de propiciar entornos en los que no tengan cabida la discriminación y la violencia contra las niñas.", "C. Mantener a las niñas en la escuela", "67. Invertir en la educación de las niñas las empodera y contribuye a acelerar la lucha contra la pobreza, la desigualdad y la discriminación de género. Se necesitan medidas especiales para llegar a las niñas a las que resulta más difícil acceder y que están más excluidas, ellas: las niñas de lo hogares más pobres, las que viven en zonas rurales, en barrios marginales y zonas remotas; así como a las que pertenecen a grupos socialmente excluidos, como los niños con discapacidad y las minorías indígenas y desfavorecidas.", "68. Se deben consolidar los avances logrados en la educación primaria durante la última década, mientras se acelera el progreso ampliando los programas de educación preescolar para asegurar que las niñas empiecen y continúen la escuela primaria, así como que vuelvan a la escuela mediante medidas selectivas para captar a los niños sin escolarizar, la mayoría de los cuales son niñas. Dado que las disparidades educativas se acentúan al máximo en la educación secundaria, se debe facilitar y fomentar el paso de las niñas de la escuela primaria a la secundaria, y ampliar el acceso a este nivel educativo, prestando especial atención a reducir las tasas de deserción escolar de las niñas. Se deben promover diversos itinerarios educativos, tanto oficiales como extraoficiales, para garantizar que las niñas culminen con éxito su educación básica y hagan la transición de la escuela al trabajo. Además, se deben utilizar estrategias multisectoriales, que abarquen la educación, junto con la salud y la nutrición, la protección social, la infraestructura y el mercado laboral, con el fin de garantizar la igualdad entre los géneros en el ámbito de la educación.", "D. Hacer frente a la cuestión de los derechos de las adolescentes", "69. Las niñas se enfrentan a una mayor discriminación en la adolescencia. Si bien la discriminación es un factor que se da incluso antes del nacimiento y los estereotipos asociados al género se introducen por lo general en una fase temprana de la vida del niño, cuando las niñas llegan a la adolescencia tropiezan a menudo con nuevas restricciones y limitaciones. Con excesiva frecuencia, acaban desempeñando prematuramente funciones propias de los adultos, como la de esposa, madre, trabajadora o cuidadora, lo que las excluye de las disposiciones y las salvaguardias especiales de la niñez. Las adolescentes educadas, saludables y preparadas pueden contribuir a promover la justicia social, apoyar el desarrollo económico y colaborar en la erradicación de la pobreza. Es importante que se invierta en los derechos y la protección de las adolescentes y que se vele por que no se las siga postergando en las medidas y los programas de desarrollo.", "E. Mejora de la recopilación y el análisis de datos", "70. Es necesario contar con mejores datos, desglosados por sexo y edad, que permitan comprender cabalmente la situación de las niñas. También es necesario ir más allá del desglose de los datos por sexo y analizar los datos que revelan las diversas formas de exclusión que padecen las niñas, como la discriminación por discapacidad, la procedencia de las comunidades más pobres o la pertenencia a grupos indígenas o minoritarios. Esta labor debería conllevar la recopilación y el análisis de datos e información atendiendo a criterios cuantitativos y cualitativos.", "F. Fomento de las políticas y los programas inclusivos", "71. En los programas también se debe adoptar un enfoque global que trate todas las manifestaciones de discriminación que puede sufrir una niña a fin de proteger sus derechos de manera efectiva. En parte, respetar a las niñas como seres humanos dotados de derechos consiste en reconocer las circunstancias reales de su vida y la diversidad de sus circunstancias. Esto incluye que se garantice una respuesta centrada en la problemática de género por lo que respecta a la recuperación de la crisis económica mundial. Se deben mantener y, en la medida de lo posible, ampliar los compromisos nacionales que promueven y protegen los derechos de la niña mediante una inversión suficiente y constante en la salud y la nutrición, el agua potable, la educación básica, los servicios de protección infantil y social y los mecanismos de participación. Hay que poner en marcha iniciativas, por ejemplo, con medidas especiales dirigidas a los más marginados y vulnerables, para asegurar el disfrute y la protección de los derechos de los niños, incluidos los de las niñas y los de otros grupos de la sociedad desfavorecidos y vulnerables.", "G. Servicios más amplios y mejores para las niñas", "72. Se deben ampliar y mejorar los servicios de salud, nutrición y de otros tipos para tener en cuenta las necesidades y los derechos de las niñas. Por ejemplo, hay que ofrecer servicios integrales a las adolescentes y a las jóvenes que viven con el VIH. Los proveedores de servicios de salud y nutrición, hombres y mujeres, deber recibir capacitación para que apliquen enfoques adaptados a las cuestiones de género. Hay que crear sistemas de remisión y respuesta multisectoriales que sirvan de enlace con los programas de guardería, medios de subsistencia, microfinanzas, formación profesional y empleo. Las desigualdades en el acceso a la atención de la salud se deben combatir con medidas para llegar a las niñas con discapacidad que fomenten los servicios de salud de carácter inclusivo e incorporen servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva adecuados a su edad, para que todas las niñas puedan ejercer su derecho a la salud. Se necesitan programas de extensión especialmente concebidos para llegar a las madres primerizas más jóvenes y permitirles acceder más fácilmente a los servicios de salud materna que pueden salvar su vida. También hay que emprender medidas que garanticen el acceso al agua potable en las inmediaciones del hogar para reducir el volumen de tareas de las niñas de modo que puedan seguir yendo a la escuela, prestar atención a su salud, jugar y realizar otras actividades en pie de igualdad con los niños. Estos servicios se deben diseñar cuidadosamente, cuando sea necesario, para hacer frente a las vulnerabilidades y las necesidades especiales de las niñas. Este aspecto reviste particular importancia en las situaciones humanitarias, donde existe el peligro de que las niñas, en especial las adolescentes y las jóvenes marginadas, queden relegadas y pasen inadvertidas si se utiliza un criterio general.", "73. Se deben destinar recursos especiales a la elaboración de programas específicos para las niñas cuando sea necesario. Es necesario garantizar que se conozcan y se respeten los derechos y las necesidades de las niñas en todo el ámbito de la actividad humanitaria, incluidas las situaciones en las que hay riesgo de desastre, así como en las actividades de preparación, respuesta y recuperación de crisis en el ámbito humanitario. Para que sean eficaces, estas tareas se deben llevar a cabo en un marco más amplio de igualdad de género, en el que se analicen las necesidades y las aptitudes de las niñas junto con las de los niños, las mujeres y los hombres, y se movilice no solo a las mujeres y a las niñas, sino también a los hombres y a los niños, en aras del objetivo común de lograr una sociedad más justa y equitativa.", "[1] Los siguientes Estados han facilitado información que se ha incorporado al informe: Argentina, Bélgica, Djibouti, El Salvador, Eslovaquia, España, Estados Unidos de América, Finlandia, Indonesia, Italia, Jamaica, Japón, Malta, Namibia, Nicaragua, Omán, Perú, Qatar y Suecia.", "[2] Informe de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer, Beijing, 4 a 15 de septiembre de 1995 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.96.IV.13), cap. I, resolución I, anexo II.", "[3] Resolución S-23/2, anexo, y resolución S-23/3, anexo.", "[4] Informe de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo, El Cairo, 5 a 13 de septiembre de 1994 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.95.XIII.18), cap. I, resolución I, anexo.", "[5] Informe de la Cumbre Mundial sobre Desarrollo Social, Copenhague, 6 a 12 de marzo de 1995 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.96.IV.8), cap. I, resolución I, anexo II.", "[6] E/2005/27 y Corr.1, cap. I.A.", "[7] E/2007/27, cap. I.A.", "[8] Véase www.childinfo.org/mortality.html.", "[9] Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Andy McKay y Jessica Espey, “Children in times of economic crisis: Past lessons, future policies”, nota de antecedentes, Instituto de Desarrollo de Ultramar, marzo de 2009.", "[10] Véase Jed Friedman y Norbert Schady, “How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?”, Banco Mundial, 2009.", "[11] Índice de la FAO para los precios de los alimentos (http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/es/). (Informe publicado el 7 de julio de 2011).", "[12] Isabel Ortíz, Jingqing Chai y Matthew Cummins, “Escalating food prices: The threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all”, Documentos de trabajo sobre política social y económica, UNICEF, 2011.", "[13] Alerta sobre precios de los alimentos (http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_feb2011.html), Banco Mundial.", "[14] Véase Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Informe Mundial sobre la Violencia contra los Niños, Naciones Unidas, 2006 (http://www.unviolencestudy.org/spanish/index.html).", "[15] Véase Estado mundial de la infancia 2011.La adolescencia: Una época de oportunidades UNICEF (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número venta: S.11.XX.1).", "[16] Nora Groce, “Girls and women with disability: A global review”, One in Ten, vol. 17 (1997).", "[17] Véase Unidos en la lucha contra el trabajo infantil – Informe interagencial para la Conferencia mundial sobre trabajo infantil de La Haya de 2010, Organización Internacional del Trabajo y Entendiendo el Trabajo Infantil, mayo de 2010.", "[18] Véase Informe de Seguimiento de la EPT en el Mundo 2011: Una crisis encubierta: conflictos armados y educación, UNESCO, 2011.", "[19] Véase Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 2010, Informe 2010, Naciones Unidas, 2010. Las cifras se basan en los datos de encuestas realizadas en los hogares en 42 países.", "[20] Véase Progresos en materia de saneamiento y agua: informe de actualización 2010, OMS y UNICEF, 2010.", "[21] Véase Jane E. Miller y Yana V. Rodgers, “Mother’s Education and Children’s Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”, Asian Development Review, vol.26, núm. 1 (2009).", "[22] Véase Oportunidades en tiempos de crisis: evitar el VIH desde la primera adolescencia hasta el comienzo de la edad adulta, UNICEF, junio de 2011 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.11.XX.5).", "[23] Jamnes E. Rosen, “Position paper on mainstreaming adolescent pregnancy in efforts to make pregnancy safer”, OMS, 2010 (WHO/MPS/10.03).", "[24] Véase Progreso para la infancia: Lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio con equidad (núm. 9), UNICEF, 2010.", "[25] Véase la resolución 61/106.", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31, párr. 34 (publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: S.92.XIV.4).", "[27] Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, artículo16, párr. 2; Recomendación general núm. 21 (1994) del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer, La igualdad en el matrimonio y en las relaciones familiares; Observación general núm. 4 (2003) del Comité de los Derechos del Niño, La salud y el desarrollo de los adolescentes en el contexto de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño.", "[28] Las cifras corresponden al párrafo 33 y a los párrafos siguientes.", "[29] Véase “Giving Girls Today and Tomorrow: Breaking the Cycle of Adolescent Pregnancy”, Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, 2007 (véase http://www.unfpa.org).", "[30] Véase Miriam Temin y Ruth Levine, Start with a Girl: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development, 2009.", "[31] Véase Child Protection Meta-Evaluation, final report, UNICEF, 15 de mayo de 2008 (véase http://www.unicef.org).", "[32] Folleto informativo, Equipo de Tareas Interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes, 3 de marzo de 2009.", "[33] Yanchun Zhang, Nina Thelen y Aparna Rao, “Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence”, Documentos de trabajo, PNUD y Oficina de Estudios del Desarrollo, 2010.", "[34] Véase E/2005/27 y Corr.1; Observación general núm. 12 (2009) del Comité de los Derechos del Niño, relativa al derecho del niño a ser escuchado." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "The girl child", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/145, contains a brief overview of international obligations and commitments with respect to the girl child stemming from human rights treaties and international conferences, as well as legal and policy development. It assesses the negative impact on the girl child caused by poverty and the global economic crisis; violence, abuse and exploitation; gender disparities in education; lack of adequate water, sanitation and hygiene; nutrition; HIV/AIDS; health; disabilities; humanitarian crises; and participation, and highlights action taken to address child and forced marriage.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/145, entitled “The girl child”, that the Secretary-General submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution, with a view to assessing its impact on the well-being of the girl child, with an emphasis on ending child and forced marriage. For the purpose of the preparation of the report, notes verbales requesting relevant information on the implementation of the resolution were sent to Member States[1] and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and letters were sent to key non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working to promote the rights of girls.", "2. The report follows up on the report submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session (A/64/315), which included a focus on ending female genital mutilation. It provides an overview of: the existing legal and normative frameworks and international commitments with respect to the rights of the girl child (sect. II); the situation of the girl child in areas covered by resolution 64/145 (sect. III); and a detailed analysis of the practice of child and forced marriages (sect. IV). The report also highlights progress and achievements made to promote the rights of the girl child (sect. V) and recommendations for future action (sect. VI).", "II. Legal and normative framework and global commitments", "A. Human rights treaties and other international conventions", "3. The fulfilment of the rights of girls is an obligation and a moral imperative which is reflected in international law. There is a comprehensive international legal framework establishing the obligations of States regarding the human rights of the girl child. In addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which provides a comprehensive set of rights to be enjoyed “without discrimination of any kind”, including discrimination on the grounds of sex, all fundamental human rights treaties include provisions confirming the principle of non-discrimination and equality between men and women, boys and girls. Of particular importance is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which, while focusing on women, has a direct bearing on the situation and well-being of the girl child. Furthermore, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which entered into force in May 2008, includes specific language with respect to children (article 7). In addition, according to article 6 of that Convention, “States Parties recognize that women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination, and in this regard shall take measures to ensure the full and equal enjoyment by them of all human rights and fundamental freedoms”.", "4. In addition to the human rights treaties, legal obligations stem from legally binding labour law instruments, including the 1973 Minimum Age Convention (No. 138) and the 1999 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This legal framework for the rights of children in general, and for the rights of girls in particular, is further strengthened by regional human rights instruments, including the 2005 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.", "5. Normative developments during the reporting period include the adoption by the Committee on the Rights of the Child of its general comment No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, elaborating on article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The general comment analyses the gender dimensions of violence against children and recommends that: “States Parties should ensure that policies and measures take into account the different risks facing girls and boys in respect of various forms of violence in various settings”. It further calls on States to address all forms of gender discrimination as part of a comprehensive violence-prevention strategy, including addressing gender stereotypes, power imbalances, inequalities and discrimination which support and perpetuate the use of violence and coercion in the home, in school and educational settings, in communities, in the workplace, in institutions and in society at large. “Men and boys”, it asserts, “must be actively encouraged as strategic partners and allies, and, along with women and girls, must be provided with opportunities to increase their respect for one another and their understanding of how to stop gender discrimination and its violent manifestations” (CRC/C/GC/13, para. 72 (b)).", "B. International conferences, intergovernmental bodies and related commitments", "6. In addition to ratifying international legally binding instruments, Member States have also made far-reaching commitments to eliminate discrimination against the girl child in the context of world conferences and other international forums. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, was the first such conference to include a specific segment on the girl child. The Beijing Platform of Action[2] included strategic objectives on issues ranging from the elimination of all forms of discrimination against the girl child and negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls to the promotion and protection of the rights of the girl child in the areas of education, health and nutrition, child labour, violence and participation in economic and political life.", "7. In its resolution 64/145, the General Assembly reaffirmed other outcomes of major United Nations summits and conferences relevant to the girl child, including: the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”;[3] the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development;[4] the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development;[5] and the declaration adopted by the Commission on the Status of Women at its forty-ninth session,[6] as well as the agreed conclusions adopted by the Commission at its fifty-first session, at which it considered as its priority theme “The elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child”.[7]", "8. At its 16th session, the Human Rights Council considered the joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children (A/HRC/16/56). The report focused on effective and child-sensitive counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms to which children can safely report incidents of violence, including sexual violence and exploitation. The report noted that the non-governmental organization Child Helpline International, in its 2010 report on violence against children, had recorded more than 250,000 incidents of violence and abuse from the 62 help lines contributing to its survey. Most complaints concerned children between the ages of 10 and 15, in particular girls. Physical abuse and bullying were most frequently reported, followed by neglect, sexual abuse and emotional violence. The report also acknowledged that girls remain the main victims of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "9. Following a panel discussion held at the same session of the Human Rights Council, on the protection and promotion of the rights of children living and/or working on the street, the Council, expressing deep concern about the situation of girls and boys working and/or living on the street worldwide and the negative impact this has on the full enjoyment of their rights and their development, strongly condemned violations of the rights of those children, including gender-based violence, and urged States to ensure a holistic rights-based and gender-responsive approach to address this phenomenon (see Human Rights Council resolution 16/12).", "III. Discrimination and the situation of the girl child", "A. Poverty and the impact of the global economic crisis", "10. Globally, over 8 million children die before the age of 5, of whom over 5.7 million die before the age of 1.[8] Poverty acutely affects the lives of children, threatening their survival and development, and their rights to health, adequate food and nutrition and education. It also has a negative impact on their rights to participation and to protection from violence, harm and exploitation. Moreover, girls not only suffer from the effects of poverty and disease, but also from other factors, including: social and cultural norms that reinforce gender inequality; discrimination on the basis of their ethnicity; and social, geographical and income inequities, which may compound the gender discrimination they face. They are therefore extremely vulnerable to further deprivation and marginalization.", "11. The global economic crisis, which began in 2008, has exacerbated the impact of poverty on children, and the magnitude of the poverty that many of them face. During crises, age-specific and gender-based vulnerabilities are compounded: women and youth may be the first to lose their jobs or be underemployed; households may be forced to reduce spending, thus affecting the nutritional intake of children; and children may have to drop out of school to help their families seek additional income.[9] Recent estimates suggest that 30,000 to 50,000 more infant deaths, the majority of them girls, could have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa because of the crisis.[10]", "12. Although the global economy is now showing signs of recovery, and global gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have rebounded considerably since 2009, girls and women are still vulnerable to many of the lingering effects of the crisis. Recent surges in food prices may also negatively affect girls. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Food Price Index, which measures the international price of food for a common basket of food commodities, has surged in recent months, averaging 234 points in June 2011, just below record highs in February and 39 per cent higher than in June 2010.[11] Domestic food prices have also remained alarmingly high since the previous spike in food prices in 2008.[12] Recent estimates suggest that, because of the recent food price hikes, approximately 44 million people have been pushed into poverty.[13]", "13. As Governments move to address mounting fiscal deficits, there is concern that spending in key areas that affect the well-being of girls could be cut. Furthermore, where contractions in public spending on health and education occur, the cost burden often shifts to households, in particular to women and girls. When household income falls, women often have no choice but to take on low-status and temporary jobs, in addition to their other responsibilities, and girls may face disparities in how food is distributed within the household.³", "B. Violence, abuse and exploitation", "14. For millions of girls and women worldwide, violence is a part of their daily lives, at home, at school, in care and justice institutions, at their workplace and in their community. This is the case in every country, both developed and developing.", "15. Data suggest that 150 million girls under the age of 18 have experienced some form of sexual violence,[14] and more than 70 million girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 in 29 countries have undergone female genital mutilation/ cutting.[15] Evidence from many areas of sub-Saharan Africa shows that female circumcision can lead to severe and chronic disabling pelvic and urinary tract problems and mobility impairment and can place girls at increased risk for a number of infectious diseases, including HIV.[16] However, data in this field is limited, and violence against girls and women is under-recognized and underreported or unrecorded because of stigma, fear, social tolerance and the often illegal and covert nature of such activities.", "16. Girls often carry the triple burden of housework, schoolwork and work outside the home, paid or unpaid. Such burdens, in particular hours spent on unrecognized work within the household, significantly reduce their school achievement and completion rates and increase the likelihood that they, and their children, will continue the cycle of child labour.[17]", "C. Gender disparities in education", "17. Increased enrolments in the last decade have ensured that the gender gap in the out-of-school population at the primary education level has narrowed: girls of primary school age who are out of school decreased from 57 per cent in 1998 to 53 per cent in 2008. However, nearly 36 million at the primary level and over 39 million girls at the lower secondary level remain out of school. Progress has been uneven and aggregate figures often mask large variations among countries and regions. The number of out-of-school girls is much larger in South and West Asia and in sub-Saharan Africa.[18]", "18. Along with gender, factors such as poverty, ethnicity and household location also increase the likelihood of a child being out of school. In developing regions overall, girls in the poorest 20 per cent of households are 3.5 times more likely to be out of school than girls in the richest households and four times more likely to be out of school than boys from the richest households.[19]", "D. Lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities", "19. Girls, more often than boys, bear the responsibility of collecting water. Data from 45 developing countries indicate that girls under 15 years of age are twice as likely to bear this responsibility as boys in the same age group. The ratio increases as girls move into womanhood, with women being responsible for collecting water in almost two thirds of households. In some cases, girls have to walk great distances to collect water, increasing their workload and affecting their health and their ability to spend time on their education. In addition, collection and exposure to unsafe water can take a physical toll.[20]", "20. In addition, girls, particularly adolescent girls, may be at risk of sexual harassment or rape at wells or other water points as well as in school toilets, especially those that are located outside the protective environment of the school. In humanitarian crises, problems facing girls in terms of access to water, sanitation and hygienic practices are even more acute.", "E. Inadequate nutrition services and prevalence of anaemia", "21. There are negligible gender disparities at the global level in nutrition outcome indicators relating to girls and boys under 5 years of age. In general, however, the inadequacy of nutrition services (in terms of the coverage of nutrition programmes and quality/availability of food and supplies) has a disproportionately negative impact on women and girls. This is because of the higher nutritional needs of women and adolescent girls, the cultural barriers that prevent them from travelling far distances to reach services and lack of time owing to their workload. In addition, studies and analyses have found a significant association between low maternal literacy and poor nutritional status of young children.[21]", "22. It is notable that anaemia (two thirds of the cases of anaemia are due to iron deficiency), which is highly prevalent among adolescent girls and women in developing countries, increases the risk of maternal death. The high rates of anaemia among girls and women are related to the loss of iron they experience, especially during adolescence, owing to menstruation and pregnancy.", "F. HIV and AIDS: the disproportionately high risk", "23. Young women and adolescent girls continue to face a disproportionately high risk of infection due to biological vulnerability, social inequality and exclusion. Nearly 78 per cent of all young people living with HIV in the 15- to 24-year-old age group are from sub-Saharan Africa; most of them are female and are not aware of their HIV status. Over 60 per cent of all adolescents living with HIV in the 10- to 19-year-old age group are girls.[22]", "24. Globally (excluding China), 11 per cent of adolescent girls have had sex before age 15, and adolescent girls under age 20 account for about 15 million births every year.[23] Early experiences with sex and drugs are key factors associated with the risk to adolescent girls for contracting HIV. These behaviours reflect problems in the environment of adolescent girls and are the result of multiple failures in protection and care, possibly associated with violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect.", "25. Social and income inequality and inadequate knowledge about sexuality and HIV underlie other behaviours that exacerbate the risk for HIV infection, including sex with multiple partners and age-disparate relationships. Young women and adolescent girls are often compelled to be in relationships with older partners as a survival strategy for money, food, protection or other social or material gain. Their risk of infection is heightened by laws, policies and practices that restrict the access of adolescent girls to condoms, HIV testing and accurate, comprehensive sex education. Intimate partner violence, which often occurs with the knowledge of families and communities, also limits the ability of young women and girls to make effective choices for the prevention of HIV and further adds to the risk of contracting the virus.", "G. Adolescent health", "26. While under-five mortality tends to be higher for boys than for girls because girls have certain biological and genetic advantages, gender inequality results in girls having to confront greater health risks in adolescence.[24] Early pregnancy and childbirth are among the leading causes of death worldwide for adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19. At this stage of their lives, girls tend to be at greater risk than boys of negative health outcomes, including depression, and these risks are often magnified by gender-based discrimination and abuse. Girls are particularly prone to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, and this vulnerability derives in part from profound anxieties over body image, fuelled by cultural and media stereotypes of feminine beauty.¹⁵", "H. Disabilities: stigma and marginalization", "27. Girls with disabilities not only face the same social stigma and marginalization that boys with disabilities encounter, they face additional discrimination because of their sex. In addition to suffering from marginalization within the family, the community, at school and in wider social circles, which may lead to poor health and education outcomes, girls with disabilities are often at greater risk of violence, injury, abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment and exploitation.[25] Furthermore, girls with disabilities may be subjected to forced sterilization or abortion.[26]", "I. Humanitarian crises", "28. During humanitarian crises, including armed conflict and natural disasters, girls are exposed to a dramatic increase in rights violations as a result of the greater instability and insecurity that ensue, including the related breakdown of formal and informal protection mechanisms. The consequences of humanitarian crises are highly gendered and may be shaped by pre-existing gender inequalities that can exacerbate negative impact for girls. In emergencies, girls, in particular adolescent girls, are vulnerable to rape and sexual exploitation at the hands of fighting forces, community members, humanitarian workers and uniformed personnel. In the context of armed conflict, girls may be abducted or recruited into armed forces or groups. Reports of girls engaging in transactional sex for aid or selling sex to meet their own needs or those of their families are frequent. Such activity increases their vulnerability to sexual exploitation and abuse, HIV/sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. Girl survivors of sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence suffer mental health and psychosocial problems, severe social stigmatization and exclusion.", "29. Crisis-affected girls are less likely than boys to be enrolled in school or to have access to early education; they also have limited access to sexual and reproductive health services. In cultures where boys are more valued than girls, boys may be given priority by families and community members in distribution of aid. Increased poverty resulting from crisis may also drive parents to push their daughters into child marriage (as a coping mechanism) in some cases. Girls who, along with women, traditionally take on the majority of household chores, often shoulder an increased workload during crises to support their families in the face of diminished social services. This adds to their daily burden, leaving less time for school and other activities.", "J. Lack of participation opportunities", "30. The fulfilment of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which states that “States Parties shall assume to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters” affecting him or her, poses profound challenges for Governments in most regions of the world. Traditionally, children have not been deemed to have the experience, knowledge or understanding necessary to be directly involved in contributing to major decisions affecting their lives. Social and cultural patterns of conduct within the family typically present further barriers to the ability of girls and women to claim their rights. Increasingly, youth service programmes are creating spaces for the participation of young people. However, the proportion of girls, in particular those who are out of school and disadvantaged, in typical peer clubs and youth programmes is often very low. Many communities also lack strong female leaders to serve as role models and opportunities for girls and women to establish networks and realize their right to participation.", "IV. Ending child and forced marriages", "31. Marriage of a girl or boy before the age of 18 is recognized in international legal instruments to be a violation of the child’s human rights.[27] Even if the child consents to it, child marriage is an outcome of prevailing social norms whereby children are expected to marry as children. It can therefore be considered forced marriage. In some cases, child marriage is referred to as early marriage; however, this terminology is equivocal because it is relative in nature. For example, it could also apply to the promotion of marriage at an earlier age in countries where the average age of marriage is over 30 years.", "32. Child marriage is the result of the interplay of economic and social forces, forces which are particularly strong with respect to the marriage of girls. The cost of marriage for families tends to be lower if the children are younger, both because they leave the care of their parents and because younger girls tend to require a lower dowry. These social forces are manifested by the social approval that families enjoy if they are seen to uphold tradition, safeguard the chastity of their girls, protect the honour of the family and minimize the risk of girls bearing children out of wedlock. Failure to abide by social norms is met with social disapproval, which may even entail violence against the girl or members of the family.", "33. A review conducted by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in 2010 using data from the latest demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys shows that about a third of women in the developing world who are currently 20 to 24 years old were married before the age of 18. It also indicates that, overall, the prevalence of child marriage has been decreasing, albeit slowly. While 48 per cent of women in the developing countries between 45 and 49 years of age were married before reaching 18 years of age, the proportion drops to 35 per cent for women between the ages of 20 and 24.^(24,)[28]", "34. Data also indicate significant inequities. Child marriage is strongly associated with girls who have received little formal education. Decreases in the practice have occurred almost exclusively among households in the highest income quintile, while prevalence among the households in the lowest income quintile has remained almost unchanged. Data substantiate the perception that child marriage is motivated in part by economic factors and although it is necessary to address those factors, such actions alone will not be sufficient to bring about an end to the practice.", "35. In communities where the practice is prevalent, marrying a girl as a child is part of a cluster of gender norms and attitudes that reflect the low value accorded to the human rights of girls. These norms include: early and continuous childbearing, with negative consequences on the health of both the mother and her children; dowry or bride price whereby girls are considered an economic asset; giving preference to the education of boys over that of girls; having girls eat after the men and boys in the household, with potential negative effects on the overall health and nutritional status of girls; and the general expectation that girls should be subservient to men, which infringes on their right to participation.", "36. Where child marriage is prevalent, adolescent girls become brides, get pregnant and have children before they are physically, emotionally and socially ready to be mothers. Approximately 15 million adolescent girls, the majority of whom are married, give birth each year.²³ Most of them lack awareness of their rights and of health-care services, including reproductive health. As a result, they face significant risks during pregnancy, including obstetric fistula and death. Girls between 10 and 14 years of age are five times more likely than women aged 20 to 24 to die in pregnancy and childbirth.[29] Because they start childbearing early, adolescent girls are likely to have more children and at shorter intervals, putting them at higher risk of maternal death and disability. As a result, their life options are also constrained by reduced opportunities to complete their education, gain comprehensive health knowledge, participate in the community or develop employable skills. Child marriage also exposes young married girls to greater risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, as they lack the power to refuse unwanted and unprotected sexual intercourse with older husbands. There are also negative consequences for the next generation: stillbirths and death are 50 per cent more likely for babies born to mothers younger than 20 years than among babies born to mothers of between 20 to 29 years of age.[30]", "37. Progress towards the goal of ending child marriage is of crucial importance for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It will also contribute to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and will respond to the recommendations of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General on violence against children.¹⁴", "38. Country experience shows that ending child marriage requires an approach that includes Government commitment through the enactment of appropriate legislation as well as support to communities to enable them to find better alternatives. While necessary, in contexts where social support for child marriage is high, legislation that bans the practice is very difficult to enforce. Nonetheless, legal measures and communications strategies can be used to diminish support for the practice and, as social acceptance begins to wane, to provide legitimacy and support to those who are moving to end the practice.", "39. Several countries are enacting legislation setting the minimum age of marriage at 18, in accordance with general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, while others are increasing the minimum age of marriage to 18 and eliminating differences in the legal age between boys and girls. In 2009, Eritrea revised its Civil and Penal Code to increase the minimum age of marriage to 18 for both boys and girls, ensure that marriage is consensual and equal and limit bride price and dowry. In Malawi, the law is being redrafted to increase the legal age of marriage from 16 years of age. In other countries, including Mali and Yemen, the issue is a topic of debate, with proposals for setting or increasing the legal age of marriage under discussion.", "40. Ending child marriage requires support for community discussions to collectively explore alternatives to the practice.[31] Such discussions need to be respectful of the desire of families to uphold tradition while simultaneously exposing the harm associated with the practice and reinforcing human rights principles. Information can be provided through credible sources, including medical personnel and religious leaders, and a greater voice can be given to girls themselves ensuring consistency of message throughout the community. The strong engagement of men and boys is also needed. Such awareness-raising actions have been reported from countries in various regions.", "41. Comprehensive policies and programmes on child marriage address the needs of adolescents who are already married while supporting actions to end the practice. They provide viable alternatives and institutional support, especially expanded educational opportunities for girls, including for those who are already married or pregnant. Countries are increasing physical access to education by establishing safe residential facilities, increasing financial incentives to families, promoting the empowerment of girls, improving educational quality and ensuring safe and hygienic conditions in schools. In some countries, such as Djibouti, legal measures have been taken to make school attendance mandatory up to 16 years of age.", "42. Despite its widespread practice, child marriage has historically received limited attention, although there are increased efforts among a range of partners, notably non-governmental organizations, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNICEF. The latter two entities have stepped up their advocacy and programme support to countries, including through the United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls. In addition, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child are in the process of drafting a joint general comment/recommendation on harmful practices, which will update the guidance provided to States parties on child marriage. Development cooperation agencies such as USAID are also increasing attention to the issue of ending child and forced marriage.", "43. Experience in countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ethiopia, India, Niger, Senegal, Somalia and Sweden indicates that combining legal measures with support to communities, providing viable alternatives and enabling them to discuss and reach the explicit, collective decision to end child marriage yields positive results. In addition, there have been many encouraging outcomes from the efforts of national and local civil society organizations. Other countries have also made progress on some of the elements needed to end child marriage. For example, Belgium, Nicaragua and Slovakia report strengthening the legislative framework banning child marriage. In other countries, however, ending child marriage is given a low priority despite the fact that the practice infringes on the rights of a high proportion of adolescent girls and a proportion, albeit smaller, of adolescent boys.", "44. If current trends continue, as many as 100 million girls could be married during the next decade.[32] However, with the available knowledge and experience and increased action by States in enhanced partnerships with civil society, the majority of girls and boys could delay marriage and realize much more of their potential, to the benefit of the entire community.", "V. Progress and achievements", "45. Progress has been made in a number of areas with respect to the promotion of the rights of girls and the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/145. Some key achievements are highlighted below.", "A. Strengthened legislation and commitment", "46. National legislation addressing violence against women and girls is being systematically improved across the world. Numerous States have adopted laws and policies, including specific action plans and strategies, to address the multiple forms of violence against girls, including human trafficking, sexual violence and exploitation, female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage. In addition, the institutional response to violence and exploitation has been strengthened in some countries through intersectoral coordination and capacity-building in the social welfare, justice, education and health sectors.", "47. Owing in part to the global campaign, launched in May 2010, for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and on the involvement of children in armed conflict, approximately 75 per cent of all Member States have now ratified both Optional Protocols and are working to implement their provisions. A number of countries have already passed some form of legislation to stop child pornography.", "48. The Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, adopted by ILO in June 2011, establishes a set of international standards aimed at improving the working conditions of tens of millions of domestic workers worldwide, including children, of whom 90 per cent are estimated to be girls.¹⁵", "49. The international response to protecting girls affected by conflict has been strengthened by the adoption of Security Council resolution 1882 (2009) on children and armed conflict, which expands the monitoring and reporting mechanism to include sexual violence in armed conflict, resolution 1888 (2009) and resolution 1960 (2010) on prevention and protection from conflict-related sexual violence, which establish strengthened mechanisms to hold perpetrators to account, and resolution 1889 (2009) on women and peace and security, which calls for a set of global indicators to better monitor the inclusion of girls and women in peacebuilding, to meet their security needs and to provide basic services.", "B. Joint initiatives", "50. with the support of UNFPA and UNICEF, 15 African countries have adopted a common approach to ending harmful practices. The approach includes the promotion of laws and community programmes, large-scale community discussion sessions based on human rights principles and community and district-wide public declarations for the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting.", "51. Many Governments are also carrying out multisectoral initiatives to provide support to girls and women and to address violence against girls in the home, schools, communities and the workplace. Within the context of the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, which entered into force on 1 July 2010, countries are combining systemic interventions with awareness-raising and direct support to girls and women experiencing violence, including establishing child help lines and making information on preventive and protective measures available to communities.", "52. The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, launched in 2000 at the World Education Forum, continues to play a significant role in keeping the spotlight on the education of the girl child. The initiative brings together diverse stakeholders, Governments, civil society organizations, bilateral aid agencies, the private sector and the United Nations system, to work to ensure the right to free and compulsory education and gender equality. The partnership is currently operational in 47 countries in Africa and Asia.", "53. The United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls, co-chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, and including ILO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN-Women and the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a platform for collective action for the most marginalized adolescent girls. Work is under way with Governments and their partners to develop comprehensive programmes in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Malawi, Liberia, the United Republic of Tanzania and other countries.", "54. The humanitarian community has increasingly invested in ensuring that inter‑agency coordination mechanisms respond to the distinct needs of girls, as well as boys, women and men. In 2010, new inter-agency tools and guidelines were developed to help humanitarian actors better respond to the distinct needs and rights of girls affected by crisis situations. They include: the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies “Pocket Guide to Gender” (2010), which provides concrete examples of how to promote girls’ education in emergency situations; the “Handbook for Coordinating Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings” (2010), which provides guidance on leadership roles, key responsibilities and specific actions to be taken; and the Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Toolkit for Humanitarian Settings (2010), which addresses the special needs of adolescents in humanitarian crises, with special attention to the particular vulnerabilities of girls and those most marginalized, such as indigenous groups, migrants and persons with disabilities.", "C. Improved access to, and quality of, education", "55. Since the launch of the “Education for All” initiative in 1990, a number of interventions across developing countries have successfully accelerated school enrolment and school completion rates for girls. For example, the elimination of user fees and the provision of stipends and cash transfers to girls has led to greater demand for education, inter alia, in Bangladesh, El Salvador, Mexico and Kenya. In Namibia, efforts have focused on addressing cultural and social norms that impede girls’ education through the adoption of a policy allowing teenage mothers to return to school after they have their babies. In addition, the Government has launched a national “zero-tolerance” campaign for gender-based violence and efforts have been made to build the capacity of administrators across all sectors to handle cases of gender-based violence, as well as that of media professionals reporting on the issue.", "56. Several Member States and United Nations organizations, including UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), are supporting girls’ transition to secondary education and advocating for vocational education training opportunities for adolescent girls, based on their specific needs and contexts. The World Food Programme (WFP) has been providing take-home rations as an incentive to enrol and keep girls in school. In addition to improved access, efforts are also being made to improve girls’ experience of schooling and the quality of education they receive by ensuring that schools are child-friendly and gender-responsive and that they promote human rights education.", "57. Countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua are integrating human rights and life skills education, including reproductive health issues, into school curricula in order to equip adolescent girls with appropriate knowledge. In Madagascar, the United Nations Democracy Fund supports organizations such as the scouts and youth environmental clubs to promote an appreciation among children and youth of gender equality and human rights. In Ghana, UNICEF supports a children’s radio broadcasting network known as “Curious Minds” to serve as a knowledge platform for the exchange of ideas and dissemination of laws affecting children in general. Such networks have served as useful channels for publicizing information on girls’ education, protection from traditional practices and teenage pregnancy.", "58. Additional measures have been taken to recruit qualified female teachers and build the capacity of teachers and educational administrators to address gender issues. In Malta and Sweden, for example, policymakers, teachers and students are sensitized to the need for greater gender equality in career choices, with a focus on increased participation of girls in mathematics and science.", "D. Improved health services", "59. Health services for girls have been strengthened in many parts of the world. For example, in Djibouti, confidential family planning services are provided and women and girls are at the centre of the national strategic plan on HIV/AIDS for 2008-2012. In Bangladesh, the use of the integrated management of childhood illness and the training of community health workers have helped reduce gender disparities in immunization coverage. UNRWA health programmes provide paediatric preventive and curative services for Palestinian refugees, including through schools, while raising awareness on ending child marriage and the prevention of gender-based violence.", "E. Girls’ participation", "60. Initiatives have been undertaken to promote the empowerment of girls by creating opportunities for their participation, developing their leadership skills, informing them about their rights and helping them build the skills to exercise those rights. In Jamaica, a child symposium and gender training workshops, the latter organized by the Bureau of Women’s Affairs, were held to inform girls and boys about their rights and raise awareness of gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health. In Chile, UN-Women supported a study, developed by 40 young women, on violence against young women in marriage and other relationships. The results of the study will be used for advocacy with Parliamentarians.", "61. In Cameroon, an initiative was set up, with UNICEF support, to develop young people’s leadership skills by creating youth municipal councils. The initiative has resulted in the establishment of 21 such councils, of which 17 are headed by adolescent girls. Girls make up half the membership of the councils, compared to only 6 per cent of national councils being led by female mayors. The youth mayors and their councillors advocate youth participation in decision-making within their communities. UNFPA is working to empower young girls in Guatemala, Malawi and Ethiopia by promoting safe spaces, building leadership skills and supporting life skills education activities with a focus on sexual and reproductive health. These programmes are also being managed by youth leaders.", "F. Mitigation of the impact of the global economic crisis", "62. Special measures have been taken to mitigate the impact of the economic crisis on girls and women. Successful examples include maintaining necessary social sector expenditures and implementing social protection policies to help ensure their rights to health care, education and maternal health services. A recent study found that in 35 countries an estimated 25 per cent of stimulus spending, amounting to $653 billion, went to social protection measures.[33] It is important to ensure that these measures are not cut back as part of austerity programmes to curb public-sector spending. Moreover, transformative social protection measures, including anti-discrimination policies and legislation reform, have the potential to address social vulnerabilities, ensuring equitable access to services by girls and boys.", "VI. Recommendations", "63. While progress has been made, as the above examples demonstrate, such efforts must be built upon and expanded. This requires decisive action by Governments, supported by development agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society, with the active engagement of girls and boys, men and women.", "A. Empower girls", "64. Girls’ participation and empowerment should be further promoted as called for by the Commission on the Status of Women, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and other bodies.[34] It is important to recognize girls as key actors in achieving both gender equality and their own empowerment. Programmes to develop their leadership skills should be supported as part of school curricula, or through other means, such as girls-only clubs or as part of broader skills training programmes. The involvement of girls in the design and delivery of development programmes intended to reach them should also be promoted. Efforts must also ensure that the perspectives of girls, including adolescent girls, are included in discussions about humanitarian preparedness, response and recovery, institutionalizing opportunities for them to speak about their distinct concerns and formulating recommendations on how to address them.", "65. Girls cannot exercise their rights unless they have access to information in a form that they can use and understand. Social networks and safe spaces for girls can facilitate their access to essential information and health and protective services. Comprehensive, age-appropriate sex education and knowledge of their HIV status enhance their ability to protect themselves and take charge of their health and well‑being.", "B. Support social change and transform power relations", "66. Where inequalities and discrimination against girls are entrenched, social change and transformation of power relations are essential to achieving gender equality and the empowerment of girls and women. A better understanding of the role of social norms and the ways they affect the decision-making processes of individuals, families and communities to inform policies and strategies and to scale up interventions is a vital complement to higher-level initiatives such as legislative reform. Without addressing the root causes of gender inequality and the exclusion of girls, it is not possible to meet collective obligations to protect and fulfil the rights of girls. Governments, communities and households are accountable for shaping positive environments that do not tolerate discrimination or violence against girls.", "C. Keep girls in school", "67. Investing in the education of girls empowers them and helps accelerate the fight against poverty, inequity and gender discrimination. Special efforts are needed to identify and reach out to girls who are the hardest to reach and most excluded, including girls from: the poorest households; rural, slum and remote areas; socially excluded groups, including children with disabilities; and indigenous and disadvantaged minority populations.", "68. Gains made in primary education during the last decades must be consolidated, while accelerating progress by expanding pre-primary education programmes, to ensure that girls start and stay in primary school, and through targeted interventions aimed at getting out-of-school children, the majority of whom are girls, back in school. Since gender disparities are the greatest at the secondary education level, the transition of girls from primary to secondary education should be facilitated and increased and access to secondary education expanded, with particular attention to reducing dropout rates among girls. Multiple pathways of education, both formal and informal, should be promoted to ensure that girls successfully complete their basic education and make the school-to-work transition. Furthermore, multisectoral strategies covering education as well as health and nutrition, social protection, infrastructure and the labour market should be employed to ensure gender equality in education.", "D. Address the rights of adolescent girls", "69. Girls face increased discrimination in adolescence. While gender discrimination is a factor even before birth and gender stereotypes are typically introduced early in the life of the child, when girls reach adolescence, they often face new restrictions and limitations. Much too often, they find themselves prematurely in adult roles of wife, mother, worker or caretaker, losing the special provisions and protections of childhood. Educated, healthy and skilled adolescent girls can help advance social justice, support economic development and contribute to eradicating poverty. It is important to invest in the rights and protection of adolescent girls and to ensure they are no longer neglected in development policies and programmes.", "E. Strengthen data collection and analysis", "70. There is a need for better sex- and age-disaggregated data to provide a better understanding of the situation of girls. It is also necessary to go beyond disaggregating data by sex and to analyse data that reveal the multiple forms of exclusion that girls face, including discrimination because of disabilities, living in the poorest communities or belonging to indigenous or minority groups. This should include the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data and information.", "F. Promote inclusive policies and programmes", "71. Programmes should also take a holistic approach to addressing the full range of discrimination girls may face in order to protect their rights effectively. Part of respecting girls as human beings with rights involves recognizing the realities of their lives and the diversity of their circumstances. This includes ensuring a gender-focused response to the recovery process in relation to the global economic crisis. National commitments that support and protect girls’ rights through adequate and sustained investments in health care and nutrition, clean water, basic education, child and social protection services and participation mechanisms must be upheld and, where possible, expanded. Responses, including in the form of special measures focused on the most marginalized and vulnerable, should be introduced to ensure the enjoyment and protection of the rights of children, including girls and other disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in society.", "G. Expand and improve services for girls", "72. Health, nutrition and other services should be expanded and improved so as to address the needs and rights of girls. For example, comprehensive services should be provided for adolescent girls and young women living with HIV. Male and female health and nutrition service providers should receive training to use gender-responsive approaches. Multisectoral referral and response systems should be established providing links to childcare, livelihood, microfinance, vocational education and employment programmes. Inequalities in access to health care should be addressed through efforts to reach girls with disabilities by promoting inclusive health services, including age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health services, so that all girls can realize their right to health. Dedicated outreach programmes are needed to reach the youngest first-time mothers to enable them to better access life-saving maternal health services. Efforts should also be made to ensure access to safe water close to the home in order to reduce the workloads of girls, so that they can stay in school, care for their health, play and undertake other activities on an equal basis with boys. Such services should be carefully designed, wherever necessary, to address the particular vulnerabilities and needs of girls. This is of particular importance in humanitarian situations, where the needs of girls, including adolescent and marginalized girls, are in danger of remaining neglected or overlooked when using a “one size fits all” model.", "73. Dedicated resources should be earmarked for programming specific to girls, whenever required. The identification and response to the rights and needs of girls should be ensured across the scope of humanitarian action, including in the context of disaster risk reduction, as well as in relation to preparedness, response and recovery from humanitarian crises. To be effective, this work should be carried out within a broader gender equality framework that analyses the needs and capacities of girls alongside that of boys, women and men and that mobilizes not just women and girls, but also men and boys around the common goal of a more just and equitable society.", "[1] The following States submitted information which has informed the content of the report: Argentina, Belgium, Djibouti, El Salvador, Finland, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malta, Namibia, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Qatar, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United States of America.", "[2] Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.13), chapter I, resolution I, annex II.", "[3] Resolution S-23/2, annex, and resolution S-23/3, annex.", "[4] Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chapter I, resolution I, annex.", "[5] Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.8), chapter I, resolution I, annex II.", "[6] E/2005/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.A.", "[7] E/2007/27, chap. I.A.", "[8] See www.childinfo.org/mortality.html.", "[9] Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Andy McKay and Jessica Espey, “Children in times of economic crisis: Past lessons, future policies”, background note, Overseas Development Institute, March 2009.", "[10] See Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady, “How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?”, World Bank, 2009.", "[11] FAO Food Price Index (www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/). (Report released 7 July 2011).", "[12] Isabel Ortiz, Jingqing Chai and Matthew Cummins, “Escalating food prices: The threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all”, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, UNICEF, 2011.", "[13] Food Price Watch (http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_ feb2011.html), World Bank.", "[14] See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.violencestudy.org).", "[15] See The State of the World’s Children 2011, Adolescence — An Age of Opportunity, UNICEF (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.1).", "[16] Nora Groce, “Girls and women with disability: A global overview”, One in Ten, vol. 17 (1997).", "[17] See Joining forces against child labour: Inter-agency report for The Hague Global Child Labour Conference of 2010, ILO and Understanding Children’s Work, May 2010.", "[18] See Education for All (EFA) Global Monitoring Report 2011: The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education, UNESCO, 2011.", "[19] See The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, United Nations, 2010. Figures are based on household survey data from 42 countries.", "[20] See Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water (2010 update), WHO and UNICEF, 2010.", "[21] See Jane E. Miller and Yana V. Rodgers, “Mother’s Education and Children’s Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”, Asian Development Review, vol. 26, No. 1 (2009).", "[22] See Opportunity in Crisis: Preventing HIV from early adolescence to young adulthood, UNICEF, June 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.5).", "[23] James E. Rosen, “Position paper on mainstreaming adolescent pregnancy in efforts to make pregnancy safer”, WHO, 2010 (WHO/MPS/10.03).", "[24] See Progress for Children: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals with Equity (No. 9), UNICEF, 2010.", "[25] See resolution 61/106.", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31, para. 34 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.92.XIV.4).", "[27] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 16, para. 2; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 21 (1994), Equality in marriage and family relations; Convention on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 4 (2003), Adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "[28] Figures are for paragraph 33 and the following paragraphs.", "[29] See “Giving Girls Today and Tomorrow: Breaking the Cycle of Adolescent Pregnancy”, United Nations Population Fund, 2007 (see http://www.unfpa.org).", "[30] See Miriam Temin and Ruth Levine, Start with a Girl: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development, 2009.", "[31] See “Child Protection Meta-Evaluation”, final report, UNICEF, 15 May 2008 (see http://www.unicef.org).", "[32] Fact Sheet, United Nations Inter-agency Task Force on Adolescent Girls, 3 March 2009.", "[33] Yanchun Zhang, Nina Thelen and Aparna Rao, “Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence”, working paper, UNDP/Office of Development Studies, 2010.", "[34] See E/2005/27 and Corr.1; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12 (2009), on the right of the child to be heard." ]
A_66_257
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "* A/66/150.", "The girl", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "This report, submitted in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/145, includes a brief overview of international obligations and global commitments relating to the girl child arising from human rights treaties and international conferences, and developments in legal and policy matters.", "The report assesses the adverse impact on the girl child of poverty and the global economic crisis; violence, abuse and exploitation; gender disparities in education; lack of water and adequate sanitation and hygiene services; nutrition; HIV/AIDS; health; disability; humanitarian crises and participation issues; and highlights measures taken to combat marriage in children and forced marriage.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/145, entitled &quot; The girl child &quot; , in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution to assess its impact on the well-being of the girl child, with special emphasis on the elimination of marriage in childhood and forced marriage. For the preparation of the report, notes verbales requesting information on the implementation of the resolution were sent to Member States[1] and to United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and letters were addressed to the main non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in promoting the rights of girls.", "2. The report follows up on the report submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session (A/64/315), with special emphasis on the elimination of female genital mutilation. It provides an overview of existing legal and policy frameworks and international commitments regarding the rights of the girl child (sect. II); the situation of the girl child in the areas covered by resolution 64/145 (sect. III); and a detailed analysis of the practice of marriage in children and forced marriage (sect. IV). The report also highlights progress and achievements in promoting the rights of the girl child (sect. V) and recommendations for future action (sect. VI).", "II. Legal and policy framework and global commitments", "A. Human rights treaties and other international conventions", "3. The realization of the rights of girls is a moral obligation and imperative enshrined in international law. There is a broad international legal framework that imposes on States obligations relating to the human rights of the girl child. In addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which establishes a comprehensive set of rights to be respected “without any distinction” or discrimination, in particular on the grounds of sex, all fundamental human rights treaties include provisions that reaffirm the principle of non-discrimination and equality between men and women, boys and girls. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which, while focused on women, had a direct influence on the situation and well-being of the girl child. Furthermore, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which entered into force in May 2008, includes specific provisions concerning children (art. 7). In addition, in accordance with article 6 of the Convention, “States Parties recognize that women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple forms of discrimination and, in this regard, take measures to ensure that they can fully and equally enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms”.", "4. In addition to human rights treaties, some legal obligations stem from binding labour law instruments, including the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This legal framework concerning the rights of children in general and of girls in particular is reinforced by regional human rights instruments, such as the 2005 African Charter on Human and Peoples &apos; Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.", "5. Regarding activities in the normative field during the period covered by the present report, the Committee on the Rights of the Child adopted general comment No. 13 (2011) concerning the right of the child not to be subjected to any form of violence, extending article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The general comment analyses the gender dimensions of violence against children and makes the following recommendation: “States parties should ensure that policies and measures taken take into account the different risk factors faced by girls and boys in terms of various forms of violence in different settings.” States are also called upon to address all forms of gender discrimination within the framework of a comprehensive strategy for the prevention of violence, including the fight against gender-based stereotypes, power imbalances, inequalities and discrimination, all contributing to the perpetuation of the use of violence and coercion in the home, school and educational centres, communities, workplace, institutions and society at large, and to encourage gender equality.", "B. International conferences, intergovernmental bodies and related commitments", "6. In addition to the legally binding international instruments they have ratified, Member States have made far-reaching commitments to eliminate discrimination against the girl child in the context of global conferences and other international forums. On the occasion of the Fourth World Conference on Women organized by the United Nations in Beijing, a special section on the girl child was first included in 1995. The Beijing Platform for Action[2] formulated strategic objectives on various issues, such as the elimination of all forms of discrimination and negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls, and the promotion and protection of the rights of the girl child, in particular those relating to education, health and nutrition, child labour, violence, and participation in social, economic and political life.", "7. In its resolution 64/145, the General Assembly reaffirmed the other documents of the major United Nations summits and conferences on the girl child, including the outcome document adopted by the Assembly at its twenty-third special session entitled &quot; Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century &quot; [3], the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development,[4]", "8. At its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council considered the joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children (A/HRC/16/56). The report focused on effective counselling and reporting mechanisms that take into account children &apos; s needs and those that children could be safe to report incidents of violence, including sexual violence and exploitation. The joint report noted that, in its 2010 International Report on Violence against Children, Child Helpline International had identified over 250,000 incidents of violence and ill-treatment reported by the 62 telephone lines that had contributed to its study. Most cases concerned children aged 10 to 15, particularly girls. Physical abuse and intimidation were the most frequently reported incidents, followed by neglect, sexual abuse and emotional violence. The report also recognized that girls remained the main victims of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "9. Following a panel discussion at the same session on the protection and promotion of the rights of children living or working on the street, the Human Rights Council, deeply concerned about the situation of girls and boys working and/or living on the street around the world and the negative impact that this had on the full enjoyment of their rights and on their development, strongly condemned the violations and abuses committed against these children, including 12/", "III. Discrimination and situation of the girl child", "A. Poverty and the impact of the global economic crisis", "10. Around the world, more than 8 million children die before the age of 5, and more than 5.7 million of these deaths occur before the end of 1 year[8]. Poverty seriously affects children &apos; s lives, endangering their survival and development, their rights to health and adequate food and nutrition, and their education. Furthermore, poverty undermines its right to participation and protection against violence, damage and exploitation. Girls also suffer not only from the effects of poverty and disease, but also from other factors, such as social and cultural norms that reinforce gender inequality, discrimination based on their ethnic origin and social, geographic and income inequalities, which can exacerbate gender discrimination. They are therefore extremely exposed to greater deprivation and marginalization.", "11. The global economic crisis, which began in 2008, has enhanced the impact and poverty of many children. The crises combine the vulnerabilities of age and gender: women and young people may be the first to lose their jobs or are underemployed; households may be forced to reduce spending, which affects the nutritional contribution of children; and children may have to leave school to help their family earn additional income.[9] According to recent estimates, between 30,000 and 50,000 more children may have died in sub-Saharan Africa during the crisis, most of them girls[10].", "12. Although the global economy is showing signs of recovery and gross domestic product (GDP) rates have been recovered considerably since 2009, girls and women remain exposed to many of the aftermath of the crisis. Recent steep rises in food prices may also have had a negative impact on women. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) index for food prices, which measures the international food price included in a common basket of commodities, has been triggered in recent months to an average of 234 points in June 2011, just below the maximum recorded in February and 39 per cent higher than the figure for June 2010[11]. National food prices have also been alarmingly high since the previous escalation in food prices in 2008.[12] Recent estimates suggest that some 44 million people have been plunged into poverty by the newly targeted rises of food.[13]", "13. As Governments are taking measures to combat the accumulation of the fiscal deficit, concern arises that spending on the main areas affecting the well-being of girls is cut. In addition, when public expenditure on health and education is restricted, the bulk of the cost often falls in households, particularly in women and girls. When the household income drops, women often have no choice but to accept low- and temporary jobs, which are added to the rest of their duties, and girls may be affected by an unequal distribution of food at home.3", "B. Violence, abuse and exploitation", "14. For millions of girls and women around the world, violence is part of their daily lives, whether at home, in school, in care and justice institutions, or in their workplace and community. This situation occurs both in developed and developing countries.", "15. According to the data, 150 million girls under the age of 18 have suffered some form of sexual violence[14], and more than 70 million girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 have been victims of female genital mutilation or ablation.[15] Data from many areas of sub-Saharan Africa indicate that female circumcision can lead to serious pelvis and urinary tract problems and a reduction in mobility that can cause chronic disability, and may leave girls at higher risk of contracting multiple infectious diseases, including HIV.[16] However, data in this regard are limited and violence against girls and women is not recognized or sufficiently reported or recorded due to the stigma attached to, fear, social tolerance and often to the illegal and covert nature of such activities.", "16. Girls often bear triple responsibility for the home, school work and work outside the home, whether or not they are paid. Such responsibilities, especially the hours devoted to household work, which are not recognized, significantly reduce their school achievements and completion rates, and increase the chances that they and their children will perpetuate the cycle of child labour.[17]", "C. Gender disparities in education", "17. The increase in enrolment in the last decade has resulted in a decrease in primary education in the gender gap among the population without schooling: the percentage of girls of primary school age without schooling declined from 57 per cent in 1998 to 53 per cent in 2008. However, nearly 36 million girls remain without schooling in primary education and more than 39 million in lower secondary education. Progress has been uneven and global figures often mask large variations between countries and regions. The number of girls without schooling is much higher in South and West Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.[18]", "18. In addition to gender, factors such as poverty, ethnicity and home location also increase the chances of a child not attending school. In all developing regions, the potential for girls belonging to 20 per cent of the poorest households not to attend school is 3.5 times higher than for girls in the most well-off homes, and 4 times higher than for boys in the richest households.[19]", "D. Lack of access to water and sanitation and hygiene services", "19. The responsibility for collecting water rests more often on girls than on boys. Data from 45 developing countries indicate that girls under the age of 15 are twice as likely to deal with this task as boys in the same age group. The rate increases as girls become adults, and women are responsible for finding water in almost two thirds of households. In some cases, girls have to travel long walks to find water, which increases their workload and affects their ability to devote time to their education and health. In addition, seeking water and contacting unhealthy water can cause physical deterioration[20].", "20. In addition, girls, in particular adolescents, may be at risk of sexual harassment or rape in wells and other places where water is collected, as well as in school toilets, especially where they are located outside the school's protective environment. In humanitarian crises, the problems of girls related to water, sanitation and hygiene are further exacerbated.", "E. Inadequate nutrition services and prevalence of anemia", "21. At the global level, gender disparities in nutrition performance indicators are insignificant in terms of boys and girls under the age of 5. However, in general, the problems of nutrition services (in terms of nutrition programme coverage, quality and availability of food and supplies) have negative impacts that disproportionately affect women and girls. This is due to the increased nutritional needs of women and adolescents, the cultural barriers that prevent them from travelling long distances to service and the lack of time due to their workload. In addition, studies and analyses reveal a significant correlation between low maternal literacy rates and poor nutrition for young children.[21]", "22. It should be noted that anemia (due to iron deficiency in two out of three cases), the prevalence of which is high among adolescents and women in developing countries, increases the risk of death of the mother. The high rates of anemia among girls and women relate to the loss of iron suffered, especially during adolescence, due to menstruation and pregnancies.", "F. A disproportionately high risk of HIV and AIDS", "23. Young women and adolescents continue to face a disproportionately high risk of infection, due to their biological vulnerability, as well as social inequality and exclusion. Almost 78 per cent of the total number of young people living with HIV in the 15-24 age group came from sub-Saharan Africa, and most of them were women who were not aware of their HIV status. More than 60 per cent of all adolescents living with HIV from the age group 10 to 19 are girls.[22]", "24. Worldwide (excluding China), 11 per cent of adolescents have had sex before the age of 15, with 15 million annual births recorded among adolescents under the age of 20.[23] Precocious experiences with sex and drugs are key factors linked to the risk of adolescent HIV. These behaviours reflect problems in the adolescent environment and are the result of a large number of failures in their protection and care that are likely linked to violence, exploitation, abuse and lack of attention.", "25. Social and income inequality, together with insufficient knowledge of sexuality and HIV, determine other behaviors that aggravate the risk of infection of the virus, for example, sex with different partners and relationships in which there is a great age difference. Young people and adolescents are often forced to maintain relationships with older men as a survival tactic to obtain money, food, protection or other social and material benefits. Their risk of infection is compounded by legislation, as well as measures and practices that restrict access for adolescents to condoms, HIV testing and proper and comprehensive sexual education. The violence inflicted by peers in intimate relationships, which often occurs with the knowledge of families and communities, also limits the ability of young women and girls to make effective decisions to prevent HIV and increases the risk of HIV.", "G. Health in adolescence", "26. While under-five mortality tends to be higher for boys than for girls, due to certain biological and genetic advantages, gender inequality causes girls to face greater health risks in adolescence[24]. Pregnancies and childbirths at an early age are among the leading causes of death worldwide for adolescents aged 15-19. At this stage of their lives, girls often face more risks than men to have health problems such as depression, and this threat is often aggravated by gender discrimination and abuse. Girls are particularly prone to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, and this vulnerability is partly due to deep anxiety about their body image fostered by stereotypes about female beauty present in culture and the media.15", "H. Disability as a source of reproach and marginalization", "27. Girls with disabilities not only face the social oppression and marginalization suffered by children in the same situation, but are subject to further discrimination on the grounds of their sex. In addition to being marginalized in the family, community and school, as well as in wider social circles, which may worsen their health and school outcomes, girls with disabilities are often exposed to increased risk of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, ill-treatment or exploitation.[25] They may also be subjected to forced sterilization or abortion.[26]", "I. Humanitarian crisis", "28. During humanitarian crises, such as armed conflicts and natural disasters, girls are exposed to a drastic increase in violations of their human rights, as a result of the increased instability and insecurity they entail and the collapse of official and informal protection mechanisms. The gender problem is very much present in the consequences of the humanitarian crisis, which may respond to pre-existing gender inequalities that can accentuate the harmful effects for girls. In emergency situations, girls, especially adolescents, are easy prey for rape and sexual exploitation by combatants, community members, humanitarian workers and uniformed personnel. In situations of armed conflict, girls may be abducted or recruited by armed forces or groups. Reports of girls who use sex as a currency of exchange for assistance, or who trade with sex to meet their own needs or those of their family are common. Such activities increase their vulnerability to sexual exploitation and abuse, HIV and sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Girls who have survived sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence suffer from mental and psychosocial health problems, and are severely affected by social stigma and exclusion.", "29. Girls affected by the crisis are less likely than boys to enrol in school or access early childhood education, and also have limited access to sexual and reproductive health services. In cultures where children are more valued than girls, families and community members can give priority to the first to distribute assistance. Increased poverty from crises can also lead parents to push their daughters into child marriage (such as survival tactics) in some cases. Girls, who, together with women, traditionally assume most of the household tasks, often endure more work in the crisis to keep their families in the face of the reduction of social services. This situation increases their daily work and takes time to school and other activities.", "J. Lack of participation opportunities", "30. The implementation of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which stipulates that “the States Parties shall guarantee the child in a position to form a judgement of their own the right to express their views freely in all matters affecting the child or the girl child, poses serious difficulties to Governments in most regions of the world. Traditionally, it has been considered that children lacked the necessary experience, knowledge or understanding to participate directly in contributions to key decisions affecting their lives. Social and cultural patterns of conduct in the family generally place more obstacles to the ability of girls and women to assert their rights. Services programs for young people are creating more and more spaces for youth participation. However, the proportion of girls, especially those who are not enrolled and disadvantaged, in the associations of older persons and regular youth programmes is usually very low. Powerful female personalities are also missing in many communities as a model, as well as opportunities for women and girls to create networks and exercise their right to participation.", "IV. The elimination of child and forced marriage", "31. Marriage of a child under the age of 18 is recognized in international legal instruments as a violation of the human rights of children.[27] Even when the child gives his or her consent, child marriage is the result of existing social norms whereby children are expected to marry in the child, and therefore forced marriage can be considered. In certain cases, marriage in childhood is referred to as early marriage; however, this terminology is given to the equivocal because it is relative. For example, it could also be used to promote marriage at a younger age in countries where the average age for marriage exceeds 30 years.", "32. Marriage in childhood is the result of the interrelationship of especially powerful economic and social forces regarding the marriage of girls. The cost of marriage for families tends to be lower if children are younger, since they are no longer in charge of their parents and that younger girls often need a smaller dowry. These social forces manifest themselves in the social approval that families receive if they are perceived to respect tradition, watch for the chastity of their daughters, protect family honour and reduce the risk that girls may have children outside marriage. Failure to comply with social norms entails the disapproval of society, which may even involve the use of violence against the girl or family members.", "33. A study conducted by the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) in 2010 using data from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys and multiple indicator-based surveys shows that approximately one third of women in the developing world aged 20-24 had been married before the age of 18. It also indicates that, in general, the practice of child marriage has fallen, albeit slowly. While 48 per cent of women in developing countries between 45 and 49 years of age had been married before the age of 18, this proportion fell to 35 per cent for women between 20 and 24 years of age.", "34. Data also reveal important inequalities. Childhood marriage is closely associated with the low levels of girls &apos; education. The practice has decreased almost exclusively in households belonging to the highest income quintile, while the number of cases has barely fluctuated in households with the lower income quintile. The data endorse the idea that childhood marriage is partly due to economic factors and that, although necessary, it is not enough to deal with such factors in order to end the practice.", "35. In communities where this practice is widely practised, marrying girls is part of an acquis of gender norms and attitudes that reflect the low value given to the human rights of girls. These standards include early and repeated maternity, which has a negative impact on the health of the mother and the child; the dowry or “price of the bride”, which equates girls to economic assets; the preference given to the education of boys over that of girls; the fact that girls eat after men and boys at home, which may have a negative impact on the health and nutrition of these girls;", "36. When childhood marriage is widespread, adolescents marry, become pregnant and have children before being prepared to be mothers from a physical, emotional and social point of view. Approximately 15 million teenagers, most married, are mothers every year23. Many of these young people are not aware of their rights and are unaware of health-care services, including reproductive health services. As a result, they face considerable risks during pregnancy, including obstetric fistula and death.[29] Girls aged 10 to 14 are five times more likely than women aged 20 to 24 to die during pregnancy and childbirth. Since they begin to have children at an early age, adolescents tend to have more children and at shorter intervals, which represents a higher risk of death and disability for the mother. As a result, their life options are also limited, as their ability to complete studies, acquire comprehensive health skills, participate in the community and prepare for employment is restricted. Marriage in childhood also exposes married girls to a higher risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, as they are powerless to reject unwanted and unprotected sex with older husbands. It also has negative consequences for the next generation: mothers under the age of 20 have 50% more chances of giving birth to dead children and dying than women aged 20 to 29.[30]", "37. Progress in the elimination of child marriage is crucial to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, they will promote the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and respond to the recommendations made in the 2006 Secretary-General &apos; s study on violence against children.", "38. Country experience shows that ending child marriage requires an approach that incorporates the Government &apos; s commitment by enacting appropriate legislation, as well as supporting communities to enable them to find better alternatives. While it is necessary, it is very difficult to enforce legislation prohibiting marriage in children when there is great social support for this practice. However, legal measures and information strategies can be used to reduce it and, when social acceptance begins to decline, to legitimize and support those who are mobilizing to end it.", "39. Several countries are enacting legislation establishing the minimum age for marriage at 18 years, in accordance with general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, while others are raising the minimum age for marriage to 18 years and eliminating the differences between the legal age of boys and girls. In 2009, Eritrea reviewed its civil and criminal code to increase the minimum age of marriage at 18 for boys and girls, to ensure that marriage is consensual and equal, and to restrict practices such as “ bride price” and dowry. In Malawi, legislation was being drafted again to raise the legal age for marriage over the age of 16. In other countries, such as Mali and Yemen, the issue is under discussion, and proposals are under consideration to establish or increase the legal age for marriage.", "40. In order to end child marriage, it is necessary to support community debate in order to collectively examine alternatives to this practice.[31] In these discussions, the desire of families to maintain tradition must be respected, while at the same time showing the damages involved and strengthening human rights principles. Information can be provided through reliable sources, such as medical staff and religious leaders, and more voice can be given to girls themselves, ensuring coherence of the message across the community. There is also a need for strong commitment on the part of men and young people. Country reports from various regions have been received on this type of awareness-raising measures.", "41. Comprehensive child marriage measures and programmes take into account the needs of adolescents already married, while supporting actions to end the practice. These measures provide viable alternatives and institutional support, in particular a wider educational offer for girls, including those already married or pregnant. Countries are expanding physical access to education through the creation of safe residences, increasing financial incentives for families, promoting girls &apos; empowerment, improving educational quality and ensuring safe and hygienic conditions in schools. In certain countries, for example in Djibouti, measures have been taken to make school attendance compulsory until the age of 16.", "42. Despite its widespread dissemination, child marriage has traditionally received limited attention. However, the number of initiatives undertaken by a number of partners, including non-governmental organizations, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNICEF, is increasing. The latter two agencies have stepped up their advocacy and support for country programmes through the work of the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Adolescents, among others. In addition, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child are drafting a general comment or recommendation on harmful practices, which will update the guidelines provided to States parties on child marriage. Development cooperation agencies, such as USAID, are also paying greater attention to the issue of ending child marriage and forced marriage.", "43. The experience of countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Ethiopia, India, the Niger, Senegal, Somalia and Sweden indicates that the combination of legal measures with community support initiatives aimed at providing them with viable alternatives and allowing them to discuss and reach a clear and collective decision to end child marriage brings positive results. The initiatives undertaken by civil society organizations at the national and local levels have also yielded encouraging results. In other countries, progress has also been made in some of the necessary aspects of ending child marriage. For example, Belgium, Nicaragua and Slovakia note that legal frameworks prohibiting child marriage have been strengthened. In other countries, however, little priority is given to eliminating child marriage, despite the fact that this practice violates the rights of much of adolescents and, to a lesser extent, adolescents.", "44. If current trends are maintained, up to 100 million girls could marry during the next decade.[32] However, with available knowledge and experience and increased State activity, in closer cooperation with civil society, most girls and boys could delay marriage and make much more use of their potential for the benefit of their entire community.", "V. Progress and achievements", "45. Progress has been made in various aspects of the promotion of the rights of girls and the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/145. Some of the main achievements are highlighted below.", "A. Strengthening legislation and increased commitment", "46. National legislation on violence against women and girls is being systematically improved worldwide. Many States have adopted laws and measures, as well as concrete action plans and strategies to combat multiple forms of violence against girls, including trafficking in persons, sexual violence and exploitation, female genital mutilation and abduction and child marriage. In addition, the institutional response to violence and exploitation has been strengthened in some countries through cross-sectoral coordination and capacity development of social welfare, justice, education and health services.", "47. Owing in part to the global campaign launched in May 2010 for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the involvement of children in armed conflict, approximately 75 per cent of Member States have now ratified both optional protocols and are taking steps to implement their provisions. Several countries have already adopted legislation to end child pornography.", "48. The ILO Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers, adopted in June 2011, establishes a number of international standards aimed at improving the working conditions of tens of millions of domestic workers worldwide, including boys, of which 90 per cent are girls, as calculated.15", "49. The international response to the protection of girls affected by conflict has been strengthened by the adoption of Security Council resolutions 1882 (2009), on children and armed conflict, which expands the monitoring and reporting mechanism to include sexual violence in armed conflict; 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), on the prevention of sexual violence linked to and protection of girls, and calls for the better use of gender-responsive mechanisms.", "B. Joint initiatives", "50. With the support of UNFPA and UNICEF, 15 African countries have adopted a common approach to ending harmful practices, including the promotion of community legislation and programmes, large-scale community debate sessions based on human rights principles, and public declarations within the community and district for the abandonment of female genital mutilation and ablation.", "51. Many Governments are also undertaking multisectoral initiatives to support girls and women, and to combat domestic violence against girls, schools, communities and the workplace. In the context of the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, which entered into force on 1 July 2010, countries are combining institutional initiatives with awareness-raising and direct support to girls and women suffering from violence, through measures such as the creation of direct telephone lines for children and the dissemination in communities of information on prevention and protection provisions.", "52. The United Nations Girls &apos; Education Initiative, presented at the World Education Forum in 2000, continues to play an important role in ensuring that the issue of girls &apos; education remains ongoing. The Initiative brings together various stakeholders, such as Governments, civil society organizations, bilateral aid agencies, the private sector and the United Nations system, to work together to ensure the right to free and compulsory education and gender equality. The partnership is currently under way in 47 countries in Africa and Asia.", "53. The United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Adolescents, chaired jointly by UNFPA and UNICEF, and composed of ILO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN-Women and the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a platform for collective action for the most marginalized adolescents. Efforts are under way, in collaboration with Governments and their partners, to develop comprehensive programmes in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Malawi, Liberia, the United Republic of Tanzania and other countries.", "54. The humanitarian community is increasingly committed to ensuring that inter-agency coordination mechanisms respond to the special needs of girls, as well as those of boys, women and men. In 2010, new inter-agency resources and guidelines were created to enable humanitarian agencies to respond more effectively to the special needs of girls affected by crisis situations and to ensure their rights, such as the Inter-Agency Network &apos; s &quot; Focal Point on Gender Issues &quot; (2010).", "C. Improved access to and quality of education", "55. Since the launch of the &quot; Education for All &quot; initiative in 1990, a number of actions taken in developing countries have been successful in boosting girls &apos; enrolment and completion rates. For example, the elimination of user rates and the granting of cash subsidies and transfers to girls has resulted in an increase in educational demand in countries such as Bangladesh, El Salvador, Mexico and Kenya. In Namibia, the activity has focused on cultural and social norms that hinder girls &apos; education by adopting a policy that would allow teenage mothers to return to school after childbirth. In addition, the Government has launched a national &quot; zero tolerance &quot; campaign against gender-based violence, and efforts have been made to build the capacity of managers in all sectors to address gender-based violence, as well as media professionals to report on the issue.", "56. Several Member States and United Nations organizations, including UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) are supporting girls &apos; transition to secondary education, and promoting vocational training for adolescents based on their needs and specific situation. The World Food Programme (WFP) has been distributing rations to take home as an incentive to girls &apos; school enrolment and their stay at school. In addition to improved access, efforts are also under way to improve girls &apos; school experience and the quality of education they receive, ensuring that schools provide an enabling environment for children and gender, and promote human rights education.", "57. Countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua are incorporating human rights education and life skills education, including reproductive health issues, into school curricula to provide adolescents with adequate knowledge. In Madagascar, the United Nations Democracy Fund supports organizations such as scout clubs and ecological youth groups to promote the value of gender equality and human rights among children and young people. In Ghana, UNICEF supports the radio network known as &quot; Curious Minds &quot; to function as a knowledge-sharing platform for the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of children &apos; s legislation in general. These networks have been useful as channels for publicizing information on girls &apos; education, protection from traditional practices and teenage pregnancy.", "58. Other measures have been taken to recruit properly prepared teachers and develop the capacity of teachers and education sector administrators to address gender issues in the sector. In Malta and Sweden, for example, policymakers, teachers and students are sensitized on the need to promote gender equality in career choice, with the aim of making girls more involved in mathematical and scientific disciplines.", "D. Improved health services", "59. Health services for girls have been strengthened in many parts of the world. For example, in Djibouti, confidential family planning services are provided, and women and girls are at the heart of the national strategic plan on HIV/AIDS 2008-2012. In Bangladesh, the use of the integrated management strategy for childhood diseases and the training of community health workers have contributed to reducing gender disparities in vaccination coverage. UNRWA health programmes offer preventive and therapeutic paediatric services to Palestine refugees, including those in schools, which at the same time raise awareness of the importance of ending child marriage and preventing gender-based violence.", "E. The participation of girls", "60. Efforts have been made to enhance the potential of girls by creating opportunities for them to participate, fostering their leadership, informing them about their rights and helping them develop their capacity to exercise them. In Jamaica, a children &apos; s symposium and gender training workshops were held, organized by the Office for Women &apos; s Affairs, to inform boys and girls about their rights, and to raise awareness of gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health. In Chile, UN-Women collaborated in a study conducted by 40 young women on violence against young women in marriage and other relationships. The results of the study will be used for advocacy among parliamentarians.", "61. In Cameroon, an initiative to build youth leadership skills was launched with the support of UNICEF through the establishment of youth municipal councils that led to the establishment of 21 such councils, including 17 girls. Half of the board members are girls, while only 6 per cent of the national councils are headed by mayors. Young mayors and councillors promote youth participation in decision-making in their communities. In Guatemala, Malawi and Ethiopia, UNFPA is contributing to the empowerment of young women through the promotion of safe spaces, the promotion of leadership skills and support for life-preparation activities that are especially focused on sexual and reproductive health. These programs are also managed by youth leaders.", "F. Mitigation of the impact of the global economic crisis", "62. Special measures have been taken to mitigate the impact of the economic crisis on girls and women. Examples of effective initiatives include the maintenance of the necessary expenditures in the social sector and the implementation of social protection measures aimed at ensuring their right to health care, education and maternal health services. According to a recent study, in 35 countries, approximately 25 per cent of the expenditure incurred to stimulate the economy amounting to $63 billion was allocated to social protection activities.[33] It is important to ensure that these measures are not deactivated as part of austerity programmes aimed at controlling public sector spending. Furthermore, transformative social protection measures, such as anti-discrimination and legislative reform policies, entail the potential to combat social vulnerabilities, ensuring equitable access to the services of children.", "VI. Recommendations", "63. While progress has been made, as illustrated by the above examples, it is necessary for these initiatives to continue and expand, for which vigorous action is needed by Governments, supported by development agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society, as well as for the active participation of girls, boys, men and women.", "A. Empowerment of girls", "64. The participation and empowerment of girls should be further promoted, as requested by the Commission on the Status of Women, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and other agencies.[34] It was important to recognize that girls were a key factor in achieving gender equality and their own empowerment. Programme support should be provided to promote their leadership skills as part of school plans or other means, such as exclusively female associations, or as part of broader training programmes. Girls should also be encouraged to participate in the development and implementation of their development programmes. Activities should also ensure that the perspective of girls, as well as adolescent girls, is included in discussions on humanitarian preparedness, response and recovery plans, so that opportunities are institutionalized for their particular concerns and recommendations on how to address them.", "65. Girls cannot exercise their rights if they are unable to access the information so that they can use it and understand it. Social networks and safe spaces for girls can facilitate access to essential information on health and protection services. General and age-appropriate sex education and knowledge of their HIV situation enhance their ability to protect themselves and take control of their health and well-being.", "B. Support for social change and the transformation of power relations", "66. Where the inequalities and discrimination of girls are deeply entrenched, social change and the transformation of power relations are essential for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of girls and women. Improved understanding of the role of social norms and how they affect decision-making processes of individuals, families and communities to shape measures and strategies and scale-up interventions vitally complements high-level initiatives such as legislative reform. If the underlying causes of gender inequality and the exclusion of girls are not addressed, it is not possible to fulfil the collective duty to protect and enforce their rights. Governments, communities and households are responsible for fostering environments where discrimination and violence against girls are not accommodated.", "C. Keeping girls in school", "67. Investing in girls &apos; education impoderates and contributes to accelerating the fight against poverty, inequality and gender discrimination. Special measures are needed to reach girls who are more difficult to access and who are more excluded: girls from the poorest households, those living in rural areas, in slums and remote areas; and those belonging to socially excluded groups, such as children with disabilities and indigenous and disadvantaged minorities.", "68. Progress in primary education over the past decade must be consolidated, while progress is accelerated by expanding preschool education programmes to ensure that girls start and continue primary school, as well as return to school through targeted measures to capture children without schooling, most of whom are girls. Since educational disparities are maximized in secondary education, the transition of girls from primary to secondary school should be facilitated and encouraged, and access to secondary education should be expanded, with a focus on reducing girls &apos; dropout rates. Various educational itineraries, both formal and informal, should be promoted to ensure that girls successfully complete their basic education and transition from school to work. In addition, multisectoral strategies, including education, along with health and nutrition, social protection, infrastructure and the labour market, should be used to ensure gender equality in education.", "D. Addressing the issue of the rights of adolescents", "69. Girls face greater discrimination in adolescence. While discrimination is a factor that occurs even before birth and gender-related stereotypes are generally introduced at an early stage in the life of the child, when girls reach adolescence often encounter new restrictions and limitations. Excessively, adult-specific functions such as wife, mother, worker or caregiver have been performed prematurely, excluding them from the special provisions and safeguards of children. Educated, healthy and prepared adolescents can contribute to promoting social justice, supporting economic development and working together to eradicate poverty. It was important to invest in the rights and protection of adolescents and to ensure that they were not further postponed to development measures and programmes.", "E. Improved data collection and analysis", "70. There is a need for better data, disaggregated by sex and age, to fully understand the situation of girls. It is also necessary to go beyond the breakdown of data by sex and to analyse data that reveal the various forms of exclusion that girls experience, such as discrimination on the grounds of disability, the origin of the poorest communities, or membership of indigenous or minority groups. This work should involve the collection and analysis of data and information according to quantitative and qualitative criteria.", "F. Promoting inclusive policies and programmes", "71. Programmes should also adopt a comprehensive approach that addresses all manifestations of discrimination that a girl may suffer in order to effectively protect her rights. In part, respecting girls as human beings with rights is to recognize the real circumstances of their lives and the diversity of their circumstances. This includes ensuring a gender-sensitive response to the recovery of the global economic crisis. National commitments to promote and protect the rights of the girl child should be maintained and, to the extent possible, extended through adequate and consistent investment in health and nutrition, drinking water, basic education, child and social protection services and participatory mechanisms. Initiatives should be put in place, for example, with special measures aimed at the most marginalized and vulnerable, to ensure the enjoyment and protection of the rights of children, including those of girls and other disadvantaged and vulnerable groups of society.", "G. Wider and better services for girls", "72. Health, nutrition and other services should be expanded and improved to address the needs and rights of girls. For example, comprehensive services should be provided to adolescents and young women living with HIV. Health and nutrition service providers, men and women, should be trained to implement gender-sensitive approaches. Multisectoral referral and response systems need to be developed to liaise with childcare, livelihood, microfinance, vocational training and employment programmes. Inequalities in access to health care must be combated with measures to reach girls with disabilities who foster inclusive health services and incorporate sexual and reproductive health services appropriate to their age, so that all girls can exercise their right to health. Special outreach programmes are needed to reach older mothers and enable them to more easily access maternal health services that can save their lives. Measures should also be undertaken to ensure access to safe drinking water in the vicinity of the home to reduce the workload of girls so that they can continue to go to school, pay attention to their health, play and perform other activities on an equal basis with children. These services should be carefully designed, where necessary, to address the vulnerabilities and special needs of girls. This aspect is particularly important in humanitarian situations, where there is a danger that girls, especially adolescents and marginalized youth, will be relegated and inadvertent if a general criterion is used.", "73. Special resources should be devoted to the development of specific programmes for girls where necessary. It is necessary to ensure that the rights and needs of girls are known and respected throughout the humanitarian field, including situations where there is a risk of disaster, as well as in humanitarian preparedness, response and crisis recovery activities. To be effective, these tasks must be carried out in a broader framework of gender equality, which analyses the needs and skills of girls along with those of boys, women and men, and mobilizes not only women and girls, but also men and boys for the common goal of achieving a more just and equitable society.", "[1] The following States have provided information that has been incorporated into the report: Argentina, Belgium, Djibouti, El Salvador, Finland, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malta, Namibia, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Qatar, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden.", "[2] Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.13), chap. I, resolution I, annex II.", "[3] Resolution S-23/2, annex, and resolution S-23/3, annex.", "[4] Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I, resolution I, annex.", "[5] Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.8), chap. I, resolution I, annex II.", "[6] E/2005/27 and Corr.1, cap. I.A.", "[7] E/2007/27, chap. I.A.", "[8] See www.childinfo.org/mortality.html.", "[9] Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Andy McKay and Jessica Espey, “Children in times of economic crisis: Past lessons, future policies”, background note, Ultramar Development Institute, March 2009.", "[10] See Jed Friedman and Norbert Schady, “How Many More Infants are Likely to Die in Africa as a Result of the Global Financial Crisis?”, World Bank, 2009.", "[11] FAO Food Price Index (http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/es/). (Report issued on 7 July 2011).", "[12] Isabel Ortíz, Jingqing Chai and Matthew Cummins, “Escalating food prices: The threat to poor households and policies to safeguard a recovery for all”, Working Papers on Social and Economic Policy, UNICEF, 2011.", "[13] Food Price Alert (http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_feb2011.html), World Bank.", "[14] See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, World Report on Violence against Children, United Nations, 2006 (http://www.unviolencestudy.org/spanish/index.html).", "[15] See World Childhood State 2011. Adolescence: An era of opportunities UNICEF (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.1).", "[16] Nora Groce, “Girls and women with disability: A global review”, One in Ten, vol. 17 (1997).", "[17] See United in the fight against child labour – Interagency report for the 2010 Hague World Conference on Child Labour, International Labour Organization and Child Labour, May 2010.", "[18] See EPT Global Monitoring Report 2011: A Covered Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education, UNESCO, 2011.", "[19] See Millennium Development Goals 2010, Report 2010, United Nations, 2010. The figures are based on household survey data in 42 countries.", "[20] See Sanitation and Water Progress: Update Report 2010, WHO and UNICEF, 2010.", "[21] See Jane E. Miller and Yana V. Rodgers, “Mother’s Education and Children’s Nutritional Status: New Evidence from Cambodia”, Asian Development Review, vol.26, No. 1 (2009).", "[22] See Opportunity in times of crisis: avoiding HIV from the first adolescence to the beginning of adulthood, UNICEF, June 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.XX.5).", "[23] Jamnes E. Rosen, “Position paper on mainstreaming adolescent pregnancy in efforts to make pregnancy safer”, WHO, 2010 (WHO/MPS/10.03).", "[24] See Progress for Children: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals with equity (No. 9), UNICEF, 2010.", "[25] See resolution 61/106.", "[26] E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/31, para. 34 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.92.XIV.4).", "[27] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 16, para. 2; General recommendation No. 21 (1994) of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Equality in Marriage and Family Relations; General Comment No. 4 (2003) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, Adolescent Health and Development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "[28] The figures relate to paragraph 33 and the following paragraphs.", "[29] See “Giving Girls Today and Tomorrow: Breaking the Cycle of Adolescent Pregnancy”, United Nations Population Fund, 2007 (see http://www.unfpa.org).", "[30] See Miriam Temin and Ruth Levine, Start with a Girl: A New Agenda for Global Health, Center for Global Development, 2009.", "[31] See Child Protection Meta-Evaluation, final report, UNICEF, 15 May 2008 (see http://www.unicef.org).", "[32] Briefing, United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Adolescents, 3 March 2009.", "[33] Yanchun Zhang, Nina Thelen and Aparna Rao, “Social Protection in Fiscal Stimulus Packages: Some Evidence”, Working Papers, UNDP and Development Studies Office, 2010.", "[34] See E/2005/27 and Corr.1; General comment No. 12 (2009) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the right of the child to be heard." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 65 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos del niño: seguimiento de los resultados del período extraordinario de sesiones sobre la infancia", "Seguimiento de los resultados del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la infancia", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen El presente informe se publica en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en lasresoluciones 58/157 y 58/282, por las que los Estados Miembrossolicitaron al Secretario General que siguiera informandoperiódicamente a la Asamblea General sobre los progresos logrados enla aplicación de los compromisos asumidos en el períodoextraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la infancia ycontenidos en el documento final de ese período extraordinario desesiones, titulado “Un mundo apropiado para los niños” (S-27/2). Enel informe se proporciona una sinopsis de los progresos y losdesafíos en ese sentido, y de las medidas que es necesario adoptarpara avanzar más, en particular en vista de la necesidad de prestarasistencia a los niños más vulnerables y desfavorecidos en cadacontexto. \nEn el informe se señala que el incumplimiento de esos compromisossocavará seriamente los esfuerzos destinados a concretar lasaspiraciones de la Declaración del Milenio y los Objetivos deDesarrollo del Milenio para 2015 y los años subsiguientes.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Seguimiento 4 de los resultados del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la \ninfancia A. Planificación 4 para los \nniños B. Promoción 4 de la aplicación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del \n Niño C.Colaboración 5 y movilización de recursos en pro de los \nniños D.Seguimiento 6 del \nprogreso E. Participación 7 y libre expresión de los \nniños III. Progresos 8 con respecto a las cuatro principales esferas de \nobjetivos A. Promoción 8 de una vida \n sana B.Acceso 11 a una educación de \ncalidad C.Protección 13 contra los malos tratos, la explotación y la \nviolencia D. Lucha 18 contra el \nVIH/SIDA IV.Actividades 20 \nfuturas", "I. Introducción", "1. Durante la última década, la Declaración del Milenio y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas han generado compromisos y asociaciones sin precedentes para avanzar en el logro de objetivos cuyo propósito es hacer realidad los derechos de los niños, reafirmados en sucesivas cumbres y reuniones. En 2007, se celebró una reunión plenaria conmemorativa de alto nivel sobre los compromisos asumidos en “Un mundo apropiado para los niños” (S-27/2) a fin de examinar los resultados y los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación de la Declaración y el Plan de Acción. En la resolución 65/1 de la Asamblea General, titulada “Cumplir la promesa: unidos para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”, los Estados Miembros se comprometieron a acelerar los avances en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "2. El presente informe se suma a informes anteriores[1], y en él se examinan los progresos hechos en relación con los objetivos indicados en “Un mundo adecuado para los niños”, muchos de los cuales corresponden a metas clave para los niños prevista en la Declaración del Milenio y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "3. En comparación con el año 2000, cuando se aprobó la Declaración del Milenio, 2,1 millones de niños menos mueren cada año por causas prevenibles antes de cumplir los 5 años, y el número de niños en edad de asistir a la escuela primaria que no están escolarizados se redujo en 39 millones entre 1999 y 2008. Sin embargo, cada año mueren 8,1 millones de niños de menos de 5 años y más de 350.000 madres; cerca de 67 millones de niños están sin escolarizar y 195 millones de niños menores de 5 años sufren de desnutrición crónica en los países en desarrollo, lo que pone en peligro la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Millones de niños siguen padeciendo las consecuencias trágicas de los conflictos, como la muerte de sus padres o el desplazamiento repentino y forzado. Se estima que todos los días siguen naciendo más de 1.000 bebes con el VIH, y casi 5 millones de jóvenes entre los 15 y los 24 años viven con el virus. Más de 200 millones de niños de menos de 5 años no tienen partida de nacimiento.", "4. La caída de la actividad económica mundial de 2008-2009 y la volatilidad de los precios de los alimentos y los combustibles puso de manifiesto la interdependencia de los países en la economía global y la necesidad de fortalecer la utilización de políticas de desarrollo tanto a nivel nacional como mundial para salvaguardar la situación de los niños, especialmente en las familias más pobres. Las deficiencias de capacidad, la volatilidad financiera y el aumento del endeudamiento han demostrado ser factores desestabilizadores para el logro sostenido de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en muchos países en desarrollo y a menudo han ido acompañados por mayores disparidades entre las sociedades y dentro de ellas.", "5. La disminución de las inversiones sociales, sumada a problemas de larga data como la exclusión social de los grupos indígenas y los grupos minoritarios desfavorecidos, los niños con discapacidades y las niñas, así como los efectos de la migración, la rápida expansión urbana y la inestabilidad climática, están complicando la aplicación de “Un mundo apropiado para los niños”.", "II. Seguimiento de los resultados del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la infancia", "A. Planificación para los niños", "6. En 2010, se llevaron a cabo estudios o análisis temáticos de envergadura sobre los derechos de los niños y las mujeres en al menos 81 países. Otros 6 países se incorporaron al estudio mundial sobre la pobreza y las disparidades en la infancia dirigido por el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), lo cual elevó el número de participantes a 52. Los análisis de situación se destinaron cada vez más a determinar cuáles eran los grupos de niños y mujeres más vulnerables y desfavorecidos para promover estrategias centradas en la equidad que pudieran apoyarlos mejor. Las conclusiones se están utilizando para impulsar políticas que protejan y promuevan los derechos de los niños.", "7. En 2011, el UNICEF publicó un informe titulado Estado Mundial de la Infancia: La adolescencia: una época de oportunidades, en el que se señaló la importancia de hacer inversiones en favor de los adolescentes para romper los ciclos de pobreza e inequidad. Frente a un mundo cada vez más incierto donde el cambio climático, la urbanización, la recesión económica y el creciente desempleo plantean retos sin precedentes, en el informe se subraya la necesidad de proporcionar apoyo adecuado a los adolescentes para que alcancen su máximo potencial.", "8. El apoyo a la protección de los más vulnerables en el contexto de cada país se consideró una prioridad urgente. Se reconoce que una atención constante a la promoción del aumento del empleo, el mantenimiento de los servicios básicos y el fortalecimiento de las medidas de protección social es crucial para consolidar y ampliar la recuperación económica y el bienestar para todos.", "B. Promoción de la aplicación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño", "9. En mayo de 2010, el Secretario General, la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños, la Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados, el UNICEF, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y otros asociados iniciaron una campaña mundial para promover la ratificación universal y la aplicación de los protocolos facultativos de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño para 2012. El objetivo de la campaña es crear conciencia sobre la importancia de los mecanismos de protección contra la violencia, incluida la adhesión a las normas internacionales y su aplicación efectiva. Desde el comienzo de la campaña, otros ocho países han ratificado el Protocolo facultativo relativo a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía o se han adherido a él, y un país lo ha firmado, lo que lleva el número total de Estados partes a 145 y de signatarios a 118. En 2010, otros siete países ratificaron el Protocolo facultativo relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados[2].", "10. Con el apoyo del UNICEF y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), en 2010 se dictó como actividad piloto el primer curso regional de capacitación de instructores en el que se utilizó el “Manual de formación para combatir la trata infantil con fines de explotación laboral, sexual y de otros tipos”.", "11. Se prestó una mayor atención internacional al problema de la violencia sexual apoyando el día general de debate del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y su resolución (13/20) sobre la violencia sexual contra los niños. Como forma de seguimiento de ese debate temático, en un informe conjunto (A/HRC/16/56) de la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños y la Relatora Especial sobre la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía presentado al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, se hizo un llamamiento para establecer en todos los países mecanismos de orientación, denuncia e información accesibles, seguros y adecuados para los niños para que estos puedan denunciar los hechos de violencia. Se pusieron a disposición del Comité de los Derechos del Niño y del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer conocimientos técnicos sobre las normas sociales y las maneras de abordar las prácticas tradicionales perjudiciales para asegurar que estos conocimientos se reflejen en una próxima observación general conjunta de los Comités sobre prácticas perjudiciales.", "12. Continuaron fortaleciéndose las asociaciones. En 2010, la iniciativa “Juntos por las niñas”, una asociación multinacional innovadora establecida en 2009 con el propósito de terminar con la violencia sexual contra las niñas en África y Asia Oriental, se amplió para abarcar la reunión de datos y la respuesta y la promoción coordinadas de los programas en torno a la prevención de la violencia contra los niños, en especial la violencia sexual. Estos esfuerzos impulsaron la acción a nivel local, y estimularon a un tiempo el interés y el apoyo de los asociados a nivel mundial. Se completó un manual para empresas sobre los derechos del niño y la evaluación de las repercusiones en los niños, y se celebró una consulta con grupos interesados. El Equipo de tareas de las Naciones Unidas sobre las adolescentes defiende y promueve políticas y programas integrales para las adolescentes, especialmente las más marginadas. Además, el UNICEF siguió afianzando las relaciones con la Conferencia de la Haya de Derecho Internacional Privado en lo referente a cuatro de sus convenciones sobre los niños. Se hicieron aportes técnicos a la Conferencia mundial sobre trabajo infantil celebrada en La Haya, así como trabajos de seguimiento y apoyo a los países para la aplicación de las recomendaciones contenidas en la Hoja de ruta para lograr la eliminación de las peores formas de trabajo infantil para 2016.", "13. Para hacer realidad los derechos de los niños de los países más pobres y los grupos de población más desfavorecidos, será esencial extender la cobertura de los servicios básicos. La transición hacia una mayor cobertura implica ejecutar una serie compleja de acciones, entre ellas aumentar el número de las intervenciones de eficacia demostrada y superar las formas de conducta, las disposiciones institucionales y las características ambientales que son impedimentos para la prestación de los servicios. Ello, a su vez, exige una comprensión clara de los obstáculos a la prestación de servicios esenciales a los niños y de las barreras que enfrentan las familias para tener acceso a ellos. Estas iniciativas exigirán una mayor coherencia y armonización.", "C. Colaboración y movilización de recursos en pro de los niños", "14. En 2010, una mayor colaboración con los donantes dio como resultado una mayor coordinación en la movilización de recursos para los niños en situaciones de emergencia. Nuevos donantes financiaron asistencia humanitaria con el fin de mejorar la capacidad de respuesta humanitaria. Los nuevos mecanismos incorporados en los acuerdos de financiación, como los acuerdos multianuales y los acuerdos temáticos específicos para el ciclo de un país, crearon una mayor flexibilidad y previsibilidad de la financiación para los programas.", "15. Según el informe de 2010 del Grupo de Tareas sobre el desfase en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la ayuda proveniente de los miembros del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo alcanzó casi los 120.000 millones de dólares en 2009, lo que significa un aumento de menos del 1% en términos reales. Sin embargo, la parte del ingreso nacional bruto de los donantes que representó la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo fue solo del 0,31%, muy inferior a la meta del 0,7%, que solo se alcanzó o superó en cinco países donantes. Las remesas se han convertido en una fuente creciente de ingresos en muchos países en desarrollo, y en 2008 llegaron al nivel máximo estimado de 336.000 millones de dólares. En la crisis actual, las remesas han demostrado ser más estables que las corrientes de capital privado. Las asociaciones de las que participan fundaciones, organizaciones no gubernamentales y programas mundiales se siguieron desarrollando en 2010, lo que ofreció oportunidades de movilizar fondos adicionales para los niños en todo el mundo. Entre los contribuyentes más importantes se encuentran Rotary International, la Fundación Bill y Melinda Gates y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria.", "16. A causa de las dificultades financieras, la atención mundial se concentra cada vez más en sectores clave de la inversión, como la infraestructura y la agricultura. Aunque los niveles generales no parecen haber disminuido, los recursos para las inversiones en favor de los niños son todavía muy insuficientes en la mayoría de los países. Las consecuencias de este hecho podrían ser perjudiciales para la futura financiación de los servicios sociales básicos, que son fundamentales para el bienestar de los niños.", "D. Seguimiento del progreso", "17. Las bases de datos mundiales sobre los niños y las mujeres se actualizaron a lo largo de 2010. Los datos de las encuestas nacionales de hogares y otras fuentes se analizaron y desglosaron por género, nivel de riqueza y lugar para obtener una comprensión más cabal de las desigualdades. Las Naciones Unidas destinaron esfuerzos considerables a armonizar los datos de los distintos asociados, entre otras cosas mediante el reconocimiento común de nuevas metodologías, la normalización de los indicadores y los instrumentos de seguimiento, el fomento de la capacidad estadística nacional y el cálculo de estimaciones conjuntas.", "18. En las primeras tres series (1995, 2000, 2005-2006) se realizaron casi 200 encuestas de indicadores múltiples en todo el mundo. La cuarta serie se está llevando a cabo en el período 2009-2011 con una gama más amplia de indicadores. Los primeros resultados de las encuestas se obtuvieron en 2010.", "19. Los programas informáticos de la base de datos común del Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, DevInfo, se han adoptado en todo el mundo como instrumento para organizar, presentar y analizar datos estandarizados sobre el desarrollo humano. En 2010, DevInfo tenía más de 120 adaptaciones disponibles. Se ha entrenado a más de 1.000 profesionales de muchos países en que se ejecutan programas para que apoyen la tarea de establecer colecciones nacionales de datos sobre el desarrollo humano, incluidos numerosos indicadores relativos a los niños.", "20. En 2010, en un estudio del UNICEF titulado “Reducir las diferencias para alcanzar los objetivos”, se aportaron pruebas convincentes de que una estrategia basada en la equidad, en comparación con la vía tradicional, permitiría que la comunidad internacional alcanzase de una manera más rápida y eficiente los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio cuarto y quinto. Según el estudio, esa estrategia ofrece la posibilidad de ayudar a evitar millones de muertes de madres y niños para la fecha límite de 2015.", "E. Participación y libre expresión de los niños", "21. La participación de los niños en la realización de los derechos de la infancia y el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio ha aumentado. Algunos países han establecido comités permanentes de parlamentarios sobre los derechos de la infancia para sostener un diálogo continuo cara a cara con niños y niñas. Muchos países informaron de algunas iniciativas de los medios de comunicación relativas a la infancia y el uso de tecnologías de la información para promover la participación de los niños. También ha habido un aumento del número de encuestas y sondeos de jóvenes para profundizar el conocimiento de sus perspectivas y opiniones con respecto a las sociedades en las que viven. Se están tomando medidas especiales para fortalecer la participación de los niños que a menudo son marginados, como las adolescentes, los niños con discapacidades y los niños indígenas.", "22. Durante el Año Internacional de la Juventud hubo una mayor participación de los jóvenes y los adolescentes en la solución de los muchos problemas que afectan a la gobernanza de las naciones. Se completaron varias herramientas de creación de capacidad para ayudar a los Estados a fortalecer la participación de los niños, como el manual sobre la observación general núm. 12 sobre la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, producido por el UNICEF y Save the Children para funcionarios gubernamentales. El UNICEF y la Unión Interparlamentaria también completaron un manual para parlamentarios sobre la participación de los niños, con el objetivo de promover los intereses y las perspectivas de la infancia en los procesos parlamentarios.", "23. La participación de los niños en los foros mundiales más importantes para la vida y el bienestar de los niños y los adolescentes ha seguido aumentando. Entre ellos se incluyen el Grupo Mundial sobre Migración, el Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para las Cuestiones Indígenas y la preparación de los informes del Secretario General sobre la niña y la juventud. El UNICEF y las organizaciones comunitarias de la World Youth Alliance, con el apoyo de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, produjeron un documento titulado “Climate Change: Take Action Now!”, una guía de apoyo a las actividades locales de los niños y los jóvenes, con especial énfasis en las niñas y los adolescentes.", "III. Progresos con respecto a las cuatro principales esferas de objetivos", "A. Promoción de una vida sana", "24. Entre 1990 y 2009, la tasa de mortalidad de los menores de 5 años para los países en desarrollo disminuyó de 99 muertes por cada 1.000 nacidos vivos a 66 muertes por cada 1.000 nacidos vivos. Se estima que 12,4 millones de niños nacidos vivos murieron antes de cumplir los 5 años en 1990, pero que para 2009 esta cifra se había reducido a 8,1 millones, el número más bajo del que se tenga registro. Ello representa un ritmo anual de disminución del 2,1%, que ahora debe acelerarse a por lo menos el 11,6% por año para alcanzar la meta de reducir la tasa en dos tercios para 2015. Las tasas de mortalidad de los menores de 5 años son, en promedio, más del doble para el 20% más pobre de los hogares de los países en desarrollo que para el 20% más rico. De manera similar, los niños de las zonas rurales corren mucho más riesgo de morir antes de cumplir los 5 años que los niños de las zonas urbanas.", "25. Cerca de 1,5 millones de niños de menos de 5 años mueren de neumonía todos los años, lo que representa casi una de cada cinco muertes de niños a nivel mundial. La diarrea continúa siendo la segunda causa de muerte entre los niños menores de 5 años, seguida por el sarampión. A nivel mundial, el 82% de los niños menores de 1 año fueron vacunados contra el sarampión en 2009. Del mismo modo, se calcula que la cobertura mundial de inmunización con tres dosis de la vacuna combinada contra la difteria, la tos ferina y el tétanos fue del 82% en 2009, lo que representó un incremento respecto del 74% en el año 2000. De 2000 a 2008, la combinación de una mejor cobertura de inmunización con la oportunidad de recibir una segunda dosis contribuyó a una disminución del 78% de las muertes causadas por el sarampión en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, los avances en la reducción de la mortalidad neonatal siguen siendo más lentos.", "26. Gracias al aumento de la financiación destinada al control de la malaria y a la mayor atención prestada a las políticas en la materia, entre 2008 y 2010 se distribuyeron en el África Subsahariana 290 millones de mosquiteros tratados con insecticida, lo suficiente para cubrir casi el 80% de las necesidades registradas.", "27. Desde los comienzos de la Iniciativa Mundial de Erradicación de la Poliomielitis en 1988, se ha inmunizado a 2.500 millones de niños, pese a lo cual todavía no ha podido erradicarse la enfermedad, cuya transmisión continúa siendo endémica en cuatro países (el Afganistán, la India, Nigeria y el Pakistán). En partes del Afganistán y el Pakistán, el progreso se ha visto limitado por conflictos y otros problemas de seguridad, a lo cual se han sumado la deficiente cobertura de los servicios y los desastres naturales.", "28. A nivel mundial, un tercio de las muertes de niños menores de 5 años están asociadas con la desnutrición. Aunque el porcentaje de niños con peso inferior al normal en los países en desarrollo se redujo del 31% aproximadamente en 1990 al 26% en torno a 2008, en muchos países el progreso todavía es insuficiente o nulo. Entre 1995 y 2009, no se observaron mejoras significativas en el Asia Meridional entre los niños de los hogares más pobres, mientras que la proporción de niños con peso inferior al normal en el 20% de los hogares más ricos disminuyó en casi un tercio. En los países en desarrollo, el 40% de los niños pequeños del quintil más bajo de nivel de riqueza tienen un peso inferior al normal, en comparación con el 15% en el más rico. En el mundo en desarrollo, los niños de las zonas rurales tienen el doble de probabilidades de tener un peso inferior al normal que los de las zonas urbanas, y un 50% más de probabilidades de sufrir retrasos en el crecimiento. A principios de 2011, solo 58 de los 118 países para los que se disponía de datos estaban en camino de alcanzar la meta de reducir en un 50% el número de niños con peso inferior al normal.", "29. La administración de suplementos de vitamina A siguió siendo elevada entre los niños de los países menos adelantados. En 2009, el 87% de los niños habían recibido dos dosis, incluidos el 81% en el África Subsahariana y el 76% en Asia. La cobertura ha aumentado a más del doble en los países menos adelantados y pasó del 41% en 2000 al 88% en 2008.", "30. También ha habido progresos en la eliminación de las enfermedades debidas a la carencia de yodo. En 37 países se ha alcanzado la meta de que al menos en el 90% de los hogares se consuma sal debidamente yodada, un aumento respecto de los 21 países en que ello sucedía en 2002, cuando en el período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la infancia se aprobó el objetivo de la yodación universal de la sal. De acuerdo con datos recientes, el 72% de los hogares en los países en desarrollo están consumiendo sal debidamente yodada, incluidos el 73% de los hogares en Asia y el 61% en el África Subsahariana.", "31. Los progresos en la alimentación de los lactantes y los niños pequeños han sido modestos. En el mundo en desarrollo, la tasa de lactancia materna exclusiva solo han aumentado ligeramente, del 33% en 1995 al 38% en 2008. Sin embargo, 19 países, mediante una combinación de buenas políticas, medidas legislativas y apoyo de la comunidad, han mostrado aumentos considerables de por lo menos 20 puntos porcentuales en los últimos cinco a diez años.", "32. En 2010, el Equipo de tareas de alto nivel del Secretario General sobre la crisis mundial de la seguridad alimentaria, puso mayor énfasis en mejorar la nutrición y ayudó a promover el diálogo y a mantener las asociaciones y las iniciativas mundiales estratégicas. Se realizaron esfuerzos considerables para mejorar la nutrición de los niños y las mujeres en los países en desarrollo, lo que incluyó la formulación de un programa de acción para aplicar las recomendaciones contenidas en el Marco de fomento de la nutrición, con la participación de más de 100 organismos.", "33. A nivel mundial, la disminución anual de la tasa de mortalidad materna entre 1990 y 2008 se estimó en solo el 2,3%, en comparación con el 5,5% anual necesario a partir de 1990 para llegar a la meta de 2015. Se estima que en 2008 hubo 358.000 muertes de madres, lo que representó un descenso del 34% en lugar de la meta de reducción del 75% respecto de los niveles de 1990. Entre 1990 y 2008, 147 países registraron una disminución de la tasa de mortalidad materna, y en 90 de ellos la reducción fue del 40% o más. A pesar de ese progreso, los países en desarrollo siguieron representando el 99% del total de las muertes de madres, 87% de las cuales ocurrieron en el África Subsahariana y el Asia Meridional. Las complicaciones relacionadas con el embarazo y el parto figuran entre las principales causas de muerte de las adolescentes de 15 a 19 años a nivel mundial.", "34. La salud materna es otro ámbito en que es notable la diferencia entre ricos y pobres. En tanto casi todos los nacimientos son atendidos por personal sanitario especializado en los países desarrollados, la cifra para las mujeres de las zonas urbanas de los países menos adelantados es solo del 41%. La relación entre el quintil más rico y el más pobre es de 3 a 1. Las disparidades en el acceso a la atención médica durante el embarazo son también marcadas en los países en desarrollo, donde las mujeres de las zonas urbanas tienen una probabilidad 1,3 veces mayor que las mujeres de las zonas rurales de recibir atención prenatal por lo menos una vez antes de dar a luz. La capacidad de las mujeres de decidir cuándo tener hijos y cuántos hijos tener repercute de manera considerable sobre la morbilidad y la mortalidad maternas. Para 2008, más de la mitad de todas las mujeres de entre 15 y 49 años de edad que estaban casadas o en unión libre usaban algún método anticonceptivo. Sin embargo, el progreso fue mas lento entre 2000 y 2008. Las mujeres en África Subsahariana siguen teniendo la tasa más baja de uso de anticonceptivos (22%), y se han registrado pocos avances desde 2000. En todo el mundo más de 120 millones de mujeres de entre 15 y 49 años de edad que están casadas o en unión libre no disponen de servicios de planificación familiar en la medida en que los necesitan.", "35. Hoy en día, el 87% de la población mundial, un total de 5.900 millones de personas en todo el mundo, usan agua potable de fuentes mejoradas, un aumento de 1.800 millones desde 1990. Sin embargo, 884 millones de personas, casi todas ellas en regiones en desarrollo, aún no tienen agua potable procedente de estas fuentes. El África Subsahariana concentra más de un tercio de ese número y está quedando rezagada en el progreso hacia la meta del séptimo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio. Sigue habiendo enormes disparidades entre regiones y países y entre loas zonas rurales y las urbanas. En el África Subsahariana, un habitante de una ciudad tiene una probabilidad 1,8 veces mayor de utilizar una fuente mejorada de agua potable que un habitante de una zona rural. Mientras que el 94% de la población urbana de las regiones en desarrollo usa fuentes mejoradas, la cifra para la población rural es solo del 76%. Sin embargo, en las zonas urbanas, el aumento de la cobertura apenas puede seguir el ritmo del crecimiento de la población. Desde 1990, la población urbana mundial ha aumentado en 1.090 millones de personas, mientras que la población urbana sin fuentes mejoradas de agua potable ha aumentado de 102 a 140 millones de personas.", "36. Más de 2.600 millones de personas todavía no disponen de inodoros u otras formas de saneamiento mejorado. Aunque alrededor de 1.300 millones de personas obtuvieron acceso a un saneamiento mejorado entre 1990 y 2008, el mundo no alcanzará la meta relativa al saneamiento por 13 puntos porcentuales. A menos que se hagan grandes esfuerzos, la meta de reducir la proporción de personas que no tienen acceso a servicios básicos de saneamiento no se alcanzará.", "37. La puesta en marcha en 2010 de la iniciativa sobre servicios de saneamiento y abastecimiento de agua para todos, una alianza mundial de países en desarrollo, donantes, organismos multilaterales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y otros que trabajan para lograr un acceso universal y sostenible, ayudó a intensificar los programas de agua, saneamiento e higiene. El objetivo inmediato ha sido acelerar el progreso hacia las metas en los países que están más lejos de alcanzarlas y en las comunidades más desfavorecidas. En 2010, 49 países recibieron apoyo para actividades de saneamiento con el objetivo de eliminar la defecación al aire libre aplicando enfoques comunitarios participativos impulsados por la demanda para el saneamiento total. Además, el número de países que ejecutan programas intensivos de comunicación para cambiar el comportamiento de su población, promoviendo el lavado de las manos con jabón, pasó de 53 en 2008 a 87 en 2010.", "38. En la Conferencia Mundial de 2010 sobre Atención y Educación de la Primera Infancia se pidieron un apoyo más firme en ese ámbito con un enfoque centrado en la equidad y la inclusión, y servicios más amplios de atención de buena calidad para los niños pequeños mediante el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los padres, las familias y los proveedores de servicios. El UNICEF y la Organización Mundial de la Salud prepararon conjuntamente un paquete revisado de actividades de capacitación sobre atención para el desarrollo del niño y lo presentaron en 2010 en el Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Pediatría celebrado en Johannesburgo (Sudáfrica).", "39. Con el fin de acelerar el progreso en la salud de las mujeres y los niños, el Secretario General encabezó un esfuerzo global para reunir a todos los interesados clave de los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y el sector empresarial en la formulación de un plan para promover el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio cuarto y quinto. En la estrategia mundial para la salud de la mujer y el niño que se elaboró se indican las principales esferas en que es preciso actuar con urgencia para aumentar la financiación, reforzar las políticas y mejorar la prestación de servicios. Todas las partes interesadas están llamadas a coordinar sus actividades para maximizar los efectos de las intervenciones de eficacia probada en las poblaciones más desfavorecidas.", "40. En 2010 hubo casi 300 situaciones de emergencia humanitaria en cerca de 100 países que afectaron a millones de niños. La emergencia provocada por el terremoto en Haití y las inundaciones causadas por el monzón en el Pakistán tuvieron un impacto enorme en las comunidades y en los niños y afectaron a más de 3 millones de personas en Haití y a casi 20 millones en el Pakistán. Además, hubo terremotos en Chile, China e Indonesia; sequía y una desnutrición cada vez más grave en el Níger y la región del Sahel; crisis prolongadas en el Afganistán, la República Democrática del Congo, Somalia y el Sudán; y nuevos conflictos en otros lugares.", "B. Acceso a una educación de calidad", "41. Se han logrados considerables progresos en el cumplimiento del segundo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio en lo relativo al aumento de las matriculaciones, la reducción de las brechas entre los géneros y la ampliación de las oportunidades para los niños de grupos desfavorecidos. Sin embargo, se estima que en 2008, 67 millones de niños en edad de asistir a la escuela primaria no estaban escolarizados, a pesar de que desde 1999 su número se había reducido en 39 millones. Las proyecciones basadas en las tasas recientes de avance de la matrícula escolar indican que es probable que por lo menos 72 millones de niños en edad de asistir a la escuela primaria no puedan hacerlo en 2015. Además, hay 74 millones de niños en edad de cursar el primer ciclo de la enseñanza secundaria que aún no lo hacen.", "42. Si bien la matriculación en la escuela primaria ha seguido aumentando y ha llegado a ser del 89% en el mundo en desarrollo, en varios países hubo un aumento escaso de la tasa neta de matriculación entre 1999 y 2008. En al menos 20 países, la tasa neta de matriculación incluso cayó. En todo el mundo, de los niños en edad de asistir a la escuela primaria que no están matriculados, el 42% (28 millones) vive en países pobres afectados por conflictos. Incluso en países de ingresos medios, a menudo hay un gran número de niños de grupos marginados que no asisten a la escuela primaria. Sobre la base de un análisis de los datos correspondientes a 42 países del mundo en desarrollo, se puede afirmar para las niñas del 20% de los hogares más pobres, la probabilidad de que no asistan a la escuela es 3,5 veces mayor que para las niñas de los hogares más ricos, y 4 veces mayor que para los niños de los hogares más ricos. A principios de 2010, se puso en marcha una iniciativa mundial en favor de los niños que no pueden asistir a la escuela con el objeto de instituir un enfoque más sistemático para volver al problema de su inclusión. Las medidas para hacer frente a las barreras económicas al acceso y la retención, como la eliminación del pago de derechos escolares, las medidas de protección social basadas en la equidad y los programas de alimentación escolar, se están ampliando en muchos países. En 2010, el 44% de los 146 países que presentaron informes habían elaborado políticas, acompañadas de mecanismos concretos y presupuestos adecuados, para superar el problema de los costos y otras barreras al acceso a la educación primaria.", "43. En 2010, aumentó el número de países que presentaron informes que tenían políticas nacionales de preparación para la escuela. Sesenta y cinco de los 146 países que presentaron informes habían establecido esas políticas, en comparación con 50 en 2008. También en 2010 se formularon políticas y se ampliaron las intervenciones con enfoque de género en la educación básica en 44 países, incluso mediante asociaciones de la Iniciativa de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación de las Niñas. Un logro destacado a nivel mundial fue la aprobación de la Declaración de Dakar sobre la aceleración de la educación de las niñas y la igualdad entre los géneros.", "44. En 2010 se trataron de resolver los problemas relativos a la retención de las niñas y su transición a la escuela secundaria por distintos medios, entre ellos las clases de recuperación, las subvenciones, los programas de becas para niñas y la consideración de las cuestiones de género en la formación de docentes y la producción de materiales didácticos. En las comunidades pobres, se distribuyeron materiales didácticos y para el aprendizaje que se basan en el aprendizaje activo, se centran en la equidad e incorporan nuevos planes de estudio. Para matricular y retener a los niños de grupos desfavorecidos, los gobiernos de muchos países implementaron iniciativas aceleradas de aprendizaje adaptadas a la edad. En 47 países la educación ambiental y sobre el cambio climático se incorporó en los planes de estudio de las escuelas primarias y en 51 países en los planes de enseñanza secundaria.", "45. La Iniciativa Vía Rápida de Educación para Todos, lanzada en 2002 para ayudar a los países de bajos ingresos a garantizar la enseñanza básica gratuita y universal y asegurar un avance acelerado hacia el segundo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio, ha permitido movilizar fondos para los planes nacionales del sector de la educación y su formulación, incluso en varios Estados frágiles.", "46. Sin embargo, en estudios recientes se observa que la calidad de la educación está rezagada respecto de la mejora de las tasas de matriculación. En respuesta a ello, para 2010, 79 países habían adoptado normas de calidad para la educación primaria tomadas de los modelos de la escuela amiga de la infancia o modelos similares, en comparación con 43 en 2005. El establecimiento de un entorno protegido de aprendizaje para los niños, y especialmente para las niñas, ahora se incluye como parte integrante de una educación de calidad. Los programas de espacios seguros, la prevención de la violencia y el abuso sexual de los niños, los servicios psicosociales y las intervenciones de base comunitaria han echado raíces en varios países. También se han seguido tomando medidas para prohibir todas las formas de violencia dentro del sistema educativo. Para 2010, 79 países habían formulado políticas nacionales para poner fin a la práctica de los castigos corporales; 50 países habían elaborado planes nacionales para el sector de la educación que incorporaban las cuestiones de los niños afectados por el VIH y el SIDA; y 88 países habían implementado actividades de enseñanza sobre el agua, el saneamiento y la higiene en las escuelas, de las que se habían beneficiado más de 4,2 millones de niños en más de 20.000 escuelas. En abril de 2010, se hizo un llamamiento a múltiples asociados para que tomaran medidas en apoyo de esas actividades a fin de concentrar más la atención en la cuestión.", "47. La fuerza internacional de tareas de docentes para la iniciativa Educación para Todos, coordinada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura y en la que participan 64 países y 24 organizaciones internacionales gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, ha hecho hincapié en la adopción de medidas relativas a una serie de cuestiones importantes sobre los docentes y el logro de los objetivos de la iniciativa Educación para Todos y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio sobre la educación primaria.", "48. Un examen de las dificultades para la aplicación de los programas educativos puso de relieve lo siguiente: la capacidad limitada de los asociados y las contrapartes gubernamentales; la escasa coordinación entre los departamentos gubernamentales y entre el nivel nacional y el subnacional; las situaciones políticas inestables; la falta de flexibilidad en la financiación; y los sistemas débiles de seguimiento y evaluación. Para acelerar la consecución del segundo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio, se necesita un enfoque estratégico centrado en promover resultados equitativos e inclusivos en los planes del sector de la educación, en mantener la atención prestada tanto a los niños no matriculados como a los que corren el riesgo de abandonar los estudios y no aprender, y en fortalecer los sistemas nacionales de seguimiento y evaluación.", "49. En 2010, la educación fue un componente esencial de la respuesta humanitaria. En Haití, el UNICEF y sus asociados lideraron las medidas en el campo de la educación, que alcanzaron a 583 escuelas, más de 1 millón de niños y 50.000 docentes. En el Pakistán, más de 400.000 niños y 500 escuelas recibieron apoyo en 2010. También se realizaron campañas de regreso a la escuela en el Iraq, el Yemen y otros países afectados por desastres naturales o conflictos. En 2010, el grupo temático sobre educación mundial del Comité Permanente entre Organismos se fortaleció mediante el establecimiento de 35 grupos temáticos a nivel nacional. Si bien las medidas humanitarias han contribuido a hacer posible una recuperación más rápida, aún resta consolidar esas respuestas para contribuir a la reconstrucción y la reforma de los sistemas educativos a más largo plazo.", "C. Protección contra los malos tratos, la explotación y la violencia", "50. Los niños de todos los quintiles de distribución de la riqueza, en situaciones de desarrollo y de emergencia y en los países de bajos ingresos, de ingresos medios e industrializados, son vulnerables a diversas formas de violencia, abuso y explotación en muchos contextos, entre ellos las escuelas, las instituciones de bienestar y de justicia, el hogar, el lugar de trabajo y la comunidad. Cada vez se dispone en mayor medida de datos bien fundados sobre la protección de la infancia, en particular sobre la situación de los niños y las características de los que están expuestos a los riesgos más graves.", "51. Casi la mitad de los niños menores de 5 años en los países en desarrollo no están inscritos en los registros civiles y por consiguiente quedan fuera del alcance de los servicios básicos y de protección a los que tienen derecho, como la atención sanitaria, el bienestar social y la educación. Los niños de los hogares más ricos tienen entre dos y tres veces más probabilidades de que se inscriba su nacimiento que los de los hogares más pobres. También hay una relación entre el quintil de riqueza y los matrimonios precoces: en muchos países en desarrollo, las niñas de los hogares más pobres tienen tres veces más probabilidades de casarse antes de los 18 años que las de los hogares más ricos.", "52. Si bien la pobreza predice la vulnerabilidad a algunas violaciones de los principios sobre la protección de menores, también entran en juego muchos otros factores relacionados con la discriminación y con normas sociales, actitudes y comportamientos profundamente arraigados. Algunas formas de violencia afectan a todos los quintiles de riqueza y todas las regiones geográficas. En todas las regiones, muchos niños sufren violencia psicológica y castigos físicos, independientemente de su situación económica. Las tasas de mutilación y ablación genital femenina varían según el origen étnico más que según cualquier otra variable sociodemográfica. Más de 70 millones de niñas y mujeres (de entre 15 y 49 años de edad) han sido sometidas a esta práctica en 29 países de África y un país del Oriente Medio.", "53. Si bien es difícil reunir datos precisos sobre algunos temas relativos a la protección, las estimaciones disponibles son preocupantes: todos los años, entre 500 millones y 1.500 millones de niños son víctimas de actos de violencia, a menudo perpetrados por personas en las que deberían poder confiar. De acuerdo con estimaciones de la OIT, aproximadamente 215 millones de menores de 18 años de todo el mundo participan en distintas formas de trabajo infantil; los varones tienen más probabilidades de intervenir en actividades económicas, mientras que las niñas, en proporción abrumadora, se ocupan de tareas domésticas. Además, se cree que al menos 2 millones de niños viven en instituciones, y que por lo menos en 25 países grupos armados o fuerzas armadas reclutan a niños por la fuerza.", "54. Se siguió prestando gran atención al fortalecimiento de los sistemas de protección del niño y los registros y las evaluaciones permitieron adquirir conocimientos valiosos para garantizar que las cuestiones de la protección del niño se aborden de manera integral. También se realizaron progresos en la forma de encarar las normas sociales que dan lugar a la violencia, la explotación y los malos tratos, entre otras cosas mediante declaraciones sobre la eliminación de la mutilación y ablación genital femenina. Si bien la aplicación de enfoques de cambio social a formas más amplias de violencia continúa siendo un desafío, la base de conocimientos en esta esfera se fortaleció en 2010 y orienta la aplicación práctica en muchos países. Se estima que 131 países en que se ejecutan programas trabajan en favor del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de bienestar social y de justicia, y que al menos 15 países iniciaron un registro integral de los sistemas de protección del niño. Las reformas jurídicas destinadas a proteger a los niños de la violencia están adquiriendo impulso en todo el mundo. Hasta ahora, 29 países han aprobado leyes que prohíben todas las formas de violencia en todos los ámbitos, incluidos los castigos corporales en el hogar. Hay importantes reformas legislativas en curso en diversas regiones para lograr su prohibición total, y en un gran número de países se ha adoptado legislación nueva para prohibir formas específicas de violencia, como la trata de personas, el abuso y la explotación sexual, la violencia doméstica y la mutilación y ablación genital femenina.", "55. Un punto de partida colectivo para la comprensión de los sistemas de protección de la infancia se articuló en el documento publicado en 2010 con el título “Adapting a systems approach to child protection: key concepts and considerations”, que fue apoyado por el UNICEF, el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, Save the Children, y Chapin Hall, de la Universidad de Chicago. En el documento se detallan las funciones de un sistema de protección de la infancia y se explican los fundamentos de los métodos de registro y evaluación, algunos de los cuales se sometieron a prueba y aplicaron por primera vez a comienzos de 2010 en el África Subsahariana y otras regiones.", "56. Las tareas de registro y evaluación son esenciales para la labor de fortalecimiento de los sistemas. Ayudan a utilizar todos los recursos disponibles, promueven las conexiones entre todos los componentes del sistema e indican las formas en que las personas vulnerables pueden acceder a un sistema y aprovechar sus beneficios. Incorporando a los agentes competentes en las estructuras formales y menos formales, el proceso de registro construye un consenso político en torno a los objetivos del sistema de protección de los niños y las medidas necesarias.", "57. Ha habido una tendencia creciente a coordinar las políticas nacionales con las normas internacionales de modalidades alternativas de cuidado, incluidas las recomendadas en las Directrices sobre las modalidades alternativas de cuidado de los niños de 2009, y en 2010 había 58 países que habían adoptado políticas nacionales compatibles con las normas internacionales, en comparación con 36 en 2005. A los países que presentan informes al Comité de los Derechos del Niño se les recomienda en las observaciones finales que tengan en cuenta las Directrices cuando amplíen sus servicios de protección de la infancia. A nivel mundial se elaboró un marco para la medición y vigilancia de la violencia armada que incluye indicadores especiales relativos a los niños. Para hacer frente a los desafíos globales del seguimiento y la evaluación en el sector, se estableció un grupo interinstitucional de referencia encargado del seguimiento y la evaluación de la protección del niño, que tiene por objeto mejorar las metodologías y la coordinación de la recolección de datos.", "58. En los países que tienen bajos niveles de inscripción de los nacimientos, los estudios y los trabajos de registro sirvieron de base para los planes de acción y las políticas nacionales. Otro componente básico de la labor sobre los sistemas de protección del niño es el fortalecimiento de la capacidad en materia de recursos humanos y la colaboración con los servicios de salud para mejorar la prestación de servicios relacionados con la protección, y en 2010 este aspecto fue objeto de atención especial en varios países. A fin de fortalecer la capacidad institucional para prestar servicios de protección al niño, se utilizaron innovaciones como la tecnología de mensajes de texto (SMS) para la inscripción de los nacimientos.", "59. En 2010, el UNICEF y otros asociados trabajaron con legisladores y encargados de formular políticas de por lo menos 99 países para mejorar los marcos jurídicos y normativos de la protección del niño. También se ampliaron los esfuerzos para orientar los programas nacionales a fin de evitar el recurso a procedimientos judiciales y fomentar el uso de medidas sustitutivas de la detención, lo que ha ayudado a aumentar el reconocimiento de que estas dos prácticas son esenciales para garantizar la protección de los derechos de los niños que quebrantan la ley y de que se ajustan a la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. Además, en 2010, en 24 países en que se ejecutan programas se utilizaron procedimientos judiciales y de investigación que tienen especialmente en cuenta las características de los niños y consideraciones de género, en comparación con 17 en 2008.", "60. Se siguió aplicando la perspectiva de las normas sociales por conducto del programa conjunto del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas y el UNICEF, que intensificó sus esfuerzos en 15 países en 2010, para conseguir más rápidamente el abandono de la mutilación y ablación genital femenina. Entre sus resultados tangibles se incluyen el abandono público más generalizado de la práctica en comunidades enteras, con un aumento a nivel de subdistrito o distrito. En el marco de la iniciativa “Juntos por las niñas”, se está fortaleciendo la cooperación a nivel mundial y entre los países para reducir la violencia contra los niños. Se prevé que en 2011 se iniciará en la India la elaboración de una estrategia nacional para poner fin al matrimonio precoz basada en planes de acción a nivel de los estados y en las conclusiones de las investigaciones formativas sobre normas sociales finalizadas en 2010.", "61. En el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, mediante la organización del día general de debate y la aprobación en marzo de 2010 de una resolución sobre la violencia sexual contra los niños (véase párr. 11 supra), y el informe conjunto de la Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la violencia contra los niños y la Relatora Especial sobre la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía, se dieron a conocer principios rectores y recomendaciones para guiar la labor de los países en la lucha contra la violencia sexual y la explotación de los niños.", "62. Como resultado de la Conferencia mundial sobre trabajo infantil celebrada en La Haya en 2010, se utilizará una Hoja de ruta para lograr la eliminación de las peores formas de trabajo infantil para 2016 acordada para hacer el seguimiento de los progresos que se hagan hasta ese año. Además, en la 99ª reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, los Estados miembros de la OIT acordaron elaborar un convenio y una recomendación sobre el trabajo doméstico.", "63. En la respuesta a los desastres naturales en gran escala, se ha comprobado que la orientación y las herramientas interinstitucionales preparadas para los casos de conflicto y que fueron adaptadas para usarlas en casos de desastre son inadecuadas. En 2010, se pusieron en marcha iniciativas para solucionar ese problema, que incluyen la formulación de normas interinstitucionales sobre espacios adaptados a las necesidades de los niños, el establecimiento de equipos de respuesta rápida con asociados de reserva para la protección de los niños en casos de emergencia y la capacitación sobre preparación interinstitucional para casos de emergencia. Sobre la base de las iniciativas de fomento de la capacidad de 2009, se siguió brindando apoyo a los países para que hicieran frente a la violencia de género. Ese será un ámbito central de la labor de la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), junto con otros asociados.", "64. De conformidad con el mandato emanado de la resolución 1612 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad, se apoyó la aplicación del mecanismo de supervisión y presentación de informes sobre las violaciones graves contra los niños en situaciones de conflicto armado en 13 países. Se está perfeccionando un mecanismo de presentación de informes basado en la resolución 1888 (2009) del Consejo de Seguridad. Incluirá un conjunto de indicadores para medir la respuesta de las Naciones Unidas a la violencia sexual y suministrar orientación sobre la forma de poner en práctica un sistema de supervisión y presentación de informes a nivel nacional, regional y mundial. También deberán intensificarse los esfuerzos para reunir y analizar datos sobre la protección y otros problemas a los que hacen frente los niños y grupos más marginados.", "65. En 2010, se proporcionó apoyo para la reintegración de 28.000 niños afectados por conflictos armados y 11.400 niños y niñas vinculados con fuerzas armadas y grupos armados en 15 países afectados por conflictos. Once países más respaldaron los Compromisos de París para proteger a los niños y niñas reclutados o utilizados ilícitamente por fuerzas armadas o grupos armados, con lo que el total se elevó a 95.", "66. La labor del subgrupo sobre protección de los niños fortaleció el reconocimiento de las actividades de protección en casos más amplios de respuesta humanitaria y de emergencia, incluidas cuestiones sobre la violencia de género y la salud mental y el apoyo psicosocial. Diecinueve países recibieron apoyo técnico sobre la protección de los niños en situaciones de emergencia. De particular interés es la convergencia de programas que se organizó en la respuesta de emergencia en Haití acerca de cuestiones relativas a la protección de la infancia, el agua y saneamiento, la nutrición y la salud mediante evaluaciones multisectoriales de los niños alojados en instituciones y en espacios adaptados a la infancia para niños desplazados y no acompañados o separados de su familia. Esto dio lugar a una comprensión más amplia de las necesidades de los niños internados en instituciones y en espacios adaptados a la infancia en Haití.", "67. Como parte de una asociación plurianual destinada a fortalecer la capacidad de las comunidades religiosas, en particular los mecanismos interreligiosos, para proteger a los niños afectados por conflictos, el UNICEF y Religions for Peace publicaron la guía titulada “From commitment to action: what religious communities can do to eliminate violence against children”, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del informe del experto independiente para el estudio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la violencia contra los niños (A/61/299).", "68. La experiencia destaca la importancia constante de fortalecer los sistemas de protección del niño y examinar las normas sociales en todos los contextos, incluidos los conflictos y los desastres naturales. La sensibilización y el intercambio de conocimientos entre los asociados deben reforzarse aún más en lo relativo a los enfoques estratégicos para hacer frente a las necesidades de los niños más vulnerables. Aunque se ha avanzado en el seguimiento y la evaluación, y aunque ahora se dispone de más datos sobre la protección del niño, todavía quedan problemas por resolver. Las actuales encuestas de hogares no reflejan la situación de los niños que viven fuera de los hogares, incluidos los internados en instituciones, los recluidos en centros de detención, los que sufren las peores formas de trabajo infantil o los que viven en la calle. Un conocimiento más amplio sobre los grupos más vulnerables y marginados, incluidos los niños privados del cuidado de sus familias, es vital para asegurarse de que las intervenciones tienen efectos positivos y coinciden con los verdaderos intereses de los niños.", "D. Lucha contra el VIH/SIDA", "69. Se calcula que en 2009 había 33,3 millones de personas que vivían con el VIH, un aumento del 27% en relación con las cifras de 1999. Se estima que 5 millones de jóvenes (de entre 15 y 24 años de edad) vivían con el VIH en 2009 y representaban el 41% de las nuevas infecciones por VIH en personas de 15 años o más de ese mismo año. El África Subsahariana sigue siendo la región más seriamente afectada, con el 68% de todas las personas que viven con el VIH y el 72% de las muertes por SIDA. Se estima que 890.000 jóvenes entre los 15 y los 24 años se infectaron con el VIH en 2009 (casi 2.500 por día), y que el 75% de las nuevas infecciones ocurrieron en el África Subsahariana. La epidemia afecta especialmente a mujeres y niñas. A nivel mundial, el 60% de los jóvenes que viven con el VIH son mujeres jóvenes; en el África Subsahariana, la proporción aumenta al 72%. Las adolescentes y las mujeres jóvenes en África Subsahariana tienen una probabilidad varias veces superior de vivir con el VIH que los hombres de la misma edad. El número de personas que reciben terapia antirretroviral se multiplicó por 13 entre 2004 y 2009 y el número de muertes relacionadas con el SIDA se redujo en un 19% durante el mismo período. Sin embargo, la epidemia sigue teniendo graves consecuencias. Entre 2005 y 2009, el número de niños que quedaron huérfanos a causa del SIDA aumentó de 14,6 millones a 16,6 millones.", "70. Los análisis voluntarios de rutina para la detección del VIH y el asesoramiento para todas las mujeres embarazadas son el punto de entrada clave para los servicios de prevención de la transmisión del virus de madre a hijo. La proporción de mujeres embarazadas a las que se les hizo el análisis de detección del VIH en países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medios aumentó del 7% en 2005 al 26% en 2009. A finales de 2009, 27 de todos los países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medios ya habían alcanzado la meta fijada por la Asamblea General en su vigésimo séptimo período extraordinario de sesiones (véase la resolución S-27/2), es decir, que el 80% de todas las mujeres embarazadas tuviesen acceso a análisis de detección y asesoramiento en materia de VIH para el año 2010. En el año 2009, en los países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medios, el 53% de las mujeres embarazadas infectadas con el VIH recibieron tratamiento antirretroviral para prevenir la transmisión maternoinfantil del virus, en comparación con el 45% en 2008. En el África Subsahariana, esta proporción aumentó del 45% en 2008 al 53% en 2009. Alrededor de un tercio de los lactantes nacidos de madres que son VIH positivas reciben este tratamiento para la prevención de la transmisión maternoinfantil; la cobertura ha aumentado solo ligeramente en los países de ingresos bajos y de ingresos medios, del 32% en 2008 al 35% en 2009. Alcanzar la meta de la eliminación de la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH exige realizar un esfuerzo más importante para llegar a la universalización de los análisis de detección y a por lo menos el 95% de cobertura para el tratamiento antirretroviral.", "71. A nivel mundial, la cobertura terapéutica es notablemente más baja para los niños (28%) que para los adultos (37%). En 2010, de conformidad con nuevas directrices, se empezó a aceptar a muchos más niños con VIH, incluidos todos los menores de 2 años, para que inicien el tratamiento antirretroviral. Sin embargo, hay datos nuevos que revelan que la posibilidad de darles ese tratamiento sigue sin aprovecharse en buena medida. En 2009, había 2,5 millones de niños menores de 15 años viviendo con el VIH. Aunque el número de niños en los países de ingresos bajos y medios que reciben tratamiento antirretroviral aumentó de un nivel estimado en 275.300 en 2008 a 356.400 en 2009, esta cifra no es más que el 28% de los 1,27 millones de niños que actualmente se estima que necesitan tratamiento según las nuevas directrices. Sin embargo, la brecha real entre los adultos y los niños es mucho mayor, porque alrededor del 50% de los niños infectados con el VIH que no reciben tratamiento mueren antes de cumplir los 2 años. Actualmente se dispone de una gama amplia de formulaciones antirretrovirales infantiles eficaces en función de su costo, y una tecnología perfeccionada permite hacer un rápido diagnóstico del VIH.", "72. En 2001, se calculó que 5,7 millones de jóvenes de entre 15 y 24 años de edad vivían con el VIH. A finales de 2009, ese número se había reducido a 5 millones. Además, se estima que en 2009 se produjeron 890.000 nuevas infecciones entre los jóvenes de 15 a 24 años. La disminución significativa de la prevalencia del VIH entre los jóvenes está relacionada con una clara tendencia hacia conductas y prácticas más seguras, como demorar la primera relación sexual, reducir el número de parejas y hacer un mayor uso de preservativos. En 2010, el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA informó que entre 2001 y 2008 hubo una disminución de la prevalencia entre los jóvenes de más del 25% en 22 países clave del África Subsahariana. En la mayor parte del mundo, las nuevas infecciones por VIH están descendiendo sostenidamente o estabilizándose. Se estima que el 80% de todas las personas jóvenes infectadas a nivel mundial se encuentran en 20 países de varias regiones del mundo y que representan una diversidad de contextos epidemiológicos. Las mujeres jóvenes siguen siendo las más afectadas por la infección, y en muchos países enfrentan el mayor riesgo de infección antes de los 25 años. Los datos sobre el conocimiento general acerca del VIH entre los jóvenes siguen mostrando niveles muy inferiores a la meta del 95% adoptada para 2010 por la Asamblea General en su vigésimo séptimo período extraordinario de sesiones, y ponen de relieve variaciones entre regiones y países. Desde el año 2000, el uso de preservativos aumentó 10 puntos porcentuales o más entre los hombres jóvenes en 11 de los 17 países que disponen de datos de tendencias y entre las mujeres jóvenes en 11 de los 22 países que disponen de datos de tendencias. Para reducir las infecciones por el VIH en los jóvenes, se necesitan mayores esfuerzos para aumentar el conocimiento general acerca del virus entre los jóvenes, tanto los que asisten a la escuela como los demás; el número de jóvenes que dicen que usan preservativos durante las relaciones sexuales y los análisis de detección del VIH y los servicios de asesoramiento disponibles para los jóvenes.", "73. La mayoría de los países del África Subsahariana han hecho progresos significativos hacia la paridad en la asistencia a la escuela de los huérfanos y no huérfanos de entre 10 y 14 años de edad. En 27 de los 31 países del África Subsahariana que han presentado datos sobre por lo menos dos momentos distintos, la asistencia escolar entre los niños que han perdido a uno o ambos padres se ha incrementado. A pesar de estos logros tan notables, sigue habiendo preocupación por la baja cobertura de la atención y el apoyo externos a los hogares que se ocupan de los huérfanos y los niños vulnerables. En 25 países donde se hicieron encuestas de hogares entre 2005 y 2009, una mediana del 11% de los hogares estaba recibiendo apoyo externo. A pesar del gran número de niños necesitados, las medidas en favor de los huérfanos y niños vulnerables siguen siendo escasas y fragmentadas, y no se vinculan con las medidas más amplias de prevención y tratamiento de los niños afectados por el SIDA. Hasta ahora, se ha considerado que los huérfanos representan convenientemente a los niños afectados por el SIDA; sin embargo, la orfandad no es necesariamente un indicador de los niños más vulnerables, incluidos los que no viven fuera en hogares. Hay un interés creciente en buscar indicadores más multidimensionales de la vulnerabilidad que describan no solo la medida en que los niños son afectados por el SIDA, sino también la vulnerabilidad más amplia relacionada con la pobreza.", "74. Los niños que han perdido a sus padres a causa del SIDA seguirán necesitando atención mucho después de que disminuyan las tasas de nuevas infecciones. La atención y el apoyo para los huérfanos y niños vulnerables a causa del VIH deben considerarse parte de un ciclo de intervención que dé prioridad fundamental a los vínculos entre la atención y el apoyo y la prevención primaria y el acceso al tratamiento de los jóvenes que viven con el VIH. La inversión en medidas de protección social y la protección de los huérfanos y los niños vulnerables a causa del VIH es esencial para garantizar resultados más equitativos. Los programas de este tipo pueden no solo reducir la vulnerabilidad económica de los niños que han perdido a sus padres o que viven con familiares enfermos, sino que también pueden brindar protección y reducir la vulnerabilidad a la infección por el VIH, como lo demuestran datos sobre la prolongación de la asistencia a la escuela de las adolescentes. Las transferencias de dinero bien organizadas ofrecen incentivos para seguir el tratamiento y para eliminar la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH. Esta es una de las muchas intervenciones específicas en materia de SIDA que ofrecen amplias posibilidades de mejorar la salud y el bienestar de las familias que cuidan a los niños, cualquiera que sea la causa de la vulnerabilidad.", "IV. Actividades futuras", "75. A pesar de que ha habido progresos considerables en varios indicadores claves relacionados con los niños durante los casi 10 años transcurridos desde la celebración del período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre la infancia, las disparidades dentro de muchos países y entre regiones en muchos casos se están agudizando o permanecen en los mismos niveles. Un enfoque centrado en la equidad que concentre los esfuerzos en las familias y los niños más vulnerables y desfavorecidos es posiblemente la manera más económica y rápida de alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Este enfoque también ayudará a mantener los progresos y a asegurar a los niños de las comunidades pobres y desfavorecidas un futuro coherente con los compromisos globales asumidos frente a todos los niños en la Declaración y el Plan de Acción que surgieron del período extraordinario de sesiones. Estos compromisos fueron reafirmados en la reunión plenaria conmemorativa de alto nivel de la Asamblea General dedicada al seguimiento de los resultados del período extraordinario de sesiones sobre la infancia, celebrada en diciembre de 2007. Las estrategias centradas en la equidad mejorarán la prestación y el uso de los servicios sociales y reducirán las barreras resultantes de factores como la ubicación geográfica, los ingresos bajos, la falta de información y la discriminación social.", "76. La Reunión Plenaria de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General de 2010 sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y la resolución 65/1, titulada “Cumplir la promesa: unidos para lograr los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” impartieron un nuevo impulso a la tarea de satisfacer las aspiraciones de los niños y las familias de todo el mundo. Los Estados Miembros tal vez deseen considerar nuevas iniciativas a nivel nacional, regional y mundial, entre ellas la celebración de una reunión plenaria conmemorativa adecuada de alto nivel de la Asamblea General en 2012 como mecanismo para examinar los progresos, especialmente para los niños más desfavorecidos, y promover la adopción de medidas que aseguren que en 2015 exista un mundo que sea apropiado para los niños.", "[1] Se han presentado a la Asamblea General exámenes anuales del progreso hecho desde el quincuagésimo octavo período de sesiones (A/58/333, A/59/274, A/60/207, A/61/270, A/62/259, A/63/308, A/64/285 y A/65/226).", "[2] Véase Naciones Unidas, Treaty Series, vol. 2171, núm. 27531. La Asamblea General aprobó los protocolos facultativos en su resolución 54/263, anexo I (relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados) y anexo II (relativo a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía) ." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children: follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children", "Follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly on children", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is issued in response to General Assembly resolutions 58/157 and 58/282, in which Member States requested the Secretary-General to continue to report to the General Assembly on the progress made in implementing the commitments made at the special session of the General Assembly on children, as contained in the outcome document of that special session, entitled “A world fit for children” (S-27/2). The report provides an overview of the progress and challenges in that regard, and the actions needed to achieve further progress, particularly the need to reach the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children in each context.", "In the report, it is noted that failure to achieve the commitments will significantly undermine efforts towards realizing the aspirations of the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and beyond.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Follow-up 4 to the special session of the General Assembly on \nchildren A.Planning 4 for \nchildren B. Promoting 4 the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild C. Collaboration 5 and leveraging resources for \nchildren D.Monitoring 6 \nprogress E. Participation 7 and self-expression of \nchildren III.Progress 7 in the four major goal \nareas A. Promoting 7 healthy \nlives B. Providing 10 quality \neducation C.Protecting 12 against abuse, exploitation and \nviolence D. Combating 16 \nHIV/AIDS IV.Ways 18 \nforward", "I. Introduction", "1. During the past decade, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals have led to unprecedented commitments and partnerships for goal-driven progress towards fulfilling the rights of children, reaffirmed in successive summits and meetings. A commemorative high-level plenary meeting on the commitments of “A world fit for children” (S-27/2) was held in 2007 to review the outcome and progress made in implementing the Declaration and the Plan of Action. In General Assembly resolution 65/1, entitled “Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, Member States further committed to accelerating progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "2. The present report follows previous reports[1] and assesses the progress made in achieving the goals set out in “A world fit for children”, many of which correspond to key targets for children as envisaged in the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals.", "3. Compared with 2000, when the Millennium Declaration was adopted, 2.1 million fewer children are dying every year from preventable causes before reaching their fifth birthday; the number of primary school age children out of school dropped by 39 million from 1999 to 2008. Yet each year there are 8.1 million deaths in children under 5 years of age and over 350,000 maternal deaths; close to 67 million children are still out of school; and in developing countries 195 million children under 5 years of age are suffering from stunting, jeopardizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Millions of children continue to experience the searing impacts of conflict, such as the loss of parents or sudden, forced relocation. It is estimated that more than 1,000 babies continue to be born with HIV every day and nearly 5 million young people aged 15-24 are living with HIV. More than 200 million children under the age of 5 do not have a birth certificate.", "4. The global economic downturn in 2008-2009 and price volatility in food and energy commodities exposed the interdependence of countries in the global economy and the need to strengthen the use of development policy both at the national and global levels to safeguard the status of children, especially in the poorest families. Capacity weaknesses, financial volatility and increased indebtedness have proved to be destabilizing for the sustained achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in many developing countries and have often been associated with widening disparities between and within societies.", "5. Declining social investments, combined with long-standing challenges such as the social exclusion of indigenous and disadvantaged minority groups, children with disabilities and girls, as well as the effects of migration, rapid urban expansion and climate instability, are making the implementation of “A world fit for children” more challenging.", "II. Follow-up to the special session of the General Assembly on children", "A. Planning for children", "6. In 2010, major thematic studies or analyses on the rights of children and women were carried out in at least 81 countries. Six more countries joined the Global Initiative on Child Poverty and Disparities, led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), raising the number of participating countries to 52. Situation analyses increasingly focused on identifying the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children and women in order to promote equity-focused strategies that could better support them. Findings are used to advance policies to protect and promote the rights of children.", "7. In 2011, UNICEF published a report entitled The State of the World’s Children: Adolescence — An Age of Opportunity, in which it highlighted the importance of investing in adolescents in order to break cycles of poverty and inequity. Facing an increasingly uncertain world where climate change, urbanization, economic recession and rising unemployment pose unprecedented challenges, the report emphasizes the need to provide adequate support to adolescents so that they reach their full potential.", "8. Support for protecting the most vulnerable in each country context was seen as an urgent priority. A continued focus on boosting employment growth, maintaining basic services and strengthening social protection measures are recognized as crucial for solidifying and broadening economic recovery and well-being for all.", "B. Promoting the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "9. In May 2010, the Secretary-General, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, UNICEF, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and partners launched a global campaign to promote the universal ratification and implementation of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child by 2012. The campaign aims at raising awareness of the importance of mechanisms for protection against violence, including adherence to international standards and their effective enforcement. Since the launch of the campaign, eight more countries have ratified/acceded to the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, and one country has signed it, bringing the total number of States parties to 145 and signatories to 118. In 2010, seven additional countries ratified the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict.[2]", "10. The first regional training of trainers using the “Training manual to fight trafficking in children for labour, sexual and other forms of exploitation” was piloted in 2010 with the support of UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO).", "11. Increased international attention to sexual violence was achieved through support to the Human Rights Council general day of discussion and its resolution (13/20) on sexual violence against children. As a follow-up to that thematic debate, a joint report (A/HRC/16/56) by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Human Rights Council called for the establishment in every country of accessible, safe and child-sensitive counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms for children to report incidents of violence. Technical knowledge on social norms and addressing harmful traditional practices was shared with the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to help to ensure that the knowledge is reflected in a future joint general comment of the Committees on harmful practices.", "12. Partnerships continued to be strengthened. In 2010, the scope of the “Together for Girls” initiative, an innovative multi-country partnership established in 2009 to end sexual violence against girls in Africa and East Asia, was broadened to focus on data collection and coordinated programme response and advocacy around the prevention of violence against children, particularly sexual violence. Those efforts galvanized action at the local level, while stimulating the interest and support of global partners. A workbook for corporations on child rights and child-focused impact assessments was completed, and a consultation was held with stakeholders. The United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force advocates for and promotes comprehensive policies and programmes for adolescent girls, especially the most marginalized. In addition, UNICEF continued to foster the relationship with the Hague Conference on International Private Law on four of its conventions on children. Technical inputs were provided to the Hague Global Child Labour Conference, and follow-up and support were provided to countries for implementation of the recommendations contained in the Road Map for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016.", "13. For children in the poorest countries and most disadvantaged population groups, expanding coverage of essential services will be critical to fulfilling their rights. “Going to scale” involves a complex range of actions, including expanding the delivery of tried-and-tested interventions and overcoming behavioural, institutional and environmental impediments to service delivery. That, in turn, requires a good understanding of the bottlenecks to delivering essential services for children and the barriers faced by families in accessing them. Initiatives will require greater coherence and harmonization.", "C. Collaboration and leveraging resources for children", "14. In 2010, increased collaboration with donors led to greater coordination of leveraging resources for children in emergencies. New donors provided humanitarian funding in order to improve capacity for humanitarian response. New mechanisms incorporated into funding agreements, such as multi-year and country cycle-specific thematic agreements, provided increased flexibility and funding predictability for programmes.", "15. According to the 2010 report of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force, aid from members of the Development Assistance Committee reached almost $120 billion in 2009, increasing by less than 1 per cent, in real terms. However, the share of official development assistance in the gross national income of donors was only 0.31 per cent, well below the target of 0.7 per cent, which has been reached and exceeded by only five donor countries. Remittances have become a growing source of income in many developing countries, reaching a high of an estimated $336 billion in 2008. In the current crisis, remittances have proved to be more resilient than private capital flows. Partnerships involving foundations, non-governmental organizations and global programmes expanded further in 2010, providing opportunities to leverage additional funding for children worldwide. Among the major contributors were Rotary International, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "16. With the financial downturn, global discussions are increasingly focused on key investment sectors such as infrastructure and agriculture. While overall levels appear not to have declined, resources for investments in children are still highly inadequate in most countries. The consequences could have harmful implications for future funding of basic social services, which are critical to the well-being of children.", "D. Monitoring progress", "17. Global databases on children and women were updated throughout 2010. Data from national household surveys and other sources were analysed and disaggregated by sex, wealth and location in order to provide a stronger understanding of inequalities. The United Nations directed significant efforts towards harmonizing work on data among partners, including through common recognition of new methodologies, standardization of indicators and monitoring tools, building national statistical capacity and developing joint estimates.", "18. Nearly 200 multiple indicator cluster surveys have been conducted globally in the first three rounds (1995, 2000, 2005-2006). The fourth round is being carried out during 2009-2011, with a wider range of indicators. The results of the surveys started to be produced in 2010.", "19. The common United Nations Development Group database software, DevInfo, has been adopted worldwide as a tool to organize, display and analyse standardized human development data. By 2010, DevInfo had over 120 adaptations available. More than 1,000 professionals from many programme countries have been trained to support the effort of establishing national repositories of data on human development, including a wide range of child-related indicators.", "20. In 2010, a UNICEF study entitled “Narrowing the gaps to meet the Goals” provided compelling evidence for an equity-based strategy that, compared with the traditional path, could move the global community more quickly and cost-effectively towards meeting Goals 4 and 5 of the Millennium Development Goals. That strategy, according to the study, has the potential to help to avert millions of maternal and child deaths by the 2015 deadline.", "E. Participation and self-expression of children", "21. There has been an increase in children’s participation in contributing to the fulfilment of the rights of the child and meeting the Millennium Development Goals. A few countries have established a standing committee of parliamentarians on the rights of the child to have regular face-to-face continuous dialogue with girls and boys. Many countries reported on children’s media initiatives and the use of information technology to further the participation of children. There has also been an increase in the number of surveys and polls taken of young people to further the understanding of their perspectives and opinions regarding the societies in which they live. Special efforts are being made to strengthen the participation of children who are often marginalized, such as adolescent girls, children with disabilities and indigenous children.", "22. The International Year of Youth has seen the growing participation of young people and adolescents in addressing the many issues affecting the governance of nations. A number of capacity-building tools were finalized to help States to strengthen children’s participation, such as the Handbook on General Comment No. 12, concerning the Convention on the Rights of the Child, produced by UNICEF and Save the Children for government officials. UNICEF and the Inter‑Parliamentary Union also completed a handbook for parliamentarians on child participation, with the objective of promoting the interests and perspectives of children in parliamentary processes.", "23. The participation of children in key global forums that affect the lives and well-being of children and adolescents has continued to increase. They include the Global Migration Group, the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, and the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General on the girl child and on youth. UNICEF and the Alliance of Youth community-based organizations, with support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, produced “Climate Change: Take Action Now!”, a guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and adolescents.", "III. Progress in the four major goal areas", "A. Promoting healthy lives", "24. Since 1990, the under-5 mortality rate for developing countries has declined from 99 deaths per 1,000 live births to 66 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2009. An estimated 12.4 million children born alive died before their fifth birthday in 1990, but by 2009 that had been reduced to 8.1 million, the lowest number on record. That represents an annual rate of decline of 2.1 per cent, which must now accelerate to at least 11.6 per cent each year to achieve the target of reducing the rate by two thirds by 2015. The mortality rate of children under age 5 is, on average, more than twice as high for the poorest 20 per cent of households in developing countries as for the richest 20 per cent. Similarly, children in rural areas are significantly more likely to die before their fifth birthday than those in urban areas.", "25. Nearly 1.5 million children under age 5 die from pneumonia each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Diarrhoea remains the second leading cause of death among children under five, followed by measles. Globally, 82 per cent of children under age 1 were immunized against measles in 2009. Similarly, estimates for the global immunization coverage of three doses of vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus stood at 82 per cent in 2009, up from 74 per cent in 2000. From 2000 to 2008, the combination of improved immunization coverage and the opportunity for a second dose contributed to a 78 per cent drop in deaths caused by measles globally. However, progress in reducing neonatal mortality continues to be slower.", "26. Owing to increased funding for and policy attention to malaria control, from 2008 to 2010 alone, 290 million insecticide-treated nets were distributed in sub‑Saharan Africa, enough to cover almost 80 per cent of the reported need.", "27. Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began in 1988, 2.5 billion children have been immunized, but polio is not yet eradicated and transmission continues in four endemic countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). Conflict and related security concerns, combined with poor coverage of services and natural disasters, have constrained progress in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.", "28. Globally, one third of deaths among children under age 5 are associated with undernutrition. Although the percentage of children who are underweight in developing countries declined from 31 per cent around 1990 to 26 per cent around 2008, many countries are still making insufficient or no progress. From 1995 to 2009, no meaningful improvement was seen in Southern Asia among children in the poorest households, while underweight prevalence among children from the richest 20 per cent of households decreased by almost one third. In developing countries, 40 per cent of young children in the poorest wealth quintile are underweight, compared with 15 per cent in the richest. In the developing world, children in rural areas are twice as likely to be underweight as those in urban areas and are 50 per cent more likely to be stunted. As of early 2011, only 58 of 118 countries with data available were on track to meet the target of reducing the number of underweight children by 50 per cent.", "29. Vitamin A supplementation coverage continued to be high among children in the least developed countries, with 87 per cent of children fully covered with two doses in 2009, including 81 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 76 per cent in Asia. The coverage has more than doubled in the least developed countries, rising from 41 per cent in 2000 to 88 per cent in 2008.", "30. There has also been progress in eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. Some 37 countries have reached the target of at least 90 per cent of households using adequately iodized salt, an increase from 21 countries in 2002, when the universal salt iodization goal was endorsed at the special session of the General Assembly on children. According to recent data, some 72 per cent of households in developing countries have been consuming adequately iodized salt, including about 73 per cent of households in Asia and 61 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa.", "31. Progress in infant and young child feeding has been modest. In the developing world, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding has increased only slightly, from 33 per cent in 1995 to 38 per cent around 2008. However, some 19 countries, through a combination of sound policies, legislative enforcement and community-based support, have shown significant increases of at least 20 percentage points in the past 5 to 10 years.", "32. In 2010, the Secretary-General’s High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis placed greater emphasis on improving nutrition and helped to promote dialogue and maintain global strategic partnerships and initiatives. Significant efforts were made to improve the nutrition of children and women in developing countries, including through the development of a road map to implement the recommendations contained in the “Scaling Up Nutrition” framework, with more than 100 agencies participating.", "33. Globally, the annual decline in the maternal mortality ratio from 1990 to 2008 was estimated at only 2.3 per cent, compared with the 5.5 per cent annual decline needed from 1990 to reach the 2015 target. An estimated 358,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2008, a decline of 34 per cent against the target of a 75 per cent decline from 1990 levels. From 1990 to 2008, 147 countries achieved a decline in the maternal mortality ratio, 90 of which showed a decline of 40 per cent or more. Despite that progress, developing countries continued to account for 99 per cent of all maternal deaths; sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia accounted for 87 per cent. Complications related to pregnancy and childbirth are among the leading causes of death worldwide for adolescent girls aged 15-19.", "34. Maternal health is another area where there is a conspicuous gap between the rich and poor. While almost all births are attended by skilled health personnel in developed countries, in the least developed countries, the figure for women in urban areas is only 41 per cent. The ratio of richest to poorest quintiles is 3 to 1. Disparities in access to care during pregnancy are also striking within developing countries, with women in urban areas 1.3 times as likely as rural women to obtain antenatal care coverage at least once before giving birth. The ability of women to choose when and how many children they will have significantly affects maternal morbidity and mortality. By 2008, more than half of all women aged 15-49 who were married or in union were using some form of contraception. However, progress slowed from 2000 to 2008. Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to have the lowest level of contraceptive prevalence (22 per cent), with little progress reported since 2000. Worldwide, more than 120 million women aged 15-49 who are married or in union have an unmet need for family planning.", "35. Today, 87 per cent of the world’s population, a total of 5.9 billion people worldwide, use drinking water from improved sources, an increase of 1.8 billion people since 1990. However, 884 million people, almost all of them in developing regions, still do not get their drinking water from such sources. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for over a third of that number and is lagging behind in progress towards the target in Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals. Huge disparities remain between regions, countries and rural and urban areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, an urban-dweller is 1.8 times more likely to use an improved drinking water source than a rural-dweller. While 94 per cent of the urban population of developing regions uses improved sources, the figure for rural populations is only 76 per cent. However, in urban areas, the increase in coverage is barely keeping pace with population growth. Since 1990, the world’s urban population has risen by 1.09 billion, while the urban population without improved drinking water sources has increased from 102 million to 140 million.", "36. Over 2.6 billion people still lack access to flush toilets or other forms of improved sanitation. Although approximately 1.3 billion people gained access to improved sanitation from 1990 to 2008, the world will miss the sanitation target by 13 percentage points. Unless great efforts are made, the target for lowering the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation will not be met.", "37. In 2010, the launch of Sanitation and Water for All, a global partnership of developing countries, donors, multilateral agencies, civil society and others working together to achieve universal and sustainable access, helped to scale-up water, sanitation and hygiene programmes. The immediate focus has been to accelerate progress towards meeting targets in those countries that are most off track and in the most deprived communities. In 2010, 49 countries received sanitation support, with the goal of eliminating open defecation through demand-led, participatory community approaches to total sanitation. In addition, the number of countries with an intensive communication programme to change national behaviours, promoting hand-washing with soap, rose from 53 in 2008 to 87 in 2010.", "38. The 2010 World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education called for stronger commitments in that area, with a focus on equity and inclusion, and for the extension of quality care for young children by strengthening the capacities of parents, families and service providers. A revised Care for Child Development training package was developed jointly by UNICEF and the World Health Organization and launched at the 2010 International Paediatric Association Congress, held in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "39. In order to accelerate progress in women’s and children’s health, the Secretary-General spearheaded a global effort to bring together all key stakeholders from Government, civil society and the corporate sector to develop a plan to promote the achievement of Goals 4 and 5 of the Millennium Development Goals. The resulting Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health outlines the key areas where action is urgently required to enhance financing, strengthen policy and improve service delivery. All concerned parties are called upon to coordinate action to maximize the impact of tried-and-tested interventions for the most deprived populations.", "40. In 2010, nearly 300 humanitarian situations occurred in close to 100 countries, affecting millions of children. The earthquake emergency in Haiti and monsoon floods in Pakistan had a daunting impact on communities and children, affecting more than 3 million people in Haiti and nearly 20 million in Pakistan. In addition, there were earthquakes in Chile, China and Indonesia; drought and worsening malnutrition in the Niger and the Sahel region; protracted crises in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and the Sudan; and new conflicts elsewhere.", "B. Providing quality education", "41. Considerable progress has been made towards achieving Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals in terms of increased enrolments, narrowed gender gaps and extended opportunities for children in disadvantaged groups. However, an estimated 67 million children of primary school age were still out of school in 2008, despite a reduction in the numbers of such children by 39 million since 1999. Projections based on the recent rates of progress in school enrolments suggest that at least 72 million children of primary school age are still unlikely to be in school in 2015. In addition, 74 million children of lower-secondary school age are still out of school.", "42. Though enrolment in primary education has continued to rise, reaching 89 per cent in the developing world, there was little improvement in the net enrolment rate between 1999 and 2008 in several countries. In at least 20 countries, the net enrolment rate even fell. Worldwide, among children of primary school age not enrolled in school, 42 per cent, or 28 million children, live in poor countries affected by conflict. Even in middle-income countries, there are often large numbers of children from marginalized groups not attending primary school. Based on an analysis of data from 42 countries in the developing world, girls in the poorest 20 per cent of households are 3.5 times more likely to be out of school than girls in the richest households, and 4 times more likely to be out of school than boys in the richest households. A global initiative on out-of-school children was launched at the beginning of 2010 with the aim of introducing a more systematic approach to the challenge of including out-of-school children. Measures to address cost barriers to access and retention, such as school fee abolition and equity-focused social protection measures and school feeding programmes, are now being expanded in many countries. In 2010, 44 per cent of 146 reporting countries had developed policies, accompanied by concrete mechanisms and adequate budgets, to address costs and other barriers to primary education.", "43. In 2010 there was an increase in the number of reporting countries with national policies on school readiness. Sixty-five of the 146 reporting countries had such policies in place compared with 50 in 2008. Also in 2010, policy development was undertaken and gender-focused interventions were scaled up in basic education in 44 countries, including through partnerships of the United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative. A key achievement at the global level was the adoption of the Dakar Declaration on Accelerating Girls’ Education and Gender Equality.", "44. Barriers to the retention of girls and their transition to secondary school were addressed in 2010 through various approaches, including remedial classes, grants, scholarship programmes for girls and gender-sensitized teacher training and classroom materials. In poor communities, learning and teaching materials were distributed that are based on active learning, focused on equity and incorporating new curricula. In order to enrol and retain disadvantaged children, Governments in many countries implemented accelerated age-appropriate learning initiatives. Environmental and climate change education was incorporated into primary school curricula in 47 countries and into secondary school curricula in 51 countries.", "45. The Education For All Fast Track Initiative, launched in 2002 to help low-income countries achieve free, universal basic education and ensure accelerated progress towards Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals, has been successful in leveraging funds for country education sector plans and the development of plans, including in several fragile States.", "46. Recent evidence, however, shows that the quality of education is lagging behind the improvement in school enrolment ratios. In response, 79 countries had adopted quality standards for primary education based on child-friendly schools or similar models by 2010, compared with 43 in 2005. Establishing a protective learning environment for children, especially for girls, is now included as an integral part of quality education. Programmes for safe spaces, the prevention of violence and sexual abuse of children, psychosocial services and community-based interventions have taken root in a number of countries. Efforts have also continued to introduce a ban on all forms of violence within the school system. By 2010, 79 countries had developed national policies to end the practice of corporal punishment; 50 countries had created national education sector plans that address issues of children affected by HIV and AIDS; and 88 countries had implemented activities about water, sanitation and hygiene education in schools, benefiting 4.2 million children in more than 20,000 schools. In April 2010, a multi-partner call for action for such activities was launched, to intensify focus on the issue.", "47. The International Task Force on “Teachers for Education for All”, coordinated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization with the involvement of 64 countries and 24 international governmental and non‑governmental organizations, has emphasized action on a number of important issues relating to teachers and the achievement of the Education for All goals and Millennium Development Goals on primary education.", "48. A review of the constraints to the implementation of education programmes highlighted the following: limited capacity of partners and Government counterparts; poor coordination among Government departments and between the national and subnational levels; unstable political situations; lack of flexibility in funding; and weak systems of monitoring and evaluation. Strategic focus on promoting equitable and inclusive results within education sector plans, on maintaining attention to both out-of-school children and children at risk of dropping out and not learning, and on strengthening national monitoring and evaluation systems, is needed to accelerate the achievement of Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals.", "49. In 2010, education was a key component of the humanitarian response. In Haiti, UNICEF and partners led the education response, which reached some 583 schools, or well over 1 million children and 50,000 teachers. In Pakistan, more than 400,000 children and 500 schools received support in 2010. Back-to-school campaigns were also a feature in Iraq, Yemen and other countries affected by natural disasters or conflict. In 2010, the global education cluster mechanism of the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee was strengthened through the establishment of 35 country-level clusters. While humanitarian responses have contributed to faster recovery, a further challenge lies in consolidating responses in order to contribute to longer-term rebuilding and reform of education systems.", "C. Protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence", "50. Children across all wealth quintiles, in development and emergency contexts, and in low-income, middle-income and industrialized countries, are vulnerable to various forms of violence, abuse and exploitation in a range of settings, including schools, welfare and justice institutions, the home, the workplace and the community. Robust data on child protection are gradually becoming more available, including on the situation of children and the characteristics of those most at risk.", "51. Nearly half of children under age 5 in developing countries are not registered and are therefore beyond the reach of the protection and basic services to which they have a right, such as health care, social welfare and education. Children from the wealthiest households are two to three times more likely to have their births registered than those from the poorest. A relationship also exists between wealth quintile and child marriage: across many developing countries, girls from the poorest households are 3 times more likely than those from the richest to be married before the age of 18.", "52. While poverty is a predictor of vulnerability to some child protection violations, many other factors are at play, linked to discrimination and deeply entrenched social norms, attitudes and behaviours. Some forms of violence cut across all wealth quintiles and geographic regions. Across all regions, many children experience psychological violence and physical punishment regardless of their economic status. Female genital mutilation and cutting rates vary more by ethnicity than by any other sociodemographic variables. Across 29 countries in Africa and one country in the Middle East, more than 70 million girls and women (aged 15-49 years) have undergone the practice.", "53. Although precise data on some protection issues are difficult to collect, the available estimates raise concern: between 500 million and 1.5 billion children experience violence annually, often perpetrated by those they should be able to trust. According to the ILO estimates, approximately 215 million children under age 18 worldwide are engaged in child labour, for which boys are more likely to be engaged in economic activity and girls are disproportionately engaged in household chores. At least 2 million children are also thought to be living in institutions, and children are forcibly recruited by armed groups or forces in at least 25 countries.", "54. The strengthening of child protection systems continued to be a major focus, with mapping and assessments producing important lessons to ensure that child protection issues are holistically addressed. Advances were also made in addressing social norms that underlie violence, exploitation and abuse, including through declarations to abandon female genital mutilation and cutting. While the application of social-change approaches to broader forms of violence remains a challenge, the knowledge base was strengthened in that area in 2010 and is informing practical application in a number of countries. An estimated 131 programme countries are engaged in strengthening social welfare and justice systems and at least 15 countries initiated a comprehensive exercise to map child protection systems. Law reform for children’s protection from violence is gaining momentum worldwide. Currently, 29 countries have introduced a comprehensive legal ban prohibiting all forms of violence in all settings, including corporal punishment in the home. Across regions, significant legislative reforms are under way to achieve full prohibition, and in a large number of nations, new legislation has been adopted to prohibit specific forms of violence, including trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation, domestic violence and female genital mutilation and cutting.", "55. A collective starting point for understanding child protection systems was articulated in the 2010 paper entitled “Adapting a systems approach to child protection: key concepts and considerations”, endorsed by UNICEF, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Save the Children, and Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. The paper details the functions of a child protection system and provides the basis for mapping and assessment tools, some of which were piloted and rolled out in early 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.", "56. Mapping and assessment exercises are essential to systems-strengthening work. They support the utilization of all available resources, promote the connections between all system components and identify methods by which vulnerable people can access and benefit from a system. By including relevant actors within formal and less formal structures, the mapping process builds a political consensus around the goals of the child protection system and the actions needed.", "57. There has been a growing trend in aligning national policies with international standards for alternative care, including those recommended by the 2009 Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, with 58 countries having adopted national policies consistent with international standards in 2010, compared with 36 in 2005. Countries submitting their reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child are being urged, in its concluding observations, to consider the Guidelines when developing their child protection services. Globally, a framework for measuring and monitoring armed violence was developed and includes child-specific indicators. To address global challenges in monitoring and evaluation in the sector, an inter‑organizational child protection monitoring and evaluation reference group was set up, which aims to improve data collection methodologies and coordination.", "58. In countries with low levels of birth registration, studies and mapping exercises provided a basis for national action plans and policies. Strengthening human resource capacity and collaboration with health services to improve protection-related service delivery is another core component of work in child protection systems and was a focus in 2010 in various countries. Innovations, such as Short Message Service technology for birth registration, were employed to strengthen institutional capacities to deliver protection services for children.", "59. In 2010, UNICEF and other partners worked with legislators and policymakers from at least 99 countries to improve legal and policy frameworks around child protection. Efforts were also scaled up towards influencing national agendas on the use of diversion from judicial proceedings and alternative measures to detention, helping to advance recognition that they are both essential to ensuring the protection of the rights of children in conflict with the law and are in conformity with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, in 2010, some 24 programme countries used child-friendly and gender-appropriate investigation and court procedures, compared with 17 in 2008.", "60. The social norms perspective was further operationalized through the United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF Joint Programme, which intensified its efforts in 15 countries in 2010 to support acceleration of the abandonment of female genital mutilation and cutting. Visible results included more widespread public abandonment of that practice by entire communities, increasingly at the subdistrict or district level. Under the Together for Girls initiative, global and country cooperation is being strengthened to reduce violence against children. Development of a national strategy to end child marriage is expected to start in India in 2011, based on State-level action plans and the findings from formative research on social norms that was completed in 2010.", "61. The organization of the general day of discussion and adoption in March 2010 by the Human Rights Council of a resolution on sexual violence against children (see para. 11, above), and the joint report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography presented key guiding principles and recommendations to inform the work of countries on combating sexual violence and the exploitation of children.", "62. As a result of the Global Child Labour Conference, held at The Hague in 2010, an agreed Road Map for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016 will be used to track progress through 2016. In addition, at the ninety-ninth session of the International Labour Conference, member States of the ILO agreed to develop a convention and recommendation on domestic labour.", "63. In the response to large-scale natural disasters, the inter-agency guidance and tools developed for conflict but adapted for disaster have been found to be inadequate. Efforts to address those gaps were initiated in 2010, and include the development of inter-agency standards on “child-friendly spaces”, the development of rapid response teams for child protection in emergencies with standby partners, and inter-agency emergency preparedness training. Building on capacity development efforts in 2009, countries were supported to address gender-based violence. That will be a central area of focus for the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), with other partners.", "64. In line with the responsibilities mandated by the Security Council in resolution 1612 (2005), implementation of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave violations against children was supported in situations of armed conflict in 13 countries. A monitoring and reporting mechanism based on Security Council resolution 1888 (2009) is being developed. This will include a set of indicators to gauge the response of the United Nations to sexual violence and to provide guidance on how monitoring and reporting systems can be put in place at the country, regional and global levels. Efforts will also need to be intensified to collect and analyse data on protection and other challenges facing the most marginalized children and groups.", "65. In 2010, reintegration support was provided to 28,000 children affected by armed conflict and 11,400 boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed groups in 15 conflict-affected countries. Eleven more countries endorsed the Paris Commitments to protect children from unlawful recruitment or use by armed forces or armed groups, raising the total to 95.", "66. The work of the child protection sub-cluster strengthened the recognition of child protection activities in broader emergency and humanitarian responses, including issues on gender-based violence and mental health and psychosocial support. Nineteen countries received technical support in child protection in emergencies. Of particular interest is the programme convergence that was developed in the Haiti emergency response on issues of child protection, water and sanitation, nutrition and health through multisectoral assessments of children in institutions as well as in child-friendly spaces for displaced children and unaccompanied/separated children. This resulted in a more comprehensive understanding of the needs of children in institutions and child-friendly spaces in Haiti.", "67. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, particularly interreligious mechanisms, to protect children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace published the guide entitled “From commitment to action: what religious communities can do to eliminate violence against children”, in keeping with the recommendations contained in the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299).", "68. Experience supports the continued focus on strengthening child protection systems and addressing social norms in all contexts, including in conflicts and natural disasters. Awareness and knowledge exchange among partners need to be further strengthened on strategic approaches to addressing the needs of the most vulnerable children. While progress has been made in monitoring and evaluation, and data on child protection have expanded, challenges still remain. Current household surveys do not capture the situation of children living outside of households, including children in institutions, in detention centres, in the worst forms of child labour, or living on the street. More comprehensive knowledge on the most vulnerable and marginalized, including children without family care, is vital for ensuring that interventions have a positive impact and are in children’s best interests.", "D. Combating HIV/AIDS", "69. In 2009, an estimated 33.3 million people were living with HIV, an increase of 27 per cent from 1999. It is estimated that 5 million young people (aged 15-24) were living with HIV in 2009, accounting for 41 per cent of new HIV infections in people aged 15 and older in the same year. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most severely affected region, accounting for 68 per cent of all people living with HIV and 72 per cent of AIDS deaths. An estimated 890,000 young people aged 15-24 were newly infected with HIV in 2009 — nearly 2,500 every day — with 75 per cent of the new infections occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic particularly affects women and girls. Globally, 60 per cent of young people living with HIV are young women; in sub-Saharan Africa, that figure jumps to 72 per cent. Adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa are several times more likely to be living with HIV than males of the same age. With the number of people receiving antiretroviral treatment increasing 13-fold from 2004 to 2009, the number of AIDS-related deaths declined by 19 per cent during the same period. Still, the epidemic continues to exact severe consequences. From 2005 to 2009, the number of children orphaned by AIDS increased from 14.6 million to 16.6 million.", "70. Routine, voluntary HIV testing and counselling of all pregnant women is the key entry point for services in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The proportion of pregnant women tested for HIV in low- and middle-income countries increased from 7 per cent in 2005 to 26 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2009, 27 out of all low- and middle-income countries had already reached the target set by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session (see resolution S‑27/2), that 80 per cent of all pregnant women should have access to HIV testing and counselling by 2010. In low- and middle-income countries in 2009, 53 per cent of pregnant women living with HIV received antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, compared with 45 per cent in 2008. In sub‑Saharan Africa, that proportion increased from 45 per cent in 2008 to 53 per cent in 2009. About one third of infants born to mothers who are HIV positive receive such treatment for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission; coverage has increased only slightly in low- and middle-income countries, from 32 per cent in 2008 to 35 per cent in 2009. Reaching the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV requires a more substantial effort towards universal testing and at least 95 per cent coverage for antiretroviral treatment.", "71. Globally, treatment coverage is notably lower for children (28 per cent) than for adults (37 per cent). In accordance with new guidelines, in 2010, many more children with HIV, including all those under age 2, became eligible to initiate antiretroviral treatment. However, new data reveal that this potential remains largely unrealized. In 2009, there were 2.5 million children under age 15 living with HIV. Although the number of children in low- and middle-income countries receiving antiretroviral treatment increased from an estimated 275,300 in 2008 to 356,400 in 2009, that figure is still only 28 per cent of the 1.27 million children currently estimated to be in need under the new guidelines. However, the true gap between adults and children is far greater, as about 50 per cent of children infected with HIV who receive no treatment die before their second birthday. An array of cost-effective antiretroviral formulations for children is now available, and improved technology permits rapid HIV diagnosis.", "72. In 2001, 5.7 million young people aged 15-24 were estimated to be living with HIV. At the end of 2009, that number had dropped to 5.0 million. Further, an estimated 890,000 new infections occurred among young people aged 15-24 in 2009. The significant decline in HIV prevalence among young people is linked to clear trends towards safer behaviours and practices, including delayed age of first sex, reduction in the number of partners, and increased condom use. In 2010, the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS reported a decline in prevalence among young people of more than 25 per cent in 22 key countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2008. In most parts of the world, new HIV infections are steadily falling or stabilizing. An estimated 80 per cent of all infections in young people globally are in 20 countries spanning several regions of the world and representing a diversity of epidemic settings. Young women still shoulder the greater burden of infection, and in many countries women face their greatest risk of infection before age 25. Data on comprehensive knowledge of HIV among young people still show levels well below the target of 95 per cent by 2010, set by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session and highlight variations between regions and countries. Since 2000, condom use increased by 10 or more percentage points among young men in 11 of 17 countries with trend data and among young women in 11 of 22 countries with trend data. To reduce HIV infections in young people, greater efforts are needed to increase the comprehensive knowledge of HIV among young people in and out of school, the numbers of young people reporting condom use during sexual intercourse and the HIV testing and counselling services available to young people.", "73. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made significant progress towards parity in school attendance for orphans and non-orphans aged 10-14. In 27 out of 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have reported data for at least two points in time, school attendance among children who have lost one or both parents has increased. Despite those impressive gains, concerns remain about the low coverage of external care and support for households caring for orphans and vulnerable children. In 25 countries where household surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2009, a median of 11 per cent of households were receiving external support. Despite the large number of children in need, the responses for orphans and vulnerable children remain small and fragmented, and fail to connect to broader prevention and treatment efforts for children affected by AIDS. Until now, orphans have been considered a convenient proxy for children affected by AIDS, yet orphanhood is not necessarily a marker of the most vulnerable children, including those living outside of households. There is growing interest in developing more multidimensional indicators of vulnerability that describe not only the extent to which children are affected by AIDS, but also broader poverty-related vulnerability.", "74. Children who have lost parents to AIDS will need continued attention long after rates of new infection subside. Care and support for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV should be seen as part of a cycle of intervention giving paramount priority to linkages between care and support and primary prevention and access to treatment for young people living with HIV. Investment in social protection measures and child protection for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV is crucial for ensuring more equitable outcomes. Not only can such programmes reduce the economic vulnerability of children who have lost parents or who are living with sick relatives, but they can also be protective and reduce vulnerability to HIV infection, as demonstrated by evidence related to keeping adolescent girls in school. Well-designed cash transfers offer incentives for adherence to treatment and for the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. That is one of many AIDS-specific interventions with broad potential for improving the health and welfare of families caring for children, whatever the cause of the vulnerability.", "IV. Ways forward", "75. Although considerable progress has been seen in several key child-related indicators during the nearly 10 years since the convening of the special session of the General Assembly on children, disparities within many countries and among regions are in many cases worsening or staying at the same levels. An equity-focused approach, with efforts concentrating on the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families, is potentially the most cost-effective and quickest way to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The approach will also help to sustain progress and to assure the children of poor and disadvantaged communities of a future that is consistent with global commitments made to all children in the Declaration and Plan of Action that emerged from the special session. The commitments were reaffirmed at the commemorative high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly devoted to the follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children, held in December 2007. Equity-focused strategies will improve the provision and use of social services and reduce barriers that result from factors such as geographical location, income poverty, lack of information and social discrimination.", "76. The 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and resolution 65/1, entitled “Keeping the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, provided new impetus to meet the aspirations of children and families worldwide. Further initiatives at the country, regional and global levels, including through an appropriate commemorative high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly in 2012, may be considered by Member States as a mechanism with which to review progress, especially for children who are most disadvantaged, and to further galvanize action to make the world fit for children by 2015.", "[1] Annual reviews of progress have been submitted to the General Assembly, beginning with the fifty-eighth session (A/58/333, A/59/274, A/60/207, A/61/270, A/62/259, A/63/308, A/64/285 and A/65/226).", "[2] See United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2171, No. 27531. The Optional Protocols were adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/263, annex I (on the involvement of children in armed conflict) and annex II (on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography)." ]
A_66_258
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children: follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children", "Follow-up to the outcome of the special session of the General Assembly on children", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary The present report is issued pursuant to resolutions 58/157 and 58/282, by which Member States requested the Secretary-General to continue to report to the General Assembly on the progress made in implementing the commitments made at the inter-sessional session of the General Assembly on children and contained in the outcome document of that special session, entitled “A world fit for children”. The report provides an overview of progress and challenges in this regard, and of the measures that need to be taken to further progress, in particular in view of the need to provide assistance to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children in each context. The report notes that non-compliance with these commitments will seriously jeopardize efforts to achieve the aspirations of the Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and beyond.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II. Follow-up 4 of the outcome of the special session of the General Assembly on children A. Planning 4 for children B. Promotion 4 of the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child C. Cooperation 5 and mobilization of resources for children D. Follow-up 6 of progress E. Participation 7 and free expression of children III. Progress 8 with respect to the four main objectives areas A. Promotion 8 of a healthy life B. Access 11 to quality education C. Protection 13 against abuse, exploitation and violence D. Combat 18 against HIV/AIDS IV.Activities 20", "I. Introduction", "1. Over the past decade, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals have generated unprecedented commitments and partnerships to advance the achievement of goals aimed at realizing the rights of children, reaffirmed at successive summits and meetings. In 2007, a high-level commemorative plenary meeting on commitments made in “A World Fit for Children” (S-27/2) was held to review the results and progress made in the implementation of the Declaration and Plan of Action. In General Assembly resolution 65/1, entitled &quot; To fulfil the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals &quot; , Member States pledged to accelerate progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "2. The present report is in addition to previous reports[1], and it reviews progress on the goals set out in &quot; A world fit for children &quot; , many of which correspond to key goals for children provided for in the Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals.", "3. Compared to the year 2000, when the Millennium Declaration was adopted, 2.1 million less children die every year for preventable reasons before the age of 5, and the number of older children attending non-school primary school was reduced by 39 million between 1999 and 2008. However, 8.1 million children under 5 years of age and more than 350,000 mothers die every year; about 67 million children are out of school and 195 million children under 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition in developing countries, which jeopardizes the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Millions of children continue to suffer from the tragic consequences of conflicts, such as the death of their parents or sudden and forced displacement. It is estimated that more than 1,000 babies with HIV continue to be born every day, and nearly 5 million young people between the ages of 15 and 24 live with the virus. More than 200 million children under 5 years of age are not born.", "4. The decline in global economic activity in 2008-2009 and the volatility of food and fuel prices revealed the interdependence of countries in the global economy and the need to strengthen the use of development policies both at the national and global levels to safeguard the situation of children, especially in the poorest families. Capacity gaps, financial volatility and increased indebtedness have proved to be destabilizing factors for the sustained achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in many developing countries and have often been accompanied by greater disparities between and within societies.", "5. The decline in social investments, coupled with long-standing problems such as the social exclusion of indigenous groups and disadvantaged minority groups, children with disabilities and girls, as well as the effects of migration, rapid urban expansion and climate instability, are complicating the implementation of “A World Fit for Children”.", "II. Follow-up to the outcome of the special session of the General Assembly on children", "A. Planning for children", "6. In 2010, major thematic studies or analyses were conducted on the rights of children and women in at least 81 countries. A further 6 countries were incorporated into the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) global study on poverty and disparities in children, bringing the number of participants to 52. Situation analysis was increasingly aimed at identifying the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of children and women to promote equity-centred strategies that could better support them. The findings are being used to promote policies that protect and promote the rights of children.", "7. In 2011, UNICEF published a report entitled World Children &apos; s State: Adolescence: an era of opportunities, which noted the importance of investing for adolescents to break the cycles of poverty and inequality. In the face of an increasingly uncertain world where climate change, urbanization, economic recession and rising unemployment pose unprecedented challenges, the report emphasizes the need to provide adequate support to adolescents to reach their full potential.", "8. Support for the protection of the most vulnerable in the context of each country was considered an urgent priority. It is recognized that continued attention to the promotion of increased employment, the maintenance of basic services and the strengthening of social protection measures is crucial in consolidating and expanding economic recovery and well-being for all.", "B. Promoting the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "9. In May 2010, the Secretary-General, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, UNICEF, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and other partners launched a global campaign to promote universal ratification and implementation of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child by 2012. The aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of the importance of protection against violence mechanisms, including adherence to international standards and their effective implementation. Since the start of the campaign, eight other countries have ratified or acceded to the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, and one country has signed it, bringing the total number of States parties to 145 and signatories to 118. In 2010, seven other countries ratified the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict[2].", "10. With the support of UNICEF and the International Labour Organization (ILO), the first regional training course for trainers was conducted as a pilot activity in 2010, using the “training manual to combat child trafficking for the purpose of labour, sexual and other exploitation”.", "11. Increased international attention was paid to the problem of sexual violence by supporting the general day of discussion of the Human Rights Council and its resolution (13/20) on sexual violence against children. As a follow-up to this thematic debate, a joint report (A/HRC/16/56) of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography submitted to the Human Rights Council called for the establishment of accessible, safe and adequate counselling, reporting and information mechanisms for children in all countries to enable them to report on violence. The Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women were provided with technical expertise on social norms and ways to address harmful traditional practices to ensure that such knowledge is reflected in a forthcoming joint general comment of the Committees on harmful practices.", "12. Partnerships continued to be strengthened. In 2010, the &quot; Together for Girls &quot; initiative, an innovative multinational partnership established in 2009 to end sexual violence against girls in Africa and East Asia, was expanded to cover coordinated data collection and response and promotion of programmes on the prevention of violence against children, especially sexual violence. These efforts boosted action at the local level, while stimulating the interest and support of global partners. A business manual on children &apos; s rights and impact assessment was completed and a consultation with interested groups was held. The United Nations Task Force on Adolescents advocates and promotes comprehensive policies and programmes for adolescents, especially the most marginalized. In addition, UNICEF continued to strengthen relations with the Hague Conference on Private International Law on four of its conventions on children. Technical inputs were made to the World Conference on Child Labour in The Hague, as well as follow-up and support to countries for the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Road Map for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour by 2016.", "13. In order to realize the rights of children from the poorest countries and the most disadvantaged population groups, it would be essential to extend the coverage of basic services. The transition to increased coverage involves implementing a complex number of actions, including increasing the number of proven effectiveness interventions and overcoming forms of conduct, institutional arrangements and environmental features that are impediments to service delivery. This, in turn, requires a clear understanding of the obstacles to the provision of essential services to children and the barriers that families face in accessing them. These initiatives will require greater coherence and harmonization.", "C. Collaboration and mobilization of resources for children", "14. In 2010, increased donor collaboration resulted in increased coordination in resource mobilization for children in emergency situations. New donors financed humanitarian assistance in order to improve humanitarian response capacity. New mechanisms incorporated in funding agreements, such as multi-year agreements and country-specific thematic agreements, created greater flexibility and predictability of programme funding.", "15. According to the 2010 report of the Millennium Development Goals Task Force, aid from the members of the Development Assistance Committee reached nearly $12 billion in 2009, an increase of less than 1 per cent in real terms. However, the share of the gross national income of donors representing official development assistance was only 0.31 per cent, much lower than the 0.7 per cent target, which was achieved or exceeded in only five donor countries. Remittances have become a growing source of income in many developing countries, and in 2008 they reached the estimated ceiling of $336 billion. In the current crisis, remittances have proved to be more stable than private capital flows. Partnerships involving foundations, non-governmental organizations and global programmes continued to develop in 2010, providing opportunities to mobilize additional funds for children worldwide. Among the most important contributors are Rotary International, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "16. Because of financial difficulties, global attention is increasingly concentrated in key investment sectors, such as infrastructure and agriculture. Although the overall levels do not appear to have decreased, resources for investment for children are still very insufficient in most countries. The consequences of this may be detrimental to the future financing of basic social services, which are fundamental to the well-being of children.", "D. Follow-up to progress", "17. Global databases on children and women were updated throughout 2010. Data from national household surveys and other sources were analysed and disaggregated by gender, level of wealth and place for a more comprehensive understanding of inequalities. The United Nations made considerable efforts to harmonize data from different partners, including through the common recognition of new methodologies, standardization of indicators and monitoring tools, national statistical capacity-building and the calculation of joint estimates.", "18. In the first three series (1995, 2000, 2005-2006), almost 200 multi-indicator surveys were conducted worldwide. The fourth series is being held in 2009-2011 with a wider range of indicators. The first results of the surveys were obtained in 2010.", "19. The common database software of the United Nations Development Group, DevInfo, has been adopted worldwide as a tool for organizing, presenting and analysing standardized human development data. In 2010, DevInfo had more than 120 adaptations available. Over 1,000 practitioners from many programme countries have been trained to support the task of establishing national collections of human development data, including numerous child-related indicators.", "20. In 2010, a UNICEF study entitled &quot; Reducing Differences to the Goals &quot; provided compelling evidence that an equity-based strategy, compared with the traditional track, would enable the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in a faster and more efficient manner, fourth and fifth. According to the study, this strategy offers the possibility of helping to prevent millions of deaths of mothers and children by the deadline of 2015.", "E. Participation and free expression of children", "21. The participation of children in the realization of children &apos; s rights and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals has increased. Some countries have established standing committees of parliamentarians on children &apos; s rights to engage in continuous dialogue with children. Many countries reported some media initiatives on children and the use of information technologies to promote children &apos; s participation. There has also been an increase in the number of youth surveys and surveys to deepen the knowledge of their perspectives and opinions regarding the societies in which they live. Special measures are being taken to strengthen the participation of children who are often marginalized, such as adolescents, children with disabilities and indigenous children.", "22. During the International Year of Youth, there was greater involvement of young people and adolescents in solving the many problems affecting the governance of nations. A number of capacity-building tools were completed to assist States in strengthening children &apos; s participation, such as the general comment manual No. 12 on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, produced by UNICEF and Save the Children for government officials. UNICEF and the Inter-Parliamentary Union also completed a handbook for parliamentarians on children &apos; s participation, with the aim of promoting children &apos; s interests and perspectives in parliamentary processes.", "23. The participation of children in the most important global forums for the life and well-being of children and adolescents has continued to increase. These include the Global Migration Group, the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General on girls and youth. UNICEF and the World Youth Alliance community organizations, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, produced a document entitled “Climate Change: Take Action Now!”, a guide to support the local activities of children and young people, with particular emphasis on girls and adolescents.", "III. Progress on the four main target areas", "A. Promotion of a healthy life", "24. Between 1990 and 2009, the under-five mortality rate for developing countries decreased from 99 deaths per 1,000 live births to 66 deaths per 1,000 live births. It is estimated that 12.4 million live births died before the age of 5 in 1990, but that by 2009 this figure had been reduced to 8.1 million, the lowest number recorded. This represents an annual rate of decrease of 2.1 per cent, which must now be accelerated at least 11.6 per year to achieve the goal of reducing the rate by two thirds by 2015. Mortality rates for children under 5 years of age are on average more than double for the poorest 20 per cent of households in developing countries than for the richest 20 per cent. Similarly, children in rural areas are much more at risk of dying before reaching the age of 5 than urban children.", "25. About 1.5 million children under 5 die of pneumonia every year, representing almost one in five deaths of children worldwide. Diarrhea remains the second cause of death among children under 5 years of age, followed by measles. Globally, 82 per cent of children under the age of 1 were vaccinated against measles in 2009. Similarly, global immunization coverage with three doses of the combined diphtheria, cough and tetanus vaccine is estimated to be 82 per cent in 2009, an increase from 74 per cent in 2000. From 2000 to 2008, the combination of improved immunization coverage with the opportunity to receive a second dose contributed to a decrease of 78 per cent of measles deaths worldwide. However, progress in reducing neonatal mortality remains slower.", "26. As a result of increased funding for malaria control and increased policy attention, 290 million insecticide-treated nets were distributed in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008 and 2010.", "27. Since the beginning of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, 2,500 million children have been immunized, although the disease has not yet been eradicated, the transmission of which remains endemic in four countries (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan). In parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, progress has been constrained by conflict and other security challenges, with inadequate coverage of services and natural disasters.", "28. At the global level, one third of the deaths of children under 5 years of age are associated with malnutrition. Although the percentage of underweight children in developing countries declined from approximately 31 per cent in 1990 to 26 per cent in 2008, progress in many countries is still insufficient or void. Between 1995 and 2009, no significant improvement was observed in South Asia among the poorest children, while the proportion of children underweight in 20 per cent of the richest households decreased by almost one third. In developing countries, 40 per cent of young children of the lowest quintile of wealth are underweight, compared to 15 per cent in the richest. In the developing world, rural children are twice as likely to be underweight as urban children, and 50 per cent more likely to suffer growth delays. In early 2011, only 58 of the 118 countries for which data were available were on track to achieve the target of reducing by 50 per cent the number of children underweight.", "29. The administration of vitamin A supplements remained high among children in the least developed countries. In 2009, 87 per cent of children had received two doses, including 81 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 76 per cent in Asia. Coverage has increased to more than double in least developed countries and increased from 41 per cent in 2000 to 88 per cent in 2008.", "30. There has also been progress in the elimination of iodine deficiency diseases. In 37 countries, the target of at least 90 per cent of households consummating duly iodized salt has been achieved, an increase over 21 countries in 2002, when the special session of the General Assembly on children adopted the goal of universal iodization of salt. According to recent data, 72 per cent of households in developing countries are consuming duly iodized salt, including 73 per cent of households in Asia and 61 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa.", "31. Progress in feeding infants and young children has been modest. In the developing world, the exclusive breastfeeding rate has only slightly increased, from 33 per cent in 1995 to 38 per cent in 2008. However, 19 countries, through a combination of good policies, legislative measures and community support, have shown significant increases of at least 20 percentage points over the past five to ten years.", "32. In 2010, the Secretary-General &apos; s High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, emphasized improved nutrition and helped promote dialogue and sustain strategic global partnerships and initiatives. Considerable efforts were made to improve the nutrition of children and women in developing countries, including the development of an action programme to implement the recommendations contained in the Nutrition Development Framework, with the participation of more than 100 agencies.", "33. At the global level, the annual decline in the maternal mortality rate between 1990 and 2008 was estimated at only 2.3 per cent, compared with the required 5.5 per cent per year since 1990 to reach the 2015 target. It is estimated that in 2008 there were 358,000 maternal deaths, representing a 34 per cent decline rather than the 75 per cent reduction target for 1990 levels. Between 1990 and 2008, 147 countries recorded a decline in the maternal mortality rate, with a reduction of 40 per cent or more in 90 countries. Despite this progress, developing countries continued to account for 99 per cent of total maternal deaths, 87 per cent of which occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Complications related to pregnancy and childbirth are among the main causes of adolescent deaths from 15 to 19 years of age worldwide.", "34. Maternal health is another area where the difference between rich and poor is remarkable. While almost all births are attended by specialized health personnel in developed countries, the figure for urban women in least developed countries is only 41 per cent. The relationship between the richest quintile and the poorest is 3 to 1. The disparities in access to medical care during pregnancy are also marked in developing countries, where urban women are 1.3 times more likely than rural women to receive prenatal care at least once before giving birth. The ability of women to decide when to have children and how many children to have a significant impact on maternal morbidity and mortality. By 2008, more than half of all women between 15 and 49 years of age who were married or in free union used some contraceptive method. However, progress was slower between 2000 and 2008. Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to have the lowest rate of contraceptive use (22%), and little progress has been made since 2000. Around the world more than 120 million women between 15 and 49 years of age who are married or in free union do not have family planning services to the extent they need them.", "35. Today, 87 per cent of the world &apos; s population, a total of 5.9 billion people worldwide, use drinking water from improved sources, an increase of 1.8 billion since 1990. However, 884 million people, almost all of them in developing regions, still have no drinking water from these sources. Sub-Saharan Africa concentrates more than one third of that number and is lagging behind in progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 7. There are still huge disparities between regions and countries and between rural and urban loins. In sub-Saharan Africa, an inhabitant of a city has a probability 1.8 times greater than an improved source of drinking water than a inhabitant in a rural area. While 94 per cent of the urban population in developing regions uses improved sources, the figure for the rural population is only 76 per cent. In urban areas, however, the increase in coverage can hardly follow the pace of population growth. Since 1990, the world &apos; s urban population has increased by 1,090 million people, while the urban population without improved sources of drinking water has increased from 102 to 140 million.", "36. More than 2.6 billion people still do not have toilets or other improved forms of sanitation. Although about 1.3 billion people gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2008, the world will not reach the target of sanitation by 13 percentage points. Unless major efforts are made, the goal of reducing the proportion of people who do not have access to basic sanitation services will not be achieved.", "37. The launch in 2010 of the sanitation and water supply for all initiative, a global partnership of developing countries, donors, multilateral agencies, civil society organizations and others working to achieve universal and sustainable access, helped to intensify water, sanitation and hygiene programmes. The immediate objective has been to accelerate progress towards targets in countries that are farther from achieving them and in the most disadvantaged communities. In 2010, 49 countries received support for sanitation activities aimed at eliminating outdoor defecation through participatory community-based demand-driven approaches for total sanitation. In addition, the number of countries implementing intensive communication programmes to change the behaviour of their population, promoting handwashing with soap, increased from 53 in 2008 to 87 in 2010.", "38. The 2010 World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education called for stronger support in this area with a focus on equity and inclusion, and wider quality care services for young children by strengthening the capacity of parents, families and service providers. UNICEF and the World Health Organization jointly prepared a revised training package on child development care and presented it in 2010 at the International Association of Pediatrics Congress in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "39. In order to accelerate progress in the health of women and children, the Secretary-General led a global effort to bring together all key stakeholders from Governments, civil society and the business sector in developing a plan to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. The global strategy for women &apos; s and children &apos; s health, which was developed, outlines the main areas in which urgent action is needed to increase funding, strengthen policies and improve service delivery. All stakeholders are called to coordinate their activities to maximize the impact of proven effectiveness interventions on the most disadvantaged populations.", "40. In 2010, there were nearly 300 humanitarian emergencies in nearly 100 countries that affected millions of children. The emergency caused by the earthquake in Haiti and the floods caused by the monsoon in Pakistan had a huge impact on communities and children and affected more than 3 million people in Haiti and nearly 20 million in Pakistan. In addition, there were earthquakes in Chile, China and Indonesia; increasing drought and malnutrition in the Niger and the Sahel region; protracted crises in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and the Sudan; and new conflicts elsewhere.", "B. Access to quality education", "41. Significant progress has been made in meeting Millennium Development Goal 2 on increasing enrolment, reducing gender gaps and expanding opportunities for children from disadvantaged groups. However, it is estimated that in 2008, 67 million children of primary school age were not enrolled in school, even though their number had been reduced by 39 million since 1999. Projections based on recent school enrolment rates indicate that at least 72 million children of primary school age are likely to be unable to do so by 2015. In addition, there are 74 million children of primary school age who do not yet do so.", "42. While primary school enrolment has continued to increase and has reached 89 per cent in the developing world, there has been a small increase in the net enrolment rate between 1999 and 2008. In at least 20 countries, the net enrolment rate even fell. Around the world, of children of primary school age who are not enrolled, 42 per cent (28 million) live in poor countries affected by conflict. Even in middle-income countries, there are often a large number of children from marginalized groups who do not attend primary school. Based on an analysis of data for 42 countries in the developing world, it can be said for girls of 20 per cent of the poorest households, the likelihood that they do not attend school is 3.5 times higher than for girls in the richest households, and 4 times higher than for boys in the richest households. In early 2010, a global initiative for children who are unable to attend school was launched to institute a more systematic approach to revert to the problem of their inclusion. Measures to address economic barriers to access and retention, such as the elimination of school fees, equity-based social protection measures and school feeding programmes, are expanding in many countries. In 2010, 44 per cent of the 146 reporting countries had developed policies, accompanied by concrete mechanisms and adequate budgets, to overcome the problem of costs and other barriers to access to primary education.", "43. In 2010, the number of reporting countries with national school readiness policies increased. Sixty-five of the 146 reporting countries had established those policies, compared to 50 in 2008. Also in 2010, policies were developed and gender-sensitive interventions in basic education in 44 countries, including through partnerships of the United Nations Girls &apos; Education Initiative. A major global achievement was the adoption of the Dakar Declaration on the Acceleration of Girls &apos; Education and Gender Equality.", "44. In 2010, it sought to address problems relating to girls &apos; retention and their transition to secondary school by various means, including recovery classes, grants, scholarship programmes for girls and gender consideration in teacher training and the production of educational materials. In poor communities, teaching and learning materials based on active learning were distributed, focusing on equity and incorporating new curricula. To enrol and retain children from disadvantaged groups, governments in many countries implemented accelerated age-appropriate learning initiatives. In 47 countries, environmental education and climate change were incorporated into primary school curricula and in 51 countries in secondary school curricula.", "45. The Quick Education for All Initiative, launched in 2002 to assist low-income countries in ensuring free and universal basic education and in ensuring accelerated progress towards Millennium Development Goal 2, has mobilized funds for national education sector plans and their formulation, including in a number of fragile States.", "46. However, in recent studies, it is noted that the quality of education is lagging in the improvement of enrolment rates. In response, by 2010, 79 countries had adopted quality standards for primary education from child-friendly school models or similar models, compared with 43 in 2005. The establishment of a child-friendly learning environment, especially for girls, is now included as an integral part of quality education. Safe spaces programmes, prevention of violence and sexual abuse of children, psychosocial services and community-based interventions have taken root in several countries. Measures have also been taken to prohibit all forms of violence within the education system. By 2010, 79 countries had developed national policies to end the practice of corporal punishment; 50 countries had developed national plans for the education sector that incorporated the issues of children affected by HIV and AIDS; and 88 countries had implemented water, sanitation and hygiene education in schools, with over 4.2 million children in more than 20,000 schools. In April 2010, multiple partners were called upon to take action in support of these activities in order to focus more attention on the issue.", "47. The international task force of teachers for the Education for All initiative, coordinated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and involving 64 countries and 24 international governmental and non-governmental organizations, has emphasized action on a number of important issues on teachers and the achievement of the goals of the Education for All initiative and the Millennium Development Goals on primary education.", "48. A review of difficulties in the implementation of educational programmes highlighted the following: limited capacity of partners and government counterparts; low coordination between government departments and between national and subnational levels; volatile political situations; lack of flexibility in funding; and weak monitoring and evaluation systems. In order to accelerate the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 2, a strategic approach is needed to promote equitable and inclusive outcomes in education sector plans, to maintain attention to both unregistered and non-learned children, and to strengthen national monitoring and evaluation systems.", "49. In 2010, education was an essential component of the humanitarian response. In Haiti, UNICEF and its partners led education measures, reaching 583 schools, over 1 million children and 50,000 teachers. In Pakistan, more than 400,000 children and 500 schools were supported in 2010. Back-to-school campaigns were also conducted in Iraq, Yemen and other countries affected by natural disasters or conflicts. In 2010, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee thematic cluster on global education was strengthened through the establishment of 35 thematic clusters at the national level. While humanitarian measures have contributed to a faster recovery, it is still necessary to consolidate those responses to help rebuild and reform longer-term educational systems.", "C. Protection against abuse, exploitation and violence", "50. Children from all wealth-sharing quintiles, in development and emergency situations and in low-income, middle-income and industrialized countries are vulnerable to various forms of violence, abuse and exploitation in many contexts, including schools, welfare and justice institutions, the home, the workplace and the community. There is increasing availability of well-founded data on child protection, in particular on the situation of children and the characteristics of those exposed to the most serious risks.", "51. Nearly half of children under 5 years of age in developing countries are not registered in civil registries and are therefore out of the scope of basic and protective services to which they are entitled, such as health care, social welfare and education. Children in the richest households are between two and three times more likely to register their birth than those in the poorest households. There is also a relationship between wealth quintile and early marriages: in many developing countries, girls in the poorest households are three times more likely to marry before the age of 18 than those in the richest households.", "52. While poverty predicts vulnerability to some violations of the principles on child protection, many other factors related to discrimination and deep-rooted social norms, attitudes and behaviour also come into play. Some forms of violence affect all wealth quintiles and all geographical regions. In all regions, many children suffer from psychological violence and physical punishment, regardless of their economic situation. The rates of female genital mutilation and ablation vary according to ethnic origin rather than any other sociodemographic variable. More than 70 million girls and women (aged 15-49) have been subjected to this practice in 29 African countries and one Middle East country.", "53. While it is difficult to collect accurate data on some protection issues, the available estimates are worrying: every year, between 500 million and 1.5 billion children are victims of violence, often perpetrated by people they should be able to trust. According to ILO estimates, approximately 215 million children under the age of 18 worldwide participate in various forms of child labour; males are more likely to engage in economic activities, while girls, in overwhelming proportion, are engaged in domestic work. In addition, at least 2 million children are believed to live in institutions, and at least in 25 countries armed groups or armed forces recruit children by force.", "54. Great attention continued to be paid to strengthening child protection systems and records and assessments enabled valuable knowledge to ensure that child protection issues are addressed in a comprehensive manner. Progress was also made in addressing social norms that give rise to violence, exploitation and abuse, including through declarations on the elimination of female genital mutilation and ablation. While the implementation of social change approaches to broader forms of violence remains a challenge, the knowledge base in this area was strengthened in 2010 and guides practical implementation in many countries. It is estimated that 131 programme countries work to strengthen social welfare and justice systems, and that at least 15 countries initiated a comprehensive register of child protection systems. Legal reforms aimed at protecting children from violence are gaining momentum worldwide. To date, 29 countries have adopted laws prohibiting all forms of violence in all areas, including corporal punishment at home. Important legislative reforms are under way in various regions to achieve their total ban, and new legislation has been adopted in many countries to prohibit specific forms of violence, such as trafficking in persons, sexual abuse and exploitation, domestic violence and female genital mutilation and ablation.", "55. A collective starting point for understanding child protection systems was articulated in the 2010 paper entitled “Adapting a systems approach to child protection: key concepts and considerations”, which was supported by UNICEF, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Save the Children, and Chapin Hall, University of Chicago. The document details the functions of a child protection system and outlines the basis for registration and evaluation methods, some of which were first tested and implemented in early 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.", "56. Registration and evaluation work is essential for systems strengthening. They help to use all available resources, promote connections between all components of the system and indicate ways in which vulnerable people can access a system and benefit from it. By incorporating relevant actors into formal and less formal structures, the registration process builds a political consensus around the objectives of the child protection system and the necessary measures.", "57. There has been a growing trend in coordinating national policies with international standards for alternative care, including those recommended in the 2009 Guidelines on Alternative Child Care, and in 2010 there were 58 countries that had adopted national policies consistent with international standards, compared with 36 in 2005. Countries reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child are recommended in concluding observations that take into account the Guidelines when expanding their child protection services. At the global level, a framework for measuring and monitoring armed violence was developed, including special indicators on children. To address the global challenges of monitoring and evaluation in the sector, an inter-agency reference group was established to monitor and evaluate child protection, aimed at improving methodologies and data collection coordination.", "58. In countries with low levels of birth registration, studies and registration work provided the basis for national action plans and policies. Another core component of the work on child protection systems is the strengthening of human resources capacity and collaboration with health services to improve the delivery of protection-related services, and in 2010 this aspect was the subject of special attention in several countries. In order to strengthen institutional capacity to provide child protection services, innovations such as text message technology (SMS) were used for birth registration.", "59. In 2010, UNICEF and other partners worked with legislators and policymakers from at least 99 countries to improve legal and policy frameworks for child protection. Efforts were also expanded to guide national programmes in order to avoid recourse to judicial procedures and to encourage the use of alternatives to detention, which has helped to increase the recognition that these two practices are essential to ensuring the protection of the rights of children who break the law and are in conformity with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In addition, in 2010, in 24 programme countries, judicial and research procedures were used to take into account the characteristics of children and gender considerations, compared with 17 in 2008.", "60. The perspective of social norms continued to be applied through the joint programme of the United Nations Population Fund and UNICEF, which intensified its efforts in 15 countries in 2010, to achieve faster the abandonment of female genital mutilation and ablation. Its tangible results include the most widespread public abandonment of practice in entire communities, with an increase at the subdistrict or district level. Within the framework of the &quot; Together for Girls &quot; initiative, global and country-level cooperation is being strengthened to reduce violence against children. It is expected that in 2011 a national strategy will be launched in India to end early marriage based on state-level action plans and the findings of training research on social norms completed in 2010.", "61. The Human Rights Council, through the organization of the general day of discussion and the adoption in March 2010 of a resolution on sexual violence against children (see para. 11 above), and the joint report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, disseminated guiding principles and recommendations to guide countries &apos; efforts to combat sexual violence and child pornography.", "62. As a result of the World Conference on Child Labour in The Hague in 2010, a Road Map will be used to achieve the elimination of the worst forms of child labour by 2016 agreed to follow up on progress to that year. In addition, at the 99th meeting of the International Labour Conference, ILO member States agreed to develop a convention and a recommendation on domestic work.", "63. In the response to large-scale natural disasters, it has been found that the inter-agency guidance and tools prepared for conflict and adapted for disaster use are inadequate. In 2010, efforts were launched to address this problem, including the development of inter-agency standards on child-friendly spaces, the establishment of rapid response teams with emergency child protection reserve partners and training on inter-agency emergency preparedness. Building on capacity-building initiatives in 2009, countries continued to be supported to address gender-based violence. This will be a central area of the work of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), together with other partners.", "64. In accordance with the mandate of Security Council resolution 1612 (2005), support was expressed for the implementation of the monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave violations against children in situations of armed conflict in 13 countries. A reporting mechanism based on Security Council resolution 1888 (2009) is being refined. It will include a set of indicators to measure the United Nations response to sexual violence and provide guidance on how to implement a monitoring and reporting system at the national, regional and global levels. Efforts should also be made to collect and analyse data on protection and other problems faced by children and more marginalized groups.", "65. In 2010, support was provided for the reintegration of 28,000 children affected by armed conflict and 11,400 children associated with armed forces and armed groups in 15 conflict-affected countries. Eleven more countries supported the Paris Commitments to Protect Children Illicitly Recruited or Used by Armed Forces or Armed Groups, bringing the total to 95.", "66. The work of the sub-group on child protection strengthened the recognition of protection activities in broader humanitarian and emergency response cases, including gender-based violence and mental health and psychosocial support. Nineteen countries received technical support on the protection of children in emergency situations. Of particular interest is the convergence of programmes organized in the emergency response in Haiti on issues related to child protection, water and sanitation, nutrition and health through multisectoral assessments of children accommodated in institutions and in child-friendly spaces for displaced and unaccompanied and separated children. This led to a wider understanding of the needs of children placed in institutions and in child-friendly spaces in Haiti.", "67. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, in particular inter-religious mechanisms, to protect children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace published the guide entitled “From commitment to action: what religious communities can do to eliminate violence against children”, in accordance with the recommendations of the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299).", "68. Experience highlights the continuing importance of strengthening child protection systems and examining social norms in all contexts, including conflict and natural disasters. Awareness-raising and knowledge-sharing among partners should be further strengthened with regard to strategic approaches to addressing the needs of the most vulnerable children. While progress has been made in monitoring and evaluation, and although more data on child protection is now available, challenges remain. Current household surveys do not reflect the situation of children living outside homes, including those in institutions, prisoners in detention centres, those suffering the worst forms of child labour or those living in the street. A wider understanding of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, including children deprived of the care of their families, is vital to ensure that interventions have positive effects and match the true interests of children.", "D. Combating HIV/AIDS", "69. It is estimated that in 2009 there were 33.3 million people living with HIV, an increase of 27 per cent compared with 1999 figures. It is estimated that 5 million young people (aged 15-24) lived with HIV in 2009 and accounted for 41 per cent of new HIV infections in people aged 15 or over that same year. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most seriously affected region, with 68 per cent of all people living with HIV and 72 per cent of AIDS deaths. It is estimated that 8900,000 young people between the ages of 15 and 24 were infected with HIV in 2009 (almost 2,500 per day), and that 75 per cent of new infections occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic particularly affects women and girls. At the global level, 60 per cent of young people living with HIV are young women; in sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion increases to 72 per cent. Adolescents and young women in sub-Saharan Africa are several times more likely to live with HIV than men of the same age. The number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy increased by 13 between 2004 and 2009 and the number of AIDS-related deaths decreased by 19 per cent during the same period. However, the epidemic continues to have serious consequences. Between 2005 and 2009, the number of children orphaned by AIDS increased from 14.6 million to 16.6 million.", "70. Routine voluntary analysis for HIV detection and counselling for all pregnant women are the key entry point for mother-to-child transmission prevention services. The proportion of pregnant women who were tested for HIV in low- and middle-income countries increased from 7 per cent in 2005 to 26 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2009, 27 of all low- and middle-income countries had already reached the target set by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session (see resolution S-27/2), i.e. 80 per cent of all pregnant women had access to HIV testing and counselling by 2010. In 2009, in low- and middle-income countries, 53 per cent of HIV-infected pregnant women received antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the virus, compared to 45 per cent in 2008. In sub-Saharan Africa, this proportion increased from 45 per cent in 2008 to 53 per cent in 2009. About one third of infants born to HIV-positive mothers receive this treatment for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission; coverage has increased only slightly in low-income and middle-income countries, from 32 per cent in 2008 to 35 per cent in 2009. Reaching the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV requires a more important effort to achieve the universalization of screening and at least 95% coverage for antiretroviral treatment.", "71. Globally, therapeutic coverage is significantly lower for children (28 per cent) than for adults (37 per cent). In 2010, according to new guidelines, many more children with HIV, including all children under 2 years of age, were accepted to initiate antiretroviral treatment. However, there are new data that reveal that the possibility of giving them that treatment remains largely unused. In 2009, there were 2.5 million children under the age of 15 living with HIV. Although the number of children in low- and middle-income countries receiving antiretroviral treatment increased from an estimated level of 275,300 in 2008 to 356,400 in 2009, this figure is only 28 per cent of the 1.27 million children currently estimated to need treatment under the new guidelines. However, the real gap between adults and children is much greater, because about 50 per cent of children infected with HIV who are not treated die before they reach the age of 2. A wide range of cost-effective childhood antiretroviral formulations is currently available, and improved technology allows for rapid diagnosis of HIV.", "72. In 2001, it was estimated that 5.7 million young people aged 15-24 lived with HIV. By the end of 2009, this number had been reduced to 5 million. In addition, it is estimated that there were 8900,000 new infections among young people aged 15-24 in 2009. The significant decline in HIV prevalence among young people is related to a clear trend towards safer behaviour and practices, such as delaying the first sexual relationship, reducing the number of couples and making greater use of condoms. In 2010, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS reported that there was a decline in the prevalence among young people over 25 per cent in 22 key countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2001 and 2008. In most parts of the world, new HIV infections are descending steadily or stabilized. It is estimated that 80 per cent of all globally infected young people are in 20 countries in various regions of the world and represent a diversity of epidemiological contexts. Young women remain the most affected by the infection, and in many countries they face the greatest risk of infection before the age of 25. Data on general knowledge of HIV among young people continue to show much lower levels than the target of 95 per cent adopted by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh special session, and highlight variations between regions and countries. Since 2000, the use of condoms increased by 10 percentage points or more among young men in 11 of the 17 countries with trend data and among young women in 11 of the 22 countries with trend data. In order to reduce HIV infections among young people, greater efforts are needed to increase general knowledge of the virus among young people, both those attending school and others; the number of young people who say they use condoms during sexual intercourse and HIV testing and counselling services available to young people.", "73. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have made significant progress towards parity in school attendance for orphans and not orphans aged 10-14. In 27 of the 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have provided data on at least two different times, school attendance among children who have lost one or both parents has increased. Despite these remarkable achievements, concern remains at the low level of care and external support for orphans and vulnerable children. In 25 countries where household surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2009, an average of 11 per cent of households were receiving external support. Despite the large number of children in need, measures for orphans and vulnerable children continue to be scarce and fragmented, and are not linked to broader measures for the prevention and treatment of children affected by AIDS. So far, orphans have been considered to be conveniently representing children affected by AIDS; however, orphanhood is not necessarily an indicator of the most vulnerable children, including those who do not live outside homes. There is growing interest in seeking more multidimensional indicators of vulnerability that describe not only the extent to which children are affected by AIDS, but also the broader vulnerability related to poverty.", "74. Children who have lost their parents because of AIDS will continue to need attention long after new infections drop. HIV care and support for orphans and vulnerable children should be seen as part of an intervention cycle that prioritizes the linkages between primary care and support and prevention and access to treatment for young people living with HIV. Investment in social protection measures and the protection of orphans and children vulnerable to HIV is essential to ensuring more equitable outcomes. Such programmes may not only reduce the economic vulnerability of children who have lost their parents or who live with sick relatives, but may also provide protection and reduce vulnerability to HIV infection, as evidenced by data on the prolongation of school attendance for adolescents. Well-organized money transfers offer incentives to follow treatment and eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This is one of the many specific AIDS interventions that offer wide opportunities to improve the health and well-being of families caring for children, whatever the cause of vulnerability.", "IV. Future activities", "75. Despite considerable progress in several key child-related indicators over the nearly 10 years since the special session of the General Assembly on children, disparities within many countries and between regions are often exacerbated or remain at the same levels. An equity-centred approach that focuses efforts on the most vulnerable and disadvantaged families and children is possibly the most economical and rapid way to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. This approach will also help to maintain progress and ensure the children of poor and disadvantaged communities a future consistent with global commitments to all children in the Declaration and Plan of Action that emerged from the special session. These commitments were reaffirmed at the high-level commemorative plenary meeting of the General Assembly devoted to the follow-up to the outcome of the special session on children, held in December 2007. Equity-centred strategies will improve the delivery and use of social services and reduce barriers resulting from factors such as geographical location, low income, lack of information and social discrimination.", "76. The 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and resolution 65/1, entitled “Implementation of the promise: united to achieve the Millennium Development Goals”, gave a new impetus to the task of meeting the aspirations of children and families around the world. Member States may wish to consider new initiatives at the national, regional and global levels, including the holding of an appropriate high-level commemorative plenary meeting of the General Assembly in 2012 as a mechanism for reviewing progress, especially for the most disadvantaged children, and promoting action to ensure that a world is appropriate for children in 2015.", "[1] Annual reviews of progress since the fifty-eighth session (A/58/333, A/59/274, A/60/207, A/61/270, A/62/259, A/63/308, A/64/285 and A/65/226).", "[2] See United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2171, No. 27531. The General Assembly adopted the optional protocols in its resolution 54/263, annex I (on the involvement of children in armed conflict) and annex II (on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography)." ]
[ "Informe del Secretario General relativo a las credenciales de los representantes suplentes de Colombia en el Consejo de Seguridad", "En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el artículo 15 del reglamento provisional del Consejo de Seguridad, el Secretario General desea comunicar que ha recibido una carta de fecha 28 de marzo de 2011 de la Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia en la que se indica que el Sr. Francisco Alberto González ha sido nombrado representante suplente de Colombia en el Consejo de Seguridad.", "A juicio del Secretario General, las mencionadas credenciales provisionales están en regla." ]
[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 28 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Francisco Alberto González has been appointed alternate representative of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]
S_2011_491
[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the credentials of the alternate representatives of Colombia on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 28 March 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Colombia stating that Mr. Francisco Alberto González has been appointed alternate representative of Colombia on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, the above-mentioned provisional credentials are in order." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Derechos humanos de los migrantes", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General una nota de la Secretaría en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/212 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea invitó al Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes a que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones le presentara un informe.", "Actividades del Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes", "Resumen", "Esta nota ha sido preparada por la Secretaría en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/212 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea invitó al Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes a que en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones le presentara un informe. En vista del cambio de titular del mandato, la nota presenta una sinópsis de las actividades realizadas por el Relator Especial saliente, Jorge Bustamante, en el curso de su mandato desde agosto de 2005 hasta julio de 2011. El nuevo titular, François Crépeau, asumió sus funciones el 1 de agosto de 2011 y presentará un informe oral ante la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones.", "I. Introducción", "1. Esta nota se presenta en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/212 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea invitó al Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes a que en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones le presentara un informe, y la resolución 8/10 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Proporciona un examen de la labor del Relator Especial saliente, Jorge Bustamante, que desempeñó el cargo desde agosto de 2005 hasta julio de 2011, e informa de las actividades desarrolladas en cumplimiento de su mandato durante el período que se examina (1 de agosto de 2010 a 31 de julio de 2011).", "2. Las actividades del Relator Especial se llevan a cabo de conformidad con la resolución 1999/44 de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, por la que se estableció el mandato por primera vez. Desde entonces, las resoluciones 2002/62 y 2005/47 de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y las resoluciones 8/10 y 17/12 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos han prorrogado el mandato del Relator Especial, en cada ocasión por un período de tres años.", "3. El marco jurídico internacional para la labor y métodos de trabajo del Relator Especial saliente se describen en su primer informe a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos (E/CN.4/2006/73 y Add.1 y 2). En el desempeño de su mandato, el Relator Especial se ha guiado por las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, principalmente la Convención Internacional sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y sus familiares, y otros instrumentos internacionales, incluidos los de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. El diálogo, las consultas y la colaboración han sido parte fundamental de su trabajo.", "4. En junio de 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos decidió, mediante la resolución 17/12, prorrogar el mandato por un período de tres años. En su 17º período de sesiones, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos nombró a François Crépeau (Canadá) nuevo Relator Especial. François Crépeau asumió sus funciones como nuevo Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes el 1 de agosto de 2011. Es el tercer titular del mandato, después de Jorge Bustamante (México) (2005-2011) y Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro (Costa Rica) (1999-2005)[1].", "II. Actividades", "A. Visitas a los países", "5. Durante su mandato, el Relator Especial visitó los países siguientes: Sudáfrica (24 de enero a 1 de febrero de 2011), el Japón (23 a 31 de marzo de 2010), el Senegal (17 a 21 de agosto de 2009), el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte (21 a 26 de junio de 2009), Rumania (15 a 20 de junio de 2009), Guatemala (24 a 28 de marzo de 2008), México (9 a 15 de marzo de 2008), los Estados Unidos de América (30 de abril a 18 de mayo de 2007), Indonesia (12 a 21 de diciembre de 2006) y la República de Corea (5 a 12 de diciembre de 2006). Se han recibido invitaciones para que el Relator Especial realice visitas de los Gobiernos de Albania, Australia, Belarús y Grecia. Todavía están esperando respuesta las solicitudes para visitar Bahrein, el Canadá, España, Filipinas, la India, la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia, Malasia, Mauritania y Tailandia.", "6. Durante el período que se examina, el Relator Especial llevó acabo una misión en Sudáfrica del 24 de enero al 1 de febrero de 2011 por invitación de su Gobierno. El Relator Especial, al tiempo que reconoció los esfuerzos realizados por el Gobierno para proteger a los migrantes, señaló en su informe sobre la visita (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4) que quedaban por abordar una serie de problemas. En concreto, señaló la ausencia de una política de inmigración clara y amplia, la falta de datos y estadísticas, la cuestión de la detención de nacionales extranjeros, el acceso a los servicios de salud y la situación de los menores extranjeros no acompañados, y formuló una serie de recomendaciones en este contexto.", "B. Informes", "7. El Relator Especial presentó seis informes temáticos a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y a su sucesor, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos[2], y cuatro informes (anteriores al documento actual) a la Asamblea General[3]. En sus informes al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, el Relator Especial estudió los temas siguientes: repercusiones que han tenido ciertas leyes y medidas administrativas contra los migrantes (A/HRC/4/24), penalización de la migración irregular (A/HRC/7/12), la protección de los niños en el contexto de la migración (A/HRC/11/7) y los principales obstáculos al disfrute por los migrantes de su derecho a la salud y una vivienda adecuada (A/HRC/14/30).", "8. En su informe final al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/17/33), que presentó en su 17º período de sesiones en junio de 2011, el Relator Especial hizo un repaso de las preocupaciones y las observaciones relacionadas con estos temas. Como conclusión, el Relator Especial expresó su inquietud ante la creciente intolerancia y vulnerabilidad de los migrantes ante los posibles brotes de violencia racista o xenófoba, la trata y el tráfico ilícito de migrantes y el frecuente temor de los migrantes en situación irregular de buscar la protección de las autoridades, por lo que quedan sin acceso a los derechos sociales básicos. Destacó, sin embargo, que la migración puede ser un elemento esencial de desarrollo y prosperidad en los países de origen, tránsito y destino en todas las regiones del mundo (ibid., párr. 78).", "9. Los informes que presentó el Relator Especial a la Asamblea General han estudiado en mayor profundidad algunos de estos temas, especialmente la protección de los niños (A/64/213) y la penalización de la migración (A/65/222) y han tratado otras esferas consideradas de interés especial para la Asamblea, como el Diálogo de alto nivel sobre la migración internacional y el desarrollo (A/61/324).", "C. Comunicaciones", "10. Desde agosto de 2005 hasta julio de 2011, el Relator Especial envió 162 comunicaciones a gobiernos acerca de violaciones presuntas o inminentes de los derechos humanos de los migrantes. De estas, 108 fueron cartas de transmisión de denuncias y 54 fueron llamamientos urgentes. A esas comunicaciones, el Relator Especial recibió 102 respuestas (63%) de gobiernos. La mayoría de las comunicaciones (112) se emitieron de forma conjunta con los titulares de mandatos de otros procedimientos especiales. Concretamente, lo más frecuente fue que las cartas de transmisión de denuncias (66) se enviaran junto con la Relatora Especial sobre la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños, la Relatora Especial sobre la violencia contra la mujer, sus causas y consecuencias y los sucesivos Relatores Especiales sobre la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía. Respecto a los llamamientos urgentes (46), con frecuencia las comunicaciones conjuntas se hicieron con el Relator Especial sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la detención arbitraria y el Relator Especial sobre la independencia de los magistrados y abogados.", "11. En el período que se examina, el Relator Especial envió un total de 22 comunicaciones denunciando violaciones de los derechos de los migrantes y recibió 15 respuestas de los gobiernos afectados. La adición de su último informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) incluye un resumen de las comunicaciones enviadas a los gobiernos desde el 1 de abril de 2010 hasta el 15 de marzo de 2011 y las respuestas recibidas desde el 11 de mayo de 2010 hasta el 10 de mayo de 2011. Las comunicaciones enviadas y recibidas con posterioridad se presentarán ante el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en futuros períodos de sesiones.", "12. En las comunicaciones enviadas a gobiernos desde abril de 2010 hasta mayo de 2011, el Relator Especial expresó su preocupación por una serie de situaciones de presuntas violaciones de los derechos humanos de los trabajadores migratorios, incluyendo: a) la detención arbitraria, la violencia sexual, la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes; el uso excesivo de la fuerza y el trabajo forzoso, b) las expulsiones en masa y el regreso forzoso; c) las malas condiciones de vida, incluida la falta de acceso a alimentos y vivienda adecuados; d) la venta de niños, incluida aquella con fines de explotación económica; e) los asesinatos por autoridades de fronteras; f) el tráfico para la explotación sexual y económica; g) el abuso verbal y físico de las autoridades de inmigración; h) el abuso y la explotación de los trabajadores migrantes empleados en el servicio doméstico, incluida la negación de los derechos laborales básicos, como el impago del salario; i) restricciones a la libertad de circulación de los nacionales; y j) la propaganda racista y xenófoba contra los migrantes.", "D. Otras actividades", "13. Durante su mandato, el Relator Especial participó en una serie de actividades y actos relativos a la protección y promoción de los derechos de los migrantes. Estos incluyeron la consulta al Comité de Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y su Equipo de Tareas sobre las Migraciones, la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y la participación en las actividades de todos ellos.", "14. El Relator Especial realizó contribuciones a algunos informes, y presentó otros sobre cuestiones relacionadas con su mandato en el marco de conferencias destacadas, entre ellas las reuniones anuales del Foro Mundial sobre la Migración y el Desarrollo, el Foro Social Mundial de las Migraciones, una conferencia regional que era parte de los preparativos de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban y el Quinto Congreso Internacional sobre Migraciones y Desarrollo. Además, el Relator Especial entabló un diálogo con organizaciones y foros regionales y participó en actividades de capacitación y de otro tipo a cargo de instituciones académicas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil.", "15. Durante el periodo que se examina, el Relator Especial participó en el Festival Vivamérica, organizado por la Casa de América, en Madrid (octubre de 2010) y la Conferencia Internacional sobre Movimientos Migratorios Infantiles, organizada por el Movimiento Mundial por la Infancia, con el apoyo de Save the Children y otras organizaciones, en Barcelona (España) del 5 al 7 de octubre de 2010, junto con la Relatora Especial sobre la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía y el Relator Especial sobre las formas contemporáneas de la esclavitud, incluidas sus causas y consecuencias. El 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2010, el Relator Especial también participó en el Cuarto Foro Mundial sobre Migración y Desarrollo, organizado por el Gobierno de México en Puerto Vallarta, sobre el tema de las alianzas para la migración y el desarrollo humano.", "16. En cumplimiento de su mandato, el Relator Especial también emitió, de forma separada o conjunta con procedimientos especiales y otros mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, varias declaraciones a fin de atraer la atención de la comunidad internacional hacia cuestiones esenciales relativas a los derechos humanos de los migrantes. Entre ellas figuran declaraciones conjuntas en el Día Internacional del Migrante (18 de diciembre) con el Presidente del Comité de Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares, en las que se pedía una mayor ratificación de la Convención sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares.", "III. Principales cuestiones temáticas examinadas por el Relator Especial", "17. El Relator Especial se centró en tres cuestiones temáticas principales durante su mandato, a saber, la penalización de la migración irregular, la protección de los niños en el contexto de la migración y el derecho del migrante a la salud y a una vivienda adecuada. Esas cuestiones se resumen a continuación. Como norma general, el Relator Especial sostuvo que el principio rector de la gobernanza de la migración debe ser el cumplimiento y la protección de los derechos humanos internacionalmente reconocidos de todos los migrantes, cualquiera que sea su situación de inmigración, en todas las etapas del proceso migratorio, en países de origen, de tránsito y de destino (A/65/222, párr. 67).", "18. El Relator Especial observó con profunda inquietud la creciente tendencia hacia la criminalización de la migración irregular y los crecientes abusos que sufren los migrantes durante el proceso migratorio[4]. Dos medidas tomadas por Estados ilustraban esta tendencia general: la externalización de las medidas de control de la migración y la criminalización de la migración de mano de obra. En un esfuerzo por evitar la migración irregular y, al mismo tiempo, afrontar los problemas de seguridad nacional, la externalización de los controles fronterizos hacia los países de origen y tránsito a través de acuerdos bilaterales para restringir los flujos migratorios ha contribuido a una tendencia por la que las infracciones de los procedimientos de migración se tratan como delitos penales en vez de como faltas administrativas. Los Estados también han recurrido a la penalización cuando han hecho de la estancia irregular en el país un delito penal. Señaló que esas medidas han debilitado la protección de los derechos humanos de los migrantes, como se ha visto en la detención administrativa de migrantes interceptados por mar y tierra, los brotes de abusos y violencia xenófobos en países de destino y la expansión del tráfico ilícito y la trata de seres humanos. Al tiempo que reconocía el derecho soberano de los Estados a salvaguardar las fronteras y gestionar la migración, el Relator Especial observó que estas políticas no reconocen de forma adecuada que la naturaleza de la migración y de las necesidades laborales de los países de destino están impulsadas por la demanda, ni reconoce las consecuencias negativas para las poblaciones migrantes en su conjunto y las sociedades de los países de destino en general. Para ayudar a los Estados a aplicar políticas de migración basadas en los derechos humanos, el Relator Especial ofreció recomendaciones prácticas para reformar los mecanismos y acuerdos de cooperación regional y bilateral y proporcionó buenos ejemplos y alternativas a la penalización de la migración irregular.", "19. Recordando la obligación de los Estados de proteger los derechos de los niños en todas las etapas del proceso migratorio, el Relator Especial examinó las necesidades concretas de protección y la vulnerabilidad de los niños en dicho proceso[5]. Identificó tres categorías de niños afectados por la migración: los niños “que quedan atrás”, los niños “en movimiento” y los niños migrantes en países de destino. Al tiempo que tomaba nota de la dificultad de medir los efectos de la migración en los niños que dejan atrás los adultos migrantes responsables de ellos, el Relator Especial destacó la necesidad de promover la unidad familiar y la reunificación familiar en los países de destino. Los niños que migran a través de las fronteras lo hacen con familiares o solos, a menudo buscando oportunidades educativas o laborales, pero también obligados, cuando son víctimas de redes de delincuencia organizada. Estos niños, en especial cuando van no acompañados o indocumentados, necesitan una protección específica contra la violencia sexual, la deportación y la repatriación, y la privación de libertad arbitraria o ilegal. Respecto a los niños en los países de destino, el Relator Especial señaló dos esferas donde los Estados necesitan redoblar esfuerzos: protección frente a la delincuencia organizada transnacional y asegurar el pleno disfrute de los derechos humanos por los niños de origen migrante. Entre los principales problemas de la protección de los niños durante la migración figuran la falta de disposiciones referidas concretamente a los niños y la falta de distinción entre niños y adultos migrantes en las leyes y políticas nacionales de migración y la particular vulnerabilidad de las niñas y de la infancia en la migración irregular. Para ayudar a los Estados a abordar estas y otras cuestiones pertinentes, el Relator Especial presentó una serie de recomendaciones para que se examinen más a fondo y se adopten medidas al respecto.", "20. La tercera cuestión examinada por el Relator Especial se refirió al cumplimiento de los derechos a la salud y a una vivienda adecuada ante la tendencia cada vez mayor en muchos países de destino a adoptar políticas y medidas de inmigración que obstaculizan de forma importante el disfrute de esos derechos[6]. Expresó su inquietud ante la falta generalizada de políticas y medidas de carácter amplio encaminadas a la protección de los derechos a la salud y a una vivienda adecuada de los migrantes y observó que la ausencia del apoyo necesario, como la formación en idiomas y la información sobre leyes y normativas, obstruía aún más el disfrute de esos derechos. En relación con el derecho a la salud, al Relator Especial le preocupaba la vulnerabilidad de los migrantes a la mala salud debido a su baja situación socioeconómica. Señaló que sus prestaciones y su acceso a la atención de la salud variaban enormemente. En un extremo del espectro, los no nacionales no podían acceder a medicamentos vitales porque los centros negaban el tratamiento al “ser extranjero” o no tener un documento de identidad del país. El Relator Especial señaló que las trabajadoras migrantes del servicio doméstico eran uno de los grupos más vulnerables de trabajadores migratorios y denunció un cuadro generalizado de abusos físicos, sexuales y psicológicos entre estas mujeres. En cuanto al derecho a una vivienda adecuada, el Relator Especial observó “un abismo preocupante” entre las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y la situación imperante en numerosas partes del mundo, en particular con relación con las mujeres y los niños migrantes. Notablemente, la discriminación solía impedir el acceso de los migrantes al mercado privado de la vivienda. La situación era particularmente difícil para los migrantes irregulares, especialmente en los países donde la estancia irregular constituye un delito penal. En sus recomendaciones, el Relator Especial subrayó que, como principio fundamental, los Estados debían cumplir \"la obligación mínima” de asegurar la satisfacción de los niveles esenciales de atención primaria de la salud, así como de vivienda y alojamiento básicos para todas las personas dentro de su jurisdicción.", "21. En su informe final al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/17/33), el Relator Especial presentó dos temas que consideraba que es importante seguir investigando: la migración en el contexto del cambio climático, y la participación política y los derechos civiles de los migrantes. Señaló que un mayor debate sobre estos temas permitiría que el mandato presentara enfoques innovadores de los aspectos relacionados con la migración y que subrayaban también la necesidad de adoptar una perspectiva de derechos humanos en las deliberaciones mundiales entre las partes interesadas en la migración.", "IV. Conclusión", "22. Al recapitular las inquietudes y observaciones reunidas durante el ejercicio de su mandato, el Relator Especial reiteró su preocupación por la creciente intolerancia y vulnerabilidad de los migrantes ante los posibles brotes de violencia racista o xenófoba, la trata y el tráfico ilícito, y el frecuente temor de los migrantes en situación irregular de buscar la protección de las autoridades, por lo que quedan sin acceso a los derechos sociales básicos. Destacó que la migración puede ser un elemento esencial de desarrollo y prosperidad en los países de origen, tránsito y destino en todas las regiones del mundo. El Relator Especial agradeció al Consejo de Derechos Humanos el privilegio y la oportunidad de haber ejercido su mandato.", "23. El nuevo Relator Especial, François Crépeau, presentará un informe oral ante la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones y presentará su primer informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 20º período de sesiones en junio de 2012.", "[1] Para una reseña del mandato y de las actividades del Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos de los migrantes, véase www2.ohchr.org/spanish/issues/migration/rapporteur/index.htm.", "[2] E/CN.4/2006/73 y Add.1 y 2; A/HRC/4/24 y Add.1 a 3; A/HRC/7/12 y Add.1 y 2; A/HRC/11/7 y Add.1 y Add.1/Corr.1 y Add.2 y 3; A/HRC/14/30 y Add.1 a 3; y A/HRC/17/33 y Add.1 a 4.", "[3] A/60/357, A/61/324, A/64/213 y Corr.1 y A/65/222.", "[4] Véanse A/65/222, A/HRC/7/12 y A/HRC/17/33.", "[5] Véanse A/HRC/11/17 y A/HRC/17/33.", "[6] Véanse A/HRC/14/30 y A/HRC/17/33." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights of migrants", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly a note by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants", "Summary", "This note has been prepared by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session. In view of the change of mandate holder, the note provides an overview of the activities carried out by the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, during his term as mandate holder from August 2005 to July 2011. The new mandate holder, François Crépeau, assumed his functions on 1 August 2011 and will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "I. Introduction", "1. This note is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to report to it at its sixty-sixth session, and Human Rights Council resolution 8/10. It provides a review of the work of the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, who served as mandate holder from August 2005 to July 2011, and reports on activities undertaken in fulfilment of his mandate during the reporting period (1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011).", "2. The activities of the Special Rapporteur are carried out in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1999/44, by which the mandate was first established. Since then, the mandate of the Special Rapporteur has been extended by Commission on Human Rights resolutions 2002/62 and 2005/47 and Human Rights Council resolutions 8/10 and 17/12, each time for a period of three years.", "3. The international legal framework for the work and methods of work of the outgoing Special Rapporteur are described in his first report to the Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2). In the pursuit of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has been guided by international human rights law, primarily the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and other international instruments, including those of the International Labour Organization. Dialogue, consultation and partnerships have constituted essential features of his work.", "4. In June 2011, the Human Rights Council decided, by resolution 17/12, to extend the mandate for a period of three years. At its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council appointed François Crépeau (Canada) as the new Special Rapporteur. François Crépeau assumed his functions as the new Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants on 1 August 2011. He is the third mandate holder, after Jorge Bustamante (Mexico) (2005-2011) and Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro (Costa Rica) (1999-2005).[1]", "II. Activities", "A. Country visits", "5. During his term as mandate holder, the Special Rapporteur visited the following countries: South Africa (24 January-1 February 2011); Japan (23‑31 March 2010); Senegal (17-21 August 2009); United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (21-26 June 2009); Romania (15-20 June 2009); Guatemala (24-28 March 2008); Mexico (9-15 March 2008); United States of America (30 April-18 May 2007); Indonesia (12-21 December 2006); and Republic of Korea (5-12 December 2006). Invitations for country visits by the Special Rapporteur have been received from the Governments of Albania, Australia, Belarus and Greece. Requests for country visits which are still awaiting response concern Bahrain, Canada, India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Mauritania, the Philippines, Spain and Thailand.", "6. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur undertook a country mission to South Africa from 24 January to 1 February 2011 at the invitation of the Government. While recognizing efforts made by the Government to protect migrants, the Special Rapporteur noted, in his report on the visit (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4), that a number of challenges still need to be addressed. In particular, he noted the absence of a clear and comprehensive immigration policy, the lack of data and statistics, the question of detention of foreign nationals, access to health-care services and the situation of unaccompanied foreign children, and made a number of recommendations in this context.", "B. Reports", "7. The Special Rapporteur submitted six thematic reports to the Commission on Human Rights and its successor, the Human Rights Council,[2] and four reports (prior to the present document) to the General Assembly.[3] In his reports to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur examined the following themes: impact of certain laws and administrative measures against migrants (A/HRC/4/24); criminalization of irregular migration (A/HRC/7/12); the protection of children in the context of migration (A/HRC/11/7); and major challenges in the realization of migrants’ right to health and adequate housing (A/HRC/14/30).", "8. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), presented at its seventeenth session in June 2011, the Special Rapporteur recapitulated the concerns and findings in relation to those themes. In conclusion, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at the increasing intolerance and vulnerability of migrants to potential racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling and the fact that migrants with irregular status often fear to seek protection from authorities and are hence left without access to basic social rights. He emphasized, however, that migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in all countries of origin, transit and destination around the globe (ibid., para. 78).", "9. The reports submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly have examined in further depth some of these themes, notably the protection of children (A/64/213) and criminalization of migration (A/65/222), and have covered other areas deemed to be of particular interest to the Assembly, such as the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development (A/61/324).", "C. Communications", "10. From August 2005 to July 2011, the Special Rapporteur sent 162 communications to Governments on alleged or imminent violations of the human rights of migrants. Of these, 108 were letters of allegation and 54 were urgent appeals. The Special Rapporteur received 102 replies (63 per cent) from Governments to those communications. The majority of communications (112) were issued jointly with other special procedures mandate holders. Specifically, joint letters of allegation (66) were most frequently sent together with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences; and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. With respect to urgent appeals (46), joint communications were more frequently issued with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, and the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers.", "11. In the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur sent a total of 22 communications alleging violations of the rights of migrants. To these, 15 responses from the Governments concerned were received. The addendum to his last report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) includes a summary of communications sent to Governments from 1 April 2010 to 15 March 2011, as well as replies received from 11 May 2010 to 10 May 2011. The communications sent and received since then will be presented to the Human Rights Council at future sessions.", "12. In his communications to Governments sent from April 2010 to May 2011, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at a number of situations of alleged violations of the human rights of migrant workers, including (a) arbitrary arrest, sexual violence, torture and other forms of cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment or punishment; excessive use of force; and forced labour; (b) mass expulsions and forcible return; (c) inadequate standard of living, including lack of access to adequate food and housing; (d) sale of children, including for purposes of economic exploitation; (e) killings by border authorities; (f) trafficking for sexual and economic exploitation; (g) verbal and physical abuse by immigration authorities; (h) abuse and exploitation of domestic migrant workers, including denial of basic labour rights, such as non-payment of wages; (i) restrictions on freedom of movement of nationals; and (j) racist and xenophobic propaganda against migrants.", "D. Other activities", "13. During his mandate, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of activities and events relating to the protection and promotion of the rights of migrants. These included consultation with and participation in the activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and its Task Force on Migration, the International Organization for Migration and the World Health Organization.", "14. The Special Rapporteur contributed to and presented reports on issues relating to the mandate in the context of major conferences, including the annual meetings of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, the World Social Forum on Migration, a regional conference as part of preparations for the Durban Review Conference and the fifth International Congress on Migration and Development. Further, the Special Rapporteur engaged in dialogue with regional organizations and forums and participated in training and other activities organized by academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "15. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Festival Viva América, organized by Casa América, in Madrid (October 2010) and the International Conference on Protecting and Supporting Children on the Move, organized by the Global Movement for Children, with the support of Save the Children and other organizations, in Barcelona, Spain (5-7 October 2010), together with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences. On 8 and 9 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur also participated in the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, hosted by the Government of Mexico in Puerto Vallarta, on the topic of partnerships for migration and human development.", "16. In the fulfilment of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur also issued, separately or jointly with special procedures and other United Nations human rights mechanisms, several statements to bring critical issues relating to the human rights of migrants to the attention of the international community. These included joint statements on International Migrants Day (18 December) with the Chair of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, calling for wider ratification of the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.", "III. Main thematic issues examined by the Special Rapporteur", "17. The Special Rapporteur focused on three main thematic issues during his term as mandate holder, namely, criminalization of irregular migration, protection of children in the context of migration, and the rights of migrants to health and adequate housing. They are briefly summarized below. As a general rule, the Special Rapporteur held that the guiding principle of migration governance must be the fulfilment and protection for all migrants, regardless of their immigration status, of their internationally recognized human rights at all stages of the migratory processes — in countries or territories of origin, transit and destination (A/65/222, para. 67).", "18. The Special Rapporteur observed with deep concern the increasing trend towards criminalization of irregular migration and the increasing abuse of irregular migrants throughout the migration process.[4] Two measures taken by States illustrated this general trend: the externalization of migration control policies and the criminalization of labour migration. In efforts to curb irregular migration and simultaneously address national security issues, the externalization of border controls to countries of origin and transit through bilateral agreements to restrict migratory flows has contributed to a tendency to treat violations of migration procedures as criminal rather than administrative offences. States have also resorted to criminalization by making irregular stay in the country a criminal offence. He noted that these measures have weakened the human rights protection of migrants, as seen in the administrative detention of migrants intercepted at sea and/or by land, outbreaks of xenophobic abuse and violence in countries of destination and the expansion of smuggling and trafficking. While acknowledging the sovereign right of States to safeguard borders and manage migration, the Special Rapporteur observed that these policies fail to adequately acknowledge the demand-driven nature of migration and the labour needs of host countries and their detrimental consequences for migrant populations as a whole and host societies at large. To assist States in implementing human rights-based migration policies, the Special Rapporteur offered practical recommendations for reforming regional and bilateral cooperation mechanisms and agreements and provided good examples and alternatives to the criminalization of irregular migration.", "19. Recalling the obligation of States to protect the rights of the child at all stages of the migration process, the Special Rapporteur considered the specific protection needs and vulnerability of children in the migration process.[5] He identified three categories of children affected by migration: children “left behind”, children “on the move”, and migrant children in host countries. While noting that the impact of migration on children left behind by adult migrants responsible for them is difficult to measure, the Special Rapporteur stressed the necessity of promoting family unity and reunion with family members in host countries. Children moving across borders migrate with family members or independently, often for education or employment opportunities, but also forcibly, when falling victim to organized crime networks. These children, in particular when unaccompanied or undocumented, need specific protection against sexual violence, deportation and repatriation, unlawful and arbitrary deprivation of liberty. With respect to children in host countries, the Special Rapporteur indicated two areas where enhanced efforts by States are needed: protection from transnational organized crime and ensuring the full enjoyment of human rights by children of a migrant background. Major challenges in the protection of children during migration include the lack of child-specific provisions, and the lack of distinction between adult and child migrants, in national migration laws and policies and the particular vulnerabilities of the girl child and children in irregular migration. To assist States in addressing these and other pertinent issues, the Special Rapporteur presented a number of recommendations for further consideration and action.", "20. The Special Rapporteur’s third focus concerned the realization of the rights to health and adequate housing in the light of the growing trend in many host countries to adopt immigration policies and measures which significantly hamper the enjoyment of those rights.[6] He expressed concern at the general lack of comprehensive policies and measures aimed at protecting the rights of migrants to health and adequate housing and noted that the absence of necessary support, such as language training and information about laws and regulations, further obstructed the enjoyment of these rights. In relation to the right to health, the Special Rapporteur was concerned at the vulnerability of migrants to poor health due to their low socio-economic status. He observed that their entitlements and access to health care varied enormously. At one end of the spectrum, non-nationals were not able to access life-saving medication because facilities denied treatment on the basis of “being foreign” or not having a national identity document. The Special Rapporteur identified women domestic migrant workers as one of the most vulnerable groups of migrant workers and reported a widespread pattern of physical, sexual and psychological abuse among these women. Concerning the right to adequate housing, the Special Rapporteur noted “a disturbingly large gap” between international human rights standards and the situation prevailing in many parts of the world, in particular with respect to migrant women and children. Notably, discrimination often inhibited migrants’ access to the private housing market. The situation was particularly difficult for irregular migrants, especially in countries where irregular stay is a criminal offence. In his recommendations, the Special Rapporteur underlined that, as a matter of fundamental principle, States should fulfil the “minimum core obligation” to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of primary health care as well as basic shelter and housing for all individuals within their jurisdiction.", "21. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), the Special Rapporteur presented two themes considered important for future research: migration in the context of climate change and the political participation and civil rights of migrants. He noted that further discussion on these themes would allow the mandate to present innovative approaches; they also underlined the need for a human rights perspective in global discussions among stakeholders on migration.", "IV. Conclusion", "22. In recapitulating the concerns and findings gathered in the exercise of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur reiterated concern at the increasing intolerance towards migrants and their vulnerability to potential racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling and the fact that migrants with irregular status often fear to seek protection from authorities and are hence left without access to basic social rights. He stressed that migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in all countries of origin, transit and destination around the globe. The Special Rapporteur thanked the Human Rights Council for the privilege and opportunity of serving the mandate.", "23. The new Special Rapporteur, François Crépeau, will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and will submit his first report to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in June 2012.", "[1] For an overview of the mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, see www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/migration/rapporteur/index.htm.", "[2] E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/4/24 and Add.1-3; A/HRC/7/12 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/11/7 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1 and Add.2 and 3; A/HRC/14/30 and Add.1-3; and A/HRC/17/33 and Add.1-4.", "[3] A/60/357, A/61/324, A/64/213 and Corr.1 and A/65/222.", "[4] See A/65/222, A/HRC/7/12 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[5] See A/HRC/11/17 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[6] See A/HRC/14/30 and A/HRC/17/33." ]
A_66_264
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights of migrants", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly a note by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants", "Summary", "This note has been prepared by the Secretariat pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session. In view of the change in mandate holder, the note presents a overview of the activities carried out by the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, in the course of his mandate from August 2005 to July 2011. The new incumbent, François Crépeau, took office on 1 August 2011 and will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "I. Introduction", "1. This note is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/212, in which the Assembly invited the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and Human Rights Council resolution 8/10. It provides a review of the work of the outgoing Special Rapporteur, Jorge Bustamante, who served from August 2005 to July 2011, and reports on the activities carried out pursuant to his mandate during the period under review (1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011).", "2. The activities of the Special Rapporteur are carried out in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1999/44, which established the mandate for the first time. Since then, Commission on Human Rights resolutions 2002/62 and 2005/47 and Human Rights Council resolutions 8/10 and 17/12 have extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur, on each occasion for a period of three years.", "3. The international legal framework for the work and working methods of the outgoing Special Rapporteur is described in his first report to the Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2). In carrying out his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has been guided by international human rights standards, mainly the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and other international instruments, including those of the International Labour Organization. Dialogue, consultations and collaboration have been a key part of their work.", "4. In June 2011, the Human Rights Council decided, through resolution 17/12, to extend the mandate for a period of three years. At its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council appointed François Crépeau (Canada) as the new Special Rapporteur. François Crépeau took office as the new Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants on 1 August 2011. He is the third mandate holder, after Jorge Bustamante (Mexico) (2005-2011) and Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro (Costa Rica) (1999-2005)[1].", "II. Activities", "A. Country visits", "5. During his mandate, the Special Rapporteur visited the following countries: South Africa (24 January-1 February 2011), Japan (23-31 March 2010), Senegal (17-21 August 2009), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (21-26 June 2009), Romania (15-20 June 2009), Guatemala (24-28 March 2008), Mexico (9-15 March 2008), the United States of America (30 April - 18 December 2007). Invitations have been received for visits by the Special Rapporteur from the Governments of Albania, Australia, Belarus and Greece. Requests to visit Bahrain, Canada, India, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Mauritania and Thailand are still awaiting response.", "6. During the period under review, the Special Rapporteur completed a mission in South Africa from 24 January to 1 February 2011 at the invitation of his Government. The Special Rapporteur, while acknowledging the efforts made by the Government to protect migrants, noted in his report on the visit (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4) that a number of problems remained to be addressed. In particular, it noted the absence of a clear and comprehensive immigration policy, the lack of data and statistics, the issue of detention of foreign nationals, access to health services and the situation of unaccompanied foreign minors, and made a number of recommendations in this context.", "B. Reports", "7. The Special Rapporteur submitted six thematic reports to the Commission on Human Rights and its successor, the Human Rights Council[2], and four reports (before the present document) to the General Assembly.[3] In his reports to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur considered the following topics: implications of certain laws and administrative measures against migrants (A/HRC/4/24), criminalization of irregular migration (A/HRC/7/12), protection of children in the context of migration (A/HRC/11/7) and major obstacles to the enjoyment by migrants of their right to health and adequate housing (A/HRC/14/30).", "8. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), which he submitted at its seventeenth session in June 2011, the Special Rapporteur reviewed the concerns and observations related to these issues. As a conclusion, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at the growing intolerance and vulnerability of migrants to potential outbreaks of racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling of migrants and the frequent fear of migrants in an irregular situation to seek the protection of the authorities and thus remain unaccessful of basic social rights. He stressed, however, that migration can be an essential element of development and prosperity in countries of origin, transit and destination in all regions of the world (ibid., para. 78).", "9. The Special Rapporteur &apos; s reports to the General Assembly have studied in greater depth some of these issues, especially the protection of children (A/64/213) and the criminalization of migration (A/65/222) and have addressed other areas of special interest to the Assembly, such as the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development (A/61/324).", "C. Communications", "10. From August 2005 to July 2011, the Special Rapporteur sent 162 communications to Governments on alleged or imminent violations of the human rights of migrants. Of these, 108 were letters of allegations and 54 were urgent appeals. To those communications, the Special Rapporteur received 102 replies (63%) from Governments. Most communications (112) were issued jointly with the mandate holders of other special procedures. Specifically, it was most common for letters of allegations (66) to be sent along with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences and the successive Special Rapporteurs on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Regarding urgent appeals (46), joint communications were frequently made with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers.", "11. During the period under review, the Special Rapporteur sent a total of 22 communications denouncing violations of the rights of migrants and received 15 responses from affected Governments. The addition of its last report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) includes a summary of communications sent to Governments from 1 April 2010 to 15 March 2011 and the replies received from 11 May 2010 to 10 May 2011. Communications sent and subsequently received will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at future sessions.", "12. In communications sent to Governments from April 2010 to May 2011, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern at a number of situations of alleged violations of the human rights of migrant workers, including: (a) arbitrary detention, sexual violence, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; excessive use of force and forced labour; (b) mass expulsions and forced return; (c) poor living conditions, including lack of access to domestic", "D. Other activities", "13. During his mandate, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of activities and acts relating to the protection and promotion of the rights of migrants. These included consultation with the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and its Migration Task Force, the International Organization for Migration and the World Health Organization, and participation in the activities of all of them.", "14. The Special Rapporteur made contributions to some reports, and presented others on issues related to his mandate in the framework of major conferences, including the annual meetings of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, the World Social Forum on Migration, a regional conference that was part of the preparations for the Durban Review Conference and the Fifth International Congress on Migration and Development. In addition, the Special Rapporteur engaged in a dialogue with regional organizations and forums and participated in training and other activities by academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "15. During the period under review, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Vivamérica Festival, organized by the Casa de América, in Madrid (October 2010) and the International Conference on Child Migration Movements, organized by the World Movement for Children, with the support of Save the Children and other organizations, in Barcelona, Spain, from 5 to 7 October 2010, together with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. On 8 and 9 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur also participated in the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, organized by the Government of Mexico in Puerto Vallarta, on the theme of partnerships for migration and human development.", "16. Pursuant to his mandate, the Special Rapporteur also issued, separately or jointly with special procedures and other United Nations human rights mechanisms, a number of statements in order to draw the attention of the international community to essential issues relating to the human rights of migrants. These include joint statements on the International Day of Migrants (18 December) with the Chairman of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, calling for further ratification of the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.", "III. Main thematic issues considered by the Special Rapporteur", "17. The Special Rapporteur focused on three main thematic issues during his mandate, namely, the criminalization of irregular migration, the protection of children in the context of migration and the right of migrants to health and adequate housing. These issues are summarized below. As a general rule, the Special Rapporteur argued that the guiding principle of migration governance should be the implementation and protection of internationally recognized human rights of all migrants, regardless of their immigration status, at all stages of the migration process, in countries of origin, transit and destination (A/65/222, para. 67).", "18. The Special Rapporteur noted with deep concern the growing trend towards the criminalization of irregular migration and the growing abuse of migrants during the migration process.[4] Two measures taken by States illustrated this general trend: the outsourcing of migration control measures and the criminalization of labour migration. In an effort to prevent irregular migration and, at the same time, to address national security issues, the outsourcing of border controls to countries of origin and transit through bilateral agreements to restrict migratory flows has contributed to a trend in which violations of migration procedures are treated as criminal offences rather than as administrative offences. States have also resorted to criminalization when they have made irregular stay in the country a criminal offence. It noted that these measures have weakened the protection of the human rights of migrants, as seen in the administrative detention of migrants intercepted by sea and land, outbreaks of xenophobic abuse and violence in destination countries and the expansion of illicit trafficking and trafficking in human beings. While acknowledging the sovereign right of States to safeguard borders and manage migration, the Special Rapporteur noted that these policies do not adequately recognize that the nature of migration and the labour needs of destination countries are demand-driven, nor does he recognize the negative consequences for migrant populations as a whole and societies in countries of destination in general. To help States implement human rights-based migration policies, the Special Rapporteur provided practical recommendations for reforming regional and bilateral cooperation mechanisms and agreements and provided good examples and alternatives to the criminalization of irregular migration.", "19. Recalling the obligation of States to protect the rights of children at all stages of the migration process, the Special Rapporteur reviewed the specific needs for the protection and vulnerability of children in that process.[5] It identified three categories of children affected by migration: children who are left behind, children “in movement” and migrant children in destination countries. While noting the difficulty of measuring the impact of migration on children left behind by migrant adults responsible for them, the Special Rapporteur stressed the need to promote family unity and family reunification in destination countries. Children migrating across borders do so with family or alone, often seeking educational or labour opportunities, but also forced, when they are victims of organized crime networks. These children, especially when unaccompanied or undocumented, need specific protection against sexual violence, deportation and repatriation, and deprivation of arbitrary or unlawful liberty. With regard to children in countries of destination, the Special Rapporteur noted two areas where States need to redouble efforts: protection from transnational organized crime and ensuring the full enjoyment of human rights by children of migrant origin. The main challenges of child protection during migration include the lack of specific provisions for children and the lack of distinction between migrant children and adults in national migration laws and policies and the particular vulnerability of girls and children in irregular migration. In order to assist States in addressing these and other relevant issues, the Special Rapporteur submitted a number of recommendations for further consideration and action.", "20. The third issue considered by the Special Rapporteur referred to the implementation of the rights to health and adequate housing in the face of the growing trend in many countries of destination to adopt immigration policies and measures that significantly impede the enjoyment of those rights[6]. It expressed concern at the widespread lack of comprehensive policies and measures aimed at protecting the rights to health and adequate housing of migrants and noted that the absence of the necessary support, such as language training and information on laws and regulations, further obstructed the enjoyment of those rights. With regard to the right to health, the Special Rapporteur was concerned about the vulnerability of migrants to poor health because of their low socio-economic situation. He noted that their benefits and their access to health care varied greatly. At one end of the spectrum, non-nationals could not access vital medicines because the centers denied treatment by “being a foreigner” or not having a country identity document. The Special Rapporteur noted that migrant domestic workers were among the most vulnerable groups of migrant workers and denounced a generalized pattern of physical, sexual and psychological abuse among women. Regarding the right to adequate housing, the Special Rapporteur noted “a worrying abyss” between international human rights standards and the situation in many parts of the world, in particular with regard to migrant women and children. Notably, discrimination used to prevent migrants &apos; access to the private housing market. The situation was particularly difficult for irregular migrants, especially in countries where irregular stay constitutes a criminal offence. In his recommendations, the Special Rapporteur stressed that, as a fundamental principle, States should comply with the \"minimum obligation\" to ensure the satisfaction of essential levels of primary health care, as well as basic housing and accommodation for all persons within their jurisdiction.", "21. In his final report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/33), the Special Rapporteur presented two themes that he considered it important to continue to investigate: migration in the context of climate change, and the political participation and civil rights of migrants. He noted that further discussion on these issues would allow the mandate to provide innovative approaches to migration issues and also underscore the need for a human rights perspective in global discussions among stakeholders on migration.", "IV. Conclusion", "22. In recapitulating the concerns and observations gathered during the exercise of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur reiterated his concern at the growing intolerance and vulnerability of migrants to potential outbreaks of racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling, and the frequent fear of migrants in an irregular situation to seek the protection of the authorities, thus without access to basic social rights. He stressed that migration can be an essential element of development and prosperity in countries of origin, transit and destination in all regions of the world. The Special Rapporteur thanked the Human Rights Council for the privilege and opportunity to exercise its mandate.", "23. The new Special Rapporteur, François Crépeau, will present an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and will submit his first report to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in June 2012.", "[1] For an account of the mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, see www2.ohchr.org/spanish/issues/migration/rapporteur/index.htm.", "[2] E/CN.4/2006/73 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/4/24 and Add.1-3; A/HRC/7/12 and Add.1 and 2; A/HRC/11/7 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1 and Add.2 and 3; A/HRC/14/30 and Add.1-3; and A/HRC/17/33 and Add.1-4.", "[3] A/60/357, A/61/324, A/64/213 and Corr.1 and A/65/222.", "[4] See A/65/222, A/HRC/7/12 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[5] See A/HRC/11/17 and A/HRC/17/33.", "[6] See A/HRC/14/30 and A/HRC/17/33." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 a) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: aplicación de los instrumentos de derechos humanos", "Fondo Especial establecido en virtud del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes", "Nota del Secretario General", "Resumen", "El presente informe contiene información sobre las operaciones del Fondo Especial establecido en virtud del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes.", "I. Introducción", "A. Presentación del informe", "1. La presente nota fue preparada de conformidad con las disposiciones aprobadas por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/205, en la que la Asamblea alentó a que se hicieran contribuciones al Fondo Especial establecido en virtud del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes (Protocolo Facultativo) y solicitó al Secretario General que le presentara un informe sobre las actividades del Fondo Especial.", "B. Mandato del Fondo Especial", "2. El Fondo Especial se estableció en virtud del artículo 26 del Protocolo Facultativo para ayudar a financiar la aplicación de las recomendaciones del Subcomité para la Prevención de la Tortura después de una visita a un Estado parte en el Protocolo Facultativo, así como la ejecución de programas educativos de los mecanismos nacionales de prevención.", "3. El Fondo Especial recibe contribuciones voluntarias de los gobiernos, las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales y otras entidades privadas o públicas.", "C. Administración del Fondo Especial", "4. El Fondo Especial es administrado por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) de conformidad con el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada de las Naciones Unidas. Se proporcionará información, de acuerdo con lo solicitado por la Asamblea General, cuando se hayan realizado gastos.", "II. Situación financiera del Fondo Especial", "5. En el momento de redactar la presente nota, se habían recibido las siguientes contribuciones al Fondo Especial establecido en virtud del Protocolo Facultativo: 20.271,52 dólares proporcionados por la República Checa, 5.000 dólares proporcionados por Maldivas, 82.266,30 dólares proporcionados por España y 855.263,16 dólares proporcionados por el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte. En el siguiente cuadro se muestran las contribuciones recibidas.", "Contribuciones recibidas de 2008 a 2011", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Donantes Importe Fecha de recepción \nEspaña\t25 906,74\t16 de diciembre de2008\nEspaña\t29 585,80\t10 de noviembre de2009", "Donantes Importe Fecha de recepción \nEspaña\t26 773,76\t29 de diciembre de2010\n Maldivas 5 000,00 27 de mayo de 2008\nReino Unido de Gran Bretañae Irlanda del Norte\t855 263,16\t20 de junio de2011\nRepública Checa\t10 000,00\t16 de noviembre de2009\nRepública Checa\t10 271,52\t27 de diciembre de2010", "III. Cómo realizar contribuciones al Fondo Especial", "6. Las contribuciones al Fondo Especial deben incluir siempre la siguiente indicación: “Beneficiario: Fondo Especial establecido en virtud del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura, cuenta CH”. Los pagos pueden realizarse mediante transferencia bancaria: a) en dólares de los Estados Unidos, a: UNOG General Fund, cuenta núm. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, Estados Unidos de América (código Swift: CHAS US 33; número de banco: (ABA) 021000021); b) en euros, a: United Nations Office at Geneva, cuenta núm. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan Chase AG, Grueneburgweg 2 – 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Alemania (código Swift: CHAS DE FX, número de banco: (BLZ) 50110800, IBAN: DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34); c) en libras esterlinas, a: United Nations Office at Geneva, cuenta núm. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 25 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, Reino Unido (código Swift: CHAS GB 2L, número de banco: (SC) 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); d) en francos suizos, a: United Nations Geneva General Fund, cuenta núm. 240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Suiza (código Swift: UBSW CH ZH 80A, número de banco: 240, IBAN: CH92 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); e) en otras divisas, a: United Nations Geneva General Fund, cuenta núm. 240-C0590160.1, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Suiza (código Swift: UBSW CH ZH 80A, número de banco: 240, IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 1); o f) mediante cheque pagadero a las Naciones Unidas, dirigido a: Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Suiza.", "7. Los donantwes deberán comunicar a la Sección de Relaciones Exteriores y Enlaces con los Donantes del ACNUDH que han efectuado el pago (incluyendo una copia de la orden de transferencia bancaria o del cheque) para facilitar el seguimiento eficaz del procedimiento de registro oficial y la preparación de los informes del Secretario General.", "IV. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "8. Se alienta encarecidamente a los gobiernos a que realicen contribuciones al Fondo Especial, a fin de proporcionarle los recursos necesarios para llevar a cabo su mandato." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains information on the operations of the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.", "I. Introduction", "A. Submission of the report", "1. The present note was prepared in accordance with the arrangements approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205, in which it encouraged contributions to the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and requested the Secretary-General to report on the operations of the Special Fund.", "B. Mandate of the Special Fund", "2. The Special Fund was established pursuant to article 26 of the Optional Protocol to help finance the implementation of the recommendations made by the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture following a visit to a State Party to the Optional Protocol, as well as education programmes of national preventive mechanisms.", "3. The Special Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and other private or public entities.", "C. Management of the Special Fund", "4. The Special Fund is administered by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. Information will be provided as requested by the General Assembly when expenditures have occurred.", "II. Financial situation of the Special Fund", "5. At the time of writing, the following contributions to the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol had been received: $20,271.52 from the Czech Republic, $5,000 from the Maldives, $82,266.30 from Spain and $855,263.16 from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The table below shows the contributions received.", "Contributions received from 2008 to 2011", "(In United States dollars)", "Donors Amount Date of receipt", "Czech Republic 10 000.00 16 November 2009", "Czech Republic 10 271.52 27 December 2010", "Maldives 5 000.00 27 May 2008", "Spain 25 906.74 16 December 2008", "Spain 29 585.80 10 November 2009", "Spain 26 773.76 29 December 2010", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and 855 263.16 20 June 2011 Northern Ireland", "III. Making a contribution", "6. Contributions to the Special Fund should always be marked “Payee: Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, account CH”. Payments may be made either by bank transfer (a) in United States dollars to UNOG General Fund, account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America (Swift code: CHAS US 33; bank number: (ABA) 021000021); (b) in euros to the United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan Chase AG, Grueneburgweg 2 — 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Swift code: CHAS DE FX, bank number: (BLZ) 50110800, IBAN: DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34); (c) in pounds sterling to the United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 25 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, bank number: (SC) 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); (d) in Swiss francs to the United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH‑1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH92 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); (e) in other currencies to the United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 1); or (f) by cheque payable to the United Nations, addressed to Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.", "7. Donors are requested to inform the Donor and External Relations Section of OHCHR when a payment has been made (including a copy of the bank transfer order or of the cheque) to facilitate effective follow-up on the official recording procedure and preparation of reports of the Secretary-General.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "8. Governments are strongly encouraged to contribute to the Special Fund, in order to provide the Special Fund with the resources required to carry out its mandate." ]
A_66_259
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Special Fund established under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains information on the operations of the Special Fund established under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.", "I. Introduction", "A. Introduction of the report", "1. The present note was prepared in accordance with the provisions adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205, in which the Assembly encouraged contributions to the Special Fund established under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (optional Protocol) and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly on the activities of the Special Fund.", "B. Mandate of the Special Fund", "2. The Special Fund was established under article 26 of the Optional Protocol to help finance the implementation of the recommendations of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture following a visit to a State party to the Optional Protocol, as well as the implementation of educational programmes of national preventive mechanisms.", "3. The Special Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and other private or public entities.", "C. Administration of the Special Fund", "4. The Special Fund is administered by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. Information will be provided, as requested by the General Assembly, when expenditures have been incurred.", "II. Financial situation of the Special Fund", "5. At the time of writing, the following contributions had been received to the Special Fund established under the Optional Protocol: $20,271,52 provided by the Czech Republic, $5,000 provided by Maldives, $82,266.30 provided by Spain and $855,263.16 provided by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The following table shows the contributions received.", "Contributions received from 2008 to 2011", "(United States dollars)", "Donors Import Date of receipt Spain 25 906,74 December 16,2008 Spain 29 585,80 November 10,2009", "Donors Import Date of receipt Spain 26 773,76 December 29,2010 Maldives 5 000,00 May 27, 2008 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 855 263,16 June 20,2011 Czech Republic 10 000,00 November 16,2009 Czech Republic 10 271,52 December 27,2010", "III. How to contribute to the Special Fund", "6. Contributions to the Special Fund should always include the following indication: “Benefficiary: Special Fund established under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, account CH”. Payments can be made by bank transfer: (a) in United States dollars, to: UNOG General Fund, Account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, 43rd floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America (Sweift code: CHAS US 33; bank number: (ABA) 021000021); b) in euros, a: United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 6161600934, J.P. Morgan Chase AG, Grueneburgweg 2 – 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (code Swift: CHAS DE FX, bank number: (BLZ) 50110800, IBAN: DE78 5011 0800 6161 6009 34); c) in sterling pounds, a: United Nations Office at Geneva, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 25 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Sweift code: CHAS GB 2L, bank number: (SC) 609242, IBAN: GB68 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); d) in Swiss francs, a: United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (code Swift: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH92 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); e) in other currencies, to: United Nations Geneva General Fund, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS AG, rue du Rhône 8, case postale 2600, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland (code Swift: UBSW CH ZH 80A, bank number: 240, IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 1); or f) by cheque payable to the United Nations, addressed to: Trésorerie, Nations Switzerland Unies, Palais des Nations 10 Nations", "7. Donantwes should notify the OHCHR Donors &apos; Foreign Affairs and Liaison Section that they have made the payment (including a copy of the bank transfer or cheque order) to facilitate the effective follow-up of the official registration procedure and the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "8. Governments are strongly encouraged to make contributions to the Special Fund in order to provide it with the resources necessary to carry out its mandate." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 59 del programa provisional*", "Aplicación de la Declaración sobre la concesión de la independencia a los países y pueblos coloniales", "Cuestión del Sáhara Occidental", "* A/66/150.", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "En este informe, que se presenta en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/112 de la Asamblea General, se resume el informe presentado por el Secretario General al Consejo de Seguridad sobre la situación relativa al Sáhara Occidental durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011.", "1. El 10 de diciembre de 2010, la Asamblea General, sin proceder a votación, aprobó la resolución 65/112, sobre la cuestión del Sáhara Occidental. Este informe, que abarca el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011, se presenta de conformidad con el párrafo 7 de esa resolución.", "2. En cumplimiento de la resolución 1920 (2010) del Consejo de Seguridad, el Secretario General presentó al Consejo de Seguridad un informe de fecha 1 de abril de 2011 (S/2011/249) sobre la situación relativa al Sáhara Occidental. En ese documento, el Secretario General informó al Consejo acerca de las actividades de su Enviado Personal para promover las negociaciones sobre el Sáhara Occidental. También sometió algunas ideas nuevas a la consideración de las partes (ibid., párr. 120).", "3. En el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011, se intensificaron las actividades realizadas sobre este tema con las partes y los Estados vecinos y con otros miembros de la comunidad internacional. Al término de las cinco rondas de conversaciones oficiosas celebradas en ese período las partes habían acordado seguir debatiendo los factores que afectaban al clima de negociación, así como temas específicos de interés común, y habían reafirmado y, en algunos casos acordado los arreglos para aplicar acuerdos anteriores sobre medidas de fomento de la confianza. Además, las partes lograron celebrar sus conversaciones durante las cinco rondas en un ambiente de diálogo respetuoso y de avenencia y se comprometieron a reunirse con más frecuencia. Sin embargo, no hubo progresos en las cuestiones básicas del futuro estatuto del Sáhara Occidental y la forma en que debe llevarse a cabo la libre determinación de su pueblo. Las partes continuaron aferrándose a lo que, en ocasiones anteriores, el Enviado Personal describió como “su apego acérrimo a posiciones incompatibles”. En resumen, siguieron demostrando la voluntad política de reunirse periódicamente, pero aún no han demostrado la voluntad política de poner fin al estancamiento de la situación.", "4. Del 21 de junio al 1 de julio de 2010, el Enviado Personal visitó las capitales de tres Estados miembros del Grupo de Amigos del Sáhara Occidental, a saber, Londres, París y Madrid, para alentarlos a que mantuvieran el interés y el apoyo en relación con el proceso de negociación e intercambiaran opiniones sobre la mejor manera de dirigir el proceso para alcanzar una solución política mutuamente aceptable. Con ese fin, el Enviado Personal celebró consultas con altos funcionarios en Washington, D.C., el 16 de julio de 2010 y en Moscú del 12 al 14 de septiembre de 2010. En todos los lugares visitados, el Enviado Personal encontró el reconocimiento de que era necesario superar el statu quo, la disposición a colaborar con él y con las partes para promover una participación más sustantiva y unos debates más flexibles, y el acuerdo de que era necesario intensificar la labor relativa a las medidas de fomento de la confianza, entre ellas, la reanudación de las visitas familiares por vía aérea, el pronto inicio de las visitas familiares por carretera y la rápida consideración de otras medidas de fomento de la confianza propuestas en el plan de acción de 2004 de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR).", "5. Estaba previsto que se celebrara una tercera ronda de conversaciones oficiosas entre las partes a principios de agosto de 2010. Sin embargo, la muerte repentina en julio del Sr. Mahfoud Ali Beiba, jefe de la delegación del Frente Polisario, hizo difícil mantener la fecha prevista y las partes estuvieron de acuerdo en que era mejor esperar hasta después del Ramadán (11 de agosto a 10 de septiembre) y de las reuniones de alto nivel y el debate general de la Asamblea General para volver a reunirse.", "6. A mediados de septiembre de 2010, el ACNUR y el Enviado Personal insistieron de nuevo en que se reanudaran las visitas familiares por vía aérea, pero resultó imposible debido a una controversia sobre la notificación adecuada a las partes y otras cuestiones.", "7. El Enviado Personal realizó una cuarta visita a la región del 17 al 26 de octubre de 2010 a fin de preparar la tercera ronda de conversaciones oficiosas mediante deliberaciones con las partes y los Estados vecinos. Al igual que en su visita anterior, el Enviado Personal se reunió con los Jefes de Estado de Argelia, Marruecos y Mauritania, el Secretario General del Frente Polisario y otros altos cargos. Todos ellos reiteraron su compromiso con el proceso de negociación, al tiempo que volvieron a expresar sus posiciones límite sobre las cuestiones básicas del futuro estatuto del Sáhara Occidental y la forma de libre determinación de su pueblo. Las consultas brindaron también la oportunidad de hablar sobre los derechos humanos y el terrorismo.", "8. Esta cuarta visita coincidió con un aumento de la tensión a raíz de la medida tomada por residentes saharauis de El-Aaiún de establecer un campamento fuera de esa ciudad como protesta contra las difíciles condiciones socioeconómicas, como el desempleo, y la supuesta discriminación.", "9. La tercera reunión oficiosa se celebró en Long Island (Nueva York) del 7 al 10 de noviembre de 2010. La sesión de apertura, programada para la mañana del 8 de noviembre, coincidió con la acción realizada por Marruecos para desmantelar el campamento de protesta Saharahui de las afueras de El-Aaiún y con los enfrentamientos subsiguientes en la ciudad. Las tensiones posteriores pusieron en peligro la continuación de las conversaciones, pues la delegación del Frente Polisario puso en tela de juicio los motivos y la oportunidad de la acción de Marruecos y la utilidad de continuar las conversaciones al mismo tiempo que aumentaba la violencia. Fue necesario que el Enviado Personal hiciera grandes esfuerzos para lograr la celebración de la sesión de apertura y durante toda la ronda el Frente Polisario y Marruecos se acusaron mutuamente en repetidas ocasiones de hacer aumentar las tensiones y cometer violaciones de los derechos humanos en el Sáhara Occidental y en los campamentos de refugiados de la zona de Tinduf.", "10. Como había sido la modalidad en las sucesivas rondas, se dedicó la primera sesión a las dos propuestas que las partes habían presentado en abril de 2007 (véanse los documentos S/2007/206 y S/2007/210). Al finalizar el debate fue evidente que, como en el pasado, ninguna de las partes aceptaba la propuesta de la otra como base única para las negociaciones futuras. A fin de fomentar la participación constructiva pese al constante estancamiento, y el Enviado Personal propuso a las partes que reflexionaran sobre la forma de crear en las conversaciones futuras una nueva dinámica sopesando modalidades innovadoras para el proceso de negociación y determinando los temas que podrían debatirse independientemente del estatuto definitivo del Sáhara Occidental. El objetivo era lograr que las partes analizaran los componentes de sus propuestas, determinar los temas del debate como elementos para el examen de las cuestiones básicas, y fomentar el establecimiento gradual de la confianza. Convinieron en incorporar esa modalidad en las rondas futuras, al mismo tiempo que pidieron y recibieron garantías de que dicha modalidad no constituía un abandono de sus respectivas propuestas, sino que era una forma complementaria de ocuparse de las cuestiones básicas.", "11. Para la sesión dedicada a las medidas de fomento de la confianza, el Enviado Personal pidió y obtuvo la participación activa en el debate por primera vez, de las delegaciones de los Estados vecinos, Argelia y Mauritania, gracias a lo cual aumentó su contribución al proceso general de negociación. Al mismo tiempo, los dos Estados vecinos siguieron insistiendo en que de las cuestiones básicas debían ocuparse únicamente Marruecos y el Frente Polisario. El Enviado Personal recalcó que las medidas de fomento de la confianza presentes y futuras tenían carácter humanitario y no debían estar sujetas a consideraciones políticas. Por ese motivo, pidió que las visitas de familiares por vía aérea se reanudaran incondicionalmente y sin demora, y las partes convinieron en ello. A fin de permitir una revisión completa de las medidas de fomento de la confianza presentes y propuestas, el Enviado Personal sugirió también que las delegaciones de las partes y de los Estados vecinos se reunieran en su presencia con el ACNUR en Ginebra, a principios de febrero de 2011, y todos convinieron en ello.", "12. La cuarta ronda de conversaciones oficiosas se celebró del 16 al 18 de diciembre de 2010 en el mismo lugar que la tercera. Nuevamente se presentaron las propuestas de abril de 2007 de las partes y nuevamente cada parte siguió rechazando la propuesta de la otra como base única para las negociaciones futuras. Como se había convenido en la ronda anterior y con la ayuda del Enviado Personal, las partes mantuvieron conversaciones preliminares sobre modalidades innovadoras y sobre los temas que se habían de debatir. No obstante, las secuelas de los sucesos de El-Aaiún afectaron una vez más el ambiente, y cada parte acusó a la otra de violaciones de los derechos humanos y puso en entredicho la voluntad política de la otra para encontrar una solución al conflicto. Al finalizar la ronda, el Enviado Personal exhortó a las partes a que en 2011 crearan una nueva dinámica basada en reuniones periódicas y a que evitaran acciones que perjudicaran el establecimiento del ambiente de confianza necesario para hacer progresos.", "13. La quinta ronda de conversaciones oficiosas se celebró del 21 al 23 de enero de 2011 en el mismo lugar que las dos anteriores. Nuevamente, cada una de las partes siguió rechazando las propuestas de la otra como base única para las negociaciones futuras. Como se había convenido en la ronda anterior, el Enviado Personal invitó a las partes a que siguieran buscando modalidades innovadoras y temas para el debate. Las partes respondieron presentando propuestas concretas sobre más de una docena de modalidades innovadoras y unos diez temas de debate. La mayor parte de esas propuestas estaban formuladas en términos favorables a los intereses de una u otra de las partes y, como resultado, las partes no pudieron lograr consenso sobre ninguna de ellas, aparte de la “modalidad innovadora” de que el Enviado Personal intensificara y diversificara sus actividades. Para poder progresar más en la siguiente ronda, el Enviado Personal pidió a las partes que prepararan una lista revisada de modalidades innovadoras y temas de debate, dejando de lado los elementos más controvertidos y en lo posible reformulando otros en términos en que pudieran convenir ambas partes.", "14. Como se acordó en la tercera ronda de conversaciones oficiosas, las delegaciones de las partes y los Estados vecinos se reunieron con representantes del ACNUR en presencia del Enviado Personal y mi Representante Especial para el Sáhara Occidental y Jefe de la MINURSO los días 9 y 10 de febrero de 2011 en Ginebra. En esa reunión, las partes y los Estados vecinos reiteraron su apoyo a la correcta aplicación del plan de acción del ACNUR de 2004 sobre medidas de fomento de la confianza, así como a la misión técnica del ACNUR que se llevaría a cabo en abril de 2011, a fin de crear las condiciones más favorables posibles para la realización de visitas de familiares por tierra. También acordaron reunirse cada seis meses con el ACNUR en Ginebra para hacer el seguimiento de la aplicación de las medidas de fomento de la confianza.", "15. La sexta ronda de conversaciones oficiosas se celebró en Mellieha (Malta) del 7 al 9 de marzo de 2011 con la asistencia logística del Gobierno de Malta. Al iniciar la ronda, el Enviado Personal pidió a las delegaciones de las partes y de los Estados vecinos que reflexionaran sobre las consecuencias que los movimientos de protesta que se extendían por el Oriente Medio y el norte de África tendrían para el proceso de negociación del Sáhara Occidental y dijo que para reducir al mínimo los peligros para su propia subregión, sería conveniente que las partes empezaran a negociar seriamente y que los Estados vecinos prestaran mayor asistencia al proceso.", "16. Para concentrar la sesión de apertura en las dos propuestas de abril de 2007, el Enviado Personal pidió a las delegaciones de las partes que hicieran un resumen de las diversas preguntas que cada una había hecho a la otra respecto de las dos propuestas, comenzando con la primera ronda de conversaciones oficiosas, celebrada en Dürnstein (Austria) los días 9 y 10 de agosto de 2009.", "17. La delegación del Frente Polisario se refirió a las preguntas que había formulado sobre aspectos sustantivos de la propuesta de Marruecos. En rondas anteriores, la delegación de Marruecos se había abstenido de responder íntegramente esas preguntas, aduciendo que se las estaba formulando únicamente en el contexto de la propuesta presentada por el Frente Polisario sobre un referéndum que incluía la independencia entre sus opciones. En esta ocasión, la delegación de Marruecos dio respuestas que aclararon muchos aspectos de su propuesta.", "18. La delegación de Marruecos, por su parte, presentó observaciones y preguntas sobre la propuesta del Frente Polisario. Se referían principalmente a los orígenes y la oportunidad de la presentación de esa propuesta, el hecho de que aparentemente se había inspirado en el último plan de paz propuesto por el ex Enviado Personal, Sr. James Baker, y su omisión de toda mención de la opción de autonomía. No se formularon preguntas acerca de la parte de la propuesta que describía los parámetros para las relaciones con Marruecos en caso de independencia. La delegación del Frente Polisario se abstuvo de responder a la mayor parte de las preguntas formuladas, aduciendo que estaban fuera de lugar, pasaban por alto la esencia de su propuesta y trataban de culparlo por no haberse referido a la opción de autonomía.", "19. En la sesión sobre las modalidades innovadoras de negociación y los temas específicos de debate que se examinarían en detalle en sesiones futuras, las partes tuvieron amplios intercambios de opiniones sobre las diversas propuestas presentadas durante las rondas anteriores. Respecto de los temas que se debatirían, las partes convinieron en examinar dos propuestas: el programa de remoción de minas y los recursos naturales del Sáhara Occidental y su uso. En cuanto a las modalidades innovadoras de negociación, las partes convinieron finalmente en examinar tres temas: qué constituye provocación y cómo evitarla, qué medidas podrían adoptarse para calmar la situación y qué formas de actividad diversificadas y complementarias podría realizar el Enviado Personal. Tras prolongadas intervenciones que pusieron de relieve las diferencias fundamentales entre las partes en cuanto a los parámetros y el momento para celebrar cualquier posible debate por petición de la delegación del Frente Polisario se retiró la cuestión de los derechos humanos, propuesta por la delegación del Frente Polisario en rondas anteriores y aceptada en la ronda en curso por la delegación de Marruecos.", "20. La séptima ronda de conversaciones oficiosas se celebró en Long Island (Nueva York) del 5 al 7 de junio de 2011. El propósito de la reunión fue examinar la orientación impartida en la resolución 1979 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad y alentar a las partes a profundizar su consideración de sus dos propuestas, incluso ampliando su búsqueda de modalidades innovadoras y temas de debate y prestando atención a las ideas contenidas en el párrafo 120 de mi informe de 1 de abril de 2011 (S/2011/249), e intercambiando opiniones sobre la resolución 1979 (2011). Al igual que en reuniones oficiosas anteriores, las partes analizaron las dos propuestas. Al terminar la reunión, quedó claro otra vez que ninguna de las dos partes estaba dispuesta a aceptar la propuesta de la otra. Sin embargo, por primera vez, las partes intercambiaron opiniones sobre el mecanismo para la libre determinación del pueblo saharaui. También empezaron a tratar la remoción de minas y pidieron que la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas prestara asistencia proponiendo un marco de reflexión para un futuro intercambio de opiniones sobre los recursos naturales. Con respecto a las medidas de fomento de la confianza, las partes y los Estados vecinos reiteraron su apoyo a la realización de visitas de familiares por carretera y a un curso práctico que organizaría el ACNUR en Madeira (Portugal), en septiembre de 2011, y a la celebración antes del fin del año de una reunión semestral de examen con el ACNUR. Para la próxima reunión oficiosa, las partes convinieron en proponer para las deliberaciones aspectos concretos de la gobernanza del Territorio, con independencia de la solución definitiva.", "21. Los acuerdos concertados hasta ahora, especialmente los relativos a los temas para debates futuros, proporcionan considerable material para futuras reuniones. No obstante, mucho dependerá de las motivaciones y el espíritu de las partes a medida que procedan a ocuparse de esos temas. Aunque ambas partes hacen hincapié en su decidido empeño en buscar una solución, una total falta de confianza sigue pesando sobre el proceso de negociación y cada parte abriga profundas sospechas acerca de la otra. La delegación de Marruecos por su parte, ha expresado la preocupación de que el Frente Polisario esté tratando de lograr que las conversaciones vuelvan al último plan de paz del ex Enviado Personal, el Sr. James Baker, en vez de acoger la propuesta de Marruecos sobre la autonomía y de presentar a la comunidad internacional la conclusión de que no se ha hecho ningún progreso apreciable sobre las cuestiones básicas del estatuto futuro del Sáhara Occidental y el ejercicio de la libre determinación.", "22. La delegación del Frente Polisario ha expresado la preocupación de que Marruecos esté explotando la búsqueda de modalidades innovadoras y temas específicos de debate tanto para apartar a las conversaciones del examen de las propuestas de abril de 2007 como para dar ante la comunidad internacional la apariencia de progreso.", "23. Las partes han convenido en celebrar otra ronda de conversaciones oficiosas del 19 al 21 de julio de 2011 para volver a examinar las propuestas de abril de 2007 y debatir una o más de las modalidades innovadoras o de los temas específicos. Además, las partes han convenido en principio en celebrar periódicamente nuevas rondas hasta progresar lo suficiente para poder celebrar una ronda de negociaciones oficiales. A medida que se desarrolle este proceso, habrá amplias oportunidades para que las partes confirmen sus intenciones, demuestren la voluntad política no sólo de seguirse reuniendo sino también de participar en verdaderas negociaciones y acepten una mayor responsabilidad compartida del proceso de negociación. Esas reuniones más frecuentes también darán a las partes y a los Estados vecinos, como en el pasado, oportunidades oficiosas de intercambiar opiniones y aclarar posiciones sobre importantes cuestiones regionales y bilaterales de interés común." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 59 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", "Question of Western Sahara", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/112, summarizes the report submitted by the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara in the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "1. On 10 December 2010, the General Assembly adopted, without a vote, resolution 65/112 on the question of Western Sahara. The present report, covering the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, is submitted in accordance with paragraph 7 of that resolution.", "2. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1920 (2010), the Secretary-General submitted a report dated 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249) to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara. In that report, the Secretary-General informed the Council of the activities of his Personal Envoy to promote negotiations on Western Sahara. He also included some new ideas for the parties’ consideration (ibid., para. 120).", "3. The period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 was one of intensified activity on this item with the parties and neighbouring States, as well as with other members of the international community. By the end of the five rounds of informal talks held during this time frame, the parties had agreed to future discussion of factors affecting the negotiating atmosphere, as well as of specific subjects of mutual interest, and had reaffirmed, and in some cases agreed to steps to implement, prior agreements on confidence-building measures. They also succeeded in conducting their exchanges throughout the five rounds on the basis of a respectful give-and-take dialogue and committed themselves to meeting more frequently. However, on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the means by which the self‑determination of the people of Western Sahara is to occur, no progress was registered. The parties continued to adhere to what the Personal Envoy has previously characterized as “unyielding adherence to mutually exclusive positions”. In short, they continued to demonstrate the political will to meet at regular intervals, but have yet to demonstrate the political will to break the stalemate.", "4. From 21 June to 1 July 2010, the Personal Envoy visited the capitals of three States members of the Group of Friends of Western Sahara — London, Paris and Madrid — to encourage their sustained interest in and continued support of the negotiating process and to exchange views on how best to steer that process towards a mutually acceptable political solution. To the same end, he consulted with senior officials in Washington, D.C., on 16 July 2010 and in Moscow from 12 to 14 September 2010. Everywhere, he found recognition of the need to move beyond the status quo, a readiness to work with him and the parties to promote more substantive engagement and more flexible discussions, and agreement on the need to intensify work on confidence-building measures, including the resumption of family visits by air, the early inauguration of family visits by road and early consideration of other confidence-building measures contained in the 2004 plan of action of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).", "5. A third round of informal talks between the parties was to have taken place in early August 2010. However, the sudden death in July of Mahfoud Ali Beiba, the head of the delegation of the Frente Polisario, made it difficult to maintain this schedule, and the parties concurred that it was best to wait until after Ramadan (11 August to 10 September) and the high-level meetings and general debate of the General Assembly to meet again.", "6. In mid-September 2010, UNHCR and the Personal Envoy again attempted to resume family visits by air, but a dispute over proper notification to the parties and other issues prevented their resumption.", "7. The Personal Envoy undertook a fourth visit to the region from 17 to 26 October 2010 to prepare the way for a third round of informal talks by holding discussions with the parties and neighbouring States. As on his previous visit, he met with the Heads of State of Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco, with the Secretary-General of the Frente Polisario and other senior officials. All reiterated their commitment to the negotiating process, while at the same time restating their red lines on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the form of self‑determination of its people. His consultations also provided an opportunity to discuss human rights and terrorism.", "8. That fourth visit coincided with increased tensions arising from the action by Saharan residents of Laayoune to establish an encampment outside that city to protest difficult socio-economic conditions, including unemployment and perceived discrimination.", "9. The third round of informal talks was held from 7 to 10 November 2010 on Long Island, New York. The opening session, scheduled for the morning of 8 November, coincided with Moroccan action to dismantle the Saharan protest encampment outside Laayoune and subsequent confrontations within the city. The ensuing tensions threatened to derail the talks, inasmuch as the delegation of the Frente Polisario questioned the motives and timing of the Moroccan action and the utility of proceeding with talks as violence escalated. It took a significant effort by my Personal Envoy to convene the opening session, and throughout the round the Frente Polisario and Morocco accused each other repeatedly of escalating tensions and engaging in human rights violations in Western Sahara and in the refugee camps in the Tindouf area.", "10. As became the pattern in succeeding rounds, the first session was devoted to the two proposals that the parties had presented in April 2007 (see S/2007/206 and S/2007/210). By the end of this discussion, it was clear that, as in the past, neither party accepted the proposal of the other as the sole basis of future negotiations. To foster constructive engagement despite the continuing impasse, the Personal Envoy proposed to the parties that they reflect on how to create a new dynamic at future rounds by pondering innovative approaches for the negotiating process and identifying subjects that could be discussed irrespective of the final status of Western Sahara. The goal was to get the parties to deconstruct their proposals, find subjects to be discussed as building blocks towards the consideration of the core issues, and foster the gradual emergence of trust and confidence. They agreed to incorporate this approach into future rounds; in so doing, the parties sought and received assurances that such an approach did not constitute an abandonment of their respective proposals, but was instead a supplementary way of approaching the core issues.", "11. For the session on confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy sought and obtained the active participation of the delegations of the neighbouring States, Algeria and Mauritania, in the discussions for the first time, thus deepening their contribution to the overall negotiating process. At the same time, the two neighbouring States maintained their insistence that the core issues must be addressed solely by Morocco and the Frente Polisario. The Personal Envoy stressed that present and future confidence-building measures were humanitarian in nature and must not be subjected to political considerations. This being so, he asked that family visits by air resume unconditionally and without delay, and the parties agreed. To permit a full review of current and proposed confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy also proposed that delegations from the parties and the neighbouring States meet, in his presence, with UNHCR in Geneva in early February 2011, and all agreed.", "12. The fourth round of informal talks was held from 16 to 18 December 2010 at the same venue as the third. The April 2007 proposals of the parties were again presented, and again each party continued to reject the proposal of the other as the sole basis for future negotiations. As agreed at the previous round, and with the assistance of my Personal Envoy, the parties engaged in preliminary discussions on innovative approaches and on subjects to be discussed. However, the atmosphere was again affected by the aftermath of the events in Laayoune, with each party accusing the other of human rights violations and questioning the other’s political will to find a solution to the conflict. At the end of the round, the Personal Envoy called upon the parties to create a new dynamic in 2011 on the basis of regular meetings and to avoid actions that undermined the creation of the atmosphere of trust needed for progress to be made.", "13. The fifth round of informal talks was held from 21 to 23 January 2011 at the same venue as the two previous rounds. Again, the parties continued to reject each other’s proposals as the sole basis of future negotiations. As agreed at the previous round, the Personal Envoy invited the parties to continue their exploration of innovative approaches and subjects for discussion. The parties responded by making concrete proposals for over a dozen innovative approaches and some 10 subjects for discussion. Most of these were couched in terms that served the agenda of one or another of the parties, and, as a result, the parties were unable to reach a consensus on any of them other than the “innovative approach” of having the Personal Envoy intensify and diversify his activities. To achieve more progress at the next round, the Personal Envoy asked the parties to prepare a revised list of innovative approaches and subjects for discussion, putting aside the most controversial elements and, where possible, recasting others in terms to which both parties could agree.", "14. As agreed at the third round of informal talks, delegations from the parties and neighbouring States met with representatives of UNHCR in the presence of the Personal Envoy and my Special Representative for Western Sahara and Head of MINURSO on 9 and 10 February 2011 in Geneva. During that meeting, the parties and neighbouring States reiterated their support for the proper implementation of the 2004 plan of action of UNHCR on confidence-building measures, as well as for the UNHCR technical mission to be deployed in April 2011, to create the most favourable conditions possible for the implementation of family visits by land. They also agreed to meet every six months with UNHCR in Geneva to follow up on the implementation of the confidence-building measures.", "15. The sixth round of informal talks was held from 7 to 9 March 2011 in Mellieha, Malta, with logistical assistance from the Government of Malta. In opening this round, the Personal Envoy asked the delegations of the parties and of the neighbouring States to reflect on the implications for the Western Saharan negotiating process of the protest movements sweeping across the Middle East and North Africa and suggested that, to minimize the dangers to their own subregion, the parties would do well to begin negotiating seriously, while the neighbouring States could lend greater assistance to the process.", "16. To focus the opening session on the two proposals of April 2007, the Personal Envoy asked the delegations of the parties to summarize the various questions that each had asked of the other with regard to the two proposals, beginning with the first round of informal talks held in Dürnstein, Austria, on 9 and 10 August 2009.", "17. The delegation of the Frente Polisario reviewed the questions it had asked on substantive aspects of the Moroccan proposal. In previous rounds, the delegation of Morocco had refrained from fully replying to those questions, arguing that they were being posed solely in the framework of the proposal of the Frente Polisario for a referendum that included independence as an option. On this occasion, the delegation of Morocco did provide answers that clarified many aspects of its proposal.", "18. The delegation of Morocco, for its part, put forward observations and questions on the proposal of the Frente Polisario. These dealt largely with the origins and timing of that proposal, the fact that it seemed to have been inspired by the last peace plan put forward by the former Personal Envoy, James Baker, and its omission of any discussion of the option of autonomy. No questions were asked on that portion of the proposal that described the parameters for relations with Morocco in the event of independence. The delegation of the Frente Polisario refrained from answering most of the questions posed, arguing that they were out of place, ignored the essence of its proposal and sought to blame it for not addressing the option of autonomy.", "19. At the session on innovative negotiating approaches and specific subjects for discussion to be examined in detail at future meetings, the parties engaged in extensive exchanges on the various proposals put forward in the course of previous rounds. With regard to subjects to be discussed, the parties agreed to examine two proposals: the demining programme and the natural resources of Western Sahara and their use. With regard to innovative negotiating approaches, the parties finally agreed to examine three subjects: what constitutes provocation and how to avoid it, what measures can be taken to calm the situation, and what diversified and complementary forms of activity the Personal Envoy can undertake. After lengthy exchanges that highlighted fundamental differences between the parties as to the parameters and timing of any eventual discussion, the issue of human rights, proposed by the delegation of the Frente Polisario at previous rounds and embraced by the delegation of Morocco at this round, was withdrawn at the request of the delegation of the Frente Polisario.", "20. The seventh round of informal talks was held on Long Island, New York, from 5 to 7 June 2011. The purpose of the meeting was to review the guidance provided in Security Council resolution 1979 (2011) and to encourage the parties to deepen their discussion of their two proposals, including by expanding their exploration of innovative approaches and topics for discussion and devoting attention to the ideas in paragraph 120 of my report of 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249), and exchanging views on resolution 1979 (2011). As in previous informal meetings, the parties discussed the two proposals. At the end of the meeting, it was once again clear that neither party was prepared to accept the proposal of the other. However, for the first time, the parties engaged in exchanges on the mechanism for self‑determination of the Sahrawi people. They also began discussing demining and asked for the assistance of the United Nations Secretariat in proposing a framework for reflection for future exchanges on natural resources. Regarding confidence-building measures, the parties and the neighbouring States reiterated their support for the implementation of family visits by road, as well as for a workshop to be organized by UNHCR in Madeira, Portugal, in September 2011 and a six-month review meeting with UNHCR later in the year. For the next informal meeting, the parties agreed to propose for discussion specific aspects of governance of the Territory regardless of the final solution.", "21. The agreements reached to date, particularly those with regard to subjects for future discussion, provide a considerable agenda for future meetings. However, much will depend on the motivations and spirit of the parties as they proceed to engage on them. While both emphasize their full commitment to the search for a solution, a total lack of trust continues to haunt the negotiating process, and each party harbours deep suspicions of the other. The delegation of Morocco, for its part, has expressed concern that the Frente Polisario is attempting both to steer the talks back to the last peace plan of the former Personal Envoy, James Baker, instead of embracing Morocco’s proposal for autonomy, and to present the international community with the conclusion that no significant progress has been made on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the exercise of self‑determination.", "22. The delegation of the Frente Polisario has voiced concern that Morocco is exploiting the exploration of innovative approaches and specific subjects for discussion both to divert the talks from examination of the proposals of April 2007 and to present the international community with the appearance of progress.", "23. The parties have agreed to hold another round of informal talks from 19 to 21 July 2011 to examine the proposals of April 2007 yet again and to discuss one or more of the innovative approaches or specific subjects. In addition, the parties have agreed in principle to hold further rounds regularly until enough progress has been made to convene a round of formal negotiations. As this process unfolds, ample opportunities will exist for the parties to confirm their intentions, demonstrate the political will not only to continue meeting, but also to engage in genuine negotiations and to accept greater shared ownership of the negotiating process. These more frequent meetings will also give the parties and the neighbouring States, as they have in the past, informal opportunities to exchange views and clarify positions on important regional and bilateral issues of common interest." ]
A_66_260
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 59 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", "Question of Western Sahara", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/112, summarizes the report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "1. On 10 December 2010, the General Assembly, without a vote, adopted resolution 65/112 on the question of Western Sahara. This report, covering the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, is submitted in accordance with paragraph 7 of that resolution.", "2. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1920 (2010), the Secretary-General submitted to the Security Council a report dated 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249) on the situation concerning Western Sahara. In that document, the Secretary-General briefed the Council on the activities of his Personal Envoy to promote negotiations on Western Sahara. He also submitted some new ideas for consideration by the parties (ibid., para. 120).", "3. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, activities on this subject were intensified with the parties and neighbouring States and other members of the international community. At the end of the five rounds of informal discussions held during that period, the parties had agreed to continue to discuss the factors affecting the negotiating climate, as well as specific issues of common interest, and had reaffirmed and, in some cases, agreed upon arrangements for the implementation of previous agreements on confidence-building measures. In addition, the parties were able to hold their talks during the five rounds in an atmosphere of respectful dialogue and compromise and pledged to meet more frequently. However, there was no progress on the basic issues of the future status of Western Sahara and how the self-determination of its people should be realized. The parties continued to cling to what, on previous occasions, the Personal Envoy described as “his attachment to incompatible positions.” In short, they continued to demonstrate the political will to meet regularly, but they have not yet demonstrated the political will to end the stagnation of the situation.", "4. From 21 June to 1 July 2010, the Personal Envoy visited the capitals of three States members of the Group of Friends of Western Sahara, namely, London, Paris and Madrid, to encourage them to maintain interest and support in the negotiating process and to exchange views on how best to direct the process to achieve a mutually acceptable political solution. To that end, the Personal Envoy held consultations with senior officials in Washington, D.C., on 16 July 2010 and in Moscow from 12 to 14 September 2010. In all places visited, the Personal Envoy found the recognition that there was a need to overcome the status quo, the willingness to work with him and the parties to promote more substantive participation and more flexible discussions, and the agreement that there was a need to intensify the work on confidence-building measures, including the resumption of family visits by air, the early start of family visits by road and the rapid consideration of other confidence-building measures of the 2004 UNHCR Action Plan.", "5. A third round of informal discussions between the parties was scheduled to take place in early August 2010. However, the sudden death in July of Mr. Mahfoud Ali Beiba, head of the Frente Polisario delegation, made it difficult to maintain the scheduled date and the parties agreed that it was better to wait until after Ramadan (11 August-10 September) and the high-level meetings and the general debate of the General Assembly to reconvene.", "6. In mid-September 2010, UNHCR and the Personal Envoy again insisted on the resumption of family visits by air, but it was impossible because of a dispute over the proper notification to the parties and other issues.", "7. The Personal Envoy undertook a fourth visit to the region from 17 to 26 October 2010 to prepare the third round of informal discussions through discussions with the parties and neighbouring States. As in his previous visit, the Personal Envoy met with the heads of State of Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania, the Secretary-General of the Frente Polisario and other senior officials. They all reiterated their commitment to the negotiating process, while re-explaining their boundary positions on the basic issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the form of self-determination of their people. The consultations also provided an opportunity to discuss human rights and terrorism.", "8. This fourth visit coincided with an increase in tension following the measure taken by Saharan residents of El-Aaiun to establish a camp outside that city as a protest against the difficult socio-economic conditions, such as unemployment, and the alleged discrimination.", "9. The third informal meeting was held in Long Island, New York, from 7 to 10 November 2010. The opening session, scheduled for the morning of 8 November, coincided with Morocco's action to dismantle the Saharahui protest camp outside El-Aaiun and the subsequent clashes in the city. Subsequent tensions jeopardized the continuation of the talks, as the Frente Polisario delegation questioned the reasons and timing of Morocco &apos; s action and the usefulness of continuing the talks while increasing violence. It was necessary for the Personal Envoy to make great efforts to achieve the opening session and throughout the round the Frente Polisario and Morocco repeatedly accused each other of increasing tensions and committing human rights violations in Western Sahara and in the refugee camps in the Tindouf area.", "10. As had been the modality in successive rounds, the first meeting was devoted to the two proposals that the parties had submitted in April 2007 (see S/2007/206 and S/2007/210). At the end of the debate it was clear that, as in the past, neither party accepted the proposal of the other as a single basis for future negotiations. In order to foster constructive participation despite the continuing stagnation, the Personal Envoy proposed to the parties to reflect on how to create a new dynamic in future talks by weighing innovative modalities for the negotiation process and identifying topics that could be discussed regardless of the final status of Western Sahara. The objective was to ensure that the parties analysed the components of their proposals, identify the topics of the discussion as elements for the consideration of basic issues, and to encourage the gradual establishment of confidence. They agreed to incorporate this modality into future rounds, while at the same time asking and receiving assurances that this modality did not constitute an abandonment of their respective proposals, but was a complementary way of dealing with basic issues.", "11. For the session on confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy called for and actively participated in the debate for the first time by the delegations of neighbouring States, Algeria and Mauritania, thereby increasing their contribution to the overall negotiating process. At the same time, the two neighbouring States continued to insist that basic issues should be addressed only by Morocco and the Frente Polisario. The Personal Envoy stressed that current and future confidence-building measures were humanitarian and should not be subject to political considerations. He therefore requested that family visits by air be resumed unconditionally and without delay, and the parties agreed thereon. In order to allow for a comprehensive review of existing and proposed confidence-building measures, the Personal Envoy also suggested that the delegations of the parties and neighbouring States should meet in their presence with UNHCR in Geneva in early February 2011, and all agreed.", "12. The fourth round of informal discussions was held from 16 to 18 December 2010 at the same location as the third round. The proposals of April 2007 of the parties were again presented and each party again rejected the proposal of the other as a single basis for future negotiations. As agreed in the previous round and with the assistance of the Personal Envoy, the parties held preliminary discussions on innovative modalities and on the topics to be discussed. However, the aftermath of the El-Aaiun events once again affected the environment, and each party accused the other of human rights violations and questioned the political will of the other to find a solution to the conflict. At the end of the round, the Personal Envoy called upon the parties to create a new dynamic based on regular meetings in 2011 and to avoid actions that would undermine the establishment of the confidence-building environment necessary to make progress.", "13. The fifth round of informal discussions was held from 21 to 23 January 2011 at the same location as the previous two. Again, each party continued to reject the proposals of the other as a single basis for future negotiations. As agreed in the previous round, the Personal Envoy invited the parties to continue to seek innovative modalities and topics for discussion. The parties responded by presenting concrete proposals on more than a dozen innovative modalities and about ten issues of debate. Most of these proposals were formulated in favour of the interests of one or another of the parties and, as a result, the parties were unable to reach consensus on either side, apart from the “innovative modality” that the Personal Envoy would intensify and diversify its activities. In order to make further progress in the next round, the Personal Envoy requested the parties to prepare a revised list of innovative modalities and topics for discussion, leaving aside the most controversial elements and, as far as possible, reformulating others in terms of agreement between the two parties.", "14. As agreed at the third round of informal discussions, delegations from the parties and neighbouring States met with UNHCR representatives in the presence of the Personal Envoy and my Special Representative for Western Sahara and Head of MINURSO on 9 and 10 February 2011 in Geneva. At that meeting, the parties and neighbouring States reiterated their support for the correct implementation of the 2004 UNHCR action plan on confidence-building measures, as well as the UNHCR technical mission to be carried out in April 2011, in order to create the most favourable conditions for family visits on land. They also agreed to meet every six months with UNHCR in Geneva to follow up on the implementation of confidence-building measures.", "15. The sixth round of informal discussions was held in Mellieha, Malta, from 7 to 9 March 2011, with the logistical assistance of the Government of Malta. At the start of the round, the Personal Envoy requested delegations from the parties and neighbouring States to reflect on the consequences of the protest movements spreading throughout the Middle East and North Africa would have for the Western Sahara negotiating process and said that to minimize the dangers to their own subregion, it would be desirable for the parties to begin serious negotiations and for neighbouring States to provide greater assistance to the process.", "16. In order to focus the opening session on the two proposals of April 2007, the Personal Envoy requested the delegations of the parties to summarize the various questions each had asked in the other with regard to the two proposals, beginning with the first round of informal talks, held in Dürnstein, Austria, on 9 and 10 August 2009.", "17. The Frente Polisario delegation referred to the questions it had raised on substantive aspects of the Moroccan proposal. In previous rounds, the delegation of Morocco had refrained from fully answering those questions, on the grounds that they were being formulated only in the context of the proposal submitted by the Frente Polisario on a referendum that included independence between their options. On this occasion, the delegation of Morocco provided answers that clarified many aspects of its proposal.", "18. The delegation of Morocco, for its part, submitted comments and questions on the proposal of the Frente Polisario. They mainly referred to the origins and the opportunity for the presentation of that proposal, the fact that it had apparently been inspired by the last peace plan proposed by the former Personal Envoy, Mr. James Baker, and his omission of any mention of the option of autonomy. No questions were raised regarding the part of the proposal describing the parameters for relations with Morocco in the event of independence. The Frente Polisario delegation abstained from answering most of the questions asked, on the grounds that they were out of place, ignored the essence of its proposal and tried to blame it for not referring to the option of autonomy.", "19. At the meeting on innovative negotiating modalities and specific discussion topics to be discussed in detail at future sessions, the parties had extensive exchanges of views on the various proposals presented during the previous rounds. On the topics to be discussed, the parties agreed to consider two proposals: the demining programme and the natural resources of Western Sahara and its use. In terms of innovative negotiating modalities, the parties finally agreed to consider three topics: what constitutes provocation and how to avoid it, what measures could be taken to calm the situation and what forms of diversified and complementary activity the Personal Envoy could undertake. After lengthy interventions highlighting the fundamental differences between the parties in terms of parameters and the time to hold any possible debate at the request of the Frente Polisario delegation, the issue of human rights was withdrawn, proposed by the Frente Polisario delegation in previous rounds and accepted in the current round by the Moroccan delegation.", "20. The seventh round of informal discussions was held in Long Island, New York, from 5 to 7 June 2011. The purpose of the meeting was to consider the guidance provided in Security Council resolution 1979 (2011) and to encourage the parties to deepen their consideration of their two proposals, including by broadening their search for innovative modalities and discussion topics and paying attention to the ideas contained in paragraph 120 of my report of 1 April 2011 (S/2011/249), and by exchanging views on resolution 1979 (2011). As in previous informal meetings, the parties discussed the two proposals. At the end of the meeting, it became clear again that neither side was willing to accept the proposal of the other. For the first time, however, the parties exchanged views on the mechanism for the self-determination of the Saharan people. They also started to address mine clearance and called for assistance from the United Nations Secretariat by proposing a framework for reflection for a future exchange of views on natural resources. With regard to confidence-building measures, the parties and neighbouring States reiterated their support for the conduct of family visits by road and a workshop to be organized by UNHCR in Madeira, Portugal, in September 2011, and the holding of a six-monthly review meeting with UNHCR by the end of the year. For the next informal meeting, the parties agreed to propose for the deliberations specific aspects of the Territory &apos; s governance, regardless of the final settlement.", "21. The agreements concluded so far, especially those relating to future discussions, provide considerable material for future meetings. However, much will depend on the motivations and spirit of the parties as they proceed to address these issues. While both sides emphasize their determined commitment to finding a solution, a total lack of confidence continues to weigh on the negotiation process and each side is deeply suspicious about the other. His delegation had expressed concern that the Frente Polisario was trying to bring the talks back to the last peace plan of the former Personal Envoy, Mr. James Baker, instead of hosting Morocco &apos; s proposal on autonomy and presenting to the international community the conclusion that no significant progress has been made on the basic issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the exercise of self-determination.", "22. The Frente Polisario delegation has expressed concern that Morocco is exploiting the search for innovative modalities and specific topics of debate both to deviate the discussions from the April 2007 review and to give the international community the appearance of progress.", "23. The parties have agreed to hold another round of informal discussions from 19 to 21 July 2011 to revert to the April 2007 proposals and to discuss one or more of the innovative modalities or specific topics. In addition, the parties have agreed in principle to regularly hold new rounds until enough progress can be made to hold a round of formal negotiations. As this process develops, there will be wide opportunities for the parties to confirm their intentions, to demonstrate the political will not only to continue to meet but also to participate in real negotiations and to accept greater shared responsibility for the negotiation process. Such more frequent meetings will also give the parties and neighbouring States, as in the past, informal opportunities to exchange views and clarify positions on important regional and bilateral issues of common concern." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 54 del programa provisional*", "Cuestiones relativas a la información", "Cuestiones relativas a la información", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "En el presente informe, preparado en respuesta a lo dispuesto en la resolución 65/107 B de la Asamblea General, se destacan los aspectos más importantes de la labor reciente del Departamento de Información Pública de la Secretaría en materia de comunicaciones estratégicas en relación con cuestiones fundamentales como los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, el desarrollo sostenible y el cambio climático, la paz y la seguridad internacionales, y los derechos humanos. Asimismo, se examinan las actividades de la red de centros de información de las Naciones Unidas, cuyo apoyo es vital para la realización de las campañas de comunicaciones del Departamento. En el informe también se destacan los servicios que presta el Departamento a los medios de comunicación y la sociedad civil y se resalta en particular el mayor uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones. Se proporciona, además, información actualizada sobre las actividades de divulgación del Departamento, entre ellas la organización de un Modelo de las Naciones Unidas Mundial y la iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas, recientemente puesta en marcha.", "I. Introducción", "1. En el párrafo 83 de la resolución 65/107 B, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que informara al Comité de Información, en su 33º período de sesiones, y a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, de las actividades del Departamento de Información Pública y de la aplicación de todas las recomendaciones y solicitudes que figuraban en la resolución. Por consiguiente, el Departamento presentó tres informes para que el Comité de Información los examinara en su 33º período de sesiones, celebrado del 27 de abril al 6 de mayo de 2011 (A/AC.198/2011/2, A/AC/198/2011/3 y A/AC.198/2011/4). Las deliberaciones sobre esos informes se recogen en el informe del Comité sobre su 33º período de sesiones (A/66/21).", "2. En el presente informe se actualiza la información proporcionada por el Comité de Información en su 33º período de sesiones y se describen las actividades realizadas por el Departamento de febrero a julio de 2010 mediante sus tres subprogramas: servicios de comunicaciones estratégicas, servicios de noticias y servicios de divulgación.", "II. Servicios de comunicaciones estratégicas", "A. Cuestiones temáticas", "Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "3. Con el fin de mantener el impulso respecto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, un equipo de tareas a nivel de todo el sistema del Grupo de Comunicaciones de las Naciones Unidas, compuesto de más de 25 asociados, redactó mensajes comunes. Además, el Departamento promovió la labor del Grupo de Impulsores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, para el que se puso en marcha un sitio web a fines de abril (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates).", "Desarrollo sostenible y cambio climático", "4. Como preparación para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Desarrollo Sostenible, que se celebrará en Río de Janeiro (Brasil) en junio de 2012, el Departamento coordinó actividades orientadas a promover un debate informado sobre el desarrollo sostenible y cuestiones conexas, como los bosques, los océanos, la biodiversidad y el cambio climático. Por conducto de un equipo de tareas específico del Grupo de Comunicaciones de las Naciones Unidas, el Departamento coordinó una estrategia de comunicaciones a nivel de todo el sistema para la Conferencia, que incluía mensajes comunes y un logotipo. El Departamento se abocó a promover la aplicación de los Acuerdos de Cancún y el lanzamiento de un informe sobre energía renovable por el Grupo Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático. Además, desempeñó una función rectora en la promoción de la participación de las Naciones Unidas en Earth Hour y otras iniciativas encaminadas a fomentar la sostenibilidad, como en el Día Mundial del Medio Ambiente, con una campaña dirigida al personal para reducir el uso de papel. En el ámbito de la biodiversidad, el Departamento se esforzó por aumentar el número de signatarios del Protocolo de Nagoya de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica sobre el acceso a los recursos genéticos y la distribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios derivados de su utilización.", "5. Para el Año Internacional de los Bosques, que se celebró en 2011, varios centros de información de las Naciones Unidas participaron en festivales de cine, competiciones sobre carteles, plantación de árboles y otras actividades de concienciación. Por ejemplo, el Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Canberra se asoció con el Instituto de Tecnología de Canberra y los Jardines Botánicos Nacionales de Australia para realizar una competición fotográfica de un año de duración y el Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Río de Janeiro prestó apoyo para una serie de actividades, entre ellas una conferencia sobre bosques en São Paulo organizada por el Instituto Humanitare en colaboración con el Banco HSBC de Brasil.", "Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados", "6. Como preparación para la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en Estambul (Turquía) del 9 al 13 de mayo, el Departamento llevó a cabo extensas actividades de divulgación con fines de información pública como la preparación de mensajes fundamentales, una completa y detallada carpeta de prensa en francés e inglés y cuatro artículos de opinión. En la conferencia, acreditó a 500 periodistas, con los que colaboró.", "Reunión de alto nivel sobre el VIH/SIDA", "7. El Departamento prestó apoyo de comunicaciones al Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (ONUSIDA), antes y durante una reunión de alto nivel de tres días de duración que tuvo lugar en Nueva York del 8 al 10 de junio de 2011. Se puso en marcha un sitio web oficial en los seis idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas y el equipo del Departamento que se ocupa de los medios de comunicación sociales colaboró estrechamente con el ONUSIDA para establecer contacto con los jóvenes.", "Reunión de Alto Nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles", "8. En el período previo a la Reunión de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Prevención y el Control de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles, que se celebrará en Nueva York los días 19 y 20 de septiembre de 2011, el Departamento organizó un foro para los medios de comunicación en junio de 2011 en asociación con la American Cancer Society. Se invitó a cerca de 60 periodistas de más de 45 países a asistir a reuniones informativas en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas sobre las causas, la incidencia y la prevención del cáncer, la diabetes y las enfermedades cardiovasculares y pulmonares.", "Cuestiones relativas a la mujer", "9. El Departamento continuó prestando apoyo a la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) mediante la promoción de su puesta en marcha a fines de febrero, entre otras cosas a través de plataformas de comunicación social y de un sitio web preparado específicamente para el Día Internacional de la Mujer. Además, el Departamento actuó en estrecha colaboración con el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz en la preparación de una sección del sitio web sobre mantenimiento de la paz dedicada a las cuestiones de género y el mantenimiento de la paz, en apoyo a la iniciación de un estudio de diez años de duración sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad sobre las mujeres y la paz y la seguridad.", "10. El Departamento dio impulso al 55º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, que tuvo lugar en Nueva York el 12 de marzo de 2010, entre el 22 de febrero y el 4 de marzo de 2011, y el 14 de marzo de 2011, estableciendo contacto con los medios de comunicación y dando publicidad a eventos especiales celebrados durante el período de sesiones, entre ellos la campaña del Secretario General “Unidos para poner fin a la violencia contra las mujeres”.", "11. El Centro de Información regional de las Naciones Unidas en Bruselas inició un concurso de anuncios en toda Europa titulado “Create4theUN” sobre el tema “No a la violencia contra la mujer”.", "12. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Ankara estableció una asociación con el diario turco Milliyet mediante la cual el diario publicó, durante más de un mes, uno de los anuncios de la campaña del Centro en su página de presentación, que recibió más de un millón de visitas diarias.", "13. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Sana’a produjo, con el apoyo del Grupo de Comunicaciones de las Naciones Unidas en el Yemen, tres programas de radio que trataban de la educación, el trabajo y el matrimonio precoz de la mujer. Los programas se difundieron en la Radio Sana’a.", "Acción mundial contra el racismo", "14. En el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial (21 de marzo), se organizó en la Sede una videoconferencia sobre la discriminación racial para 200 alumnos de enseñanza secundaria procedentes del Canadá, Trinidad y Tabago y los Estados Unidos de América, centrada especialmente en las personas de ascendencia africana. La red de centros de información de las Naciones Unidas inició una variedad de actividades de divulgación.", "Día Internacional de Nelson Mandela", "15. Para la segunda celebración del Día Internacional de Nelson Mandela, el 18 de julio de 2011, el Departamento centró su campaña en el tema “Take action! Inspire change” para alentar a la gente a dedicar 67 minutos de su tiempo al servicio público en honor de los 67 años de lucha de Nelson Mandela en pro de la libertad y la igualdad de derechos. Como parte de la campaña, las Naciones Unidas se asociaron con la organización Central Park Conservancy de Nueva York para la ejecución de un proyecto que consistía en pintar los pasamanos y bancos del parque. Mediante una asociación con el canal de televisión MTV, se preparó un artículo especial sobre el Día para un blog titulado “MTV Act”, a través del cual el canal destaca las pequeñas cosas que los ciudadanos comunes y corrientes pueden hacer para provocar cambios en sus vidas y sus comunidades.", "Conmemoración del genocidio de Rwanda", "16. El Departamento marcó la 17ª conmemoración anual del genocidio de Rwanda con el lema “Reconstrucción de Rwanda: reconciliación y educación”. El 7 de abril, se organizó una ceremonia conmemorativa en la Sede en cooperación con la Misión Permanente de Rwanda ante las Naciones Unidas. Durante el acto hicieron uso de la palabra sobrevivientes del genocidio. Además, el Departamento adoptó disposiciones para la realización de una conferencia de estudiantes sobre el tema. El Asesor Especial del Secretario General sobre la Prevención del Genocidio y un sobreviviente del genocidio pronunciaron discursos ante los estudiantes. Se distribuyó a nivel mundial una novela para jóvenes titulada Tugire Ubumwe: Let’s Unite!", "La cuestión de Palestina", "17. El seminario internacional de 2011 para los medios de comunicación sobre la paz en el Oriente Medio, organizado por el Departamento, tuvo lugar los días 12 y 13 de julio en Budapest. Con el copatrocinio del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Hungría, la reunión de dos días de duración congregó a alrededor de 100 autoridades y ex autoridades de Israel y la Autoridad Palestina, así como a funcionarios superiores de las Naciones Unidas, expertos internacionales y representantes de los medios de comunicación. Los participantes examinaron el proceso de paz a la luz de la evolución del panorama político en el mundo árabe y discutieron el papel de los medios nuevos y visuales en la promoción del programa de paz.", "18. El programa anual de capacitación de 2011 para profesionales de los medios de información palestinos tendrá lugar en la Sede del 31 de octubre al 2 de diciembre. Se prevé que diez periodistas palestinos que trabajan principalmente en los medios audiovisuales asistan al programa de cinco semanas de duración, que se centrará en impartir capacitación práctica en materia de producción de radio y televisión.", "Actividades de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas", "19. El Departamento de Información Pública, el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno realizaron su octavo taller anual de capacitación en el Centro Regional de Servicios de las Naciones Unidas en Entebbe (Uganda) entre el 18 y el 21 de abril. El taller se centró en impulsar la innovación y la integración en la esfera digital, así como en nuevas políticas de contratación de personal sobre el terreno.", "20. El tema elegido para el Día Internacional del Personal de Paz de las Naciones Unidas fue “El estado de derecho”. El Departamento colaboró con el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno para poner de relieve la forma en que las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz procuran fortalecer a las instituciones de policía, judiciales con el lema “Ley. Orden. Paz.”. Los actos públicos realizados en la Sede incluyeron una ceremonia de colocación de una ofrenda floral, una ceremonia de otorgamiento de medallas al personal de paz y la publicación de un vídeo sobre la labor realizada por el personal de paz en el ámbito del estado de derecho.", "21. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Bujumbura organizó un acto conjuntamente con la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Burundi, la oficina local de la Unión Africana, el Ministerio de Defensa Nacional de Burundi y con excombatientes para conmemorar el Día. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Yakarta organizó un programa radiofónico en directo sobre las mujeres en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, el que fue transmitido por Radio Republik de Indonesia. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Uagadugú organizó varias actividades de concienciación sobre el Día, entre ellas un programa de televisión de 30 minutos preparado en asociación con Televisión Nacional de Burkina y una conferencia informativa para los alumnos de la academia militar local, en cooperación con el Ministerio de Defensa de Burkina Faso.", "Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África", "22. A través de su revista trimestral Africa Renewal/Afrique renouveau y de un sitio web remozado y actualizado periódicamente, el Departamento continuó creando conciencia mundial y apoyo para el Organismo de Planificación y Coordinación de la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África. Entre marzo y junio de 2011 se publicaron 12 artículos de fondo cortos en 224 medios de comunicación diferentes de 54 países (335 veces en inglés y 193 veces en francés). La Sección de África del Departamento continuó aumentando su presencia en línea y su uso de instrumentos de comunicación social para establecer contacto con la población africana reducida pero cada vez más numerosa que tiene acceso a la Internet, así como con el público de los países desarrollados.", "Año Internacional de la Juventud", "23. La promoción del Año Internacional de la Juventud que realizó el Departamento dio como resultado una serie de actividades, desde charlas y reuniones informativas para grupos de jóvenes, hasta conferencias de prensa, seminarios, talleres, debates, entrevistas y programas de radio y televisión. Los centros de información de las Naciones Unidas incluyeron una perspectiva de juventud en otras celebraciones importantes de las Naciones Unidas y en la campaña para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "24. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Manama, en cooperación con Ajial, una organización que reúne a jóvenes de Bahrein y la región del Golfo y los alienta a participar en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y en la iniciativa “Visión de Bahrein para 2030”, celebró el Año Internacional de la Juventud organizando un torneo de básquetbol para jóvenes y un torneo de fútbol de la liga femenina en Bahrein, entre otras actividades.", "25. Como parte de su calendario de actividades de promoción del Año Internacional de la Juventud, de un año de duración, el Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva Delhi se asoció con los organizadores de “Be on the street”, un festival de teatro callejero que reúne a grupos de teatro de 20 universidades de Nueva Delhi.", "B. Centros de información de las Naciones Unidas", "Material visual para campañas de comunicaciones", "26. Como se mencionó anteriormente, los centros de información de las Naciones Unidas siguen utilizando diversos instrumentos de comunicaciones y forjando asociaciones con gobiernos, organizaciones de medios de comunicación, organizaciones no gubernamentales, instituciones académicas y otros miembros de la sociedad civil. Al hacerlo, utilizan cada vez con más frecuencia películas y otros materiales visuales.", "27. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Bruselas organiza una proyección mensual de una película (“Cine ONU”) seguida de un debate. El evento se ha hecho extensivo a otros países, como Alemania, Francia, Islandia e Israel.", "28. En el Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva Delhi tuvo lugar la octava edición de We Care Film Fest, un festival internacional anual de documentales sobre cuestiones de discapacidad presentado por la organización no gubernamental Brotherhood.", "Arreglos de colaboración con radioemisoras y estaciones de televisión locales", "29. Los centros de información de las Naciones Unidas han intensificado la colaboración con las estaciones de televisión locales para difundir vídeos y películas de las Naciones Unidas y hacer arreglos para la producción conjunta.", "30. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Islamabad, mediante un esfuerzo común de comunicaciones con el apoyo del Grupo de Comunicaciones de las Naciones Unidas en el Pakistán, difundirá en todo el país, en colaboración con la organización Search for Common Ground, 12 programas radiofónicos sobre cuestiones prioritarias para la Organización de julio a diciembre de 2011.", "31. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en México, D.F. concertó un acuerdo con el Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa, una organización que se especializa en la elaboración, el estudio y la aplicación de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones para el aprendizaje a distancia y la producción de materiales didácticos, con el objeto de mejorar la calidad de la educación en América Latina.", "Fomento de la capacidad en materia de comunicaciones del personal del Departamento de Información Pública sobre el terreno", "32. Reconociendo la importancia de aumentar la competencia de su personal en materia de comunicaciones, especialmente el personal sobre el terreno, el Departamento organizó varios cursos de capacitación. En junio de 2011, el Departamento dispuso la realización en Viena de un taller sobre los medios de información para su personal de comunicaciones del Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Moscú y las oficinas de las Naciones Unidas en Armenia, Azerbaiyán, Belarús, Georgia, Kazajstán y Ucrania. El taller comprendía sesiones sobre los nuevos medios de comunicación, las comunicaciones en situaciones de crisis y las técnicas de gestión de entrevistas y conferencias de prensa.", "33. Además, el Departamento continuó colaborando con la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos para ofrecer el curso de aprendizaje a distancia, dividido en ocho sesiones, titulado “Writing for the web”, que goza de gran éxito. Desde comienzos de 2011, han seguido el curso funcionarios de 19 lugares.", "Problemas presupuestarios y de seguridad actuales", "34. El Departamento siguió empeñado en maximizar sus recursos humanos y financieros y en utilizarlos en la forma más estratégica y eficiente posible. En algunos centros de información de las Naciones Unidas, por ejemplo, algunos puestos de asistente administrativo se estaban convirtiendo en puestos de asistente de gestión de conocimientos como medio de mejorar la función de comunicaciones que cumplen los centros de información dentro de los equipos en los países. En muchos casos, se ha reducido el espacio físico asignado a los centros de información, ya sea directamente o como consecuencia de compartir los espacios y los costos comunes con otros integrantes de los equipos en los países. Como resultado de lo anterior, algunos artículos que habían pertenecido anteriormente a las bibliotecas de los centros de información fueron donados a universidades y centros locales concentrados en ayudar a los clientes a acceder a los recursos electrónicos y en establecer contacto con el público escogido mediante talleres y presentaciones realizadas lejos de los centros.", "35. La seguridad siguió siendo un grave motivo de preocupación. El Departamento de Seguridad continuó reevaluando las normas mínimas de seguridad operacional. Como resultado, los gastos en medidas de seguridad aumentaron en una tercera parte aproximadamente en comparación con el bienio anterior.", "Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Luanda", "36. El Departamento fue informado por representantes del Gobierno de Angola de que se habían aprobado fondos para la construcción de locales para un Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Luanda, para atender a las necesidades de los países de habla portuguesa de África. Por su parte, el Departamento estaba trabajando con la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos en la preparación de un acuerdo con el país anfitrión. Se habían clasificado los puestos para el nuevo centro y se había publicado la vacante para el puesto de director.", "III. Servicios de noticias", "A. Sitio web de las Naciones Unidas", "37. Se reorganizaron los elementos estructurales del sitio web de la Organización (www.un.org) para mejorar la navegación y ampliar el uso de elementos de identificación comunes con vistas a mejorar la conformidad y coherencia de la presentación. Además, se crearon nuevas páginas web en los seis idiomas oficiales para las conmemoraciones encomendadas por la Asamblea General.", "38. Desde comienzos de 2011, los informes sobre tráfico en el sitio web se basaron en los datos recopilados mediante el uso del sistema Google Analytics, y por lo tanto, presentaban un panorama mucho más exacto de la situación. Se hizo más fácil analizar las tendencias de uso por idioma, región geográfica, sitios específicos y fechas.", "39. La mayoría de los sitios web producidos por el Departamento se pusieron a disposición del público en todos los idiomas oficiales de la Organización. A medida que amplió el uso de sus productos multimedia, como el uso de un vídeo para acompañar al elemento de mayor interés informativo de la página de presentación de las Naciones Unidas, el Departamento se aseguró de que hubiera subtítulos disponibles en todos los idiomas oficiales (véanse los cuadros 1 y 2).", "40. Al prestar asistencia al diseño y preparación de sitios web, el Departamento continuó aprovechando los acuerdos de cooperación establecidos con universidades de Belarús, China y España para la traducción del contenido de la web al chino, español y ruso. En colaboración con el Servicio de Traducción al Árabe del Departamento de la Asamblea General y de Gestión de Conferencias, la Dependencia del sitio web en árabe del Departamento de Información Pública proporcionó traducción al árabe. Recientemente ambos departamentos ampliaron su asociación mediante la firma de acuerdos con la Universidad de Damasco, la Universidad Americana de El Cairo y la Universidad San José de Beirut. El acuerdo vigente entre el Departamento de Información Pública y el programa de Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas también contribuyó a que se dispusiera de materiales adicionales en francés en el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas.", "Cuadro 1", "Visitas al sitio web de las Naciones Unidas: los 10 países con más visitas entre marzo y junio de 2011", "País\tIdioma Total\n\tÁrabe Chino\tEspañol\tFrancés\tInglés\tRuso \nEstadosUnidos\t11928\t7 882\t19803\t17788\t680398\t9052\t755 \n 270China\t1376\t130834\t2 664\t1 446\t38068\t909\t175 \n 488México\t214\t162\t140012\t649\t25557\t115\t166 \n 934Reino Unido\t1512\t964\t1 276\t2 611\t143503\t617\t152 \n 115Canadá\t1097\t1 010\t1 942\t24979\t118440\t441\t148 \n 943Francia\t803\t802\t1 258\t104367\t26640\t667\t134 \n 875Federación deRusia\t256\t170\t311\t605\t13281\t110249\t124 \n 954España\t408\t187\t90376\t1 920\t22648\t340\t116 \n 064Australia\t512\t876\t282\t492\t103909\t275\t106 \n 531\nIndia\t331\t146\t173\t323\t90025\t88\t91975", "Cuadro 2", "Visitas únicas al sitio web de las Naciones Unidas y páginas vistas, marzo a junio de 2011", "Idioma Visitas únicas Páginas vistas", "Árabe 313 200 1 006 02", "Chino 887 868 2 519 136", "Español 2 461 798 6 967 826", "Francés 1 131 371 4 032 868", "Inglés 8 054 234 30 243 489", "Ruso 732 598 2 546 944", "Total 13 581 069 47 316 365", "41. Como parte de sus esfuerzos por hacer accesible el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas para las personas con discapacidad, entre ellas las que tienen problemas auditivos, visuales y de movilidad, el Departamento incorporó el uso de subtítulos en la producción del vídeo de noticias diarias en la página de presentación de la Organización y estaba tomando medidas para extender los subtítulos a otros vídeos producidos por el Departamento.", "B. Centro de Noticias ONU", "42. Durante el período abarcado por el informe, solo en francés e inglés se produjeron más de 2.000 reportajes, y generalmente los despachos se complementaban con enlaces de audio y vídeo. El sitio web de las Naciones Unidas continuó presentando semanalmente preguntas sobre noticias de actualidad, reportajes fotográficos y listas de los reportajes más leídos en un mes determinado. Entre marzo y junio se realizaron diez entrevistas en profundidad a altos funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas y a personas que constituyen noticia. La actualización periódica de las páginas de noticias de actualidad continuaron ofreciendo acceso en un solo lugar a documentos y artículos sobre cuestiones complejas. El Centro de Noticias ONU también inició una nueva serie de reportajes desde el terreno para poner de relieve las experiencias del personal que trabaja en misiones.", "43. Los recopiladores de noticias y los medios de difusión de un mayor número de países aumentaron la frecuencia con que recogieron reportajes producidos por el Departamento. Durante el período que abarca el informe, los reportajes fueron reproducidos íntegramente por medios de difusión en línea como Philippines Times, New Kerala, India Blooms, North Korea Times, London Mercury, Phoenix Local News, India Gazette, Cambodia Times, Washington Bangla Radio, Le Petit Journal du Laos, AfriquInfos, Africa Time y All Africa.com, entre otros.", "44. Según Google Analytics, las páginas en idioma inglés del Centro de Noticias ONU recibe unas 600.000 visitas y suma más de un millón de páginas vistas cada mes. Durante los períodos de noticias de máximo interés, esas cifras aumentaron. En abril, cuando la situación en el Oriente Medio y el África del Norte estaba evolucionando rápidamente, el Centro de Noticias ONU registró 845.000 visitas y 1,5 millones de páginas vistas. Además, unos 43.000 suscriptores recibían artículos diariamente por correo electrónico.", "C. Servicios de radio, televisión y fotografía", "45. Durante el período que se examina, la Radio de las Naciones Unidas aumentó la frecuencia con que actualizaba la información para sus asociados mediante el envío de avisos por correo electrónico a las estaciones de radio que promovían una cobertura informativa diaria. Amplió la cobertura de noticias agregando reportajes instantáneos desde el terreno, en parte mediante una mayor utilización de Skype para realizar entrevistas. Entre las noticias más destacadas se contaron las noticias de última hora sobre la reacción y respuesta de las Naciones Unidas a los levantamientos en el Oriente Medio y África del Norte.", "46. La Sección de Radio produjo programas de fondo especiales y entrevistas conexas sobre el Día Internacional de Recuerdo de las Víctimas de la Esclavitud y la Trata Transatlántica de Esclavos, el Día Internacional del Personal de Paz de las Naciones Unidas y la reunión de alto nivel sobre el VIH/SIDA. La Sección conmemoró el 25º aniversario de Chernobyl con una proyección de diapositivas acompañada de una narración en múltiples idiomas y señaló el décimo período de sesiones del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas con la producción de un programa especial sobre los derechos humanos de la mujer. La Radio de las Naciones Unidas envió a dos periodistas a Estambul (Turquía) con ocasión de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados; los periodistas entregaron 40 reportajes y paquetes en francés e inglés, realizaron entrevistas en otros idiomas a través de Skype y compartieron información con el Centro de Noticias ONU.", "47. Se inició un nuevo programa de entrevistas radiofónicas llamado “From the Field” (Desde el terreno) para permitir a los funcionarios superiores de las Naciones Unidas hablar acerca de las misiones recientemente terminadas. Se celebraron entrevistas, entre otros, con Ivan Šimonović, Subsecretario General de Derechos Humanos, quien habló acerca de un viaje al Iraq, y Gulnara Shahinian, Relatora Especial sobre las formas contemporáneas de la esclavitud, que se refirió a su primera misión de constatación de los hechos en el Perú.", "48. Durante el período que abarca el informe, la Radio de las Naciones Unidas tomó nuevas medidas para mejorar su sitio web y el sistema subyacente de gestión del contenido para impartir más flexibilidad a la presentación de contenido multimedia, como proyecciones de vídeo y de diapositivas, en distintos idiomas. Ello hizo posible, por ejemplo, la cobertura en directo de la elección del nuevo Presidente de la Asamblea General en el sitio web de la sección de español de la Radio. Actualmente en el sitio web de la sección de portugués de la Radio se presentan con frecuencia vídeos; por ejemplo, se publicó en el sitio un videorreportaje original que había sido producido por la Radio y que se refería a la presentación en la Sede de la cinta Rio como parte de los preparativos para la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible.", "49. Las radiodifusoras siguientes se asociaron a la Radio de las Naciones Unidas durante el período que abarca el informe: Vinha FM (Brasil), Radio Communitaria Maria Rosa FM (Brasil), Urban Cool Radio (Estados Unidos), FM Sierras (Argentina), Canal Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brasil), Radio Huancavilca 830 AM (Ecuador), Radio Indico (Mozambique) y Tela Non (Brasil).", "50. La Televisión de las Naciones Unidas transmitió en directo, entre otros eventos, la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre el VIH/SIDA y la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, que fue difundida en directo en Facebook —una primicia para una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas celebrada fuera de la Sede. Esos materiales fueron utilizados ampliamente por las agencias de noticias de televisión, entre ellas Reuters y Associated Press Television News, y se facilitaron a las radioemisoras por intermedio de UNifeed, el distribuidor de noticias de las Naciones Unidas. UNifeed ha seguido ampliando su alcance a organizaciones no gubernamentales, organismos públicos, instituciones de enseñanza y particulares que dependen de UNifeed para recibir noticias de las Naciones Unidas. Más de 40 organismos, fondos, misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y otras entidades aportan material al servicio.", "51. Algunos eventos celebrados en la Sede en Nueva York y en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra se retransmitieron en directo en el canal de las Naciones Unidas de Time Warner Cable a partes de la zona metropolitana de Nueva York, y se difundieron mediante transmisiones web en todo el mundo a través de UN Webcast.", "52. El emblemático programa televisivo de noticias del Departamento, 21st Century, transmitido por más de 60 emisoras internacionales, siguió obteniendo reconocimiento. Un reportaje sobre el papel de las Naciones Unidas en la búsqueda de justicia para las víctimas del Khmer Rouge fue galardonado con una Medalla Mundial de Oro en la prestigiosa entrega de premios internacionales de televisión y cine de New York Festivals, en abril de 2011. La ONU en Acción, una serie de cortometrajes producidos en español, francés, inglés y ruso, amplió el alcance de su cobertura, en parte mediante la ejecución de proyectos conjuntos con organismos de las Naciones Unidas, con objeto de destacar la labor de la Organización en ámbitos como el desarrollo económico y social, el medio ambiente, los derechos humanos y la salud.", "53. El Departamento se asoció con la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios para la producción de El Mundo en un Día, una película en que figura el Secretario General, y un vídeo sobre la visita del Secretario General a Nigeria y Etiopía para poner de relieve la cuestión de la salud materna. En 2011, en un debate televisado titulado Cara a Cara, preparado por el servicio de Televisión de las Naciones Unidas con el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) y otras entidades, tomaron parte el Director del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), Anthony Lake, y la Directora General de la UNESCO, Irina Bokova. Un proyecto del servicio de Televisión de las Naciones Unidas y la Unión de Radiodifusión de Asia y el Pacífico entrañó la coproducción de una serie de documentales sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio que fue transmitida por miembros de la Unión en la región de Asia y el Pacífico, así como por el canal de Televisión de las Naciones Unidas. En los últimos meses, el servicio de Televisión de las Naciones Unidas estableció nuevas asociaciones con varias entidades, entre ellas Newspoint TV (India), Shalom YV (Estados Unidos), la Corporación de Radio y Televisión de Turquía, el Peace Institute de los Estados Unidos y ViewChange.org (Estados Unidos).", "54. El Departamento siguió aprovechando las oportunidades ofrecidas por la proyección de películas y otros actos para ampliar el alcance de los programas producidos por el servicio de Televisión de las Naciones Unidas; es así como se proyectaron varias películas sobre derechos humanos y cuestiones socioeconómicas en el Departamento de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Yale; un documental sobre el uso de la violación como arma de guerra en Bosnia y Herzegovina se proyectó en una sesión del Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, en el Festival de Cine de Munich y en el contexto de la campaña “Unidos para poner fin a la violencia contra las mujeres” en Nueva York; una película sobre los migrantes afganos en Grecia fue proyectada por la Asociación pro Naciones Unidas de Nueva York. El Centro Niemeyer de Asturias (España) organizó la proyección de una importante serie de películas de las Naciones Unidas, en la que estaban incluidas películas históricas y ganadoras de premios sacadas de los archivos de cine y vídeo de la Organización.", "55. Mediante su servicio de transmisión en directo y mediante el otorgamiento de acceso a pedido a una gran cantidad de material de archivo, UN Webcast facilitó más de 1.100 vídeos cortos y desempeñó un papel fundamental en la producción y distribución del vídeo diario de noticias para la página de presentación de las Naciones Unidas. Además, facilitó las comunicaciones internas presentando transmisiones web de asambleas públicas, accesibles al personal de la Sede y sobre el terreno y proporcionando archivos de sesiones de capacitación grabadas en vídeo.", "56. La demanda de cobertura del servicio fotográfico del Departamento siguió aumentando durante el período que abarca el informe. Los servicios de fotografía de las Naciones Unidas cubrieron casi 650 eventos, entre ellos las visitas del Secretario General a 33 países, como resultado de lo cual se seleccionaron alrededor de 3.000 imágenes de alta resolución, que se pusieron a disposición del público en el sitio web de fotografías de las Naciones Unidas. Además de cubrir las cuestiones de actualidad, el servicio fotográfico de las Naciones Unidas se dedicó a aumentar la selección de fotografías que documentan los logros históricos de la Organización y que se pueden ver en la fototeca de las Naciones Unidas. Durante el período que se examina, se agregaron unas 1.800 imágenes, retocadas y digitalizadas.", "D. Comunicados de prensa y cobertura de reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "57. Entre marzo y junio de 2011, la operación de cobertura de las reuniones dio como resultado 658 comunicados de prensa, equivalentes a 2.856 páginas, en francés e inglés. De ese total, 241 comunicados se referían a reuniones de la Asamblea General, el Consejo de Seguridad y el Consejo Económico y Social, y sus órganos subsidiarios y comisiones especializadas. Más de 240 comunicados de prensa se referían a declaraciones, observaciones y mensajes del Secretario General y la Vicesecretaria General, así como a material de otras oficinas y departamentos de las Naciones Unidas.", "58. La Dependencia de Acreditación y Enlace con los Medios de Información procesó 935 acreditaciones permanentes y 830 acreditaciones de prensa provisionales durante el período que abarca el informe. Proporcionó información y asistencia logística para 71 encuentros informales con los medios de comunicación y prestó asistencia para la realización de 152 conferencias de prensa y sesiones informativas, a las que asistieron 2.193 periodistas. La Dependencia promovió una variedad de eventos para la prensa mediante el envío de 77 avisos por vía electrónica a alrededor de 4.000 destinatarios, entre ellos organizaciones de medios de información, misiones permanentes y oficinas de todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. También promovió eventos a través de su cuenta de Twitter.", "IV. Servicios de divulgación", "A. Aumento de la participación de la sociedad civil en las actividades de la Organización", "59. Los preparativos para la 64ª Conferencia anual del Departamento de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, titulada “Sociedades sostenibles, ciudadanos receptivos”, que se celebrará del 3 al 5 de septiembre de 2011 en Bonn (Alemania), estaban avanzando mientras se finalizaba el presente informe. Los participantes tendrán la oportunidad de elaborar una declaración y un plan de acción significativos que se prevé que contribuyan a las negociaciones en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible y a varias reuniones importantes en el período inmediatamente anterior a la Conferencia. Además, los resultados de la Conferencia de Bonn contribuirán al período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre el décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios, cuya celebración está prevista para diciembre de 2011.", "60. Durante el período que abarca el informe, el Grupo de Relaciones con las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales [de conformidad con el documento A/66/6 (sect. 28)] organizó 12 sesiones informativas, un taller de comunicaciones y un programa de orientación anual de dos días de duración para representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales recientemente asociadas. El total de esas organizaciones que colaboraba con el Departamento ascendió a 1.601.", "B. Conferencia ModelONU Mundial", "61. Como preparación para la próxima Conferencia ModelONU Mundial, que se celebrará en Incheon (República de Corea), 18 dirigentes estudiantiles de todo el mundo participaron en un taller de una semana de duración en Nueva York, en el que aprendieron sobre el papel que desempeñarían en la Conferencia y se comunicaron con altos funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas y diplomáticos acerca del tema de la Conferencia, a saber, el desarrollo sostenible. Mirando hacia el futuro, el Departamento se propone dar a conocer su experiencia a otros programas modelo de las Naciones Unidas a fin de acercarlos más a la forma en que la Organización funciona realmente.", "C. Iniciativa creativa para la divulgación en las comunidades", "62. La tercera edición anual del foro Envision, cuyo tema era el tratamiento de los problemas mundiales mediante documentales, incluyó la proyección de un documental y una serie de debates sobre temas relacionados con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, centrados especialmente en la pobreza y el hambre.", "63. Un episodio de Master Chef Australia, un programa de televisión australiano muy bien considerado, fue filmado en los locales de las Naciones Unidas durante el décimo período de sesiones del Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para las Cuestiones Indígenas. Para el episodio, chefs amateurs participaron cara a cara en una competencia inspirada por platos indígenas.", "64. Desde 1990, el Departamento se ha asociado con la organización New York Festivals para premiar a producciones de los medios de difusión de excepcional calidad que ejemplifican los valores y objetivos de la Organización. En 2011, el Departamento premió a las producciones centradas en la protección de los niños, la violencia contra la mujer, la democracia y el medio ambiente.", "65. En la Cumbre Iberoamericana de la Creatividad, celebrada en Avilés (España), se inició a profesionales de cine y televisión españoles, portugueses y latinoamericanos en la labor de las Naciones Unidas. La reunión de un día de duración, realizada en el Centro Niemeyer, incluyó tres debates de grupo sobre la igualdad entre los géneros, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la lucha contra las drogas y la violencia. Es la primera vez que se realiza un evento de esa naturaleza fuera de los Estados Unidos.", "D. Promoción a cargo de personajes famosos", "66. Varios Mensajeros de la Paz y Embajadores de Buena Voluntad de las Naciones Unidas realizaron, al igual que el Secretario General, grabaciones en vídeo de mensajes de solidaridad con el pueblo del Japón tras el terremoto y tsunami ocurridos el 11 de marzo de 2011. Los mensajes, que se transmitieron a las poblaciones afectadas a través de emisoras japonesas y asociados en línea, los centros de información de las Naciones Unidas y los canales de comunicación social de la Organización, fueron vistos más de 200.000 veces en línea. La producción y distribución de las grabaciones fue resultado de una colaboración entre el Departamento, la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios y varias entidades de las Naciones Unidas, entre ellas la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), la UNESCO y la Fundación de las Naciones Unidas.", "67. Las Mensajeras de la Paz Wangari Maathai y Jane Goodall contribuyeron a una campaña en línea iniciada por el PNUMA para promover la plantación de árboles en apoyo del Año Internacional de los Bosques.", "E. Iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas", "68. Para mediados de julio de 2011, más de 660 instituciones de enseñanza superior y de investigación de 104 países habían establecido una asociación mundial con las Naciones Unidas (véase el gráfico). Las actividades de los miembros de la Iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas consistieron en una conferencia virtual durante el 55º período de sesiones de la Comisión sobre la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, un debate mediante enlace de vídeo con estudiantes de la Universidad de KwaZuluNatal de Sudáfrica y los editores de un nuevo libro sobre la medición de la pobreza en Nueva York; un foro internacional sobre formación profesional, celebrado en Shanghai (China); y una competición sobre derecho internacional titulada “Los jóvenes por la paz”, celebrada en Belarús. Un simposio realizado en el Japón se centró en la prestación de apoyo a la rehabilitación y la reconstrucción para las víctimas del tsunami y el terremoto. En marzo, representantes de 15 países participaron en una conferencia organizada en el marco de la Red de Universidades del Mar Negro sobre el tema “Educación y gobernanza para un desarrollo sostenible”, que tuvo lugar en Constantza (Rumania). En marzo, el Instituto Pegaso de Italia convocó un simposio para el Día de Europa sobre la aplicación en Europa de los principios de la iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas. En agosto, el Consejo Coreano de Educación Universitaria y la Universidad Mundial Handong acogerán un foro de dos días de duración en Seúl titulado “Nuevos aliados para el cambio: las Naciones Unidas y la comunidad académica mundial”. Las instituciones afiliadas a la iniciativa siguen llevando a cabo actividades en apoyo de los objetivos de esta, como un curso de aprendizaje electrónico en el Pakistán sobre filtración del agua. Una universidad de la Argentina proyecta realizar un concurso mundial de vídeo sobre el desarrollo sostenible.", "Gráfico", "Iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas: distribución de los miembros por región, al 18 de julio de 2011", "F. Promoción de la participación del público", "69. Por conducto de la Oficina de Conferenciantes de las Naciones Unidas, el Departamento coordinó 235 reuniones informativas y videoconferencias internas para visitantes de las Naciones Unidas, además de charlas externas que llegaron a 15.500 personas. El Departamento distribuyó numerosas carpetas de información, respondió a 10.200 consultas del público y recibió varias peticiones firmadas por 4.048 signatarios en total.", "70. Casi 1 millón de personas visitan cada año las exposiciones públicas rotatorias que prepara e instala el Departamento en el vestíbulo de visitantes de la Sede. El sitio web para visitantes también presenta las exposiciones en línea.", "71. Durante el período que abarca el informe, se organizaron las siete exposiciones siguientes:", "a) El legado viviente de 30 millones de historias jamás contadas, que fue organizada en memoria de las víctimas de la esclavitud y la trata transatlántica de esclavos;", "b) DeterMined, que mostraba imágenes de víctimas de las minas terrestres, a la vez que ponía de relieve la labor del Servicio de Actividades Relativas a las Minas para salvar vidas y proteger los medios de subsistencia;", "c) Champions to End Malaria, que mostraba los avances mundiales y los esfuerzos personales en la lucha contra la malaria;", "d) 25 años después de Chernobyl, que rendía homenaje a las víctimas del desastre de Chernobyl;", "e) The Doers of Democracy, que ilustraba proyectos sobre democracia en cinco regiones del mundo;", "f) El derecho al agua y los pueblos indígenas, que mostraba la importancia del agua para el modo de vida de los pueblos indígenas;", "g) Ley. Orden. Paz., que ponía de relieve los esfuerzos desplegados por las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas para mejorar el estado de derecho en los países asolados por la guerra.", "72. En 2011, 94.615 personas realizaron visitas guiadas de la Sede, cifra ligeramente inferior a la de 2010 en el mismo período. La disminución estuvo relacionada con el cierre imprevisto del edificio durante tres días mientras se celebraba la reunión de alto nivel sobre el VIH/SIDA, que tuvo lugar entre el 8 y el 10 de junio.", "G. Actividades de conmemoración", "73. El 2 de mayo, el Programa de divulgación sobre el Holocausto y las Naciones Unidas organizó la proyección de la cinta The Relief of Belsen y un debate al respecto. El evento fue copatrocinado por la Misión Permanente del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte ante las Naciones Unidas en honor de los soldados británicos que liberaron el campo de concentración de Bergen-Belsen. El 20 de mayo, el Programa organizó un taller de educadores sobre fomento de la defensa de los derechos humanos dentro de las comunidades. El evento incluyó un curso práctico y una discusión con el Asesor Especial del Secretario General sobre la Prevención del Genocidio y con un importante activista de derechos humanos, durante los cuales se examinaron ejemplos de discriminación racial durante la época del nazismo y casos contemporáneos de violencia masiva. El Programa continuó su serie de documentos de debate para estudiantes universitarios, los tres más recientes de los cuales son “La prevención mundial del genocidio: lo que nos enseña el Holocausto”, “Educación sobre el Holocausto en Sudáfrica”, y “La ley como acelerador del genocidio”.", "74. La cuarta conmemoración anual del Día Internacional de Recuerdo de las Víctimas de la Esclavitud y la Trata Transatlántica de Esclavos tuvo lugar durante la semana del 25 de marzo de 2011 y su tema fue “El legado viviente de 30 millones de historias jamás contadas”. Entre las actividades realizadas en la Sede cabe mencionar la proyección de la cinta Traces of the Trade; una exposición de reproducciones del “Middle Passage” (la segunda etapa de la travesía de los esclavos), de buques de esclavos y de una colección de artefactos y de documentos históricos; una videoconferencia mundial para educadores centrada en las nuevas investigaciones, la planificación y enseñanza de programas de estudios; debates de grupo con estudiantes universitarios y organizaciones no gubernamentales; un acto cultural que subrayaba el vínculo entre las cocinas de África y el Caribe; una reunión conmemorativa especial de la Asamblea General y un concierto “legado viviente” en el que participaron artistas de África, las Américas y el Caribe. Además, el Departamento utilizó su red de centros de información para emprender una variedad de actividades, entre ellas la proyección de la cinta de la UNESCO titulada Slave Routes: A Global Vision en Almaty (Kazajstán), Antananarivo, Canberra, Dakar, Ginebra y Uagadugú y la organización de talleres, eventos culturales, debates en grupo y exposiciones.", "H. Programa anual de becas para periodistas en memoria de Reham Al-Farra", "75. Los preparativos para el 31º programa anual de becas para periodistas en memoria de Reham Al-Farra, organizado por el Departamento y que tendrá lugar del 12 de septiembre al 21 de octubre de 2011, están avanzando. Catorce países en desarrollo y países con economías en transición han presentado candidatos, a saber, Bahamas, Barbados, el Camerún, Croacia, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Kiribati, Omán, Palau, la República Democrática del Congo, Swazilandia y Tayikistán.", "76. El programa de 2011 dará a los periodistas participantes la oportunidad de realizar una labor periodística práctica en la Sede. Sacando partido de los conocimientos y las competencias que existen dentro del Departamento, los periodistas seguirán de cerca a los profesionales de los medios de difusión de las Naciones Unidas en sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia y prepararán reportajes con ellos.", "I. Publicaciones bandera de las Naciones Unidas", "77. En mayo, se presentó la 61ª edición del Anuario de las Naciones Unidas (2007) durante un debate de grupo sobre “Getting the facts right” (Informarse bien sobre los hechos), celebrado en asociación con la iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas. Por primera vez, el Anuario se publicó también en forma electrónica. Un público en el que había estudiantes de universidades locales, panelistas invitados del mundo académico, periodistas y representantes de los medios de comunicación exploraron, en el contexto actual de los medios de comunicación, temas abarcados en el Anuario 2007 como los avances realizados en la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y los atentados contra trabajadores humanitarios.", "78. La edición de 2011 del manual de las Naciones Unidas Basic Facts about the United Nations (El ABC de las Naciones Unidas), un perenne superventas, fue publicada en mayo. Junto con explicar la función que cumplen los principales órganos de las Naciones Unidas y las demás organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, Basic Facts examina la forma en que la Organización contribuye a la paz y la seguridad internacionales, el desarrollo económico y social, los derechos humanos, las actividades humanitarias, el derecho internacional y las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En la edición de 2011 se presenta además el organigrama recientemente revisado del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Se prevé la publicación de las ediciones en español y francés hacia finales del año. Las traducciones a idiomas locales ya se encuentran en marcha.", "79. El primer número de Crónica ONU de 2011, centrado en el VIH/SIDA, fue publicado y distribuido en mayo. Colaboraron en él Michel Sidibé, Director Ejecutivo del ONUSIDA; Pedro Basualdo, ex Secretario de Estado de la Argentina; Marc Conant, uno de los primeros médicos en diagnosticar y tratar el SIDA; y Carol Kidu, Ministra de Desarrollo Comunitario de Papua Nueva Guinea. En sus artículos, los autores analizaron cuestiones como el VIH y el lugar de trabajo, el VIH y la educación, y la mujer y el VIH.", "80. El segundo número de Crónica ONU de 2011, dedicado a la paz y la seguridad como parte de la conmemoración del 50º aniversario de la muerte de Dag Hammarskjöld, entró en prensa a fines de junio.", "J. Ventas y comercialización de las publicaciones de las Naciones Unidas", "81. Prosiguieron las actividades de ampliación del programa de publicaciones electrónicas del Departamento. Entre ellas cabe señalar la concertación de un acuerdo con JSTOR, el excelente servicio sin fines de lucro que permite acceso a material académico; la publicación de 31 nuevos libros electrónicos para dispositivos móviles; y planes para convertir más de 300 títulos populares de las Naciones Unidas a un formato adecuado para dispositivos móviles. Se pusieron en marcha dos nuevos programas móviles, AIDSInfo e Innovations in Public Governance. La colección de libros electrónicos de las Naciones Unidas se encontraba en la etapa de planificación y entrará en la etapa de iniciación en agosto de 2011. En lo que respecta a los libros tradicionales, se firmaron tres nuevos acuerdos de distribución con distribuidores de libros en el África Subsahariana. Durante el período que se examina se publicaron 131 nuevos libros en total.", "K. Comunicaciones internas y divulgación a través de la web", "82. La Intranet de la Secretaría, iSeek, siguió recibiendo visitas de los funcionarios y el personal de todo el mundo. El equipo de iSeek publicó 270 artículos sobre una variedad de temas, entre ellos el Día Internacional de la Mujer, las actividades de mantenimiento de la paz, la trata transatlántica de esclavos, el Día Mundial del Medio Ambiente, la diversidad, el multilingualismo y el Año Internacional de los Afrodescendientes.", "83. El Departamento continuó creando sitios web en apoyo de sus objetivos de divulgación. Se crearon nuevos sitios para la 64ª Conferencia Anual del Departamento de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y la Conferencia ModelONU Mundial de 2011. Se encontraba en marcha la construcción de los sitios web para la iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas y el proyecto de historia oral de la Biblioteca Dag Hammarsjöld.", "L. Servicios de biblioteca", "84. El equipo de diseño gráfico del Departamento, que ofrece soluciones de diseño a medida para los productos impresos y de la web, trabajó en las insignias de mensajero de la paz, la campaña de erradicación de la pobreza, la exposición sobre Palestina, un libro sobre la Liga de las Naciones y la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, entre otros proyectos.", "85. Con la reapertura de un espacio para capacitación, se revitalizó el programa de capacitación de la Biblioteca en el segundo trimestre de 2011. Desde marzo hasta junio, 1.370 funcionarios, delegados, representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales y otros clientes participaron en actividades de capacitación de la Biblioteca.", "Bibliotecas depositarias", "86. El proceso de recopilación de datos para la revisión de las bibliotecas depositarias de las Naciones Unidas finalizó en mayo de 2011. El objetivo de la revisión es asegurarse de que las bibliotecas depositarias reciban información apropiada en los formatos que son más útiles para los lectores. Cada vez con más frecuencia las bibliotecas depositarias, incluidas las situadas en países en desarrollo, señalan que tienen mejor acceso a la Internet. Aunque la Biblioteca continúa animando a las bibliotecas depositarias a que consideren las ventajas del acceso electrónico, se tendrán en cuenta las desigualdades en lo que respecta a ese tipo de acceso. La Biblioteca colabora además con las bibliotecas depositarias para fortalecer las actividades de divulgación en relación con cuestiones relativas a las Naciones Unidas.", "87. La Biblioteca ha seguido fomentando el interés de las bibliotecas depositarias mediante programas de capacitación, entre ellos, programas para 70 bibliotecarios latinoamericanos organizados por el Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en México y un programa de capacitación en recursos estadísticos y documentación de las Naciones Unidas dirigido específicamente a bibliotecarios de las principales bibliotecas de investigación de la zona metropolitana de Nueva York. Los resultados iniciales de la revisión de las bibliotecas depositarias indican que el 87% de las bibliotecas desearía recibir más capacitación en el uso de los recursos de información de las Naciones Unidas.", "Recursos electrónicos e información digital de las Naciones Unidas", "88. La Biblioteca ayuda a 55 entidades de las Naciones Unidas a trabajar “unidas en la acción” al funcionar como secretaría de coordinación del Consorcio del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas para la adquisición de información electrónica, que facilita las suscripciones a una lista de recursos electrónicos en constante crecimiento ofrecida a sus miembros en 47 países. En respuesta a las necesidades de los usuarios de obtener información de calidad en cualquier momento y en cualquier lugar, la Biblioteca ha comenzado a reemplazar, en la medida de lo posible, las colecciones impresas por recursos electrónicos, y está preparando nuevos mecanismos para ofrecer recursos electrónicos en las computadoras de los funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas de todo el mundo. La Biblioteca ha continuado la preparación de una nueva plataforma para proporcionar a las partes interesadas de la Organización y el público en general información sobre las Naciones Unidas digitalizada o ya producida en formato digital. La nueva plataforma ayudará a salvaguardar los materiales digitales de las Naciones Unidas para las generaciones futuras.", "89. Al mismo tiempo, la Biblioteca está procurando asegurar la preservación y la accesibilidad de los documentos publicados por la Organización desde 1946. Después de haber completado la serie principal de documentos del Consejo de Seguridad, el programa de digitalización se centrará en documentos anteriores de la Asamblea General, incluido un análisis retrospectivo del contenido de los documentos para mejorar su conservación y su disponibilidad.", "90. En el período transcurrido entre marzo y junio de 2011, se crearon registros de metadatos bibliográficos de 6.600 documentos y publicaciones de las Naciones Unidas para facilitar su búsqueda y recuperación. Se realizó el mantenimiento permanente de un índice fidedigno de términos y el tesauro en los seis idiomas oficiales. Esos registros de metadatos constituyen la información básica del Sistema de Información Bibliográfica de las Naciones Unidas (UNBISnet), el Índice de Actuaciones (Index to Proceedings) y el Sistema de Documentos Oficiales. Al 30 de junio de 2011, se habían registrado 860.700 metadatos bibliográficos en UNBISnet, que proporcionaron un historial completo de las votaciones de todas las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Seguridad.", "91. Mirando hacia el futuro, se está tratando de determinar la forma en que la Biblioteca Dag Hammaskjöld puede mejorar sus servicios y adaptarse a los numerosos cambios que han ocurrido tanto en las Naciones Unidas como en el ámbito de la tecnología de la información. Se encomendó a un grupo de trabajo del Departamento sobre mejoras de la biblioteca, formado en mayo de 2011, la tarea de formular recomendaciones sobre los procesos estratégicos, tecnológicos y de trabajo futuros.", "V. Uso de medios de comunicación sociales y medios “nuevos” en el Departamento", "92. Las directrices del Departamento sobre el uso de los medios de comunicación sociales quedaron terminadas y se darán a conocer en toda la Secretaría como modelo propuesto para otros departamentos y oficinas. El número de seguidores de la cuenta Twitter de las Naciones Unidas, cuyo mantenimiento está a cargo de la División de Comunicaciones Estratégicas, sobrepasó recientemente los 400.000. Sobre la base de su puntaje “klout”, generalmente reconocido como la mejor manera de medir la influencia de los medios de comunicación sociales, la cuenta Twitter de la Organización es la cuenta de más alta categoría de las cuentas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. En Facebook, los anuncios del Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas registraron más de 3 millones de visitas. El Departamento mantiene además dos cuentas centradas en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. En Facebook, los anuncios presentados en la cuenta sobre los Objetivos registraron más de 1 millón de visitas durante el período que se examina.", "93. Los medios de comunicación sociales fueron utilizados eficazmente para dar publicidad a la campaña sobre el Día Internacional de Nelson Mandela. Se difundieron mensajes e imágenes de promoción por medio de Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr y Flickr. Cada uno de los mensajes colocados en la página de Facebook de las Naciones Unidas registró más de 12.000 “impresiones”.", "94. En el terreno, un número cada vez mayor de centros de información de las Naciones Unidas recurrió a los medios de comunicación social para difundir información sobre los mensajes del Secretario General, los principales informes y acontecimientos, y para llegar hasta el público local e interesarlo (véase el cuadro 3).", "95. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Beirut es miembro principal del equipo de tareas sobre los medios de comunicación sociales de la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia Occidental, que está encargada de la elaboración, gestión y supervisión de la estrategia sobre medios de comunicación sociales de la Comisión.", "96. El Centro de Información de las Naciones Unidas en Washington, D.C., publicó varios mensajes en su página de Facebook y a través de Twitter para conmemorar el Día Internacional de los Bosques. El Director del Centro participó en una reunión de debate abierta que fue transmitida en Facebook para discutir el papel de las Naciones Unidas en Haití.", "Cuadro 3", "Redes sociales utilizadas por los centros de información de las Naciones Unidas", "Facebook Twitter YouTube Flickr", "Ankara Ankara Bogotá Bogotá", "Baku Bogotá Bruselas Colombo", "Bogotá Bruselas Ereván Ginebra", "Bruselas Canberra Katmandú Yakarta", "Bucarest Ereván La Paz", "Buenos Aires Ginebra Lima", "Cairo La Paz México, D.F.", "Dar es Salam México, D.F. Río de Janeiro", "Ereván Nueva Delhi Tokio", "La Paz Pretoria Washington, D.C.", "Lima Río de Janeiro Yakarta", "Manila Túnez", "México, D.F. Viena", "Nueva Delhi Washington, D.C.", "Praga Yakarta", "Pretoria", "Río de Janeiro", "Tokio", "Túnez", "Varsovia", "Viena", "Washington, D.C.", "Yakarta", "Yaundé", "97. En septiembre de 2010, la División de Noticias y Medios de Información del Departamento estableció un canal en Sina Weibo, la popular plataforma de microblogs en idioma chino. UN Weibo, con casi 6.000 mensajes que abarcaban las noticias y principales acontecimientos más recientes, tenía cerca de 662.000 seguidores registrados para junio de 2011. También se establecieron canales de vídeo en Youku y Tudou, los principales sitios web chinos de intercambio de vídeos, con más de 470 videoclips que abarcaban una amplia variedad de novedades y cuestiones sobre las Naciones Unidas presentadas en cada uno de ellos. El número total de visitas a los dos canales ascendió a 2,8 millones. Al mismo tiempo, el Departamento continuó mejorando el contenido de vídeo en el canal de YouTube de la Organización en español y francés, en el que se presentaron unos 150 vídeos en los dos idiomas.", "98. Durante el período que abarca el informe, se introdujeron cambios estratégicos a la gestión de la presencia del Centro de Noticias ONU en nuevas plataformas de medios de comunicación, incluso con respecto al número y tipo de materiales que se colocan cada día y a la creación de cuentas separadas en francés e inglés. Esas decisiones produjeron resultados inmediatos, pues el número de seguidores en Facebook aumentó en 9.000 aproximadamente, lo que elevó el total a 28.000, y el número de seguidores en Twitter casi se duplicó hasta 8.000 en francés e inglés juntos.", "99. El mayor uso de nuevos medios de comunicación ha permitido al Centro de Noticias ONU colaborar más estrechamente con sus asociados de las Naciones Unidas. Por ejemplo, el Centro participó en un equipo ad hoc sobre medios de comunicación encabezado por el ONUSIDA que difundió información sobre la reunión de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre el VIH/SIDA. La cuenta en francés de Twitter resultó especialmente útil, pues muchas organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas no tienen puntos de salida de información pública en francés.", "100. La adición de un mecanismo que hace posible compartir artículos del Centro de Noticias ONU tuvo buena acogida entre los usuarios, que compartieron las preguntas semanales sobre noticias de actualidad unas 2.000 veces durante el período que abarca el informe. Otros elementos populares fueron los artículos sobre derechos humanos y las noticias sobre los acontecimientos en el mundo árabe y sobre la labor realizada para proteger a los refugiados, los que se compartieron más de 800 veces poco después de su aparición. La UN Webcast utiliza a los medios de comunicación social para avisar al público sobre los eventos que se transmitirán en directo próximamente. En su calidad de dependencia responsable de mantener el canal de las Naciones Unidas en YouTube, UN Webcast actualizó constantemente los vídeos en la página y tomó medidas para mejorar sus aspectos interactivos, en parte alentando a la respuesta de los usuarios a los vídeos. Una serie de vídeos presentados en el canal de YouTube de la Organización que transmitían mensajes de solidaridad con la población japonesa tras el desastre provocado por el terremoto y el tsunami en el Japón atrajó a miles de personas.", "101. La colección de fotografías de UN Photo en Flickr, donde se han colocado más de 3.000 imágenes, alcanzó un hito en abril de 2011, cuando registró 1 millón de vistas. Esa cifra ha seguido aumentando constantemente desde entonces.", "102. En febrero y marzo de 2011, la iniciativa Impacto Académico de las Naciones Unidas, en asociación con el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales, organizó una serie de cuatro debates electrónicos sobre el tema “Construir un futuro para los jóvenes de hoy: mejorar el acceso a la educación”. Aprovechando el poder de los nuevos medios de comunicación, la serie fue presentada en la página de Facebook de la iniciativa. En abril se presentó al Consejo Económico y Social un informe mundial consolidado sobre el debate virtual.", "103. Las ventas y la presencia de las Naciones Unidas en las plataformas de medios de comunicación sociales proporcionadas por Facebook y Twitter continuaron aumentando; cerca de 3.500 usuarios siguen a la Organización en Facebook y 15.500 usuarios la siguen en Twitter. La mayor parte de los usuarios de Facebook vive en los Estados Unidos, seguidos de Indonesia y Pakistán.", "VI. Conclusiones", "104. Los acontecimientos y ejemplos descritos en el presente informe son una prueba más de que las comunicaciones y la participación del público no son ni pueden ser solo actividades de apoyo, sino que deben formar parte integral de las políticas, los programas y el cambio. Además, para que las actividades de comunicaciones tengan éxito, deben ser continuas en los planos local y mundial y deben dotarse eficientemente de recursos.", "105. El ritmo implacable y con frecuencia inesperado de la vida diaria plantea exigencias a la labor del Departamento tanto a nivel mundial como sobre el terreno. Es preciso apoyar local y mundialmente sus asociaciones con los medios de comunicación, otros sectores del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, la sociedad civil y la comunidad académica, y el entusiasmo de los jóvenes, con medios familiares y novedosos. Es mucho lo que el Departamento puede hacer y está haciendo en la Sede y sobre el terreno, y es esencial que esas actividades sigan contando con seguridad financiera y operacional. El Departamento continuará mejorando sus formas de establecer contacto, a la vez que vigoriza su capacidad de ser un foro de ideas e imaginación al que el mundo y su gente puedan recurrir." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 54 of the provisional agenda*", "Questions relating to information", "* A/66/150.", "Questions relating to information", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 65/107 B, provides highlights of recent strategic communications work of the Department of Public Information on key issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, sustainable development and climate change, international peace and security and human rights. The activities of the network of United Nations information centres, whose support is crucial to the implementation of the Department’s communications campaigns, are also reviewed. The report highlights the Department’s services to the media and civil society, with a particular emphasis on the expanded use of new information and communications technologies. It also provides an update on the Department’s outreach activities, including the organization of a global Model United Nations and the newly launched United Nations Academic Impact initiative.", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 83 of its resolution 65/107 B, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session and to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the activities of the Department of Public Information and on the implementation of all recommendations and requests contained in that resolution. Accordingly, the Department submitted three reports for consideration by the Committee at its thirty-third session, held from 27 April to 6 May 2011 (A/AC.198/2011/2, A/AC.198/2011/3 and A/AC.198/2011/4). The deliberations of the Committee with regard to those reports are reflected in the report of the Committee on its thirty-third session (A/66/21).", "2. The present report updates the information provided to the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session, and describes activities undertaken by the Department from February to July 2011 through its three subprogrammes: strategic communications services, news services and outreach services.", "II. Strategic communications services", "A. Thematic issues", "Millennium Development Goals", "3. In order to sustain momentum on the Millennium Development Goals, a system-wide task force of the United Nations Communications Group, composed of more than 25 partners, drafted common messages. In addition, the Department promoted the advocacy group of the Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals, for which a website was launched at the end of April (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates).", "Sustainable development and climate change", "4. Leading up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, the Department coordinated activities to promote informed discussion on sustainable development and related issues, such as forests, oceans, biodiversity and climate change. Through a dedicated task force of the United Nations Communications Group, the Department coordinated the development of a system-wide communications strategy for the Conference that included common messages and a logo. The Department worked to promote the implementation of the Cancún Agreements and the launch of a report on renewable energy by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In addition, it played a lead role in promoting United Nations participation in Earth Hour and other efforts to promote sustainability, including on World Environment Day, with a staff-targeted campaign to reduce the use of paper. On biodiversity, the Department worked to increase the number of signatories to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "5. For the International Year of Forests, which was observed in 2011, a number of United Nations information centres participated in film festivals, poster competitions, tree-planting events and other awareness-raising activities. For example, United Nations Information Centre Canberra established a partnership with the Canberra Institute of Technology and the Australian National Botanic Gardens for a year-long photographic competition and United Nations Information Centre Rio de Janeiro provided support for a series of activities, including a conference on forests, in São Paulo organized by the Instituto Humanitare in partnership with HSBC Bank Brazil.", "Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "6. In preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May, the Department carried out extensive public information outreach activities by preparing key messages, a comprehensive press kit in English and French and four op-eds. At the conference, it accredited and worked with 500 journalists.", "High-level meeting on HIV and AIDS", "7. The Department provided communications support to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), both before and during a three-day high-level meeting held in New York from 8 to 10 June 2011. An official website in the six official languages of the United Nations was launched and the Department’s social media team worked closely with UNAIDS to connect with young audiences.", "High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "8. In the lead-up to the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be held in New York on 19 and 20 September 2011, the Department organized a media forum in June 2011 in partnership with the American Cancer Society. Close to 60 journalists from more than 45 countries were invited to briefings at United Nations Headquarters on the causes, incidence and prevention of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular and lung diseases.", "Women’s issues", "9. The Department continued to support the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) by promoting its launch at the end of February, including through social media platforms and a website developed specifically for International Women’s Day. Furthermore, the Department worked closely with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations to develop a section of the peacekeeping website on gender and peacekeeping in support of the launch of a 10-year study on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), on women and peace and security.", "10. The Department promoted the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in New York on 12 March 2010, from 22 February to 4 March 2011 and on 14 March 2011, by reaching out to media and by publicizing special events held during the session, including for the “UNiTE to End Violence against Women” campaign of the Secretary-General.", "11. United Nations Regional Information Centre Brussels launched a Europe-wide advertising competition called “Create4theUN” on the theme “No to violence against women”.", "12. United Nations Information Centre Ankara established a partnership with the Turkish daily newspaper Milliyet by which the newspaper posted, for more than a month, one of the centre’s campaign banners on its home page, which received more than 1 million visitors daily.", "13. United Nations Information CentreSana’a produced, with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Yemen, three radio pieces dealing with women’s education, work and early marriage. The pieces were aired on Sana’a Radio.", "Global action against racism", "14. On the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March), a videoconference on racial discrimination with a special focus on people of African descent was organized at Headquarters for 200 middle- and high-school students from Canada, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States of America. The network of United Nations information centres launched a range of outreach activities.", "Nelson Mandela International Day", "15. For the second observance of Nelson Mandela International Day, on 18 July 2011, the Department focused its campaign on the theme “Take action! Inspire change” to encourage people to devote 67 minutes of their time to public service in honour of Nelson Mandela’s 67-year struggle for freedom and equal rights. As part of the campaign, the United Nations partnered with the Central Park Conservancy in New York on a park improvement project that involved painting handrails and park benches. Through a partnership with MTV, a special feature on the Day was developed for a blog entitled “MTV Act”, through which the television channel highlights small actions that ordinary citizens can do to bring about change in their lives and communities.", "Commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda", "16. The Department marked the seventeenth annual commemoration of the genocide in Rwanda under the theme “Rebuilding Rwanda: reconciliation and education”. On 7 April, a memorial ceremony was organized at Headquarters in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Rwanda to the United Nations. Survivors of the genocide spoke at the event. In addition, the Department made arrangements for a student conference on the topic. The Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and a genocide survivor addressed the students. A novel for young people entitled Tugire Ubumwe: Let’s Unite! was distributed worldwide.", "The question of Palestine", "17. The 2011 international media seminar on peace in the Middle East, which was organized by the Department, was held on 12 and 13 July in Budapest. Co-hosted by the Foreign Ministry of Hungary, the two-day meeting brought together about 100 current and former policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, as well as senior United Nations officials, international experts and media representatives. Participants examined the peace process in the light of the changing political landscape in the Arab world and discussed the role of new and visual media in promoting the peace agenda.", "18. The 2011 annual training programme for Palestinian media practitioners is scheduled to take place at Headquarters from 31 October to 2 December. Ten Palestinian journalists working mainly in audio-visual media are expected to attend the five-week session, which will focus on providing hands-on skills training in radio and television production.", "United Nations peacekeeping", "19. The Department of Public Information, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support held their eighth annual training workshop at the United Nations Regional Service Centre at Entebbe, Uganda, from 18 to 21 April. The workshop focused on driving innovation and integration in the digital sphere, as well as on new recruitment policies for staff in the field.", "20. The theme chosen for the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers was “Rule of law.” The Department collaborated with the Departments of Peacekeeping Operations and of Field Support to highlight how peacekeeping operations work to strengthen the police, the judiciary and corrections institutions with the slogan “Law. Order. Peace.”. Public events at Headquarters included a wreath-laying ceremony, a ceremony for awarding medals to peacekeepers and the release of a video on the work done by peacekeepers on the rule of law.", "21. United Nations Information Centre Bujumbura jointly organized an event with the United Nations Office in Burundi, the local office of the African Union, the Ministry of National Defence of Burundi and former combatants to commemorate the Day. United Nations Information Centre Jakarta organized a live radio talk show on women in United Nations peacekeeping, which was aired on Radio Republik Indonesia. United Nations Information Centre Ouagadougou organized several activities to raise awareness of the Day, including a 30-minute television programme developed in partnership with Burkina National Television and a conference to brief students from the local military academy in cooperation with the Ministry of Defence of Burkina Faso.", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development", "22. Through its quarterly magazine Africa Renewal/Afrique renouveau and a redesigned and regularly updated website, the Department continued to raise global awareness of and support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development Planning and Coordinating Agency. Twelve short feature articles were published in 224 different media in 54 countries (335 times in English and 193 times in French) between March and June 2011. The Africa Section of the Department continued to increase its presence online and its use of social media tools to reach the small but growing African population with access to the Internet, as well as audiences in developed countries.", "International Year of Youth", "23. The Department’s promotion of the International Year of Youth resulted in a range of activities, from lectures and briefings to youth groups and students to press conferences, seminars, workshops, debates, interviews and radio and television talk shows. United Nations information centres included a youth perspective in other major United Nations observances and in the campaign to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "24. United Nations Information Centre Manama, in cooperation with Ajial, an organization that brings together youth in Bahrain and in the Gulf region to encourage them to participate in achieving the Millennium Development Goals and the “Bahrain 2030 Vision” initiative, marked the International Year of Youth by organizing a basketball tournament for young people and a women’s league football tournament in Bahrain, among other activities.", "25. As part of its year-long calendar of activities to promote the International Year of Youth, United Nations Information Centre New Delhi partnered with the organizers of “Be on the street”, a street theatre festival bringing together theatre groups from 20 New Delhi colleges.", "B. United Nations Information Centres", "Visual material for communications campaigns", "26. As mentioned above, the United Nations information centres continue to use various communications tools and forge partnerships with Governments, media organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and other members of civil society. In doing so, they are increasingly using films and other visual materials.", "27. United Nations Regional Information Centre Brussels organizes a monthly film screening (“Cine ONU”) followed by a debate. The event has expanded to other countries, including France, Germany, Iceland and Israel.", "28. United Nations Information Centre New Delhi held the eighth edition of We Care Film Fest, an annual international festival of documentary films on disability issues launched by the non-governmental organization Brotherhood.", "Collaborative arrangements with local broadcasters", "29. The United Nations information centres have increased collaboration with national broadcasters in disseminating United Nations videos and films and making arrangements for joint productions.", "30. United Nations Information Centre Islamabad has arranged for a joint communications effort with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Pakistan to broadcast, in collaboration with Search for Common Ground, 12 featured radio programmes on priority issues for the Organization throughout the country from July to December 2011.", "31. United Nations Information Centre Mexico City concluded an agreement with the Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa, an organization that specializes in the development, research and application of information and communications technologies for distance learning and the production of educational materials, with the aim of improving the quality of education in Latin America.", "Building communications capacity of staff of the Department of Public Information in the field", "32. Recognizing the importance of enhancing the communications skills of its staff, particularly those in the field, the Department organized several training courses. In June 2011, the Department arranged a media workshop, held in Vienna, for its communications staff from United Nations Information Centre Moscow and United Nations offices in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The workshop included sessions on new media, crisis communications and techniques for managing interviews and press conferences.", "33. In addition, the Department continued to work with the Office of Human Resources Management to offer the very popular eight-session long-distance learning course entitled “Writing for the web”. Since the beginning of 2011, staff members at 19 locations have taken the course.", "Ongoing budgetary and security challenges", "34. The Department remained committed to maximizing its resources, both human and financial, and to using them as strategically and efficiently as possible. At some United Nations information centres, for example, posts of administrative assistants were being converted to knowledge management assistants as a way of strengthening the communications role that information centres play within country teams. In many cases, the physical space assigned to information centres had been reduced, either outright or by sharing common spaces and costs with others in country teams. As a result, some of the former assets of libraries belonging to information centres were donated to local universities and centres concentrated on helping clients access electronic resources and on reaching out to target audiences through workshops and presentations held away from centres.", "35. Security remained a serious concern. The Department of Safety and Security continued to reassess the minimum operating security standards. As a result, expenditures on security measures increased by approximately a third compared with the previous biennium.", "United Nations information centre in Luanda", "36. The Department was advised by representatives of the Government of Angola that funds had been approved for the construction of premises for a United Nations information centre in Luanda to serve the needs of the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa. For its part, the Department was working with the Office of Legal Affairs on the preparation of a host country agreement. Posts for the new centre had been classified and the vacancy for the post of the director had been advertised.", "III. News services", "A. United Nations website", "37. Structural elements of the Organization’s website (www.un.org) were realigned to improve navigation and expand the use of common branding elements with a view to enhancing consistency and coherence of presentation. In addition, new web pages were created in the six official languages for observances mandated by the General Assembly.", "38. From the beginning of 2011, reports on website traffic were based on data collected through the use of Google Analytics and thus presented a far more accurate picture of the situation. It became easier to analyse usage trends by language, geographical region, specific sites and date ranges.", "39. Most of the websites produced by the Department were made available in all the official languages of the Organization. As it expanded the use of its multimedia products, such as the use of a video to accompany the most newsworthy item on the United Nation’s homepage, the Department ensured that captions were available in all the official languages (see tables 1 and 2).", "40. When assisting in the design and development of websites, the Department continued to build upon the cooperative arrangements established with universities in Belarus, China and Spain for the translation of web content into Chinese, Russian and Spanish. In collaboration with the Arabic Translation Service of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Arabic Website Unit of the Department of Public Information provided translation into Arabic. The two Departments recently expanded their partnership by signing agreements with the University of Damascus, the American University of Cairo and Saint Joseph University in Beirut. The ongoing arrangement between the Department of Public Information and the United Nations Volunteers programme also helped in making additional materials available in French on the United Nations website.", "Table 1 Visits to the United Nations website: top 10 countries, March-June 2011", "Language\n Country Arabic Chinese English French Russian Spanish Total", "United States 11 928 7 882 680 398 17 788 9 052 19 803 755 270", "China 1 376 130 834 38 068 1 446 909 2 664 175 488", "Mexico 214 162 25 557 649 115 140 012 166 934", "United 1 512 964 143 503 2 611 617 1 276 152 115 Kingdom", "Canada 1 097 1 010 118 440 24 979 441 1 942 148 943", "France 803 802 26 640 104 367 667 1 258 134 875", "Russian 256 170 13 281 605 110 249 311 124 954 Federation", "Spain 408 187 22 648 1 920 340 90 376 116 064", "Australia 512 876 103 909 492 275 282 106 531", "India 331 146 90 025 323 88 173 91 975", "Table 2 Unique visits and page views to United Nations website, March-June 2011", "Language Unique visits Page views", "Arabic 313 200 100 602", "Chinese 887 868 2 519 136", "English 8 054 234 30 243 489", "French 1 131 371 4 032 868", "Russian 732 598 2 546 944", "Spanish 2 461 798 6 967 826", "Total 13 581 069 47 316 365", "41. As part of its efforts to ensure that the United Nations website is accessible to people with disabilities, including those with visual, hearing and motion impairments, the Department incorporated the use of captioning in the production of the daily news video on the Organization’s home page and was working to extend captioning to other videos produced by the Department.", "B. United Nations News Centre", "42. During the reporting period, more than 2,000 news stories were produced in English and French alone, with dispatches frequently supplemented by related audio and video links. The United Nations website continued to feature weekly news quizzes, photo stories and lists of the most-read stories in a given month. Ten in‑depth interviews with United Nations officials and newsmakers were conducted between March and June. Regularly updated focus pages continued to provide one-stop access for documents and articles on complex issues. The UN News Centre also launched a new series of stories from the field to highlight the experiences of staff working on mission.", "43. News aggregators and media outlets from more countries increased the frequency with which they picked up stories produced by the Department. During the reporting period, stories were reprinted in full by online media outlets such as Philippines Times, New Kerala, India Blooms, North Korea Times, London Mercury, India Gazette, Cambodia Times, Washington Bangla Radio, Le Petit Journal du Laos, Afriquinfos, Africa Time and All Africa.com, among others.", "44. According to Google Analytics, the English-language pages of the UN News Centre receive some 600,000 visits and more than 1 million page views each month. During periods of peak news interest, those numbers spiked. In April, when the situation in the Middle East and North Africa was changing rapidly, the UN News Centre registered 845,000 visits and 1.5 million page views. In addition, some 43,000 subscribers received articles daily by e-mail.", "C. Radio, television and photography services", "45. During the period under review, United Nations Radio increased the frequency of updates to partners by sending out e-mail alerts to radio stations promoting daily coverage. It expanded its coverage of stories by adding spot reports from the field, in part by making greater use of Skype to conduct interviews. Top news stories included breaking news on the reaction and response of the United Nations to the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa.", "46. The Radio Section produced special features and related interviews on the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers and the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS. The Section observed the twenty-fifth anniversary of Chernobyl with a slideshow accompanied by narration in multiple languages and marked the tenth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues by producing a special on the human rights of women. United Nations Radio sent two reporters to Istanbul, Turkey, for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; the reporters filed 40 reports and packages in French and English, set up interviews in other languages through Skype and shared information with the UN News Centre.", "47. A new radio interview feature called “From the field” was launched to enable top United Nations officials to talk about their recently completed missions. Interviews were held with Ivan Šimonović, the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights, who spoke about a trip to Iraq, and Gulnara Shahinian, the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, on her first fact-finding mission to Peru, among others.", "48. During the reporting period, United Nations Radio took additional steps to upgrade its website and the underlying content management system to provide more flexibility in posting multimedia content, including video and slideshows, in different languages. This made it possible, for example, to provide live coverage of the election of the new President of the General Assembly on the website of the Spanish section of the Radio. The website of the Portuguese section of the Radio now regularly features videos; for example, an original video report that had been produced by the Radio covering the screening at Headquarters of the film Rio as part of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was posted on the website.", "49. The following became partners of United Nations Radio during the reporting period: Vinha FM (Brazil), Radio Communitaria Maria Rosa FM (Brazil), Urban Cool Radio (United States), FM Sierras (Argentina), Canal Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), Radio Huancavilca 830 AM (Ecuador), Radio Indico (Mozambique) and Tela Non (Brazil).", "50. United Nations Television provided live coverage of, among other events, the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS and the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was broadcast live on Facebook — a first for a United Nations conference held away from Headquarters. These feeds were widely used by television news agencies, including Reuters and Associated Press Television News, and made available to broadcasters through UNifeed, the United Nations news syndicator. UNifeed continued to expand its outreach to non-governmental organizations, Government agencies, educational institutions and individuals relying on UNifeed for United Nations news content. More than 40 United Nations agencies, funds, peacekeeping missions and other entities provide content to the service.", "51. Live feeds from events at Headquarters in New York and the United Nations Office at Geneva were aired on the United Nations channel on Time Warner Cable in parts of the New York metropolitan area and webcast globally through UN Webcast.", "52. The Department’s flagship television news magazine series, 21st Century, which is aired by more than 60 international broadcasters, continued to gain recognition. A story on the role of the United Nations in the search for justice for the victims of the Khmer Rouge won a Gold World Medal at the prestigious New York Festivals International Television and Film Awards, in April 2011. UN in Action, a short-format series produced in English, French, Russian and Spanish, expanded the scope of its coverage, in part through joint projects with United Nations agencies, to highlight the Organization’s work in areas such as economic and social development, the environment, human rights and health.", "53. The Department partnered with the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in co-producing The World in a Day, a film featuring the Secretary-General, and a video of a visit of the Secretary-General to Nigeria and Ethiopia to highlight the issue of maternal health. In 2011, a televised debate entitled Face to Face, developed by United Nations Television with the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and others, featured the Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Anthony Lake, and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova. A project of United Nations Television and the Asia‑Pacific Broadcasting Union involved the co-production of a series of documentaries on the Millennium Development Goals which was broadcast by Union members in the Asia and the Pacific region, as well as the United Nations Television channel. Over the past months, United Nations Television established new partnerships with a number of entities, including Newspoint TV (India), Shalom TV (United States), the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (Turkey), the United States Institute of Peace (United States) and ViewChange.org (United States).", "54. The Department continued to use the opportunities presented by screenings and other events to expand the reach of programmes produced by United Nations Television: several features on human rights and socio-economic issues were shown at the Latin American Studies department at Yale University; a feature story on the use of rape as a weapon of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was screened at a session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, at the Munich Film Festival and in the context of the “UNiTE to End Violence against Women” campaign in New York; a film about Afghan migrants in Greece was screened by the United Nations Association of New York. The Centro Niemeyer in Asturias, Spain, organized a major United Nations film series that included historical and prize-winning films from the Organization’s film and video archives.", "55. Through its live streaming service and by providing on-demand access to a wide range of archival material, UN Webcast made available more than 1,100 video clips and played a key role in the production and distribution of the daily news video for the United Nations home page. In addition, it facilitated internal communications by making webcasts of town hall meetings accessible to staff at Headquarters and in the field and by providing archives of videotaped training sessions.", "56. Demand for the Department’s photography service continued to grow during the reporting period. United Nations Photo covered nearly 650 events, including the visits of the Secretary-General to 33 countries, resulting in about 3,000 images being selected and made available to the public, in high resolution, on the United Nations Photo website. In addition to covering current events, United Nations Photo worked to increase the selection of legacy photographs documenting the historic accomplishments of the Organization available in the United Nations Photo Library. An additional 1,800 such images, retouched and digitized, were made available during the period under review.", "D. United Nations press releases and meetings coverage", "57. Between March and June 2011, the meetings coverage operation produced 658 press releases, equal to 2,856 pages, in English and French. Of this total, 241 press releases covered meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, and their subsidiary bodies and specialized commissions. More than 240 press releases concerned statements, remarks and messages from the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General, as well as material from other United Nations offices and departments.", "58. The Media Liaison and Accreditation Unit processed 935 permanent accreditations and 830 temporary press accreditations during the reporting period. It provided information and logistical assistance for 71 media stake-outs and assisted in the holding of 152 press conferences and briefings, which were attended by 2,193 journalists. The Unit promoted a variety of events to the press by sending out 77 electronic media alerts to about 4,000 recipients, including media organizations, permanent missions and offices throughout the United Nations system. It also promoted events through its Twitter feed.", "IV. Outreach services", "A. Deepening the involvement of civil society in the activities of the Organization", "59. Preparations for the sixty-fourth Annual United Nations Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, entitled “Sustainable societies; responsive citizens”, to be held from 3 to 5 September 2011 in Bonn, Germany, were progressing as the present report was being finalized. Participants will have the opportunity to develop a meaningful declaration and action plan that is expected to contribute to negotiations at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and to several major meetings in the run-up to the Conference. In addition, the outcomes of the Bonn Conference will contribute to the special session of the General Assembly on the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, scheduled to be held in December 2011.", "60. During the reporting period, the NGO Relations cluster organized 12 briefings, a communications workshop and a two-day annual orientation programme for representatives of newly associated non-governmental organizations. The total number of such organizations working with the Department reached 1,601.", "B. Global Model United Nations Conference", "61. In preparation for the upcoming Global Model United Nations Conference, to be held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, 18 student leaders from around the world participated in a week-long workshop in New York, where they learned about the roles they would play at the Conference and communicated with United Nations officials and diplomats about the theme of the Conference: sustainable development. Looking forward, the Department plans to share its experience with other model United Nations programmes so as to bring them closer to the way in which the Organization actually functions.", "C. Creative Community Outreach Initiative", "62. The third annual Envision forum, on the theme “Addressing global issues through documentaries”, included a documentary film screening and a discussion series on themes related to the Millennium Development Goals, with a special focus on poverty and hunger.", "63. One episode of MasterChef Australia, a highly rated Australian televised cooking show, was shot on United Nations premises during the tenth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. For the episode, amateur chefs faced each other in a challenge inspired by indigenous dishes.", "64. Since 1990, the Department has partnered with New York Festivals to reward exceptional media productions that exemplify the values and goals of the Organization. In 2011, the Department rewarded productions that focused on child protection, violence against women, democracy and the environment.", "65. At the Iberoamerican Creative Summit, held in Aviles, Spain, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American film and television professionals were introduced to the United Nations. The one-day gathering, hosted by the Centro Niemeyer, included three panel discussions focusing on gender equality, environmental sustainability and combating drugs and crime. It was the first time that such an event was held outside the United States.", "D. Celebrity advocacy", "66. A number of United Nations messengers of peace and goodwill ambassadors joined the Secretary-General in recording video messages of solidarity with the people of Japan in the wake of the earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011. The messages, which were transmitted to the affected populations through Japanese broadcast and online partners, United Nations information centres and the Organization’s social media channels, were viewed over 200,000 times online. The production and distribution of the recordings resulted from a collaboration between the Department, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and several United Nations entities, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNESCO and the United Nations Foundation.", "67. Messengers of Peace Wangari Maathai and Jane Goodall contributed to an online campaign of UNEP promoting tree-planting activities in support of the International Year of Forests.", "E. United Nations Academic Impact", "68. By mid-July 2011, over 660 institutions of higher education and research in 104 countries had entered into a global partnership with the United Nations (see figure below). Activities by United Nations Academic Impact members included a virtual conference during the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, a video-linked discussion with students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa and editors of a new book on the measurement of poverty in New York; an international forum on vocational education, held in Shanghai, China; and an international law competition entitled “Youth for peace”, held in Belarus. A symposium in Japan focused on rehabilitation and reconstruction support to the victims of the tsunami and earthquake. In March, representatives from 15 countries participated in a conference organized in the framework of the Black Sea Universities Network on the theme “Education and governance for sustainable development”, held in Constantza, Romania. In May, the Pegaso Institute in Italy convened a symposium for Europe Day on the implementation of the principles of the United Nations Academic Impact initiative in Europe. In August, the Korean Council for University Education and Handong Global University will host a two‑day forum in Seoul entitled “New partners for change: the United Nations and the world academic community”. Institutions affiliated with the initiative continue to carry out activities in support of the initiative’s goals, including an e-learning course in Pakistan on water filtration. A university in Argentina is planning to hold a global video contest on sustainable development.", "Figure", "United Nations Academic Impact: distribution of members by region, as at 18 July 2011", "[]", "F. Engaging the public", "69. Through the United Nations Speakers Bureau, the Department coordinated 235 in-house briefings and videoconferences for visitors to the United Nations, in addition to outside speaking engagements reaching 15,500 individuals. The Department distributed numerous information kits, responded to 10,200 inquiries from the public and received a number of petitions with 4,048 signatories in total.", "70. Almost 1 million visitors each year view the rotating roster of public exhibitions curated and installed by the Department in the Visitors’ Lobby at Headquarters. The website for visitors also makes the exhibitions available online.", "71. During the reporting period, seven exhibitions were organized:", "(a) The Living Legacy of 30 Million Untold Stories, which was organized in remembrance of the victims of slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade;", "(b) DeterMined, which showed pictures of victims of landmines while highlighting the work of Mine Action to save lives and protect livelihoods;", "(c) Champions to End Malaria, which portrayed global progress and individual efforts in combating malaria;", "(d) 25 Years after Chernobyl, which paid tribute to victims of the Chernobyl disaster;", "(e) The Doers of Democracy, which illustrated democracy projects in five regions of the world;", "(f) The Right to Water and Indigenous Peoples, which showed the importance of water to indigenous peoples’ way of life;", "(g) Law. Order. Peace., which highlighted United Nations peacekeeping efforts to improve the rule of law in war-torn countries.", "72. In 2011, 94,615 visitors took guided tours of Headquarters, a slight decrease compared with the same period in 2010. The decrease was related to an unforeseen three-day building closure for the high-level meeting on HIV and AIDS, held from 8 to 10 June.", "G. Remembrance activities", "73. On 2 May, the Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme held the screening of and a discussion on the film The Relief of Belsen. The event was co‑sponsored by the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations in honour of the British liberators of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. On 20 May, the Programme organized an educators’ workshop on fostering the defence of human rights within communities. The event included a workshop and a discussion with the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and a leading human rights activist during which examples of racial discrimination during the Nazi era and contemporary cases of mass violence were discussed. The Programme continued its series of discussion papers for university students, the three most recent ones being: “The global prevention of genocide: learning from the Holocaust”, “Holocaust education in South Africa” and “The law as an accelerator of Genocide”.", "74. The fourth annual commemoration of the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade was observed during the week of 25 March 2011 under the theme “The living legacy of 30 million untold stories”. Activities at Headquarters included the screening of the film Traces of the Trade; an exhibition displaying recreations of the “middle passage”, slave ships and a collection of artefacts and historic documents; a global videoconference for educators focusing on new research, curricula planning and teaching; panel discussions with university students and non-governmental organizations; a cultural event underscoring the nexus between the cuisines of Africa and the Caribbean; a special commemorative meeting of the General Assembly and a “living legacy” concert featuring performers from Africa, the Americas and the Caribbean. The Department also utilized its network of information centres to undertake a range of activities, including the screening of the UNESCO film Slave Routes: A Global Vision in Almaty (Kazakhstan), Antananarivo, Canberra, Dakar, Geneva and Ouagadougou and the organization of workshops, cultural events, panel discussions and exhibits.", "H. Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists’ Fellowship Programme", "75. Preparations for the thirty-first annual Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists’ Fellowship Programme, organized by the Department and held from 12 September to 21 October 2011, are progressing. Fourteen developing countries and countries with economies in transition have submitted candidates, namely: Bahamas, Barbados, Cameroon, Croatia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Kiribati, Oman, Palau, Swaziland, Tajikistan and United Arab Emirates.", "76. The 2011 programme will give participating journalists the opportunity to engage in practical reporting work at Headquarters. Leveraging know-how and skills within the Department, the journalists will shadow United Nations media professionals in their respective field of expertise and produce stories with them.", "I. United Nations flagship publications", "77. In May, the sixty-first edition of the Yearbook of the United Nations (2007) was launched at a panel discussion on “Getting the facts right”, held in partnership with the United Nations Academic Impact initiative. For the first time, the Yearbook was issued also as an e-book. An audience that included students from local universities, guest panellists from academia, journalists and representatives of the media explored, in today’s media context, topics covered by the 2007 Yearbook such as progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and attacks on humanitarian workers.", "78. The 2011 edition of the United Nations primer, Basic Facts about the United Nations, a perennial bestseller, was published in May. As well as explaining the role played by the principal organs of the United Nations and the other organizations of the United Nations system, Basic Facts explores the ways in which the Organization contributes to international peace and security, economic and social development, human rights, humanitarian action, international law and peacekeeping operations. The 2011 edition also features the newly revised organization chart of the United Nations system. French and Spanish editions are due to follow towards the end of the year. Translations into local languages are already under way.", "79. The first issue in 2011 of the UN Chronicle, which focused on HIV and AIDS, was published and distributed in May. Contributors included Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS; Pedro Basualdo, former Secretary of State of Argentina; Marc Conant, one of the first physicians to diagnose and treat AIDS; and Carol Kidu, Minister for Community Development in Papua New Guinea. In their articles, the authors analysed such issues as HIV and the workplace, HIV and education, and women and HIV.", "80. The second issue in 2011 of UN Chronicle, dedicated to peace and security as part of the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Dag Hammarskjold’s death, went to press at the end of June.", "J. Sales and marketing of United Nations publications", "81. Work continued on the expansion of the Department’s e-publishing programme. That included entering into an agreement for e-book distribution with JSTOR, the pre-eminent not-for-profit service that enables access to scholarly content; the publication of 31 new e-books for mobile devices; and plans for converting more than 300 popular United Nations titles into formats suitable for mobile devices. Two new mobile applications were launched: AIDSInfo and Innovations in Public Governance. The United Nations e-book collection was in the planning phase and will enter the building phase in August 2011. On the traditional book front, three new distribution agreements were signed with book distributors in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 131 new books were published in the period under review.", "K. Internal communications and outreach through the web", "82. The Secretariat Intranet, iSeek, continued to be accessed by staff and personnel worldwide. The iSeek team posted 270 stories on a range of issues including International Women’s Day, UN-Women, peacekeeping, the transatlantic slave trade, World Environment Day, diversity, multilingualism and the International Year for People of African Descent.", "83. The Department continued to develop websites to support its outreach goals. New sites were developed for the sixty-fourth Annual United Nations Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organization Conference and the 2011 Global Model United Nations Conference. Construction of the websites for the United Nations Academic Impact initiative and the oral history project of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library was in progress.", "L. Visual identity", "84. The graphic design team of the Department, which provides tailored design solutions for print and web products, worked on the messenger-of-peace pins, the eradication of poverty campaign, the Palestinian exhibit, a book on the League of Nations and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, among other projects.", "M. Library services", "85. With the reopening of a library training space, the Library’s training programme was reinvigorated in the spring of 2011. From March to June 1,370 staff members, delegates, representatives of non-governmental organizations and others participated in library trainings.", "Depository libraries", "86. The data-collection exercise for the review of United Nations depository libraries ended in May 2011. The aim of the review is to ensure that depository libraries receive appropriate United Nations information in the formats that are most useful for readers. Increasingly, depository libraries, including those in developing countries, are indicating that they have improved access to the Internet. While the Library continues to encourage depository libraries to consider the advantages of electronic access, inequities in the area of such access will be taken into account. The Library is also working with depository libraries to strengthen outreach efforts in connection with United Nations-related issues.", "87. The Library has continued to engage United Nations depository libraries through training programmes, including for 70 Latin American librarians arranged by United Nations Information Centre Mexico and a targeted training in United Nations statistical resources and documentation for librarians at major research libraries in the New York metropolitan area. Initial results from the review of depository libraries indicate that 87 per cent of the libraries would like more training in the use of United Nations information resources.", "Electronic resources and United Nations digital information", "88. The Library helps 55 United Nations entities to “deliver as one” by serving as the coordinating secretariat for the United Nations System Electronic Information Acquisition Consortium, which facilitates subscriptions to a constantly growing list of electronic resources for its members in 47 countries. In response to users’ needs for quality information at any time and at any location, the Library is transitioning, to the extent possible, from print collections to electronic resources and preparing new mechanisms for the delivery of electronic resources onto the desktops of staff members worldwide. The Library has continued preparations for a new platform to provide stakeholders with both digitized and born-digital United Nations information. The new platform will help safeguard United Nations digital assets for future generations.", "89. At the same time, the Library is seeking to ensure the preservation and accessibility of the published records of the Organization since 1946. Having completed the main series of Security Council documents, the digitization programme will focus on earlier General Assembly documentation, including a retrospective content analysis of the documents so that they can become widely and easily accessible.", "90. In the period covering March through June 2011, bibliographic metadata records were created for 6,600 United Nations documents and publications to ensure their easy retrieval. An authoritative index of terms and the thesaurus in the six official languages were continuously being maintained. Those metadata records form the core information for the United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBISnet), the Index to Proceedings and the Official Document System. As at 30 June 2011, 860,700 bibliographic metadata records had been recorded in UNBISnet, providing a complete voting history on all General Assembly and Security Council resolutions.", "91. Looking ahead, an effort is under way to review how the Dag Hammarskjold Library can enhance its services and adapt to the many changes that have occurred both in the United Nations and in the area of information technology. A departmental working group on library improvements, formed in May 2011, was tasked with making recommendations covering future strategy, technology and work processes.", "V. Use of social and “new” media in the Department", "92. Departmental guidelines on the use of social media were finalized and will be shared across the Secretariat as a suggested model for other departments and offices. The number of followers of the United Nations Twitter account, maintained by the Strategic Communications Division, recently surpassed 400,000. Based on its “klout” score, which is widely recognized as one of the best ways to measure social media influence, the Organization’s Twitter account is the top-rated account in the United Nations system. On Facebook, the posts of the United Nations Information Centre registered more than 3 million views. The Department also maintains two accounts focusing on the Millennium Development Goals. On Facebook, the posts on the Goals account registered more than 1 million views during the reporting period.", "93. Social media were effectively utilized to publicize the Nelson Mandela International Day campaign. Promotional messages and images were disseminated through Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and Flickr. Posts on the United Nations Facebook page registered more than 12,000 “impressions” each.", "94. In the field, an increasing number of United Nations information centres used social media tools to disseminate information on the Secretary-General’s messages, major reports and developments, and to reach and engage local audiences (see table 3).", "95. United Nations Information Centre Beirut is a leading member of the social media task force of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, which is responsible for the development, management and supervision of the Commission’s social media strategy.", "96. United Nations Information Centre Washington, D.C., published several messages on its Facebook page and through Twitter in observance of the International Year of Forests. The Director of the Centre participated in a town hall meeting that was streamed on Facebook to discuss the role of the United Nations in Haiti.", "Table 3", "Social networking tools used by United Nations information centres", "Facebook Twitter YouTube Flickr \n Ankara Ankara Bogota Bogota \n Baku Bogota Brussels Colombo \n Bogota Brussels Jakarta Geneva \n Brussels Canberra Kathmandu Jakarta \n Bucharest Geneva La Paz \n Buenos Aires Jakarta Lima \n Cairo La Paz Mexico City \nDar es Salaam\tMexico City\tRio deJaneiro\t\n Jakarta New Delhi Tokyo \nLa Paz\tPretoria\tWashington,D.C.\t\n Lima Rio de Janeiro Yerevan \n Manila Tunis \n Mexico City Vienna \nNew Delhi\tWashington,D.C. \n Prague Yerevan \n Pretoria \n Rio de Janeiro \n Tokyo \n Tunis \n Vienna \n Warsaw \n Washington, D.C. \n Yaounde \n Yerevan", "97. In September 2010, the News and Media Division of the Department launched a channel on Sina Weibo, the popular microblogging platform in Chinese. With nearly 6,000 messages covering the latest news and key events, UN Weibo had close to 662,000 fans registered by June 2011. Video channels were also launched on Youku and Tudou, the top-two Chinese video-sharing websites, with over 470 clips covering a broad range of United Nations developments and issues featured on each of them. The total number of views on both channels reached 2.8 million. At the same time, the Department continued to enhance video content on the Organization’s YouTube channel in French and Spanish, with some 150 videos posted in the two languages.", "98. During the reporting period, strategic changes were made to the management of the UN News Centre’s presence on new media platforms, including with regard to the number and type of content posted per day and the creation of separate accounts in English and French. Those decisions generated immediate results: the number of Facebook fans increased by roughly 9,000, bringing the total to almost 28,000 and the number of Twitter followers almost doubled to 8,000 in English and French combined.", "99. The increased use of new media has enabled the UN News Centre to work more closely with its United Nations partners. For example, the UN News Centre participated in an ad hoc new media team led by UNAIDS that disseminated information in support of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on HIV and AIDS. The French-language Twitter account was particularly useful, as many United Nations organizations do not have public information outlets in French.", "100. The addition of a feature that makes it possible to share UN News Centre stories proved to be popular among users, who shared the weekly news quiz some 2,000 times during the reporting period. Other popular items included articles on human rights and news items on developments in the Arab world and on work done to protect refugees, which were shared more than 800 times shortly after posting. UN Webcast uses social media tools to alert viewers to upcoming events scheduled for live coverage. As the unit responsible for maintaining the United Nations channel on YouTube, UN Webcast continuously updated videos on the page and took steps to enhance its interactive aspects, in part by encouraging user response to videos. A series of videos posted on the Organization’s YouTube channel that featured messages of solidarity with the Japanese people in the wake of the Japan earthquake and tsunami disaster drew thousands of viewers.", "101. The United Nations Photo Flickr “photostream”, where over 3,000 images have been posted, reached a milestone in April 2011, when it registered 1 million views. That number has continued to grow steadily since then.", "102. In February and March 2011, the United Nations Academic Impact initiative, in partnership with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, organized a series of four e-discussions on the theme “Building a future for today’s youth: improving access to education”. Harnessing the power of new media, the series was hosted on the initiative’s Facebook page. A consolidated global report on the virtual discussion was presented to the Economic and Social Council in April.", "103. The sales and marketing presence of the United Nations on the social media platforms provided by Facebook and Twitter continued to grow: close to 3,500 users follow the Organization on Facebook and 15,500 users follow it on Twitter. Most of the Facebook users live in the United States, followed by Indonesia and Pakistan.", "VI. Conclusions", "104. The developments and examples outlined in the present report serve to once again provide proof that communications and public engagement are not and cannot be solely supportive endeavours: they must be integral to policies, programmes and change. Furthermore, for communications efforts to be successful, they must be sustained both locally and globally and be efficiently resourced.", "105. The relentless and often unexpected pace of everyday life places demands on the work of the Department at both the global and the field levels. Its partnerships with the media, other parts of the United Nations system, civil society and the academic community, and the enthusiasm of young people must be sustained both locally and globally, through familiar and novel means. There is much that the Department can do, and is doing, at Headquarters and in the field, and it is vital that these activities remain financially and operationally secure. The Department will continue to enhance its means of reaching out, while invigorating its capacity to be a forum for ideas and imagination where the world and its peoples can “reach in”." ]
A_66_261
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 54 of the provisional agenda*", "Questions relating to information", "Questions relating to information", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 65/107, highlights the most important aspects of the recent work of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat on strategic communications on key issues such as the Millennium Development Goals, sustainable development and climate change, international peace and security, and human rights. The activities of the United Nations information centre network are also reviewed, with support vital to the implementation of the Department &apos; s communications campaigns. The report also highlights the services provided by the Department to the media and civil society and highlights in particular the increased use of new information and communications technologies. It also provides updated information on the Department &apos; s outreach activities, including the organization of a United Nations Global Model and the recently launched United Nations Academic Impact initiative.", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 83 of resolution 65/107 B, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session and to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the activities of the Department of Public Information and on the implementation of all the recommendations and requests contained in the resolution. Accordingly, the Department submitted three reports for consideration by the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session, held from 27 April to 6 May 2011 (A/AC.198/2011/2, A/AC/198/2011/3 and A/AC.198/2011/4). The deliberations on those reports are reflected in the report of the Committee on its thirty-third session (A/66/21).", "2. The present report updates the information provided by the Committee on Information at its thirty-third session and describes the activities undertaken by the Department from February to July 2010 through its three subprogrammes: strategic communications services, news services and outreach services.", "II. Strategic communications services", "A. Thematic issues", "Millennium Development Goals", "3. In order to maintain momentum for the Millennium Development Goals, a system-wide task force of the United Nations Communications Group, composed of more than 25 partners, drafted common messages. In addition, the Department promoted the work of the Millennium Development Goals Impulsors Group, for which a website was launched at the end of April (www.un.org/millenniumgoals/advocates).", "Sustainable development and climate change", "4. In preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, the Department coordinated activities aimed at promoting an informed debate on sustainable development and related issues, such as forests, oceans, biodiversity and climate change. Through a dedicated United Nations Communications Group task force, the Department coordinated a system-wide communications strategy for the Conference, which included common messages and a logo. The Department called for promoting the implementation of the Cancun Agreements and the launch of a report on renewable energy by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It also played a leading role in promoting United Nations participation in Earth Hour and other initiatives to promote sustainability, such as the World Environment Day, with a staff-led campaign to reduce the use of paper. In the area of biodiversity, the Department endeavoured to increase the number of signatories to the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable distribution of benefits derived from their use.", "5. For the International Year of Forests, held in 2011, several United Nations information centres participated in film festivals, poster competitions, tree planting and other awareness-raising activities. For example, the United Nations Information Centre in Canberra partnered with the Instituto de Tecnología de Canberra and the Australian National Botanic Gardens to conduct a one-year photographic competition and the United Nations Information Centre in Rio de Janeiro supported a number of activities, including a conference on forests in São Paulo organized by the Humanitare Institute in collaboration with the Brazilian HSBC Bank.", "Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "6. In preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May, the Department carried out extensive public information outreach activities such as the preparation of key messages, a comprehensive and detailed press kit in English and French and four opinion articles. At the conference, he credited 500 journalists, with whom he collaborated.", "High-level meeting on HIV/AIDS", "7. The Department provided communications support to the Joint United Nations Programme on Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (UNAIDS), before and during a three-day high-level meeting in New York from 8 to 10 June 2011. An official website was launched in the six official languages of the United Nations and the Department &apos; s social media team worked closely with UNAIDS to establish contact with young people.", "High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "8. In the lead-up to the United Nations High-level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be held in New York on 19 and 20 September 2011, the Department organized a media forum in June 2011 in partnership with the American Cancer Society. About 60 journalists from over 45 countries were invited to attend briefings at United Nations Headquarters on the causes, incidence and prevention of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular and lung diseases.", "Women &apos; s issues", "9. The Department continued to support the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) by promoting its launch at the end of February, including through social communication platforms and a website specifically prepared for International Women &apos; s Day. In addition, the Department worked closely with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations in the preparation of a section of the gender-maintenance and peacekeeping website, in support of the initiation of a 10-year study on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women and peace and security.", "10. The Department gave impetus to the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, which took place in New York on 12 March 2010, from 22 February to 4 March 2011, and on 14 March 2011, by contacting the media and publicizing special events held during the session, including the Secretary-General &apos; s campaign “united to end violence against women”.", "11. The United Nations Regional Information Centre in Brussels launched an ad contest throughout Europe entitled “Create4theUN” on “Not to Violence against Women”.", "12. The United Nations Information Centre in Ankara established an association with the Turkish newspaper Milliyet through which the newspaper published, for more than a month, one of the announcements of the Centre &apos; s campaign on its home page, which received more than one million daily visits.", "13. The United Nations Information Centre in Sana’a produced, with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Yemen, three radio programmes dealing with women &apos; s education, work and early marriage. The programs were broadcast on Radio Sana’a.", "Global action against racism", "14. On the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (21 March), a video conference on racial discrimination was organized at Headquarters for 200 secondary school students from Canada, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States of America, focusing particularly on people of African descent. The network of United Nations information centres initiated a variety of outreach activities.", "Nelson Mandela International Day", "15. For the second celebration of Nelson Mandela International Day, on 18 July 2011, the Department focused its campaign on the theme “Take action! Inspire change” to encourage people to devote 67 minutes of their time to public service in honor of Nelson Mandela’s 67 years of struggle for freedom and equal rights. As part of the campaign, the United Nations partnered with the Central Park Conservancy organization in New York for the implementation of a project that consisted of painting the railroads and park banks. Through an association with the MTV television channel, a special article on the Day was prepared for a blog entitled “MTV Act”, through which the channel highlights the small things that ordinary citizens can do to bring about changes in their lives and communities.", "Commemoration of the Rwandan Genocide", "16. The Department marked the seventeenth annual commemoration of the Rwandan genocide with the theme “Reconstruction of Rwanda: reconciliation and education”. On 7 April, a commemorative ceremony was organized at Headquarters in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Rwanda to the United Nations. During the act they spoke survivors of the genocide. In addition, the Department made arrangements for a student conference on the subject. The Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and a Genocide Survivor made speeches to students. A youth novel entitled Tugire Ubumwe: Let’s Unite was distributed worldwide!", "The question of Palestine", "17. The 2011 International Media Seminar on Middle East Peace, organized by the Department, took place on 12 and 13 July in Budapest. With the co-sponsorship of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, the two-day meeting brought together some 100 authorities and former Israeli authorities and the Palestinian Authority, as well as senior United Nations officials, international experts and media representatives. The participants discussed the peace process in the light of the evolution of the political landscape in the Arab world and discussed the role of new and visual media in promoting the peace agenda.", "18. The 2011 annual training programme for Palestinian media professionals will take place at Headquarters from 31 October to 2 December. Ten Palestinian journalists working mainly on the audiovisual media are expected to attend the five-week programme, which will focus on practical training on radio and television production.", "United Nations peacekeeping", "19. The Department of Public Information, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support conducted their eighth annual training workshop at the United Nations Regional Service Centre in Entebbe, Uganda, from 18 to 21 April. The workshop focused on promoting innovation and integration in the digital sphere, as well as on new recruitment policies for field staff.", "20. The theme chosen for the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers was “The Rule of Law”. The Department worked with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support to highlight how peacekeeping operations seek to strengthen police, judicial institutions with the slogan “Law. Order. Peace.”. Public events at Headquarters included a ceremony for the placement of a floral offering, a ceremony for the award of medals to peacekeepers and the publication of a video on the work of peacekeepers in the area of the rule of law.", "21. The United Nations Information Centre in Bujumbura organized an event jointly with the United Nations Office in Burundi, the local office of the African Union, the Ministry of National Defence of Burundi and ex-combatants to commemorate the Day. The United Nations Information Centre in Jakarta organized a live radio programme on women in United Nations peacekeeping operations, which was broadcast by Radio Republik of Indonesia. The United Nations Information Centre in Ouagadougou organized a number of awareness-raising activities on the Day, including a 30-minute television programme prepared in partnership with National Television in Burkina Faso and a briefing for local military academy students, in cooperation with the Ministry of Defence of Burkina Faso.", "New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development", "22. Through its quarterly magazine Africa Renewal/Afrique renouveau and a regularly updated and updated website, the Department continued to raise global awareness and support for the Planning and Coordination Agency of the New Partnership for Africa &apos; s Development. Between March and June 2011, 12 short articles were published in 224 different media outlets in 54 countries (335 times in English and 193 times in French). The Department &apos; s Africa Section continued to increase its online presence and use of social communication tools to contact the small but growing African population with Internet access, as well as the public of developed countries.", "International Year of Youth", "23. The promotion of the International Youth Year carried out by the Department resulted in a series of activities, ranging from lectures and briefings for youth groups, to press conferences, seminars, workshops, debates, interviews and radio and television programmes. The United Nations information centres included a youth perspective in other major United Nations celebrations and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) campaign.", "24. The United Nations Information Centre in Manama, in cooperation with Ajial, an organization that brings together young people from Bahrain and the Gulf region and encourages them to participate in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and in the “Vision of Bahrain for 2030” initiative, held the International Youth Year by organizing a basketball tournament for young people and a women’s league football tournament in Bahrain, among other activities.", "25. As part of its one-year International Youth Year promotion schedule, the United Nations Information Centre in New Delhi partnered with the organizers of “Be on the street”, a street theatre festival that brings together theatre groups from 20 New Delhi universities.", "B. United Nations information centres", "Visual material for communication campaigns", "26. As mentioned above, United Nations information centres continue to use various communications tools and to build partnerships with Governments, media organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and other members of civil society. In doing so, they increasingly use movies and other visual materials.", "27. The United Nations Information Centre in Brussels organizes a monthly screening of a film (“Cine UN”) followed by a debate. The event has been extended to other countries, such as Germany, France, Iceland and Israel.", "28. At the United Nations Information Centre in New Delhi, the eighth edition of We Care Film Fest, an annual international disability documentary festival presented by the non-governmental organization Brotherhood.", "Collaboration arrangements with local radio stations and television stations", "29. United Nations information centres have intensified collaboration with local television stations to disseminate United Nations videos and films and make arrangements for joint production.", "30. The United Nations Information Centre in Islamabad, through a common communications effort with the support of the United Nations Communications Group in Pakistan, will disseminate throughout the country, in collaboration with the organization Search for Common Ground, 12 radio programmes on priority issues for the Organization from July to December 2011.", "31. The United Nations Information Centre in Mexico, D.F. concluded an agreement with the Latin American Institute for Educational Communication, an organization that specializes in the development, study and application of information and communication technologies for distance learning and the production of teaching materials, with the aim of improving the quality of education in Latin America.", "Capacity-building in communications for Department of Public Information staff in the field", "32. Recognizing the importance of increasing the competence of its communications staff, especially field staff, the Department organized several training courses. In June 2011, the Department held a media workshop in Vienna for its communications staff at the United Nations Information Centre in Moscow and the United Nations offices in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The workshop included sessions on new media, crisis communications and interview management techniques and press conferences.", "33. In addition, the Department continued to work with the Office of Human Resources Management to provide the distance learning course, divided into eight sessions, entitled “Writing for the web”, which enjoys great success. Since the beginning of 2011, staff from 19 places have been following the course.", "Current budgetary and security challenges", "34. The Department remained committed to maximizing its human and financial resources and using them in the most strategic and efficient manner possible. In some United Nations information centres, for example, some administrative assistant posts were becoming knowledge management assistant posts as a means of improving the communications role of information centres within country teams. In many cases, the physical space allocated to information centres has been reduced, either directly or as a result of sharing common spaces and costs with other members of the country teams. As a result of the above, some articles that had previously belonged to the libraries of the information centres were donated to universities and local centres focused on helping customers access electronic resources and contact the chosen public through workshops and presentations carried out away from the centres.", "35. Security remained a serious concern. The Department of Safety and Security continued to review the minimum operating security standards. As a result, security expenditure increased by approximately one third compared to the previous biennium.", "United Nations Information Centre in Luanda", "36. The Department was informed by representatives of the Government of Angola that funds had been approved for the construction of premises for a United Nations Information Centre in Luanda to meet the needs of the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa. For its part, the Department was working with the Office of Legal Affairs to prepare an agreement with the host country. Posts for the new centre had been classified and the post of director had been issued.", "III. News services", "A. United Nations website", "37. The structural elements of the Organization &apos; s website (www.un.org) were reorganized to improve navigation and expand the use of common identification elements with a view to improving the conformity and coherence of the submission. In addition, new web pages were created in the six official languages for the commemorations mandated by the General Assembly.", "38. Since the beginning of 2011, traffic reports on the website were based on data collected through the use of the Google Analytics system, and thus presented a much more accurate picture of the situation. It was made easier to analyze usage trends by language, geographical region, specific sites and dates.", "39. Most of the websites produced by the Department were made available to the public in all the official languages of the Organization. As it expanded the use of its multimedia products, such as the use of a video to accompany the most informative element of the United Nations home page, the Department ensured that there were subtitles available in all official languages (see tables 1 and 2).", "40. In assisting in the design and preparation of websites, the Department continued to use cooperation agreements with universities in Belarus, China and Spain to translate the content of the website into Chinese, Spanish and Russian. In collaboration with the Arab Translation Service of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Arabic Web site Unit of the Department of Public Information provided translation into Arabic. Recently both departments expanded their partnership by signing agreements with the University of Damascus, the American University of Cairo and the University of San José in Beirut. The agreement between the Department of Public Information and the United Nations Volunteers programme also contributed to the availability of additional French materials on the United Nations website.", "Table 1", "Visits to the United Nations website: the 10 most visited countries between March and June 2011", "Total Arab Chinese English French Spanish Russian StatesUnidos 11928 7 882 19803 17788 680398 9052 755 270China 1376 130834 2 664 1 446 38068 909 175 488Mexico 214 162 140012 649 25557 115 166 934United Kingdom 1512 964 1 276 2 611 142", "Table 2", "Unique visits to the United Nations website and page views, March-June 2011", "Language Unique visits Views Pages", "Arab Republic 313 200 1 006 02", "Chinese 887 868 2 519 136", "English 2 461 798 6 967 826", "French 1 131 371 4 032 868", "English 8 054 234 30 243 489", "Russian 732 598 2 546 944", "Total 13 581 069 47 316 365", "41. As part of its efforts to make the United Nations website accessible to persons with disabilities, including those with hearing, visual and mobility problems, the Department incorporated the use of subtitles in the production of daily news video on the Organization &apos; s home page and was taking steps to extend subtitles to other videos produced by the Department.", "B. UN News Centre", "42. During the reporting period, only more than 2,000 reports were produced in English and French, and the offices were usually complemented by audio and video links. The United Nations website continued to present weekly questions on news, photo reports and lists of the most read reports in a given month. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted between March and June for senior United Nations officials and for news. The periodic update of the current news pages continued to provide access in one place to documents and articles on complex issues. The UN News Centre also launched a new series of field reports to highlight the experiences of staff working in missions.", "43. News compilers and media outlets from a larger number of countries increased the frequency of reports produced by the Department. During the reporting period, the reports were reproduced entirely by online media such as Philippines Times, New Kerala, India Blooms, North Korea Times, London Mercury, Phoenix Local News, India Gazette, Cambodia Times, Washington Bangla Radio, Le Petit Journal du Laos, AfriquInfos, Africa Time and All Africa.com, among others.", "44. According to Google Analytics, the English-language pages of the UN News Center receives about 600,000 visits and adds more than one million page views every month. During peak reporting periods, these figures increased. In April, when the situation in the Middle East and North Africa was rapidly evolving, the UN News Centre recorded 845,000 visits and 1.5 million page views. In addition, some 43,000 subscribers received articles daily by e-mail.", "C. Radio, television and photography services", "45. During the period under review, United Nations Radio increased the frequency of updates to its partners by sending e-mail notices to radio stations promoting daily information coverage. It expanded news coverage by adding instant reports from the ground, partly by using Skype to conduct interviews. The most noteworthy news included the latest news on the reaction and response of the United Nations to the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa.", "46. The Radio Section produced special fund programmes and related interviews on the International Day of Remembrance of Victims of Slavery and Transatlantic Slavery, the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers and the high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS. The Section commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of Chernobyl with a slide projection accompanied by a multi-lingual narrative and noted the tenth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues with the production of a special programme on women &apos; s human rights. United Nations Radio sent two journalists to Istanbul (Turkey) on the occasion of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; journalists delivered 40 reports and packages in English and French, conducted interviews in other languages through Skype and shared information with the UN News Centre.", "47. A new radio interview programme called “From the Field” was launched to enable senior United Nations officials to talk about recently completed missions. Interviews were held, among others, with Ivan Šimonović, Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights, who spoke about a trip to Iraq, and Gulnara Shahinian, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, who referred to her first fact-finding mission in Peru.", "48. During the reporting period, United Nations Radio took further steps to improve its website and the underlying content management system to give more flexibility to multimedia content presentation, such as video and slide projections, in different languages. This made possible, for example, the live coverage of the election of the new President of the General Assembly on the website of the Spanish section of the Radio. Currently, videos are available on the website of the Portuguese section of the Radio; for example, an original video-report was posted on the website, which had been produced by the Radio and which referred to the presentation at the Headquarters of the Rio tape as part of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "49. The following radio broadcasters were associated with United Nations Radio during the reporting period: Vinha FM (Brazil), Radio Communitaria Maria Rosa FM (Brazil), Urban Cool Radio (United States), FM Sierras (Argentina), Canal Saúde/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Brazil), Radio Huancavilca 830 AM (Ecuador), Radio Indico (Mozambique) and Tela NonBrasil (Brazil).", "50. United Nations Television broadcast live, among other events, the High-level Meeting on HIV/AIDS and the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was disseminated live on Facebook — a premiere for a United Nations conference held away from Headquarters. These materials were widely used by television news agencies, including Reuters and Associated Press Television News, and radio broadcasters were provided through UNifeed, the United Nations news distributor. UNifeed has continued to expand its reach to non-governmental organizations, public agencies, educational institutions and individuals who rely on UNifeed to receive United Nations news. More than 40 agencies, funds, peacekeeping missions and other entities provide material to service.", "51. Some events at Headquarters in New York and at the United Nations Office at Geneva were broadcast live on the United Nations Time Warner Cable channel to parts of the New York metropolitan area and disseminated through webcasts worldwide through UN Webcast.", "52. The Department’s iconic news programme, 21st Century, broadcast by more than 60 international broadcasters, continued to gain recognition. A report on the role of the United Nations in seeking justice for the victims of the Khmer Rouge was awarded a World Gold Medal in the prestigious international television and film awards of New York Festivals in April 2011. The UN in Action, a series of short films produced in English, French, English and Russian, expanded the scope of its coverage, in part by implementing joint projects with United Nations agencies, with a view to highlighting the work of the Organization in such areas as economic and social development, the environment, human rights and health.", "53. The Department partnered with the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for the World &apos; s Production on a Day, a film containing the Secretary-General, and a video on the Secretary-General &apos; s visit to Nigeria and Ethiopia to highlight the issue of maternal health. In 2011, in a televised debate entitled Cara a Cara, prepared by the United Nations Television Service with the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other entities, the Director of the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF), Anthony Lake, and the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova took part. A project of the United Nations Television Service and the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union co-producted a series of documentaries on the Millennium Development Goals transmitted by members of the Union in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as by the United Nations Television channel. In recent months, the United Nations Television Service established new partnerships with various entities, including Newspoint TV (India), Shalom YV (United States), the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, the United States Peace Institute and ViewChange.org (United States).", "54. The Department continued to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the screening of films and other acts to expand the scope of the programmes produced by the United Nations Television Service; that is how several films on human rights and socio-economic issues were projected at the Department of Latin American Studies of the University of Yale; a documentary on the use of rape as a weapon of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was projected at a session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, Munich The Niemeyer Centre in Asturias (Spain) organized the projection of an important series of United Nations films, including historical films and award winners from the Organization &apos; s film and video archives.", "55. Through its live streaming service and through the granting of access to a large number of archive materials, UN Webcast facilitated more than 1,100 short videos and played a key role in the production and distribution of the daily news video for the United Nations home page. In addition, it facilitated internal communications by providing webcasts of public assemblies, accessible to Headquarters and field staff and providing videotaped training sessions.", "56. The demand for coverage of the Department &apos; s photographic service continued to increase during the reporting period. The United Nations photography services covered nearly 650 events, including the Secretary-General &apos; s visits to 33 countries, resulting in the selection of some 3,000 high-resolution images, which were made available to the public on the United Nations photo website. In addition to covering current issues, the United Nations photographic service was dedicated to increasing the selection of photographs documenting the Organization &apos; s historic achievements and which can be seen in the United Nations photo library. During the period under review, some 1,800 images were added, retouched and digitized.", "D. Press releases and coverage of United Nations meetings", "57. Between March and June 2011, the coverage operation of the meetings resulted in 658 press releases, equivalent to 2,856 pages, in English and French. Of this total, 241 communiqués concerned meetings of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, and their subsidiary bodies and specialized commissions. More than 240 press releases concerned statements, comments and messages by the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General, as well as material from other United Nations offices and departments.", "58. The Media Accreditation and Liaison Unit processed 935 standing accreditations and 830 interim press accreditations during the reporting period. It provided information and logistical assistance for 71 informal media meetings and provided assistance for 152 press conferences and briefings, attended by 2,193 journalists. The Unit promoted a variety of press events by sending 77 electronic notices to approximately 4,000 recipients, including media organizations, permanent missions and United Nations system-wide offices. He also promoted events through his Twitter account.", "IV. Outreach services", "A. Increased participation of civil society in the activities of the Organization", "59. Preparations for the sixty-fourth annual Conference of the United Nations Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, entitled &quot; Sustainable partnerships, receptive citizens &quot; , to be held from 3 to 5 September 2011 in Bonn, Germany, were moving forward as the present report was finalized. Participants will have the opportunity to develop a significant declaration and action plan that is expected to contribute to the negotiations at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and several important meetings in the period immediately preceding the Conference. In addition, the outcome of the Bonn Conference will contribute to the special session of the General Assembly on the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, scheduled for December 2011.", "60. During the reporting period, the Group on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations [in accordance with document A/66/6 (sect. 28)] organized 12 briefings, a communications workshop and a two-day annual guidance programme for representatives of newly associated non-governmental organizations. The total number of such organizations working with the Department was 1,601.", "B. World Model Conference", "61. In preparation for the upcoming World Model United Nations Conference, to be held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, 18 student leaders from around the world participated in a one-week workshop in New York, where they learned about the role they would play in the Conference and communicated with senior United Nations officials and diplomats on the theme of the Conference, namely, sustainable development. Looking forward, the Department intends to make its experience known to other United Nations model programmes in order to bring them closer to the way the Organization actually works.", "C. Creative Community Outreach Initiative", "62. The third annual edition of the Envision forum, the theme of which was the treatment of global problems through documentaries, included the screening of a documentary and a series of discussions on issues related to the Millennium Development Goals, focusing on poverty and hunger.", "63. An episode by Master Chef Australia, a well-considered Australian television programme, was filmed at United Nations premises during the tenth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. For the episode, amateur chefs participated face to face in a competition inspired by indigenous dishes.", "64. Since 1990, the Department has partnered with the New York Festivals to reward media production of exceptional quality that exemplifies the values and objectives of the Organization. In 2011, the Department gave priority to productions focusing on child protection, violence against women, democracy and the environment.", "65. At the Ibero-American Creative Summit, held in Avilés, Spain, Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American film and television professionals began in the work of the United Nations. The one-day meeting at the Niemeyer Centre included three panel discussions on gender equality, environmental sustainability and the fight against drugs and violence. It is the first time that such an event is held outside the United States.", "D. Promotion in charge of famous characters", "66. Several Messengers of Peace and Goodwill Ambassadors of the United Nations made video recordings of messages of solidarity with the people of Japan following the earthquake and tsunami that occurred on 11 March 2011. The messages, which were transmitted to affected populations through Japanese broadcasters and online partners, United Nations information centres and the Organization &apos; s social communication channels, were seen more than 200,000 times online. The production and distribution of recordings resulted from collaboration between the Department, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and several United Nations entities, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNESCO and the United Nations Foundation.", "67. Peace Messengers Wangari Maathai and Jane Goodall contributed to an online campaign launched by UNEP to promote tree planting in support of the International Year of Forests.", "E. United Nations Academic Impact Initiative", "68. By mid-July 2011, more than 660 higher education and research institutions in 104 countries had established a global partnership with the United Nations (see figure). The activities of the members of the United Nations Academic Impact Initiative consisted of a virtual conference during the fifty-fifth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, a video-linked discussion with students of the University of KwaZuluNatal of South Africa and the editors of a new book on poverty measurement in New York; an international forum on vocational training, held in Shanghai, China; and a competition on international peace. A symposium in Japan focused on supporting rehabilitation and reconstruction for victims of the tsunami and earthquake. In March, representatives of 15 countries participated in a conference organized within the framework of the Black Sea University Network on the theme “Education and governance for sustainable development”, held in Constantza, Romania. In March, the Italian Pegasus Institute convened a symposium for Europe Day on the implementation in Europe of the principles of the United Nations Academic Impact initiative. In August, the Korean University Education Council and the Handong World University will host a two-day forum in Seoul entitled “New Allies for Change: the United Nations and the World Academic Community.” The institutions affiliated with the initiative continue to undertake activities in support of its objectives, such as an e-learning course in Pakistan on water filtration. A university in Argentina plans to hold a global video contest on sustainable development.", "Figure", "United Nations Academic Impact Initiative: distribution of members by region as at 18 July 2011", "F. Promotion of public participation", "69. Through the United Nations Office of Conferenceers, the Department coordinated 235 in-house briefings and videoconferencing for United Nations visitors, as well as external lectures reaching 15,500 people. The Department distributed numerous information folders, responded to 10,200 public consultations and received several requests signed by 4,048 signatories in total.", "70. Almost 1 million people visit the rotating public exhibitions each year that prepares and installs the Department in the Visitors &apos; Lobby at Headquarters. The website for visitors also presents the online exhibitions.", "71. During the reporting period, the following seven presentations were organized:", "(a) The living legacy of 30 million stories never told, which was organized in memory of the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "(b) DeterMined, which showed images of landmine victims, while highlighting the work of the Mine Action Service to save lives and protect livelihoods;", "(c) Champions to End Malaria, which showed global progress and personal efforts in the fight against malaria;", "(d) 25 years after Chernobyl, which paid tribute to the victims of the Chernobyl disaster;", "(e) The Doers of Democracy, which illustrated projects on democracy in five regions of the world;", "f) The right to water and indigenous peoples, which showed the importance of water for the way of life of indigenous peoples;", "(g) Act. Order. Peace, which highlighted the efforts of United Nations peacekeeping to improve the rule of law in war-torn countries.", "72. In 2011, 94,615 people conducted guided tours at Headquarters, slightly lower than in 2010 during the same period. The decrease was related to the unforeseen closure of the building for three days while the high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS was held between 8 and 10 June.", "G. Commemoration activities", "73. On 2 May, the Holocaust and United Nations Outreach Programme organized the projection of the The Relief of Belsen tape and a discussion on it. The event was co-sponsored by the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations in honour of the British soldiers who released the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. On 20 May, the Programme organized a workshop of educators on the promotion of human rights within communities. The event included a workshop and a discussion with the Secretary-General &apos; s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide and a major human rights activist, during which examples of racial discrimination were discussed during the Nazi era and contemporary cases of mass violence. The Programme continued its series of discussion papers for university students, the three most recent of which are “World prevention of genocide: what the Holocaust teaches us”, “Holocaust Education in South Africa”, and “The Law as a Accelerator of Genocide.”", "74. The fourth annual commemoration of the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trafficking took place during the week of 25 March 2011 and its theme was “The Living Legacy of 30 Million Never Counted Stories.” Activities at Headquarters include the screening of the Traces of the Trade tape; an exhibition of reproductions of the “Middle Passage” (the second stage of the slave crossing), slave ships and a collection of artifacts and historical documents; a global videoconference for educators focused on new research, the planning and teaching of studio programs; group discussions with university students and non-governmental organizations emphasizes Caribbean. In addition, the Department used its network of information centres to undertake a variety of activities, including the projection of the UNESCO film entitled Slave Routes: A Global Vision in Almaty (Kazakhstan), Antananarivo, Canberra, Dakar, Geneva and Ouagadougou and the organization of workshops, cultural events, group discussions and exhibitions.", "H. Reham Al-Farra Annual Fellowship Programme", "75. Preparations for the thirty-first annual Reham Al-Farra Memorial Fellowship Programme, organized by the Department from 12 September to 21 October 2011, are progressing. Fourteen developing countries and countries with economies in transition have nominated, namely, Bahamas, Barbados, Cameroon, Croatia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Kiribati, Oman, Palau, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Swaziland and Tajikistan.", "76. The 2011 programme will give participating journalists the opportunity to undertake practical journalistic work at Headquarters. Taking advantage of the knowledge and skills within the Department, journalists will closely follow United Nations media professionals in their respective areas of competence and prepare reports with them.", "I. United Nations flag publications", "77. In May, the 61st edition of the United Nations Yearbook (2007) was presented during a panel discussion on &quot; Getting the facts right &quot; , held in partnership with the United Nations Academic Impact initiative. For the first time, the Yearbook was also published electronically. A public with students from local universities, visiting panelists from academia, journalists and media representatives explored, in the current context of the media, issues covered in the 2007 Yearbook, such as progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals and attacks on humanitarian workers.", "78. The 2011 edition of the United Nations Basic Facts about the United Nations (The United Nations ABC), a perennial super-sales, was published in May. Together with explaining the role of the principal organs of the United Nations and other organizations of the United Nations system, Basic Facts examines how the Organization contributes to international peace and security, economic and social development, human rights, humanitarian activities, international law and peacekeeping operations. The 2011 edition also presents the recently revised organizational chart of the United Nations system. The publication of the editions in Spanish and French is expected by the end of the year. Translations into local languages are already underway.", "79. The first issue of the 2011 UN Chronicle focused on HIV/AIDS was published and distributed in May. Michel Sidibé, Executive Director of UNAIDS; Pedro Basualdo, former Secretary of State of Argentina; Marc Conant, one of the first doctors to diagnose and treat AIDS; and Carol Kidu, Minister of Community Development of Papua New Guinea. In their articles, the authors discussed issues such as HIV and workplace, HIV and education, and women and HIV.", "80. The second UN Chronicle of 2011, devoted to peace and security as part of the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Dag Hammarskjöld, entered the press in late June.", "J. Sales and marketing of United Nations publications", "81. The expansion of the Department &apos; s electronic publications programme continued. These include the conclusion of an agreement with JSTOR, the excellent non-profit service that allows access to academic materials; the publication of 31 new electronic books for mobile devices; and plans to convert more than 300 popular United Nations titles to a suitable format for mobile devices. Two new mobile programs, AIDSInfo and Innovations in Public Governance were launched. The United Nations electronic book collection was at the planning stage and will enter the initiation phase in August 2011. With regard to traditional books, three new distribution agreements were signed with book distributors in sub-Saharan Africa. During the reporting period, 131 new books were published in total.", "K. Internal communications and web outreach", "82. The Intranet of the Secretariat, iSeek, continued to receive visits from staff and staff worldwide. The iSeek team published 270 articles on a variety of topics, including International Women &apos; s Day, peacekeeping activities, transatlantic slave trade, World Environment Day, diversity, multilingualism and the International Year of People of African Descent.", "83. The Department continued to create websites to support its outreach objectives. New sites were created for the 64th Annual Conference of the United Nations Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, and the 2011 World Model United Nations Conference. The construction of websites for the United Nations Academic Impact initiative and the draft oral history of the Dag Hammarsjöld Library was under way.", "L. Library services", "84. The Department &apos; s graphic design team, which provides tailor-made design solutions for printed and web products, worked on the Peace Messenger badges, the poverty eradication campaign, the Palestinian exhibition, a book on the League of Nations and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, among other projects.", "85. With the reopening of a training space, the Library &apos; s training programme was revitalized in the second quarter of 2011. From March to June, 1,370 staff, delegates, representatives of non-governmental organizations and other clients participated in Library training activities.", "Depositary libraries", "86. The data collection process for the review of United Nations depository libraries was completed in May 2011. The purpose of the review is to ensure that depository libraries receive appropriate information in formats that are most useful for readers. Increasingly, depository libraries, including those in developing countries, indicate that they have better access to the Internet. While the Library continues to encourage depository libraries to consider the advantages of e-access, inequalities in such access will be taken into account. The Library also works with depository libraries to strengthen outreach activities on United Nations issues.", "87. The Library has continued to promote the interest of depository libraries through training programmes, including programmes for 70 Latin American librarians organized by the United Nations Information Centre in Mexico and a United Nations statistical resource and documentation training programme specifically targeting librarians from the major research libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The initial results of the review of depository libraries indicate that 87 per cent of libraries would like further training in the use of United Nations information resources.", "United Nations electronic resources and digital information", "88. The Library assists 55 United Nations entities in working &quot; together in action &quot; by serving as the United Nations System Consortium Coordination Secretariat for the Acquisition of Electronic Information, which facilitates subscriptions to a growing electronic resource list for its members in 47 countries. In response to users &apos; needs for quality information at any time and anywhere, the Library has begun to replace, to the extent possible, electronic collections, and is developing new mechanisms to provide electronic resources on the computers of United Nations staff worldwide. The Library has continued to develop a new platform to provide the Organization &apos; s stakeholders and the general public with information on the United Nations that has been digitized or already produced in digital format. The new platform will help safeguard United Nations digital materials for future generations.", "89. At the same time, the Library is seeking to ensure the preservation and accessibility of documents published by the Organization since 1946. Following the completion of the main series of Security Council documents, the digitization programme will focus on previous General Assembly documents, including a retrospective analysis of the content of documents to improve their conservation and availability.", "90. In the period from March to June 2011, records of bibliographic metadata of 6,600 United Nations documents and publications were created to facilitate their search and recovery. A reliable index of terms and thesaurus in the six official languages was maintained permanently. These metadata records constitute the basic information of the United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBISnet), the Performance Index (Index to Proceedings) and the Official Records System. As at 30 June 2011, 860,700 bibliographic metadata had been recorded at UNBISnet, which provided a complete record of the voting for all General Assembly and Security Council resolutions.", "91. Looking ahead, efforts are being made to determine how the Dag Hammaskjöld Library can improve its services and adapt to the many changes that have occurred both in the United Nations and in the field of information technology. A working group of the Department on library improvements was mandated in May 2011 to make recommendations on future strategic, technological and work processes.", "V. Use of social media and “new” media in the Department", "92. The Department &apos; s guidelines on the use of social media were finalized and disseminated throughout the Secretariat as a proposed model for other departments and offices. The number of followers of the United Nations Twitter account, maintained by the Strategic Communications Division, recently exceeded 400,000. Based on its “klout” score, generally recognized as the best way to measure the influence of social media, the Organization’s Twitter account is the highest-ranking account of the accounts of the United Nations system. On Facebook, United Nations Information Centre announcements recorded more than 3 million visits. The Department also maintains two accounts focused on the Millennium Development Goals. On Facebook, the announcements presented in the Goals account recorded more than 1 million visits during the reporting period.", "93. The social media were effectively used to publicize the Nelson Mandela International Day campaign. Promotional messages and images were disseminated through Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and Flickr. Each of the messages placed on the United Nations Facebook page recorded more than 12,000 “prints”.", "94. In the field, an increasing number of United Nations information centres used the media to disseminate information on the messages of the Secretary-General, major reports and events, and to reach and interest the local public (see table 3).", "95. The United Nations Information Centre in Beirut is a major member of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia social media task force, which is responsible for the development, management and monitoring of the Commission &apos; s social media strategy.", "96. The United Nations Information Centre in Washington, D.C., posted several messages on its Facebook page and via Twitter to commemorate the International Day of Forests. The Director of the Centre participated in an open debate meeting that was transmitted on Facebook to discuss the role of the United Nations in Haiti.", "Table 3", "Social networks used by United Nations information centres", "Facebook Twitter YouTube Flickr", "Ankara Ankara Bogotá", "Baku Bogotá Brussels Colombo", "Brussels Erevan Geneva", "Brussels Canberra Kathmandu Jakarta", "Bucharest Ereván La Paz", "Buenos Aires Geneva Lima", "Cairo La Paz Mexico, D.F.", "Dar es Salam Mexico, D.F. Rio de Janeiro", "Yerevan New Delhi Tokyo", "La Paz Pretoria Washington, D.C.", "Lima Rio de Janeiro Jakarta", "Manila", "Mexico, D.F. Vienna", "New Delhi Washington, D.C.", "Prague Jakarta", "Pretoria", "Rio de Janeiro", "Tokyo", "Tunisia", "Warsaw", "Vienna", "Washington, D.C.", "Jakarta", "Yaoundé", "97. In September 2010, the Department &apos; s News and Media Division established a channel in Sina Weibo, the popular Chinese-language microblogs platform. UN Weibo, with nearly 6,000 messages covering the latest news and major events, had nearly 662,000 registered followers by June 2011. Video channels were also established in Youku and Tudou, the main Chinese video exchange websites, with more than 470 video clips covering a wide range of United Nations news and issues presented in each of them. The total number of visits to the two channels was 2.8 million. At the same time, the Department continued to improve video content on the Organization &apos; s YouTube channel in English and French, where some 150 videos were presented in the two languages.", "98. During the reporting period, strategic changes were introduced to the management of the UN News Centre &apos; s presence on new media platforms, including with respect to the number and type of materials placed each day and the creation of separate accounts in English and French. These decisions produced immediate results, as the number of Facebook followers increased by approximately 9,000, bringing the total to 28,000, and the number of Twitter followers nearly doubled to 8,000 in English and French together.", "99. The increased use of new media has enabled the UN News Centre to work more closely with its United Nations partners. For example, the Centre participated in an ad hoc media team headed by UNAIDS that disseminated information on the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS. The French Twitter account was particularly useful, as many organizations of the United Nations system do not have public information output points in French.", "100. The addition of a mechanism that makes it possible to share articles from the UN News Centre was welcome among users, who shared the weekly news questions about 2,000 times during the reporting period. Other popular elements were articles on human rights and news on developments in the Arab world and on the work done to protect refugees, which were shared more than 800 times soon after their onset. UN Webcast uses social media to inform the public about upcoming live events. As a responsible reliance on maintaining the United Nations YouTube channel, UN Webcast constantly updated the videos on the page and took steps to improve its interactive aspects, partly encouraging user response to the videos. A series of videos presented on the YouTube channel of the Organization that broadcast messages of solidarity with the Japanese population following the earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan attracted thousands of people.", "101. The UN Photo photo collection on Flickr, where more than 3,000 images have been placed, reached a milestone in April 2011, when it recorded 1 million views. That figure has continued to increase steadily since then.", "102. In February and March 2011, the United Nations Academic Impact initiative, in partnership with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, organized a series of four electronic debates on the theme “Building a future for today’s youth: improving access to education.” Taking advantage of the power of the new media, the series was presented on the Facebook page of the initiative. A consolidated global report on the virtual debate was submitted to the Economic and Social Council in April.", "103. United Nations sales and presence on social media platforms provided by Facebook and Twitter continued to increase; nearly 3,500 users follow the Organization on Facebook and 15,500 users follow it on Twitter. Most Facebook users live in the United States, followed by Indonesia and Pakistan.", "VI. Conclusions", "104. The events and examples described in the present report are further evidence that communications and public participation are not and cannot be just support activities, but must be an integral part of policies, programmes and change. In addition, for successful communications activities, they must be continued at the local and global levels and must be resource-efficient.", "105. The implacable and often unexpected pace of daily life poses demands for the Department &apos; s work both globally and on the ground. Locally and globally, their partnerships with the media, other sectors of the United Nations system, civil society and the academic community must be supported, and the enthusiasm of young people, with new and family media. It is much that the Department can do and is doing at Headquarters and in the field, and it is essential that such activities continue to be financially and operationally secure. The Department will continue to improve its forms of contact, while invigorating its ability to be a forum of ideas and imagination to which the world and its people can resort." ]
[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad", "Sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones Sexagésimo sexto año", "Tema 33 del programa", "Prevención de los conflictos armados", "Carta de fecha 24 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Qatar ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de transmitir adjunta una carta de fecha 18 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por Su Excelencia Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud, Ministro de Estado de Relaciones Exteriores y Miembro del Gabinete del Estado de Qatar (véase el anexo) y los siguientes apéndices:", "a) Acuerdo entre el Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia firmado el 14 de julio de 2011 en Doha para la aprobación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, que hicieron suyos los participantes en la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur celebrada del 27 al 31 de mayo de 2011 en Doha como base para la resolución final del conflicto de Darfur;", "b) Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 33 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Tariq Ali F. Al Ansari Encargado de Negocios interino", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 24 de julio de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Encargado de Negocios interino de la Misión Permanente de Qatar ante las Naciones Unidas", "[Original: árabe]", "Deseo reiterarle nuestro agradecimiento y aprecio por su permanente apoyo al proceso de paz de Doha para Darfur. Asimismo, le transmitimos nuestra profunda gratitud por acoger con beneplácito la firma, el 14 de julio de 2011 en Doha, de un acuerdo entre el Gobierno de la República del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia para la aprobación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur que hicieron suyo los participantes en la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur celebrada del 27 al 31 de mayo de 2011 en Doha, como base para la resolución final del conflicto de Darfur.", "Por tanto, me complace adjuntar a la presente el citado acuerdo tanto en árabe como en inglés, con las versiones en árabe y en inglés del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien distribuir la presente carta y sus apéndices como documento de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud Ministro de Estado de Relaciones Exteriores y Miembro del Gabinete", "Apéndice 1", "[Original: árabe e inglés]", "En el nombre de Dios, lleno de gracia y misericordia", "Acuerdo entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia para la aprobación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur", "El Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia, en adelante denominados “las Partes”;", "Haciendo referencia al Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, fruto del empeño de las Partes de las negociaciones, el pueblo sudanés en general y el pueblo de Darfur en particular, que han realizado persistente y diligentemente ingentes esfuerzos para lograr una paz negociada general, justa y duradera;", "Expresando su compromiso con la Constitución Nacional Provisional del Sudán y los principios que en ella se consagran;", "Expresando su plena convicción de que el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur constituye la base para solucionar el conflicto que se vive en Darfur;", "Afirmando su compromiso con una solución pacífica y duradera sobre la base del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, y con la defensa y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales;", "Reafirmando su profundo compromiso de lograr la paz y la seguridad en Darfur y promover su desarrollo; y reconociendo que el conflicto de Darfur no puede resolverse por la vía militar, sino únicamente mediante una solución política pacífica e inclusiva;", "Expresando su plena convicción de que el presente acuerdo es un augurio auspicioso para la materialización de los propósitos y los principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas en relación con el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales;", "Refiriéndose a los compromisos de la comunidad internacional en apoyo de la paz en Darfur y su consolidación;", "Destacando el valor y la importancia de la amplia asistencia y contribución prestadas por el Grupo Mixto de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas de Apoyo a la Mediación y los asociados internacionales;", "Acogiendo con beneplácito el respaldo manifestado al Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana, la Liga de los Estados Árabes, la Organización de Cooperación Islámica, la Unión Europea y los asociados internacionales para la paz;", "Afirmando que el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur es resultado de la amplia participación del pueblo de Darfur y sus representantes en los Foros Consultivos I y II de Doha sobre la sociedad civil, los desplazados internos y los refugiados de noviembre de 2009 y julio de 2010, respectivamente, y la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur de mayo de 2011, así como de las consultas que tuvieron lugar en el Sudán en particular en Darfur;", "Confirmando que el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur aborda los problemas del pueblo de Darfur y las causas profundas del conflicto y sus consecuencias, y establece cimientos sólidos para la recuperación, la reconstrucción y el desarrollo de Darfur;", "Observando que el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur brinda la oportunidad a los movimientos armados que han participado en el proceso de paz de Doha de que se sumen a la aplicación del principio de inclusión y se adhieran a él;", "Reiterando su compromiso y determinación de aplicar en su totalidad el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, y acogiendo con beneplácito, en este sentido, la creación de la Comisión encargada del seguimiento de su aplicación;", "Exhortando a la comunidad internacional a que apoye firmemente la aplicación del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur y proporcione los recursos y competencias técnicas necesarios a este fin;", "Expresando su profundo aprecio y agradecimiento al Estado de Qatar bajo el liderazgo de Su Alteza el Jeque Hamad bin Khalifah Al Thani, Emir del Estado de Qatar, por la decisiva función que ha desempeñado facilitando el proceso de paz de Doha;", "Han acordado lo que sigue:", "Artículo 1: Las Partes aprueban el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur y todos sus anexos, que forman parte esencial del Documento e incluyen las modalidades y los plazos de aplicación, además del Protocolo sobre la participación del Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia en los distintos niveles de poder, y los acuerdos para la integración de sus fuerzas por medio del proceso de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración, que fueron rubricados por las dos Partes y el Grupo Mixto de Mediación.", "Artículo 2: Las Partes se comprometen a aplicar todas y cada una de las disposiciones del Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur, así como todos los anexos a los que se hace referencia en el artículo 1.", "Artículo 3: Las Partes acuerdan resolver de forma pacífica cualquier controversia o desacuerdo que pudiera surgir entre ellas en relación con la interpretación o aplicación del presente Acuerdo, mediante el diálogo, el entendimiento mutuo y las negociaciones directas. Si las Partes no alcanzaran un acuerdo, el asunto se remitirá al Tribunal Constitucional, cuya decisión será vinculante.", "Artículo 4: El presente Acuerdo entrará en vigor en el momento de su firma por las Partes.", "Artículo 5: En fe de lo cual, los representantes debidamente autorizados de las Partes han rubricado el Documento de Doha para la Paz en Darfur que se adjunta y que constituye la base de este acuerdo, y han estampado sus firmas en el Acuerdo ante los testigos infrascritos.", "Hecho en Doha, el 13 de Shaaban, 1432 del año de la Hégira (14 de julio de 2011) y en dos ejemplares originales, en árabe e inglés, siendo ambos textos igualmente auténticos. En caso de discrepancia entre los textos, prevalecerá la versión árabe.", "Por el Gobierno de la República del Por el Movimiento por la Sudán Liberación y la Justicia\n [] []", "Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem Asesor del Presidente de la República Presidente del Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia", "Testigos:", "Por el Estado de Qatar Por la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas", "[]", "Su Excelencia Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Prof. Ibrahim Gambari Mahmoud Representante Especial Adjunto Ministro de Estado de Relaciones Exteriores y Miembro del Gabinete", "[]", "Su Excelencia Djibril Yipènè Bassolé Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Cooperación Regional de Burkina Faso", "Apéndice 2", "[Original: árabe e inglés]", "Documento de Doha para la paz en Darfur", "Índice", "Definiciones \nPreámbulo CapítuloI. Derechos \nhumanosylibertadesfundamentales Capítulo II.El reparto delpoderyel \nestatutoadministrativodeDarfur Capítulo III. Distribucióndela \nriqueza Capítulo IV.Indemnizacióny regresode los desplazados internosy \nlosrefugiados CapítuloV. \nJusticiayreconciliación Capítulo VI. Cesaciónpermanente delfuegoy acuerdos \nfinalesdeseguridad Capítulo VII. Consultay diálogo internosy \nmodalidadesdeaplicación Disposiciones \nfinales Anexo \nProyectodecalendariodeaplicación", "Definiciones", "“Armamento colectivo” hará referencia al armamento que no puede operar una sola persona, sino que requieren el uso de operadores y medios técnicos adicionales para su lanzamiento y/o trayectoria terminal. Con frecuencia, este tipo de armamento está montado sobre vehículos, buques y aeronaves.\n “Combatientes” hará referencia a las fuerzas de los Movimientos.", "“Comisionado” hará referencia al jefe de un órgano del Acuerdo, miembro de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "“Concentración” hará referencia al proceso de reubicación de los excombatientes de los Movimientos en lugares especiales para proceder a su desarme e integración en instituciones de seguridad especiales.", "“Consejo Ajaweed” hará referencia al Consejo de Mediación, que estará formado por la Administración Nativa y los líderes comunitarios.", "“Constitución Nacional” hará referencia a la Constitución Nacional Provisional y a cualquier otra Constitución.", "“Desarme” hará referencia a la recogida, el control y la eliminación de armas pequeñas, ligeras y pesadas, así como la remoción de minas.", "“Desmovilización” hará referencia al proceso mediante el cual las Partes iniciarán el proceso de desmantelamiento de su estructura militar y los excombatientes comenzarán su transición hacia la vida civil.", "“Desplazados internos” hará referencia a las personas o a los grupos de personas que se han visto forzadas u obligadas a huir o a abandonar su hogar o lugar de residencia habitual, sobre todo como consecuencia de conflictos armados, situaciones de violencia generalizada, violaciones de los derechos humanos o desastres naturales u ocasionados por el hombre, o para evitar sus efectos, y que no han cruzado la frontera de un Estado reconocido internacionalmente.", "“Fuerzas regulares” hará referencia a las fuerzas armadas, las fuerzas de policía y los servicios nacionales de inteligencia y seguridad de la República del Sudán.", "“Hawakeer” hará referencia a los derechos de propiedad de las tierras tribales.", "“Milicia armada” hará referencia a las fuerzas irregulares, asociadas o afiliadas a un Partido o no, incluido todo grupo armado que participe o haya participado en actividades hostiles.", "“Movimientos” hará referencia a todos los grupos armados implicados en el conflicto, a excepción de las fuerzas armadas del Estado y sus milicias asociadas; a los efectos del presente Acuerdo, “Movimientos” se referirá a las partes en el proceso de paz de Doha que son signatarias del presente Acuerdo.", "“Normas de intervención” hará referencia a las directrices formuladas por la autoridad militar competente que definen las circunstancias en las que las fuerzas iniciarán y/o continuarán el enfrentamiento contra otras fuerzas y las limitaciones que se les aplicarán.", "“Partes” hará referencia al Gobierno del Sudán y a los Movimientos que son parte en el proceso de paz de Doha.", "“Personas afectadas por el conflicto” o “víctimas del conflicto” hará referencia a las personas o los grupos de personas que han sido víctimas de persecución durante el conflicto de Darfur y a aquellas cuyas vidas y medios de subsistencia se han visto perjudicados como consecuencia del conflicto.", "“Policía de proximidad” hará referencia al personal voluntario seleccionado por el Gobierno del Sudán en colaboración con la Autoridad Regional de Darfur del seno de las comunidades locales para que lleve a cabo actividades de patrullaje con el objeto de ayudar a mantener el orden público.", "“Reconciliación” hará referencia al proceso por el cual se ayuda a las víctimas de violencia prolongada y graves violaciones de los derechos fundamentales a que superen el dolor, la ira, el odio y la desconfianza a fin de reinstaurar la confianza entre las comunidades y restablecer la paz social.", "“Redespliegue” hará referencia a la transferencia de unidades, personas o suministros desplegados en una zona a otro lugar dentro de ella o a su interior, con el propósito de continuar su empleo o desmovilizarlos para su reintegración y/o gestionar su baja del servicio.", "“Reforma de determinadas instituciones de seguridad” hará referencia al proceso por el cual se transformará a determinadas instituciones de seguridad para mejorar su capacidad, eficacia y profesionalidad, así como para reforzar el estado de derecho de conformidad con las normas internacionales aceptadas.", "“Refugiado” hará referencia a la persona que, por temor justificado de ser perseguida por su raza, religión, nacionalidad, pertenencia a un grupo social concreto u opinión política, se encuentra fuera del país de su nacionalidad y no puede o, debido a ese temor, no quiere aprovechar la protección que le ofrece dicho país, o que, sin tener nacionalidad y hallándose fuera del país de su anterior residencia habitual como consecuencia de tales circunstancias, no puede o, debido a dicho temor, no quiere regresar a él. Se entenderá también por “Refugiado” toda persona que, debido a una agresión externa, ocupación, dominación exterior o circunstancias que alteren gravemente el orden público en todo o cualquier parte de su país de origen o de nacionalidad, se ve obligada a abandonar su lugar de residencia habitual para buscar refugio en otro lugar fuera de su país de origen o de nacionalidad.", "“Reintegración” hará referencia a las medidas de asistencia destinadas a los excombatientes para que tengan más posibilidades de integrarse económica y socialmente en la sociedad civil.", "“Repatriado” hará referencia a los desplazados que regresan de forma voluntaria a la que era su residencia habitual antes de su desplazamiento con la intención de volver a instalarse allí.", "“Separación” se utilizará como término general para designar los procesos que desembocarán en la separación geográfica de las fuerzas enfrentadas.", "“Zona de control” hará referencia a una zona delimitada que estará controlada por una de las Partes y en la que ninguna otra Parte desarrollará actividades.", "“Zona de separación” hará referencia a una zona delimitada, establecida de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el presente Acuerdo y vigilada por la Operación Híbrida de la Unión Africana y las Naciones Unidas en Darfur (UNAMID), de la que se ha excluido a las fuerzas enfrentadas o beligerantes.", "“Zona desmilitarizada” hará referencia a una zona delimitada de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el presente Acuerdo, en la que las Partes no llevarán a cabo ninguna clase de operación militar y de la que retirarán todos sus activos militares.", "“Zonas de concentración” o “lugares de acantonamiento” se utilizará indistintamente para designar los lugares donde los combatientes se someten al proceso de desarme y desmovilización.", "Preámbulo", "Las Partes en el Acuerdo, en lo sucesivo denominadas “las Partes”;", "Reafirmando la soberanía, la unidad y la integridad territorial del Sudán;", "Reiterando su compromiso con la Constitución Nacional de la República del Sudán de 2005, la plena aplicación del Acuerdo General de Paz de enero de 2005, así como las decisiones de la Unión Africana y las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas relacionadas con la necesidad de llegar a una solución política para poner fin al conflicto de Darfur;", "Recordando los acuerdos anteriores sobre el conflicto de Darfur, en particular el Acuerdo de cesación del fuego por motivos humanitarios en el conflicto de Darfur y el Protocolo sobre el establecimiento de la asistencia humanitaria en Darfur, de 8 de abril de 2004, Yamena (Chad); el Acuerdo con las partes sudanesas sobre las modalidades de establecer la Comisión de la cesación del fuego y el despliegue de observadores en Darfur, de 28 de mayo de 2004, Addis Abeba (Etiopía); el Protocolo entre el Gobierno del Sudán, el Movimiento y Ejército de Liberación del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad para mejorar la situación humanitaria de Darfur, de 9 de noviembre de 2004, Abuja (Nigeria); el Protocolo entre el Gobierno del Sudán, el Movimiento y Ejército de Liberación del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad sobre el mejoramiento de la situación de seguridad en Darfur de conformidad con el Acuerdo de Yamena, de 9 de noviembre de 2004, Abuja (Nigeria); la Declaración de Principios para la solución del conflicto sudanés en Darfur, de 5 de julio de 2005, Abuja (Nigeria); el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur, de 5 de mayo de 2006, Abuja (Nigeria); el Acuerdo de Buena Voluntad entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad, de 17 de febrero de 2009, Doha (Qatar); el Acuerdo marco entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad, de 23 de febrero de 2010, Doha (Qatar); el Acuerdo marco entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad, de 18 de marzo de 2010, Doha (Qatar); el Acuerdo de cesación del fuego entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad, de 18 de marzo de 2010, Doha (Qatar);", "Reconociendo que la diversidad cultural y étnica del pueblo sudanés constituye la base sobre la que se sustenta la cohesión nacional y, por lo tanto, deberá promoverse y desarrollarse;", "Acogiendo con beneplácito la generosa iniciativa de Su Alteza el Emir del Estado de Qatar de crear un Banco de Desarrollo de Darfur para contribuir al desarrollo y la labor de reconstrucción de Darfur;", "Destacando la necesidad de promover y proteger los derechos humanos, la justicia, la rendición de cuentas y la reconciliación en el Sudán, en especial en Darfur;", "Condenando todo acto de violencia contra los civiles y la violación de los derechos humanos, en particular la violencia contra las mujeres y los niños; y destacando la necesidad imperiosa de abstenerse de cometer dichos actos y violaciones de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario;", "Reconociendo que la creación de las condiciones propicias para lograr una paz duradera en Darfur, la aplicación del presente Acuerdo, la reconciliación nacional, la cohesión social y la reconstrucción requieren promover y proteger los derechos humanos, así como respetar el principio de igualdad de todos los ciudadanos sudaneses y el estado de derecho;", "Destacando la necesidad de que todas las Partes en el conflicto armado de Darfur acepten, de forma plena e incondicional, las obligaciones derivadas del derecho internacional humanitario, las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas;", "Comprometidas a abordar las violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidas durante el conflicto de Darfur;", "Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de los foros de la sociedad civil de Darfur, primero y segundo, celebrados en Doha en noviembre de 2009 y julio de 2010, respectivamente, y los de la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur, celebrada en Doha en mayo de 2011;", "Reconociendo que el conflicto de Darfur no puede resolverse por la vía militar y que una solución duradera solo podrá lograrse a través de un proceso político inclusivo,", "Han acordado lo siguiente:", "Capítulo I Derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales", "Artículo 1 Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "1. Las Partes reconocen la importancia de promover y proteger los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales de todos los habitantes de Darfur. El Gobierno del Sudán, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur y los Gobiernos de los estados que constituyen esta zona deberán garantizar el goce efectivo de todos los derechos y libertades consagrados en la Constitución Nacional del Sudán y los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos en los que el Sudán es parte.", "2. Todas las Partes deberán cumplir con las obligaciones derivadas de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario, y garantizar un entorno que propicie el ejercicio eficaz de los derechos civiles y políticos, así como el disfrute pleno y equitativo de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales.", "3. La ciudadanía será la base de la igualdad de derechos y obligaciones políticos y civiles para todos los sudaneses.", "4. Las Partes se asegurarán de que todas las personas disfruten y ejerzan todos los derechos y libertades previstos en el presente Acuerdo, la Constitución Nacional del Sudán y los instrumentos internacionales y regionales de derechos humanos en los que el Sudán sea parte, sin discriminación alguna por razón de sexo, raza, color, idioma, religión, opinión política o de cualquier otra índole, origen nacional o social o situación social. Las mujeres, los niños y los hombres disfrutarán, en condiciones de igualdad, de todos los derechos consagrados en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y de derecho humanitario en los que el Sudán sea parte.", "5. Se garantizará la seguridad de todos en Darfur en virtud del estado de derecho, la igualdad y la no discriminación. Las Partes respetarán el derecho a la vida y la seguridad de las personas, su dignidad y su integridad, y velarán por que nadie se vea privado de su vida arbitrariamente, ni sufra tortura o maltrato.", "6. El Gobierno del Sudán garantizará el derecho a un juicio justo y público, así como a recurrir ante la justicia todos los procesos civiles, administrativos y penales, sobre la base de la igualdad ante las cortes y los tribunales. Esto incluye los derechos establecidos en los artículos 9 y 14 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos.", "7. El Gobierno del Sudán aprobará las medidas jurídicas y administrativas necesarias para garantizar la libertad de opinión, la libertad de conciencia y religión, la libertad de expresión, la libertad de reunión y asociación pacíficas, así como el derecho, en pie de igualdad, a formar y registrar partidos políticos y a ejercer el voto, el derecho a participar en los asuntos públicos y el derecho a constituir e integrar organizaciones de la sociedad civil, órganos del sector privado y sindicatos. El Gobierno del Sudán garantizará la libertad de prensa y otros medios de comunicación, en cumplimiento de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos consagradas en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y la Carta Africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos.", "8. Todas las Partes se abstendrán de amenazar a los ciudadanos por sus opiniones o de privarlos de ejercer el derecho, en pie de igualdad, a la libertad de expresión, asociación y circulación y reunión pacífica en Darfur.", "9. El Gobierno del Sudán, de conformidad con las disposiciones del Capítulo III, promoverá el bienestar general y el crecimiento económico en Darfur a través de la atención de las necesidades, los servicios e infraestructuras básicos, la promoción del empleo de los jóvenes, el empoderamiento de las mujeres, la gobernanza, los servicios públicos y la asignación de los recursos necesarios, así como la igualdad de acceso a los recursos naturales, incluida la tierra, para todas las comunidades de Darfur, siempre en el respeto de las normas y tradiciones vigentes.", "10. Las Partes acuerdan fomentar la participación de la población de Darfur en la planificación, el diseño y la aplicación de los programas de recuperación, reconstrucción y rehabilitación tempranas.", "11. Las políticas y los programas de recuperación, reconstrucción y rehabilitación tempranas prestarán la debida atención a las necesidades de las mujeres, los niños y los grupos vulnerables.", "12. Las Partes instan a la comunidad internacional a mejorar el ejercicio de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales a través de programas sostenibles de recuperación, reconstrucción y rehabilitación tempranas en la totalidad del territorio de Darfur.", "13. El Gobierno del Sudán garantizará el pleno establecimiento y el funcionamiento eficaz de la nueva Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos, con arreglo a los Principios de París, antes del transcurso de 30 días desde la firma del presente Acuerdo; y facilitará, dentro de tres meses desde la firma del presente Acuerdo, el establecimiento, en virtud de este último, de Subcomités de Derechos Humanos descentralizados, independientes, autónomos y dotados de recursos para Darfur.", "14. La Comisión Nacional y los Subcomités de Derechos Humanos llevarán a cabo un seguimiento de la situación de los derechos humanos en Darfur, y se encargarán de protegerlos y promoverlos. Asimismo, prestarán la debida atención a la lucha contra toda forma de discriminación y a la protección de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, e informarán periódicamente acerca de los progresos realizados en la aplicación eficaz del principio de igualdad entre los estados y los ciudadanos del Sudán.", "15. Las Partes cooperarán con los Subcomités de Derechos Humanos de Darfur en la aplicación de su mandato. Los Subcomités tendrán acceso a todos los documentos y la información pertinentes relacionados con los derechos humanos, lo que incluye el acceso físico a las personas detenidas en la totalidad del territorio de Darfur.", "16. Se podrá solicitar asistencia técnica o material a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, la Comisión Africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos y otras organizaciones internacionales.", "17. Las Partes cooperarán con la UNAMID en la aplicación de los mandatos relativos a los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho.", "18. Se alentará a las organizaciones de derechos humanos y la sociedad civil de Darfur a contribuir a la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos mediante programas de seguimiento, alerta temprana, promoción y desarrollo de la capacidad.", "Capítulo II El reparto del poder y el estatuto administrativo de Darfur", "Artículo 2 Principios generales del reparto del poder", "El reparto del poder se basará en los siguientes principios:", "19. El Sudán es una república independiente, soberana y federal en la que la soberanía reside en el pueblo y será ejercida por el Estado, de conformidad con las disposiciones de la Constitución del Sudán.", "20. La religión, las creencias, las tradiciones y las costumbres son fuentes de fortaleza moral e inspiración para el pueblo sudanés. La diversidad cultural y étnica del pueblo sudanés es el cimiento de la cohesión nacional y, por lo tanto, se promoverá, desarrollará y gestionará con arreglo a criterios nacionales que reflejen tanto la unidad nacional como la diversidad. El pueblo sudanés comparte un patrimonio y unas aspiraciones comunes y, en consecuencia, conviene en trabajar mancomunadamente.", "21. El reparto del poder es esencial para preservar la unidad, la seguridad y la estabilidad del país. La devolución del poder y la transferencia pacífica de los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo por la vía democrática, mediante la celebración de elecciones libres e imparciales que garanticen la estabilidad, serán el fundamento de la gobernanza democrática en el Sudán.", "22. Las elecciones para todos los niveles de gobierno del Sudán se basarán en la votación libre y directa, con la presencia de observadores nacionales e internacionales.", "23. La separación de los poderes legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial en todos los niveles de la federación consolidará la buena gobernanza, la rendición de cuentas, la transparencia y el compromiso con la seguridad y el bienestar del pueblo.", "24. Se garantizarán el estado de derecho y la independencia del sistema judicial.", "25. El fundamento de los derechos y obligaciones cívicos será la ciudadanía, sin discriminación en razón del grupo étnico, la tribu, la religión, el género o el origen de las personas. Esto no excluye ninguna ley, programa o actividad que tenga como objetivo mejorar la situación de las personas o grupos desfavorecidos debido a su raza, grupo étnico, color u origen regional o nacional.", "26. El desplazamiento de los ciudadanos en el territorio del Sudán o fuera de éste no impedirá el pleno ejercicio de sus derechos cívicos de conformidad con las leyes nacionales e internacionales pertinentes.", "27. Habrá un sistema de gobierno federal, con una devolución eficaz de poderes y una clara distribución de las responsabilidades con el fin de garantizar una participación justa y equitativa de los ciudadanos del Sudán en general y de Darfur en particular.", "28. Todos los ciudadanos, incluida la población de Darfur, tendrán una representación justa y equitativa en la administración pública nacional, los órganos e instituciones públicos, las comisiones, las fuerzas armadas y otras fuerzas regulares en todos los niveles, especialmente en los niveles superior y medio.", "29. Sin perjuicio de las disposiciones del Acuerdo General de Paz relativo a la frontera norte-sur ni de cualesquiera acuerdos internacionales vigentes entre la República del Sudán y los países vecinos, las fronteras septentrionales de Darfur volverán a la demarcación vigente el 1 de enero de 1956.", "30. Se garantizará la participación de la población de Darfur en todos los niveles de gobierno y en todas las instituciones del Estado, con arreglo a un criterio de reparto justo del poder.", "31. Todos los niveles de gobierno garantizarán la oferta de oportunidades permanentes de educación general, formación y empleo en la administración pública, a efectos de promover una participación plena y equitativa de la población de Darfur en el avance del bienestar de la nación. En este contexto, se prestará atención especial a las mujeres y los niños en los ámbitos de la educación, el fomento de la capacidad y la formación. Se establecerán centros de formación en las zonas urbanas y rurales, en colaboración con organizaciones internacionales y regionales especializadas.", "32. Todos los Movimientos adoptarán las medidas necesarias para transformarse en partidos políticos de conformidad con las disposiciones jurídicas establecidas.", "33. Sin perjuicio del párrafo 32, en virtud del presente Acuerdo los Movimientos participarán en los diferentes niveles de gobierno.", "34. Con el fin de corregir la representación insuficiente de las mujeres en las instituciones gubernamentales y las estructuras responsables de la adopción de decisiones, se adoptarán y aplicarán medidas especiales, de conformidad con el presente Acuerdo, para asegurar la participación equitativa y eficaz de la mujer en la toma de decisiones en todos los niveles de gobierno de Darfur.", "El reparto del poder a nivel nacional", "Artículo 3 Criterios para el reparto del poder", "35. De conformidad con lo previsto en el presente Acuerdo, el reparto del poder respetará el principio de proporcionalidad y Darfur participará plenamente en todas las formas del poder político en el gobierno nacional del Sudán.", "36. Se adoptarán medidas de discriminación positiva a favor de la población de Darfur a fin de aumentar su representación en la administración pública y en las fuerzas regulares. A largo plazo, se brindarán oportunidades especiales de formación y empleo público para facilitar la plena y equitativa participación de la población de Darfur en la promoción del bienestar del Sudán.", "37. La representación de la población de Darfur a nivel nacional reflejará la proporción de la población de Darfur en relación con la población total del Sudán, después de la separación de Sudán del Sur.", "Artículo 4 El Poder Ejecutivo Nacional", "38. Darfur tendrá representación en el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional con arreglo al criterio de proporcionalidad.", "La Presidencia", "El Vicepresidente", "39. Se nombrará un cierto número de Vicepresidentes, cuidando de asegurar la inclusión política y la representación de todos los sudaneses, incluidos los de Darfur. Un Vicepresidente tendrá las siguientes responsabilidades:", "i. Será miembro del Consejo Nacional de Ministros;", "ii. Será miembro del Consejo de Seguridad Nacional;", "iii. Actuará como Presidente en ausencia del Presidente y como Primer Vicepresidente de conformidad con el orden de precedencia entre los Vicepresidentes que haya determinado el Presidente;", "iv. Cumplirá cualquier otra función o tarea que le asigne el Presidente.", "Asistentes y asesores del Presidente", "40. Se nombrarán asistentes y asesores del Presidente oriundos de Darfur, de conformidad con su proporción en relación con la población del Sudán.", "41. Se nombrará un Asistente del Presidente oriundo de Darfur.", "Consejo Nacional de Ministros", "42. Darfur tendrá representación en el Consejo Nacional de Ministros, de conformidad con el criterio de proporcionalidad. A este respecto:", "i. Los cinco cargos de Ministros del Gabinete y los cuatro cargos de Ministros de Estado que actualmente son ocupados por miembros de la población de Darfur seguirán siendo ocupados por miembros de la población de Darfur;", "ii. Los Movimientos propondrán y el Presidente nombrará a dos Ministros del Gabinete y cuatro Ministros de Estado adicionales;", "iii. De producirse un cambio en la composición del Consejo de Ministros, los Movimientos mantendrán el mismo porcentaje de representación que tenían antes del cambio.", "Artículo 5 El Poder Legislativo Nacional", "43. Darfur tendrá representación en el órgano legislativo nacional de conformidad con su proporción de la población del Sudán. A este respecto:", "i. Darfur mantendrá sus 96 escaños en el órgano legislativo nacional hasta las próximas elecciones nacionales;", "ii. La porción que corresponda a Darfur de los escaños vacantes en el órgano legislativo nacional que resultaren de la nueva configuración demográfica del Sudán después del referendo del 9 de enero de 2011 en Sudán del Sur será ocupada por los Movimientos en virtud de un acuerdo que celebrarán las Partes.", "Artículo 6 El Poder Judicial Nacional", "44. El Poder Judicial Nacional es una importante rama del gobierno. Es fundamental mantener su neutralidad, imparcialidad e independencia.", "45. Toda la población del Sudán, incluido Darfur, tendrá representación en el Poder Judicial Nacional. La población de Darfur tendrá una representación adecuada en la Comisión del Servicio Judicial. La Comisión garantizará la representación adecuada de la población de Darfur en las instituciones judiciales nacionales, en particular el Tribunal de Apelaciones, el Tribunal Supremo y el Tribunal Constitucional.", "46. La Comisión del Servicio Judicial establecerá un Grupo de Expertos para que, como medida a largo plazo, determine los desequilibrios en la representación de la población de Darfur y formule recomendaciones apropiadas sobre los posibles maneras de subsanarlos.", "47. El Tribunal Constitucional tiene competencia para solucionar controversias entre niveles u órganos del gobierno en relación con sus ámbitos de competencia exclusiva, simultánea o residual.", "Artículo 7 La administración pública nacional y otros órganos públicos", "48. Darfur tendrá representación en la administración pública nacional y otros órganos públicos con arreglo a los principios de proporcionalidad, acción afirmativa y precedentes, a fin de rectificar los desequilibrios determinados y la insuficiente representación de la población de Darfur.", "49. En la administración pública nacional tendrá representación toda la población del Sudán, especialmente en los niveles superior y medio.", "50. Se creará una Comisión Nacional de Administración Pública con representación proporcional de Darfur, que tendrá la responsabilidad de corregir los desequilibrios en la administración pública y otros órganos públicos.", "51. Se establecerá, bajo la dirección de la Comisión Nacional de Administración Pública, un Grupo de Expertos con una representación importante de Darfur, incluidos los niveles superiores, a fin de que determine el grado de representación de la población de Darfur en la administración pública nacional en todos los niveles.", "52. El Grupo de Expertos determinará los desequilibrios que han menoscabado la representación de la población de Darfur en la administración pública nacional y formulará recomendaciones prácticas y orientadas a la adopción de medidas para subsanar esos desequilibrios y discrepancias, en particular recomendaciones sobre la adopción de medidas apropiadas para asegurar una representación justa de la población de Darfur en la administración. Para realizar su labor, el Grupo de Expertos se basará en los siguientes elementos:", "i. El tamaño de la población sobre la base del censo de 2008 o de censos posteriores;", "ii. La adopción de medidas de acción afirmativa en la contratación, la capacitación y los ascensos, incluidas medidas para promover el equilibrio entre los géneros.", "53. El Grupo de Expertos concluirá su labor y presentará su informe a más tardar seis meses después de la firma del presente Acuerdo, tras lo cual el Gobierno del Sudán adoptará medidas correctivas en el plazo de los seis meses siguientes.", "54. En espera de los resultados del informe del Grupo de Expertos, el Gobierno del Sudán velará por que se lleven a cabo las siguientes tareas:", "i. Establecer y cumplir metas provisionales respecto de la participación de la población de Darfur, especialmente en los niveles medio y superior de la administración pública nacional, incluidos, entre otros, los cargos de secretarios adjuntos, embajadores, miembros de comisiones y otros cargos superiores de responsabilidad. Estas metas se revisarán después de que el Grupo de Expertos presente su informe y tendrán en cuenta la representación de candidatos calificados y neutrales de los Movimientos en la administración pública nacional;", "ii. Reservar ciertos cargos en la administración pública nacional exclusivamente para mujeres calificadas de Darfur;", "iii. Formular políticas y aplicar medidas de acción afirmativa en materia de capacitación y contratación de personas calificadas de Darfur en la administración pública nacional, teniendo en cuenta los criterios acordados, con objeto de asegurar una representación equitativa en la administración pública nacional y corregir cualquier desequilibrio que exista;", "iv. Examinar las medidas después de transcurridos tres años desde su adopción y establecer nuevos objetivos y metas según se estime necesario.", "55. Las Partes convienen en que todas las personas que hayan sido despedidas arbitraria e injustamente de la administración pública nacional por motivos relacionados con el conflicto recuperarán sus cargos. Estas personas no perderán su antigüedad y se les respetarán sus derechos adquiridos. La Comisión Nacional de Administración Pública recibirá las denuncias, determinará sus méritos y deméritos y formulará las recomendaciones que proceda.", "Artículo 8 Representación de los Movimientos en los niveles de gobierno", "56. Los Movimientos tendrán representación en todos los niveles de gobierno sobre la base de protocolos adicionales concertados entre cada Movimiento y el Gobierno. Estos protocolos serán una parte integral del presente Acuerdo.", "Artículo 9 Las Fuerzas Armadas y otras fuerzas regulares", "57. Las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán serán regulares, profesionales e imparciales. La población de Darfur tendrá una representación justa en todos sus niveles. El Gobierno del Sudán adoptará medidas apropiadas, de conformidad con las normas de reclutamiento, para corregir cualquier desequilibrio que exista en la representación de la población de Darfur en los rangos superiores de las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y en la aceptación a las academias militares.", "58. La policía, los servicios de aduanas, de inmigración y de guardias fronterizos, los servicios penitenciarios, los servicios de especies silvestres y todas las demás fuerzas regulares estarán abiertos a la participación de todos los sudaneses, incluida la población de Darfur, a efectos de reflejar la diversidad de la sociedad sudanesa.", "El estatuto administrativo de Darfur y el reparto del poder en Darfur", "Artículo 10 El estatuto administrativo de Darfur", "Establecimiento de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "59. Se establecerá la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, que será el principal instrumento para la ejecución del presente Acuerdo en colaboración con el Gobierno del Sudán y con el apoyo de los asociados internacionales. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur también desempeñará una función fundamental en el mejoramiento de la ejecución, la coordinación y la promoción de todos los proyectos y actividades de reconstrucción y desarrollo después del conflicto en Darfur y será responsable de la cooperación y coordinación entre los estados de Darfur. Las actividades de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur tendrán como fin principal promover:", "i. La paz y la seguridad;", "ii. El desarrollo, la estabilidad y el crecimiento socioeconómicos;", "iii. La justicia, la reconciliación y la recuperación.", "60. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur establecerá sus propias reglas de procedimiento, contratará al personal necesario para llevar a cabo su labor y establecerá un presupuesto a estos efectos. Las prerrogativas de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur no irán en contra de las atribuciones exclusivas de los estados de Darfur y el Gobierno federal, ni las afectarán. Sin embargo, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur tendrá responsabilidades de supervisión de todas las cuestiones relacionadas con sus esferas de jurisdicción y competencia principales. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur supervisará la celebración de un referendo para determinar el estatuto administrativo de Darfur, en concreto para determinar si se mantiene el actual sistema de Estados o si se opta por una única región con estados.", "61. Sin perjuicio de las competencias exclusivas de los estados de Darfur en virtud de la Constitución, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur vigilará la aplicación de todas las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo, incluidas las que están sujetas a la jurisdicción de los estados de Darfur.", "62. Se establecerá un comité de seguridad regional para Darfur con arreglo al modelo nacional y estatal y se determinarán sus competencias.", "Competencias de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "63. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur tendrá las siguientes competencias principales:", "i. La aplicación de las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo en colaboración con el Gobierno del Sudán;", "ii. La promoción de la reconciliación y la consolidación de la seguridad y la paz social;", "iii. La reconstrucción y el desarrollo después del conflicto y la coordinación de la participación de todos los asociados internacionales y regionales, incluida la Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur;", "iv. Las cuestiones de salud, la protección del medio ambiente y las medidas para hacer frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático;", "v. La planificación, el desarrollo y la conservación de las rutas y los pastizales para el ganado;", "vi. La creación de las condiciones duraderas necesarias para la repatriación voluntaria y el reasentamiento de los desplazados internos y los refugiados;", "vii. La planificación relativa al uso de la tierra y el ejercicio de los derechos pertinentes;", "viii. La educación y la promoción cultural;", "ix. La planificación y la elaboración de estadísticas;", "x. El mejoramiento de la cooperación y la promoción de la comunicación y la coordinación entre los estados de Darfur;", "xi. La contratación de préstamos de instituciones nacionales y extranjeras en el contexto de la política macroeconómica nacional, aprobados y garantizados por el Banco del Sudán;", "xii. La protección y promoción de los derechos humanos;", "xiii. El fomento de la transparencia y la buena gobernanza;", "xiv. La creación de capacidad;", "xv. El turismo regional;", "xvi. El examen y la recomendación de medidas legislativas y ejecutivas encaminadas a mejorar la coordinación entre los estados;", "xvii. Las políticas para el control de las armas pequeñas y las armas ligeras en Darfur;", "xviii. Cualquier otra función en que convengan las Partes.", "Competencias simultáneas", "64. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur tendrá competencias simultáneas en materia de formulación y coordinación de políticas en las siguientes esferas:", "i. El desarrollo social y económico de la región;", "ii. Las políticas de salud;", "iii. Las políticas financieras y económicas;", "iv. El desarrollo urbano y la planificación de viviendas;", "v. El desarrollo del comercio y la industria;", "vi. El socorro y los asuntos humanitarios;", "vii. La iniciación y negociación, previa aprobación del Gobierno del Sudán, de acuerdos internacionales sobre educación superior, cultura, deporte, asuntos humanitarios, préstamos y subvenciones, comercio, inversión y asistencia técnica con gobiernos extranjeros y organizaciones no gubernamentales;", "viii. El adelanto de la mujer, la maternidad y la atención del niño;", "ix. El control de calidad de los alimentos y las drogas y la seguridad y protección del consumidor;", "x. La educación superior y los institutos profesionales y de investigación científica;", "xi. Las políticas de género;", "xii. La generación de electricidad, la ordenación del agua y la gestión de los desechos;", "xiii. Las políticas sobre la propiedad de la tierra, su uso y los derechos sobre ella;", "xiv. El socorro de emergencia, la prevención y gestión de los desastres y el control de las epidemias;", "xv. Los medios de comunicación, las publicaciones y las emisoras de radio;", "xvi. La gestión, la protección y la conservación del medio ambiente;", "xvii. Los deportes, el patrimonio cultural y el fomento de las aptitudes de los jóvenes;", "xviii. La planificación de los recursos naturales de Darfur.", "Estructura y composición", "65. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur estará constituida por dos órganos principales: el Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur y el Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "66. El Presidente de la República del Sudán nombrará entre los Movimientos al Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, quien presidirá el Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "67. El Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur estará constituido por los siguientes funcionarios:", "i. El Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "ii. Los Gobernadores de los estados de Darfur Vicepresidentes", "iii. El Asistente del Presidente encargado de los Miembro asuntos de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "iv. El Ministro de Finanzas y Planificación Económica Miembro", "v. El Ministro de Cultura, Información y Turismo Miembro", "vi. El Ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería Miembro", "vii. El Ministro de Reconstrucción, Desarrollo e Miembro Infraestructura", "viii. El Ministro del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Miembro los Recursos Naturales", "ix. El Ministro para los Asuntos del Consejo de la Miembro Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "x. El Ministro de Asuntos Sociales, Maternidad y Miembro Atención de la Niñez", "xi. El Ministro de Salud Miembro", "xii. El Ministro de la Juventud y el Deporte Miembro", "xiii. El Ministro de Desarrollo de la Tecnología y Miembro Fomento de la Capacidad", "xiv. Un Comisionado de la Comisión para el Regreso y el Miembro Reasentamiento Voluntarios", "xv. Un Comisionado de la Comisión de Justicia, Verdad y Miembro Reconciliación", "xvi. El Presidente del Fondo de Reconstrucción y Miembro Desarrollo de Darfur", "xvii. Un Comisionado de la Comisión de Tierras Miembro", "xviii. Un Comisionado de la Comisión de Aplicación de Miembro los Acuerdos de Seguridad de Darfur", "68. En el Protocolo del Estado, el Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur figura directamente después de los Vicepresidentes de la República y antes de los Asistentes del Presidente de la República.", "69. El Presidente de la República del Sudán nombrará a los miembros del Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, a propuesta del Presidente de la Autoridad. Los miembros nombrados tendrán la condición de Ministros de Estado.", "70. El Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur podrá exigir rendición de cuentas a las miembros del Órgano Ejecutivo de la Autoridad. También podrá formular una recomendación al Presidente de la República para que releve del cargo a cualquier miembro del Órgano Ejecutivo. El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur podrá retirarle la confianza a cualquier miembro del Órgano Ejecutivo y formular una recomendación al Presidente de la Autoridad para que se lo releve del cargo.", "El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "71. El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur estará constituido por 67 miembros, a saber:", "i. El Presidente;", "ii. Dos Vicepresidentes;", "iii. Representantes de los Movimientos;", "iv. Representantes de los órganos legislativos de los estados.", "72. El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur podrá establecer comités especializados cuando lo estime necesario.", "Competencias del Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur", "73. El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur tendrá competencias de supervisión, vigilancia y organización. El Consejo examinará las leyes y recomendará medidas legislativas que promuevan la coordinación y la cooperación entre los estados de Darfur. En concreto, el Consejo tendrá las siguientes competencias:", "i. Examinar las leyes que se relacionen con las competencias de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur;", "ii. Controlar y evaluar el desempeño de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur;", "iii. Aprobar el presupuesto de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur;", "iv. Velar por que la Autoridad Regional de Darfur incurra en gastos apropiados y rinda cuentas por las decisiones que adopte;", "v. Adoptar políticas en el ámbito de las competencias de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur y, en particular, en relación con todas las cuestiones transfronterizas entre los estados de Darfur;", "vi. Establecer un comité para que se encargue de preparar una Constitución de la Región de Darfur en caso de que el pueblo de Darfur vote mayoritariamente a favor de la creación de una única región.", "Solución de controversias", "74. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur ejercerá sus funciones sin menoscabo de los poderes constitucionales y las funciones de los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur. Si el Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur estimare que una medida adoptada por un Gobierno estatal menoscaba la ejecución del Acuerdo, el asunto se remitirá al Consejo de la Autoridad para que tome una decisión, sin perjuicio del derecho de cualquiera de las partes de recurrir al Tribunal Constitucional para que dé una solución definitiva a la controversia de conformidad con los siguientes preceptos:", "i. La Constitución Nacional;", "ii. Las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo;", "iii. La necesidad de promover la seguridad, la estabilidad, el bienestar de la población y la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales.", "El estatuto administrativo permanente de Darfur", "75. El estatuto administrativo permanente de Darfur se determinará mediante la celebración de un referendo.", "76. El referendo se celebrará simultáneamente en los estados de Darfur, no antes de un año después de la firma del Acuerdo. Transcurrido un año, el Presidente de la República, de común acuerdo con el Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, establecerá la Comisión para el Referendo, que se encargará de la celebración del referendo. El resultado del referendo se incorporará a la Constitución permanente. Se presentarán las siguientes opciones:", "i. La creación de una Región de Darfur constituida por los estados de Darfur;", "ii. El mantenimiento del statu quo del sistema de estados. En ambos casos se respetará el carácter de Darfur, determinado por las tradiciones y los vínculos culturales e históricos.", "77. La Comisión para el Referendo de Darfur, establecida por la Presidencia de común acuerdo con la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, organizará y celebrará el referendo. La Ley electoral nacional especificará las reglas y los procedimientos por los que se regirá el referendo. El referendo tendrá supervisión internacional.", "78. Si una mayoría de los votos emitidos por la población de Darfur en el referendo determina la conveniencia de crear una Región de Darfur, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur establecerá un Comité Constitucional para que concrete las competencias del Gobierno Regional de Darfur. El Comité presentará la Constitución propuesta a la Autoridad Regional de Darfur para su adopción en el plazo de los tres meses siguientes a la celebración del referendo. La Constitución propuesta se presentará al órgano legislativo nacional para su adopción y el Presidente de la República del Sudán promulgará la Constitución.", "79. Si el resultado del referendo mantiene el statu quo, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur seguirá siendo el principal instrumento para la ejecución del presente Acuerdo durante un período de cuatro años a partir de la fecha de su firma.", "Artículo 11 Las fronteras septentrionales de Darfur", "80. Sin perjuicio de las disposiciones del Acuerdo General de Paz en relación con la frontera norte-sur ni de cualesquiera acuerdos internacionales vigentes entre la República del Sudán y los países vecinos, las fronteras septentrionales de Darfur volverán a la demarcación vigente el 1 de enero de 1956.", "81. El Comité Técnico Conjunto concluirá el proceso de demarcación en el plazo de los seis meses siguientes a la firma del presente Acuerdo.", "Artículo 12 Representación a nivel de los estados", "82. Las Partes convienen en que los Movimientos tendrán representación en todos los niveles de los gobiernos estatales de Darfur.", "Gobernadores", "83. De llegarse a crear estados adicionales, los Movimientos propondrán a dos candidatos para que el Presidente de Sudán los apruebe como Gobernadores interinos (Walis) para dirigir dos de los nuevos estados mientras se celebran elecciones.", "Artículo 13 Gobierno local", "84. Las Partes convienen en que el gobierno local es fundamental para cumplir el compromiso de conferir la soberanía al pueblo, acercar el poder a las comunidades de base y asegurar la participación eficaz de los ciudadanos en la gobernanza, promover el desarrollo y velar por que la gestión de los asuntos públicos sea más eficaz en función de los costos.", "85. La administración autóctona respetará, cuando proceda, las tradiciones, costumbres y prácticas históricas y comunitarias establecidas que han desempeñado funciones esenciales en la comunidad.", "86. Las Partes convienen en que el gobierno local y la administración autóctona se han visto negativamente afectados por el conflicto en Darfur y, por lo tanto, tendrán facultades para hacer frente a las consecuencias del conflicto, incluidas la degradación del medio ambiente y la desertificación.", "87. Las Partes convienen en que los Movimientos tendrán una representación adecuada a nivel del gobierno local antes de que se celebren las siguientes elecciones locales, con una representación proporcional de las mujeres.", "88. Se adoptarán medidas apropiadas para prestar asistencia a diversos grupos, como los jóvenes y las mujeres, mediante la creación de capacidad y la adopción de medidas de acción afirmativa.", "Artículo 14 Universidades e instituciones de educación superior de gestión estatal", "89. El 15% de los lugares disponibles en las universidades nacionales se asignará a estudiantes de Darfur, de conformidad con los requisitos de competición, durante cinco años.", "90. La población de Darfur tendrá representación en la gestión de las universidades nacionales y las instituciones de educación superior sobre la base de la competencia y las calificaciones científicas determinadas por el Ministerio de Educación Superior e Investigación Científica.", "91. El 50% de los lugares disponibles en las universidades nacionales de Darfur se asignará a los hijos e hijas de Darfur de conformidad con los requisitos del comité de ingreso. Entre tanto, se establecerá un mecanismo o comité para que examine las condiciones requeridas para eximir a las personas afectadas por la guerra del pago de la matrícula universitaria durante cinco años.", "92. Todos los estudiantes que sean hijos de desplazados internos y refugiados de los estados de Darfur que hayan sido debidamente admitidos a universidades nacionales por el comité de ingreso quedarán exentos del pago de la matrícula de educación durante cinco años.", "93. Se facilitarán los procedimientos de ingreso para los hijos de desplazados internos, refugiados u otras personas afectadas por la guerra en las diversas localidades de los estados de Darfur.", "Artículo 15 Constitución permanente", "94. Los Movimientos tendrán una representación adecuada en la Comisión Nacional de Revisión de la Constitución, encargada de la redacción de una Constitución permanente para la República del Sudán.", "Capítulo III Distribución de la riqueza", "Disposiciones generales", "Artículo 16 Principios relativos a la distribución de la riqueza", "La distribución de la riqueza se basará en los principios siguientes:", "95. Una economía que, entre otros objetivos, asegure el alivio de la pobreza, la justicia social, y la distribución equitativa de la riqueza y los recursos, de forma tal que garantice niveles de vida equilibrados y suficientes para todos los ciudadanos del Sudán.", "96. Federalismo fiscal y distribución equitativa de la riqueza del Sudán, a fin de posibilitar que cada nivel de gobierno cumpla sus responsabilidades y obligaciones jurídicas y constitucionales para con el pueblo del Sudán. El Gobierno del Sudán realizará las transferencias financieras necesarias a Darfur, de conformidad con los procesos y criterios establecidos en el presente Acuerdo.", "97. Todas las partes del Sudán tienen derecho a un desarrollo justo y equilibrado, y se reconoce la necesidad de reconstruir con urgencia las zonas de Darfur afectadas por el conflicto armado y prestar especial atención a las personas desplazadas, mediante la creación de un entorno propicio que les permita regresar voluntariamente a sus lugares de origen, o a lugares de su elección, conforme se establece en el Capítulo IV del presente Acuerdo.", "98. Aprobación y ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo integrado destinados al asentamiento de las comunidades nómadas, la promoción de la productividad de ese sector y la organización de la relación entre agricultores y pastores con el fin de velar por la seguridad, la estabilidad y el desarrollo para todos.", "99. El concepto de riqueza del Sudán se deberá definir de forma que incluya los recursos naturales y humanos; el patrimonio histórico y cultural; los activos financieros, incluidos los créditos y préstamos públicos internacionales y nacionales; y las ayudas y donaciones internacionales. También incluirá los medios, instituciones, políticas y oportunidades que contribuyen a generar y distribuir riqueza, así como los recursos materiales, rentas públicas, beneficios de instituciones y otros recursos.", "100. La riqueza constituye un elemento vital en cuya generación y distribución influyen considerablemente las instituciones, las políticas y los programas gubernamentales. Por consiguiente, la participación equitativa de Darfur en la toma de decisiones relativas a políticas e instituciones que rigen la generación y distribución de la riqueza y afectan a sus intereses sociales y económicos es fundamental y deberá promoverse.", "101. El desarrollo de los recursos humanos será un medio y un objetivo de las políticas de desarrollo económico y social. Estas políticas se formularán y aplicarán con miras a desarrollar el sistema educativo y asegurar el acceso de la población de Darfur, sin discriminación por motivos de raza o de género, a iguales oportunidades de educación y capacitación en Darfur y en el país. Se realizarán esfuerzos especiales por erradicar el analfabetismo entre las mujeres.", "102. Todos los ciudadanos del Sudán tendrán los siguientes derechos en pie de igualdad:", "i. Seguridad contra el hambre;", "ii. Medios de vida sostenibles;", "iii. Acceso al agua potable;", "iv. Acceso a la educación de buena calidad;", "v. Acceso a servicios de salud y otros servicios sociales;", "vi. Acceso apropiado a infraestructuras y servicios públicos;", "vii. Acceso a oportunidades de desarrollo y empleo;", "viii. Libre acceso a los mercados;", "ix. Protección de la propiedad;", "x. Promoción y protección del patrimonio cultural;", "xi. Restitución y/o indemnización en relación con los bienes perdidos por las personas afectadas por el conflicto;", "xii. Revisión de medidas administrativas que afecten a la subsistencia.", "103. Un sistema eficaz de distribución de la riqueza basado en la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas. En el contexto de la política económica se deberán adoptar medidas de acción afirmativa destinadas a superar las desventajas derivadas de largos años de subdesarrollo y deterioro provocados por el conflicto.", "104. La distribución y el reparto de la riqueza se basarán en la premisa de que todas las partes del Sudán tienen derecho a un desarrollo justo y equitativo. Reconociendo que la pobreza es común en el Sudán en general, y en Darfur en particular, se adoptará una estrategia nacional para aliviar la pobreza, en el marco de la política nacional de desarrollo orientada a alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "105. Es imperiosa y acuciante la necesidad de rehabilitar, reconstruir y desarrollar la infraestructura física y social dañada en Darfur a consecuencia del conflicto, así como de restablecer las funciones básicas de gobierno y fortalecer la administración civil. Es preciso realizar una evaluación general de esas necesidades a fin de satisfacerlas urgentemente con carácter de máxima prioridad.", "106. La rehabilitación y reconstrucción de Darfur se considera una prioridad. En ese contexto, se deberán adoptar medidas para indemnizar a la población de Darfur y tramitar las reclamaciones por las pérdidas de vidas y la destrucción, la incautación o el robo de bienes y por los consiguientes padecimientos.", "107. El desarrollo de la infraestructura económica y social básica es fundamental y, a tal fin, se deberá elaborar un programa de desarrollo acelerado que permita equiparar el nivel de Darfur con el resto del país.", "108. En vista de que los recursos financieros y los conocimientos técnicos necesarios para llevar a cabo ese proceso superan la capacidad del Sudán, las Partes podrán solicitar el apoyo de la comunidad internacional para que participe plenamente en esta iniciativa, colabore en el suministro de la financiación y los conocimientos técnicos necesarios y ayude a satisfacer las necesidades identificadas a tal efecto.", "109. Darfur en su conjunto, y en particular las zonas que requieren trabajos de construcción o reconstrucción, deben alcanzar un nivel que les permita lograr rápidamente los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). Es preciso elaborar un programa de desarrollo de la infraestructura básica a fin de integrar la economía de Darfur en la economía nacional.", "110. Es necesario establecer, en el marco del presente Acuerdo, un fondo especial para la reconstrucción y el desarrollo de Darfur.", "Artículo 17 Políticas de distribución de la riqueza", "111. El objetivo último de la política económica nacional será el logro del pleno empleo por medio de, entre otras cosas, políticas sólidas basadas en la promoción de la estabilidad de los precios, aumento de los niveles de empleo, fomento del desarrollo económico sostenible y erradicación de la pobreza. Por consiguiente, las políticas, los programas y los planes sociales y económicos nacionales se orientarán a asegurar:", "i. La promoción y el mejoramiento de condiciones de vida decentes y dignas para todos los ciudadanos, sin discriminación por motivos de raza, color, etnia, tribu, filiación regional o local, género, religión, idioma ni opiniones políticas o de otra índole;", "ii. La participación ciudadana por medio de los diferentes niveles del gobierno, así como de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, en la formulación y aplicación de las políticas sociales necesarias para generar y distribuir riqueza y en la adopción de decisiones sobre desarrollo y gestión de ingresos;", "iii. La representación justa y equitativa garantizada en todas las instituciones del Gobierno del Sudán que participen en la generación y distribución de la riqueza.", "112. Las políticas económicas y sociales nacionales se orientarán al logro de los objetivos siguientes:", "i. Generar riqueza y distribuirla equitativamente en todo el Sudán, en consonancia con el mantenimiento de la estabilidad macroeconómica y el desarrollo sostenible;", "ii. Asegurar una recaudación fiscal equitativa y utilizarla en beneficio de toda la población;", "iii. Descentralizar los procesos decisorios sobre cuestiones de desarrollo, prestación de servicios y gobernanza;", "iv. Proporcionar acceso fiable, seguro y abierto a los mercados, bienes y servicios con miras a:", "a) Asegurar un entorno propicio para la inversión extranjera;", "b) Reconocer la diversidad social y cultural;", "c) Promover la seguridad y estabilidad social;", "d) Hacer frente a la degradación del medio ambiente;", "e) Aplicar principios de desarrollo sostenible.", "113. La formulación de las políticas económicas nacionales se orientará a la creación de un entorno propicio y transparente para la participación de los sectores privados nacionales y extranjeros en el desarrollo del Sudán en general, y de Darfur en particular. La legislación nacional y regional se revisará y modificará con el fin de atraer inversiones.", "114. Las políticas nacionales y regionales se orientarán a promover las exportaciones de Darfur a los mercados nacionales e internacionales.", "115. Las políticas financieras y monetarias, y en particular el sistema bancario, se revisarán para que satisfagan las necesidades de crecimiento sostenible y desarrollo equilibrado y brinden mayores oportunidades de acceso a los mercados financieros internacionales.", "116. El Banco del Sudán se ha comprometido a desarrollar políticas y métodos financieros innovadores a fin de alentar a las instituciones financieras, los bancos comerciales y los bancos estatales especializados (Banco Agrícola, Banco de Desarrollo Industrial y otros) a ampliar sus actividades en Darfur.", "117. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el Artículo 14, las políticas se elaborarán y aplicarán con miras a desarrollar el sistema educativo y asegurar para la población de Darfur, sin discriminación por motivos de raza o género, la igualdad de oportunidades de acceso a la educación y capacitación en los estados de Darfur y en el país. Se realizarán esfuerzos especiales por erradicar el analfabetismo entre las mujeres.", "118. Se promoverán y fomentarán las actividades de investigación y desarrollo, en particular las tecnologías relacionadas con la agricultura, la cría de animales, las pequeñas industrias, las artesanías, la minería, el medio ambiente y la energía, especialmente las energías renovables.", "119. Se adoptarán políticas encaminadas a asegurar la protección y rehabilitación efectiva del medio ambiente, en particular en lo que respecta a la recuperación de bosques y la forestación, siempre que sea posible.", "120. Se dará prioridad a las políticas orientadas a desarrollar y modernizar el sector agrícola, en particular la ganadería, con el debido respeto de la cultura nómada y la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente natural.", "121. En el contexto de la aplicación del presente Acuerdo se acordará la máxima prioridad a las actividades encaminadas a satisfacer las necesidades en las zonas afectadas por el conflicto, con especial atención a los desplazados internos, los refugiados que regresan y las personas afectadas por el conflicto, a fin de proporcionarles la seguridad y los servicios básicos necesarios para que puedan regresar a sus lugares de origen en condiciones seguras y dignas. El Capítulo IV del presente Acuerdo, relativo a las indemnizaciones y el regreso de los desplazados internos y refugiados, establece los principios y procesos concernientes a la restitución de bienes y la prestación de asistencia para facilitar la plena integración de los repatriados en sus comunidades mediante, en particular, el restablecimiento de sus derechos a la propiedad de las tierras y las indemnizaciones por los daños y pérdidas causados por el conflicto.", "122. Se prestará particular atención a los problemas de las mujeres de Darfur, que sobre todo entre los refugiados, los desplazados internos y los migrantes, además de ser cabezas de familia participan en todas las esferas de actividad y constituyen la mayor parte de la mano de obra, especialmente en los sectores de la agricultura y los recursos animales, así como al agravamiento de la situación de la mujer en todas esas esferas a raíz de un conflicto cuyas repercusiones han sido particularmente perjudiciales para ellas y los niños, y principalmente sobre sus medios de subsistencia. Se adoptarán medidas concretas para solucionar sus problemas y asegurar su participación equitativa y efectiva en comisiones, comités y órganos establecidos con arreglo al presente Acuerdo.", "123. Es de suma importancia reconocer los derechos tradicionales y consuetudinarios, en particular el “hawakeer” y los derechos históricos sobre la tierra, sobre una base sólida y sostenible que permita asegurar el desarrollo y los medios de subsistencia en Darfur. El presente Acuerdo se orienta a establecer los mecanismos necesarios para el reconocimiento y la protección de esos derechos.", "124. Se establecerá un mecanismo para definir los procesos que permitan asegurar y vigilar el uso sostenible de las tierras y otros recursos naturales. Dicho mecanismo garantizará la celebración de consultas con todos los ciudadanos afectados por la ordenación de las tierras o la utilización de los recursos naturales y tener en cuenta sus opiniones en el proceso de ordenación. Las personas cuyos bienes resultaron dañados o cuyas vidas se vieran afectadas a consecuencia de la ordenación de las tierras o los recursos naturales tendrán derecho a recibir rápidamente una indemnización apropiada.", "125. Se desarrollarán y respaldarán jurídicamente estructuras e instituciones de gestión de las tierras con miras a promover el desarrollo sostenible y hacer frente a las cuestiones relativas a la degradación del medio ambiente, con arreglo a la base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras, teniendo en cuenta las experiencias históricas a ese respecto.", "126. Geográficamente aislado del centro del país, Darfur carece de infraestructura, especialmente carreteras, líneas férreas, puentes y presas y, por lo tanto, necesita actividades de desarrollo e inversiones eficaces que se verán facilitadas por las reformas, las exenciones jurídicas y los incentivos, en particular:", "i. La plena exención de derechos aduaneros y otras tasas para materiales importados destinados a la construcción y el desarrollo de Darfur;", "ii. El Gobierno del Sudán absorberá los derechos aduaneros, así como otros derechos y tasas pagaderos por los materiales importados destinados a proyectos nacionales de desarrollo en Darfur y proyectos financiados por el Gobierno del Sudán o mediante préstamos;", "iii. La Ley sobre promoción de las inversiones se modificará a fin de que sus disposiciones incluyan más incentivos y privilegios para las empresas extranjeras y locales en los Estados de Darfur, incluidas exenciones impositivas sobre las ganancias.", "Reconstrucción y desarrollo de Darfur", "Artículo 18 Disposiciones generales", "127. Los esfuerzos de reconstrucción y desarrollo en Darfur se deberán respaldar mediante sustanciales transferencias monetarias garantizadas y regulares que la Comisión de Asignación y Supervisión Fiscal y Financiera (FFAMC) efectuará conforme a lo establecido en el Artículo 25, así como mediante otros recursos de asistencia nacionales y extranjeros.", "128. Darfur necesita un período de transición para pasar rápidamente de la situación de conflicto a la paz, y por lo tanto es preciso crear un entorno propicio que permita avanzar desde la fase de asistencia humanitaria hacia la de reconstrucción, recuperación económica y desarrollo.", "129. Para apoyar los esfuerzos del período de transición mencionado en el párrafo 128 precedente y alcanzar los objetivos antedichos, Darfur necesita recursos que rebasan considerablemente su capacidad para movilizarlos en el ámbito local a corto plazo. Por consiguiente, es preciso que sus esfuerzos cuenten con el respaldo de transferencias financieras seguras y regulares del Fondo Nacional de Ingresos y de otras fuentes nacionales de recursos, además de la ayuda extranjera.", "Artículo 19 Sistema de microfinanciación", "130. En Darfur se establecerá un sistema de microfinanciación con el objeto de proporcionar la financiación necesaria para desarrollar actividades generadoras de ingresos con potencial de crecimiento, en cuyo marco se facilitarán pequeños préstamos accesibles a personas y grupos, sin las exigencias de garantía aplicables en el sistema bancario convencional.", "131. El sistema de microfinanciación establecerá algunas garantías no convencionales a fin de facilitar a la población beneficiaria, por ejemplo pequeños productores y, en particular, repatriados, el acceso a ese mecanismo de financiación.", "132. Con miras a desarrollar el potencial productivo de los beneficiarios se les impartirá capacitación, financiada con fondos públicos, en las áreas de administración y fortalecimiento de las aptitudes técnicas en sus respectivas esferas de actividad.", "133. El sistema de microfinanciación prestará particular importancia a las actividades generadoras de ingresos desarrolladas por mujeres, especialmente por viudas.", "134. El Gobierno del Sudán aportará 100.000.000 de dólares (cien millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) que representarán el capital del sistema.", "135. El Gobierno alentará a los bancos que facilitan microfinanciación a acordar prioridad a Darfur.", "136. El Gobierno, en colaboración con la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y con la participación de especialistas en microfinanciación, elaborará el estatuto y el reglamento del sistema de microfinanciación, de forma tal que garantice su independencia.", "137. El sistema podrá recibir asistencia no condicionada de organizaciones especializadas en microfinanciación y de otras entidades.", "Artículo 20 Servicios sociales", "138. Además de las transferencias de la FFAMC, el Gobierno del Sudán aportará 225.000.000 de dólares (doscientos veinticinco millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos), pagaderos a los estados de Darfur durante un período de tres años en tres cuotas iguales, que se destinarán a financiar las actividades de los servicios sociales.", "Artículo 21 El Fondo de Reconstrucción y Fomento de Darfur", "139. En cada contexto estructural y operacional de actividades se adoptarán las medidas necesarias para reformar, restructurar y rectificar los desequilibrios del Fondo de Reconstrucción y Fomento de Darfur (DRDF), cuyas actividades se mantendrán hasta su integración en un fondo fiduciario de múltiples donantes que se constituirá una vez finalizada la Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur, según se estipula en el Artículo 32.", "140. El DRDF funcionará bajo la supervisión de un comité integrado por representantes del Gobierno del Sudán, la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur.", "141. Las funciones del Fondo incluyen, aunque no exclusivamente, las siguientes actividades:", "i. Financiar proyectos de repatriación y reasentamiento;", "ii. Corregir los desequilibrios en materia de desarrollo, en particular en lo que respecta a infraestructura y consecución de los ODM;", "iii. Establecer mecanismos de financiación destinados a satisfacer las necesidades especiales de las mujeres, los niños y los huérfanos. Esos mecanismos incluirán, entre otros, el acceso a préstamos, oportunidades de inversión, fortalecimiento de las capacidades de producción, insumos para la producción y fomento de las capacidades de las mujeres.", "La asignación del gobierno nacional al DRDF", "142. Además de la parte correspondiente a Darfur en las transferencias realizadas por la FFAMC, el Gobierno del Sudán asignará 2.000.000.000 de dólares (dos mil millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) con cargo al Fondo Nacional de Ingresos. De esa suma, 200.000.000 de dólares (doscientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) se depositarán como capital inicial del DRDF inmediatamente después de la firma del presente Acuerdo. El Gobierno del Sudán pagará el saldo como se indica a continuación:", "i. 300.000.000 de dólares (trescientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) en el año siguiente a la firma del presente Acuerdo;", "ii. 300.000.000 de dólares (trescientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) en el tercer año;", "iii. 300.000.000 de dólares (trescientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) en el cuarto año;", "iv. 400.000.000 de dólares (cuatrocientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) en el quinto año;", "v. 500.000.000 de dólares (quinientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) en el sexto año.", "Federalismo fiscal y relaciones intergubernamentales", "Artículo 22 Determinación de las responsabilidades financieras nacionales y estatales", "143. Los ingresos nacionales se distribuirán entre el Gobierno Federal y los gobiernos estatales en proporción a sus responsabilidades constitucionales, con el fin de asegurar la buena gobernanza federal.", "144. Las responsabilidades relativas a gastos e ingresos se distribuirán en los niveles del gobierno nacional y los gobiernos estatales de conformidad con los principios siguientes:", "i. Asignación de gastos por función al nivel del gobierno cuya jurisdicción represente más estrechamente la zona geográfica en la que tiene lugar esa función;", "ii. La prestación de un servicio en particular (asignación de gastos por función) incumbirá exclusivamente a un nivel de gobierno determinado, o simultáneamente a dos o más niveles;", "iii. Los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur procurarán sufragar los servicios prestados a las personas que viven en una zona geográfica determinada con los ingresos recaudados en esa misma zona;", "iv. Los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur podrán determinar la estructura de la base fiscal, los niveles de los aranceles o los tipos impositivos sin intervención del Gobierno Federal.", "Artículo 23 Normas sobre asignación de ingresos y sobre fuentes de ingresos", "Normas sobre asignación de ingresos", "145. Todos los ingresos recaudados en el plano nacional o por el Gobierno Federal, así como los ingresos de todos los Ministerios, incluidos los relacionados con el oro, el petróleo, las administraciones o la participación del Gobierno en las utilidades de cualquier institución o empresa o de cualquier otra entidad, ya sean derivados de actividades comerciales, de inversión o de cualquier otra índole, se depositarán en la cuenta del Fondo Nacional de Ingresos administrado por el Tesoro nacional. El Fondo abarca todas las cuentas, incluidas las cuentas auxiliares que se utilizan para recaudar, consignar y depositar las sumas adeudadas al Gobierno Federal.", "146. Al final de cada ejercicio fiscal, todos los niveles de gobernanza y sus niveles subsidiarios darán a conocer, por conducto de los órganos legislativos, un informe amplio y detallado de todos los ingresos fiscales y de otra índole, así como de todos los gastos (informe financiero anual), a fin de que la asamblea legislativa asegure la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas.", "Fuentes de ingresos", "147. El Gobierno Federal podrá legislar con el fin de recaudar rentas públicas o impuestos de las siguientes fuentes:", "i. Impuesto nacional sobre la renta de las personas físicas;", "ii. Impuesto sobre las ganancias de las corporaciones o las empresas;", "iii. Derechos aduaneros y gravámenes a las importaciones;", "iv. Ingresos provenientes de puertos y aeropuertos;", "v. Cargos por servicios;", "vi. Ingresos derivados del petróleo, la minería y la electricidad;", "vii. Ingresos provenientes de instituciones y proyectos gubernamentales;", "viii. Impuesto sobre el valor añadido e impuestos sobre las ventas mayoristas y minoristas, así como otros impuestos sobre bienes y servicios;", "ix. Impuestos internos;", "x. Préstamos, incluidos los del Banco Central del Sudán y de ciudadanos particulares;", "xi. Donaciones y ayuda financiera extranjera;", "xii. Cualquier otro impuesto establecido por la legislatura nacional.", "148. Los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur podrán aumentar y administrar los recursos siguientes:", "i. Impuestos y regalías sobre tierras y bienes de los estados;", "ii. Cargos por servicios prestados por los estados;", "iii. Derechos de licencia;", "iv. Impuesto de los estados de Darfur sobre la renta de las personas físicas;", "v. Participación de los estados en los ingresos derivados del petróleo y otros recursos naturales producidos en los estados de Darfur;", "vi. Proyectos, instituciones y reservas naturales de los estados de Darfur;", "vii. Derechos de timbre;", "viii. Impuestos agrícolas;", "ix. Impuestos sobre el turismo;", "x. Donaciones y ayudas extranjeras;", "xi. Impuestos internos;", "xii. Otros impuestos regionales aprobados por las legislaturas estatales;", "xiii. Préstamos y empréstitos locales y extranjeros, en función de su capacidad crediticia, en el marco de la política macroeconómica nacional, aprobados y garantizados por el Banco Central;", "xiv. Impuesto sobre la ganadería;", "xv. Subsidios proporcionados por el Gobierno del Sudán y ayuda financiera extranjera;", "xvi. Asignaciones del Fondo Nacional de Ingresos;", "xvii. Ingresos por concepto de impuestos sobre el comercio transfronterizo realizado de conformidad con la legislación federal.", "149. Los estados de Darfur podrán celebrar acuerdos con el fin de reforzar la movilización y gestión de recursos en el marco de sus jurisdicciones y atribuciones.", "Artículo 24 Cámara del azaque", "150. Todo el dinero recaudado en Darfur como azaque se invertirá en Darfur.", "151. No obstante lo dispuesto en el párrafo 150, la Cámara Central del Azaque podrá, en virtud del Artículo 38 A) de la Ley del azaque, de 2001, proporcionar la máxima financiación necesaria posible y, con el fin de ayudar a familias pobres y en particular a personas desplazadas y refugiados, ejecutar programas y proyectos relacionados con diversos servicios tales como la perforación de pozos y el suministro de dispositivos y equipos médicos, así como proyectos de educación y productivos acordes con el nivel de pobreza de Darfur.", "Artículo 25 Transferencias financieras intergubernamentales", "152. La FFAMC se establecerá por ley. También por ley se nombrará un equipo de expertos encargado de definir los criterios para las transferencias del Fondo Nacional de Ingresos a los estados de Darfur. Un representante de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur integrará la FFAMC.", "153. Para lograr la equiparación financiera, la FFAMC asegurará que se reflejen los intereses y opiniones de los estados de Darfur, teniendo en cuenta los intereses de otros gobiernos estatales. La Comisión se organizará con el fin de velar por:", "i. La utilización y distribución vertical y horizontal óptima de los recursos;", "ii. La transparencia en la asignación de fondos a los estados de Darfur;", "iii. El seguimiento de las medidas que adopte el Tesoro nacional para transferir rápidamente las asignaciones presupuestarias. La Comisión presentará informes a la Asamblea Legislativa.", "154. Las asignaciones se transferirán directamente de la FFAMC a los estados de Darfur, con arreglo a los criterios siguientes:", "i. Población según el censo de 2008;", "ii. Indicadores de desarrollo (salud, educación e infraestructura);", "iii. Esfuerzos realizados por el estado para recaudar ingresos;", "iv. Efectos del conflicto;", "v. Superficie.", "155. Un equipo de expertos determinará la importancia de cada criterio y, consiguientemente, le asignará un porcentaje que servirá de base para calcular la participación de cada estado.", "156. La FFAMC conducirá un proceso transparente en cuyo marco se vigilará el pago puntual de las transferencias a los estados de Darfur y, al mismo tiempo, se asegurará que el Gobierno Federal no retenga los fondos de los estados de Darfur ni los de ninguna otra entidad gubernamental subordinada.", "157. Los estados de Darfur podrán entablar una demanda ante el Tribunal Constitucional en caso de que el Tesoro nacional retenga fondos asignados a los estados de Darfur o no asigne los fondos previstos para ellos.", "Artículo 26 Transferencia de fondos a la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur", "158. El Gobierno del Sudán financiará todas las actividades de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur. Los fondos para gastos de capital se imputarán al Fondo de Reconstrucción y Fomento de Darfur, mientras que los gastos generales del presupuesto se financiarán directamente con cargo al presupuesto nacional, una vez aprobado por la Legislatura Nacional.", "159. La asignación de fondos a la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur se hará de manera transparente.", "160. La Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur podrá entablar una demanda ante el Tribunal Constitucional en caso de que el Gobierno Federal demore o retenga las transferencias de fondos asignados a la Autoridad Regional.", "Artículo 27 Derechos fiscales de Darfur", "161. En el marco del sistema federal, los estados de Darfur tendrán derecho a recibir:", "i. Transferencias de los ingresos fiscales del Tesoro nacional recaudados de conformidad con el Artículo 25;", "ii. Ingresos fiscales recaudados de conformidad con el Artículo 23;", "iii. Ingresos del Fondo de Reconstrucción y Fomento de Darfur;", "iv. Ingresos del Fondo Fiduciario de Múltiples Donantes.", "162. Se creará un sistema de subsidios para fines específicos orientados a la consecución de los ODM, el alivio de la pobreza y la equiparación entre los géneros.", "Artículo 28 Fuentes externas de financiación", "163. La Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y los estados de Darfur podrán tomar préstamos en los mercados financieros nacionales e internacionales, a reserva de la aprobación y la garantía del Banco Central del Sudán.", "164. La Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y los estados de Darfur presentarán al Gobierno Federal informes sobre todas las sumas recibidas de fuentes externas de financiación y ayuda.", "Artículo 29", "Desarrollo de la capacidad", "165. Tras la firma del presente Acuerdo, el Gobierno del Sudán prestará asistencia a los estados de Darfur y a la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur en la elaboración y ejecución de un programa avanzado e integral de desarrollo de la capacidad en materia de finanzas públicas y federalismo fiscal.", "Artículo 30 Seguimiento y rendición de cuentas", "166. La Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y los estados de Darfur prepararán, a los fines de su aprobación o modificación, presupuestos anuales basados en las estadísticas financieras generales presentadas por el Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y las Asambleas Legislativas de los estados. No se realizará ninguna modificación ni se incluirá ninguna nueva asignación sin la aprobación del Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur o, en su caso, de las Asambleas Legislativas de Darfur. Además, se elaborarán informes provisionales exhaustivos de todos los ingresos y gastos. El método para la preparación de esos informes se determinará con arreglo a los criterios nacionales de transparencia y rendición de cuentas, sobre la base de la legislación financiera y las directrices de la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría; los informes exhaustivos se elaborarán con arreglo a las normas internacionales.", "167. Las instituciones encargadas del seguimiento de este proceso son las siguientes:", "i. La Comisión de Asignación y Supervisión Fiscal y Financiera;", "ii. La Oficina Nacional del Auditor General y las oficinas de los auditores generales de los estados;", "iii. El Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur;", "iv. Las Asambleas Legislativas de los estados de Darfur.", "Artículo 31 Políticas de desarrollo para Darfur", "168. La política nacional de desarrollo se basará en el derecho de todas las partes del Sudán a un desarrollo equitativo y equilibrado, y acordará especial prioridad a las zonas del país más carenciadas y afectadas por el conflicto.", "169. En ese contexto, Darfur procurará alcanzar a corto y mediano plazo los objetivos de rehabilitación, reconstrucción, construcción y desarrollo, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades más urgentes y la necesidad de sentar las bases para el desarrollo a largo plazo. Se prestará particular atención a la ejecución de programas y proyectos que permitan a Darfur acelerar la transición de la fase de asistencia a la de desarrollo.", "170. Los principales objetivos relativos a la recuperación y el desarrollo económicos después del conflicto en Darfur son los siguientes:", "i. La reconstrucción y el desarrollo;", "ii. El fortalecimiento de la economía de Darfur, con miras a posibilitar su integración en la economía nacional y promover el comercio entre los estados de Darfur y los países vecinos;", "iii. La rehabilitación de los servicios sociales básicos como los de educación, salud y abastecimiento de agua;", "iv. El logro del desarrollo económico sostenible, el desarrollo equitativo, la estabilidad social y el mejoramiento del acceso a los servicios sociales;", "v. La lucha contra la pobreza y el aumento de la capacidad económica y la sensibilización;", "vi. La creación de oportunidades de empleo adecuadas;", "vii. El desarrollo de las capacidades individuales e institucionales en materia de buena gobernanza, con especial atención a la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia;", "viii. El desarrollo de la infraestructura física con el fin de mejorar el acceso de la población de Darfur a los principales mercados de Darfur, el resto del Sudán y los países vecinos, y el compromiso de construcción de la carretera de Ingaz occidental con todas sus ramificaciones en el plazo de dos años, en conformidad con las normas internacionales;", "ix. El establecimiento de un marco jurídico estable y transparente que propicie las inversiones privadas locales, nacionales y extranjeras;", "x. El desarrollo de las capacidades técnicas y analíticas en esferas principales tales como las de gestión económica, gestión financiera y adquisiciones;", "xi. La inversión en los sectores de la educación e investigación científica con miras a mejorar y desarrollar los recursos humanos;", "xii. El fomento de la producción de energía a partir de fuentes alternativas, y la lucha contra las causas de la degradación del medio ambiente.", "171. Las Partes reconocen que Darfur, región históricamente carenciada que ha sufrido gravemente las consecuencias de la destrucción provocada por el conflicto, tiene la apremiante necesidad de:", "i. Restablecer la paz, la seguridad y la estabilidad social;", "ii. Desempeñar con mayor eficacia las funciones de gobierno;", "iii. Fortalecer la administración civil;", "vi. Rehabilitar, reconstruir y construir la infraestructura física, institucional y social de Darfur después del conflicto;", "v. Efectuar una reforma estructural amplia de las universidades e instituciones de Darfur a fin de permitirles desempeñar sus cometidos;", "vi. Establecer universidades y filiales de escuelas científicas y técnicas nacionales y extranjeras para transformar a Darfur en una sociedad desarrollada en materia de tecnología, industria, agricultura y comercio.", "172. En Darfur, la competencia por los pastizales y el agua entre pastores y agricultores es un problema grave que se deberá abordar de forma integral mediante:", "i. El desarrollo de políticas y proyectos encaminados a detener la degradación del medio ambiente, aumentar la producción agrícola y mejorar la producción ganadera;", "ii. El paso gradual del enfoque basado en la cantidad al enfoque centrado en la calidad en lo relativo a la producción ganadera y la cría de animales;", "iii. El desarrollo de un marco que asegure el acceso equitativo de diversos usuarios a las tierras y los recursos hídricos;", "iv. La elaboración de políticas y proyectos encaminados a establecer una economía agrícola, industrial y tecnológica en los estados;", "v. El desarrollo de las capacidades en esas esferas.", "173. El descuido de la agricultura tradicional de secano, de la que depende el pueblo del Sudán en general y el de Darfur en particular, ha dado lugar al aumento de las importaciones de alimentos, la migración desde las zonas rurales a los centros urbanos y la generalización del hambre y las controversias. Por consiguiente, es preciso elaborar políticas y proyectos orientados a promover la agricultura tradicional de secano, y acordarles suma prioridad en el contexto del desarrollo nacional, a fin de acelerar los progresos hacia la consecución de los ODM.", "174. Se deberá reexaminar la viabilidad de los siguientes proyectos de desarrollo abandonados y reanudar la ejecución de los que se determine que son viables:", "i. Proyecto de desarrollo de la sabana occidental;", "ii. Proyecto de desarrollo rural de Jebel Marra;", "iii. Proyecto de energía térmica de Jebel Marra;", "iv. Proyecto agrícola de Habeela;", "v. Estación de investigación de Ghazalah Jawazat;", "vi. Proyecto agrícola de Abu Hamra;", "vii. Proyecto agrícola de Saq Alnaam;", "viii. Proyecto agrícola de Urn Bayada;", "ix. Cuenca hídrica de Wadi Hawar;", "x. Proyecto de lucha contra la sequía y la desertificación;", "xi. Proyecto de viviendas populares;", "xii. Proyectos de investigación agrícola;", "xiii. Proyectos de producción azucarera;", "xiv. Alradoom, Wadi Hawar y otras reservas de vida silvestre;", "xv. Proyecto de Urn Ajaja (proyecto de desarrollo de Bahar Alarab);", "xvi. Proyecto de desarrollo de Wadi Alatroon.", "175. Todos los estratos del Gobierno se esforzarán al máximo por mejorar el grado de desarrollo humano de Darfur, a fin de equipararlo con los niveles nacionales en el contexto de los empeños por acelerar los progresos hacia la consecución de los ODM.", "Artículo 32 Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur", "176. La Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur se establecerá con miras a determinar y evaluar las necesidades relativas a la recuperación económica, el desarrollo y la erradicación de la pobreza tras el conflicto en Darfur. Esas necesidades se expondrán en una conferencia de donantes que se convocará tres meses después de la firma del presente Acuerdo.", "177. Las Partes solicitarán al Banco Mundial, el Banco de Desarrollo de Darfur, las Naciones Unidas y el Banco Africano de Desarrollo que dirijan las actividades de la Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur, en colaboración con el Banco Islámico de Desarrollo, la Unión Africana, la Liga de los Estados Árabes, la Organización de la Conferencia Islámica, los fondos árabes, la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos de América, el Estado de Qatar y otros países y organizaciones económicas regionales e internacionales interesados.", "178. Dado que los recursos financieros y los conocimientos técnicos necesarios para esta operación exceden la capacidad del Sudán, las Partes soliciten a la comunidad internacional que participe urgente y plenamente en esta iniciativa, contribuya al suministro de los recursos y conocimientos técnicos necesarios, y ayude a satisfacer las necesidades identificadas a este respecto mediante el establecimiento de un fondo fiduciario de múltiples donantes. Los donantes y el Gobierno del Sudán crearán un órgano de supervisión que determinará los procedimientos operacionales del fondo.", "179. Las Partes estarán representadas en los comités técnicos y de supervisión de la Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur.", "180. Se evaluarán las necesidades de desarrollo de Darfur relativas a esferas sociales e infraestructura, y la Misión de Evaluación Conjunta de Darfur determinará los recursos necesarios para satisfacerlas en un plazo de seis años.", "Desarrollo y ordenación de las tierras, hawakeer y recursos naturales", "Artículo 33 Principios generales", "181. Los límites territoriales a que se hace referencia en la presente sección serán los mencionados en el párrafo 80 del Capítulo II del presente Acuerdo.", "182. Dado que el pueblo de Darfur no se benefició de la Ordenanza de 1925 sobre acuerdos territoriales y registro de tierras, se priorizará la reforma de las leyes, a fin de incorporar los derechos sobre las tierras y su utilización (hawakeer) en consonancia con las costumbres, tradiciones y legados culturales relativos a la propiedad de la tierra, las rutas tradicionales de trashumancia y el acceso a las fuentes de agua.", "183. Si el arrendatario de tierras arrendadas en el marco de las leyes de inversión no cumple las condiciones de arrendamiento acordadas, las tierras en cuestión volverán a su statu quo ante.", "184. Sin perjuicio de las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo, el nivel gubernamental competente o designado ejercerá los derechos relativos a las tierras estatales del Sudán en Darfur.", "185. Todas las personas desplazadas y otras personas arbitraria o ilegalmente privadas de sus posesiones o de sus derechos a las tierras recuperarán sus posesiones y derechos, y recibirán sin dilación una indemnización apropiada por las pérdidas o daños sufridos durante el período de privación.", "186. Se establecerán mecanismos encaminados a asegurar la gestión y el uso sostenibles de las tierras y otros recursos naturales. Se realizarán consultas con todos los ciudadanos afectados por la ordenación de las tierras y la utilización de los recursos naturales y se tendrán en cuenta sus opiniones. Las personas cuyos bienes o medios de subsistencia se hayan visto afectados adversamente por el desarrollo y la explotación de los recursos naturales tendrán derecho a recibir sin demora una indemnización apropiada.", "Artículo 34 Derechos tradicionales e históricos sobre la tierra", "187. La reglamentación de la titularidad y el uso de las tierras y la del ejercicio de los derechos sobre las tierras son atribuciones paralelas que incumbirán al nivel gubernamental apropiado.", "188. Se reconocerán y protegerán los derechos tribales tradicionales de propiedad de las tierras (hawakeer), los derechos territoriales históricos, y los derechos tradicionales y consuetudinarios sobre las rutas de trashumancia y el acceso a las fuentes de agua. Todos los niveles gubernamentales competentes pondrán en marcha y llevarán a cabo un proceso encaminado a modificar progresivamente las leyes pertinentes e incorporar leyes consuetudinarias, en consonancia con las tendencias y prácticas internacionales. A fin de proteger el patrimonio tradicional se reabrirán las rutas tradicionales y consuetudinarias de trashumancia cerradas, siempre que sea posible, o se trazarán rutas alternativas.", "189. Las leyes modificadas de conformidad con el párrafo 188 reconocerán y protegerán los derechos históricos, tradicionales y consuetudinarios sobre las tierras.", "190. No se privará a ninguna persona ni a ningún grupo de personas de ningún derecho tradicional o histórico sobre las tierras ni del derecho de acceso a las fuentes de agua sin consultarlas e indemnizarlas rápida y apropiadamente.", "191. Sin perjuicio de la jurisdicción de los tribunales, la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur abordará las cuestiones relativas a los derechos tradicionales e históricos sobre las tierras y examinará la ordenación y utilización de las tierras y el desarrollo de los recursos naturales.", "Artículo 35 Tierras de comunidades locales", "192. El Gobierno Federal y los gobiernos de los estados podrán desarrollar tierras comunitarias en consultas de buena fe con las comunidades locales que tienen derechos sobre esas tierras. La comunidad tendrá derecho a recibir una parte equitativa de los ingresos derivados del desarrollo de esas tierras; otra posibilidad será indemnizar en especie y/o en efectivo a la comunidad afectada.", "193. El Gobierno Federal y los gobiernos de los estados podrán utilizar o desarrollar toda tierra perteneciente a comunidades locales, a reserva de que tal utilización o desarrollo se ajuste al plan de desarrollo elaborado en consonancia con la base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras, establecida de conformidad con el Artículo 38.", "Artículo 36 Adjudicación de tierras", "194. Los miembros de las comunidades locales podrán registrar como propias las tierras que poseen por tradición. El registro será gratuito, de ser posible; de lo contrario, se aplicará una tasa reducida, los trámites serán sencillos y se realizarán campañas de información pública.", "Artículo 37 Ordenación territorial y desarrollo sostenible", "195. La ordenación territorial y el desarrollo sostenible se ajustarán a lo siguiente:", "i. El reconocimiento de los derechos tradicionales (en particular el hawakeer) y los derechos históricos sobre las tierras, con miras a sentar bases firmes y sostenibles para la subsistencia y el desarrollo en Darfur;", "ii. El desarrollo de un sistema sostenible de tenencia de las tierras y solución de controversias derivadas de competencias por el uso de las tierras;", "iii. La ordenación territorial en Darfur se realizará de conformidad con la información proporcionada por la base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras en lo relativo a los siguientes usos:", "a) Vivienda;", "b) Agricultura;", "c) Pastoreo;", "d) Minería;", "e) Desarrollo industrial, incluidas las inversiones extranjeras;", "f) Reservas naturales;", "g) Trashumancia estacional (rutas, pastizales, etc. ...);", "h) Reservas forestales y forestación.", "Artículo 38 La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur", "196. Se creará la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur. El Consejo de la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur estará integrado por representantes del Gobierno Federal, la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur, los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur, la administración autóctona y expertos locales. La composición reflejará los intereses que conciernen al uso de las tierras en Darfur. Para la formulación de recomendaciones sobre ordenación y desarrollo territorial el Consejo consultará con las personas cuyos derechos se vean afectados.", "197. La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur elaborará una base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras en los estados de Darfur, que presentará en forma de recomendación a las Asambleas Legislativas de esos estados para su adopción y, ulteriormente, al Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur para su aprobación final. Esta base de datos se revisará cada cinco años.", "198. La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur aplicará un sistema de ordenación para el uso y el desarrollo del territorio y sus recursos naturales orientado a los siguientes aspectos:", "i. Gestión, desarrollo y protección racionales de los recursos naturales, en particular las tierras agrícolas, las reservas naturales protegidas, los bosques y minerales, los recursos hídricos, las ciudades y las aldeas, con el fin de promover el bienestar social y económico de las comunidades locales y la creación y preservación de un medio ambiente mejor;", "ii. Desarrollo y coordinación de la explotación económica organizada de las tierras y los recursos naturales;", "iii. Desarrollo sostenible;", "iv. Protección del patrimonio cultural;", "v. Protección, prestación y coordinación de servicios de telecomunicaciones, transporte y otros servicios pertinentes;", "vi. Adjudicación de tierras para fines de interés común;", "vii. Suministro y coordinación de servicios e instalaciones sociales;", "viii. Protección del medio ambiente, en particular la flora, la fauna, las especies amenazadas y las reservas naturales;", "ix. Recuperación de tierras erosionadas y desarrollo de programas de lucha contra la desertificación que incluyan la reforestación y la forestación;", "x. Fortalecimiento del sentido de responsabilidad común entre los diferentes niveles gubernamentales de Darfur en relación con la planificación ambiental;", "xi. Creación de oportunidades de participación pública en las actividades de planificación y evaluación ambiental;", "xii. Creación de oportunidades de consulta con todas las personas afectadas por los planes de desarrollo de las tierras y los recursos naturales;", "xiii. Aprobación sin demora de indemnizaciones apropiadas para las personas cuyos medios de subsistencia o bienes se vean afectados adversamente como resultado de decisiones relativas al desarrollo y la ordenación de las tierras y los recursos naturales.", "199. Las comunidades o las personas cuya utilización actual de las tierras o sus medios de subsistencia se hubiesen visto afectados adversamente a raíz del establecimiento de la base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras tendrán el derecho de recibir sin demora una indemnización apropiada.", "200. La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur:", "i. Será independiente e imparcial;", "ii. Elaborará sus reglamentos y los someterá a la aprobación de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur;", "iii. Tendrá acceso a todos los registros de tierras;", "iv. Desempeñará sus funciones expeditivamente;", "v. Tomará las medidas necesarias para asegurar que todas las personas afectadas y las comunidades locales participen plena y efectivamente en los procedimientos;", "vi. Presentará a la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y a los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur, en el contexto de su presupuesto anual, un informe anual sobre sus actividades;", "vii. Velará por que la participación, la contratación y las condiciones de servicio en la Comisión se ajusten a la legislación vigente;", "viii. Tendrá en cuenta los derechos tradicionales e históricos sobre las tierras.", "201. Sin perjuicio de la jurisdicción de los tribunales, la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur desempeñará las siguientes funciones adicionales:", "i. Arbitrará en las controversias relacionadas con derechos sobre las tierras;", "ii. Presentará ante el nivel gubernamental pertinente recomendaciones relativas al reconocimiento de los derechos tradicionales e históricos sobre las tierras;", "iii. Determinará la indemnización apropiada en los casos de reclamaciones que se le presenten. La indemnización no se limitará necesariamente a una compensación financiera;", "iv. Asesorará a los diferentes estratos gubernamentales acerca de la manera de coordinar las políticas sobre proyectos de los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur que afecten a las tierras o los derechos sobre las tierras, teniendo en cuenta la base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras;", "v. Establecerá y mantendrá registros sobre el uso de las tierras;", "vi. Investigará la titularidad y la utilización de las tierras;", "vii. Examinará los mecanismos actuales de reglamentación del uso de las tierras y formulará recomendaciones a las autoridades competentes acerca de los cambios necesarios, incluido el restablecimiento de los derechos sobre las tierras o el pago de indemnizaciones a sus propietarios.", "202. En el desempeño de sus funciones de arbitraje, la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur tendrá atribuciones para recibir solicitudes y podrá, con el acuerdo de las partes en litigio, aplicar leyes consuetudinarias y tradicionales o principios de justicia y equidad. El fallo arbitral será vinculante para las partes en litigio y su aplicación podrá delegarse en un tribunal competente.", "203. Sin perjuicio de la jurisdicción de los tribunales, se alentará a las partes en litigios relativos a las tierras a que agoten los métodos tradicionales de solución de controversias, incluido el arbitraje, antes de recurrir a los tribunales.", "204. La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur respetará las decisiones de las instituciones o entidades autorizadas en el Capítulo IV del presente Acuerdo a adoptar decisiones relativas a las tierras de personas desplazadas, refugiados y otras personas afectadas por el conflicto.", "205. La Comisión Nacional de Tierras y la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur cooperarán entre sí y coordinarán sus actividades a fin de utilizar eficazmente sus recursos. Sin limitar la coordinación a ninguna cuestión, la Comisión Nacional de Tierras y la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur convendrán en lo siguiente:", "i. Compartir la información y las decisiones;", "ii. Delegar algunas funciones de la Comisión Nacional de Tierras, en particular las de reunión de datos e investigación, en la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur;", "iii. Eliminar toda contradicción que pudiera haber entre los resultados y las recomendaciones de las dos Comisiones.", "206. La Comisión de Tierras de Darfur será un miembro permanente de la Comisión Nacional de Tierras.", "207. En caso de discrepancia entre los resultados y recomendaciones de la Comisión Nacional de Tierras y los de la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur, las dos Comisiones procurarán conciliar sus posiciones. Si no lo consiguieran, la cuestión se remitirá al Tribunal Constitucional para que adopte una decisión al respecto.", "Artículo 39 Principales proyectos de desarrollo", "208. En circunstancias excepcionales, el Consejo de la Autoridad Regional de Transición de Darfur y los consejos legislativos de los estados de Darfur podrán autorizar a los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur a celebrar acuerdos para la ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo importantes, aun cuando no fueran compatibles con ningún plan de utilización de las tierras ni con la legislación sobre ordenación territorial. No obstante, los gobiernos de los estados de Darfur podrán solicitar esa autorización a condición de que el acuerdo en cuestión incluya en sus disposiciones explicaciones detalladas sobre:", "i. La definición precisa del proyecto propuesto;", "ii. Los procedimientos que se aplicarán, de conformidad con el acuerdo, para proteger el medio ambiente;", "iii. Las medidas que se adoptarán para consultar con todas las comunidades y personas cuyos intereses se puedan ver afectados adversamente por el proyecto de desarrollo propuesto;", "iv. Los beneficios previstos para las comunidades locales y la población de Darfur;", "v. Las indemnizaciones previstas para las comunidades y personas cuyos bienes o medios de subsistencia se vean adversamente afectados por el acuerdo, con indicación de si esas comunidades y personas han aceptado la indemnización propuesta.", "La base de datos catastrales sobre el uso de las tierras o la legislación sobre ordenación territorial se modificará en consecuencia.", "Artículo 40 Recursos naturales", "209. En lo que respecta a la planificación de la gestión y el desarrollo de los recursos naturales, la Comisión de Tierras de Darfur se comprometerá a velar por la utilización sostenible de esos recursos, teniendo en cuenta lo siguiente:", "i. El interés nacional y el bien común;", "ii. El interés de los estados y de las zonas en cuestión;", "iii. Los intereses de las poblaciones locales de las zonas en cuestión;", "iv. Las políticas ambientales, las directrices sobre preservación de la biodiversidad, y los principios de protección del patrimonio cultural del Estado nacional y de los estados de Darfur;", "v. Los derechos sobre las tierras, especialmente los derechos consuetudinarios y tradicionales;", "vi. Las normas y los métodos inocuos para el medio ambiente reconocidos internacionalmente en relación con la minería y el desarrollo de los recursos naturales.", "210. Se celebrarán consultas con los titulares de derechos sobre las tierras, y se tendrán en cuenta sus opiniones cuando se adopten decisiones relativas a la explotación de recursos del subsuelo que afecten a las tierras sobre las que tienen derechos.", "211. Los titulares de derechos sobre las tierras tendrán derecho a recibir sin demora una indemnización apropiada en los casos en que las tierras de su propiedad sean objeto de expropiación o explotación con miras al desarrollo de los recursos naturales.", "212. El Gobierno del Sudán permitirá la representación del pueblo de Darfur, por medio de sus gobiernos estatales, en todas las fases del proceso decisorio relacionado con el desarrollo y la explotación de los recursos naturales de Darfur. Esto abarcará los procedimientos de negociación, concertación y gestión de contratos. Se tendrán en cuenta los beneficios para las comunidades locales afectadas por el desarrollo de dichos recursos.", "Artículo 41 Gestión y desarrollo del sector petrolero", "213. La gestión y el desarrollo del sector petrolero se basarán, inter alia, en los siguientes puntos:", "i. La explotación óptima del petróleo como un recurso natural no renovable con arreglo a:", "a) El interés nacional y el bien común;", "b) El interés de los estados en cuestión;", "c) El interés de la población de las zonas en cuestión;", "d) Las políticas ambientales, las directrices sobre preservación de la biodiversidad, y los principios de protección del patrimonio cultural del Estado nacional y de los estados de Darfur, incluida la adopción y aplicación de normas técnicas y de seguridad internacionales.", "ii. la participación de los niveles competentes del gobierno de Darfur, en cooperación con las comunidades locales pertinentes, en el desarrollo y la gestión de los recursos petroleros en sus diferentes fases;", "iii. La creación de un entorno propicio para atraer inversión extranjera directa a Darfur;", "iv. La realización de consultas con los titulares de derechos sobre las tierras en Darfur, a fin de tener en cuenta sus opiniones al adoptar decisiones de inversión relativas a los recursos petroleros de las zonas en cuestión;", "v. El derecho de los titulares de derechos sobre las tierras a recibir sin demora una indemnización apropiada en los casos en que sus tierras sean objeto de expropiación o explotación destinada al desarrollo de recursos petroleros.", "214. El estado en el que se realizará la inversión en el sector petrolero estará representado en la Comisión Nacional del Petróleo por tres miembros no permanentes, a fin de permitir su participación en la negociación y celebración de los contratos pertinentes y asegurar que las disposiciones de esos contratos sean compatibles con los principios, políticas y directivas de la Comisión.", "215. El 2% de los ingresos derivados del petróleo se asignará al estado productor del petróleo. El estado podrá negociar un porcentaje mayor.", "Capítulo IV Indemnización y regreso de los desplazados internos y los refugiados", "Artículo 42 Principios generales relativos a la indemnización y el regreso de los desplazados internos y los refugiados", "Las soluciones duraderas para los desplazados internos y los refugiados se basarán en los siguientes principios:", "216. El compromiso de las Partes con las obligaciones relativas a los desplazados internos y los refugiados establecidas en el Acuerdo Marco entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Justicia y la Igualdad, de 23 de febrero de 2010, y el Acuerdo Marco entre el Gobierno del Sudán y el Movimiento por la Liberación y la Justicia, de 18 de marzo de 2010. Más concretamente, se basarán en el derecho de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a regresar voluntariamente a sus lugares de origen y en la obligación de las Partes de crear las condiciones para un entorno adecuado que propicie el regreso voluntario y ayudar en dicho regreso con arreglo a una estrategia claramente definida.", "217. El respeto, la protección y el cumplimiento de los derechos de los desplazados internos, los refugiados y todas las víctimas del conflicto de conformidad con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, el derecho internacional humanitario, el derecho internacional de los refugiados y los demás instrumentos internacionales y regionales en los que el Sudán es parte.", "218. Los desplazados internos, los refugiados que regresen y todas las víctimas del conflicto gozarán, en plena igualdad, de los mismos derechos y libertades que las demás personas del Sudán con arreglo a la legislación nacional y los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales en los que el Sudán es parte.", "219. La protección y asistencia a los desplazados internos, los refugiados y todas las víctimas del conflicto con necesidades especiales, incluidos los niños separados o no acompañados, las mujeres que son cabeza de familia, las embarazadas, las madres con hijos pequeños, los ancianos y las personas con discapacidad.", "220. La adopción por las Partes de medidas para asegurar que los desplazados internos, los refugiados y todas las demás víctimas del conflicto vivan en condiciones de seguridad y dignidad, con pleno respeto del principio de la igualdad de derechos, en todas las fases de su desplazamiento, incluidas la prevención de todas las formas de desplazamiento forzado, y la protección y asistencia durante el desplazamiento y durante el regreso voluntario, el reasentamiento y la reintegración, asegurando que la asistencia humanitaria llegue a las personas afectadas, especialmente las mujeres y los niños, y comprometiéndose a atender a las necesidades de las personas con discapacidad afectadas y de proporcionarles acceso a servicios sanitarios y sociales.", "221. El compromiso de las Partes de establecer mecanismos que promuevan, habiliten y faciliten la participación activa de los desplazados internos, los refugiados que regresen, las víctimas del conflicto y la sociedad civil en la planificación y aplicación de las estrategias, las políticas y los programas relativos al proceso de regreso y a la gestión de las consecuencias humanitarias y el impacto en los derechos humanos del conflicto. Se tomarán medidas especiales para asegurar la participación de las mujeres y los jóvenes.", "222. El compromiso de las Partes para facilitar el acceso rápido, seguro y sin restricciones a las organizaciones internacionales humanitarias, de desarrollo y de derechos humanos, así como a las organizaciones no gubernamentales nacionales e internacionales y las misiones internacionales de mantenimiento de la paz que participen en el apoyo, la protección, el regreso, el reasentamiento y la reintegración de los desplazados internos, los refugiados y las víctimas del conflicto.", "223. Las Partes reconocen la función humanitaria prominente de los organismos especializados internacionales encargados por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas de coordinar a todos los órganos que colaboran en las tareas de protección, refugio y administración de los campamentos de desplazados internos y en brindar protección, asistencia y soluciones para los refugiados.", "224. El cumplimiento por las Partes de las obligaciones contraídas en virtud de los principios y la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, el Acta Constitutiva de la Unión Africana, los principios de la Comunidad de Estados Sahelosaharianos y otras organizaciones regionales e internacionales que actúan en el ámbito del arreglo pacífico de controversias, a fin de prevenir y evitar las condiciones que fuercen a las personas a desplazarse. Las Partes facilitarán asistencia a los desplazados internos, los refugiados que regresen y todas las víctimas del conflicto. Las Partes convienen en respetar los Principios Rectores de los Desplazamientos Internos reconocidos en el Documento Final de la Cumbre Mundial 2005 de las Naciones Unidas.", "Artículo 43 Indemnizaciones por daños y pérdidas", "225. Todas las víctimas del conflicto, incluidos los desplazados internos y los refugiados, tendrán derecho a una indemnización pecuniaria por los daños y las pérdidas que hubieran sufrido como consecuencia del conflicto, incluidas la pérdida de vidas, las lesiones físicas, las secuelas mentales y emocionales y las pérdidas económicas.", "Artículo 44 Seguridad", "226. Las Partes facilitarán, con el apoyo de la UNAMID, seguridad y protección contra todas las formas de ataque físico, todas las formas de violencia sexual, la explotación, el secuestro, el reclutamiento de niños, el trabajo infantil, las detenciones arbitrarias, los sobornos administrativos, el pago de rescates y la confiscación ilegal de bienes. El Gobierno del Sudán mitigará el impacto de tales infracciones mediante la adopción de las medidas necesarias para asegurar una administración de justicia efectiva y oportuna.", "227. Las Partes respetarán y mantendrán el carácter civil y humanitario de los campamentos que acojan a los desplazados internos.", "228. Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el Capítulo VI del presente Acuerdo, las Partes tomarán, con la ayuda de la UNAMID, todas las medidas necesarias para garantizar la seguridad en los campamentos de desplazados internos. Dichas medidas asegurarán la participación efectiva de las mujeres en los procesos de toma de decisiones en los campamentos.", "229. El Gobierno del Sudán tomará todas las medidas jurídicas necesarias contra las personas involucradas en ataques a los miembros de los organismos humanitarios.", "Artículo 45 Asistencia humanitaria", "230. El Gobierno del Sudán proporcionará ayuda urgente a los desplazados internos, como comida, alojamiento, educación, cuidados médicos y otros servicios médicos y sanitarios, junto con los demás servicios humanitarios y sociales que sean necesarios.", "231. Los desplazados internos recibirán asistencia humanitaria y medios de subsistencia antes y después de su regreso, y los refugiados en el momento de su regreso.", "232. Dicha asistencia se brindará a las comunidades que acojan a desplazados internos y refugiados que regresen y que necesiten asistencia humanitaria y apoyo para su subsistencia.", "233. Las Partes habilitarán y facilitarán a las Naciones Unidas, los organismos especializados y las organizaciones humanitarias nacionales, regionales e internacionales el acceso sin trabas ni impedimentos a los desplazados internos, incluidos sus campamentos, de conformidad con los acuerdos concertados con el Gobierno del Sudán.", "234. Las Partes velarán por la seguridad y la protección de las rutas de la ayuda humanitaria y por la seguridad del personal humanitario.", "Artículo 46 Documentación personal", "235. El Gobierno del Sudán expedirá todos los documentos necesarios para que los desplazados internos y los refugiados que regresen puedan disfrutar de sus derechos. Las Partes acordarán la creación de un mecanismo vinculado a la Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios para cooperar con las autoridades competentes en la expedición de dichos documentos sin costo alguno.", "236. El Gobierno del Sudán facilitará la expedición de documentos nuevos o que sustituyan a los que se perdieron o destruyeron durante el desplazamiento.", "237. Las mujeres, los niños y los hombres disfrutarán del mismo derecho a obtener todos los documentos identificativos necesarios y tendrán derecho a que dichos documentos sean expedidos a su propio nombre. Se hará los posible por acelerar la expedición de dichos documentos a los huérfanos y los niños separados o no acompañados.", "Artículo 47 Reagrupación familiar", "238. El Gobierno y las autoridades pertinentes de Darfur tomarán todas las medidas necesarias a fin de que las familias que hubieran quedado separadas por el desplazamiento se vuelvan a unir tan pronto como sea posible. Se hará un esfuerzo especial para que los niños separados o no acompañados se reúnan con sus familias lo antes posible. La Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios coordinará y cooperará con las organizaciones humanitarias que se dedican a localizar familiares y a ayudar en la reagrupación familiar. Las Partes destacan su compromiso de poner fin al secuestro y la trata de niños, y trabajarán para prevenir y denunciar toda práctica irregular.", "Artículo 48 Libertad de circulación", "239. Las Partes garantizarán la libertad de circulación y de elección de residencia de los desplazados internos y los refugiados que regresen, incluido su derecho a entrar y salir libremente de los campamentos, y su derecho a volver voluntariamente a sus lugares de origen o de asentarse voluntariamente en otra parte del país.", "240. Las Partes respetarán y garantizarán el derecho de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a buscar un lugar seguro en otra parte del Sudán y a no ser obligados a regresar o reasentarse a la fuerza en ningún lugar que suponga un riesgo para su vida, su seguridad, su libertad o la salud.", "Artículo 49 Regreso voluntario", "241. Todos los desplazados internos y los refugiados tienen derecho a regresar voluntariamente, en condiciones de seguridad y dignidad, a sus lugares de origen o residencia habitual, o a reasentarse en otro lugar de su elección. Las Partes no influirán en la elección por los desplazados internos y los refugiados de su lugar de destino, ni les obligarán a permanecer, regresar o desplazarse a lugares cuyas condiciones conlleven peligro o inseguridad grave o a zonas que carezcan de los servicios básicos necesarios para reanudar una vida normal.", "242. El Gobierno del Sudán aceptará y facilitará el regresar voluntario de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a sus lugares de origen o de residencia habitual o su reasentamiento voluntario en otra parte del país.", "243. Las Partes tomarán las medidas necesarias para prevenir las actividades que pudieran impedir el regresar voluntario en condiciones de seguridad y dignidad de los desplazados internos y los refugiados.", "244. Los desplazados internos y los refugiados tendrán acceso a información objetiva sobre las condiciones imperantes en las zonas de regreso o reasentamiento. Las Partes, con la ayuda de los agentes locales e internacionales competentes, facilitarán el flujo oportuno de información precisa sobre las condiciones en las zonas de regreso o de reasentamiento a fin de que los desplazados internos y los refugiados puedan tomar una decisión fundamentada y voluntaria sobre su regreso o reasentamiento.", "245. Las Partes respetarán el principio de la unidad familiar en lo referente al regreso o reasentamiento voluntario.", "246. Las Partes realizarán un esfuerzo especial a fin de garantizar la participación de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, incluidas las mujeres y los jóvenes, en la planificación y gestión de su regreso o reasentamiento y su reintegración, en coordinación con la Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios y cualquier otra entidad pertinente.", "Artículo 50 Condiciones adecuadas para el regreso", "247. El Gobierno del Sudán establecerá, lo antes posible, las condiciones políticas, económicas, sociales y de seguridad, y proporcionará los medios, para permitir que los desplazados internos y los refugiados ejerzan su derecho al regreso, de manera voluntaria y en condiciones de seguridad y dignidad, a sus lugares de origen o de residencia habitual.", "248. Las Partes facilitarán la creación y el mantenimiento de las condiciones necesarias para el regreso voluntario, con seguridad y dignidad, y para la reintegración duradera y armoniosa de los desplazados internos y los refugiados.", "249. Las Partes convienen en que las condiciones necesarias para el regreso de los desplazados internos y los refugiados son las siguientes:", "i. La seguridad de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, sin riesgo de sufrir acoso, intimidación, persecución o discriminación durante su regreso o reasentamiento voluntario y una vez que lo hayan hecho;", "ii. El derecho a la libertad de circulación y de elección de residencia, incluido el derecho a regresar a sus lugares de origen o de residencia habitual y a asentarse en ellos;", "iii. El desminado de las zonas donde se encuentren las casas y las tierras de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, así como de los caminos hacia los mercados, las fuentes de agua, las escuelas y los servicios sanitarios;", "iv. La restitución de los bienes de los desplazados internos y los refugiados;", "v. La asistencia en la construcción de viviendas permanentes en las aldeas a las que regresen los desplazados internos y los refugiados y la reparación de los bienes dañados o la indemnización equivalente;", "vi. El acceso a alimentos, agua potable y atención sanitaria, incluido mediante el suministro de asistencia humanitaria hasta que los desplazados internos y los refugiados puedan retomar su vida normal;", "vii. El pago de la suma de 250 dólares de los Estados Unidos (doscientos cincuenta dólares de los Estados Unidos) por familia como parte del paquete de suministros para el regreso que ayude a los desplazados internos y los refugiados a satisfacer sus necesidades inmediatas cuando regresen. El objetivo de este paquete es permitirles recuperar sus medios de subsistencia y comenzar una reintegración efectiva. El paquete incluirá además acceso a material de construcción, agua potable y alimentación, y a insumos agropecuarios como semillas, plantones, servicios veterinarios, aperos y equipamiento esencial.", "viii. La rehabilitación y construcción de servicios básicos en las zonas de regreso;", "ix. La rehabilitación de las tierras agrícolas dañadas;", "x. La formación educativa y la capacitación equitativa a niños y niñas, incluida la capacitación para ganarse el sustento;", "xi. Igual acceso a los medios de subsistencia para los hombres y las mujeres, incluido el empleo;", "xii. Igual acceso a los servicios públicos para los desplazados internos y los refugiados e igualdad de derechos para participar en los asuntos públicos;", "xiii. El apoyo psicosocial a los desplazados internos y los refugiados.", "250. Las Partes asegurarán que se den las condiciones adecuadas antes de animar al regreso.", "251. Las Partes facilitarán el regreso o el reasentamiento voluntarios de los desplazados internos y los refugiados de modo pacífico, ordenado y escalonado, con arreglo a una estrategia definida.", "Artículo 51 Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios", "252. Se establecerá una Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios con carácter prioritario, la cual estará compuesta de:", "i. Un Comité para el Regreso Voluntario;", "ii. Un Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes;", "iii. Un Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar.", "253. La Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios supervisará al Comité para el Regreso Voluntario, el Comité encargado de las Reclamaciones y Restitución de Bienes y el Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar.", "254. La Comisión preparará su reglamento y sus normas financieras y administrativas y establecerá la estructura que corresponda, que será aprobada por la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "255. La composición de los órganos establecidos en el marco de la Comisión, así como el nombramiento de sus miembros, deberán ser acordados entre las Partes.", "256. La compensación/Jabr al Darar de las actividades de la Comisión se financiará con cargo al Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar.", "El Comité para el Regreso Voluntario", "257. Bajo la supervisión de la Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios, el Comité para el Regreso Voluntario se encargará de todos los aspectos relativos al regreso voluntario de los desplazados internos y los refugiados. Para tal fin, el Comité asumirá las tareas y funciones siguientes:", "i. Elaborar estudios estadísticos sobre los desplazados internos y los refugiados con el objetivo de planificar el regreso o el reasentamiento voluntario;", "ii. Elaborar, en colaboración con los organismos internacionales pertinentes, incluida la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), una evaluación integral de las necesidades en las zonas de posible regreso o reasentamiento, que incluirá las siguientes cuestiones: seguridad, seguridad alimentaria, daños en viviendas y tierras, agua potable, saneamiento, educación, acceso a los servicios sanitarios e infraestructuras;", "iii. Determinar que se den las condiciones adecuadas para un regreso sostenible, recomendar medidas específicas para lograr dichas condiciones y verificar que estas se cumplen;", "iv. Elaborar y aprobar un Plan de Regreso Voluntario en el plazo de tres meses a partir de la firma del presente Acuerdo, con la asistencia del ACNUR y de las autoridades locales competentes y en consulta con los desplazados internos, los refugiados y las comunidades locales;", "v. Aplicar el Plan de Regreso Voluntario en estrecha cooperación con las autoridades locales competentes, la comunidad internacional, en particular el ACNUR, y los países que acogen a los refugiados;", "vi. Supervisar e informar, de manera continuada, sobre el mantenimiento de las condiciones necesarias para el regreso y la reintegración sostenibles, y sobre las condiciones de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a su regreso;", "vii. Planificar, organizar y contribuir al regreso voluntario de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, con arreglo al Plan de Regreso Voluntario, y asistir en su reintegración.", "258. El Comité podrá establecer los subcomités que considere necesarios para el desarrollo de sus funciones, entre ellos:", "i. Un subcomité para estudios estadísticos y planificación;", "ii. Un subcomité para la evaluación, rehabilitación y establecimiento de los servicios básicos en las zonas de regreso.", "259. La Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios asegurará la participación activa de los representantes de los desplazados internos, los refugiados y la sociedad civil en los procesos relacionados con el regreso voluntario.", "Artículo 52 Restitución de viviendas, tierras y bienes", "260. Los desplazados internos y los refugiados tienen derecho a que se les restituyan las casas, tierras y bienes de los que hubieran sido desprovistos de forma ilícita. En caso de que la recuperación de dichos bienes no sea posible, tendrán derecho a una indemnización, de conformidad con los principios internacionales.", "261. Este derecho se aplica a los desplazados internos y los refugiados ya opten por regresar a su lugar de origen o por reasentarse en otro lugar.", "262. El Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes garantizará que se restituyan las casas, las tierras y los bienes a los desplazados internos y los refugiados.", "263. Dicho Comité:", "i. Recibirá las reclamaciones de restitución de los desplazados internos, los refugiados y otras víctimas afectadas por el conflicto de Darfur;", "ii. Determinará, tras la recepción de una reclamación, quién es el propietario legítimo de los bienes reclamados;", "iii. Si el denunciante es el propietario legítimo, ordenará que se le restituyan los bienes;", "iv. Cuando esto no sea posible, ordenará que se le conceda una indemnización;", "v. Establecerá procedimientos para la presentación y determinación de reclamaciones que sean sencillos, accesibles, transparentes, justos, oportunos, aplicables y gratuitos. Estos procedimientos comprenderán medidas específicas para asegurar que las mujeres y los huérfanos puedan participar en pie de igualdad en el proceso de restitución;", "vi. Cuando corresponda, designará abogados o representantes para actuar en nombre de un reclamante, especialmente cuando este sea menor de 18 años o padezca una discapacidad mental.", "264. El Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes no reconocerá como válida ninguna transacción de bienes ilícita, incluida las transacciones realizadas bajo coacción o sin consentimiento libre e informado.", "265. El Gobierno del Sudán será responsable de asegurar la restitución de bienes a sus legítimos propietarios. El Gobierno del Sudán sacará a las personas que se hayan asentado de manera ilícita y ocupado las propiedades de los desplazados internos y los refugiados y las realojará, con la asistencia de los organismos internacionales competentes.", "266. Ninguna persona o grupo de personas se verá privada de ningún derecho tradicional o histórico relativo a la tierra o al acceso al agua sin su consentimiento o sin compensación rápida y adecuada.", "267. Sin perjuicio de la jurisdicción de los tribunales, se podrá recurrir a los mecanismos tradicionales para solucionar las controversias que surjan en el proceso de regreso, siempre que sean conformes a los principios internacionales de derechos humanos.", "268. El Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes establecerá subcomités para el desarrollo de sus funciones, entre ellos:", "i. Un subcomité para la verificación y la documentación;", "ii. Un subcomité para la solución de controversias y las reclamaciones de bienes;", "iii. Cualquier otro subcomité que considere necesario.", "269. Las decisiones del Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes serán públicas.", "Artículo 53 Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar", "270. El Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar se creará para el pago de las indemnizaciones acordadas por:", "i. El Comité para las Reclamaciones y la Restitución de Bienes, de conformidad con el artículo 52;", "ii. El Comité de Justicia, de conformidad con el artículo 58.", "271. El Fondo recibirá y custodiará:", "i. Las contribuciones del Gobierno del Sudán de conformidad con el párrafo 273;", "ii. Las contribuciones del pueblo del Sudán a través de instituciones como las cámaras de comercio y las organizaciones benéficas;", "iii. Las contribuciones de los países islámicos, árabes y africanos y de sus fondos;", "iv. Las contribuciones de la Unión Europea y otros donantes;", "v. Los fondos obtenidos por los organismos de las Naciones Unidas o a través de ellos.", "272. El Fondo establecerá su propio reglamento, que deberá ser sencillo y accesible.", "Artículo 54 Financiación", "273. El monto inicial asignado por el Fondo al pago de compensación por las pérdidas o daños sufridos por los desplazados, los refugiados y otras víctimas del conflicto de Darfur ascenderá a 300.000.000 de dólares (trescientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos), de los cuales el Gobierno del Sudán se compromete a aportar 200.000.000 de dólares (doscientos millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos), y 100.000.000 de dólares (cien millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) serán obtenidos de donantes.", "274. El Gobierno del Sudán consignará fondos del presupuesto nacional para apoyar el regreso y la reintegración voluntarios de los desplazados internos y los refugiados, con arreglo a los presupuestos preparados por la Comisión para el Regreso y el Reasentamiento Voluntarios y aprobados por la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "275. Habida cuenta de que el establecimiento de la paz en general, y la compensación colectiva y familiar en particular, requieren la movilización de ingentes recursos, y de que los recursos locales no bastan por sí solos para cumplir todas las condiciones, la financiación de estos planes requiere la participación y el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, los asociados en el proceso de paz y los beneficiarios de la paz. Por consiguiente, las Partes acuerdan promover la movilización de recursos internacionales en contribución al Fondo de Compensación/Jabr al Darar.", "Capítulo V Justicia y reconciliación", "Artículo 55 Principios generales para la justicia y la reconciliación", "La justicia y la reconciliación se basarán en los principios siguientes:", "276. El respeto de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario.", "277. La justicia y la reconciliación son elementos integrales e interrelacionados para alcanzar la paz duradera en Darfur y son fundamentales para mantener el estado de derecho.", "278. La adopción de mecanismos de justicia de transición que permitan interponer recursos y exigir responsabilidad jurídica a los autores de actos de violencia relacionados con el conflicto armado de Darfur.", "279. La reconstrucción y la reparación de las relaciones sociales y el restablecimiento y el refuerzo de los valores de la coexistencia pacífica, el respeto de las costumbres existentes, la cooperación social y la solidaridad en Darfur.", "280. El derecho de las víctimas a acceder a mecanismos de justicia y reparación, en particular el derecho a interponer recursos de manera adecuada, eficaz e inmediata y a obtener reparaciones por las violaciones de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario.", "281. La justicia y los demás mecanismos de reparación, incluidos los mecanismos de justicia de transición, serán independientes e imparciales y coherentes con las normas internacionales.", "282. La condena de las atrocidades, los abusos y las violaciones de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario cometidos en Darfur durante el conflicto, y la necesidad imperativa de adoptar todas las medidas que proceda para evitar que se vuelvan a producir tales violaciones.", "283. La garantía de que se hará rendir cuentas a todos los responsables de violaciones de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario.", "284. El registro y la documentación adecuados de todos los delitos y de todas las formas en que se han producido las violaciones.", "285. El reconocimiento de la situación especial y las cuestiones que preocupan a mujeres, niños y jóvenes, y de la importante función que desempeñan las mujeres y los jóvenes en la prevención y la resolución de conflictos, los procesos de justicia de transición y la consolidación de la paz, y la máxima importancia de su participación igualitaria y plena en todos los esfuerzos de mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad, incluidas la justicia y la reconciliación.", "286. Los niños implicados en el conflicto que hayan podido participar en la comisión de delitos contemplados en la normas del derecho internacional serán considerados ante todo víctimas y se los tratará según lo estipulado en la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, el Protocolo II del Convenio de Ginebra, la Carta Africana sobre los Derechos y el Bienestar del Niño, las Reglas de Beijing y otras normas internacionales conexas en materia de justicia de menores y procedimientos judiciales justos.", "287. El reconocimiento de la función que pueden desempeñar los mecanismos tradicionales independientes e imparciales para complementar los procesos judiciales y la reconciliación y la importancia de utilizar plenamente las posibilidades que ofrecen, respetando a la vez las normas internacionales de derechos humanos.", "288. La importancia de basarse en las experiencias y las mejores prácticas africanas e internacionales relacionadas con la responsabilidad, la reconciliación y la búsqueda de la verdad para abordar lo sucedido en Darfur, y la utilización de los mecanismos de justicia, compensación y reconciliación para resolver el conflicto.", "289. La provisión de seguridad y protección plena a todos los ciudadanos.", "290. La justicia, la responsabilidad, el reconocimiento de los delitos, el perdón y el compromiso a no volver a cometer esos actos.", "291. El fomento del intercambio de visitas amistosas entre los líderes de tribus reconciliadas.", "292. La recogida de las armas que están en manos de los grupos tribales por las propias tribus, en coordinación con las autoridades locales.", "293. La promoción del diálogo como canal adecuado para lograr la reconciliación entre las tribus y consolidar los mecanismos de reconciliación reconocidos en Darfur.", "Artículo 56 El sistema judicial nacional", "294. Las partes están de acuerdo en la importancia de hacer justicia en Darfur para consolidar la paz, y convienen en que las instituciones judiciales desempeñan una función importante a este respecto. También convienen en que se deben seguir aplicando reformas amplias para reforzar su capacidad, profesionalismo e independencia, a fin de garantizar una justicia igualitaria para todos.", "295. Sin perjuicio de lo estipulado en el artículo 60, las inmunidades de que disfrutan algunas personas en razón de su situación sus funciones oficiales no deben dificultar la rápida administración de justicia ni impedir la lucha contra la impunidad.", "296. El Gobierno del Sudán se compromete a facilitar el acceso a la justicia adoptando las siguientes medidas necesarias e importantes:", "i. Incremento del número de tribunales y del personal judicial, incluidos magistrados y fiscales en Darfur;", "ii. Refuerzo y utilización del sistema de tribunales móviles;", "iii. Asignación de los recursos necesarios para impartir justicia adecuadamente y provisión de los servicios de transporte por tierra y aire necesarios en todo Darfur a los funcionarios de la Fiscalía. Para ello, el Gobierno podrá solicitar la ayuda de las Naciones Unidas y otros asociados para la paz;", "iv. Garantizar que el Ministerio de Justicia haga cumplir y respalde el desempeño de las obligaciones de la Fiscalía en el marco de las investigaciones;", "v. Garantizar la protección del personal judicial, las víctimas y los testigos.", "297. Las medidas y los procedimientos establecidos en el párrafo 296 servirán para salvaguardar el derecho a un juicio justo y a que se respeten las garantías procesales y para asegurar que se alcancen arreglos concluyentes en las causas tramitadas por los tribunales y los mecanismos de justicia de transición o remitidas a estos, y para eliminar los obstáculos existentes o potenciales que podrían menoscabar el derecho del pueblo de Darfur a acceder a los procesos judiciales, a la justicia y a interponer recursos.", "298. El Gobierno del Sudán se compromete a proporcionar asistencia técnica y apoyo para reforzar la cooperación entre los tribunales y las comisiones o los comités especiales en relación con la indemnización por asesinato (dia) y las compensaciones y otros medios de reconciliación, con miras a crear la cohesión necesaria, e incrementar su capacidad y evitar incoherencias y superposiciones.", "299. Se reforzará la función que desempeña la sociedad civil de Darfur en el fomento de la justicia, la paz y la reconciliación de manera libre e independiente. La sociedad civil podrá solicitar el apoyo de organizaciones nacionales, regionales e internacionales, según los procedimientos establecidos.", "300. Las Partes hacen un llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para que preste asistencia técnica y los recursos necesarios para sostener el funcionamiento efectivo del sistema judicial.", "Artículo 57 Indemnización/Jabr al Darar", "301. Todas las víctimas, incluidos los desplazados internos y los refugiados, que sufrieron pérdidas o daños, con inclusión de la pérdida de la vida, heridas físicas, daños mentales o sufrimientos emocionales, debido al conflicto de Darfur tienen derecho a una indemnización inmediata y adecuada (Jabr al Darar), de conformidad con las experiencias internacionales y las mejores prácticas aplicadas en situaciones similares.", "302. La indemnización (Jabr al Darar) por la pérdida de la vivienda, tierras y propiedades se tramitará mediante el procedimiento descrito en el artículo 53.", "303. La indemnización (Jabr al Darar) por otros tipos de pérdidas y daños se tramitará mediante el procedimiento descrito en el artículo 58.", "304. La indemnización (Jabr al Darar) se pagará en una sola cuota siempre que sea posible. De lo contrario, se pagará en dos cuotas siempre que el período total de abono de la indemnización (Jabr al Darar) no supere los dos años desde la fecha de valoración del daño.", "Artículo 58 Verdad y reconciliación", "Disposiciones generales", "305. El Gobierno designará un día nacional de la paz y la no violencia en Darfur.", "306. A fin de fomentar la reconciliación, las partes acuerdan abordar las siguientes causas del conflicto:", "i. La degradación del medio ambiente y las controversias por el acceso a los recursos naturales;", "ii. Las tensiones entre las comunidades locales;", "iii. La debilidad de la Administración Nativa;", "iv. Los conflictos por la tierra, los hawakeer y las rutas de trashumancia;", "v. La proliferación de armamentos;", "vi. La dimensión regional del conflicto.", "307. Las Partes convienen que habrá un proceso de reconciliación encaminada a:", "i. Denunciar la violencia y la exclusión y adoptar el diálogo como medio para lograr la paz social;", "ii. Adoptar la justicia, la reconciliación y el perdón como principios para alcanzar la paz;", "iii. Reconstruir y reforzar las relaciones entre los miembros de la sociedad de Darfur y fortalecer la coexistencia, la cooperación y la solidaridad social en Darfur;", "iv. Erradicar la polarización tribal y étnica;", "v. Afianzar una cultura de paz conforme a los valores, las tradiciones y la herencia cultural del pueblo de Darfur, a través de figuras como los jefes tribales, los eruditos religiosos, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, los medios de comunicación y las instituciones educativas;", "vi. Ofrecer disculpas oficiales y oficiosas, tanto individuales como colectivas, a las víctimas del conflicto;", "vii. Reforzar el sistema de administración nativa;", "viii. Promover el respeto de las rutas de trashumancia para estabilizar las relaciones y reducir las tensiones entre los pastores y los agricultores;", "ix. Resolver el problema de la presencia de inmigrantes ilegales y su ocupación de aldeas, ciudades, granjas y huertos en Darfur.", "308. Sin perjuicio de las prerrogativas y el mandato del Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación, establecido en virtud de este artículo, se utilizarán los siguientes mecanismos:", "i. El Consejo Ajaweed;", "ii. La Administración Nativa.", "309. El Gobierno nacional, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur y los gobiernos de los estados prestarán apoyo a esos mecanismos para complementar la labor del Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación.", "310. Se fortalecerá la función de los consejos Ajaweed y se organizarán conferencias de reconciliación con la intención de restablecer la confianza y fomentar las buenas relaciones entre las comunidades de Darfur.", "Comisión para la Verdad, la Justicia y la Reconciliación", "311. Sin perjuicio de la competencia de los tribunales del Sudán, incluido el Tribunal Especial para Darfur, se establecerá una Comisión para la Verdad, la Justicia y la Reconciliación de carácter independiente que se compondrá de los dos comités siguientes:", "i. El Comité de Justicia;", "ii. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación.", "Comité de Justicia", "312. El Comité de Justicia se encargará de recibir, examinar y evaluar denuncias, y de determinar el carácter de las indemnizaciones (Jabr al Darar) y las sumas que se deben abonar a las víctimas, según corresponda. Se concederá a las víctimas un plazo de diez años para que presenten sus reclamaciones ante el Comité de Justicia, a contar a partir de la fecha inicial fijada por el Comité para la presentación de reclamaciones individuales.", "313. Los miembros del Comité serán propuestos por las Partes y nombrados por el Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "314. El Comité de Justicia aprobará un reglamento y modalidades de trabajo, y sus procedimientos serán sencillos y accesibles.", "315. El Comité de Justicia contará con la asistencia de comités técnicos y administrativos para determinar el carácter y el alcance de los daños personales y las pérdidas. Estos comités estarán compuestos, entre otros, por médicos especialistas, abogados, la Administración Nativa, ancianos de los campamentos, representantes de las víctimas y otros expertos pertinentes. Los comités trabajarán en estrecha colaboración con la administración local. El Gobierno del Sudán se compromete a sufragar el costo de su labor.", "Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación", "316. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación evaluará las causas fundamentales del conflicto de Darfur, investigará las violaciones, los delitos y los abusos de los derechos humanos, incluidas las violaciones de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, cometidos desde febrero de 2003, abordará los problemas relacionados con la impunidad y construirá una cultura de confianza, paz y reconciliación.", "317. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación estará compuesto por personalidades eminentes que serán reflejo de la diversidad étnica y cultural del Sudán. Se respetará el equilibrio entre los géneros. En el Comité habrá miembros propuestos por las Partes.", "318. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación aprobará un reglamento y modalidades de trabajo, y sus procedimientos serán sencillos y accesibles.", "319. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación representará una oportunidad para que las víctimas y los autores de violaciones de los derechos humanos, así como otros ciudadanos, puedan compartir sus experiencias, establecer un entendimiento común del pasado, facilitar una recuperación verdadera en el seno de las comunidades y entre ellas, promover la reconciliación y evitar que se vuelvan a cometer las mismas atrocidades en el futuro.", "320. El Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación recomendará medidas para alcanzar una paz generalizada y duradera en Darfur y presentará anualmente sus conclusiones y recomendaciones al Presidente de la República del Sudán y a la Asamblea Nacional del Sudán. Asimismo, presentará su informe final al Presidente y a la Asamblea Nacional del Sudán al concluir su mandato.", "321. Las Partes convienen en solicitar la asistencia de la comunidad internacional para que proporcione el apoyo financiero y técnico necesario para respaldar la labor del Comité para la Verdad y la Reconciliación.", "Artículo 59 Tribunal Especial para Darfur", "322. Las Partes acuerdan solicitar a la Judicatura del Sudán que cree un Tribunal Especial para Darfur que tenga competencia sobre las violaciones manifiestas de los derechos humanos y las violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario cometidas en Darfur desde febrero de 2003.", "323. El Gobierno del Sudán designará al Fiscal del Tribunal Especial y le dará poderes para que asuma su función, consistente en hacer comparecer a los responsables ante la justicia. El Fiscal podrá remitir casos a los tribunales nacionales.", "324. El Tribunal Especial aplicará el código penal del Sudán, el derecho penal internacional, el derecho internacional humanitario y los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos.", "325. El Gobierno del Sudán creará condiciones propicias para que el Tribunal Especial pueda desempeñar sus funciones de investigación y juicio, y asignará al Tribunal los recursos necesarios para este fin.", "326. Un equipo de expertos especializados de las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Africana, seleccionados en consulta con el Gobierno del Sudán, observarán los procesos judiciales para garantizar su desarrollo adecuado y conforme a las normas de justicia y equidad del derecho internacional.", "327. Las partes tomarán todas las medidas necesarias para garantizar la protección y la prestación de asistencia a las víctimas y los testigos, y asegurará el acceso pleno de estos y su participación en el proceso de administración de justicia. Las Partes se abstendrán de realizar cualquier acto que pudiera impedir a los testigos testificar libremente y sin temor.", "328. El Gobierno del Sudán, con el apoyo de la comunidad internacional, creará un fondo para la asistencia letrada y otras actividades conexas del Tribunal Especial durante las investigaciones y los juicios.", "Artículo 60 Amnistía", "329. A fin de crear un ambiente propicio para la paz y la reconciliación, el Gobierno del Sudán concederá una amnistía general, de conformidad con la Constitución y las leyes del Sudán, a la población civil, el personal militar, los prisioneros de guerra y las personas condenadas por las Partes y, con arreglo a esta amnistía, liberará a los prisioneros de guerra.", "330. Las Partes convienen que los crímenes de guerra, los crímenes de lesa humanidad, los crímenes de genocidio, los crímenes de violencia sexual, y las violaciones graves de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario no quedan incluidos en el ámbito de aplicación de la amnistía.", "Artículo 61 Servicios públicos", "331. Para reducir la impunidad, fomentar la confianza y reforzar el estado de derecho en Darfur y crear condiciones propicias para fortalecer la confianza y la reconciliación, el Gobierno del Sudán establecerá un mecanismo independiente, imparcial, eficaz y dotado de recursos suficientes para decidir y adoptar las medidas necesarias contra los funcionarios que sean hallados culpables de haber cometido abusos y violaciones de los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos o el derecho internacional humanitario.", "Capítulo VI Cesación permanente del fuego y acuerdos finales de seguridad", "Artículo 62 Principios generales para la cesación permanente del fuego y acuerdos finales de seguridad", "La Cesación Permanente del Fuego y los Acuerdos Finales de Seguridad se basarán en los principios generales siguientes:", "332. El conflicto de Darfur no puede resolverse militarmente y la solución duradera solo puede obtenerse mediante un proceso político inclusivo.", "333. La población civil de Darfur tiene derecho a la protección, incluso con medidas concretas en favor de grupos vulnerables como las mujeres y los niños, teniendo en cuenta su condición especial en el derecho internacional, y en reconocimiento del sufrimiento desproporcionado que han padecido durante el conflicto.", "334. La importancia de facilitar el mandato de la UNAMID, incluso para la protección de los civiles, como se indica en las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad 1769 (2007) y 1935 (2010), y el comunicado de la 79ª reunión del Consejo de Paz y Seguridad de la Unión Africana.", "335. La necesidad imperiosa de abstenerse de cometer actos de violencia contra los civiles, en particular los grupos vulnerables como las mujeres y los niños, y violaciones de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario.", "336. La necesidad de resolver la urgente crisis humanitaria que afronta el pueblo de Darfur, incluida la garantía del acceso irrestricto de la ayuda humanitaria a todas las zonas.", "337. El logro y el apoyo de la paz permanente en Darfur mediante, entre otras cosas, un acuerdo general y acuerdos finales de seguridad que aborden las causas fundamentales y los diferentes aspectos del conflicto armado.", "338. La libre circulación garantizada para las personas, los bienes y los servicios en Darfur.", "339. La necesidad de contar con unas Fuerzas Armadas Sudanesas (FAS) sólidas, profesionales e inclusivas y otras instituciones de seguridad, capaces de defender y mantener la soberanía y la integridad territorial del país.", "Cesación permanente del fuego", "Artículo 63 Actividades prohibidas y compromisos positivos", "340. De conformidad con el presente Acuerdo, las Partes convienen en poner fin de inmediato y abstenerse de realizar:", "i. Actos de hostilidad, violencia o intimidación contra la población civil de Darfur y los desplazados internos;", "ii. Actividades que pongan en peligro la letra y el espíritu del presente Acuerdo;", "iii. Actos ofensivos, provocativos o de represalia, incluida la propaganda hostil y el redespliegue y el movimiento no autorizados de tropas, contra otra Parte o cualquier Movimiento parte en el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur firmado el 5 de mayo de 2006 en Abuja, o contra los signatarios de la Declaración de Compromiso en favor del Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur, firmado posteriormente;", "iv. El reclutamiento o cualquier otra actividad militar dentro o cerca de los campamentos de desplazados internos o refugiados;", "v. Actos de intimidación, hostilidad o violencia o ataques contra el personal, las instalaciones y el equipo de la UNAMID, los miembros de organismos humanitarios locales o internacionales, incluidos los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, organizaciones internacionales y organizaciones no gubernamentales, su personal, sus instalaciones y su equipo, y miembros de los medios de difusión;", "vi. Actos que puedan impedir o retrasar la prestación de asistencia humanitaria o protección a los civiles y restringir la libre circulación de personas;", "vii. Restricciones a la circulación segura, libre e irrestricta de los organismos humanitarios;", "viii. El uso o la colocación de minas terrestres;", "ix. Actos y formas de violencia por motivos de género y explotación sexual;", "x. El reclutamiento y la utilización de niños y niñas menores de 18 años por las fuerzas armadas y los grupos armados en hostilidades, de acuerdo con las obligaciones contraídas por el Sudán en virtud del Protocolo facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados, y las obligaciones contraídas en virtud del Protocolo II (1977) de los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949;", "xi. Otras actividades que podrían poner en peligro o menoscabar el compromiso de las Partes a poner fin a las hostilidades de manera completa y duradera, incluidas las actividades que se haya determinado que constituyen una violación de la cesación del fuego sobre la base del presente Acuerdo; la propaganda hostil contra otra Parte o cualquier grupo armado parte en el Acuerdo de Paz de Darfur;", "xii. El intento de cualquiera de las Partes de hacer pasar su equipo, su personal o sus actividades por los de la UNAMID, los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana, el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja y la Media Luna Roja (CICR) o cualquier otra organización similar.", "341. Las Partes se comprometen además a asegurar:", "i. La libre circulación de personas y bienes;", "ii. El acceso irrestricto de la asistencia humanitaria a la población necesitada y la protección de los trabajadores humanitarios y sus operaciones en las zonas bajo su control;", "iii. La plena cooperación con la UNAMID para que cumpla su mandato;", "iv. Que las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo se comuniquen, por conducto de la línea de mando de las Partes, a todos los elementos de sus fuerzas armadas y grupos armados bajo su control o influencia, incluidas las mujeres, y que todos esos grupos y fuerzas cumplan las disposiciones;", "v. El desarme y la dispersión de las milicias armadas a su debido tiempo, y como requisito previo para la ejecución de medidas integrales de control de armamento para garantizar la seguridad en todo Darfur;", "vi. Que la cesación del fuego no se vea amenazada por los combatientes extranjeros presentes en el territorio del Sudán;", "vii. Que los desplazados internos y otros civiles de Darfur no sean objeto de hostigamiento o detenciones arbitrarias por las organizaciones de seguridad gubernamentales y los Movimientos; considerando que esas actividades pueden tratarse como violaciones de la Cesación del Fuego;", "viii. Que todos los niños y las niñas reclutados por las fuerzas armadas o los grupos armados, de haberlos, sean liberados sin condiciones mediante la elaboración de planes de acción;", "ix. Que todos los niños y las niñas acusados de delitos en virtud del derecho internacional después de haber sido reclutados ilegalmente por las fuerzas armadas o los grupos armados sean considerados principalmente víctimas de violaciones del derecho internacional y no presuntos autores.", "Artículo 64 Comisión para la Cesación del Fuego", "342. La Comisión para la Cesación del Fuego, en adelante “la CCF”, y la Comisión Mixta, en adelante “la Comisión”, se establecerán como mecanismos de vigilancia y verificación de la cesación del fuego.", "343. La CCF estará integrada por los siguientes componentes:", "i. La CCF con sede en El Fasher;", "ii. La secretaría de la CCF con sede en El Fasher;", "iii. La subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego;", "iv. El grupo de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego.", "344. La CCF tiene la función general de vigilar y hacer entrar en vigor la cesación permanente del fuego, y procurará tomar decisiones por consenso. Cuando no pueda llegarse a un consenso, la CCF remitirá la cuestión a la Comisión para arbitraje. Las Partes son responsables de la aplicación del Acuerdo de Cesación del Fuego y estarán obligadas a cumplir las recomendaciones de la Comisión.", "345. Consciente de la importante función que desempeñan las mujeres en el establecimiento de la paz, las Partes garantizarán la representación adecuada y efectiva de las mujeres en todos los niveles del mecanismo de la cesación del fuego.", "346. Las Partes garantizarán a la UNAMID la libertad de circulación sin trabas en Darfur por todos los lugares y en todo momento en el ejercicio de su mandato.", "347. Las Partes se comprometen a participar plena y activamente en la CCF, las subcomisiones sectoriales de cesación del fuego y los grupos de bases de operaciones y a apoyar su labor.", "Funciones de la CCF", "348. Las funciones de la CCF serán las siguientes:", "i. Vigilar que las Partes cumplan sus obligaciones en virtud de la cesación permanente del fuego y la conducta de las respectivas fuerzas armadas;", "ii. Coordinar la planificación, vigilancia y verificación del cumplimiento de la cesación permanente del fuego;", "iii. Definir todas las rutas de movimientos de las fuerzas de las Partes a fin de reducir el riesgo de incidentes; y aprobar dichos movimientos, previa solicitud por las Partes con una antelación mínima de 72 horas;", "iv. Apoyar las operaciones de remoción de minas;", "v. Elaborar, por conducto de su Presidente, el mapa maestro en el que se presente la disposición de las Partes y las zonas desmilitarizadas alrededor de los campamentos de desplazados internos y las comunidades de acogida;", "vi. Recibir, verificar, analizar y resolver las denuncias relacionadas con posibles violaciones de la cesación del fuego;", "vii. Presentar informes sobre violaciones en el caso de que una Parte cometa un acto prohibido, según lo establecido en la cesación permanente del fuego;", "viii. Prestar asistencia en la difusión de información sobre la cesación permanente del fuego;", "ix. Servir de canal de comunicación entre las Partes;", "x. Apoyar los programas de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración de los excombatientes en la manera en que convengan las Partes.", "Composición de la CCF", "349. La CCF estará integrada como se indica a continuación:", "i. El Comandante de la Fuerza de la UNAMID Presidente", "ii. Tres miembros de cada Parte Miembros", "iii. Un representante del Estado de Qatar Miembro", "350. El Presidente, según corresponda, invitará a representantes de los otros componentes o secciones de la UNAMID, a saber, la policía, la Oficina de Enlace Humanitario, la División de Asuntos Políticos y la Oficina Jurídica como miembros sin derecho de voto.", "351. Las Partes podrán decidir el número y la composición de los observadores en una fecha ulterior. Los observadores constituyen un aspecto importante del cumplimiento de la cesación permanente del fuego, ya que facilitan las actividades de la CCF y las Partes y las asesoran. Los asesores pueden ser, entre otros, representantes de las organizaciones internacionales o regionales o países individuales. Los observadores podrán asistir a reuniones o sesiones públicas de la CCF y de las subcomisiones de cesación del fuego. Si se considera oportuno y lo acuerdan las Partes, los observadores serán informados sobre lo tratado en sesiones o reuniones a puerta cerrada.", "Presidente de la CCF", "352. El Comandante de la Fuerza de la UNAMID será el Presidente de la CCF, y en su ausencia, el Comandante Adjunto de la Fuerza desempeñará las funciones.", "Obligaciones del Presidente de la CCF", "353. Las obligaciones del Presidente incluirán lo siguiente:", "i. Presidir todas las reuniones de la CCF;", "ii. Definir el programa de actividades de la CCF;", "iii. Asegurar la aplicación de las decisiones y recomendaciones tanto de la CCF como de la Comisión;", "iv. Ordenar la realización de investigaciones independientes o complementarias a nivel de la CCF cuando proceda;", "v. Asegurar la presentación de informes semanales a la Comisión;", "vi. Velar por que se adopten medidas apropiadas para que los miembros de la CCF respeten las leyes y los reglamentos locales y se abstengan de toda acción o actividad incompatible con el carácter imparcial e internacional de sus obligaciones.", "Reuniones", "354. Las reuniones de la CCF serán convocadas por el Presidente o a solicitud de las Partes. Las reuniones se celebrarán en el cuartel general de la UNAMID, en El Fasher, o en cualquier otro lugar que decida el Presidente. Las reuniones se llevarán a cabo de conformidad con las siguientes directrices:", "i. El programa de la reunión se aprobará al inicio de las sesiones;", "ii. Las deliberaciones y las decisiones de la CCF se basan en el consenso, pero si las Partes no logran llegar a un acuerdo sobre un asunto presentado a la CCF, el Presidente lo someterá a la Comisión para su solución. Las Partes estarán obligadas a respetar la decisión de la Comisión;", "iii. En cada período de sesiones, las actas de las reuniones serán firmadas por el secretario y autenticadas por el Presidente, y se llevarán a la siguiente reunión para que se confirmen como verdadero registro de las deliberaciones y serán vinculantes para las Partes;", "iv. Podrán establecerse subcomités para tareas específicas cuando sea necesario y estos presentarán sus informes a la CCF para su aprobación o desestimación;", "vi. Los observadores podrán formular observaciones a solicitud del Presidente.", "Código de Conducta", "355. Los miembros y observadores de la CCF deberán respetar en todo momento el código de conducta que incluye los siguientes principios:", "i. Se utilizará el diálogo y el lenguaje apropiado y cortés como principio rector durante las deliberaciones;", "ii. Todas las cuestiones que los miembros deseen plantear se dirigirán al Presidente;", "iii. No se aceptará ningún ataque personal ni acto de animosidad de ningún miembro;", "iv. Todos los miembros deberán ser puntuales;", "v. Ningún miembro de la CCF dará información a la prensa ni hará declaraciones en nombre de la CCF sin autorización previa del Presidente;", "vi. Las deliberaciones de la CCF serán confidenciales y se compartirán solo cuando sea necesario;", "vii. Se evitará toda acción que pueda desacreditar a cualquiera de las Partes;", "viii. Se subordinarán los intereses personales a los de la población de Darfur y otros civiles residentes, entre ellos las mujeres y los niños;", "ix. Se entenderá el mandato de la CCF y se actuará de conformidad con este.", "356. El Presidente ejercerá control sobre la secretaría de la CCF y el nivel subordinado de la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego como se describe en el presente Acuerdo. Los Comandantes de Sector, el Jefe de Estado Mayor y la secretaría de la CCF rendirán cuentas directamente al Presidente en lo relativo a la gestión de los recursos de la CCF bajo su control.", "357. Los Comandantes de Sector ejercerán control sobre las subcomisiones sectoriales de cesación del fuego y los grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego dentro de sus zonas de responsabilidad y rendirán cuentas al Presidente. Los informes sobre violaciones de la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego se remitirán al Presidente por conducto de la secretaría de la CCF.", "Subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego", "358. Cada sector establecerá y mantendrá una subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego que incluya a las mujeres para asegurar un ciclo efectivo de investigación y presentación de informes. Los sectores establecerán una secretaría encabezada por el jefe de la subcomisión para la cesación del fuego que se basará en el modelo de la secretaría de la CCF. Se establecerán grupos de bases de operaciones integrados por diversos elementos a nivel de unidad o subunidad, así como mujeres, como las principales fuentes de notificación de incidentes y de investigación de las violaciones de la cesación permanente del fuego.", "Funciones de la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego", "359. Las principales funciones de la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego son las siguientes:", "i. Velar por el cumplimiento de las Partes de sus obligaciones dentro de la zona de responsabilidad del sector de conformidad con la cesación permanente del fuego;", "ii. Examinar, verificar, investigar y comunicar asuntos relativos a presuntas violaciones y desacuerdos entre las Partes, de conformidad con la cesación permanente del fuego;", "iii. Aplicar las directrices y la política de la CCF;", "iv. Comunicar periódicamente y remitir las denuncias no resueltas a la CCF en el cuartel general de la fuerza con una explicación completa del asunto del litigio;", "v. Asumir la responsabilidad de las investigaciones de las violaciones como se establece en el Acuerdo de Cesación Permanente del Fuego;", "vi. Asignar tareas o misiones a los grupos de bases de operaciones.", "360. Cuando no se pueda llegar a un consenso respecto de un asunto en particular, este se remitirá a la CCF para su solución.", "Composición", "361. La subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego constará de los siguientes miembros:", "i. Comandante de Sector Presidente", "ii. Dos representantes de cada Parte Miembros", "iii. Secretario", "iv. Miembros invitados de componentes de la UNAMID pertinentes que no tendrán derecho de voto.", "Informes", "362. Las subcomisiones sectoriales para la cesación del fuego remitirán sus informes sobre violaciones de la cesación del fuego, como se reafirma claramente en el Acuerdo de Cesación Permanente del Fuego u otros acuerdos en vigor, a la secretaría de la CCF antes de las 16.00 horas cada día. Como mínimo, el informe incluirá lo siguiente:", "i. El carácter o el tipo de la violación;", "ii. La fecha y el lugar de la violación;", "iii. La Parte o las Partes involucradas;", "iv. Indicación de si se confirmó o no la violación;", "v. Medidas adoptadas por la UNAMID;", "vi. Cualquier otro hecho o información pertinente.", "Grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego", "363. Los grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego proporcionan a la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego información acerca de la situación y actúan como primer nivel de solución de conflictos dentro de la Misión. En reconocimiento de la función que deben desempeñar las mujeres en el proceso de paz y seguridad, estas se incluirán en todos los grupos de bases de operaciones.", "364. Los grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego se encargan de velar por el cumplimiento por las Partes de la cesación del fuego como se establece en el Acuerdo de Cesación Permanente del Fuego dentro de sus zonas de responsabilidad. Esto se logrará mediante operaciones de vigilancia, patrullas, visitas, inspecciones, enlaces, investigaciones, verificaciones y la presentación de informes, bajo la dirección y supervisión de la subcomisión sectorial para la cesación del fuego.", "Composición de los grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego", "365. Los grupos de bases de operaciones para la cesación del fuego, a nivel de subunidad, estarán integrados por:", "i. Un jefe de equipos de observadores militares Presidente", "ii. Dos representantes de cada Parte Miembros", "Artículo 65 Comisión mixta", "366. El Representante Especial Conjunto de la UNAMID presidirá la Comisión y en su ausencia, el Adjunto del Representante Especial Conjunto desempeñará las funciones. La Comisión estará integrada como se indica a continuación:", "i. El Representante Especial Conjunto de la UNAMID Presidente", "ii. El Estado de Qatar Miembro", "iii. Tres representantes de cada Parte Miembros", "iv. La Liga de los Estados Árabes Miembro", "v. La Unión Europea Miembro", "vi. Asuntos Políticos de la UNAMID Secretario", "367. Los siguientes países gozarán de la condición de observador y podrán ser invitados por el Presidente a que hagan uso de la palabra ante la Comisión si es necesario:", "i. Canadá;", "ii. China;", "iii. Noruega.", "Funciones y atribuciones", "368. La Comisión se establecerá para resolver las controversias entre las Partes que le haya remitido la CCF y para asegurar la aplicación efectiva de las disposiciones de los Acuerdos Finales de Seguridad.", "369. La Comisión desempeñará las siguientes funciones:", "i. Seguimiento de la aplicación de la cesación permanente del fuego y de los Acuerdos Finales de Seguridad establecidos por el presente Acuerdo;", "ii. Interpretación de las disposiciones de la cesación permanente del fuego y los Acuerdos Finales de Seguridad, cuando sea necesario;", "iii. Arbitraje de las irregularidades y violaciones, y aceptación de las denuncias presentadas por las Partes y que la CCF no pueda resolver adecuadamente, y decisiones al respecto. Se hará lo posible por investigar a fondo y resolver los asuntos contenciosos conjuntamente y sobre la base de un consenso en el nivel más bajo;", "iv. En el caso de violaciones graves, la Comisión notificará a la Unión Africana y a las Naciones Unidas;", "v. De conformidad con la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad, la Comisión velará por que todas las formas de violencia que afectan específicamente a las mujeres y los niños se escuchen y se reparen teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones de género y de manera competente;", "vi. Señalar toda circunstancia que pueda impedir o poner en peligro la aplicación de la cesación del fuego y los Acuerdos Finales de Seguridad, y adoptar medidas para evitar que eso se repita;", "vii. Formular recomendaciones sobre las medidas adecuadas que se deben adoptar en relación con los responsables de las violaciones de la cesación del fuego;", "viii. Desempeñar las funciones adicionales que la Comisión estime convenientes dentro del espíritu del presente Acuerdo.", "Reuniones", "370. La Comisión celebrará sus reuniones en la sede de la UNAMID, en El Fasher, o excepcionalmente en cualquier otro país convenido por la Comisión.", "371. La Comisión se reunirá una vez al mes y preparará un informe después de cada reunión. Se informará a los miembros acerca del programa y la documentación por lo menos siete días antes de cada reunión. La Comisión convocará a reuniones de emergencia, y quedará eximido de ese requisito de notificación previa, cuando lo considere necesario. Cualquiera de las Partes podrá solicitar a la Comisión que convoque una reunión de emergencia cuando sea necesario.", "372. Las Partes respetarán y cumplirán las recomendaciones de la Comisión sobre las medidas adoptadas en relación con las violaciones de la cesación del fuego.", "373. Las Partes distribuirán entre sus miembros y grupos interesados los informes de la Comisión.", "374. La Comisión formulará periódicamente declaraciones públicas sobre los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación de las disposiciones pertinentes del Acuerdo.", "375. La Comisión adoptará sus decisiones por consenso. Cuando las Partes no logren llegar a un consenso, el Presidente y los miembros internacionales de la Comisión, en consulta con los observadores, tomarán una decisión que favorezca el mantenimiento de la cesación del fuego y la decisión será vinculante para las Partes.", "Acuerdos finales de seguridad", "Artículo 66 Separación, redespliegue y control de armamento limitado", "Disposiciones generales", "376. Las Partes entienden que la cesación del fuego requiere procesos adecuados de separación militar, redespliegue de las fuerzas y control de armamento limitado.", "377. La cesación del fuego se llevará a cabo en fases y sobre una base de reciprocidad, con garantías de seguridad adecuadas y mediante acuerdos celebrados en la CCF y verificados por la UNAMID.", "378. La CCF se encargará de planificar, coordinar, gestionar y supervisar los procesos. Esta supervisará la aplicación de las decisiones y los acuerdos.", "379. Los procesos se realizarán en la siguiente secuencia:", "i. Preparación para la separación y el redespliegue, incluida la verificación;", "ii. Fase 1: separación;", "iii. Fase 2: redespliegue;", "iv. Fase 3: control de armamento.", "380. Las Partes informarán a sus comandantes de operaciones de todos los componentes de los planes y las normas relativas a esas fases y velarán por el cumplimiento de las normas.", "381. Las Partes informarán al Presidente de la CCF de los lugares exactos de despliegue de sus fuerzas, que quedarán claramente indicados en los mapas que se adjuntarán como anexo a una copia del Acuerdo que la UNAMID conservará de manera confidencial. Estos lugares estarán sujetos a verificación por la UNAMID y se indicarán en un mapa maestro.", "382. Las Partes estarán vinculadas por el mapa maestro como lo determine la UNAMID en primera instancia. El Presidente de la CCF puede modificar el mapa posteriormente en colaboración con las Partes.", "383. El Presidente de la CCF proporcionará a las Partes mapas actualizados de los campamentos de los Movimientos, zonas desmilitarizadas, rutas desmilitarizadas de suministros humanitarios, zonas de separación y zonas de redespliegue.", "384. Las Partes estarán vinculadas por las normas relativas a la circulación de tropas, armamento, provisiones y suministros de acuerdo con lo siguiente:", "i. Se presentará una notificación a la CCF, con 72 horas de antelación, para que apruebe el movimiento de soldados armados durante la primera fase (separación) y la segunda fase (redespliegue);", "ii. Se presentará una notificación a la CCF, con 72 horas de antelación, para que apruebe el movimiento de clase V y clase VII (municiones y sistemas de armamentos) hacia la(s) zona(s), dentro de ella(s) y desde ella(s), durante la primera fase (separación) y la segunda fase (redespliegue);", "iii. Respecto de los suministros corrientes que entran a esas zonas o salen de ellas durante esas fases, solo será necesario notificar a la CCF con 72 horas de antelación la circulación de clase I (agua y alimentos), clase II (equipos y suministros médicos), clase III (combustible, aceite y lubricantes) y clase IV (materiales de construcción).", "385. La concentración y el despliegue de fuerzas por el Gobierno del Sudán y la utilización de las vías de acceso, incluidas las zonas desmilitarizadas y las zonas de separación, con el objetivo de proteger la frontera de Darfur, no estarán sujetos a ninguna restricción. Sin embargo, en el caso de que el despliegue implique la entrada en una zona controlada por las fuerzas de un Movimiento, el Gobierno del Sudán informará al respecto a la Parte afectada.", "386. La concentración y el despliegue de fuerzas por parte de los Movimientos y la utilización de las vías de acceso con el objetivo de proteger el presente Acuerdo de toda actividad hostil estarán sujetos a la aprobación de la CCF. Asimismo, dichas actividades deberán notificarse a la UNAMID, la cual se encargará de su vigilancia.", "387. Las fuerzas gubernamentales no pueden entrar en ninguna zona desmilitarizada, de separación, redespliegue o concentración de las fuerzas de un Movimiento sin la autorización escrita de la CCF.", "388. Toda transgresión de las normas relativas a los procesos de separación, redespliegue y control de armamento limitado presentados en el presente capítulo constituye una violación de la cesación del fuego.", "Artículo 67", "Preparación para la separación y el redespliegue", "Toma de decisiones y comunicación", "389. En la preparación para la separación y el redespliegue, la CCF procurará tomar decisiones y resolver conflictos por consenso.", "390. Cuando las Partes no logren llegar a un consenso, el Presidente de la CCF remitirá la controversia a la Comisión para que esta adopte decisiones. Las Partes estarán vinculadas por las decisiones adoptadas por la Comisión.", "391. El Presidente de la CCF se asegurará de que todos los acuerdos y decisiones relativos a las zonas desmilitarizadas, las zonas de separación y las zonas de redespliegue se demarquen claramente en los mapas con coordenadas exactas del sistema mundial de determinación de posición. El Presidente se asegurará de que las Partes tengan los mismos mapas con las mismas demarcaciones.", "392. El Presidente de la CCF establecerá, en coordinación con el Gobierno, un sistema para un procedimiento de comunicaciones eficaz y seguro entre la CCF y las Partes.", "Verificación", "393. A los efectos de aplicación de los acuerdos finales de seguridad generales, la UNAMID verificará la información presentada por las Partes, con inclusión de las ubicaciones exactas y su equipo, el número y tipo de armamento, los efectivos de sus fuerzas, en particular la presencia de niños en sus filas, y otra información que la UNAMID o la CCF soliciten. Esta información será confidencial durante las fases de preparación, separación, redespliegue y control de armamento limitado. La información estará disponible únicamente para el Presidente de la CCF, hasta el comienzo de la fase de integración y desmovilización.", "394. El proceso de verificación de las fuerzas de los Movimientos y sus zonas de control se limitará a unidades que no sean menores que una compañía, por lo general de 150 (ciento cincuenta) soldados o subunidades con una capacidad equivalente. La duración ininterrumpida de control por parte de dicha unidad o subunidad es una condición para que se considere que la zona está bajo el control de los Movimientos.", "Planes", "Fase 1 Separación", "395. El proceso de separación incluirá los siguientes pasos:", "i. La circulación y las actividades de las Partes se limitarán a las zonas asignadas para las Partes según se haya demarcado e indicado en los mapas maestros;", "ii. En colaboración con las Partes, el Presidente de la CCF establecerá zonas desmilitarizadas alrededor de los campamentos de desplazados internos y comunidades de acogida y a lo largo de rutas seleccionadas de suministros humanitarios;", "iii. Tras consultar con las Partes, el Presidente de la CCF establecerá zonas de separación entre las fuerzas de las Partes y las zonas que experimentan intensos conflictos, cuando sea necesario;", "iv. Las Partes velarán por que las milicias y los grupos armados bajo su control o influencia se comprometan a respetar y acaten la cesación del fuego;", "v. Ninguna de las Partes realizará actividades militares ni creará nuevos grupos o milicias armados.", "Presencia de combatientes armados extranjeros en Darfur", "396. La presencia de combatientes armados extranjeros en Darfur plantea un problema grave para la paz y la seguridad, y constituye una amenaza potencial para el presente Acuerdo. En consonancia con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 385, el Gobierno del Sudán adoptará las medidas adecuadas para controlar, desarmar, neutralizar y repatriar esos grupos.", "397. Las Partes reconocen las medidas adoptadas en colaboración con los países vecinos para controlar la presencia de combatientes armados extranjeros en Darfur y convienen en apoyar la iniciativa.", "Fase 2", "Redespliegue", "398. El proceso de redespliegue consta de las siguientes actividades:", "i. El Presidente de la CCF, en colaboración con las Partes, establecerá zonas de separación y redespliegue;", "ii. Las Partes redesplegarán sus fuerzas y su armamento fuera de las zonas de separación y en sus respectivas zonas de redespliegue;", "iii. La UNAMID vigilará las zonas de separación y patrullará por ellas;", "iv. La restauración de la prestación de servicios básicos y el acceso a los servicios básicos para la población civil.", "Desarme de los grupos de milicias armadas", "399. Todos los grupos de milicias armadas deberán desarmarse y dispersarse como requisito previo para la aplicación de las medidas integrales de control de armamento, a fin de garantizar la seguridad en todo Darfur. El Gobierno del Sudán estará a cargo del desarme de las milicias armadas. En ese sentido, el Gobierno del Sudán presentará un plan integral a la CCF para el desarme y la dispersión de las milicias armadas, y para combatir contra las personas, los bandoleros y otros grupos de delincuentes armados ilegalmente, tanto extranjeros como locales, que operan en Darfur. El plan incluirá medidas que deben adoptarse para completar el ejercicio antes del comienzo de la fase de integración. El plan también incluirá medidas para la rehabilitación y la reintegración socioeconómica de los miembros de estos grupos que han sido dispersados, y la separación de los hombres y las mujeres en las zonas de concentración.", "400. Este plan se presentará al Presidente de la CCF para su examen y aprobación antes del comienzo de la primera fase, y se ejecutará de acuerdo con el calendario del plan.", "401. La CCF vigilará y verificará el desarme y la dispersión de los grupos de milicias, y la lucha contra las personas, los bandoleros y otros grupos de delincuentes armados ilegalmente, de acuerdo con el plan convenido.", "Fase 3", "Control de armamento limitado", "402. Tras el redespliegue de las fuerzas de las Partes en sus respectivas zonas de redespliegue y antes de la concentración de las fuerzas de los Movimientos, se adoptarán las siguientes medidas de control de armamento limitado:", "i. Los Movimientos almacenarán su armamento colectivo y de largo alcance, la artillería y las municiones afines en lugares seguros designados por el Presidente de la CCF. La UNAMID llevará a cabo la inspección en las unidades. Los combatientes de los Movimientos conservarán las armas personales hasta el inicio de la integración en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y las Fuerzas de Policía del Sudán;", "ii. En colaboración con las Partes, la UNAMID preparará los emplazamientos para el almacenamiento temporal de las armas colectivas y de largo alcance, la artillería y las municiones afines y vigilará el almacenamiento del armamento y las municiones que estarán sujetos a la inspección de la UNAMID;", "iii. El Presidente de la CCF supervisará el proceso de control del armamento y determinará los requisitos y procedimientos para la posesión y la inspección, incluida la designación exacta del armamento, artillería y municiones que se van a almacenar.", "Mecanismo conjunto de coordinación", "403. Con el propósito de fomentar la confianza y mantener la seguridad en Darfur, las Partes establecerán un mecanismo conjunto de coordinación, tras la verificación de las fuerzas de los Movimientos. Dicho mecanismo seguirá en vigor hasta el inicio del proceso de integración, y funcionará bajo la estricta orientación de la CCF.", "404. El mecanismo conjunto de coordinación desempeñará las siguientes funciones:", "i. La coordinación de esfuerzos y medidas para hacer frente a cualquier amenaza potencial a la aplicación del Acuerdo;", "ii. El intercambio de inteligencia y otra información pertinente;", "iii. La supervisión de las medidas para organizar las fuerzas de los Movimientos y el mantenimiento de su seguridad en las zonas de redespliegue y concentración;", "iv. La facilitación de la distribución de apoyo logístico no militar según lo convenido por las Partes y en colaboración con el comité mixto de coordinación de logística;", "v. La facilitación de la divulgación de los términos del presente Acuerdo entre los comandantes de operaciones y las fuerzas bajo su mando, y la secuencia de las fases de su aplicación;", "vi. Cualquier otra tarea convenida.", "Artículo 68 Zonas desmilitarizadas y zonas de separación", "Compromisos generales", "405. Las Partes reafirman su compromiso de:", "i. Respetar los derechos de los civiles, incluidos los desplazados internos y los refugiados;", "ii. Abstenerse de realizar actividades que puedan socavar la seguridad y el bienestar de los civiles y los desplazados internos;", "iii. Abstenerse de realizar actividades que puedan menoscabar o poner en peligro las operaciones humanitarias en Darfur;", "iv. Crear un entorno propicio para el regreso voluntario y sostenible en condiciones de seguridad de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a sus lugares de origen;", "v. Brindar protección especial a las mujeres, las personas con discapacidad, los niños, incluidos los vinculados a fuerzas o grupos armados, y otras personas con necesidades especiales.", "Zonas desmilitarizadas", "406. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 385, las zonas desmilitarizadas estarán sujetas a las siguientes normas:", "i. No habrá fuerzas en esta zona de ninguna de las Partes ni otro grupo armado o milicias armadas, salvo con la autorización de la CCF y escoltados por la UNAMID;", "ii. Nadie podrá transportar armamento, salvo con la autorización de la CCF y escoltado por la UNAMID;", "iii. El perímetro de una zona desmilitarizada no incluirá ninguna zona urbana, accesos a un aeropuerto ni lugares urbanos de los planes de seguridad que son responsabilidad exclusiva del Gobierno del Sudán;", "iv. El Presidente de la CCF determinará los límites de la zona desmilitarizada tras consultar con las Partes;", "v. El Presidente de la CCF, en colaboración con los miembros de la CCF, decidirá si el proceso de redespliegue de las fuerzas relacionadas con cualquiera de las Partes es una medida necesaria;", "vi. El Presidente de la CCF, en colaboración con los miembros de la CCF, determinará las medidas relacionadas con cualquier redespliegue necesario, como también el calendario correspondiente a ese redespliegue;", "vii. La CCF considerará cualquier violación relativa a las zonas desmilitarizadas como una violación de la cesación del fuego.", "407. La UNAMID tendrá las siguientes obligaciones en relación con las zonas desmilitarizadas que rodean los campamentos de desplazados internos y las comunidades de acogida y las rutas de suministros humanitarios:", "i. La UNAMID y las Fuerzas de Policía del Sudán, en las zonas de control del Gobierno del Sudán y los funcionarios de enlace de los Movimientos, en las zonas donde la CCF reconoce y verifica el control de los Movimientos, elaborarán un plan de patrullaje y vigilancia de las zonas desmilitarizadas alrededor de los campamentos de desplazados internos y supervisarán la ejecución del plan;", "ii. Las zonas desmilitarizadas situadas dentro de las zonas de control del Gobierno del Sudán serán patrulladas por unidades de la UNAMID y las Fuerzas de Policía del Sudán. Dichas Fuerzas desempeñarán funciones policiales ejecutivas bajo la vigilancia de la UNAMID;", "iii. Las zonas desmilitarizadas situadas en las zonas donde la CCF verifica y reconoce el control de los Movimientos serán patrulladas por unidades que incluyen a la UNAMID y los oficiales de enlace de los Movimientos.", "Zonas de separación", "408. La CCF elaborará un plan que incluya las normas y los procedimientos de patrullaje y vigilancia de las zonas de separación y supervisará su ejecución.", "Artículo 69 Apoyo logístico no militar a los Movimientos", "409. Los Movimientos pueden solicitar apoyo logístico no militar y el Gobierno del Sudán prestará dicho apoyo y podrá solicitar a los asociados internacionales que ayuden al respecto.", "410. La UNAMID establecerá un comité mixto de coordinación logística que estará integrado por las Partes, la UNAMID y los representantes de los donantes que puedan prestar esa asistencia. El comité determinará las modalidades de la ayuda.", "411. Las atribuciones del comité mixto de coordinación logística incluirán lo siguiente:", "i. Reunir y cotejar datos sobre las necesidades logísticas de las fuerzas de los Movimientos en lo relativo a alimentos, agua, vivienda, ropa, transporte y tratamiento y suministros médicos;", "ii. Recibir y almacenar suministros logísticos proporcionados por donantes internacionales;", "iii. Hacer pedidos de suministros logísticos de calidad y en cantidad adecuadas;", "iv. Distribuir suministros logísticos a las fuerzas de los Movimientos en centros o puntos de distribución situados en las zonas de redespliegue y de concentración;", "v. Determinar las normas y los procedimientos que rigen la entrega de suministros logísticos no militares a las fuerzas de los Movimientos.", "412. Las siguientes condiciones deberán cumplirse para que dicho apoyo se proporcione:", "i. El número y la ubicación de los combatientes, incluida la presencia de niños en sus filas, si los hubiera, se comunicarán al Comandante de la Fuerza de la UNAMID y se verificarán de conformidad con los párrafos 393 y 394;", "ii. Se determinarán y acordarán los lugares accesibles para un número considerable de combatientes.", "Artículo 70 Seguridad en los campamentos de desplazados internos y operaciones humanitarias en Darfur", "413. El Gobierno del Sudán, en colaboración con la Autoridad Regional de Darfur, seleccionará a voluntarios y voluntarias de las comunidades locales, los desplazados internos y los refugiados que regresan para que formen parte de la policía de proximidad, y participen en el mantenimiento de la seguridad de los campamentos de desplazados internos y las aldeas de regreso voluntario. La UNAMID contribuirá a la capacitación de la policía de proximidad.", "414. Las Partes convienen en abstenerse de realizar actos que puedan poner en peligro las operaciones humanitarias en Darfur, y reafirman su compromiso de crear las condiciones de seguridad adecuadas para la circulación irrestricta de bienes y asistencia humanitaria, garantizar la seguridad en los campamentos de desplazados internos y establecer un ambiente propicio para el regreso voluntario y sostenido en condiciones seguras de los desplazados internos y los refugiados a sus lugares de origen.", "415. Las fuerzas de las Partes se abstendrán de realizar actividades que puedan menoscabar la seguridad y el bienestar de los desplazados internos.", "Artículo 71 Control del armamento de uso civil", "416. Dada la proliferación de la tenencia de armas pequeñas por los civiles en Darfur, las Partes, con el apoyo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y la UNAMID, elaborarán una estrategia y planes para la ejecución de un programa de control voluntario de las armas de uso civil.", "417. El Gobierno del Sudán movilizará recursos para los programas de control de las armas de uso civil. Este podrá solicitar asistencia de las organizaciones internacionales.", "Artículo 72 Desarme, desmovilización y reintegración, e integración de los excombatientes en las fuerzas armadas y de policía del Sudán", "Disposiciones generales", "418. El proceso de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración, y de integración se llevarán a cabo dentro de las zonas de concentración designadas después de la fase 3, únicamente con los excombatientes cuya participación en las fuerzas de los Movimientos está verificada. La UNAMID, en colaboración con los Movimientos, elaborará un plan para las zonas de concentración que incluya lo siguiente:", "i. El tamaño, el número y la ubicación de las zonas de concentración;", "ii. Las características deseadas de las zonas de concentración, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades específicas de las mujeres excombatientes;", "iii. La accesibilidad para la prestación de apoyo logístico;", "iv. La UNAMID presentará el plan a la CCF para su aprobación. La CCF designará las zonas de concentración teniendo en cuenta el plan.", "419. Los Movimientos serán responsables de la administración, la disciplina y la seguridad interna de los excombatientes en las zonas de concentración.", "420. Las armas colectivas y de largo alcance, la artillería y las municiones afines no se trasladarán a las zonas de concentración.", "421. Se proporcionará el apoyo logístico para el establecimiento de las zonas de concentración y durante los procesos de desarme y desmovilización, y de integración.", "422. Al concluir el proceso de verificación y registro, y el establecimiento de las zonas de concentración, los combatientes de los Movimientos que se hayan verificado y registrado como tales se trasladarán a las zonas de concentración portando armas pequeñas solamente. La UNAMID apoyará y supervisará el proceso.", "423. El Gobierno del Sudán brindará oportunidades de reintegración social y económica a los excombatientes que deseen regresar a la vida civil o no satisfagan los criterios de elegibilidad para entrar en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y las Fuerzas de Policía del Sudán.", "424. Se velará por que haya imparcialidad, transparencia y equidad al determinarse la elegibilidad de los excombatientes que pueden beneficiarse de la ayuda.", "425. Los excombatientes serán tratados por igual, independientemente de su afiliación anterior a los Movimientos. Asimismo, se les proporcionará capacitación e información para empoderarlos a fin de que elijan voluntariamente su camino hacia la reintegración. El proceso de reintegración se basará en la comunidad y beneficiará tanto a los repatriados como a las comunidades locales.", "426. El programa de reintegración se diseñará de modo que sea sostenible a largo plazo e incluya la vigilancia del seguimiento y las medidas de apoyo continuo necesarios.", "427. El programa de reintegración fomentará la participación de las comunidades y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluidos los grupos de mujeres, con miras a fortalecer su capacidad para desempeñar su función en la mejora y el sostenimiento de la reintegración social y económica de los excombatientes.", "428. El Gobierno del Sudán proporcionará apoyo financiero y logístico para el programa de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración, y de integración, e intentará movilizar el apoyo de la comunidad internacional.", "429. Se movilizarán y reservarán recursos específicos para atender las necesidades especiales de reintegración social de las mujeres.", "Desarme y desmovilización", "430. Las Partes convienen en restablecer la Comisión de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración del Sudán Septentrional para que refleje las nuevas realidades. La Comisión se ampliará de modo que incluya a representantes de los Movimientos.", "431. La UNAMID llevará a cabo la verificación de las fuerzas de los Movimientos simultáneamente en todas las zonas.", "432. La Comisión de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración, con la asistencia de la UNAMID y otros organismos pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas, elaborará planes que incluyan el calendario y la secuencia de las fases del proceso de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración de los excombatientes.", "433. Las Partes reunirán a sus excombatientes. Sin embargo, se procurará que el desarme y la desmovilización se realicen de acuerdo con lo siguiente:", "i. La concienciación y sensibilización de los dirigentes y sus fuerzas sobre el desarme, la desmovilización, la reintegración y el proceso de paz, así como sus funciones y obligaciones;", "ii. Las Partes decidirán los criterios de elegibilidad para el proceso de desarme de los combatientes que no estén integrados;", "iii. Las Partes velarán por que la duración del proceso de liberación de todos los niños combatientes, si los hubiera, sea lo más breve posible y no dependa de la liberación o desmovilización de los adultos. La seguridad y la dignidad de los niños y la confidencialidad de sus casos serán consideraciones primordiales. Los niños deberán ser separados rápidamente de los combatientes adultos y ser remitidos a un proceso civil adecuado, independiente y que tenga un mandato;", "iv. Las Partes no transferirán a los excombatientes menores de 18 años de edad a las zonas de concentración, sino que los liberarán y desmovilizarán por separado antes de la firma del presente Acuerdo;", "v. Las Partes iniciarán, como cuestión de prioridad, el proceso de desmovilización y reintegración de los grupos con necesidades especiales, que incluyen a los excombatientes con discapacidad y las mujeres.", "Artículo 73 Reintegración social y económica de los excombatientes en la sociedad civil", "434. Los excombatientes desarmados y desmovilizados se reintegrarán social y económicamente en la sociedad civil. El Gobierno del Sudán movilizará sus propios recursos, solicitará asistencia de la comunidad internacional y asumirá la responsabilidad de reintegrar a los excombatientes en la vida civil mediante programas adecuados de reintegración social y económica.", "435. El programa de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración de los excombatientes también contendrá un enfoque comunitario e incluirá medidas de reducción de la violencia comunitaria, con arreglo a las condiciones locales, a fin de promover el objetivo de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración.", "436. Los principios de imparcialidad y transparencia, igualdad e integridad regirán la reintegración social y económica de los excombatientes. Además, los excombatientes serán tratados por igual, independientemente de su vinculación anterior a cualquiera de los Movimientos.", "437. El proceso de reintegración se basará en la comunidad de forma que tanto los repatriados como las comunidades locales se beneficien de él.", "438. Es imperativo que la reintegración social y económica de los excombatientes asegure la participación de las comunidades locales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluidos los grupos de mujeres, con miras a permitirles desempeñar su función en la sostenibilidad de la reintegración social y económica de las niñas y los niños vinculados a fuerzas o grupos armados y otros niños vulnerables afectados por el conflicto.", "439. Los programas de reintegración deben ser inclusivos para apoyar a los niños y las niñas que han abandonado las fuerzas armadas o los Movimientos armados con procesos oficiales y oficiosos, así como a otros niños vulnerables afectados por el conflicto que necesiten protección, como las niñas madres.", "440. Se dará prioridad a la reintegración social y económica de los grupos con necesidades especiales, como las mujeres combatientes y las vinculadas a los Movimientos armados, en particular las viudas, las niñas y los niños vinculados a fuerzas y Movimientos armados, y otros niños combatientes con discapacidad y ancianos vulnerables afectados por el conflicto.", "441. Se hará lo posible por lograr la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de la reintegración mediante un enfoque comunitario. Esos esfuerzos deben incluir actividades de seguimiento, medidas de vigilancia y apoyo permanente, según sea necesario.", "Artículo 74 Integración de los excombatientes en las fuerzas armadas y las fuerzas de policía del Sudán", "Principios de la integración", "442. Se integrará un número convenido de combatientes elegibles de las fuerzas de los Movimientos en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán. El número lo determinarán las Partes con la colaboración del comité técnico de integración.", "443. El Gobierno del Sudán proporcionará apoyo y capacitación para los excombatientes, incluida capacitación acelerada, necesarios para asegurar que cumplan los criterios de elegibilidad para la mejora de la capacidad y el ascenso a grados superiores.", "444. El Gobierno del Sudán, en colaboración con los Movimientos, puede solicitar a la UNAMID, los donantes y los asociados internacionales que brinden oportunidades de capacitación y profesionalización en sus instituciones de capacitación en favor de los excombatientes, incluidos los oficiales, suboficiales, soldados y la policía, para que mejoren sus conocimientos profesionales.", "445. Los excombatientes integrados en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán serán excluidos de todo proceso de reducción de estas Fuerzas durante los primeros seis años de servicio, salvo cuando infrinjan los reglamentos y el código de conducta de esas instituciones.", "446. Los excombatientes, hombres y mujeres, que no deseen ingresar en las Fuerzas Armadas ni en la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán pero que hayan expresado el deseo de formar parte de la administración pública, serán remitidos a la Comisión Nacional de Administración Pública previa decisión de la Comisión de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración para su evaluación y colocación.", "447. El Gobierno del Sudán adoptará medidas para que haya un número determinado de excombatientes que ocupen cargos en la Oficina del Jefe de Estado Mayor, los mandos generales de división a nivel de comandante superior de las Fuerzas Armadas, los mandos de brigadas, el Ministerio de Defensa, el Ministerio del Interior, el cuartel general del mando superior de policía de la capital, los estados de Darfur y en otras partes del Sudán, de acuerdo con los criterios aplicables en las Fuerzas Armadas y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán.", "Comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur", "448. La Autoridad Regional de Darfur establecerá la comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur. Como órgano subsidiario de la Autoridad Regional, dicha comisión coordinará la aplicación de las disposiciones de los arreglos de seguridad del presente Acuerdo.", "449. La comisión establecerá un comité técnico de integración para que diseñe, planifique, ejecute, administre y supervise el programa de integración de los excombatientes.", "450. Los miembros del comité técnico de integración, entre los que habrá mujeres, serán representantes de la UNAMID, las Partes y expertos técnicos de un país o de países aceptables para las Partes.", "451. Los miembros de la comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur serán representantes de los gobernadores de los tres estados de Darfur, un representante del Jefe de Estado Mayor de las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán, un representante del Consejo Nacional de Coordinación del Desarme, la Desmovilización y la Reintegración, representantes de los Movimientos y representantes de la UNAMID, y otras personas necesarias para ejecutar la integración. El Presidente de la Comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur será nombrado por decreto presidencial en colaboración con el Presidente de la Autoridad Regional de Darfur.", "452. Todos los órganos subsidiarios establecidos por la comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur incluirán a representantes de las entidades que conforman el conjunto de miembros de dicha comisión.", "453. Las mujeres estarán representadas equitativamente en la comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur y los órganos subsidiarios establecidos por ella. Esos órganos elaborarán mecanismos para asegurar que su labor incluya una aportación adecuada de las mujeres en temas de especial interés para estas y los niños.", "El plan de integración", "454. El programa de integración se llevará a cabo en fases según lo determine el comité técnico de integración.", "455. Las Partes convienen en determinar el número de hombres y mujeres excombatientes que se integrarán en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán, la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán y determinados servicios civiles sobre la base del número verificado de las fuerzas de los Movimientos.", "456. La integración de las fuerzas de los Movimientos en las Fuerzas Armadas del Sudán y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán incluirá un proceso de investigación de antecedentes convenido por las Partes y supervisado por el comité técnico de integración, y se guiará por los siguientes criterios:", "i. Nacionalidad sudanesa;", "ii. Edad (mayor de 18 años y menor de la edad de jubilación);", "ii. Buen estado físico y mental evaluado por el comité técnico de integración;", "iii. Experiencia en el combate;", "iv. No tener antecedentes penales;", "v. Consentimiento voluntario de la persona.", "457. Los criterios rectores para la integración de los oficiales incluirán, además de lo anterior, lo siguiente:", "i. Cualificación académica (certificado de estudios secundarios como mínimo; el comité técnico de integración podría hacer excepciones respecto de un número considerable de comandantes de operaciones);", "ii. Experiencia en el combate;", "iii. Edad;", "iv. No haber sido despedido por incompetencia.", "458. Los excombatientes que se integren recibirán capacitación militar, de acuerdo con los requisitos de cada unidad.", "459. El número de oficiales convenido para la integración será proporcional al número total de suboficiales y soldados de conformidad con la estructura orgánica de las Fuerzas Armadas y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán.", "460. Los oficiales y suboficiales que se incorporen en las fuerzas militares y policiales por primera vez pasarán por un período de capacitación basado en el plan de estudios de las respectivas fuerzas.", "461. Los siguientes criterios orientarán el proceso de determinación de los grados:", "i. Edad;", "ii. Capacitación y experiencia en el combate;", "iii. Cualificaciones académicas;", "iv. Los exoficiales militares y de policía que hubieran sido retirados a causa del conflicto de Darfur serán restituidos inicialmente en sus grados anteriores y recibirán posteriormente los grados de sus compañeros de curso, después de pasar las pruebas de competencia requeridas;", "v. Cualquier otro criterio aplicable convenido por las Partes.", "462. El Gobierno del Sudán proporcionará capacitación estandarizada a los excombatientes mayores de 18 años seleccionados para su integración en las Fuerzas Armadas y la Fuerza de Policía del Sudán.", "Reforma de algunas instituciones militares", "463. Las Partes reconocen la necesidad de reformar y desarrollar las instituciones militares de Darfur a fin de mejorar su capacidad, eficacia y profesionalismo y fortalecer el estado de derecho de acuerdo con las normas aceptadas.", "464. El Gobierno del Sudán presentará un plan, con plazos, para la reforma, el desarrollo y la reestructuración de las instituciones militares seleccionadas a la comisión para la aplicación de las disposiciones de seguridad de Darfur para que supervise su ejecución. El Gobierno del Sudán puede obtener financiación y expertos para apoyar esa actividad de dentro y fuera del Sudán.", "Calendario y secuencia de las actividades", "465. Las fases se llevarán a cabo de acuerdo a los plazos siguientes:", "i. La fase preparatoria se completará siete días después de la firma del presente Acuerdo;", "ii. La primera fase de separación comenzará inmediatamente después de la finalización de los preparativos y terminará en un plazo de 45 días;", "iii. La segunda fase de redespliegue comenzará inmediatamente después de la finalización de la primera fase y terminará en un plazo de 45 días;", "iv. La tercera fase de control de armamento limitado comenzará inmediatamente después de la finalización de la segunda fase y terminará en un plazo de 30 días;", "v. La integración, el desarme, la desmovilización y la reintegración de los excombatientes comenzarán inmediatamente después de la finalización de la tercera fase.", "466. En colaboración con las Partes, el Presidente de la CCF podrá modificar este calendario si fuera necesario por razones de seguridad, de logística o de otro tipo.", "Otras disposiciones", "Artículo 75 Solución de controversias", "467. Cualquier desacuerdo o controversia sobre la interpretación de las disposiciones finales de seguridad o cualquiera de los acuerdos de cesación del fuego vigentes se remitirá a la Comisión, la cual tomará sus decisiones por consenso.", "468. Cuando las Partes no puedan llegar a un consenso, el Presidente de la Comisión, junto con los miembros internacionales y en consultas con los observadores de la Comisión, tomarán una decisión que favorezca el mantenimiento de la cesación del fuego, y las Partes acatarán la decisión.", "Capítulo VII Consulta y diálogo internos y modalidades de aplicación", "Artículo 76 Consulta y diálogo internos en Darfur", "469. Las Partes reconocen plenamente la importante función que han desempeñado las partes interesadas de Darfur en el proceso de paz de Doha.", "470. Las Partes están de acuerdo en que los resultados de las diferentes consultas y conversaciones mantenidas dentro y fuera de Darfur y el Sudán, incluidos los Foros de Doha primero y segundo y la Conferencia de todas las partes interesadas de Darfur, sobre las causas profundas y las consecuencias del conflicto han enriquecido las negociaciones que culminaron con la firma del presente Acuerdo.", "471. Las Partes insisten en la necesidad de que continúe el proceso de diálogo y consulta en Darfur para consolidar la paz y promover la reconciliación y la recuperación.", "472. Por consiguiente, las Partes convienen en que se lleve a cabo un proceso de diálogo y consulta en Darfur, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el presente Acuerdo.", "Mandato", "473. El proceso interno de diálogo y consultas, realizadas a nivel popular, tendrá por principal finalidad consolidar la paz en Darfur, generar confianza y promover la reconciliación y la unidad entre el pueblo de Darfur y el Sudán en general. Los objetivos concretos del proceso serán:", "i. Aumentar la implicación en el presente Acuerdo y movilizar el apoyo para su aplicación;", "ii. Abordar las cuestiones relacionadas con la responsabilidad cívica, los valores democráticos y su puesta en práctica, y la consolidación de la paz;", "iii. Fomentar las prácticas tradicionales avaladas por la experiencia en relación con la solución de las controversias locales, la propiedad de la tierra, las tierras de pastoreo, la trashumancia, los recursos hídricos naturales, etc.;", "iv. Promover la paz, la reconciliación y la coexistencia armoniosa entre las tribus y las comunidades;", "v. Mejorar la condición de la Administración Nativa, entre otras cosas, restableciendo su autoridad y ayudándole a crear capacidad;", "vi. Crear conciencia y movilizar el apoyo respecto de todas las medidas adoptadas en relación con el control de las armas civiles, la promoción de la mujer, el desarrollo de los jóvenes, el regreso en condiciones de seguridad de los desplazados internos y los refugiados y su reintegración en la sociedad, la restitución de los bienes y las compensaciones, tal y como se dispone en el presente Acuerdo;", "vii. Propiciar el rejuvenecimiento social y político en Darfur y ayudar a la población a aceptar su pasado inmediato y seguir adelante.", "Facilitación del proceso interno de diálogo y consulta", "474. Las Partes convienen en que la UNAMID, la Unión Africana y el Estado de Qatar sean las entidades encargadas de facilitar el proceso interno de diálogo y consulta. Estas entidades definirán las modalidades y los mecanismos para llevar a cabo el proceso así como el calendario. Las Partes se comprometen a adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para crear un entorno propicio de credibilidad al proceso y sus resultados.", "475. Las Partes y otros grupos interesados estarán plenamente representados en los mecanismos.", "476. Como mecanismo consultivo y vehículo de transformación social y política, se prevé que el proceso interno de diálogo y consulta logre de inmediato regenerar el tejido social, proyectando la conciencia individual y colectiva, hacia la coexistencia pacífica y la reconciliación, y labrando el futuro del pueblo de Darfur. Los resultados del proceso interno de diálogo y consulta, que serán las mejores prácticas y la experiencia adquirida, se presentarán oficialmente al Gobierno del Sudán, la Autoridad Regional de Darfur y los gobiernos estatales de Darfur.", "Apoyo logístico y financiación", "477. La UNAMID prestará apoyo logístico al Mecanismo en la realización de su labor y en la aplicación del proceso interno de diálogo y consulta, en la medida de sus posibilidades. Corresponderá a las Partes crear un entorno favorable que permita garantizar la plena participación de todos los interesados y el éxito del proceso. La UNAMID también ayudará a elaborar una estrategia de comunicación para asegurar que la información sobre el diálogo y consulta internos y el propio proceso dentro y fuera de Darfur y el Sudán reciba amplia difusión y quede debidamente documentada y archivada.", "478. Se invitará al Gobierno del Sudán y a los donantes internacionales a que contribuyan a financiar el proceso interno de diálogo y consulta, se creará un fondo fiduciario especial para tal fin.", "Artículo 77 Comisión de Seguimiento de la Aplicación", "479. Se establece una Comisión de Seguimiento de la Aplicación de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el presente Acuerdo que se encargará de lo siguiente:", "i. Vigilar y evaluar la aplicación del presente Acuerdo;", "ii. Ayudar en el suministro de fondos y asistencia técnica a los órganos establecidos en virtud del presente Acuerdo;", "iii. Apoyar la aplicación del presente Acuerdo con arreglo a los plazos acordados.", "Composición de la Comisión de Seguimiento de la Aplicación", "480. La Comisión estará integrada por los siguientes miembros que han manifestado su compromiso de apoyar la aplicación del presente Acuerdo:", "i. Representante del Estado de Qatar Presidente\n ii. Dos (2) representantes del Gobierno del Sudán Miembro", "iii. Dos (2) representantes de los Movimientos Miembro", "iv. Representante de la Unión Africana Miembro", "v. Representante de las Naciones Unidas Miembro", "vi. El Representante Especial Conjunto y Jefe de la Miembro UNAMID", "vii. El ex Mediador Principal Conjunto de la Unión Miembro Africana y las Naciones Unidas", "viii. Representante de la Liga de los Estados Árabes Miembro", "ix. Representante de la Unión Europea Miembro", "x. Representante de la Organización de la Miembro Conferencia Islámica (OCI)", "xi. Representante del Canadá Miembro", "xii. Representante de Francia Miembro", "xiii. Representante del Japón Miembro", "xiv. Representante de la República Árabe de Egipto Miembro", "xv. Representante de la República Popular China Miembro", "xvi. Representante de la República del Chad Miembro", "xvii. Representante de la Federación de Rusia Miembro", "xviii. Representante del Reino Unido Miembro", "xix. Representante de los Estados Unidos de América Miembro", "481. El representante del Estado de Qatar, en su calidad de Presidente, convocará la reunión inaugural de la Comisión.", "Funciones de la Comisión", "482. La Comisión desempeñará las siguientes funciones:", "i. Vigilar, documentar y seguir de forma permanente la aplicación del presente Acuerdo;", "ii. Mantener un estrecho contacto con las Partes a fin de promover la plena adhesión a todas las disposiciones del presente Acuerdo y facilitar los esfuerzos de las Partes con este fin;", "iii. Planificar y supervisar la prestación de asistencia técnica y de apoyo a las actividades posteriores a los conflictos, y al establecimiento y funcionamiento de los órganos previstos en el presente Acuerdo, entre otras cosas creando capacidad, impartiendo formación y aportando recursos, expertos y asesores;", "iv. Evaluar los progresos realizados en el proceso de aplicación y asesorar a las Partes sobre cualquier aspecto que pueda provocar demoras, y proponer medidas adecuadas a este respecto;", "v. Ayudar a prestar el apoyo político y material necesario para lograr la plena aplicación del presente Acuerdo;", "vi. Desempeñar cualquier función adicional que la Comisión y las Partes puedan considerar adecuadas y que sean conformes a la letra y el espíritu del presente Acuerdo.", "Sesiones de la Comisión de Seguimiento de la Aplicación", "483. La Comisión se reunirá trimestralmente y publicará informes después de cada sesión. También convocará sesiones de emergencia cuando lo estime necesario. Cualquiera de las Partes podrá pedir a la Presidencia de la Comisión que convoque una sesión de emergencia.", "484. La UNAMID establecerá una secretaría para apoyar a la Comisión en sus funciones y actividades.", "485. La Comisión aprobará su propio reglamento.", "Artículo 78 Disposiciones finales", "486. El calendario de aplicación que figura en el anexo forma parte integrante del presente Documento.", "487. Una vez que haya sido aprobado por las Partes, el presente Documento adquirirá rango constitucional, y así se declarará en la Constitución Nacional.", "Proyecto de calendario de aplicación", "A. Reparto del poder", "[TABLE]", "B. Distribución de la riqueza", "Núm.serie\tActividad\tReferencia\tÓrgano(s)/Parte(s)responsable(s)\tPlazo\tComposición\tFuente(s)definanciación\tProcedimiento \n12.\tAdopción yejecución deproyectosintegradospara eldesarrollo,laestabilidad yelasentamientode lascomunidadesnómadas,aumentando laproductividadde estesector yregulando larelaciónentre losagricultoresy lospastores afin degarantizar laseguridad, laestabilidad yel desarrollopara todos\tPárrafo98\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\tIdentificacióndelosproyectosespecíficosyrealizacióndelosestudioseconómicosqueseaplicarán\n13.\tDesarrollo depolíticas yrealizaciónde losestudiosnecesariospara detenerladegradacióndel medioambiente ypreservar losrecursosnaturales\tPárrafo172i)\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\t\n14.\tFormulaciónde políticasque permitana las mujeresparticipar enla fuerza detrabajo deDarfur ycrear supropiacapacidadproductiva,especialmentea las queregresan\tPárrafo141iii)\tAutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\t\n15.\tFormulación yaplicación depolíticaspara promoverlasexportacionesde Darfurhacia losmercadosnacionales einternacionales,y ofrecerincentivos alos bancosespecializadoscomerciales yestatalespara queamplíen susactividadesen Darfur\tPárrafos114y116\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\t16.\tFormulación yaplicación depolíticas conmiras aldesarrollodel sistemaeducativo, laeducación yla formaciónde losciudadanos deDarfur y laerradicacióndelanalfabetismoentre lasmujeres\tPárrafo117\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesde \n Darfur/donantes\t17.\tPromoción delainvestigacióny eldesarrollo,en particularen eldesarrollo detecnologíasrelacionadascon laagricultura,la ganadería,la pequeñaindustria yla artesanía,la minería,el medioambiente y laenergía,especialmentelas energíasrenovables\tPárrafo118\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesde \n Darfur/donantes\t18.\ta) Exencióntotal delpago dederechos deaduana yotras tasaspara laimportaciónde materialesdestinados alaconstruccióny eldesarrollo deDarfur\tPárrafo126i)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +30días\tGobiernodelSudán DirectricesformuladasporelMinisteriodeHaciendayEconomíaNacionalparaelserviciode \n aduanasdelSudán\n\tb) ElGobierno delSudán asumiráel costo delos derechosaduaneros,así comootrosderechos ytasaspagaderos porlosmaterialesimportadospara laejecución deproyectosnacionales dedesarrollo enDarfur yproyectosfinanciadospor elGobierno delSudán omediantepréstamos\tPárrafo126ii) \n19.\tModificaciónde la Leysobrepromoción delasinversiones afin deofrecermayoresincentivos yhacer másatractiva lainversión enlos estadosde Darfurpara lasempresasextranjeras ynacionales\tPárrafo126iii)\tGobiernodelSudán/AsambleaNacional\tD+180días \n20.\tEstablecimientode laComisión deAsignación ySupervisiónFiscal yFinanciera(FFAMC)\tPárrafo152\tGobiernodelSudán/AsambleaNacional\tD+180días Promulgaciónde laleyporlaqueseestablecelaFFAMC\n21.\tNombramientode un equipode expertosencargado dedefinir loscriteriospara lastransferenciasdel FondoNacional deIngresos alos estados\tPárrafo152\tFFAMC\tD+180días 22.\tEstablecimientode la Misiónde EvaluaciónConjunta deDarfur,definición desus objetivosypreparativospara elinicio de sustrabajos\tPárrafo176\tPartes/donantes\tD+30días\tPartes/donantes Creacióndelgrupobásicodecoordinación,determinacióndesusfuncionesy delasecretaríaparalasactividadesde la misiónyprestacióndeasistenciaa lalaborquese realizaen Jartumy \n Darfur\n23.\tInicio de lostrabajos dela Misión deEvaluaciónConjunta deDarfur\tPárrafo177\tGobiernodelSudán/BancoMundial/BancoAfricanodeDesarrollo/BancodeDesarrollodeDarfur/NacionesUnidas/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\tD +60días\tGobiernodelSudán/NacionesUnidas/BancoAfricanodeDesarrollo/todoslospaísesyorganizacioneseconómicasregionaleseinternacionales\tLascomisionesestablecidasparaaplicarlasmedidasdelaMisióndeEvaluaciónConjuntadeDarfur\t24.\tPreparacióndel informede la Misiónde EvaluaciónConjunta conmiras aevaluar lasnecesidadesde Darfur\tPárrafo180\tMisióndeEvaluaciónConjuntadeDarfur\tD +120días\tGobiernodelSudán/NacionesUnidas/BancoAfricanodeDesarrollo LaSecretaríaprepararáelinformefinaldelostrabajosde laMisióndeEvaluaciónConjuntade Darfury lopresentaráalgrupo centralde coordinación.En el informesedescribiránlosproyectosdedesarrollo,lasactividadesdelucha contrala pobrezayrecuperacióneconómicay su costo,yfiguraráel consentimientodelGobiernodelSudánde \n asumirpartedelcostototal25.\tCelebraciónde laconferenciade donantes ycreación deun fondofiduciario dedonantesmúltiples yel órgano desupervisióndel Fondo deReconstruccióny Fomento deDarfur (DRDF)\tPárrafos176y178\tBancoMundial/NacionesUnidas/BancoAfricanodeDesarrollo/EstadodeQatar\tD +180días Losdonantes\tInvitaciónalBancoIslámicodeDesarrollo,laUniónAfricana,laLigadelos Estados Árabes,los fondos árabes,laUniónEuropea,los Estados Unidos,los países árabeseislámicosytodoslosdemás paísesy \n organizacionesinteresados\n26.\tReestructuracióndel Fondo deReconstruccióny Fomento deDarfur\tPárrafo139\tLasPartes\tD +60días \n27.\tTransferenciade200.000.000de dólares(doscientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo(capitalgenerador)\tPárrafo142\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +90días \n28.\tTransferenciade300.000.000de dólares(trescientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo(segundopago)\tPárrafo142i)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +1año+ 60días \n29.\tTransferenciade300.000.000de dólares(trescientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo (tercerpago )\tPárrafo142ii)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +2años+ 60días \n30.\tTransferenciade300.000.000de dólares(trescientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo (cuartopago)\tPárrafo142iii)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +3años+ 60días \n31.\tTransferenciade400.000.000de dólares(cuatrocientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo (quintopago)\tPárrafo142iv)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +4años+ 60días \n32.\tTransferenciade500.000.000de dólares(quinientosmillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) alFondo (sextopago)\tPárrafo142v)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +5años+ 60días \n33.\tEstablecimientodel sistemademicrofinanciacióny elaboraciónde susestatutos\tPárrafo130\tBancoCentraldelSudán,enconsultacon elGobiernodelSudán ylaAutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\tD +60días LasPartes,conlaparticipacióndeespecialistasenmicrocréditos\tDecisióndelBancoCentral34.\tPrimer plazode 40.000.000de dólares(cuarentamillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos)\tPárrafo134\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +90días\tGobiernodelSudán Pagaderosalsistemademicrofinanciaciónde \n Darfur35.\tSegundo plazode 30.000.000de dólares(treintamillones dedólaresde losEstadosUnidos)\tPárrafo134\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +1año+ 90días\tGobiernodelSudán Pagaderosalsistemademicrofinanciaciónde \n Darfur36.\tTercer plazode 30.000.000de dólares(treintamillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos)\tPárrafo134\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +2años+ 90días\tGobiernodelSudán Pagaderosalsistemademicrofinanciaciónde \n Darfur\n37.\tCreación decapacidadpara losbeneficiariosdel sistemademicrofinanciación\tPárrafo132\tAutoridadRegionaldeDarfurygobiernosestatalesdeDarfur\tD +120días\tGobiernodelSudán \n38.\tPrimera cuotade 75.000.000de dólares(setenta ycincomillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos) enapoyo de losserviciossociales delos estadosde Darfur\tPárrafo138\tGobiernodelSudán\tEnplazosmensuales Pagaderosa losestadosconlacontribuciónmensual39.\tSegunda cuotade 75.000.000de dólares(setenta ycincomillonesde dólares delos EstadosUnidos)\tPárrafo138\tGobiernodelSudán\tEnplazosmensuales Pagaderosa losestadosconlacontribución \n mensual40.\tTercera cuotade 75.000.000de dólares(setenta ycincomillones dedólares delos EstadosUnidos)\tPárrafo138\tGobiernodelSudán\tEnplazosmensuales Pagaderosa losestadosconlacontribución \n mensual41.\tDecisión deinvertir enDarfur eldinerorecaudadocomo azaqueen Darfur\tPárrafo150\tJuntade laCámaraCentraldelAzaque\tD +30días Distribuciónde lacomunicaciónde laJuntade la Cámara Centraldel Azaqueatodaslasoficinasde azaquede \n Darfur\n42.\tLa Cámara delAzaqueproporcionarála mayorfinanciaciónnecesariaposible yejecutará losproyectos enfavor de lasfamiliaspobres, enparticularlas que hayanregresado ylosrefugiados\tPárrafo151\tJuntade laCámaraCentraldelAzaque\tD +90días Decisiónde laJuntade laCámaraCentraldelAzaque\n43.\tFormulaciónde políticasy proyectosencaminadosal desarrollode laagriculturatradicionalde secano\tPárrafo173\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\tD +30días \n44.\tEvaluación yrevitalizaciónde losproyectosviablesmencionadosen el párrafo174\tPárrafo174\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/donantes\tD +1año\tGobiernodelSudán Formaciónde unequipodeexpertosprofesionalespararealizarlosestudiosnecesarios45.\tPreparación yejecución deun programade creaciónde capacidadavanzado eintegral enlos ámbitosde lasfinanzaspúblicas, elfederalismofiscal y latransparenciaen la gestiónde los gastos GobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/donantes\tD +30días\tGobiernodelSudán ElGobiernodelSudánconcertarácontratosconórganosespecializadosde \n dentroyfueradelSudána findeformularelprogramayejecutarloen elplazoespecificado46.\tEfectuar unareformaestructuralamplia de lainfraestructurade lasuniversidadesde Darfur yfinalizar laconstrucciónde susinstitucionespara quepuedan llevara cabo sucometido\tPárrafo171v)\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +30días\tGobiernodelSudán Financiaciónde lareformanecesariaconarregloa unplanpresentadoporelMinisteriodeEducaciónSuperiore InvestigaciónCientífica(encolaboraciónconlas \n universidadesafectadas)\n47.\tEstablecer laComisión deTierras deDarfur\tPárrafo196\tGobiernodelSudán/AsambleaNacional\tD +180días\tGobiernodelSudán Pordecretopresidencial48.\tModificargradualmentelas leyespara incluirlos derechossobre lastierras y suutilizaciónenconsonanciacon lascostumbres,tradiciones ylegadosrelativos ala propiedadde la tierra,las rutas detrashumanciay el acceso alos recursoshídricos. Ypermitir a lapoblación elregistro delas tierrasque posee portradiciónconsuetudinarias\tPárrafo182y194\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur/losórganoslegislativos\tD +120días ElGobiernodelSudán,laAutoridadRegionaldeDarfury losgobiernosestatalesprepararánproyectosparamodificarlasleyesquesesometerána laaprobacióndel ConsejoNacional,el Consejode laAutoridadRegionalde Darfury los órganoslegislativosdelos \n estados\n49.\tRestablecer ala situaciónanterior lastierrasconcedidas envirtud de lasleyes deinversión silospropietariosincumplieronlascondicionesde laconcesión\tPárrafo183\tAutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur/órganoslegislativos\tD +120días \n50.\tPreparar elplan para lacreación deuna base dedatoscatastralessobre el usode lastierras deDarfur y ladeterminaciónde resultados\tPárrafo197\tComisióndeTierrasdeDarfur\tD +180días\tAutoridadRegionaldeDarfur \n51.\tAprobación derecomendacionesy del planpara la basede datoscatastralessobre el usode lastierras deDarfur porlos órganoslegislativosde losestados deDarfur\tPárrafo197\tConsejode laAutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/AsambleasLegislativasde losestadosdeDarfur\tD +2años\tAutoridadRegionaldeDarfurygobiernosestatalesdeDarfur", "C. Indemnización y regreso de los desplazados internos y los refugiados", "Núm.serie\tActividad\tReferencia\tÓrgano(s)responsable(s)\tPlazo\tComposición\tFuente(s)definanciación\tProcedimientos \n52.\tEstablecimientode laComisión parael Regreso yelReasentamientoVoluntarios ysus doscomités, elComité parael RegresoVoluntario yel Comitéencargado delasReclamacionesde Bienes,así como elFondo deCompensación/JabrAl-Darar\tPárrafo252\tAsambleaLegislativa\tD +45días Promulgaciónde unaley\n53.\tExpedición dedocumentos deidentificacióna losdesplazadosinternos ylosrefugiados\tArtículo46Párrafos235a237\tGobiernodelSudán/ACNUR\tD +90días GobiernodelSudán\tSobrelabasede losresultadosdelestudioy laevaluaciónde lasnecesidades\n54.\tDesminado delas zonas deregreso y losaccesos delosdesplazadosinternos ylosrefugiados asus lugaresde origen ycaminos, yacceso a losserviciospúblicos\tPárrafo249iii)\tGobiernodelSudán/UNAMIDencolaboracióncon lasorganizacionescompetentes\tD +laño GobiernodelSudán/donantes(UNAMID)\t\n55.\tElaboraciónde estudiosestadísticossobre losdesplazadosinternos ylosrefugiadoscon elobjetivo deplanificar elregreso o elreasentamientovoluntario\tPárrafo257i)\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur/UNAMIDcon laasistenciadelACNUR\tD +60+ 60días GobiernodelSudán/donantes\t\n56.\tRealizaciónde unaevaluaciónintegral delasnecesidadesen las zonasde posibleriesgo, a finde prever losserviciosbásicos\tPárrafo257ii)\tComisiónpara elRegresoy elReasentamientoVoluntarioscon laasistenciadelACNUR\tUnavezestéestablecidalaComisiónparaelRegresoy elReasentamientoVoluntarios\tGobiernodelSudán/ComisiónparaelRegresoy elReasentamientoVoluntariosconlaasistenciadelACNUR\tGobiernodelSudán/donantes", "D. Justicia y reconciliación", "Núm. Actividad Referencia Órgano(s) Plazo Composición Fuente(s) de Procedimientos serie responsable(s) financiación", "57. Fortalecimiento Párrafo Gobierno del D + 90 Gobierno del de la justicia 296 i) y Sudán días en Sudán mediante el iii) adelante establecimiento de nuevos tribunales, el despliegue de personal judicial adicional y el suministro de recursos adecuados para el trabajo del fiscal en Darfur", "58. Concesión de una Párrafo 329 Presidente de la D + 30 Por decreto amnistía general República días presidencial", "59. Establecimiento Párrafo 311 Gobierno del D + 90 Gobierno del Por decreto de la Comisión de Sudán/ Autoridad días Sudán presidencial Verdad, Justicia Regional de y Reconciliación Darfur", "60. Establecimiento Párrafo 322 Gobierno del D + 90 Gobierno del Poder Judicial del Tribunal Sudán días Sudán Especial para Darfur", "61. Establecimiento Párrafo 328 Gobierno del D + 90 Gobierno del del Fondo de Sudán con la días Sudán con la asistencia asistencia de asistencia de jurídica donantes donantes", "62. Declaración de un Párrafo 305 Gobierno del D + 30 Por decreto día nacional de Sudán días presidencial la paz y la no violencia en Darfur", "63. Establecimiento Párrafo 331 Gobierno del D + 90 de un mecanismo Sudán días independiente, imparcial, eficaz y dotado de recursos para determinar y adoptar medidas apropiadas contra las personas de la administración pública que hayan sido declaradas culpables de cometer abusos y violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional humanitario", "E. Cesación permanente del fuego y disposiciones finales de seguridad", "Núm.serie\tActividad\tReferencia\tÓrgano(s)responsable(s)\tPlazo\tComposición\tFuente(s)definanciación\tProcedimientos \n64.\tLas Partesdeberánpresentar ala Mediaciónlasdisposicionesde susfuerzas, laslistas detodos losgruposarmadosadheridos aellas\tPárrafo381\tPartes\tAntesdeldíaD Necesariopara lapreparacióndemapas\n65.\tLas Partesdeberánindicar a laMediación laubicación delos camposminados Partes\tAntesdeldíaD Necesarioa losfinesde laplanificación\n66.\tEstablecimientode laComisión parala Cesacióndel Fuego enel cuartelgeneral de laFuerza\tPárrafo342\tUNAMID\tAntesdeldíaD\tComandantede laFuerza/Presidente–UNAMID;3 miembrosdecadaPartido;EstadodeQatar\tUNAMID/asociadosinternacionales\t\n67.\tVerificaciónde lasposiciones yla dotaciónde lasfuerzas delas Partes\tPárrafos393y394\tComisiónparalaCesacióndelFuego/UNAMID\tDespuésdeldíaD yantesdelaprimeraetapa ElPresidentede laComisiónpara laCesacióndelFuegodebemantenerlaconfidencialidadde losemplazamientosde lasPartes\n68.\tEstablecimientode Comisiónconjunta\tPárrafo342\tMediación+UNAMID\tD +7días\tRepresentanteespecialconjunto/EstadodeQatar/RepresentantesdelasPartes/LigadelosEstadosÁrabes/UniónEuropea/AsuntosPolíticosde laUNAMID\tUNAMID/asociadosinternacionales\t69.\tLiberación deniñossoldados\tPárrafos341viii)y433iii)\tLasPartesencooperaciónconelFondodelasNaciones\tAntesdeldíaD Parainiciarlaentregade losniñossoldadosalUNICEF \n UnidasparalaInfancia(UNICEF) \n70.\tEstablecimientodel ComitéMixto deCoordinaciónde Logística\tPárrafo410\tUNAMID\tD +5días\tUNAMID/Partes/Donantes\tDonantes\t\n71.\tComienzo delapreparaciónparalas etapas Ia III\tPárrafos395a402\tPartes\tD +7días \n72.\tEstablecimientode laComisión parala aplicaciónde lasdisposicionesde seguridadde Darfur\tPárrafo448\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\tD +60días\tPartes\tGobiernodelSudán/AutoridadRegionaldeDarfur\t\n73.\tLas Partesproporcionanplanes deredesplieguepara todaslas etapas dela cesacióndel fuego ala Comisiónpara laCesación delFuego\tPárrafo398\tPartes\tD +14días\tUNAMID/Partes \n74.\tProduccióndel mapafinal queindica lapublicaciónde lasfuerzas delosmovimientos,las zonas decontrol, lazonas deamortiguación,las zonasdesmilitarizadasy las zonasderedespliegue\tPárrafo348v)\tComisiónparalaCesacióndelFuego\tDespuésdelaverificación Losdetallesseránindicadosen elmapamaestro\n75.\tPreparacióndel plano depatrullajepara lavigilancia delas zonas deamortiguación\tPárrafo408\tComisiónparalaCesacióndelFuego\tD +7días \n76.\tDemarcaciónfísica de lasrespectivaszonas decontrol,amortiguaciónydesmilitarizada\tPárrafo391\tUNAMIDencolaboraciónconlasPartes\tD +37días \n77.\tLas Partesretiran lasfuerzas delas zonas dedesmilitarización/amortiguaciónhacia laszonas decontrol Partes\tD +7 aD +45días \n78.\tRestablecimientode laComisión deDesarme,DesmovilizaciónyReintegracióndel SudánSeptentrional\tPárrafo430\tPartes\tD +45días \n79.\tLosMovimientospresentan susnecesidadeslogísticas alComité deCoordinaciónConjunta delasDireccionesporintermedio dela Comisiónpara laCesación delFuego –UNAMID\tPárrafo409\tPartes\tD +10días 80.\tEstablecimientodel Comitétécnico deintegración\tPárrafo449\tComisiónparalaaplicacióndelas\tD +60 +10días disposicionesdeseguridadde \n Darfur \n81.\tRedesplieguede lasfuerzas delas Partes\tPárrafo398ii)\tUNAMID/Partes \n82.\tDistribuciónde apoyologístico nomilitar a losMovimientos\tPárrafo404iv)\tComitédeCoordinaciónConjuntadelasDirecciones\tD +30días GobiernodelSudán/asociadosinternacionales\t\n83.\tFormulación ypresentaciónde planes dedesarme,desmovilizaciónyreintegracióna la Comisiónpara laaplicación delasdisposicionesde seguridadde Darfur\tPárrafo432\tComisióndeDesarme,DesmovilizaciónyReintegración\tD +90días \n84.\tFormulación ypresentacióndel Plan deintegracióndeexcombatientes\tPárrafo449\tComitétécnicodeintegración\tD +90días \n85.\tSelección delas zonas deconcentraciónde lasfuerzas delosMovimientos ComisiónparalaCesacióndelFuego\tDependedeladecisióndelPresidentedelaComisiónparalaCesacióndelFuego \n86.\tPresentaciónde un planpara eldesarme delas milicias,incluidasmedidas ycalendariopara eldesarme delas miliciasantes de laetapa deintegración\tPárrafos399a401\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +37días \n87.\tConcentraciónde lasfuerzas delosMovimientos yalmacenamientode armaspesadas endeterminadosemplazamientosy zonas deconcentración UNAMID\tEfectuadoinmediatamentedespuéso enformasimultáneaconeldesplieguealaszonasdeconcentración (---)\t\n88.\tIntegraciónde losexcombatientesen las FAS ylas Fuerzasde Policíadel Sudán\tPárrafos442,454 a462\tComitétécnicodeintegración/GobiernodelSudán\tDeacuerdoconelcalendariodelComitétécnicodeintegración \n89.\tReforma dealgunasinstitucionesmilitares\tPárrafos463y464\tGobiernodelSudán\tD +200días \n90.\tDesarme,desmovilizaciónyreintegraciónsocioeconómicade losexcombatientes\tArtículos72y 73\tComisióndeDesarme,DesmovilizaciónyReintegración\tD +220días \n91.\tPreparacióndel plan y laestrategiapara elcontrol dearmas civiles\tPárrafo416\tPartes/PNUD/UNAMID\tDespuésdelaterceraetapa", "F. Consulta y diálogo internos y modalidades de aplicación", "Núm.serie\tActividad\tReferencia\tÓrgano(s)responsable(s)\tPlazo\tComposición\tFuente(s)definanciación\tProcedimientos \n92.\tPreparaciónde losmecanismos ymodalidadesde consulta ydiálogointernos enDarfur\tPárrafo473\tUNAMID/UniónAfricana/EstadodeQatar\tD +30días Donantes\t\n93.\tCelebraciónde laconsulta ydiálogointernos enDarfur\tPárrafo473\tUNAMID/UA/EstadodeQatar\tD +30 +90días Donantes\t\n94.\tEstablecimientode laComisión deseguimientode laaplicación\tPárrafo479\tMediación/EstadodeQatar\tAntesdeldíaD\tComoen elpárrafo479\tDonantes" ]
[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 33 \n Prevention of armed conflict", "Letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 18 July 2011 addressed to the Secretary-General from His Excellency Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Member of the Cabinet of the State of Qatar (see annex), and its enclosures:", "(a) Agreement between Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement signed on 14 July 2011 in Doha for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, which was endorsed by the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference held from 27 to 31 May 2011 in Doha, as the basis for final settlement of the Darfur conflict;", "(b) Doha Document for Peace in Darfur.", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter and its annex as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 33, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Tariq Ali F. Al-Ansari Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I would like to reiterate our thanks and appreciation to you for your continued support to the Doha Darfur Peace Process. We also extend our deep gratitude to you for welcoming the signing of an agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 2011, in Doha, for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, endorsed by the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference, held in Doha from 27 to 31 May 2011, as the basis for a final settlement of the Darfur conflict.", "Hence, it is my pleasure to enclose herewith the above-mentioned agreement in both Arabic and English, with the Arabic and English versions of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur attached thereto.", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter and its enclosures as a document of the General Assembly, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet", "Enclosure", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful", "AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SUDAN AND THE LIBERATION AND JUSTICE MOVEMENT FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR", "The Government of The Sudan (GoS) and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), hereinafter referred to as “the Parties”;", "Referring to the Doha Darfur Peace Document (DDPD), as the outcome of an endeavor, for which the Parties to the negotiations, the Sudanese people in general, and the People of Darfur in particular, have persistently and diligently exerted their utmost efforts with a view to achieving just, durable, and comprehensive negotiated peace;", "Expressing their commitment to the Interim National Constitution of The Sudan and the principles enshrined therein;", "Expressing their full conviction that the DDPD is the basis for the settlement of the conflict in Darfur;", "Affirming their commitment to a durable peaceful settlement on the basis of the DDPD, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;", "Reaffirming their profound commitment to achieving peace, security, and development in Darfur; and recognizing that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily but only by a peaceful and inclusive political settlement;", "Expressing their full conviction that this agreement augurs well for the realization of the purposes and principles of United Nations Charter related to the maintenance of international peace and security;", "Referring to the commitments of the international community towards the support and the consolidation of peace in Darfur;", "Stressing the value and importance of the broad assistance and contribution of the African Union-United Nations Joint Mediation and the international partners;", "Welcoming the support for the DDPD by the United Nations Secretary-General, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union and the international peace partners;", "Affirming that the DDPD is the outcome of the wide participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives through the Doha Civil Society, IDPs and Refugees Consultative Forums I & II in November 2009 and July 2010, respectively, and the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place within Sudan, and particularly in Darfur;", "Confirming that the DDPD addresses the concerns of the people of Darfur, and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays solid foundations for recovery, reconstruction and development in Darfur;", "Noting that the DDPD provides the opportunity for the armed Movements, which have participated in the Doha peace process to join in realization of and commitment to the principle of inclusiveness;", "Reiterating their commitment and resolve to fully implement the DDPD, and welcoming, in this connection, the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Commission (IFC);", "Calling upon the international community to firmly support the implementation of the DDPD, and to provide the necessary resources and expertise for this purpose;", "Expressing their deep appreciation and gratitude to the State of Qatar under the leadership of His Highness, Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar for the critical role of facilitating the Doha peace process;", "Have agreed to the following:", "Article 1: The parties adopt the DDPD and all its annexes, which constitute an integral part thereof, namely the implementation modalities and timelines and the Protocol on the participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, as initialed by the two Parties and by the Mediation.", "Article 2: The Parties undertake to implement each and every provision in the DDPD and all its annexes as referred to in article 1 above.", "Article 3: The Parties agree to settle any dispute or disagreement that may arise from the interpretation or the implementation of the present Agreement peacefully through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations. In case the Parties fail to agree, the matter shall be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision shall be binding.", "Article 4: This Agreement shall enter into force upon its signing by the Parties.", "Article 5: In witness whereof the duly authorized representatives of the Parties have initiated the DDPD as attached and as the basis to this agreement, and signed this Agreement, in the presence of the witnesses hereunder.", "Done in Doha, this 13th of Sha’baan, 1432 Hijri, being the 14th of July, 2011 A.D., in two original texts in the Arabic and English languages, both texts being equally authentic. In case of discrepancies between the versions, the Arabic version shall prevail.", "For the Government of The Republic For the Liberation and Justice of The Sudan (GoS) Movement\n [] []", "Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem Advisor to the President of the Chairman of the Liberation and Republic Justice Movement", "Witnessed by:", "For the State of Qatar For the African Union and the United Nations", "[]", "H.E. Ahmed bin Abdulla Al-Mahmoud Prof. Ibrahim Gambari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Joint Special Representative and Member of the Cabinet", "[]", "H.E. Djibril Yipènè Bassolé Minister of Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation of Burkina Faso", "Enclosure 2", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "DOHA DOCUMENT FOR PEACE IN DARFUR (DDPD)", "Table of Contents", "List of Abbreviations", "Definitions", "Preamble", "Chapter I — Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", "Chapter II — Power-Sharing and the Administrative Status of Darfur", "Chapter III — Wealth Sharing", "Chapter IV — Compensation and the Return of IDPs and Refugees", "Chapter V — Justice and Reconciliation", "Chapter VI — Permanent Ceasefire and Final Security Arrangements", "Chapter VII — Internal Dialogue and Consultation & Implementation Modalities", "— Final Provisions", "Annex — Implementation Timetable", "LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS", "ADB — African Development Bank", "ADSC — All Darfur Stakeholders Conference", "AFR — Annual Financial Report", "AOR — Area of Responsibility", "AU — African Union", "CFA — Ceasefire Agreement", "CFC — Ceasefire Commission", "CPA — The Comprehensive Peace Agreement", "CPC — Community Policing Centre", "CTSG — Ceasefire Team Site Group", "DDB — Darfur Development Bank", "DDR — Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration", "DFC — Deputy Force Commander", "DJAM — Darfur Joint Assessment Mission", "DLC — Darfur Land Commission", "DMZ — Demilitarised Zone", "DoC DPA — Declarations of Commitment to the DPA", "DPA — Darfur Peace Agreement", "DSG — Darfur State Governments", "DRA — Darfur Regional Authority", "DRC — Darfur Referendum Commission", "DRDF — Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund", "EU — European Union", "FC — Force Commander", "FFAMC — Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission", "GoS — Government of Sudan", "IFC — Implementation Follow-up Commission", "ICRC — International Committee of the Red Cross", "IDPs — Internally Displaced Persons", "INC — Interim National Constitution", "ITC — Integration Technical Committee", "JAF — Compensation/Jabr Al Darar Fund", "JC — Joint Commission", "JCM — Joint Coordination Mechanism", "JLCC — Joint Logistics Coordination Committee", "JSC — Judicial Service Commission", "JTC — Joint Technical Committee", "LAS — League of Arab States", "LCC — Logistics Coordination Committee", "MDGs — Millennium Development Goals", "MFS — Micro Finance System", "NC — National Constitution", "NCRC — National Constitutional Review Commission", "NCS — National Civil Service", "NCSC — National Civil Service Commission", "NGO — Non-Governmental Organisation", "NRF — National Revenue Fund", "OIC — Organisation of the Islamic Conference", "PC — Police Commissioner", "PCRC — Property Claims and Restitution Committee", "RCC — Reparation and Compensation Commission", "RoE — Rules of Engagement", "SAF — Sudan Armed Forces", "SOMA — Status of Mission Agreement", "SPF — Sudan Police Forces", "SSCFC — Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission", "Sub-CFCs — Sub-Ceasefire Commissions", "TRC — Truth and Reconciliation Committee", "TJRC — Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "TSGs — Team Site Groups", "UN — United Nations", "UNAMID — African Union United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "UNHCR — United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF — United Nations International Children’s Educational Fund", "UNPOL — United Nations Police serving with UNAMID", "UNSCR — United Nations Security Council Resolution", "USA — United States of America", "VRC — Voluntary Return Committee", "VRRC — Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission", "WB — World Bank", "DEFINITIONS", "“Ajaweed Council” means a Mediation Council which consists of the Native Administration and community leaders.", "“Area of Control” means a defined area over which one of the Parties exercises control and in which no other Party may undertake activity.", "“Armed Militia” means irregular forces, whether or not associated or affiliated with any Party, and includes any armed group engaging in or which has engaged in hostile activity.", "“Assembly” means the process of the relocation of the Movements’ former combatants into selected sites for purposes of their disarmament and integration into selected security institutions.", "“Assembly Areas” or “Cantonment Sites” are used interchangeably to mean locations where combatants go through the disarmament and demobilisation process.", "“Buffer Zone” means a defined area established in accordance with this Agreement monitored by UNAMID from which disputing or belligerent forces have been excluded.", "“Combatants” means Movements’ forces.", "“Commissioner” means head of a body in the Agreement, member of the DRA.", "“Community Police” means volunteer personnel who are recruited by GoS in consultation with DRA from local communities to undertake patrolling activities to assist in maintaining public peace and tranquillity.", "“Conflict-affected persons” or “victims of conflict” means persons or groups of people who have suffered persecution during the conflict in Darfur as well as those whose life and livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of the conflict.", "“Crew-Assisted Weapons” means those weapons that cannot be served by a single operator and require supplementary operators and technical means, both in launching position and/or the terminal trajectory position. Often these types of weapons are mounted on vehicles, ships and aircraft.", "“Demilitarised Zone” means a defined area in accordance with this Agreement within which the Parties undertake no military operations and from which they remove military assets.", "“Demobilisation” means the process by which the Parties begin to disband their military structure and former combatants begin the process of transformation into civilian life.", "“Disarmament” means the collection, control and disposal of small arms, light and heavy weapons and includes de-mining.", "“Disengagement” is a general term for a process that would result in the geographical separation of opposing forces.", "“Hawakeer” means tribal land ownership rights.", "“Internally Displaced Persons” (IDPs) means persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalised violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised State border.", "“Movements” means all the armed groups involved in the conflict other than State armed forces and associated militia; for the purpose of this Agreement, the “Movements” refers to parties to the Doha Peace Process and are signatories to this Agreement.", "“National Constitution” means the Interim National Constitution and any other Constitution.", "“Parties” means the Government of Sudan and the Movements parties to the Doha Peace Process.", "“Reconciliation” means a process which assists the victims of prolonged violence and grave violations of fundamental rights to overcome the grief, anger, hatred and loss of trust in order to rebuild confidence among communities and restore social peace.", "“Redeployment” means the transfer of a unit, an individual or supplies deployed to one area to another location within the area, or to an interior part of the zone for the purpose of further employment or demobilisation for reintegration and/or out processing.", "“Reform of selected security institutions” means the process of transforming specific security institutions to improve their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism and to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted international standards.", "“Refugee” means a person who, owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country, or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. “Refugee” is also applied to every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality.", "“Regular Forces” means the Armed Forces, the Police Forces and the national intelligence and security services of the Republic of the Sudan.", "“Reintegration” means assistance measures provided to former combatants in order to increase the potential for their economic and social absorption into civil society.", "“Returnee” means a displaced person who voluntarily returns to his/her habitual residence before displacement with the intention to re-establish himself/herself there.", "“Rules of Engagement” (RoE) means directives issued by a competent military authority that define the circumstances and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue use of force against other forces encountered.", "PREAMBLE", "The Parties to the Agreement hereinafter referred to as “The Parties”;", "Reaffirming the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Sudan;", "Reiterating their commitment to the National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan of 2005, to the full implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of January 2005, and to the African Union Decisions and United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR) concerning the need to reach a political solution in order to bring the conflict in Darfur to an end;", "Recalling the previous agreements on the conflict in Darfur, in particular the Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement on the Conflict in Darfur & Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur of 8 April, 2004, N’Djamena, Chad; the Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on the Modalities for the Establishment of the Ceasefire Commission and the Deployment of Observers in Darfur of 28 May 2004, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Improvement of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur of 9 November, 2004, Abuja, Nigeria; the Protocol between the Government of Sudan, The Sudan Liberation Movement / Army and the Justice and Equality Movement on the Enhancement of the Security Situation in Darfur in accordance with the N’Djamena Agreement of 9 November, 2004, Abuja, Nigeria; the Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur of 5 July, 2005, Abuja, Nigeria; the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) of 5 May, 2006, Abuja, Nigeria; the Goodwill Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 17 February 2009, Doha, Qatar; the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 23 February 2010, Doha, Qatar; the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, Doha, Qatar; the Ceasefire Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, Doha, Qatar;", "Recognising that the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the foundation of national cohesion and shall therefore be promoted and developed;", "Welcoming the generous initiative of His Highness the Emir of the State of Qatar to create a Darfur Development Bank (DDB) to assist development and reconstruction efforts in Darfur;", "Stressing the necessity to promote and protect human rights, justice, accountability and reconciliation in Sudan, and in particular in Darfur;", "Condemning all acts of violence against civilians and the violations of human rights, in particular violence against women and children; and stressing the imperative to refrain from such acts of violence and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;", "Recognising that creating conditions for durable peace in Darfur, the implementation of this Agreement, national reconciliation, social cohesion and reconstruction require the promotion and protection of human rights, respect for the principle of equality of all Sudanese citizens and for the rule of law;", "Stressing the necessity that all Parties to the armed conflict in Darfur shall fully and unconditionally accept their obligations under international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and relevant UNSCR;", "Committed to address human rights violations committed during the Darfur conflict;", "Taking into account the outcomes of the first and the second Darfur civil society forums, held in Doha in November 2009 and July 2010 respectively and the outcomes of the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC) held in Doha in May 2011;", "Recognising that the Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily and a durable solution can only be obtained through an inclusive political process,", "Have agreed to the following:", "CHAPTER I - HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS", "ARTICLE 1: PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS", "1. The Parties recognise the importance of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms of all people of Darfur. The Government of Sudan (GoS), the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) and the Governments of the States of Darfur shall guarantee the effective enjoyment of all rights and freedoms enshrined in Sudan's National Constitution and international human rights instruments to which Sudan is a party.", "2. All Parties shall fulfil their obligations under international human rights and international humanitarian law and ensure a conducive environment for the effective exercise of civil and political rights as well as the full and equal enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.", "3. Citizenship shall be the basis for equal political and civic rights and obligations for all Sudanese.", "4. The Parties shall ensure that all persons enjoy and exercise all of the rights and freedoms provided for in this Agreement, in the National Constitution of Sudan and international and regional human rights instruments to which Sudan is a party without discrimination on any grounds including sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin or social status. Women, children and men shall be guaranteed the equal enjoyment of all rights enshrined in the international human rights and humanitarian law instruments to which Sudan is a party.", "5. The security and safety of everyone shall be guaranteed in Darfur on the basis of the rule of law, equality and non-discrimination. The Parties shall respect the right to life and security of persons, personal dignity and integrity and ensure that no person be arbitrarily deprived of his/her life, tortured or ill-treated.", "6. The GoS shall guarantee the right to fair and public trial, as well as the right to resort to justice in all civil, administrative and criminal proceedings on the basis of equality before the courts and tribunals. This guarantee includes the rights set out in Articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "7. The GoS shall take the necessary legal and administrative measures to ensure freedom of opinion, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom to peaceful assembly and association, and the equal right to form and register political parties, the equal right to vote and the right to participate in public affairs, the right to form and participate in civil society organisations, private sector bodies and trade unions. The GoS shall guarantee the freedom of the press and other media in accordance with international human rights standards as enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.", "8. All Parties shall refrain from threatening citizens for their opinion or preventing them from exercising their equal right to freedom of expression, association and movement and peaceful assembly in Darfur.", "9. The GoS, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III, shall promote the general welfare and economic growth in Darfur through provision of adequate basic needs, services and infrastructure, promotion of youth employment, empowerment of women, good governance, public services and allocation of appropriate resources, as well as equal access to natural resources including land for all communities in Darfur, with due respect to prevailing norms and traditions.", "10. The Parties agree to foster the participation of the people of Darfur in the planning, designing and implementing programmes of early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation in Darfur.", "11. The needs of women, children and vulnerable groups shall be given due attention in the Darfur early recovery, reconstruction, rehabilitation and education policies and programmes.", "12. The Parties urge the international community to enhance the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights through sustainable programmes of early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation throughout Darfur.", "13. The GoS shall ensure the full establishment and effective functioning of the newly created National Human Rights Commission in compliance with the Paris principles within thirty days of the signing of this Agreement; and facilitate, within three months from the signing of this Agreement, the establishment by the latter, of decentralised, independent, autonomous and resourced Human Rights Sub-Committees for Darfur.", "14. The National Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Sub-Committees shall monitor the situation of human rights as well as protect and promote human rights in Darfur. The fight against all forms of discrimination and the protection of economic and social and cultural rights shall be given due attention by both the Commission and the Sub-Committees which shall regularly report on progress made towards the effective implementation of the principle of equality between States and citizens in Sudan.", "15. The Parties shall cooperate with the Human Rights Sub-Committees for Darfur in the implementation of their mandate. The Sub-Committees shall have access to all relevant documents and information pertaining to human rights including physical access to all detainees throughout Darfur.", "16. Technical and material assistance may be sought from the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and other international organisations.", "17. The Parties shall cooperate with the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the implementation of its human rights and rule of law mandates.", "18. Human rights and civil society organisations in Darfur shall be encouraged to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights through regular monitoring, early warning, advocacy and capacity-building programmes.", "CHAPTER II — POWER SHARING AND ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "ARTICLE 2: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POWER SHARING", "Power sharing shall be based on the following principles:", "19. Sudan is an independent, sovereign and federal republic in which sovereignty is vested in the people and shall be exercised by the State according to the provisions of the Constitution of Sudan.", "20. Religion, beliefs, traditions and customs are sources of moral strength and inspiration for the Sudanese people. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the foundation of national cohesion and shall therefore be promoted, developed and managed according to national criteria that reflect both the national unity and the diversity of the Sudanese people. The Sudanese people share a common heritage and aspirations and accordingly agree to work together.", "21. Power sharing is vital for the country's unity, security and stability. The devolution of power and the peaceful transfer of executive and legislative powers by democratic means, through free and fair elections, as guarantors of stability shall be the foundation for democratic governance in Sudan.", "22. Elections at all levels of government in Sudan shall be based on free and direct voting, observed by national and international observers.", "23. The separation of the legislative, executive and judicial powers at all levels of the federation shall consolidate good governance, accountability, transparency and commitment to the security and welfare of the people.", "24. The rule of law and the independence of the judiciary shall be guaranteed.", "25. Citizenship shall be the basis for civic rights and obligations without any discrimination as to the ethnicity, tribe, religion, gender or origin of persons. This does not preclude any law, programme or activity that has as its objective the improvement of conditions of individuals or groups that have been disadvantaged because of their race, ethnicity, colour, or regional or national origin.", "26. The displacement of citizens within or outside the territory of Sudan shall not preclude the full exercise of their civic rights subject to relevant national and international laws.", "27. There shall be a federal system of government, with an effective devolution of powers and a clear distribution of responsibilities to ensure fair and equitable participation by the citizens of Sudan in general, and those of Darfur in particular.", "28. All citizens, including the people of Darfur, shall be fairly and equally represented in the national civil service, public bodies and institutions, commissions, armed forces and other regular forces, at all levels, especially the senior and middle levels.", "29. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) relating to the North-South border and any international agreements in force between the Republic of Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern boundaries of Darfur shall return to their positions of 1 January 1956.", "30. The participation of the people of Darfur shall be ensured at all levels of government and in all State institutions, by means of fair power sharing criteria.", "31. All levels of Government shall ensure the provision of continuing opportunities of general education, training and employment in public service to promote full and equal participation of the people of Darfur in advancing the nation's welfare. In this context, special attention shall be given to women and children in the field of education, capacity building and training. Training centres shall be established in urban and rural areas in collaboration with specialised international and regional organisations.", "32. All Movements shall take necessary measures to transform themselves into political parties according to the established legal arrangements.", "33. Without prejudice to paragraph 32, the Movements shall participate at different levels of government according to this Agreement.", "34. To address the under-representation of women in government institutions and decision-making structures, special measures shall be taken and implemented, according to this Agreement, in order to ensure women's equal and effective participation in decision-making at all levels of government in Darfur.", "POWER SHARING AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL", "ARTICLE 3: CRITERIA FOR POWER SHARING", "35. Power sharing, as provided for in this Agreement, shall respect the principle of proportionality, and Darfur shall fully participate in all forms of political power in Sudan's National Government.", "36. Affirmative action shall be taken in favour of the people of Darfur to augment their representation in the public and civil service and regular forces. For the long term, special educational training and public employment opportunities shall be provided to enable the people of Darfur to participate fully on an equal basis in advancing the welfare of Sudan.", "37. The representation of the people of Darfur at the national level shall reflect the proportion of the Darfur population to the total population of Sudan, after the separation of South Sudan.", "ARTICLE 4: THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE", "38. Darfur shall be represented in the National Executive according to the criterion of proportionality.", "THE PRESIDENCY", "VICE-PRESIDENT", "39. A number of Vice-Presidents shall be appointed in a manner that realises political inclusion and representation of all Sudanese including from Darfur. A Vice-President shall have the following responsibilities:", "i. Member of the National Council of Ministers,", "ii. Member of the National Security Council,", "iii. Act as President in the absence of the President and First Vice President in accordance with the order of precedence among Vice Presidents as shall be determined by the President,", "iv. Any other function or duty that may be assigned to him/her by the President.", "ASSISTANTS AND ADVISERS TO THE PRESIDENT", "40. Assistants and Advisers to the President shall be appointed from Darfur according to its proportion of Sudan's population.", "41. An Assistant to the President shall be appointed from Darfur.", "THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF MINISTERS", "42. Darfur shall be represented in the National Council of Ministers, in accordance to the proportionality criterion. In this regard:", "i. The five posts of Cabinet Ministers and four posts of Ministers of State currently held by the people of Darfur shall continue to be held by the people of Darfur;", "ii. Two additional Cabinet Ministers and four Ministers of State shall be nominated by the Movements and appointed by the President.", "iii. In the event of a change in the composition of the Council of Ministers, the Movements shall retain the same percentage of representation before the change.", "ARTICLE 5: THE NATIONAL LEGISLATURE", "43. Darfur shall be represented in the National Legislature in accordance with its proportion of Sudan's population. In this regard:", "i. Darfur shall retain its 96 seats in the National Legislature until the next national elections.", "ii. The share of Darfur from any vacant seats in the National Legislature arising from the new demographic configuration of Sudan following the January 9, 2011 referendum in South Sudan shall be filled by the Movements through an arrangement to be agreed upon by the Parties.", "ARTICLE 6: THE NATIONAL JUDICIARY", "44. The National Judiciary is an important arm of government. It is vital to maintain its neutrality, impartiality and independence.", "45. The National Judiciary shall be representative of the people of Sudan including Darfur. The people of Darfur shall be adequately represented in the Judicial Service Commission (JSC). The Commission shall guarantee the adequate representation of the people of Darfur in the national judicial institutions, including the Court of Appeal, the National Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.", "46. A Panel of Experts shall be established by the JSC to, as a long-term measure, identify any imbalance in the representation of the people of Darfur and make appropriate recommendations on how the imbalance should be redressed.", "47. The Constitutional Court has the competence to settle any disputes between levels or organs of government regarding their areas of exclusive, concurrent and residual competence.", "ARTICLE 7: THE NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE AND OTHER PUBLIC BODIES", "48. Darfur shall be represented in the National Civil Service (NSC) and other public bodies according to the principles of proportionality, affirmative action and precedents, in order to rectify identified imbalances and under-representation of the people of Darfur.", "49. The NCS shall be representative of all the people of Sudan, especially at the senior and middle levels.", "50. A National Civil Service Commission (NCSC), with proportionate representation from Darfur, shall be created and tasked to address imbalances in the civil service and other public bodies.", "51. A Panel of Experts with substantial representation from Darfur, including at the more senior levels, shall be established under the NCSC to determine the level of representation of the people of Darfur in the NCS at all levels.", "52. The Panel shall identify any imbalances that have undermined the representation of the people of Darfur in the NCS, and shall make practical and action-oriented recommendations to address such imbalances and discrepancies in the NCS, including recommending appropriate measures to ensure fair representation for the people of Darfur in the service. The Panel is to be guided in its work by the following:", "i. Population size based on the 2008 or subsequent census;", "ii. Affirmative action in recruitment, training and promotion, including measures to promote gender balance.", "53. The Panel shall complete its work and submit its report no later than six months after the signing of this Agreement, following which the GoS shall take remedial action within a period of six months.", "54. Pending the outcome of the Panel's report, the GoS shall ensure that the following tasks are carried out:", "i. Establish and achieve interim targets for the participation of the people of Darfur, especially at middle and senior levels of the NCS including, but not limited to Under-Secretaries, Ambassadors, members of commissions and other senior posts of responsibility. These targets shall be reviewed after the submission of the report of the Panel of Experts, and shall take into consideration the representation of qualified and neutral candidates from the Movements in the NCS;", "ii. Reserve certain posts in the NCS exclusively for qualified women from Darfur;", "iii. Formulate policies and execute affirmative action on training and recruitment into the NCS of qualified people from Darfur, taking into account the agreed upon criteria, with the objective of ensuring equitable representation in the NCS, as well as to redress any imbalances;", "iv. Conduct a review of the adopted policies, three years into their implementation, and setting such new goals and targets as may be deemed necessary.", "55. The Parties agree that all persons dismissed arbitrarily and unjustly from the NCS, for reasons related to the conflict, shall be reinstated. Such persons shall not lose their seniority and shall receive their accrued entitlements. The NCSC shall receive complaints, determine their merits and demerits and recommend as appropriate.", "ARTICLE 8: REPRESENTATION OF MOVEMENTS AT THE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT", "56. Movements shall be represented at all levels of government on the basis of additional protocols between each Movement and the Government. Such protocols shall be an integral part of this agreement.", "ARTICLE 9: THE ARMED FORCES AND OTHER REGULAR FORCES", "57. The Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) shall be regular, professional and non-partisan. The people of Darfur shall be fairly represented at all levels therein. The GoS shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with the recruitment criteria, to rectify any imbalances that may exist in the representation of the people of Darfur at senior levels of the SAF and in the intake into the military academies.", "58. The Police, Customs, Immigration and Border Guards, the Prisons and Wildlife Services and all other regular forces shall be open to all Sudanese, including the people of Darfur, to reflect the diversity of the Sudanese society.", "THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR AND POWER SHARING WITHIN DARFUR", "ARTICLE 10: THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DARFUR REGIONAL AUTHORITY", "59. The Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) shall be established. The DRA shall serve as the principal instrument for the implementation of this Agreement in collaboration with the GoS and with the support of the international partners. It will also play a central role in enhancing implementation, coordination and promotion of all post-conflict reconstruction and development projects and activities in Darfur, and be responsible for cooperation and coordination among the States of Darfur. The activities of the DRA shall primarily aim to promote:", "i. Peace and security;", "ii. Socio-economic development, stability and growth;", "iii. Justice, reconciliation and healing.", "60. The DRA shall establish its own rules of procedure, engage necessary staff to carry out its work and establish a budget for that purpose. The prerogatives of the DRA shall not contradict or affect the exclusive powers of the states in Darfur and the Federal Government. However, the DRA shall have oversight responsibility over all matters related to its areas of primary jurisdiction and competence. The DRA shall supervise the conduct of a referendum to decide the administrative status of Darfur, specifically whether to keep the current States system or to have a single region with States.", "61. Without prejudice to the exclusive competencies of the Darfur States as provided for in the Constitution, the DRA shall oversee the implementation of all the provisions of this Agreement, including those under the jurisdiction of the States of Darfur.", "62. A Darfur regional security committee shall be established in conformity with the national and state pattern, and its competencies shall be defined.", "COMPETENCIES OF THE DRA", "63. The DRA shall have the following primary competencies:", "i. Implementation of the provisions of this Agreement in collaboration with the GoS;", "ii. Achieving reconciliation and the consolidation of security and social peace;", "iii. Post conflict reconstruction and development, as well as the coordination of all engagements of international and regional partners including the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM);", "iv. Health issues, environmental protection and addressing the consequences of climate change;", "v. Planning, development and conservation of cattle routes and pastures;", "vi. Creation of durable conditions necessary for voluntary return and resettlement of IDPs and refugees;", "vii. Planning for land use and the exercise of the relevant rights;", "viii. Education and cultural development;", "ix. Planning and statistics;", "x. Enhancing cooperation and facilitating communication and coordination among the Darfur States;", "xi. Borrowing money from both national and external institutions in the context of the national macroeconomic policy as approved and guaranteed by the Bank of Sudan;", "xii. Protection and promotion of human rights;", "xiii. Enhancing transparency and good governance;", "xiv. Capacity building;", "xv. Regional tourism;", "xvi. Reviewing and recommending the legislative and executive measures towards enhancing inter-state coordination;", "xvii. Policies for control of small arms and light weapons in Darfur;", "xviii. Any other tasks the Parties may agree on.", "CONCURRENT COMPETENCIES", "64. The DRA shall have concurrent competencies in policy making and coordination on the following:", "i. Socio-economic development in the Region;", "ii. Health policies;", "iii. Financial and economic policies;", "iv. Urban development and housing planning;", "v. Development of trade and industry;", "vi. Relief and humanitarian affairs;", "vii. Initiation and negotiation, upon the approval of the GoS, of international agreements on tertiary education, culture, sports, humanitarian affairs, loans and grants, trade, investment, technical assistance with foreign governments and NGOs;", "viii. Women advancement, motherhood and child care;", "ix. Food and drugs quality control, consumer safety and protection;", "x. Tertiary education and professional and scientific research institutes;", "xi. Gender policy;", "xii. Electricity generation and water and waste management;", "xiii. Policies on land ownership, use and rights;", "xiv. Emergency relief and disaster prevention and management, and epidemics control;", "xv. Media, publications, mass media and radio stations;", "xvi. Management, protection and conservation of environment;", "xvii. Sports, cultural heritage and development of youth skills;", "xviii. Planning Darfur’s natural resources.", "STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION", "65. The DRA shall be composed of two main organs: the DRA Executive Organ and the DRA Council.", "THE DRA EXECUTIVE ORGAN", "66. The President of the Republic of Sudan shall appoint from the Movements, the DRA Chairperson, who shall preside over the DRA Executive Organ.", "67. The DRA Executive Organ shall consist of the following:", "i. The DRA Chairperson", "ii. Governors of the States of Darfur - Deputy Chairs", "iii. Assistant to the Chairperson in charge of DRA Affairs - Member", "iv. Minister of Finance and Economic Planning - Member", "v. Minister of Culture, Information and Tourism - Member", "vi. Minister of Agriculture and Livestock - Member", "vii. Minister of Reconstruction, Development and Infrastructure - Member", "viii. Minister of Environment and Natural Resources Development - Member", "ix. Minister for DRA Council Affairs - Member", "x. Minister of Social Affairs, Maternity and Childhood Care - Member", "xi. Minister of Health Affairs - Member", "xii. Minister of Youth and Sports - Member", "xiii. Minister of Technology Development and Capacity Building - Member", "xiv. Commissioner, Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission - Member", "xv. Commissioner, Justice, Truth and Reconciliation Commission - Member", "xvi. Chairperson, Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund - Member", "xvii. Commissioner, Land Commission - Member", "xviii. Commissioner, Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission - Member", "68. In State Protocol, the DRA Chairperson comes directly after the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and before the Assistants to the President of the Republic.", "69. The Members of the DRA Executive Organ shall be appointed by the President of the Republic of the Sudan, upon nomination by the DRA Chairperson. The appointed Members shall have the status of State Ministers.", "70. The DRA Chairperson may hold accountable the DRA Executive Organ members. He/she may also make a recommendation to the President of the Republic to relieve any member appointed in the Executive Organ. The DRA Council may withdraw confidence from any member appointed in the Executive Organ and make a recommendation to the DRA Chairperson to relieve him/her.", "THE DRA COUNCIL", "71. The DRA Council made up of 67 members, shall consist of the following:", "i. Chairperson;", "ii. Two Vice Chairpersons;", "iii. Representatives of Movements;", "iv. Representatives of the State Legislatures.", "72. The DRA Council may establish specialised committees as it deems necessary.", "THE COMPETENCIES OF THE DRA COUNCIL", "73. The DRA Council shall have supervisory, monitoring and organisational competencies. The Council shall examine laws and recommend legislative measures that would promote coordination and cooperation among the States of Darfur. Specifically, the competencies of the Council shall include:", "i. Examining laws as they relate to the competencies of the DRA;", "ii. Controlling and evaluating the performance of the DRA;", "iii. Approving the budget of the DRA;", "iv. Ensuring proper spending and accountability by the DRA;", "v. Adopting policies within the competencies of the DRA and in particular, over all trans- boundary issues between/among the States of Darfur;", "vi. Establishing a Committee for the preparation of a Constitution of the Darfur Region in the event of a majority vote by the people of Darfur for the creation of one region.", "SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES", "74. The DRA shall exercise its functions without prejudice to the constitutional powers and functions of the Governments of the States of Darfur. In the event that the Chairperson of the DRA deems that any action being undertaken by a State Government undermines the implementation of the Agreement, the matter shall be referred to the DRA Council for decision without prejudice to the right of any of the parties to resort to the Constitutional Court for final settlement of the dispute in accordance with the following:", "i. The National Constitution;", "ii. The provisions of this Agreement;", "iii. The need for enhancing security, stability, the people’s welfare and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "THE PERMANENT ADMINISTRATIVE STATUS OF DARFUR", "75. The permanent administrative status of Darfur shall be determined through a referendum.", "76. The referendum shall be held simultaneously in the States of Darfur, no sooner than one year after the signing of the Agreement. After one year, the President of the Republic, in agreement with the DRA Chairperson, will establish the Referendum Commission which will conduct the referendum. The outcome of the referendum shall be incorporated in the permanent Constitution. The following options shall be presented:", "i. The creation of a Darfur Region composed of the States of Darfur;", "ii. Retention of the status quo of States system. In either case the character of Darfur, as defined by cultural and historical traditions and ties, shall be respected.", "77. The Darfur Referendum Commission (DRC) established by the Presidency in agreement with the DRA shall organise and conduct the referendum. The National Elections Law shall specify the rules and the procedures governing the referendum. The referendum shall be internationally monitored.", "78. If a majority of votes cast by the people of Darfur in the referendum determines that a Region of Darfur should be created, the DRA shall form a Constitutional Committee to determine the competencies of the Regional Government of Darfur. The Committee shall present the proposed Constitution to the DRA for adoption within three months of the referendum. The proposed Constitution shall be submitted to the National Legislature for adoption and the President of the Republic of Sudan shall promulgate the Constitution.", "79. If the outcome of the referendum maintains the status quo, the DRA shall continue in its capacity as the principal instrument for the implementation of this Agreement for a period of four years from the date of the signing of this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 11: THE NORTHERN BORDERS OF DARFUR", "80. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) relating to the North-South border and any international agreements in force between the Republic of Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern boundaries of Darfur shall return to their positions as of 1 January 1956.", "81. The Joint Technical Committee (JTC) shall complete the demarcation exercise within 6 months after the signing of this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 12: REPRESENTATION AT THE STATE LEVEL", "82. The Parties agree that the Movements will be represented at all levels of the Darfur State Governments (DSG).", "GOVERNORS", "83. In the event that additional States are created, the Movements shall nominate two candidates for the approval of the President of Sudan as Acting Governors (Walis) to run two of the new States in the interim until elections are held.", "ARTICLE 13: LOCAL GOVERNMENT", "84. The Parties agree that Local Government is essential to fulfilling the commitment to vest sovereignty in the people, bring power to the grassroots and to ensure the effective participation of the citizens in governance, promote development and make the management of public affairs most cost effective.", "85. Native Administration shall respect, where appropriate, the established historical and community traditions, customs and practices that have played vital roles in the community.", "86. The Parties agree that Local Government and the Native Administration have been adversely affected by the conflict in Darfur and shall therefore, be empowered to address the consequences of the conflict, including environmental degradation and desertification.", "87. The Parties agree that the Movements shall be adequately represented at the local government level before the next local elections, with proportionate representation of women.", "88. Appropriate measures shall be taken to assist various groups such as youth and women through capacity building and affirmative action.", "ARTICLE 14: UNIVERSITIES AND STATE-RUN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS", "89. 15% of admissible seats in national universities shall be allocated for students from Darfur pursuant to the requirements of competition for 5 years.", "90. The people of Darfur shall be represented in the management of national universities and higher education institutions based on the competence and scientific qualifications specified by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.", "91. 50% of admissible seats in national universities in Darfur shall be allocated for the sons and daughters of Darfur pursuant to the admission committee requirements. Meanwhile a mechanism or committee shall be constituted to examine the conditions of those affected by war to be exempted from university fees for 5 years.", "92. All students who are the offspring of IDPs and refugees from Darfur States duly admitted by the admission committee to national universities shall be exempted from educational fees for 5 years.", "93. The admission procedures for the children of IDPs, refugees and those affected by war shall be facilitated in the various localities in the States of Darfur.", "ARTICLE 15: PERMANENT CONSTITUTION", "94. The Movements shall be adequately represented in the National Constitutional Review Commission (NCRC), for the drafting of a permanent constitution of the Republic of the Sudan.", "CHAPTER III - WEALTH SHARING", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "ARTICLE 16: PRINCIPLES FOR WEALTH SHARING", "Wealth sharing shall be based on the following principles:", "95. An economy that, among other objectives, ensures poverty mitigation, social justice, equitable distribution of wealth and resources in a manner that ensures balanced and adequate standards of living for all Sudan’s citizens.", "1. Fiscal federalism and equitable sharing of Sudan’s wealth, to enable each level of government to discharge its legal and constitutional responsibilities and duties to the people of Sudan. The GoS shall make necessary financial transfers for the benefit of Darfur, in accordance with the processes and criteria established in this Agreement.", "96. All parts of Sudan have the right to just and balanced development with the recognition of an urgent need for the reconstruction of areas of Darfur affected by armed conflict and for giving special attention to displaced people by the creation of a conducive environment enabling them to return voluntarily to their places of origin, or of choice, as set out in Chapter IV of this Agreement.", "1. Adoption and implementation of integrated development projects for the settlement of nomads, boosting the productivity of this sector, and organisation of the relationship between farmers and herders so as to ensure security, stability and development for all.", "97. The concept of Sudan’s wealth shall be defined to include natural and human resources, historical and cultural heritage, financial assets including credit and public borrowing, international and domestic, and international aid and grants. It also includes means, institutions, policies and opportunities contributing to wealth generation and distribution as well as material resources, government revenues, institutions’ profits and other resources.", "1. Wealth constitutes a vital element whose generation and distribution are greatly influenced by government institutions, policies and programmes. Therefore, the fair participation of Darfur in decision-making concerning policies and institutions regulating the generation and distribution of wealth that affect its social and economic interests is fundamental and shall be promoted.", "101. Human resources development shall constitute a means and objective for economic and social development policies. These policies shall be drawn up and implemented to develop the educational system and to secure access by the population of Darfur, without discrimination on the basis of race or gender, to equal opportunities to education and training within Darfur and the country. Special efforts shall be exerted to eliminate illiteracy among women.", "102. All Sudanese citizens shall have the following equal rights:", "i. Freedom from hunger;", "ii. Sustainable means of living;", "i. Access to potable water;", "ii. Access to quality education;", "iii. Access to health and other social services;", "iv. Adequate access to public utilities and infrastructures;", "i. Access to development and job opportunities;", "ii. Free access to markets;", "v. Protection of property;", "vi. Promotion and protection of cultural heritage;", "iii. Restitution and/or compensation for property lost to those affected by the conflict;", "i. Review of administrative measures which affect livelihood.", "103. An effective system for the distribution of wealth, based on transparency and accountability. Affirmative action shall be taken in economic policy to address past disadvantages resulting from long years of underdevelopment and harm caused by the conflict.", "104. Wealth sharing and distribution shall be based on the premise that all parts of Sudan are entitled to fair and equitable development. Acknowledging that poverty is common in Sudan, in general, and Darfur, in particular, a nation-wide strategy for poverty alleviation shall be adopted within the framework of the country’s development policy to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "105. Darfur is in urgent and dire need for rehabilitation, reconstruction and development of physical and social infrastructure damaged as a result of the conflict and for the performance of basic government functions and building up civil administration. There should be a comprehensive assessment of such needs as a top priority requiring urgent implementation.", "106. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Darfur are considered a priority. For this purpose, measures shall be taken to pay compensation to the population of Darfur, to address grievances resulting from losses in lives and destruction, seizure or theft of properties as well as the subsequent suffering.", "1. The development of basic economic and social infrastructure is essential and to this end, a programme for accelerated development shall be formulated to bring Darfur to the level of the rest of the country.", "108. Given that the financial resources and the expertise needed to undertake such a process are beyond Sudan’s capacity, the Parties may seek support from the international community, to fully participate in this initiative, assist in the provision of the necessary finance and expertise and contribute to meeting the needs identified for this purpose.", "109. Darfur as a whole and in particular those areas in need of construction or reconstruction shall be brought up to the level that will allow them to rapidly reach the MDGs. A programme for development of basic infrastructure shall be formulated to integrate the Darfur economy within the national economy.", "1. There is a need to establish a special fund for the reconstruction and development of Darfur under this Agreement.", "ARTICLE 17: POLICIES OF WEALTH SHARING", "110. The ultimate goal of the national economic policy shall be to reach full employment through, inter alia, sound policies based on promotion of price stability, raising employment levels, promotion of sustainable economic development and eradication of poverty. Accordingly, national, social and economic policies, programmes and plans shall aim at ensuring that:", "i. Decent and dignified living conditions for all citizens are promoted and improved without discrimination on grounds of race, colour, ethnicity, tribal, regional or local affiliation, gender, religion, language or political or other opinions;", "i. Citizens participate, through the different levels of government, and non-governmental organisations in the formulation and implementation of social policies required to create and distribute wealth, and in decision-making on revenue management and development;", "iii. Equitable and just representation in all GoS institutions involved in wealth creation and distribution is guaranteed.", "112. National economic and social policies shall aim at realising the following objectives:", "i. Creation and equitable distribution of wealth in all parts of Sudan consistent with the maintenance of macro-economic stability and sustainable development;", "ii. Ensuring equitable tax collection and usage for the benefit of the entire population;", "iii. Decentralisation of decision-making process on development issues, service delivery and governance;", "iv. Provision of safe, secure and open access to markets, goods and services with a view to:", "a) Securing a conducive environment for foreign investment;", "b) Acknowledging social and cultural diversity;", "c) Promoting social care and stability;", "d) Addressing environmental deterioration;", "e) Implementing sustainable development principles.", "113. National economic policies shall be formulated so as to create a conducive and transparent environment for the participation of the domestic and foreign private sectors in the development of Sudan, in general, and Darfur, in particular. National and regional legislation shall be reviewed and amended to attract investments.", "1. National and regional economic policies shall be geared towards promoting exports from Darfur to national and international markets.", "2. Financial and monetary policies, especially the banking system, shall be reviewed to meet the needs of sustainable growth and balanced development and to increase access opportunities to international financial markets.", "114. The Bank of Sudan is committed to drawing up policies and innovative financial methods to encourage financial institutions, commercial banks and specialised government banks (Agricultural Bank, Industrial Development Bank and others) to expand their activities in Darfur.", "3. Without prejudice to Article 14, policies shall be drawn up and implemented to develop the educational system and secure access by the population of Darfur, without discrimination on the basis of race or gender, to equal opportunities to education and training within the States of Darfur and the country. Special efforts shall be exerted to eliminate illiteracy among women.", "1. Research and development shall be promoted and fostered, especially the promotion of technology in the fields of agriculture, animal husbandry, small industries, handicrafts, mining, environment and energy with emphasis on renewable energies.", "4. Policies shall be adopted to ensure the effective protection and rehabilitation of the environment, in particular with regards to the restoration of forests and afforestation, wherever possible.", "5. Priority shall be given to policies directed to the development and upgrading of the agricultural sector, including livestock, with due respect to the nomadic culture and sustainable natural environment.", "121. The topmost priority in the implementation of this Agreement shall be to address the needs of the areas affected by the conflict with special attention to the internally displaced persons, returning refugees and conflict affected persons, to provide basic services and security needed to enable them return to their places of origin in safety and dignity. Chapter IV on Compensation, Return of IDPS and Refugees in this Agreement sets out principles and processes for restitution of property and assistance for the full integration of the returnees into their communities, including restoring their rights to land property and compensating them for the damages and losses caused by the conflict.", "122. Special focus shall be put on the concerns of Darfur women, who are involved in all areas of activity and constitute the bulk of the labour force, especially in the agricultural and animal resource sectors, in addition to being heads of households particularly among refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants and to the fact that women’s situation in all these areas has been worsened by the conflict, which has had a particularly deleterious impact on them and children, mainly on their means of livelihood. Concrete measures shall be taken to address their concerns, as well as to ensure their equal and effective participation in commissions, committees and bodies established pursuant to this Agreement.", "123. It is highly important to recognise traditional and customary rights, including ‘hawakeer’ and land historical rights, on a sound and sustainable basis to secure development and a means of livelihood in Darfur. This Agreement aims to establish the mechanisms needed for the recognition and protection of such rights.", "124. A mechanism shall be set up to define the processes of ensuring the utilisation and monitoring of lands and other natural resources in a sustainable manner. The said mechanism shall ensure consultation of all citizens affected by land development or natural resources utilisation, and take their views into consideration when such development process is implemented. Persons whose properties have been damaged or whose lives have been affected as a result of land or natural resources development shall be entitled to adequate and prompt compensation.", "1. The land management structures and institutions shall be developed and legally supported to promote sustainable development and address environmental degradation issues according to the Land Use Mapping Database, taking into account historical experiences in this respect.", "1. Darfur is geographically remote from the centre, lacks infrastructure including roads, railways, bridges and dams, and therefore requires effective development and investment, which shall be facilitated by reforms, legal exemptions and incentives including:", "i. Full exemption of customs duties and other fees for imported materials for construction and development in Darfur;", "ii. The GoS shall bear custom duties as well as other duties and fees payable on materials imported for national development projects in Darfur and projects funded by the GoS or by way of loans;", "iii. The Investment Promotion Law shall be amended to provide for more incentive privileges for investment by foreign and local companies in the Darfur States, such as granting these companies exemption from taxes on business profits.", "RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DARFUR", "ARTICLE 18: GENERAL PROVISIONS", "127. Reconstruction and development efforts in Darfur shall be backed through substantial, guaranteed and regular monetary transfers by the Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission (FFAMC) as detailed in Article 25 as well as through other national resources and foreign aid.", "1. Darfur is in need of an interim period to move quickly from conflict to peace, therefore, an enabling environment should be created to move from the humanitarian assistance phase to the reconstruction, economic recovery and development phase.", "128. In support of this interim period referred to in paragraph 128 above, and in order to realise the above-mentioned objectives, Darfur needs resources, which are considerably beyond its ability to mobilise at the local economic level in the short term. Therefore, it shall be assisted in its efforts through secure and regular financial transfers by the National Revenue Fund (NRF) and other national resources in addition to foreign aid.", "ARTICLE 19: MICRO-FINANCE SYSTEM", "129. A micro-finance system (MFS) shall be established in Darfur to provide the required funding for income generating activities that have the potential to grow, through small loans accessible to individuals and groups without the collateral requirements applicable in the traditional banking system.", "1. The MFS shall create a number of non-traditional collaterals to provide easy access for the targeted population, such as small producers, and particularly returnees receiving such financing.", "2. Beneficiaries shall be trained to build their productive capacity through government funding in the areas of administration and enhancement of technical skills in their respective fields.", "133. The MFS shall give particular importance to women’s income generating activities especially those of widows.", "134. The GoS shall contribute an amount of US $100,000,000 (US dollars one hundred million) representing the capital of the MFS.", "135. The Government shall encourage banks working in micro-financing to give priority to Darfur.", "136. The Government, in collaboration with the DRA, shall draw up the statute and rules of procedure of the MFS in a manner that guarantees its independence, with the participation of specialists in the field of micro-financing.", "1. The MFS may receive support from organisations specialised in the field of micro-financing and others, without conditionalities.", "ARTICLE 20: SOCIAL SERVICES", "137. In addition to the transfers from the FFAMC, the GoS shall contribute an amount of US $ 225,000,000 (US dollars two hundred and twenty-five million) payable to the Darfur States, over a period of three years in three equal instalments, to support social service activities.", "ARTICLE 21: THE DARFUR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT FUND", "138. Necessary measures shall be taken within its structural and operational frameworks to reform, restructure and rectify the imbalances in the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund (DRDF), which shall be operational until integrated in a Multi-Donor Trust Fund to be established following the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) as stipulated in Article 32.", "139. The DRDF shall operate under the supervision of a committee composed of representatives from the GoS, the DRA and the Governments of the Darfur States.", "141. The functions of the Fund include, but are not limited to, the following tasks:", "i. Financing return and resettlement projects;", "ii. Redressing development imbalances, especially in the fields of infrastructure and the realisation of the MDGs;", "iii. Establishing financing mechanisms to meet the special needs of women, children and orphans. Such mechanisms shall include, but not be limited to, the provision of loans, investment opportunities, strengthening of productive capacities, production inputs and capacity building for women.", "THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ALLOCATION FOR THE DRDF", "142. In addition to the share of Darfur in the transfers made by the FFAMC, the GoS shall allocate US $2,000,000,000 (US dollars two billion) from the NRF. An amount of US $200,000,000 (US dollars two hundred million) of the aforementioned amount shall be deposited immediately after the signing of this Agreement as seed money in the DRDF. The GoS shall pay the balance as follows:", "i. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the year following the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the third year;", "i. An amount of US $300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million) in the fourth year;", "ii. An amount of US $400,000,000 (US dollars four hundred million) in the fifth year;", "iii. An amount of US $500,000,000 (US dollars five hundred million) in the sixth year.", "FISCAL FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS", "ARTICLE 22: IDENTIFYING FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES AT THE NATIONAL AND STATES LEVELS", "143. National revenues shall be allocated to the Federal Government and the State Governments in proportion to their constitutional responsibilities in order to ensure the effectiveness of federal governance.", "144. Responsibilities concerning expenditures and revenues shall be distributed at the national and State levels of governance in accordance with the following principles:", "i. Assignment of expenditure function to the level of government whose jurisdiction closely reflects the geographical area served by that function;", "ii. The delivery of a particular service (expenditure assignment) may be carried out exclusively by a given level of government, or concurrently by two or more levels;", "i. The DSG shall endeavour to pay for the services delivered to people living in a given geographical area from revenues raised in the said area;", "iii. The DSG shall have the right to identify the revenue base structure, tariffs levels or tax rates collected without intervention by the Federal Government.", "ARTICLE 23: ASSIGNMENT OF REVENUES RULES AND BASES", "REVENUES RULES", "145. All revenues collected at the national level for or by the Federal Government, including revenues of all Ministries, covering those of gold, oil, administrations or the Government’s share of the profits of any institution or company or any other entity, whether resulting from commercial, investment or other activity, shall be paid into the account of the NRF administered by the National Treasury. This fund covers all accounts, including sub accounts into which amounts due to the Federal Government are collected, reported and deposited.", "146. At the end of each fiscal year, all levels of governance and their subsidiaries shall make public, through legislative bodies, a comprehensive report detailing all tax and non-tax revenues as well as all expenditures (annual financial report) to ensure transparency and accountability by the legislature.", "REVENUES BASES", "147. The Federal Government may legislate to collect revenues or taxes from the following sources:", "i. National personal income tax;", "ii. Corporate or business profits tax;", "iii. Customs duties and imports taxes;", "iv. Seaports and airports revenues;", "v. Service charges;", "vi. Oil, mining and electricity revenues;", "i. Government institutions and projects revenues;", "i. Value added tax and taxes on whole/retail sales and other taxes on goods and services;", "vii. Excise duties;", "viii. Loans, including from the Central Bank of Sudan and from citizens;", "ix. Grants and foreign financial aid;", "ii. Any other taxes set by the National Legislature.", "148. The DSG shall be entitled to raise and administer the following:", "i. State land and property taxes and royalties;", "ii. Service charges for state services;", "iii. License fees;", "iv. Darfur States’ personal income tax;", "v. The States’ share of oil revenues and other natural resources produced in the Darfur States;", "vi. Darfur States projects, institutions and natural reserves;", "i. Stamp duties;", "i. Agricultural taxes;", "vii. Tourism taxes;", "i. Foreign grants and aid;", "ii. Excise taxes;", "ii. Other regional taxes enacted by State legislations;", "iii. Local and foreign loans and borrowing, in accordance with their creditworthiness, within the framework of the national macroeconomic policy, approved and guaranteed by the Central Bank;", "iv. Livestock tax;", "v. Subsidies provided by the GoS and foreign financial aid;", "vi. Allocations from the NRF;", "xvii. Revenues from border trade taxes according to the Federal Legislation.", "149. The Darfur States may conclude agreements to enhance resource mobilisation and management within their jurisdiction and powers.", "ARTICLE 24: ZAKAT CHAMBER", "150. All Zakat money collected in Darfur shall be spent within Darfur.", "151. Notwithstanding the provisions in paragraph 150, the Central Zakat Chamber, under Article 38(A) of the 2001 Zakat Law may provide the maximum possible necessary funding and implement programmes and projects in favour of poor families, particularly displaced persons and refugees, in various services, such as digging wells, providing medical devices and equipment, education and other productive projects in line with the poverty level in Darfur.", "ARTICLE 25: INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCIAL TRANSFERS", "152. The FFAMC shall be established by law. Also, a team of experts shall be appointed by law and commissioned to determine the criteria of the transfers from the NRF to the States of Darfur. A representative of the DRA shall be member of the FFAMC.", "153. To accomplish financial equalisation, the FFAMC shall ensure that the interests and views of Darfur States are reflected, taking into account the interests of other State Governments. The Commission shall be structured to ensure the following:", "i. Optimal use and sharing of resources vertically and horizontally;", "ii. Transparency in the allocation of funds to the States of Darfur;", "iii. Monitoring the National Treasury’s action in making swift transfer of the budget grants. The Commission shall submit reports to the Legislature.", "154. The Shares shall be directly transferred from the FFAMC to the States of Darfur using the following criteria:", "i. Population according to the 2008 census;", "ii. Development indicators (Health, Education, Infrastructure);", "i. Effort exerted by the State in collecting revenues;", "ii. Impact of the conflict;", "iii. Geographical size.", "155. A team of experts shall specify the weight of each criterion in the form of a percentage to serve as basis for calculating the share of each and every State.", "156. The FFAMC shall implement a transparent process whereby the timely payment of transfers to Darfur States is monitored while ensuring that the Federal Government does not retain Darfur States’ funds or those of any other sub-government level.", "1. The Darfur States may file a suit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the National Treasury retains funds allocated to the Darfur States or does not allocate the funds set for them.", "ARTICLE 26: TRANSFER OF FUNDS TO DRA", "1. The GoS shall finance all the activities of the DRA. Funds for capital expenditure shall be sourced from the DRDF, while the overhead cost aspect of the budget shall be funded directly from the National budget after its adoption by the National Legislature.", "157. There shall be transparency in the allocation of funds to the DRA.", "158. The DRA may file a suit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the Federal Government delays or withholds the transfers of funds allocated to it.", "ARTICLE 27: FISCAL ENTITLEMENTS OF DARFUR", "161. Within the context of the federal system, Darfur States shall be entitled to:", "i. Transfers of tax revenues from the National Treasury collected in accordance with Article 25;", "i. Tax revenues collected in accordance with Article 23;", "ii. Revenues of the DRDF;", "ii. Revenues from the Multi-Donor Trust Fund.", "162. A system of grants for specific purposes shall be established, with a view to realising the MDGs, alleviating poverty and realising gender equality.", "ARTICLE 28: EXTERNAL SOURCES OF FINANCING", "163. The DRA and the Darfur States can get loans from national and international financial markets upon approval and guarantee of the Central Bank of Sudan.", "164. The DRA and the Darfur States shall submit to the Federal Government, reports on all amounts received from external financing and aid sources.", "ARTICLE 29: CAPACITY BUILDING", "1. Upon the signing of this Agreement, the GoS shall assist the Darfur States and the DRA to work out and implement an advanced and comprehensive capacity building programme in the fields of public finance and fiscal federalism.", "ARTICLE 30: MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY", "1. The DRA and the Darfur States shall prepare annual budgets based on the general financial statistics, which are submitted to the DRA Council and the States Legislatures respectively, for approval or amendment. No modification or addition of any new allocation shall be made without the approval of the DRA Council or, as the case may be, the Darfur Legislatures. Comprehensive interim reports shall also be prepared on the total revenues and expenditures. The method of preparing such reports shall be set in accordance with the criteria of transparency and accountability at the national level, on the basis of the financial laws and the guidelines by the National Auditor Chamber; and comprehensive reports should be prepared in compliance with international standard.", "167. Institutions in charge of monitoring this process include the following:", "i. The FFAMC;", "ii. The National Auditor General’s Chamber and States’ Auditors General Offices;", "i. The DRA Council;", "ii. The Darfur State Legislatures.", "ARTICLE 31: DEVELOPMENT POLICIES FOR DARFUR", "168. National development policy shall be based on the right of all parts of Sudan to equitable and balanced development and giving special priority to the more deprived and conflict affected areas of the country.", "1. Within this framework, Darfur shall aim at realising short-term and medium-term objectives in the fields of rehabilitation, reconstruction, construction and development taking into consideration urgent needs and the need to work out the basis for long-term development. Special attention shall be given to programmes and projects which will enable Darfur to speed up the transition from relief to development.", "170. The main objectives of the post-conflict economic recovery and development in Darfur are the following:", "i. Reconstruction and development;", "ii. Reinvigoration of Darfur’s economy to enable it to integrate into the national economy and promote trade between the Darfur States and neighbouring countries;", "iii. Rehabilitation of basic social services such as education, health and water supplies;", "iv. Realisation of sustainable economic growth, equitable development, social stability, improvement of access to social services;", "v. Combating poverty and raising economic capacity and awareness;", "i. Creation of adequate employment opportunities;", "i. Development of individual and institutional capacities in good governance with emphasis on accountability and transparency;", "ii. Development of physical infrastructure to improve access for the Darfur population to principal markets in Darfur, the rest of Sudan and in neighbouring countries and commitment to the implementation of the Western Ingaz Highway with all branches within two years in accordance with international standards;", "ix. Establishment of a stable and transparent legal framework to encourage private, local, national and foreign investments;", "x. Development of technical and analytical capacities in major fields such as economic management, financial management and procurement;", "xi. Investment in education and scientific research to improve and develop human resources;", "xii. Promotion of the production of alternative energy sources and addressing the causes of environmental degradation.", "171. The Parties recognise that Darfur, being historically deprived and having severely suffered from destruction caused by the conflict, is in dire need to:", "i. Restore peace, security, and social stability;", "ii. Carry out government functions more effectively;", "i. Strengthen the civil administration;", "ii. Rehabilitate, reconstruct and construct physical, institutional and social infrastructures in post-conflict Darfur;", "iii. Implement a comprehensive structural reform of universities and institutions in Darfur to enable them to undertake their mission;", "iii. Establish universities and national and branches of foreign scientific and technical colleges to transform Darfur into a developed society in terms of technology, industry, agriculture and trade.", "172. Competition over pasture and water between herders and farmers is a serious problem in Darfur which shall be addressed in a comprehensive way by:", "i. Developing policies and projects to curb environmental degradation, raise the agricultural production and improve livestock production;", "ii. Gradually shifting emphasis from quantity to quality in livestock production and animal husbandry;", "i. Developing a framework for equitable access by various users of land and water resources;", "ii. Developing policies and projects aimed to establish agricultural, industrial and technological economy in the States;", "v. Developing research capacities in these areas.", "173. Neglect of the traditional rain-fed sector on which the Sudanese people in general, and the people of Darfur in particular depend, has led to increasing food imports, rural-urban migration and the spread of hunger and disputes. Therefore, policies and projects should be formulated and directed towards promoting traditional rain-fed agriculture, which shall be considered as a major national development priority to accelerate the attainment of the MDGs.", "174. The following development projects, which have been neglected, shall be reviewed in order to assess their feasibility and, if found feasible, revived:", "i. West Savannah Development Project;", "i. Jebel Marra Rural Development Project;", "ii. Jebel Marra Thermal Energy Project;", "iii. Habeela Agricultural Project;", "i. Ghazalah Jawazat Research Station;", "ii. Abu Hamra Agricultural Project;", "iii. Saq Alnaam Agricultural Project;", "iv. Urn Bayada Project;", "v. Wadi Hawar Water Valley Basin;", "vi. Combating Drought and Desertification Project;", "vii. Popular Housing Project;", "viii. Agricultural Research Projects;", "ix. Sugar Production Projects;", "x. Alradoom, Wadi Hawar and other Wildlife Reserves;", "xi. Urn Ajaja Project (Bahar Alarab Development Project);", "xii. Wadi Alatroon Development Project", "175. All government levels shall exert maximum efforts to bring human development levels in Darfur up to national levels in the context of endeavours to accelerate the attainment of the MDGs.", "ARTICLE 32: DARFUR JOINT ASSESSMENT MISSION", "1. The Darfur Joint Assessment Mission (DJAM) shall be established to identify and assess the needs for economic recovery, development and poverty eradication in the aftermath of the conflict in Darfur. Such needs shall be presented at a donors’ conference to be convened three months after the signing of this Agreement.", "177. The Parties shall request the World Bank (WB), the DDB, the United Nations (UN), and the African Development Bank (ADB) to lead the Joint Assessment Mission’s activities, in cooperation with the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Arab Funds, the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), the State of Qatar, and other interested countries and regional and international economic organisations.", "178. Since the financial resources and expertise required to undertake such an operation are beyond Sudan’s capacity, the Parties request the international community to urgently and fully participate in this initiative and assist in the provision of necessary resources and expertise and partake in meeting the needs set for this purpose through the establishment of a Multi-Donor Trust Fund. The operational procedures of the Fund shall be determined by a supervisory body to be established by the Donors and the GoS.", "1. The Parties shall be represented in the supervisory and technical committees of the DJAM.", "1. Darfur development needs in social areas and infrastructure shall be assessed and the resources required for addressing those needs within six years shall be determined by the DJAM.", "DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF LANDS, HAWAKEER AND NATURAL RESOURCES", "ARTICLE 33: GENERAL PRINCIPLES", "2. The boundaries of the land referred to in this section shall be those of Darfur mentioned in paragraph 80 of Chapter II of this Agreement.", "179. Since the people of Darfur did not benefit from the 1925 Land Settlement and Registration Ordinance, priority shall be given to modifying the laws to include rights to land and its use (hawakeer) in conformity with customs, traditions and heritage on land ownership, traditional livestock routes and access opportunities to water sources.", "2. Where lands leased under the investment laws and the lessees did not meet the conditions under which those lands were leased to them, the lands in question shall return to their status quo ante.", "3. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Agreement, the appropriate or identified government level shall exercise the rights related to the lands owned by the GoS in Darfur.", "180. All displaced persons and other persons arbitrarily or unlawfully deprived of their lawful possessions or rights to land shall have their possession and rights restored and shall be compensated adequately and promptly for the losses or damages sustained during the period of deprivation.", "186. Mechanisms shall be established to ensure the sustainable management and use of lands and other natural resources. All citizens affected by land development and natural resources utilisation shall be consulted and their views taken into consideration. Individuals whose property or means of livelihood have been adversely affected because of the development and exploitation of natural resources shall be entitled to adequate and prompt compensation.", "ARTICLE 34: LAND TRADITIONAL AND HISTORICAL RIGHTS", "187. Land ownership regulation and use and exercise of land rights are concurrent powers which shall be exercised at the appropriate government level.", "1. Tribal traditional land ownership rights (hawakeer), historical rights to land, traditional and customary livestock routes and access to water sources shall be recognised and protected. All relevant levels of Government shall initiate and complete a process to progressively amend relevant laws to incorporate customary laws, in accordance with international trends and practices. To protect the traditional heritage, the closed traditional and customary livestock routes shall be re-opened, whenever possible, or alternative routes shall be demarcated.", "188. Land laws amended in accordance with paragraph 188 shall recognise and protect the historical, traditional and customary rights to land.", "189. No individual or group of individuals shall be deprived of any traditional or historical rights to land or of the right to have access to water sources without consulting and compensating them in a prompt and adequate manner.", "190. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, the Darfur Land Commission (DLC) shall address land traditional and historical rights, review land management and use and natural resources development.", "ARTICLE 35: LOCAL COMMUNITIES’ LANDS", "2. The Federal and State Governments may develop communities’ lands in good-faith consultation with the participation of the local communities that have rights to those lands. The community shall be entitled to receive an equitable share of the revenue accruing from the development of those lands; alternatively the affected community shall be compensated in kind and/or in cash.", "191. The Federal and State Governments may act on or develop any land belonging to the local communities provided that such an action or development is in conformity with the Development Plan set in accordance with the Land Use Mapping Database established in accordance with Article 38.", "ARTICLE 36: LAND ALLOTMENT", "192. Individuals in the local communities may register their customarily owned land as their own. The registration shall be free, if possible, and, if not, shall be for a reduced fee and shall be coupled with facilitated procedures and campaigns for raising public awareness.", "ARTICLE 37: LAND PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT", "195. Land planning and sustainable development shall be subject to the following:", "i. Recognition of traditional rights (including hawakeer) and historical rights to land to ensure the safe and sustainable basis to livelihood and development in Darfur;", "ii. Development of sustainable land system and resolution of disputes resulting from competition in land use;", "iii. Land planning in Darfur shall be based on the outcomes of the Land Use Mapping Database in terms of the following usage:", "a) Housing;", "b) Agriculture;", "c) Grazing;", "d) Mining;", "e) Industrial development, including foreign investments;", "f) Natural reserves;", "g) Seasonal transhumance (routes, pastures etc...);", "h) Forests reserves and afforestation.", "ARTICLE 38: THE DARFUR LAND COMMISSION", "196. The Darfur Land Commission shall be established. The DLC Council shall be composed of representatives of the Federal Government, the DRA, DSG, Native Administration and local experts. The membership shall reflect land use interests in Darfur. In making recommendations on land planning and development, the Council shall consult individuals whose rights are affected.", "1. The DLC shall develop the Darfur States Land Use Mapping Database and shall submit it as a recommendation to the Darfur State Legislatures for their adoption and then to the DRA Council for final approval. This Database shall be reviewed every five years.", "198. The DLC shall apply a system of planning for the use and development of land and natural resources that is aimed at the following:", "i. Sound management, development and protection of the natural resources, including agricultural lands, protected natural reserves, forests and minerals, waters, towns and villages with a view to promoting the local communities’ social and economic welfare and the establishment and the preservation of a better environment;", "ii. Development and coordination of the organised economic exploitation of lands and natural resources;", "iii. Sustainable development;", "i. Protection of cultural heritage;", "ii. Protection, provision, and coordination of telecommunication, transport and other relevant services;", "iv. Allocation of land for public purposes;", "v. Provision and coordination of social services and facilities;", "i. Environmental protection, including the protection of flora and fauna, endangered species and natural reserves;", "ii. Reclamation of eroded land and development of programmes to combat desertification, including reforestation and afforestation;", "vi. Enhancement of shared responsibility for environmental planning among various government levels in Darfur;", "vii. Creation of opportunities for public participation in environmental planning and assessment;", "i. Creation of opportunities for consultation with all persons affected by land and natural resources development plans;", "ii. Approval of adequate and prompt compensation for individuals whose means of livelihood or properties are adversely affected as a result of decisions related to land and natural resources development and planning.", "199. Local communities or individuals whose current land use or means of livelihood are adversely affected as a result of the Land Use Mapping Database shall have the right to be promptly and adequately compensated.", "200. The DLC shall:", "i. Be independent and impartial;", "ii. Develop its rules of procedure and summit them to the DRA for approval;", "i. Have access to all land records;", "ii. Discharge its functions expeditiously;", "iii. Make all appropriate arrangements to ensure full and effective participation by all affected individuals and local communities in its procedures;", "iv. Submit an annual report to the DRA and the Darfur State Governments on its activities in its annual budget;", "i. Ensure that the membership, recruitment and conditions of service in the Commission, in accordance with law;", "ii. Take into consideration traditional and historical rights to land.", "201. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of courts, the DLC shall perform the following additional functions:", "i. Arbitration on land rights disputes;", "ii. Submission of recommendations to the appropriate government level on the recognition of traditional and historical rights to land;", "i. Assessment of appropriate compensation in connection with the applications submitted to it. Such compensation may not necessarily be limited to financial compensation;", "ii. Advising the different levels of government on how to coordinate policies on projects of the Darfur State Governments affecting land or land rights, taking into consideration the Land Use Mapping Database;", "iii. Establishment and maintenance of records on land use;", "iv. Undertaking research on land ownership and use;", "vii. Reviewing the current mechanisms for the regulation of land use and making recommendations to the competent authorities on necessary changes, including the restoration of land rights to their owners or payment of compensation to them.", "202. While performing its arbitration functions, the DLC shall have the authority to receive applications and may, with the agreement of parties in dispute, apply customary and traditional laws or principles of justice and equity. The arbitration decision shall be binding upon the parties in dispute and it may be enforced by a competent court.", "203. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, parties to land disputes shall be encouraged to exhaust traditional methods of dispute settlement, including arbitration, before going to court.", "204. The DLC shall respect the decisions made by institutions or entities authorised in Chapter IV of this Agreement to make decisions on lands owned by displaced persons, refugees and other conflict affected individuals.", "205. The National Land Commission (NLC) and the DLC shall cooperate and coordinate their activities so as to use their resources effectively. Without placing restrictions on coordination issues, the NLC and the DLC shall agree on the following:", "i. Sharing information and decisions;", "ii. Delegating certain functions of the NLC, including data collection and research, to the DLC;", "iii. Removing any contradiction between the results and recommendations made by the two Commissions;", "206. The DLC shall be a permanent member of the NLC.", "207. In the event of a conflict between the results and recommendations of the NLC and those of the DLC, the two Commissions shall endeavour to reconcile their positions. Failing this, the issue shall be referred to the Constitutional Court for decision.", "ARTICLE 39: MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS", "1. The DRA Council and the Darfur States Legislative Councils may, in exceptional circumstances, empower the DSG to enter into agreements to implement major development projects which may not be in conformity with any plan for land use or planning legislation. However, DSG may seek to obtain this mandate only if the proposed agreement contains detailed provisions explaining the following:", "i. A clear definition of the proposed project;", "ii. The procedures to be adopted, in accordance with the agreement, to protect the environment;", "i. The steps to be taken to undertake consultations with all those communities and individuals whose interests are adversely affected by the proposed development project;", "iii. The benefits expected for local communities and the Darfur population;", "v. The compensation to be made to communities and individuals whose properties or means of livelihood are adversely affected by the agreement, with clarification of whether they have consented to the compensation specified.", "The Land Use Mapping Database or the legislation on planning shall be amended accordingly.", "ARTICLE 40: NATURAL RESOURCES", "209. In planning for the management and development of natural resources, the DLC shall be committed to sustainable utilisation of such resources taking into account the following:", "i. The national interest and the public good;", "ii. The interest of the States and areas concerned;", "i. The interests of the local populations in areas concerned;", "ii. The national and Darfur States environmental policies, biodiversity conservation guidelines and cultural heritage protection principles;", "iii. Rights to land, including customary and traditional rights;", "iv. Internationally recognised standards and environmental friendly methods in mining and natural resources development.", "210. Consultations shall be held with the land right holders and their views shall be taken into consideration when decisions are made in relation to the exploitation of subsoil resources in areas in which they have rights.", "211. Individuals holding land rights shall be entitled to compensation on adequate and prompt basis in the event their land property is expropriated or exploited to develop natural resources.", "1. The GoS shall enable the people of Darfur to be represented through their State Governments in all phases of decision making relating to the development and exploitation of natural resources in Darfur. This shall include the procedures for negotiating, concluding and managing contracts. The benefits to local communities affected by the development shall be taken into account.", "ARTICLE 41: MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROLEUM SECTOR", "213. The management and development of the petroleum sector shall be based, inter alia, on the following:", "i. The optimal exploitation of oil as a non-renewable natural resource in accordance with:", "a) The national interest and the public good;", "b) The interest of the States concerned;", "c) The interest of the population in the areas concerned;", "d) The national and Darfur states environment policies, biodiversity conservation guidelines, cultural heritage protection principles, including the adoption and observation of international technical and safety standards.", "ii. Enabling the appropriate levels of government in Darfur, in cooperation with the relevant local communities, to participate in the development and management of oil at different stages;", "iii. Creating a conducive environment to attract foreign direct investment in Darfur;", "iv. Undertaking consultations with land rights holders in Darfur and taking into account their opinions when making investment decisions on oil resources in the relevant areas;", "v. Individuals holding land rights shall be entitled to compensation on an adequate and basis in the event their land property is expropriated or exploited to develop oil resource.", "214. The State in which investment in the oil sector will take place shall be represented by three non‑permanent members in the National Petroleum Commission in order to participate in the negotiation and the conclusion of the relevant contracts, and make sure that the provisions of those contracts are consistent with the principles, policies and directives of the Commission.", "1. 2% of oil revenue shall be allocated to the oil-producing State. That State may negotiate a higher percentage.", "CHAPTER IV - COMPENSATION, RETURN OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES", "ARTICLE 42: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR COMPENSATION AND THE RETURN OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES", "Durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees shall be based on the following principles:", "216. The commitment of the Parties to the obligations concerning internally displaced persons and refugees set forth in the Framework Agreements between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement, 23 February 2010, and the Framework Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, 18 March 2010, specifically, the right of internally displaced persons and refugees to return voluntarily to their homes of origin and the responsibilities of the Parties to create the conditions for a conducive environment enabling voluntary return and to assist this return in accordance with a clear-cut strategy.", "217. Respect for, protection and fulfilment of the rights of IDPs, refugees and all victims of conflict in accordance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and all other international and regional instruments to which Sudan is a Party.", "218. IDPs, returning refugees and all victims of conflict shall enjoy, in full equality, the same rights and freedoms as do other persons in Sudan under national law and international legal instruments to which Sudan is party.", "219. The protection and assistance of IDPs, refugees and all victims of conflict with special needs, including separated and unaccompanied children, female heads of household, expectant mothers, mothers with young children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.", "1. The adoption by the Parties of measures to ensure that IDPs, refugees and all other victims of conflict live in conditions of safety and dignity, and in full respect for their equal rights, in all phases of displacement, including prevention of all forms of forced displacement, protection and assistance during displacement and during voluntary return, resettlement and reintegration. Ensuring that humanitarian assistance is delivered to the affected people, especially women and children, undertaking to address the situation of the disabled among them and provide them with health and social services.", "220. The commitment of the Parties to establish mechanisms to promote, enable and facilitate the active participation of IDPs, returning refugees, victims of conflict and civil society in the planning and implementation of strategies, policies and programmes related to addressing the humanitarian and human rights impact of the conflict and to the return process. Special measures shall be taken to ensure the participation of women and youth.", "222. The commitment of the Parties to establish fast, safe and unrestricted access of international humanitarian, development and human rights organizations, as well as national and international non-governmental organizations, and international peacekeeping mission participating in the support, protection, return, resettlement and reintegration of IDPs, refugees and victims of conflict.", "223. The Parties acknowledge the leading humanitarian role of the specialized international organisations commissioned by the United Nations Secretary-General to coordinate among all the bodies assisting with protection, shelter, camp management in situations of internal displacement and protection, assistance and solutions for refugees.", "224. Fulfilment by the Parties of their obligations under the Principles and Charter of the United Nations, and the Constitutive Act of the AU, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, and other relevant international and regional organizations acting in the area of peaceful settlement of dispute, to prevent and avoid conditions that force persons to be displaced. The Parties shall provide assistance to IDPs, returning refugees and all victims of conflict. The Parties agree to observe the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement endorsed by the United Nations World Summit Outcome Document of 2005.", "ARTICLE 43: COMPENSATION FOR HARM AND LOSSES", "225. All victims of conflict, including IDPs and refugees, shall have the right to financial compensation for the harm and losses they have incurred as a result of the conflict, including loss of lives, physical injury, mental and emotional suffering and economic losses.", "ARTICLE 44: SAFETY AND SECURITY", "226. The Parties shall, with the support of UNAMID, provide security and protection from all forms of physical attack, all forms of sexual violence, exploitation, abduction, child recruitment, child labour, arbitrary detention, informal “taxation”, charging ransoms, and illegal confiscation of property and the GoS shall address the impact of such violations by taking the necessary steps to ensure effective and timely justice.", "1. The Parties shall respect and maintain the civilian and humanitarian character of the camps sheltering IDPs.", "228. Subject to the provisions of Chapter VI of this Agreement, the Parties shall undertake all measures necessary with the assistance of UNAMID to ensure security in IDP camps. Such measures shall ensure the effective participation of women in the decision-making process within the camps.", "229. The GoS shall take all necessary legal measures against those involved in attacks against the staff of humanitarian agencies.", "ARTICLE 45: HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE", "1. The GoS shall extend urgent aid to IDPs, including food, shelter, education, medical care, and other medical and health services, together with the other necessary humanitarian and social services.", "230. IDPs shall be provided with humanitarian assistance and means of livelihood before and after their return, and the refugees upon return.", "231. Such assistance shall be provided to communities hosting IDPs and returning refugees who are in need of humanitarian assistance and livelihood support.", "1. The Parties shall enable and facilitate access by the United Nations and the specialized agencies and national, regional and international humanitarian organizations without hindrance and impediment to IDPs, including their camps, in accordance with arrangements agreed upon with the GoS.", "2. The Parties shall secure and protect humanitarian aid routes and the security of humanitarian staff.", "ARTICLE 46: PERSONAL DOCUMENTATION", "2. The GoS shall issue all the documents necessary for the returning IDPs and refugees to enjoy their rights. The Parties shall agree on the formation of a mechanism affiliate to the Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission (VRRC) to cooperate with the relevant authorities to issue the said documents free of charge.", "3. The GoS shall facilitate the issuance of new or replacement documents in lieu of documents lost or destroyed in the course of displacement.", "237. Women, children, as well as men have equal rights to obtain all necessary identity documents and have the right to have such documents issued in their own names. Special efforts will be taken to expedite the provision of such documents to orphans as well as to separated and unaccompanied children.", "ARTICLE 47: FAMILY REUNIFICATION", "238. The Government and relevant authorities in Darfur shall take all necessary measures so that families which are separated by displacement are reunited as quickly as possible. Special efforts shall be made to expedite the reunification of unaccompanied and separated children with their families. The VRRC shall coordinate and cooperate with humanitarian organizations engaged in family tracing and assisting family reunification. The Parties underscore their commitment to fight child abduction and trafficking, and shall work to prevent and disclose any irregular practices.", "ARTICLE 48: FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT", "1. The Parties shall guarantee the freedom of movement and choice of residence of IDPs and returning refugees, including their right to move freely in and out of camps, and their right to return voluntarily to their place of origin or to resettle voluntarily in another part of the country.", "1. The Parties shall respect and ensure the right of IDPs and refugees to seek safety in another part of Sudan and to be protected against forcible return to or resettlement in any place where their life, safety, liberty and/or health would be at risk.", "ARTICLE 49: VOLUNTARY RETURN", "239. All IDPs and refugees have the right to return voluntarily, and in safety and dignity, to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence or to resettle in another place of their choice. The Parties shall not interfere with IDPs’ and returning refugees’ choice of destination, nor shall they compel them to remain in, return to, or move to situations of serious danger or insecurity, or to areas lacking in basic services necessary to resume a normal life.", "2. The GoS shall accept and facilitate the voluntary return of IDPs and of refugees to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence or their voluntary resettlement in another part of the country.", "3. The Parties shall take all necessary steps to prevent activities which would hinder the voluntary return, in safety and dignity, of IDPs and refugees.", "244. IDPs and refugees shall have access to objective information about the conditions in the areas of return or resettlement. The Parties, with the assistance of competent local and international actors, shall facilitate the timely flow of accurate information about the conditions in areas of return or resettlement in order for refugees and IDPs to be able to make an informed and voluntary decision about return or resettlement.", "245. The Parties shall respect the principle of family unity in the voluntary return or resettlement.", "246. The Parties shall make special efforts to ensure the participation of IDPs and refugees, including women and youth, in the planning and management of their return or resettlement and reintegration, in coordination with the VRRC and any other relevant entities.", "ARTICLE 50: CONDITIONS SUITABLE FOR RETURN", "1. The GoS shall establish, as soon as possible, the security, political, economic and social conditions, and shall provide the means, to enable IDPs and refugees to exercise their right to return, voluntarily, in safety and dignity, to their homes of origin or places of habitual residence.", "247. The Parties shall facilitate the creation and maintenance of conditions required for the voluntary return, in safety and dignity, and for the durable and harmonious reintegration of refugees and IDPs.", "249. The Parties agree that the necessary conditions for return of IDPs and refugees are the following:", "i. The security and safety of IDPs and refugees, without risk of harassment, intimidation, persecution, or discrimination, during and after their voluntary return or resettlement;", "ii. The right to freedom of movement and choice of residence, including the right to return to their homes of origin or habitual residence and to settle therein;", "iii. Demining of the areas in which the homes and lands of IDPs and refugees are located, and demining routes to markets, water sources, schools and health services;", "iv. The restitution of property to IDPs and refugees;", "v. Assistance in erecting fixed shelters in the return villages for IDPs and refugees and repair of or compensation for the damaged properties;", "vi. Access to food, potable water and health care, including through the provision of humanitarian assistance until IDPs and refugees can resume normal life;", "i. The provision of the sum of US$ 250 (US dollars two hundred and fifty) per family as part of the return package to help meet IDPs and refugees’ immediate needs upon return. This package is intended to enable them to restart their livelihood and commence effective reintegration. The package shall also include access to potable water, food and shelter materials, as well as agricultural inputs for both crops and livestock such as seeds, seedlings, veterinary services, tools and essential equipment;", "i. Rehabilitation and construction of basic facilities in areas of return;", "i. Rehabilitation of damaged agricultural land;", "ii. Provision of education and equal training for boys and girls including livelihoods training;", "xi. Equal access to means of livelihood for men and women, including employment;", "xii. Equal access for IDPs and refugees to public services and the equal right to participate in public affairs;", "xiii. Psychosocial support to IDPs and refugees.", "250. The Parties shall ensure that the appropriate conditions are in place before promoting return.", "251. The Parties shall facilitate the voluntary return or resettlement of IDPs and refugees in a peaceful, orderly and phased manner, in accordance with a clear strategy.", "ARTICLE 51: VOLUNTARY RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT COMMISSION", "252. A Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission shall be established as a matter of priority. It shall comprise:", "i. A Voluntary Return Committee (VRC);", "i. A Property Claims and Restitution Committee (PCRC);", "ii. A Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar Fund (JAF).", "253. The VRRC shall supervise the VRC, the PCRC and the JAF.", "254. The VRRC shall prepare its rules of procedure, its financial and administrative regulations, design its structure as appropriate, for adoption by the DRA.", "255. The composition of the bodies established under the VRRC, as well as the designation of their members, shall be agreed upon by the Parties.", "256. The Compensation/Jahr AI-Darar aspect of the activities of the VRRC will be funded from the JAF.", "THE VOLUNTARY RETURN COMMITTEE", "1. Under the supervision of the VRRC, the VRC shall be responsible for all aspects regarding the voluntary return of the IDPs and refugees. To this end, the VRC shall undertake the following tasks and functions:", "i. Conduct statistical surveys of IDPs and refugees for the purpose of planning for voluntary return or resettlement;", "ii. Conduct, in collaboration with the relevant international bodies, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a comprehensive needs assessment in areas of potential return or resettlement, which shall include addressing the following issues: safety, food security, damage to homes and land, potable water, sanitation, education, access to health services and infrastructure;", "iii. Assess whether the conditions required for sustainable return are in place, recommend specific measures to be implemented to ensure the creation of these conditions, and verify the fulfilment of these conditions;", "i. Develop and adopt a Voluntary Return Plan, within three months of the signing of this Agreement, with the assistance of the UNHCR and competent local bodies and in consultation with IDPs, refugees and local communities;", "iv. Implement the Voluntary Return Plan in close cooperation with competent local bodies, the international community, in particular UNHCR, and countries hosting the refugees;", "i. Monitor and report on a continuing basis on the maintenance of the necessary conditions for sustainable return and reintegration, and on the conditions of IDPs and refugees upon return;", "vii. Plan, organize and assist the voluntary return of IDPs and refugees, in accordance with the Voluntary Return Plan, and to assist in their reintegration.", "258. The VRC may establish such subcommittees as it deems necessary to carry out its functions, including:", "i. A subcommittee on Statistical Surveys and Planning;", "ii. A subcommittee on Evaluation, Rehabilitation and Establishment of the Basic", "Utilities in the Areas of Return.", "259. The VRRC shall ensure the active participation of representatives of IDPs, refugees and civil society in the processes associated with voluntary return.", "ARTICLE 52: HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY RESTITUTION", "260. IDPs and refugees have the right to have their houses, land and properties which they were unlawfully deprived of, restored to them. In the event that recovery of such property is not possible, they shall be entitled to compensation, in accordance with international principles.", "261. This right applies to IDPs and refugees whether they choose to return to their place of origin or to resettle elsewhere.", "262. The PCRC shall ensure that IDPs and refugees have their houses, land and property restored to them.", "263. The PCRC shall:", "i. Receive property restitution claims from IDPs, refugees and other conflict affected", "victims in Darfur;", "ii. Determine, upon receipt of a claim, the lawful owner of the property with respect to", "which the claim is made;", "iii. If the claimant is the lawful owner, order the restitution of the property to him or her;", "iv. Where this is not possible, order the award of compensation to him/her;", "v. Establish procedures for the submission and determination of claims that are simple,", "accessible, transparent, just, timely, enforceable and free of charge. These procedures shall include specific measures to ensure that women and orphans are able to participate on a fully equal basis in the restitution process;", "vi. Where appropriate, appoint advocate(s) or representative(s) to act on behalf of a claimant particularly in cases where the person is under 18 years of age or suffers from mental disability.", "264. The PCRC shall not recognize as valid any illegal property transaction including any transfer that was made under duress or made without free and informed consent.", "265. The GoS shall be responsible for ensuring property restitution to the lawful owner. The GoS shall remove and relocate the people who settled in an illegal manner and occupied the properties of IDPs and refugees, with the assistance of relevant international bodies.", "266. No person or group of persons shall be deprived of any traditional or historical right in respect to land or access to water without consent or prompt and adequate compensation.", "1. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, traditional mechanisms may be used to settle disputes arising from the return process, provided they are consistent with the international principles of human rights.", "268. The PCRC shall establish subcommittees to carry out its functions, including:", "i. a subcommittee on Verification and Documentation;", "i. a subcommittee on Dispute Settlement and Property Claims; and", "iii. such other subcommittees as it may deem necessary.", "269. The decisions of the PCRC shall be made public.", "ARTICLE 53: COMPENSATION/JABR AL-DARAR FUND", "270. The Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar Fund shall be established for payment of compensation awards ordered by:", "i. the PCRC in accordance with Article 52;", "i. the Justice Committee in accordance with Article 58.", "271. The Fund shall receive and hold:", "i. Contributions from the GoS in accordance with paragraph 273;", "ii. Contributions from the Sudanese people through their institutions such as chambers of commerce and charitable organizations;", "i. Contributions by the Islamic, Arab and African countries and their Funds;", "ii. Contributions by the EU and other donors;", "v. Funds mobilized by/through the United Nations agencies.", "272. The JAF shall establish its rules of procedure. The procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "ARTICLE 54: FUNDING", "273. The initial amount of the JAF for the settlement of compensation for any loss and/or damage suffered by IDPs, refugees and any other victims of the conflict in Darfur shall be US$ 300,000,000 (US dollars three hundred million), out of which the GoS undertakes to pay US$ 200,000,000 (US dollars two hundred million), and the balance of US$ 100,000,000 (US dollars one hundred million) will be sourced from donors.", "1. The GoS shall allocate funds from the national budget to support the voluntary return and reintegration of IDPs and refugees, in accordance with the budgets prepared by the VRRC, and approved by the DRA.", "275. Recognizing that peacemaking in general, and collective and family compensations in particular, require mobilization of huge resources and the fact that mobilization of local resources alone cannot meet all requirements, funding such plan requires the participation and support of the international community, peace partners and beneficiaries of peace. The Parties therefore agree to promote the mobilization of international resources to contribute to the JAF.", "CHAPTER V – JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION", "ARTICLE 55: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION", "Justice and reconciliation shall be based on the following principles:", "276. Respect for international human rights law and international humanitarian law.", "277. Justice and reconciliation are integral and interlinked elements for achieving lasting peace in Darfur and are essential for upholding the rule of law.", "1. Adoption of transitional justice mechanisms for remedies and for the legal accountability of perpetrators of acts of violence related to the armed conflict in Darfur.", "2. Reconstructing and repairing social relationships and reviving and strengthening the values of peaceful coexistence, respect for existing customs, social cooperation and solidarity in Darfur.", "278. The right of victims to have access to mechanisms of justice and redress, in particular the right to an adequate, effective and prompt remedy and/or reparations for violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law.", "279. Justice and other mechanisms of redress, including transitional justice mechanisms, shall be independent and impartial, and shall be consistent with international norms and standards.", "3. Condemnation of atrocities, abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in Darfur during the conflict, and the imperative need to take all necessary steps to prevent the repetition of such violations.", "4. Ensuring that all perpetrators of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law are held accountable.", "5. The appropriate recording and documentation of all crimes and forms of violations.", "1. The recognition of the special situation and concerns of women, children and youth and the important role of women and youth in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, in transitional justice processes and in peacebuilding, and the imperative of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance of peace and security, including justice and reconciliation.", "286. Children implicated in the conflict who may have been involved in the commission of crimes under international law shall be considered primarily as victims and shall be treated in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Protocol II to the Geneva Convention, the African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Beijing Rules and related international juvenile justice and fair trial standards.", "287. Recognition of the role that independent and impartial traditional mechanisms can play in complementing processes of justice and reconciliation and the importance of making full use of their potential while maintaining international human rights standards.", "1. The importance of drawing upon African and international experiences and best practices with respect to accountability, reconciliation and truth seeking in addressing what occurred in Darfur and the use of the mechanisms of justice, compensation and reconciliation for the settlement of the conflict.", "288. Provision of security and full protection to all citizens.", "289. Justice, accountability, recognition of wrongdoing, forgiveness and commitment to non‑repetition.", "290. Encouraging exchange of amicable visits between the leaders of reconciling tribes.", "291. Collection of weapons in the possession of tribal groups by the tribes themselves in coordination with local authorities.", "1. Promoting dialogue as an appropriate channel to achieve reconciliation among tribes and consolidating the reconciliation mechanisms recognized in Darfur.", "ARTICLE 56: THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM", "2. The Parties agree on the importance of establishing justice in Darfur in order to consolidate peace, and they agree that the institutions of justice have an important role to play in this respect. They also agree that continued broad reforms should be sustained to reinforce their capacity, professionalism and independence to ensure equal justice for all.", "292. Without prejudice to Article 60, immunities enjoyed by persons by virtue of their official status or functions shall not obstruct the speedy dispensation of justice nor shall they prevent the combating of impunity.", "293. The GoS undertakes to facilitate access to justice by taking the following necessary and important steps:", "i. Increasing the number of courts and judicial personnel including judges and prosecutors in Darfur;", "ii. Strengthening and utilizing the system of mobile courts;", "iii. Allocating adequate resources required for the effective delivery of justice, including providing necessary land and air transport throughout Darfur for prosecution officials. To this end, the Government may seek assistance from the United Nations and other peace partners;", "iv. Ensuring that the Ministry of Justice enforces and supports the discharge of Prosecutorial duties in conducting investigations;", "v. Ensuring the protection of judicial personnel, victims and witnesses.", "297. The steps and procedures set out in paragraph 296 shall guarantee the rights to due process and a fair trial and ensure conclusive settlement of cases processed by and referred to courts and mechanisms of transitional justice, and eliminate-any existing or potential barrier obstructing people of Darfur from exercising their right to litigation, justice and remedy.", "1. The GoS undertakes to provide technical assistance and support to enhance coordination between the courts and the commissions or the special committees pertaining to blood money (dia) or compensation, and other means of reconciliation with a view to creating the required cohesion, thereby increasing their capacity, and avoiding inconsistencies and overlaps.", "2. The role of civil society in Darfur in fostering justice, peace and reconciliation freely and independently shall be strengthened. Civil society may seek support from national, regional and international organizations according to established procedures.", "3. The Parties call upon the international community to provide technical assistance and appropriate resources to support the effective functioning of the judicial system.", "ARTICLE 57: COMPENSATION/JABR AL-DARAR", "4. All victims, including IDPs and refugees, who suffered loss or damage, including loss of life, physical injury, mental harm and emotional suffering, because of the conflict in Darfur, have the right to prompt and adequate compensation/Jabr Al-Darar in accordance with international experiences and best practices in similar situations.", "298. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar for loss of housing, land and property shall be addressed through the procedures set out in Article 53.", "303. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar for other forms of loss and damage shall be addressed in accordance with the procedures set out in Article 58.", "304. Compensation/Jabr Al-Darar shall be paid in one instalment whenever possible. Otherwise, it shall be paid in two instalments provided that the whole period for the settlement of such compensation/Jabr Al-Darar, does not exceed two years from the date of assessment of the damage.", "ARTICLE 58: TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "1. The Government shall designate a national day for peace and non-violence in Darfur.", "2. In order to foster reconciliation, the Parties agree to address the following causes of the conflict:", "i. Environmental degradation and dispute over access to natural resources;", "ii. Tensions among local communities;", "i. Weakness of the Native Administration;", "ii. Conflict over land, hawakeer and nomadic routes;", "iii. Proliferation of weapons;", "iv. The regional dimension of the conflict.", "307. The Parties agree that there shall be a reconciliation process aimed at:", "i. Denouncing violence and exclusion and adopting dialogue as a means of achieving social peace;", "ii. Adopting justice, reconciliation and forgiveness as principles leading to peace;", "i. Rebuilding and strengthening relationships between the components of Darfur society as well as raising the level of coexistence, cooperation and social solidarity in Darfur;", "ii. Eradicating tribal and ethnic polarization;", "iii. Entrenching a culture of peace in conformity with the values, traditions and cultural heritage of the Darfur people, using such means as tribal chiefs, religious scholars, civil society organizations, the media and educational institutions;", "iv. Formal and informal apologies, individually and collectively, to the victims of the conflict;", "i. Strengthening the Native Administration system;", "ii. Encouraging respect for nomadic routes in order to stabilize relations and reduce tensions among herders and farmers;", "ix. Resolving the issue of the presence of illegal migrants and their occupation of villages, towns, farms and orchards in Darfur.", "308. Without prejudice to the prerogatives and mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) established pursuant to this Article, the following mechanisms shall be employed:", "i. The Ajaweed Council;", "ii. The Native Administration.", "309. The National Government, the DRA and the State Governments shall support these mechanisms to complement the work of the TRC.", "310. The role of the Ajaweed Councils shall be strengthened, and reconciliation conferences shall be organized with a view to restoring confidence and fostering good relations among the Darfur communities.", "TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION", "311. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Sudanese courts, including the Special Court for Darfur, an independent Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) shall be established. The TJRC shall be composed of the following two Committees:", "i. The Justice Committee; and", "ii. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee.", "JUSTICE COMMITTEE", "312. The Justice Committee shall be responsible for receiving, examining and assessing claims, and determining the nature of compensation/Jabr Al-Darar as well as the amount to be paid to the victims as appropriate. The victims shall be given a period of 10 years for filing claims before the Justice Committee, starting from the initial date fixed by the Committee for submission of individual claims.", "1. The members of the Committee shall be nominated by the Parties and appointed by the Chairperson of the DRA.", "313. The Justice Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure and modus operandi. Its procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "1. Technical and administrative committees shall assist the Justice Committee in determining the nature and the extent of the individual damages and losses. These committees shall be composed of, among others, specialized physicians, lawyers, Native Administration, the elders of the camps, representatives of the victims and other relevant experts. These committees shall work in close collaboration with the local government. The GoS undertakes to bear the expenses of their work.", "TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMITTEE", "316. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee shall assess the root causes of the conflict in Darfur, investigate violations, crimes and human rights abuses including violations of economic, social and cultural rights committed from February 2003, address issues of impunity and build a culture of confidence, peace and reconciliation.", "317. The TRC shall be composed of eminent personalities reflecting the ethnic and cultural diversity of Sudan, with due respect for gender balance. The membership of the TRC shall include members nominated by the Parties.", "318. The TRC shall adopt its rules of procedure and modus operandi. These procedures shall be simple and accessible.", "1. The TRC shall provide an opportunity for the victims and perpetrators of human rights violations as well as other citizens to share their experiences, establish a common understanding of the past, facilitate genuine healing within and among communities and promote reconciliation and prevention of atrocities in the future.", "319. The TRC shall recommend measures towards comprehensive and lasting peace in Darfur and shall submit its findings and recommendations to the President of the Republic of the Sudan and the National Assembly of Sudan on an annual basis. It shall submit its final report to the President and the National Assembly of Sudan upon the completion of its mandate.", "320. The Parties agree to request the assistance of the international community in providing the necessary financial and technical support for the work of the TRC.", "ARTICLE 59: SPECIAL COURT FOR DARFUR", "1. The Parties agree to call upon the Sudanese Judiciary to establish a Special Court for Darfur, which shall have jurisdiction over gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Darfur, since February 2003.", "321. The GoS shall appoint the Prosecutor of the Special Court, and shall enable him/her to assume his/her role in bringing perpetrators to justice. The Prosecutor may refer cases to the national courts.", "324. The Special Court shall apply the Sudanese criminal law, international criminal law and international humanitarian and human rights laws.", "325. The GoS shall create conducive conditions to enable the Special Court to undertake its functions in conducting investigations and trials and shall provide the Court with the necessary resources to this end.", "326. A team of specialized experts from the United Nations and the AU, selected in consultation with the GoS, shall observe the courts proceedings to ensure their proper conduct, in accordance with justice and equity rules, enshrined in International Law.", "1. The Parties shall take all necessary measures to guarantee the protection and assistance of victims and witnesses, and ensure their full access to and participation in the justice process. The Parties shall abstain from any act that might discourage witnesses from testifying freely and without fear.", "327. The GoS, with the support of the international community, shall establish a fund for legal aid and other related activities of the Special Court during investigations and trials.", "ARTICLE 60: AMNESTY", "328. In order to create a conducive environment for peace and reconciliation, the GoS shall grant a general amnesty in accordance with the Sudanese Constitution and Laws, to civil and military members, to prisoners of war and those sentenced from the Parties, and on this basis, release the prisoners of war.", "1. The Parties agree that war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of sexual violence, and gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law shall not be included in the scope of application of the amnesty.", "ARTICLE 61: PUBLIC SERVICES", "331. In order to curb impunity, build confidence and strengthen the rule of law in Darfur and create conducive conditions for confidence-building and reconciliation, the GoS shall establish an independent, impartial, resourced and effective mechanism to identify and take appropriate action against individuals in the public service who have been proven guilty of committing abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law.", "CHAPTER VI: PERMANENT CEASEFIRE AND FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "ARTICLE 62: GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR PERMANENT CEASEFIRE AND FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "The Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements shall be based on the following general principles:", "332. The Darfur conflict cannot be resolved militarily and a durable solution can only be obtained through an inclusive political process;", "1. Civilians in Darfur have the right to protection, including provision of specific measures for vulnerable groups such as women and children taking into account their special status in international law, and in recognition that they have suffered disproportionately during the conflict;", "333. The importance of facilitating the mandate of UNAMID, including for the protection of civilians, as outlined in UNSCR 1769 (2007) and UNSCR 1935 (2010) respectively, and the Communiqué of the 79^(th) Meeting of the AU PSC;", "334. The imperative to refrain from all acts of violence against civilians, in particular vulnerable groups such as women and children, and from violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;", "1. The need to address the urgent humanitarian crisis faced by the people of Darfur, including the guarantee of unrestricted humanitarian access to all areas;", "2. Realising and supporting permanent peace in Darfur through, among other things, a comprehensive agreement and final security arrangements that address the root causes and the different aspects of the armed conflict.", "335. Guaranteed free movement for individuals, goods and services in Darfur.", "336. The necessity to have a strong professional and inclusive Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and other security institutions, capable of defending and maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.", "PERMANENT CEASEFIRE", "ARTICLE 63: PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES AND POSITIVE UNDERTAKINGS", "340. In accordance with this Agreement, the Parties agree to immediately cease and refrain from any:", "i. Acts of hostility, violence or intimidation against the civilian population in Darfur and IDPs;", "ii. Activity that jeopardise the letter and spirit of this Agreement;", "iii. Offensive, provocative or retaliatory actions, including hostile propaganda and the unauthorised redeployment and movement of forces, against another Party or any Movement party to the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), signed on 5 May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, or against the signatories to the Declaration of Commitment to the DPA (DoC DPA), signed thereafter;", "i. Recruitment or any other military activity within or in the proximity of IDP or refugee camps;", "i. Acts of intimidation, hostility, violence or attacks against UNAMID personnel, installations or equipment, members of local or international humanitarian agencies including UN agencies, international organisations and non-governmental organisations, their personnel, installations or equipment, and members of the media;", "iv. Actions that may impede or delay the provision of humanitarian assistance or protection to civilians and restrict free movement of people;", "i. Restrictions on the safe, free and unimpeded movement of humanitarian agencies;", "ii. Use or laying of land mines;", "ii. Acts and forms of gender-based violence and sexual exploitation;", "v. Recruitment and use of boys and girls under age 18 by armed forces and armed groups in hostilities, in accordance with Sudan’s obligations under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, and obligations under Protocol II (1977) of Geneva Conventions of 1949;", "iii. Other activities that could endanger or undermine the Parties’ commitment to a complete and durable cessation of hostilities, including those activities that would be determined to be a violation of the ceasefire based on this Agreement; hostile propaganda against another Party or any armed group party to the DPA;", "iv. Attempt by any Party to disguise its equipment, personnel or activities as those of UNAMID, the UN Agencies, the AU, the International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent (ICRC) or any other similar organisation.", "341. The Parties further undertake to ensure:", "i. The free movement of people and goods;", "ii. Unimpeded access of humanitarian assistance to the population in need and the protection of humanitarian workers and their operations in areas under their control;", "iii. Full cooperation with UNAMID to implement its mandate;", "i. That the provisions of this Agreement are communicated, through the Parties’ chain of command, to all elements of their armed forces, and armed groups under their control or influence including women, and that all such forces and groups shall comply with those provisions.", "iv. The disarmament and disbandment of armed militias in due time, and as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures to ensure security throughout Darfur;", "i. That the Ceasefire is not threatened by any foreign combatants present on Sudanese territory;", "ii. That IDPs and other civilians in Darfur shall not be subject to harassment or arbitrary detention by the Government security organisations and the Movements; noting that such activities may be treated as violations of the Ceasefire;", "i. That all children, boys and girls, recruited by armed forces or armed groups, if any, are released unconditionally through the development of Action Plans;", "ii. That all children, boys and girls, who are accused of crimes against international law after being unlawfully recruited by armed forces or armed groups are considered primarily as victims of violations against international law and not as alleged perpetrators.", "ARTICLE 64: CEASEFIRE COMMISSION", "342. The Ceasefire Commission, hereafter referred to as “the CFC”, and the Joint Commission, hereafter referred to as “the Commission” shall be established as Ceasefire monitoring and verification mechanisms.", "343. The CFC shall comprise the under listed components:", "i. The CFC headquartered in El Fasher;", "ii. The CFC Secretariat headquartered in El Fasher;", "i. Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission (SSCFC);", "ii. The Ceasefire Team Site Group (CTSG).", "344. The CFC has the overall responsibility for the monitoring and implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire, and shall endeavour to make decisions by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached, the CFC shall commit the issue for arbitration by the Commission. The Parties are responsible for implementing the Ceasefire Agreement and shall be obliged to adhere to the recommendations of the Commission.", "345. Cognisant of the important role of women in peace making, adequate and effective representation of women shall be guaranteed by the Parties at all levels of the ceasefire mechanism.", "346. The Parties shall guarantee UNAMID unimpeded freedom of movement in all areas and at all times in Darfur in the exercise of its mandate.", "347. The Parties commit themselves to participating fully and actively in the CFC, the Sector Sub‑CFCs and CTSGs and to supporting their work.", "FUNCTIONS OF THE CFC", "348. The functions of the CFC shall be to:", "i. Monitor compliance of the Parties to their obligations under the Permanent Ceasefire and the conduct of the respective armed forces;", "ii. Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire;", "iii. Define the routes for all movement of the Parties’ forces in order to reduce risks of incidents; and approve all such movements which must be requested by the Parties with at least 72 hours notice;", "iv. Support de-mining operations;", "i. Produce, through its Chairperson, the master map showing disposition of the Parties, and Demilitarised Zones (DMZ) around IDP camps and hosting communities;", "ii. Receive, verify, analyse and resolve complaints related to possible violations of the Ceasefire;", "i. Issue violation reports in the event that a Party commits any prohibited act, as stipulated in the Permanent Ceasefire;", "ii. Assist in the dissemination of information about the Permanent Ceasefire;", "iii. Serve as a channel of communication between the Parties;", "iv. Support the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) of the ex-combatants as and when agreed by the Parties.", "COMPOSITION OF THE CFC", "349. The CFC shall be constituted as follows:", "i. UNAMID Force Commander Chairperson", "ii. Three members from each Party Members", "iii. One Representative of the State of Qatar Member", "350. The Chairperson shall, as required, co-opt representatives of other components/sections of UNAMID i.e. Police, HLO, PAD, Legal office as members without voting right.", "1. The Parties may decide on the number and composition of observers at a later date. Observers are an important facet for the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire as they facilitate and advise the CFC and the Parties. They may include but are not limited to international/regional organisations or individual countries. Observers may attend open sessions and meetings of the CFC and Sub-CFCs. If deemed appropriate and agreed upon by the Parties, observers will be briefed on closed sessions/meetings.", "CHAIRPERSON OF THE CFC", "1. The UNAMID Force Commander shall be the Chairperson of the CFC, and in his absence, the Deputy Force Commander shall perform the duties.", "DUTIES OF CFC CHAIRPERSON", "351. The duties and responsibilities of the Chairperson shall include:", "i. Preside over all CFC meetings;", "ii. Define the CFC programme of activities;", "iii. Ensure implementation of the decisions and recommendations of both CFC and the Commission;", "iv. Order independent or supplementary investigations at CFC level whenever appropriate;", "v. Ensure the submission of weekly reports to the Commission;", "vi. Ensure that appropriate measures are taken for CFC members to respect the local laws and regulations, refrain from any action or activity incompatible with the impartial and international nature of their duties.", "MEETINGS", "354. CFC meetings shall be convened by the Chairperson or at the request of the Parties. The meetings shall be held at UNAMID Headquarters, El Fasher or in any other venue as shall be decided by the Chairperson. The meetings shall be conducted under the following guidelines:", "i. The agenda for the meeting shall be adopted at the beginning of the session;", "i. The CFC deliberations and decisions are reached by consensus, but if the Parties are unable to reach an agreement on a matter before the CFC, the Chairperson shall refer the matter to the Commission for resolution. The Parties shall be obliged to adhere to the ruling of the Commission;", "iii. At every session, minutes of meetings shall be signed by the secretary and authenticated by the Chairperson and brought to the next meeting for confirmation as a true record of the proceedings and shall be binding upon the Parties;", "iv. Sub committees may be constituted for specific tasks whenever necessary and shall present their reports before the CFC for adoption/rejection;", "v. Observers may make comments at the request of the Chairperson.", "CODE OF CONDUCT", "355. CFC members and observers will be expected at all times to adhere to the code of conduct which includes the following:", "i. Dialogue and appropriate and polite language should be used as the guiding principle during deliberations;", "i. Any issues that Members wish to raise should be addressed to the Chair;", "ii. Personal attacks or animosity shall not be accepted from any member;", "iii. Punctuality shall be observed by all members;", "iv. No member of the CFC shall brief the press or issue statement on behalf of the CFC without prior authorisation by the Chairperson;", "v. Deliberations of the CFC are confidential and are shared only on a need to know basis;", "i. Avoid actions that may discredit any Party;", "ii. Place the interests of the people of Darfur and other resident civilians, including women and children, ahead of personal considerations;", "ix. Understand the CFC mandate and act within it.", "356. The Chairperson shall exercise control over the CFC Secretariat and the subordinate level SSCFC as defined in this Agreement. The Sector Commanders and Chief of Staff CFC Secretariat shall be directly answerable to the Chairperson on the management of CFC resources put under their control.", "357. The Sector Commanders shall exercise control of the SSCFCs and Ceasefire TSGs within their Areas of Responsibility (AORs) and remain answerable to the Chairperson. The SSCFC reports on violations shall be forwarded to the Chairperson through the CFC Secretariat.", "SECTOR SUB-CEASEFIRE COMMISSION", "358. Each sector shall establish and maintain Sector Sub-Ceasefire Commission inclusive of women to ensure an effective investigation and reporting cycle. The sectors shall establish a Secretariat to be headed by the Chief sub CFC modelled on the CFC Secretariat. Team site groups comprising various elements at sub-unit/unit levels, inclusive of women, shall be established as the primary sources of reporting incidents and investigating violations to the Permanent Ceasefire.", "FUNCTIONS OF SSCFC", "359. The main functions of the SSCFC are to:", "i. Oversee compliance of the Parties to their obligations within the Sector AOR as per the Permanent Ceasefire;", "ii. Consider, verify, investigate and report matters of disagreements and alleged violations between the Parties, in accordance with the Permanent Ceasefire;", "i. Implement CFC policy and directives;", "iii. Report periodically and refer unresolved complaints to the CFC at FHQ with a full explanation as to the matter in dispute;", "iv. Assume responsibility for investigations of violations as stipulated in the Permanent Ceasefire;", "v. Assign tasks/missions to TSGs.", "360. When consensus cannot be reached on a particular issue, it shall be forwarded to the CFC for resolution.", "COMPOSITION", "361. The SSCFC shall comprise the following members:", "i. Sector Commander — Chairperson", "ii. Two representatives from each party — Members", "i. Secretary", "ii. Co-opted members from relevant UNAMID components who shall have no voting rights.", "REPORTS", "362. SSCFCs shall forward their reports covering ceasefire violations as clearly reaffirmed in the Permanent Ceasefire or in any other agreement in force to the CFC Secretariat by 1600 hrs daily. As a minimum, the report is to cover:", "i. Nature/type of violation;", "i. When and where it occurred;", "ii. Party/Parties involved;", "iii. Confirmed or unconfirmed;", "iv. UNAMID actions;", "v. Any other relevant facts/information.", "CEASEFIRE TEAM SITE GROUPS", "363. The CTSGs provide SSCFC with situational awareness and serve as the first level of conflict resolution within the Mission. In recognition of the role that women must play in the peace and security process, women shall be included in all CTSGs.", "1. The CTSGs are responsible for overseeing the compliance of the Parties to the ceasefire as enshrined in the Permanent Ceasefire within their areas of responsibility. This will be achieved through monitoring, patrolling, visiting, inspecting, liaising, investigating, verifying and reporting as directed and supervised by the SSCFC.", "COMPOSITION OF CEASEFIRE TEAM SITE GROUPS", "365. The CTSGs at sub-unit level shall be composed of:", "i. Military Observer Team Leader - Chairperson", "ii. Two Representatives from each Party - Members", "ARTICLE 65: JOINT COMMISSION", "366. The Joint Special Representative (JSR), UNAMID shall chair the Commission and in his/her absence, the Deputy JSR shall perform the duties. The Commission shall be composed of the following:", "i. UNAMID JSR — Chairperson", "ii. State of Qatar — Member", "iii. Three representatives from each Party — Members", "iv. League of Arab States (LAS) — Member", "v. European Union — Member", "vi. UNAMID Political Affairs — Secretary", "367. The following countries shall enjoy observer status and may be called upon by the Chair to address the Commission as required:", "i. Canada;", "ii. China;", "iii. Norway.", "FUNCTIONS/TERMS OF REFERENCE", "368. The Commission shall be established to resolve disputes among Parties referred to it by the CFC, and for ensuring the effective implementation of the provisions of the Final Security Arrangements.", "369. The Commission shall perform the following functions:", "i. Follow-up the implementation of the Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements established by this Agreement;", "ii. Be responsible for the interpretation of provisions of the Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements, when necessary;", "iii. Arbitrate irregularities and violations, and accept and decide upon complaints filed by the Parties and which cannot be suitably addressed by the CFC. All attempts will be made to investigate fully and resolve contentious issues collaboratively and by consensus at the lowest level;", "i. In case of gross violations, the Commission shall notify the African Union and the United Nations;", "ii. In accordance with the UNSCR 1325 (2000), the Commission shall ensure that all forms of violence that specifically affect women and children are heard and redressed in a gender sensitive and competent manner;", "iii. Draw attention to any development that would impede or compromise the implementation of the Ceasefire and the Final Security Arrangements, and to take measures to avoid repetition;", "i. Make recommendations on appropriate measures that should be taken in respect of those responsible for violations of the Ceasefire;", "ii. Any additional functions that the Commission may deem appropriate within the spirit of this Agreement.", "MEETINGS", "370. The Commission shall hold its meetings at the UNAMID headquarters in El Fasher or by exception in any other country agreed by the Commission.", "1. The Commission shall meet on a monthly basis and shall issue a report after each meeting. The members shall be notified of the agenda and documentation at least seven days before each meeting. The Commission shall call emergency meetings, and forego this preliminary notification requirement, when deemed necessary. Any of the Parties may request the Commission to convene an emergency meeting when deemed necessary.", "2. The Parties shall abide by and implement the Commission’s recommendations on the measures taken in regard to ceasefire violations.", "3. The Parties shall circulate to their members and constituencies, the reports of the Commission.", "374. The Commission shall issue regular public statements on progress towards implementing the relevant provisions of this Agreement.", "1. The Commission shall make its decisions by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached by the Parties, the Chairperson with the international members of the Commission, and in consultations with the Observers, shall make a decision in the best interest of maintaining the ceasefire and the decision shall be binding on the Parties.", "FINAL SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS", "ARTICLE 66: DISENGAGEMENT, REDEPLOYMENT AND LIMITED ARMS CONTROL GENERAL PROVISIONS", "2. The Parties understand that ceasefire requires appropriate processes of military disengagement, redeployment of forces and limited arms control.", "3. The ceasefire shall take place in incremental steps and on a reciprocal basis, with appropriate security guarantees and through agreements reached in the CFC and with verification by UNAMID.", "4. The CFC shall be responsible for planning, co-ordination, management and supervision of the processes. The CFC shall oversee the implementation of decisions and agreements.", "5. The processes shall occur in the following sequence:", "i. Preparation for disengagement and redeployment including verification;", "ii. Phase 1: Disengagement;", "i. Phase 2: Redeployment;", "ii. Phase 3: Arms Control.", "380. The Parties shall inform their field commanders of all the components of the plans and the rules relating to these phases and shall ensure compliance with these rules.", "1. The Parties shall inform the Chairperson of the CFC of the exact locations of their forces and these shall be indicated clearly on maps to be attached as an annex to a copy of the Agreement to be confidentially kept by UNAMID. These locations shall be subject to verification by UNAMID and will be indicated on a Master Map.", "382. The Parties shall be bound by the Master Map as determined in the first instance by UNAMID. The Map may be modified thereafter by the Chairperson of the CFC in consultation with the Parties.", "383. The Chairperson of the CFC shall provide the Parties with adjusted maps of the Movements’ camps, DMZs, Demilitarised Humanitarian Supply Routes, Buffer Zones, and Redeployment Areas.", "384. The Parties shall be bound by the main rules for movement of troops, arms, provisions and supplies in accordance with the following:", "i. A notification shall be given, 72 hours in advance, to the CFC and shall be approved by CFC for the movement of armed soldiers during the first phase (Disengagement) and the second phase (Redeployment);", "i. A notification shall be given, 72 hours in advance, to the CFC and shall be approved by CFC for the movement of Class V and Class VII (ammunition and weapons systems) to, within and from the area(s), during the first phase (Disengagement) and the second phase (Redeployment);", "iii. For ordinary supplies to and from these areas during these phases, Class I (food and water), Class II (equipment and medical supplies), Class III (fuel, oil and lubricants) and Class IV (construction materials) only notification to the CFC 72 hours in advance is necessary.", "385. Concentration and deployment of forces by the GoS and utilisation of access routes including DMZs and buffer zones, for the purpose of border protection in Darfur shall not be subject to any restriction. However, in the event that the deployment entails entry into an area controlled by a Movement’s forces, the GoS shall notify the Party concerned.", "1. Concentration and deployment of forces by the Movements and utilisation of access routes for the purpose of protecting this Agreement against any hostile activities shall be subject to approval by the CFC and notification to, and monitoring by UNAMID.", "1. Government forces may not enter any DMZ or buffer zone or redeployment area or assembly area of a Movement’s forces without the written permission of the CFC.", "2. Any breach of the rules relating to the disengagement, redeployment and limited arms control processes presented in this Chapter is a violation of the ceasefire.", "ARTICLE 67: PREPARATION FOR DISENGAGEMENT AND REDEPLOYMENT", "DECISION-MAKING AND COMMUNICATION", "389. In preparation for disengagement and redeployment, the CFC shall endeavour to make decisions and resolve disputes by consensus.", "390. Where the Parties are unable to reach consensus, the Chairperson of the CFC shall refer the dispute to the Commission for its decision. The Parties shall be bound by decisions taken by the Commission.", "391. The Chairperson of the CFC shall ensure that all decisions and agreements relating to DMZs, Buffer Zones and Redeployment Areas are demarcated clearly on maps with precise GPS co‑ordinates. The Chairperson shall ensure that the Parties have the same maps with the same demarcations.", "1. The Chairperson of CFC shall establish, in coordination with the Government, a system for an effective and secure communications procedure between the CFC and the Parties.", "VERIFICATION", "1. For the purpose of implementing the overall final security arrangements, UNAMID shall verify information submitted by the Parties; including the exact locations and equipment thereof, number and types of weapons, strength of their forces including the presence of any children among their ranks and other information that UNAMID or CFC may request. This information shall be confidential throughout the preparatory, disengagement, redeployment and limited arms control phases. The information shall be restricted to the Chairperson of the CFC only, until the beginning of the integration and demobilisation phase.", "2. The verification process of the Movements’ forces and their areas of control shall be limited to units no smaller than company level, normally 150 (one hundred and fifty) soldiers or sub-units with equivalent capability. Uninterrupted duration of control by such unit/sub-unit is a condition for the area to qualify as being under the control of the Movements.", "PLANS", "PHASE ONE: DISENGAGEMENT", "395. The process of disengagement shall include the following steps:", "i. Movements and activities of the Parties shall be confined to the areas allocated for the Parties as demarcated and shown on the Master Maps;", "ii. In consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of CFC shall establish DMZs around IDPs camp sites and host communities and along selected humanitarian supply routes;", "i. After consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of CFC shall establish buffer zones in between forces of the Parties and areas experiencing intense conflicts, where necessary;", "ii. The Parties shall ensure that the armed and militias groups under their control of influence are committed to and comply with the ceasefire;", "v. No Party shall undertake any military activities or establish any new armed group or militia.", "PRESENCE OF FOREIGN ARMED COMBATANTS IN DARFUR", "396. The presence of foreign armed combatants in Darfur is a serious challenge to peace and security and constitutes a potential threat to this Agreement. Consistently with paragraph 385, the GoS shall take appropriate measures to control, disarm, neutralise and repatriate these groups.", "1. The Parties note the action being taken in collaboration with neighbouring countries to control the presence of foreign armed combatants in Darfur and agree to support the initiative.", "PHASE Two REDEPLOYMENT", "398. The process of redeployment involves the following activities:", "i. The Chairperson of the CFC, in consultation with the Parties, shall establish buffer zones and Redeployment Areas.", "ii. The Parties shall redeploy their forces and their weapons away from the buffer zones and into their respective Redeployment Areas.", "i. UNAMID shall monitor the buffer zones and conduct patrols therein.", "ii. The restoration of provision of basic services and access to basic services for civilians.", "DISARMAMENT OF ARMED MILITIA GROUPS", "399. All armed militia groups shall be disarmed and disbanded as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures, to ensure security throughout Darfur. The GoS shall be responsible for the disarmament of the armed militia. In this regard, the GoS shall present a comprehensive plan to the CFC for the disarmament and disbandment of armed militia, and for combating illegally armed persons, bandits and other outlaw groups both foreign and local operating in Darfur. The plan shall include measures to be taken to complete the exercise before the start of the integration phase. The plan shall also include measures for the rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration of members of these disbanded groups, and the separation of men and women in assembly areas.", "400. This plan shall be presented to the Chairperson of the CFC for review and approval before the commencement of the phase 1, and implemented according to the timetable of the plan.", "401. The CFC shall monitor and verify the disarmament and disbandment of the militia groups, and the combating of illegally armed persons, bandits and other outlaw groups, in accordance with the agreed plan.", "PHASE THREE:", "LIMITED ARMS CONTROL", "402. Following the redeployment of the Parties’ forces into their respective Redeployment Areas and before assembly of the Movements’ forces, the following limited arms control measures shall take place:", "i. The Movements shall store their long-range and crew-assisted weapons, artillery and relevant munitions in secure locations designated by the Chairperson of the CFC. UNAMID shall carry out inspection at the unit level. The Movements’ combatants shall retain personal weapons until the commencement of integration into the SAF and the Sudan Police Forces (SPF);", "ii. In consultation with the Parties, UNAMID shall prepare the sites for temporary storage of long-range and crew assisted weapons, artillery and related munitions and monitor the storage of weapons and munitions that have to be held subject to the inspection of UNAMID;", "iii. The Chairperson of the CFC shall oversee the arms control process and determine the requirements and procedures for holding and inspection, including the precise designation of the weapons, artillery and munitions to be stored.", "JOINT COORDINATION MECHANISM", "403. For the purpose of confidence-building and maintaining security in Darfur, the Parties shall establish a Joint Coordination Mechanism (JCM), after the verification of the Movements’ forces. The JCM shall remain in force until the commencement of the integration process, and shall function under the strict guidance of the CFC.", "404. The JCM shall perform the following functions:", "i. The coordination of efforts and steps in addressing any potential threat to the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. The exchange of intelligence and other relevant information;", "i. The supervision of measures to organise the Movements’ forces and the maintenance of their security in the redeployment areas and assembly areas;", "i. The facilitation of the distribution of Non-military Logistical support as agreed upon by the Parties and in collaboration with the Joint Logistics Coordination Committee (JLCC);", "ii. The facilitation of the dissemination of the terms of this Agreement to field commanders and forces under their command and the sequence of the phases of its implementation;", "iii. Any other tasks as shall be agreed upon.", "ARTICLE 68: DEMILITARISED ZONES AND BUFFER ZONES GENERAL COMMITMENTS", "405. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to:", "i. Respect the rights of civilians including the IDPs and refugees;", "ii. Refrain from activities that would undermine the safety, welfare and security of civilians and IDPs;", "i. Refrain from activities that would undermine or endanger humanitarian operations in Darfur;", "ii. Create an enabling environment for the safe voluntary and sustainable return of IDPs and refugees to their places of origin;", "v. Provide special protection for women, disabled persons, children including those associated with the armed forces and armed groups, and other persons with special needs.", "DEMILITARISED ZONES", "406. Without prejudice to paragraph 385, the Demilitarised Zones shall be an area subject to the following rules:", "i. There shall be no forces in this zone of any Party or any other armed group or militias except by permission of the CFC and escorted by UNAMID;", "i. There shall be no carrying of weapons by any persons except with the permission of the CFC and escorted by UNAMID;", "iii. The perimeter of a DMZ shall not include any urban area, approaches to an airport or urban security plan locations that are the full responsibility of the GoS;", "iv. The Chairperson of the CFC shall determine the borders of the DMZ following consultation with the Parties;", "i. The Chairperson of the CFC in consultation with the members of the CFC shall decide whether the redeployment process of the forces related to any Party is a necessary measure;", "v. The Chairperson of the CFC shall, in consultation with the members of the CFC decide the measures connected to any required redeployment in addition to the timetable pertaining to this redeployment;", "vi. The CFC shall consider any violation pertaining to the DMZs as ceasefire violation.", "407. UNAMID shall have the following responsibilities in relation to DMZs surrounding IDP camp sites and hosting communities and humanitarian supply routes:", "i. UNAMID and the SPF, in the GoS areas of control and the Movements’ Liaison Officers, in areas where the CFC verifies and recognises the Movements’ control, shall develop a plan for patrolling and monitoring the DMZs around IDP camps and shall oversee the implementation of the plan;", "ii. DMZs falling within areas of control of the GoS shall be patrolled by units of UNAMID and the SPF. Executive policing functions shall be carried out by the SPF under the monitoring of UNAMID;", "iii. DMZs falling within areas where the CFC verifies and recognises the Movements’ control shall be patrolled by units comprising UNAMID and the Movements’ Liaison Officers.", "BUFFER ZONES", "408. The CFC shall develop a plan including rules and procedures for patrolling and monitoring the Buffer Zones and shall oversee its implementation.", "ARTICLE 69: NON-MILITARY LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO THE MOVEMENTS", "409. The Movements may request non-military logistical support and the GoS shall provide such support and may ask international partners to assist in this regard.", "410. A Joint Logistics Coordination Committee shall be established by UNAMID and be composed of the Parties, UNAMID and representatives of the donors that may provide such assistance. The modalities of the support shall be determined by the Committee.", "411. The terms of reference of the JLCC shall include the following:", "i. Gather and collate data on the logistical requirements of the Movements' forces in terms of food, water, shelter, clothing and medical supplies/treatment and transportation needs as determined by the JLCC;", "ii. Receive and store logistical supplies from international donors;", "i. Place orders for logistical supplies in appropriate quantity and quality;", "ii. Distribute logistical supplies to the Movements' forces through distribution points or centres in the redeployment areas and assembly areas;", "v. Determine the rules and procedures that govern the provision of non-military logistical supplies to the Movements' forces.", "412. The following conditions shall be fulfilled for such support to be provided:", "i. The number and location of combatants including the presence of children, if any, among the ranks, is given to the UNAMID Force Commander and verified in accordance with paragraphs 393 & 394;", "ii. Accessible locations for sizeable number of combatants are identified and agreed upon.", "ARTICLE 70: SECURITY OF IDP CAMPS AND HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS IN DARFUR", "413. The GoS shall, in consultation with the DRA, recruit male and female volunteers from the local communities, IDPs and returning refugees into the Community Police, to participate in maintaining the security and safety of the IDPs' camps and voluntary return villages. The UNAMID shall contribute in training the community police.", "414. The Parties agree to refrain from acts that might jeopardize the humanitarian operations in Darfur and restate commitment to create appropriate security conditions for the unimpeded flow of humanitarian assistance and goods, guarantee security in IDP camps and the creation of an atmosphere conducive for the safe voluntary and sustained return of IDPs and refugees to their areas of origin.", "415. The Parties' forces shall refrain from activities that would undermine the safety, welfare and security of IDPs.", "ARTICLE 71: CIVILIAN ARMS CONTROL", "416. Owing to the proliferation of small arms in the hands of civilians in Darfur, the Parties, with the support of UNDP and UNAMID, shall develop a strategy and plans for the implementation of a voluntary civilian arms control programme.", "417. The GoS shall mobilize resources for the civilian arms control programmes. The GoS may seek assistance from international organizations.", "ARTICLE 72: DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION, AND INTEGRATION OF FORMER COMBATANTS INTO THE SUDANESE ARMED FORCES AND POLICE FORCES", "GENERAL PROVISIONS", "1. The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Integration-process shall take place within the designated assembly areas after phase III, with only those former combatants that have been verified as part of the Movements' forces. UNAMID, in consultation with the Movements, shall develop a plan for the assembly areas to include:", "i. The size, number and locations of the assembly areas;", "ii. Desired characteristics of the assembly areas, taking into account the specific needs of female former combatants;", "i. Accessibility for the provision of logistical support;", "ii. UNAMID shall present this Plan to the CFC for approval. The CFC shall designate the assembly areas in the light of the plan.", "419. The Movements shall be responsible for the administration, discipline and internal security of former combatants in the assembly areas.", "420. Long-range, artillery, crew-served weapons and relevant munitions shall not be moved into the assembly areas.", "421. Logistics support shall be provided for the establishment of the assembly areas and during the processes of disarmament and demobilization, and integration.", "422. On the completion of the verification and registration process and the establishment of assembly areas, the Movements' combatants that have been so verified and registered shall move into the assembly areas with only small arms. UNAMID shall support and monitor the process.", "423. The GoS shall provide former combatants who wish to return to civilian life or do not meet the eligibility criteria for entry into the SAF and the SPF with social and economic reintegration opportunities.", "424. Fairness, transparency and equity shall be ensured in determining the eligibility of former combatants targeted for assistance.", "1. Former combatants shall be treated equally irrespective of their previous Movements' affiliation. They shall also be empowered by provision of training and information to voluntarily choose their path to reintegration. The reintegration process shall be community based and benefit both returnees and local communities.", "1. Reintegration programme shall be designed to be sustainable over the long-term and include follow-up monitoring and continuing support measures as needed.", "425. The reintegration programme shall encourage the participation of the communities and civil society organizations including women groups, with the view to strengthening their capacity to play their role in improving and sustaining the social and economic reintegration of former combatants.", "426. The GoS shall provide financial and logistical support for the DDR and Integration programme and may seek to mobilize support from the international community.", "427. Specific resources shall be mobilized and set aside to address the special reintegration needs of women.", "DISARMAMENT AND DEMOBILIZATION", "2. Parties agree that the North-Sudan DDR Commission shall be re-established to reflect new realities. The Commission shall be expanded to include representatives from the Movements.", "3. UNAMID shall conduct the verification of Movements' forces concurrently in all the areas.", "432. The DDR Commission, with the assistance of UNAMID and other relevant UN Agencies, shall develop plans including the timing and sequencing of phases of DDR of former combatants.", "433. The Parties shall assemble their former combatants. However, care shall be taken for disarmament and demobilization to be done in accordance with the following:", "i. Awareness and sensitisation of the leadership and their forces on disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and the peace process as well as their roles and responsibilities;", "ii. The Parties shall decide on the criteria of eligibility for the process of disarming the combatants who are not integrated;", "iii. The Parties shall ensure that the duration of the release process of all child combatants, if any, is as brief as possible and not dependent on any release or demobilization of adults. The safety and dignity of the child and his/her need for confidentiality must be primary considerations. Children should be rapidly separated from adult fighters and handed over to an appropriate, mandated and independent civilian process;", "iv. The Parties shall not transfer former combatants who are below the age of 18 to the assembly areas. Rather, they shall be released and demobilized separately before the signing of this Agreement;", "v. The Parties shall begin, as a matter of priority, the process of demobilization and reintegration of special needs groups, which includes disabled ex-combatants and women.", "ARTICLE 73: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REINTEGRATION OF EX-COMBATANTS INTO CIVILIAN SOCIETY", "434. Disarmed and demobilized ex-combatants shall be socially and economically reintegrated into the civilian society. The GoS shall mobilize its own resources as well as seek assistance from the international community and assume the responsibility to reintegrate ex-combatants into civilian life through proper social and economic reintegration programmes.", "435. The programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants shall also contain a community-based approach, including community violence reduction measures, in accordance with local conditions, in order to further the goal of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration.", "1. Principles of fairness and transparency, equality and integrity shall be followed in the social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants. Moreover, former combatants shall be treated equally irrespective of their former association with any of the Movements.", "437. The process of reintegration shall be community-based so that both the returnees and the local communities will benefit from it.", "438. It is imperative that social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants assures the participation of local communities and civil society organizations including women groups, towards enabling them to play their role in the sustainability of the social and economic reintegration of boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed groups and other vulnerable conflict affected children.", "439. Reintegration programmes must be inclusive to support boys and girls who have left armed forces or armed Movements through formal and informal processes, as well as other vulnerable conflict affected children in need of protection, such as girl mothers.", "440. Priority shall be to address the social and economic reintegration of Special Needs Groups such as women combatants and women associated with armed Movements, in particular widows, boys and girls associated with armed forces and armed Movements and other vulnerable conflict affected children, disabled combatants and the elderly.", "1. Efforts shall be made to realize the long term sustainability of reintegration through community-based approach. These efforts are to include follow-up action, monitoring measures and ongoing support, as required.", "ARTICLE 74: INTEGRATION OF FORMER COMBATANTS INTO THE SUDAN ARMED FORCES AND POLICE FORCES", "INTEGRATION PRINCIPLES", "2. An agreed number of eligible combatants from the Movements' forces shall be integrated into the SAF and the SPF. The number shall be determined by the Parties with the assistance of the ITC.", "3. The GoS shall provide support and training for former combatants, including accelerated training, which are necessary to ensure fulfilment of the eligibility criteria for capacity enhancement and promotion to higher ranks.", "4. The GoS in consultation with the Movements may ask UNAMID, the donors and the international partners to create opportunities for training and professionalization within its training institutions in favour of former combatants, including officers, non-commissioned officers, soldiers and the police to enhance their professional expertise.", "441. Former combatants integrated into the SAF and SPF shall be excluded from any downsizing process of the SAF and SPF during the first six years of service, except for those that have violated the regulations and code of conduct of these institutions.", "446. Former combatants, male and female, who do not wish to join the Sudanese Armed Forces and Police Forces but expressed the desire to join the civil service, shall be referred to the NCSC as decided by the DDR Commission for assessment and placement.", "1. The GoS shall act towards having a number of former combatants occupy posts in the Office of the Chief of Staff, divisional general commands at the level of the higher commandment of the SAF, brigade commands, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Interior, the headquarters of the higher police command in the capital, in Darfur States, and in other parts of Sudan, according to the criteria applicable in the SAF and the SPF.", "DARFUR SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS IMPLEMENTATION COMMISSION", "447. The Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission (DSAIC) shall be established by the DRA. As a subsidiary body of the DRA, the DSAIC shall coordinate the implementation of the security arrangements provisions of this Agreement.", "448. The Commission shall establish an Integration Technical Committee (ITC) to design, plan, implement, manage, and monitor the integration programme of former combatants.", "2. The membership of the ITC which shall include women shall consist of UNAMID, representatives of the Parties and technical experts from a country or countries acceptable to the Parties.", "1. DSAIC members shall include the representatives of the Governors of the three Darfur States, a representative of the Chief of Staff of the SAF, a representative of the National Council for DDR Coordination, representatives of the Movements and representatives of UNAMID, and other persons required to implement integration. The Chairperson of the DSAIC shall be appointed by a Presidential Decree in consultation with the Chairperson of the DRA.", "449. All subsidiary bodies established by the DSAIC shall include representatives from the entities that make up the membership of the DSAIC.", "450. Women shall be fairly represented in the DSAIC and the subsidiary bodies it establishes. These bodies shall develop mechanisms to ensure that their work incorporates appropriate input from women on issues of special concern to women and children.", "THE INTEGRATION PLAN", "454. The Integration programme shall be phased as defined by the ITC.", "455. The Parties agree to determine the number of male and female former combatants to be integrated in the SAF, the SPF and selected civil services on the basis of the verified number of the Movements' forces.", "1. The integration of the Movements' forces into the SAF and the SPF shall include a vetting process agreed upon by the Parties and monitored by the ITC, and shall be guided by the following criteria:", "i. Sudanese nationality;", "ii. Age (shall not be less than 18 or has attained retirement age);", "iii. Medical and mental fitness subject to ITC determination;", "i. Combat experience;", "iv. No previous criminal conviction;", "v. Voluntary consent of the individual.", "457. Criteria guiding the integration of officers shall include, in addition to the above, the following:", "i. Academic qualification (a minimum of secondary school certificate. The ITC could make exceptions for a considerable number of field commanders);", "ii. Combat experience;", "i. Age;", "ii. Not to have been dismissed due to incompetence.", "458. The former combatants who have been integrated shall be subjected to military training in accordance with the requirements of each unit.", "459. The number of officers agreed upon for integration shall be proportional to the total number of non-commissioned officers and soldiers in accordance with the organizational structure of the SAF and SPF.", "460. Officers and non-commissioned officers who are entering the military and police forces for the first time will be subjected to a period of training based on the curriculum of courses in the respective forces.", "461. The following criteria shall guide the process of determining ranks:", "i. Age;", "ii. Training and combat experience;", "iii. Academic qualifications;", "iv. Former military and police officers dismissed because of the conflict in Darfur shall be returned to their former ranks in the first instance and thereafter given the ranks of their course mates after passing the required competency based tests;", "v. Any other applicable criteria agreed upon by the Parties.", "462. The GoS shall provide standardized training to those ex-combatants above age 18 selected for integration into the SAF and the SPF.", "REFORM OF SOME MILITARY INSTITUTIONS", "463. The Parties recognize the need for reform and development of military institutions in Darfur in order to improve their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism and to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted standards.", "464. The GoS shall submit a plan, including timelines, for the reform, development and restructuring of the identified military institutions to the DSAIC to monitor its implementation. The GoS may source funding and experts to support this exercise from within and outside Sudan.", "TIMEFRAME AND SEQUENCING OF ACTIVITIES", "465. The phases shall be undertaken according to the following timelines:", "i. The preparatory phase shall be completed 7 days after the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. Phase 1 on disengagement shall commence immediately after the completion of the preparations and shall be concluded within 45 days;", "i. Phase 2 on redeployment shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and shall be concluded within 45 days;", "ii. Phase 3 on limited arms control shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 2 and shall be concluded within 30 days;", "v. The integration, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants shall commence immediately after the completion of Phase 3.", "466. In consultation with the Parties, the Chairperson of the CFC may amend this schedule if so required for security, logistical or other reasons.", "OTHER PROVISIONS", "ARTICLE 75: SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES", "467. Any disagreement or dispute over the interpretation of the final security provisions or any of the existing ceasefire agreements shall be referred to the Commission which shall make its decisions by consensus.", "1. Where consensus cannot be reached by the Parties, the Chairperson of the Commission shall, together with the international members and in consultation with the observers of the Commission, make a decision in the best interest of maintaining the ceasefire, and the Parties shall abide by the decision.", "CHAPTER VII: INTERNAL DIALOGUE AND CONSULTATION AND", "IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES", "ARTICLE 76: DARFUR INTERNAL DIALOGUE AND CONSULTATION", "469. The Parties fully recognize the important role that the Darfur stakeholders have played in the Doha peace process.", "470. The Parties agree that the outcomes of the various consultations and discussions held in and outside Darfur/Sudan, including the Doha Forums I and II, and the ADSC, on issues relating to the root causes and consequences of the conflict have enriched the negotiations that led to the signing of this Agreement.", "471. The Parties stress the necessity for the continuation of the dialogue and consultation within Darfur, in order to consolidate peace and promote reconciliation and healing.", "472. The Parties therefore agree that a Darfur Internal Dialogue and Consultation (DIDC) shall be conducted, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.", "TERMS OF REFERENCE", "473. Primarily, the DIDC will, through popular consultation and dialogue seek to consolidate peace in Darfur, promote confidence-building and encourage reconciliation as well as unity among the people of Darfur and Sudan in general. Specifically, the DIDC will aim at:", "i. Widening ownership for this Agreement and mobilizing support for its implementation;", "ii. Addressing issues related to civic responsibilities, democratic values and practice as well as peacebuilding;", "iii. Enhancing time tested traditional practices regarding settlement of local disputes, land ownership, pastures, transhumance, water and natural resources etc. ... ;", "i. Promoting inter-tribal and inter-communal peace, reconciliation and harmonious coexistence;", "iv. Enhancing the status of Native Administration including restoring its authority and building its capacity;", "ii. Raising awareness and mobilizing support for all measures taken regarding civilian arms control, the promotion of women, youth development, the safe return of IDPs and refugees and their reintegration into the society, property restitution and compensation, as provided for in this Agreement; and", "vii. Bringing about a social and political rejuvenation in Darfur and helping the people to come to terms with their immediate past and forge ahead.", "FACILITATION OF THE DIDC", "474. The Parties agree that the DIDC shall be facilitated by UNAMID, the AU and the State of Qatar. These entities are requested to develop the modalities and the mechanisms for the conduct of the DIDC as well as the timelines within which it will take place. The Parties undertake to take necessary steps to create the enabling environment to enhance the credibility of the process and outcome of DIDC.", "1. Representatives of the Parties and other interest groups shall be fully represented in the mechanisms.", "2. As an advisory mechanism and a vehicle for social and political transformation, the DIDC process is expected to have an immediate impact in mending the social fabric, casting individual and collective mindset towards peaceful coexistence and reconciliation, and shaping the future of the people of Darfur. The outcomes of the DIDC, which shall be in the form of best practices and lessons learned, shall be formally submitted to the GoS, the DRA, and the DSG.", "LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND FUNDING", "1. UNAMID shall provide logistical support for the work of the Mechanism and the conduct of the DIDC, within its capabilities. It is the responsibility of the Parties to establish an enabling environment in order to guarantee full participation of all stakeholders and the successful conduct of the DIDC. UNAMID will also assist in developing a communication strategy to ensure that information about the DIDC and the actual process is widely disseminated within and outside Darfur and Sudan, and also properly documented and archived.", "3. The GoS and the international donors will be invited to contribute towards funding the DIDC. Funds shall be held in a special trust fund established for purposes of the DIDC.", "ARTICLE 77: IMPLEMENTATION FOLLOW-UP COMMISSION", "4. An Implementation Follow-Up Commission (IFC) is established in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement to:", "i. Monitor and assess the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. Assist in the provision of funding and technical assistance to bodies established by this Agreement; and", "iii. Support the implementation of this Agreement in accordance with the agreed timelines.", "COMPOSITION OF THE IFC", "480. The IFC is composed of the following members who have expressed commitment to support the implementation of this Agreement:", "i. Representative of the State of Qatar -Chairperson", "ii. Two (02) Representatives from the GoS -Member", "iii. Two (02) Representatives from the Movements -Member", "iv. Representative of the AU -Member", "v. Representative of the UN -Member", "vi. The JSR and Head of UNAMID -Member", "vii. The Former AU-UN Joint Chief Mediator -Member", "viii. Representative of the LAS -Member", "ix. Representative of the EU -Member", "x. Representative of the OIC -Member", "xi. Representative of Canada -Member", "i. Representative of France -Member", "xii. Representative of Japan -Member", "xiii. Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt -Member", "ii. Representative of the People's Republic of China -Member", "xiv. Representative of the Republic of Chad -Member", "xvii. Representative of the Russian Federation -Member", "xviii. Representative of the United Kingdom -Member", "i. Representative of the United States of America -Member", "481. The inaugural meeting of the IFC shall be convened by the State of Qatar as the Chairperson.", "FUNCTIONS OF THE IFC", "482. The IFC shall perform the following functions:", "i. Monitor, document and follow-up the implementation of this Agreement on an on‑going basis;", "ii. Maintain close contact with the Parties to promote full commitment to all the provisions of this Agreement and facilitate the Parties' efforts towards this end;", "iii. Plan and oversee the provision of technical assistance and support for post-conflict activities, as well as for the establishment and functioning of bodies provided for in this Agreement including, but not limited to, the provision of capacity-building, training as well as provision of resources, experts and advisers;", "iv. Assess and evaluate progress made in the implementation process and advise the Parties of any development that could cause delay and propose appropriate measures in this regard;", "v. Assist in providing the required political and material support towards the full implementation of this Agreement;", "vi. Any additional functions that the IFC and the Parties may deem appropriate and which are in conformity with the letter and spirit of this Agreement.", "MEETINGS OF THE IFC", "483. The IFC shall meet quarterly and issue a report after each meeting. The IFC shall convene emergency meetings whenever deemed necessary. Any of the Parties may request the Chair of the IFC to convene an emergency meeting.", "484. UNAMID shall establish a Secretariat to support the functions and activities of the IFC.", "485. The IFC shall adopt its own rules of procedure.", "ARTICLE 78: FINAL PROVISIONS", "486. The annexed implementation timetable is an integral part of this Document.", "487. Upon its adoption by the Parties, this Document shall have constitutional status. This status shall be stated in the National Constitution.", "Draft implementation timetable", "A. Power sharing", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)/party(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures1. \n1.\tAppointmentsin thePresidency(VP, DRA\tParagraphs39,66,40\tPresidency\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree \n\tChairperson,AssistantsandAdvisersto thePresident) \n2.\tAppointmentin theNationalCouncil ofMinisters(MinistersandMinistersof State)\tParagraph42\tPresidency\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree3.\tEstablishmentof the DRA\tParagraphs59to62\tPresidency\tD+30+30 ByPresidentialDecree \n days \n4.\tEstablishmentof thePanel ofExperts bythe JSC\tParagraph46\tJSC\tD+90days By theChairpersonof theJSC5.\tEstablishmentof thePanel ofExperts bythe NCSC\tParagraph51\tNCSC\tD+90days\tSubstantialrepresentation\tGoS\tBy theChairpersonof theNCSC fromDarfur includingatsenior \n level \n6.\tCompletionof thedemarcationof thenorthernborders ofDarfur\tParagraph81\tGoS\tD+180days The JTCwillcarryout thedemarcationexercise\n7.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)in StateExecutive\tParagraph82\tGoSandDSG\tD+90days Statesbudget\tAs peradditionalprotocol\n8.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)inNational &StateLegislatures\tParagraphs43,82\tGoS/States\tD+90days National&Statesbudgets\tAs peradditionalprotocol9.\tRepresentationofMovement(s)in theDarfurLocalGovernment\tParagraph87\tGoSandDSG\tD+90days GoS\tAs peradditionalprotocol \n (Localities) \n10.\tAffirmativeactionwithregard toHigherEducation\tParagraphs89to93\tGoS\tD+90days ByPresidentialDecree\n11.\tRepresentationof theMovement(s)in the SAFand SPFand otherregularforces\tParagraphs57,58\tGoS\tD+40daysonwards", "B. Wealth sharing", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)/party(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n12.\tAdoptionandimplementationofintegratedprojectsfor thedevelopment,stabilityandsettlementof nomads,raisingthe\tParagraph98\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA\tIdentifyingspecificprojectsandconductingeconomicstudiesto beapplied productivityof thissector andregulatingthe relationshipbetweenfarmersandherders toensuresecurity,stabilityand \n\tdevelopmentfor all 13.\tDevelopingpoliciesandconductingnecessarystudiesforputting anend toenvironmental\tParagraph172 (i)\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG \n\tdegradationandpreservingnaturalresources \n14.\tDevelopingpoliciesto enablethe femaleelement asa workingforce inDarfur andbuildtheirproductivecapacitiesespeciallythereturneesamong them\tParagraph141(iii)\tDRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards DRA/DSG\t15.\tDevelopingandimplementingpoliciestoencourageexportsfromDarfur tonationalandinternationalmarkets,and toencouragethe\tParagraphs114&116\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG specializedcommercialand \n\tgovernmentalbanks toexpandtheiractivitiesin Darfur 16.\tDevelopingandimplementingpoliciesthat leadto thedevelopmentof the\tParagraph117\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG/donors educationalsystem,provideeducationandtrainingfor Darfurcitizensand the \n\teliminationofilliteracyamongwomen 17.\tPromotingresearchanddevelopment,especiallyin thedevelopmentoftechnologyin theareas of\tParagraph118\tGoS/DRA/DSG\tD+90daysonwards GoS/DRA/DSG/donors agriculture,animalhusbandry,smallindustriesand handicrafts,mining, \n\tenvironmentandenergy,with afocus onrenewableenergies 18.\t(a) Fullexemptionof customsduties andother feesforimportingmaterialsfor\tParagraph126 (i)\tGoS\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS DirectivesfromtheMinistryofFinanceand \n\tconstructionanddevelopmentin Darfur; NationalEconomyto theSudanesecustoms\t(b) TheGoS shallbearcustomduties aswell asotherduties andfeespayable onmaterialsimportedfornational\tParagraph126 (ii) \n\tdevelopmentprojectsin Darfurandprojectsfunded bythe GoS orby way ofloans \n19.\tAmendmentsin theInvestmentPromotionLaw toprovidegreaterincentivesto maketheinvestmentmoreattractiveto foreignanddomesticfirms inthe Statesof Darfur\tParagraph126(iii)\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days \n20.\tEstablishmentof theFFAMC\tParagraph152\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days Promulgationof lawon theestablishmentof theFFAMC21.\tAppointmentof a teamof expertsto be incharge of\tParagraph152\tFFAMC\tD+180days \n\tidentifyingthecriteriagoverningthetransfersfrom theNationalRevenueFund tothe States 22.\tTheestablishmentof theDJAM,definitionof itsobjectivesand thepreparationforlaunchingits work\tParagraph176\tParties/Donors\tD+30days\tParties/Donors Creationof theCoreCoordinatinggroup,definitionof itsfunctionsand theSecretariatof themission-basedworkand the provisionof workassistancein both \n KhartoumandDarfur23.\tLaunchingthe DJAM\tParagraph177\tGoS/WB/ADB/DDB/UN/DRA\tD+60days\tGoS/UN/ADB/allcountriesandeconomic\tThecommissionsestablishedtoimplement \n regionalandinternationalorganizations\ttheactionsoftheDJAM\t24.\tPreparationof theDJAMreportwith aview toassessingthe needsof Darfur\tParagraph180\tDJAM\tD+120days\tGoS/UN/ADB TheSecretariatshallpreparethefinalreportof thework oftheDJAMandsubmitit tothecentralcoordinatinggroup includingdevelopment projects,thefightagainst poverty, economic recoveryandtheircost,and \n includingtheconsentof theGoS tobearpart ofthetotalcost25.\tHolding oftheDonors’conferenceandestablishmentof aMulti-DonorTrust Fundand the\tParagraphs176&178\tWB/UN/ADB/StateofQatar\tD+180days Thedonors\tInvitingtheIDB,AU,LAS,Arabfunds,EU, US,ArabandIslamic Supervisorybody ofthe DRDF countriesand allotherinterested \n countriesandorganizations26.\tRestructuringthe DRDF\tParagraph139\tTheParties\tD+60 \n days \n27.\tTransferof US$200,000,000(twohundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(Seedmoney).\tParagraph142\tGoS\tD+90days \n28.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(secondpayment)\tParagraph142(i)\tGoS\tD+1yr+60days \n29.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(thirdpayment)\tParagraph142 (ii)\tGoS\tD+2yrs+60days 30.\tTransferof US$300,000,000(threehundredmillion\tParagraph142(iii)\tGoS\tD+3yrs+60 \n\tUS dollars)to DRDF(fourthpayment) days \n31.\tTransferof US$400,000,000(fourhundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(fifthpayment)\tParagraph142 (iv)\tGoS\tD+4yrs+60days \n32.\tTransferof US$500,000,000(fivehundredmillion USdollars)to DRDF(sixthpayment)\tParagraph142 (v)\tGoS\tD+5yrs+60days 33.\tEstablishmentof the MFSanddevelopmentof itsstatute\tParagraph130\tCentralBankofSudan,inconsultationwiththeGoSandDRA\tD+60days ThePartieswiththeparticipationofspecialistsin\tDecisionby theCentralBank thefieldof \n microlending\t\n34.\tFirstinstalmentofUS$ 40,000,000(fortymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n35.\tSecondinstalmentofUS$ 30,000,000(thirtymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+1yr+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n36.\tThirdinstalmentofUS$ 30,000,000(thirtymillion USdollars)\tParagraph134\tGoS\tD+2yrs+90days\tGoS To bepaid tothe MFSinDarfur\n37.\tCapacity-buildingto thebeneficiariesof the MFS\tParagraph132\tDRA&DSG\tD+120days\tGoS \n38.\tFirstinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)to supportsocialservicesin DarfurStates\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport\n39.\tSecondinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport\n40.\tThirdinstalmentofUS$ 75,000,000(seventy-fivemillion USdollars)\tParagraph138\tGoS\tInmonthlyinstalments To bepaid totheStateswiththemonthlysupport41.\tDecisionto spendthe Zakatmoneycollectedin DarfurinsideDarfur\tParagraph150\tCentralZakatChamberBoard\tD+30days CommunicationcirculatedfromtheCentralZakat \n ChamberBoardto allZakatofficesinDarfur42.\tThe ZakatChambershallprovidethemaximumpossiblenecessaryfundingandimplementtheprojectsin favourof poorfamilies,\tParagraph151\tCentralZakatChamberBoard\tD+90days Decisionof theCentralZakatChamberBoard \n\tparticularlyreturnees,IDPs andrefugees 43.\tFormulatingpoliciesandprojectsdirectedtowards\tParagraph173\tGoS/DRA\tD+30onwards developmentof the traditionalrain-fed \n agriculture 44.\tAssessmentandrevitalizationoffeasibleprojectsmentionedinparagraph174\tParagraph174\tGoS/DRA/donors\tD+1yr\tGoS Composinga teamofprofessionalexpertstoconductthestudies \n necessary45.\tWorkingout andimplementinganadvancedandcomprehensivecapacity-buildingprogrammein thefields ofpublicfinance,fiscalfederalism,includingtransparencyinexpendituresmanagement GoS/DRA/donors\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS The GoSshallconcludecontractswithspecializedbodiesfrominsideandoutsideSudantoformulatetheprogrammeandelaborateitsexecutionwithinthetimeframe \n specified46.\tConductingacomprehensivestructuralreform ofuniversitiesin Darfurin termsofinfrastructureandcompletionof itsinstitutionsto beenabled toundertaketheirmission\tParagraph171 (v)\tGoS\tD+30daysonwards\tGoS Financingtherequiredreformunder aplanpresentedby theMinistryofHigherEducationandScientificResearch(incollaborationwiththeuniversities \n concernedinDarfur)\n47.\tEstablishmentof the DLC\tParagraph196\tGoS/NationalAssembly\tD+180days\tGoS ByPresidentialDecree\n48.\tGradualamendmentof laws toincludethe rightsto theland andtheir usesinaccordancewith thecustoms,traditionsandlegaciesin theownershipof land,thelivestockroutes andaccess towatersources.Andenablingthe peopletoregisterthe landcustomarilyowned bythem astheir ownlands\tParagraphs182&194\tGoS/DRA/DSG/TheLegislatures\tD+120daysonwards TheGoS,the DRAand theStateGovernmentsshallpreparedraftsfor theamendmentof thelaws tobepassedby theNationalCouncil,approvedby theDRACouncil,andadoptedby theStateLegislatures\n49.\tRestorationof thelands —which weregrantedunder theinvestmentlaws andwhoseownersbreachedtheconditionsunderwhich theyweregranted —to thestatus quoante\tParagraph183\tDRA/DSG/TheLegislatures\tD+120daysonwards \n50.\tPreparationof theplan ofDarfurLand UseMappingDatabaseand itsoutcomes\tParagraph197\tDLC\tD+180daysonwards\tDRA 51.\tAdoptionofrecommendationsand theplan ofDarfurLand UseMappingDatabasein the\tParagraph197\tDRACouncil/DarfurStateLegislatures\tD+2yrs\tDRA&DSG \n\tlegislativebodies inDarfurStates", "C. Compensation and the return of IDPs & refugees", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n52.\tEstablishmentof theVRRC andits two\tParagraph25572\tNationalLegislature\tD+45days Enactmentof law \n\tcommittees:VRC andPCRC aswell asthe JAF \n53.\tIssuanceofidentificationdocumentsto IDPsandrefugees\tArticle46paragraphs235‑237\tGoS/UNHCR\tD+90daysonwards GoS\tBasedon thesurveyandneedsassessmentoutcome\n54.\tDemine theareas ofreturn andensureIDPs andrefugeesaccess totheir homelands androutes andaccess topublicservices\tParagraph249(iii)\tGoS/UNAMIDincollaborationwithrelevantorganizations\tD+lyr GoS/Donors(UNAMID)\t\n55.\tConductstatisticalsurveys ofIDPs andrefugeesfor thepurpose ofplanningforvoluntaryreturn\tParagraph257 (i)\tGoS/DRA/UNAMIDwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tD+60+60days GoS/Donors\t\n56.\tConduct acomprehensiveneedsassessmentin areasofpotentialreturn, toaddressthe issuesof basicservices\tParagraph257 (ii)\tVRRCwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tOncetheVRRCisestablished\tGoS/VRRCwiththeassistanceofUNHCR\tGoS/Donors", "D. Justice and reconciliation", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n57.\tStrengtheningthe Justicesector byestablishingadditionalcourts,deployingadditionaljudicialpersonneland theprovision ofadequateresourcesforprosecutionwork inDarfur\tParagraph296 (i)&(iii)\tGoS\tD+90daysonwards GoS\t\n58.\tGrantinggeneralamnesty\tParagraph329\tThePresidentoftheRepublic\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree59.\tEstablishmentof theTruth,Justice and\tParagraph311\tGoS/DRA\tD+90days GoS\tByPresidentialDecree \n\tReconciliationCommission \n60.\tEstablishmentof theSpecialCourt forDarfur\tParagraph322\tGoS\tD+90days GoS\tTheNationalJudiciary61.\tEstablishmentof the Fundfor LegalAid\tParagraph328\tGoSwiththeassistanceoftheDonors\tD+90days GoSwiththeassistanceof \n theDonors\t\n62.\tDeclaring anational dayfor peaceandnon-violencein Darfur\tParagraph305\tGoS\tD+30days ByPresidentialDecree63.\tEstablishmentof anindependent,impartial,resourcedandeffectivemechanism toidentify andtakeappropriateactionagainstindividualsin thepublicservice whohave beenprovenguilty ofcommittingabuses andviolationsof humanrights and\tParagraph331\tGoS\tD+90days \n\tinternationalhumanitarianlaw", "E. Permanent ceasefire and final security arrangements", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n64.\tParties tosubmit totheMediationtheirforcesdispositions,lists ofall armedgroupsalignedwith them\tParagraphs381\tParties\tBeforeD‑Day Requiredforthedevelopmentofmaps\n65.\tParties toprovidemine fieldlocationsto theMediation Parties\tBeforeD‑Day Requiredforplanningpurpose66.\tEstablishmentof CFC atFHQ\tParagraph342\tUNAMID\tBeforeD‑Day\tUNAMIDFC‑Chairperson;3membersfromeach\tUNAMID/internationalpartners Party; Stateof \n Qatar \n67.\tVerificationof Partiesforcespositionsandstrength\tParagraphs393&394\tCFC/UNAMID\tAfterD‑Dayandbeforephase1 Partylocationsare tobeheldconfidentiallybyChairpersonof CFC\n68.\tEstablishmentof JointCommission\tParagraph342\tMediation+UNAMID\tD+7days\tJSR/StateofQatar/RepsofParties/LAS/EU/UNAMIDPoliticalAffairs\tUNAMID/internationalpartners\t\n69.\tRelease ofchildsoldiers\tParagraphs341(viii)&433(iii)\tPartiesincooperationwithUNICEF\tBeforeD‑Day TobeginhandingoverchildsoldierstoUNICEF\n70.\tEstablishmentof JointLogisticsCoordinationCommittee(JLCC)\tParagraph410\tUNAMID\tD+5days\tUNAMID/Parties/Donors\tDonors\t\n71.\tPreparationfor PhasesI-IIIbegins\tParagraphs395‑402\tParties\tD+7days \n72.\tEstablishmentof DarfurSecurityArrangementsImplementationCommission(DSAIC)\tParagraph448\tGoS/DRA\tD+60days\tParties\tGoS/DRA\t\n73.\tPartiesprovideredeploymentPlans forall phasesof theCeasefireto CFC\tParagraph398\tParties\tD+14days\tUNAMID/Parties 74.\tProductionof finalmapindicatinglocationsofMovements’forces,Areas ofControl,BufferZones,DemilitarizedZones and\tParagraph348 (v)\tCFC\tAfterverification Detailsto bemarkedon theMasterMap \n\tRedeploymentAreas \n75.\tDevelopmentof patrolplan formonitoringthe BufferZones\tParagraph408\tCFC\tD+7days \n76.\tPhysicaldemarcationofrespectiveAreas ofControl,Buffer,DemilitarizedZones\tParagraph391\tUNAMIDincollaborationwithParties\tD+37days \n77.\tPartieswithdrawforces outofdemilitarization/bufferzones intoareas ofcontrol Parties\tD+7toD+45days \n78.\tRe-establishmentof theNorthSudan DDRCommission\tParagraph430\tParties\tD+45days \n79.\tMovementssubmittheirlogisticsrequirementto JLCCthroughUNAMID/CFC\tParagraph409\tParties\tD+10days \n80.\tEstablishmentofIntegrationTechnicalCommittee\tParagraph449\tDSAIC\tD+60+10days \n81.\tRedeploymentof theParties’Forces\tParagraph398 (ii)\tUNAMID/Parties \n82.\tDistributionofnon-militarylogisticalsupport(NMLS) totheMovements\tParagraph404 (iv)\tJLCC\tD+30days GoS/internationalpartners\t\n83.\tFormulationandSubmissionof DDRPlans toDSAIC\tParagraph432\tDDRCommission\tD+90days 84.\tFormulationandsubmissionof\tParagraph449\tITC\tD+90days \n\tIntegrationof FormerCombatantPlan 85.\tSelectionofassemblyareas ofMovements’Forces CFC\tDependentondecisionby \n CFCChair 86.\tSubmissionof a planfor thedisarmamentof themilitias,includingmeasuresandtimelinesfor the\tParagraphs399‑401\tGoS\tD+37days disarmamentof themilitiasbefore the \n\tintegrationphase 87.\tAssemblyof theMovements’forces andstorage ofheavyweapons inselectedassemblyareas/sites UNAMID\tDoneimmediatelyorconcurrently (---) withdeploymentto \n assemblyareas \n88.\tIntegrationof FormerCombatantsinto SAFand SPF\tParagraphs442,454-462\tITC/GoS\tAccordingtoITC’stimetable \n89.\tReform ofsomemilitaryinstitutions\tParagraph463‑464\tGoS\tD+200days \n90.\tDisarmament,demobilization,andsocial/economicreintegrationof theformercombatants\tArticle72 &73\tDDRCommission\tD+220days \n91.\tDevelopmentof Planandstrategyforcivilianarmscontrol\tParagraph416\tParties/UNDP/UNAMID\tAfterphase3", "F. Internal dialogue and consultation and implementation modalities", "SerialNo.\tActivity\tReference\tBody(ies)responsible\tTimeline\tComposition\tFundingsource(s)\tProcedures \n92.\tDevelopmentof DIDCmechanismsandmodalities\tParagraph473\tUNAMID/AU/StateofQatar\tD+30days Donors\t93.\tConduct ofthe DIDC\tParagraph473\tUNAMID/AU/Stateof\tD+30+90 Donors \n Qatar days 94.\tEstablishmentof the IFC\tParagraph479\tMediation/Stateof\tBeforeD‑Day\tAsinparagraph479\tDonors \n Qatar" ]
A_65_914
[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 33", "Prevention of armed conflict", "Letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 18 July 2011 from His Excellency Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet of the State of Qatar addressed to the Secretary-General (see annex) and the following appendices:", "(a) Agreement between the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement signed on 14 July 2011 in Doha for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, endorsed by the participants in the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders held from 27 to 31 May 2011 in Doha as the basis for the final resolution of the Darfur conflict;", "(b) Doha Document for Peace in Darfur.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 33, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Tariq Ali F. Al Ansari Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 24 July 2011 from the Chargé d &apos; affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I would like to reiterate our appreciation and appreciation for your continued support for the Doha peace process for Darfur. We also express our deep gratitude to you for welcoming the signing, on 14 July 2011 in Doha, of an agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur endorsed by the participants in the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders held from 27 to 31 May 2011 in Doha, as the basis for the final resolution of the Darfur conflict.", "I am therefore pleased to enclose the above-mentioned agreement in Arabic and English, with the Arabic and English versions of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its enclosures circulated as a document of the General Assembly and the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet", "Appendix 1", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "In the name of God, full of grace and mercy", "Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur", "The Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, henceforth referred to as “the Parties”;", "Referring to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, the result of the commitment of the parties to the negotiations, the Sudanese people in general and the people of Darfur in particular, who have made persistent and diligent efforts to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting negotiated peace;", "Expressing its commitment to the Sudanese Interim National Constitution and the principles enshrined therein;", "Expressing its full conviction that the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur is the basis for resolving the conflict in Darfur;", "Affirming its commitment to a peaceful and lasting solution on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to the defence and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms;", "Reaffirming its deep commitment to peace and security in Darfur and to promote its development; and recognizing that the conflict in Darfur cannot be resolved by military means, but only through a peaceful and inclusive political solution;", "Expressing its full conviction that the present agreement is an auspicious auguration for the realization of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the maintenance of international peace and security;", "Referring to the commitments of the international community in support of and consolidation of peace in Darfur;", "Stressing the value and importance of the extensive assistance and contribution provided by the Joint African Union-United Nations Mediation Support Group and international partners;", "Welcoming the support expressed to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the United Nations Security Council, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union and international peace partners;", "Affirming that the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur is the result of the broad participation of the people of Darfur and their representatives in the Doha Consultative Forums I and II on civil society, internally displaced persons and refugees in November 2009 and July 2010, respectively, and the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders in May 2011, as well as the consultations that took place in the Sudan in particular in Darfur;", "Confirming that the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur addresses the problems of the people of Darfur and the root causes of the conflict and its consequences, and lays the foundation for the recovery, reconstruction and development of Darfur;", "Noting that the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur provides an opportunity for armed movements that have participated in the Doha peace process to join and accede to the implementation of the principle of inclusion;", "Reiterating its commitment and commitment to the full implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and welcoming, in this regard, the establishment of the Commission to follow up its implementation;", "Calling upon the international community to strongly support the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur and to provide the necessary technical resources and skills for this purpose;", "Expressing its deep appreciation and appreciation to the State of Qatar under the leadership of His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifah Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, for his decisive role in facilitating the Doha peace process;", "They agreed on the following:", "Article 1: The Parties approve the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur and all its annexes, which are an essential part of the Document and include the modalities and timelines of implementation, in addition to the Protocol on the Participation of the Liberation and Justice Movement at the various levels of power, and agreements for the integration of its forces through the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration process, which were signed by the two Parties and the Joint Mediation Group.", "Article 2: The Parties undertake to apply each and every provision of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, as well as all annexes referred to in Article 1.", "Article 3: The Parties agree to resolve peacefully any dispute or disagreement that may arise between them in connection with the interpretation or application of this Agreement, through dialogue, mutual understanding and direct negotiations. If the parties did not reach agreement, the matter would be referred to the Constitutional Court, whose decision would be binding.", "Article 4: This Agreement shall enter into force at the time of signature by the Parties.", "Article 5: In faith of which the duly authorized representatives of the Parties have signed the attached Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, which is the basis of this agreement, and have stamped their signatures in the Agreement with the undersigned witnesses.", "Made in Doha, 13 Shaaban, 1432 of the Year of the Hegira (14 July 2011) and in two original copies, in Arabic and English, both equally authentic texts. In the event of a discrepancy between the texts, the Arabic version will prevail.", "By the Government of the Republic of the Sudan Liberation and Justice Movement [] []", "Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin Atabani Dr. Eltigani Seisi Mohamed Ateem Adviser to the President of the Republic President of the Liberation and Justice Movement", "Witnesses:", "For the State of Qatar by the African Union and the United Nations", "[]", "His Excellency Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Prof. Ibrahim Gambari Mahmoud Deputy Special Representative Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Member of the Cabinet", "[]", "His Excellency Djibril Yipènè Bassolé Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Cooperation of Burkina Faso", "Appendix 2", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "Doha Document for Peace in Darfur", "Contents", "Definitions Preamble ChapterI. Human rights and fundamental freedoms Chapter II. The division of power and the administrative statute of Darfur Chapter III. Distribution of wealth Chapter IV.Indemnization and return of internally displaced persons and refugees Chapter V. Justice and Reconciliation Chapter VI. Permanent cessation of fire and final agreements of security Chapter VII. Consultation and internal dialogue and modalities of application Final provisions Annex Draft Schedule of application", "Definitions", "“Collective armament” will refer to the armament that cannot operate a single person, but require the use of additional operators and technical means for their launch and/or terminal trajectory. This type of weaponry is often mounted on vehicles, ships and aircraft. “Combatants” will refer to the forces of the Movements.", "“Commissioner” shall refer to the head of an agreement body, a member of the Darfur Regional Authority.", "“Concentration” will refer to the process of relocating former Movement combatants into special places to disarmament and integration into special security institutions.", "“Ajaweed Council” will refer to the Mediation Council, which will be formed by the Native Administration and community leaders.", "“National Constitution” refers to the Provisional National Constitution and any other Constitution.", "“Desarme” will refer to the collection, control and elimination of small, light and heavy weapons, as well as mine clearance.", "“Demobilization” will refer to the process by which Parties will begin the process of dismantling their military structure and ex-combatants will begin their transition to civilian life.", "“Internal displaced persons” shall refer to persons or groups of persons who have been forced or forced to flee or leave their home or place of habitual residence, particularly as a result of armed conflicts, situations of widespread violence, human rights violations or natural or man-made disasters, or to avoid their effects, and who have not crossed the border of an internationally recognized State.", "“Regular forces” will refer to the armed forces, police forces and national intelligence and security services of the Republic of the Sudan.", "“Hawakeer” will refer to tribal land ownership rights.", "“Armed militia” will refer to irregular forces, members or members of a Party or not, including any armed group that participates or has participated in hostile activities.", "“Movements” shall refer to all armed groups involved in the conflict, except the armed forces of the State and their associated militias; for the purposes of this Agreement, “Movements” shall refer to the parties to the Doha peace process that are signatories to this Agreement.", "“Rules of intervention” shall refer to the guidelines formulated by the competent military authority that define the circumstances in which the forces shall initiate and/or continue the confrontation against other forces and the limitations to be applied to them.", "“Parts” will refer to the Government of the Sudan and the Movements that are a party to the Doha peace process.", "“People affected by the conflict” or “conflict victims” will refer to individuals or groups of persons who have been victims of persecution during the Darfur conflict and those whose lives and livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of the conflict.", "“Community police” will refer to volunteer staff selected by the Government of the Sudan in collaboration with the Darfur Regional Authority within local communities to conduct patrolling activities to help maintain public order.", "“Reconciliation” will refer to the process by which victims of prolonged violence and grave violations of fundamental rights are helped to overcome pain, anger, hatred and mistrust in order to restore trust among communities and restore social peace.", "“Redeployment” will refer to the transfer of units, persons or supplies deployed in one area to another location within or within it, with the aim of continuing their employment or demobilizing them for reintegration and/or managing their decommissioning.", "“Reform of certain security institutions” will refer to the process by which certain security institutions will be transformed to improve their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism, as well as to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted international standards.", "“Refugiated” refers to the person who, for justified fear of being persecuted by his race, religion, nationality, belonging to a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and cannot or, because of that fear, does not want to take advantage of the protection offered by that country, or who, without nationality and finding himself outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such circumstances, cannot or, because of such fear. It will also be understood by “Refugiated” any person who, due to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or circumstances that seriously alter public order in all or any part of his country of origin or nationality, is forced to leave his habitual place of residence to seek refuge elsewhere outside his country of origin or nationality.", "“Reintegration” will refer to assistance measures aimed at ex-combatants so that they can be more economically and socially integrated into civil society.", "“Repatriated” will refer to displaced persons who return voluntarily to whom it was their habitual residence before their displacement with the intention of re-installing there.", "“Separation” will be used as a general term to designate the processes that will result in the geographical separation of the opposing forces.", "“Zone of Control” shall refer to a delimited area that shall be controlled by one of the Parties and in which no other Party shall develop activities.", "“Zone of separation” shall refer to a delimited area, established in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and monitored by the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), which has been excluded from the opposing or belligerent forces.", "“Demilitarized zone” shall refer to an area delimited in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, in which the Parties shall not carry out any kind of military operation and from which all their military assets shall be withdrawn.", "“Cluster Zones” or “cantonment sites” will be used indistinctly to designate the places where combatants undergo the disarmament and demobilization process.", "Preamble", "The Parties to the Agreement, hereafter referred to as “the Parties”;", "Reaffirming the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the Sudan;", "Reiterating its commitment to the National Constitution of the Republic of the Sudan of 2005, the full implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of January 2005, as well as the decisions of the African Union and United Nations Security Council resolutions on the need for a political solution to end the Darfur conflict;", "&quot; Referring to the previous agreements on the Darfur conflict, in particular the Ceasefire Agreement for Humanitarian Reasons in the Darfur Conflict and the Protocol on the Establishment of Humanitarian Assistance in Darfur, of 8 April 2004, Yamena (Chad); the Agreement with the Sudanese Parties on the modalities of establishing the Ceasefire Commission and the deployment of observers in Darfur, of 28 May 2004, Addis Ababa", "Recognizing that the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the basis on which national cohesion is based and should therefore be promoted and developed;", "Welcoming the generous initiative of His Highness the Emir of the State of Qatar to establish a Darfur Development Bank to contribute to the development and reconstruction of Darfur;", "Stressing the need to promote and protect human rights, justice, accountability and reconciliation in the Sudan, especially in Darfur;", "Condemning any acts of violence against civilians and the violation of human rights, in particular violence against women and children; and stressing the urgent need to refrain from such acts and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law;", "Recognizing that the creation of conditions conducive to lasting peace in Darfur, the implementation of this Agreement, national reconciliation, social cohesion and reconstruction require the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as respect for the principle of equality of all Sudanese citizens and the rule of law;", "Stressing the need for all parties to the armed conflict in Darfur to fully and unconditionally accept obligations under international humanitarian law, international human rights law and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions;", "Committed to addressing human rights violations committed during the Darfur conflict;", "Taking into account the outcomes of the Darfur civil society forums, first and second, held in Doha in November 2009 and July 2010, respectively, and of the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders held in Doha in May 2011;", "Recognizing that the conflict in Darfur cannot be resolved by military means and that a durable solution can be achieved only through an inclusive political process,", "They agreed on the following:", "Chapter I Human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Article 1 Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "1. The Parties recognize the importance of promoting and protecting the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Darfurians. The Government of the Sudan, the Darfur Regional Authority and the Governments of the States that constitute this area should ensure the effective enjoyment of all the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Sudanese National Constitution and the international human rights instruments to which the Sudan is a party.", "2. All Parties shall comply with their obligations under international human rights and international humanitarian law, and ensure an environment conducive to the effective exercise of civil and political rights, as well as the full and equitable enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.", "3. Citizenship will be the basis for equality of political and civil rights and obligations for all Sudanese people.", "4. The Parties shall ensure that all persons enjoy and exercise all the rights and freedoms provided for in this Agreement, the National Constitution of the Sudan and the international and regional human rights instruments to which the Sudan is a party, without any discrimination based on sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin or social status. Women, children and men shall enjoy, on an equal basis, all the rights enshrined in international human rights and humanitarian law instruments to which the Sudan is a party.", "5. The security of all in Darfur will be ensured under the rule of law, equality and non-discrimination. The Parties shall respect the right to life and security of persons, their dignity and integrity, and shall ensure that no one is arbitrarily deprived of his life, torture or ill-treatment.", "6. The Government of the Sudan will ensure the right to a fair and public trial, as well as to bring to justice all civil, administrative and criminal proceedings, on the basis of equality before courts and tribunals. This includes the rights set out in articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "7. The Government of the Sudan will adopt the necessary legal and administrative measures to guarantee freedom of opinion, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, as well as the right, on an equal basis, to form and register political parties and to exercise the right to participate in public affairs and the right to form and integrate civil society organizations, private sector bodies and trade unions. The Government of the Sudan will ensure freedom of the press and other media, in compliance with the international human rights standards enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples &apos; Rights.", "8. All Parties shall refrain from threatening citizens for their views or depriving them of the equal exercise of the right to freedom of expression, association and movement and peaceful assembly in Darfur.", "9. The Government of the Sudan, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter III, will promote general well-being and economic growth in Darfur through the provision of basic needs, services and infrastructure, the promotion of youth employment, the empowerment of women, governance, public services and the allocation of necessary resources, as well as equal access to natural resources, including land, for all communities in Darfur, always in compliance with existing standards and traditions.", "10. The Parties agree to encourage the participation of the Darfur population in the planning, design and implementation of early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes.", "11. Early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation policies and programmes will give due attention to the needs of women, children and vulnerable groups.", "12. The Parties urge the international community to improve the realization of economic, social and cultural rights through sustainable early recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes throughout Darfur.", "13. The Government of the Sudan will ensure the full establishment and effective functioning of the new National Human Rights Commission, in accordance with the Paris Principles, by 30 days after the signing of the present Agreement; and will facilitate, within three months of the signing of this Agreement, the establishment, under the latter, of decentralized, independent, autonomous and resourced Human Rights Subcommittees for Darfur.", "14. The National Commission and the Human Rights Subcommittees will follow up on the human rights situation in Darfur, and will protect and promote them. They will also pay due attention to the fight against all forms of discrimination and the protection of economic, social and cultural rights, and will report regularly on the progress made in the effective implementation of the principle of equality between the States and the citizens of the Sudan.", "15. The Parties shall cooperate with the Darfur Human Rights Subcommittees in the implementation of their mandate. The Subcommittees will have access to all relevant human rights documents and information, including physical access to persons detained throughout Darfur.", "16. Technical or material assistance may be requested from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples &apos; Rights and other international organizations.", "17. The Parties shall cooperate with UNAMID in the implementation of human rights and rule of law mandates.", "18. Human rights organizations and civil society in Darfur will be encouraged to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights through monitoring, early warning, advocacy and capacity-building programmes.", "Chapter II The Power-sharing and Administrative Status of Darfur", "Article 2 General principles of power-sharing", "The sharing of power will be based on the following principles:", "19. The Sudan is an independent, sovereign and federal republic in which sovereignty resides in the people and will be exercised by the State in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Sudan.", "20. Religion, beliefs, traditions and customs are sources of moral strength and inspiration for the Sudanese people. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the Sudanese people is the foundation of national cohesion and will therefore be promoted, developed and managed according to national criteria that reflect both national unity and diversity. The Sudanese people share a common heritage and aspirations and therefore agree to work together.", "21. Power-sharing is essential to preserve the unity, security and stability of the country. The return of power and the peaceful transfer of executive and legislative powers by democratic means, through free and fair elections that guarantee stability, will be the basis for democratic governance in the Sudan.", "22. Elections for all levels of government in the Sudan will be based on free and direct voting, with the presence of national and international observers.", "23. The separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers at all levels of the federation will consolidate good governance, accountability, transparency and commitment to the security and well-being of the people.", "24. The rule of law and the independence of the judicial system will be guaranteed.", "25. The foundation of civic rights and obligations shall be citizenship, without discrimination on the basis of ethnic group, tribe, religion, gender or the origin of persons. This does not exclude any law, programme or activity aimed at improving the situation of disadvantaged persons or groups due to their race, ethnic group, colour or regional or national origin.", "26. Displacement of citizens in or outside the territory of the Sudan shall not prevent the full exercise of their civic rights in accordance with relevant national and international laws.", "27. There will be a federal system of government, with an effective return of powers and a clear distribution of responsibilities in order to ensure fair and equitable participation of Sudanese citizens in general and Darfur in particular.", "28. All citizens, including the people of Darfur, shall have a fair and equitable representation in the national civil service, public bodies and institutions, commissions, armed forces and other regular forces at all levels, especially at the upper and middle levels.", "29. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement concerning the northern-south border or any international agreements between the Republic of the Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern borders of Darfur will return to the demarcation in force on 1 January 1956.", "30. The participation of the Darfur population at all levels of government and in all State institutions will be ensured in accordance with a fair power-sharing approach.", "31. All levels of government will ensure the provision of permanent opportunities for general education, training and employment in the civil service, in order to promote full and equal participation of the people of Darfur in advancing the well-being of the nation. In this context, special attention will be paid to women and children in the areas of education, capacity-building and training. Training centres will be established in urban and rural areas, in collaboration with specialized international and regional organizations.", "32. All Movements shall take the necessary measures to become political parties in accordance with established legal provisions.", "33. Without prejudice to paragraph 32, under this Agreement the Movements shall participate in the different levels of government.", "34. In order to correct the underrepresentation of women in government institutions and decision-making structures, special measures will be taken and implemented, in accordance with this Agreement, to ensure the equal and effective participation of women in decision-making at all levels in Darfur.", "Power-sharing at the national level", "Article 3 Criteria for the sharing of power", "35. In accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, the sharing of power shall respect the principle of proportionality and Darfur shall participate fully in all forms of political power in the national Government of the Sudan.", "36. Positive discrimination measures will be taken for the people of Darfur in order to increase their representation in the civil service and in the regular forces. In the long term, special training and public employment opportunities will be provided to facilitate the full and equitable participation of the people of Darfur in promoting the well-being of the Sudan.", "37. The representation of the Darfur population at the national level will reflect the proportion of the Darfur population in relation to the total population of the Sudan, after the separation of South Sudan.", "Article 4 The National Executive", "38. Darfur shall have representation in the National Executive Branch in accordance with the criterion of proportionality.", "The Chair", "The Vice-President", "39. A number of Vice-Presidents will be appointed, ensuring political inclusion and representation of all Sudanese, including those in Darfur. A Vice-President shall have the following responsibilities:", "I. Member of the National Council of Ministers;", "ii. He will be a member of the National Security Council;", "iii. He shall act as President in the absence of the President and as First Vice-President in accordance with the order of precedence among the Vice-Presidents determined by the President;", "iv. He shall perform any other function or task assigned to him by the President.", "Assistants and advisers to the President", "40. Assistants and advisers to the President of Darfur will be appointed in accordance with their proportions to the population of the Sudan.", "41. A Assistant to the President of Darfur shall be appointed.", "National Council of Ministers", "42. Darfur shall have representation in the National Council of Ministers, in accordance with the criterion of proportionality. In this regard:", "I. The five Cabinet Ministers and the four positions of State Ministers currently occupied by members of the Darfur population will remain occupied by members of the Darfur population;", "ii. The Movements shall propose and the President shall appoint two Cabinet Ministers and four additional Ministers of State;", "iii. If there is a change in the membership of the Council of Ministers, the Movements will maintain the same percentage of representation they had before the change.", "Article 5 National Legislative Power", "43. Darfur shall be represented in the national legislative body in accordance with its proportion of the population of the Sudan. In this regard:", "I. Darfur will maintain its 96 seats in the national legislative body until the next national elections;", "ii. The proportion of vacant seats in the national legislative body resulting from the new demographic configuration of the Sudan following the referendum of 9 January 2011 in South Sudan will be occupied by the Movements under an agreement to be held by the Parties.", "Article 6 The National Judiciary", "44. The National Judiciary is an important branch of the government. It is essential to maintain its neutrality, impartiality and independence.", "45. The entire population of the Sudan, including Darfur, will be represented in the National Judiciary. The population of Darfur will have adequate representation in the Judicial Service Commission. The Commission will ensure adequate representation of the Darfur population in national judicial institutions, including the Appeals Tribunal, the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.", "46. The Judicial Service Commission will establish a Panel of Experts to identify, as a long-term measure, imbalances in the representation of the Darfur population and make appropriate recommendations on possible ways to remedy them.", "47. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to settle disputes between levels or government bodies in relation to its exclusive, simultaneous or residual areas of competence.", "Article 7: National public administration and other public bodies", "48. Darfur shall be represented in the national civil service and other public bodies in accordance with the principles of proportionality, affirmative action and precedents, in order to rectify the specific imbalances and the insufficient representation of the population of Darfur.", "49. The entire population of the Sudan, especially at the upper and middle levels, will be represented in the national civil service.", "50. A National Civil Service Commission will be established with proportional representation from Darfur, which will have the responsibility to address imbalances in public administration and other public bodies.", "51. A Panel of Experts with a major representation from Darfur, including at the senior levels, will be established under the leadership of the National Civil Service Commission to determine the level of representation of the Darfur population in the national civil service at all levels.", "52. The Panel will identify imbalances that have impaired the representation of the Darfur population in the national civil service and make practical and action-oriented recommendations to address these imbalances and discrepancies, including recommendations on appropriate measures to ensure fair representation of the Darfur population in the administration. To carry out its work, the Panel of Experts will be based on the following elements:", "I. The size of the population based on the 2008 census or subsequent censuses;", "ii. Affirmative action in recruitment, training and promotion, including measures to promote gender balance.", "53. The Panel of Experts shall complete its work and submit its report no later than six months after the signing of this Agreement, after which the Government of the Sudan shall take remedial action within the next six months.", "54. Pending the results of the report of the Panel of Experts, the Government of the Sudan will ensure that the following tasks are carried out:", "I. Establish and meet provisional targets for the participation of the people of Darfur, especially at the medium and higher levels of the national civil service, including, inter alia, the positions of deputy secretaries, ambassadors, members of commissions and other senior positions of responsibility. These targets will be reviewed after the Panel of Experts submits its report and will take into account the representation of qualified and neutral candidates of the Movements in the national civil service;", "ii. Reserve certain positions in the national civil service exclusively for qualified women in Darfur;", "iii. Formulate policies and implement affirmative action measures on training and recruitment of qualified Darfurians in the national civil service, taking into account agreed criteria, in order to ensure equitable representation in the national civil service and redress any imbalances;", "iv. Review the measures after three years of their adoption and set new goals and targets as deemed necessary.", "55. The Parties agree that all persons who have been arbitrarily and unfairly dismissed from the national civil service for reasons related to the conflict will recover their posts. These people will not lose their age and their acquired rights will be respected. The National Civil Service Commission will receive complaints, determine its merits and demerits and make recommendations as appropriate.", "Article 8 Representation of Movements at Government Levels", "56. Movements will be represented at all levels of government on the basis of additional protocols between each Movement and the Government. These protocols will be an integral part of this Agreement.", "Article 9: Armed Forces and other regular forces", "57. The Sudanese Armed Forces will be regular, professional and impartial. The population of Darfur will have a fair representation at all levels. The Government of the Sudan shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with the recruitment rules, to correct any imbalance in the representation of the Darfur population in the higher ranks of the Sudanese Armed Forces and in the acceptance of military academies.", "58. The police, customs, immigration and border guard services, prison services, wildlife services and all other regular forces will be open to the participation of all Sudanese people, including the people of Darfur, to reflect the diversity of Sudanese society.", "The administrative status of Darfur and power-sharing in Darfur", "Article 10 The administrative status of Darfur", "Establishment of the Darfur Regional Authority", "59. The Darfur Regional Authority will be established, which will be the main instrument for the implementation of this Agreement in collaboration with the Government of the Sudan and with the support of international partners. The Darfur Regional Authority will also play a key role in improving the implementation, coordination and promotion of all post-conflict reconstruction and development projects and activities in Darfur and will be responsible for cooperation and coordination among Darfur States. The activities of the Darfur Regional Authority will have the main purpose of promoting:", "I. Peace and security;", "ii. Socio-economic development, stability and growth;", "iii. Justice, reconciliation and recovery.", "60. The Darfur Regional Authority shall establish its own rules of procedure, recruit the staff required to carry out its work and establish a budget for this purpose. The prerogatives of the Darfur Regional Authority shall not contravene or affect the exclusive powers of the Darfur and federal states. However, the Darfur Regional Authority will have responsibilities for monitoring all issues related to its areas of jurisdiction and main competence. The Darfur Regional Authority will monitor the holding of a referendum to determine the administrative status of Darfur, specifically to determine whether the current system of States is maintained or whether a single region with states is chosen.", "61. Without prejudice to the exclusive powers of the Darfur States under the Constitution, the Darfur Regional Authority will monitor the implementation of all provisions of this Agreement, including those subject to the jurisdiction of the Darfur States.", "62. A regional security committee for Darfur will be established in accordance with the national and state model and will determine its competencies.", "Darfur Regional Authority competencies", "63. The Darfur Regional Authority will have the following main competencies:", "I. Implementation of the provisions of this Agreement in collaboration with the Government of the Sudan;", "ii. Promoting reconciliation and the consolidation of security and social peace;", "iii. Post-conflict reconstruction and development and coordination of the participation of all international and regional partners, including the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission;", "iv. Health issues, environmental protection and measures to address the consequences of climate change;", "v. Planning, development and conservation of routes and pastures for livestock;", "vi. The establishment of the necessary durable conditions for the voluntary repatriation and resettlement of internally displaced persons and refugees;", "vii. Planning for land use and the exercise of relevant rights;", "viii. Education and cultural promotion;", "ix. Statistical planning and development;", "x. Improving cooperation and promoting communication and coordination among Darfur States;", "xi. Recruitment of loans from national and foreign institutions in the context of national macroeconomic policy, approved and guaranteed by the Bank of the Sudan;", "xii. Protection and promotion of human rights;", "xiii. Promoting transparency and good governance;", "xiv. Capacity building;", "xv. Regional tourism;", "xvi. Review and recommendation of legislative and executive measures aimed at improving interstate coordination;", "xvii. Policies for the control of small arms and light weapons in Darfur;", "xviii. Any other function to which the Parties agree.", "Simultaneous competitions", "64. The Darfur Regional Authority will have simultaneous policy-making and coordination competencies in the following areas:", "I. Social and economic development of the region;", "ii. Health policies;", "iii. Financial and economic policies;", "iv. Urban development and housing planning;", "v. Development of trade and industry;", "vi. Relief and humanitarian affairs;", "vii. The initiation and negotiation, upon the approval of the Government of the Sudan, of international agreements on higher education, culture, sport, humanitarian affairs, loans and subsidies, trade, investment and technical assistance with foreign Governments and non-governmental organizations;", "viii. The advancement of women, maternity and child care;", "ix. Quality control of food and drugs and consumer safety and security;", "x. Higher education and professional and scientific research institutes;", "xi. Gender policies;", "xii. Electricity generation, water management and waste management;", "xiii. Land ownership policies, their use and rights thereon;", "xiv. Emergency relief, disaster prevention and management and epidemic control;", "xv. Media, publications and radio stations;", "xvi. Environmental management, protection and conservation;", "xvii. Sports, cultural heritage and youth skills development;", "xviii. Planning for Darfur &apos; s natural resources.", "Structure and composition", "65. The Darfur Regional Authority shall consist of two principal organs: the Executive Body of the Darfur Regional Authority and the Council of the Darfur Regional Authority.", "Executive Body of the Darfur Regional Authority", "66. The President of the Republic of the Sudan shall appoint among the Movements the President of the Darfur Regional Authority, who shall preside over the Executive Body of the Darfur Regional Authority.", "67. The Executive Body of the Darfur Regional Authority shall consist of the following officers:", "I. The President of the Darfur Regional Authority", "ii. Governors of Darfur States Vice-Presidents", "iii. Assistant to the President of the Member on matters of the Darfur Regional Authority", "iv. Minister of Finance and Economic Planning Member", "v. Minister of Culture, Information and Tourism Member", "vi. Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Member", "vii. The Minister of Reconstruction, Development and Infrastructure Member", "viii. The Minister of Environment and Member Development of Natural Resources", "ix. The Minister for Affairs of the Council of the Darfur Regional Authority Member", "x. The Minister of Social Affairs, Maternity and Member of Child Care", "xi. Minister of Health Member", "xii. The Minister of Youth and Sport Member", "xiii. The Minister for Technology Development and Capacity-building Member", "xiv. A Commissioner of the Commission for Return and Voluntary Resettlement", "xv. A Commissioner of the Justice, Truth and Reconciliation Commission", "xvi. President of the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund", "xvii. One Commissioner of the Commission on Member Lands", "xviii. A Commissioner of the Commission for the Application of Member the Darfur Security Agreements", "68. In the State Protocol, the President of the Darfur Regional Authority appears directly after the Vice-Presidents of the Republic and before the Assistants of the President of the Republic.", "69. The President of the Republic of the Sudan shall appoint the members of the Executive Body of the Darfur Regional Authority, on the proposal of the President of the Authority. The appointed members shall have the status of Ministers of State.", "70. The President of the Darfur Regional Authority may require accountability to the members of the Executive Body of the Authority. It may also make a recommendation to the President of the Republic to relieve any member of the Executive Body from office. The Council of the Darfur Regional Authority may withdraw the trust of any member of the Executive Body and make a recommendation to the President of the Authority to relieve him of office.", "The Council of the Darfur Regional Authority", "71. The Council of the Darfur Regional Authority shall consist of 67 members:", "I. The President;", "ii. Two Vice-Presidents;", "iii. Representatives of Movements;", "iv. Representatives of state legislative bodies.", "72. The Council of the Darfur Regional Authority may establish specialized committees where necessary.", "Competitions of the Council of the Darfur Regional Authority", "73. The Council of the Darfur Regional Authority shall have oversight, monitoring and organization powers. The Council will review the laws and recommend legislative measures to promote coordination and cooperation among Darfur States. Specifically, the Council will have the following competencies:", "I. To review the laws relating to the competencies of the Darfur Regional Authority;", "ii. Control and assess the performance of the Darfur Regional Authority;", "iii. Adopt the budget of the Darfur Regional Authority;", "iv. Ensure that the Darfur Regional Authority incurs appropriate costs and accounts for any decisions taken;", "v. Adopt policies within the competence of the Darfur Regional Authority and, in particular, on all cross-border issues between the Darfur States;", "vi. Establish a committee to prepare a Constitution of the Darfur Region if the people of Darfur vote mostly in favour of the establishment of a single region.", "Dispute settlement", "74. The Darfur Regional Authority shall exercise its functions without prejudice to the constitutional powers and functions of the Governments of the Darfur States. If the President of the Darfur Regional Authority considers that a measure taken by a State Government undermines the implementation of the Agreement, the matter shall be referred to the Council of the Authority for a decision, without prejudice to the right of any party to appeal to the Constitutional Court to finalize the dispute in accordance with the following provisions:", "I. The National Constitution;", "ii. The provisions of this Agreement;", "iii. The need to promote security, stability, well-being of the population and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "The permanent administrative status of Darfur", "75. The permanent administrative status of Darfur will be determined by a referendum.", "76. The referendum will be held simultaneously in Darfur States, not before one year after the signing of the Agreement. After one year, the President of the Republic, in agreement with the President of the Darfur Regional Authority, shall establish the Referendum Commission, which shall be responsible for the holding of the referendum. The result of the referendum will be incorporated into the permanent Constitution. The following options will be presented:", "I. The establishment of a Darfur Region consisting of the Darfur States;", "ii. The maintenance of the status quo of the state system. In both cases the character of Darfur, determined by cultural and historical traditions and ties, will be respected.", "77. The Darfur Referendum Commission, established by the Presidency in common agreement with the Darfur Regional Authority, will organize and hold the referendum. The national electoral law shall specify the rules and procedures governing the referendum. The referendum will have international supervision.", "78. If a majority of the votes cast by the Darfur population in the referendum determines the desirability of establishing a Darfur Region, the Darfur Regional Authority will establish a Constitutional Committee to realize the competencies of the Darfur Regional Government. The Committee shall submit the proposed Constitution to the Darfur Regional Authority for adoption within three months of the referendum. The proposed Constitution shall be submitted to the national legislative body for adoption and the President of the Republic of the Sudan shall promulgate the Constitution.", "79. If the outcome of the referendum maintains the status quo, the Darfur Regional Authority will remain the main instrument for the implementation of this Agreement for a period of four years from the date of signature.", "Article 11 The northern borders of Darfur", "80. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement relating to the northern-south border or any international agreements between the Republic of the Sudan and neighbouring countries, the northern borders of Darfur will return to the demarcation in force on 1 January 1956.", "81. The Joint Technical Committee shall conclude the demarcation process within six months of the signing of this Agreement.", "Article 12 Representation at state level", "82. The Parties agree that the Movements shall be represented at all levels of the State Governments of Darfur.", "Governors", "83. If additional states are established, the Movements will propose two candidates for approval by the President of the Sudan as Acting Governors (Walis) to lead two of the new states while holding elections.", "Article 13 Local Government", "84. The Parties agree that the local government is critical to fulfilling the commitment to confer sovereignty on the people, bring power to grassroots communities and ensure the effective participation of citizens in governance, promote development and ensure that governance is more cost-effective.", "85. The indigenous administration will respect, where appropriate, established historical and community traditions, customs and practices that have played essential roles in the community.", "86. The Parties agree that the local government and the indigenous administration have been adversely affected by the conflict in Darfur and therefore have the power to address the consequences of the conflict, including environmental degradation and desertification.", "87. The Parties agree that the Movements will have adequate representation at the local government level before the following local elections are held, with a proportional representation of women.", "88. Appropriate measures will be taken to assist various groups, such as youth and women, through capacity-building and affirmative action.", "Article 14 Universities and Higher Education Institutions of State Management", "89. 15 per cent of the places available at national universities will be allocated to students in Darfur, in accordance with competition requirements, for five years.", "90. The population of Darfur will be represented in the management of national universities and higher education institutions on the basis of competition and scientific qualifications determined by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.", "91. 50 per cent of the places available at the national universities in Darfur will be allocated to the children of Darfur in accordance with the requirements of the membership committee. In the meantime, a mechanism or committee will be established to review the conditions required to exempt persons affected by the war from the payment of university tuition for five years.", "92. All students who are children of internally displaced persons and refugees from the Darfur states who have been duly admitted to national universities by the income committee shall be exempt from the payment of education fees for five years.", "93. Income procedures for children of internally displaced persons, refugees or other war-affected persons will be facilitated in the various locations in the Darfur states.", "Article 15: Permanent Constitution", "94. The Movements shall have adequate representation in the National Constitutional Review Commission, which is responsible for drafting a permanent Constitution for the Republic of the Sudan.", "Chapter III Distribution of wealth", "General provisions", "Article 16 Principles on the Distribution of Wealth", "The distribution of wealth will be based on the following principles:", "95. An economy that, among other objectives, ensures the alleviation of poverty, social justice, and the equitable distribution of wealth and resources, so as to ensure balanced and adequate living standards for all Sudanese citizens.", "96. Fiscal federalism and equitable distribution of the wealth of the Sudan in order to enable each level of government to fulfil its legal and constitutional responsibilities and obligations to the people of the Sudan. The Government of the Sudan shall make the necessary financial transfers to Darfur, in accordance with the processes and criteria set out in this Agreement.", "97. All parts of the Sudan are entitled to fair and balanced development, and the need to urgently rebuild the areas of Darfur affected by the armed conflict and pay special attention to displaced persons through the creation of an enabling environment that allows them to return voluntarily to their places of origin, or to places of their choice, as set out in Chapter IV of this Agreement.", "98. Approval and implementation of integrated development projects for the settlement of nomadic communities, the promotion of the productivity of that sector and the organization of the relationship between farmers and herders to ensure security, stability and development for all.", "99. The Sudanese concept of wealth should be defined to include natural and human resources; historical and cultural heritage; financial assets, including international and national public credits and loans; and international aid and donations. It will also include the means, institutions, policies and opportunities that contribute to the generation and distribution of wealth, as well as material resources, public income, benefits of institutions and other resources.", "100. Wealth is a vital element in the generation and distribution of government institutions, policies and programmes. Darfur &apos; s equitable participation in decision-making on policies and institutions governing the generation and distribution of wealth and affecting its social and economic interests is therefore crucial and should be promoted.", "101. The development of human resources will be a means and objective of economic and social development policies. These policies will be developed and implemented with a view to developing the education system and ensuring access for the people of Darfur, without discrimination on the basis of race or gender, to equal opportunities for education and training in Darfur and the country. Special efforts will be made to eradicate illiteracy among women.", "102. All citizens of the Sudan shall have the following rights on an equal footing:", "I. Safety against hunger;", "ii. Sustainable livelihoods;", "iii. Access to safe drinking water;", "iv. Access to good quality education;", "v. Access to health services and other social services;", "vi. Appropriate access to public infrastructure and services;", "vii. Access to development and employment opportunities;", "viii. Free market access;", "ix. Protection of property;", "x. Promotion and protection of cultural heritage;", "xi. Restitution and/or compensation for property lost by persons affected by the conflict;", "xii. Review of administrative measures affecting subsistence.", "103. An effective system of wealth distribution based on transparency and accountability. In the context of economic policy, affirmative action measures should be taken to overcome the disadvantages arising from long years of underdevelopment and deterioration caused by the conflict.", "104. The distribution and sharing of wealth will be based on the premise that all parts of the Sudan have the right to fair and equitable development. Recognizing that poverty is common in the Sudan in general, and in Darfur in particular, a national poverty alleviation strategy will be adopted within the framework of the national development policy aimed at achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "105. The need to rehabilitate, reconstruct and develop the physical and social infrastructure damaged in Darfur as a result of the conflict is imperative and pressing, as well as to restore the basic functions of government and strengthen civil administration. An overall assessment of these needs is required to meet them as a matter of high priority.", "106. The rehabilitation and reconstruction of Darfur is considered a priority. In that context, measures should be taken to compensate the people of Darfur and to deal with claims for loss of life and the destruction, seizure or theft of property and thus suffering.", "107. The development of basic economic and social infrastructure is critical and, to that end, an accelerated development programme should be developed to equip the level of Darfur with the rest of the country.", "108. In view of the fact that the financial resources and technical expertise required to carry out this process exceed the capacity of the Sudan, Parties may request the support of the international community to participate fully in this initiative, collaborate in the provision of the necessary funding and expertise and help meet the needs identified for this purpose.", "109. Darfur as a whole, and in particular areas requiring construction or reconstruction, must reach a level that would enable them to achieve the Millennium Development Goals quickly. A basic infrastructure development programme should be developed to integrate the Darfur economy into the national economy.", "110. A special fund for the reconstruction and development of Darfur is required under this Agreement.", "Article 17 Policies for the distribution of wealth", "111. The ultimate goal of national economic policy will be to achieve full employment through, inter alia, sound policies based on promoting price stability, increasing employment levels, promoting sustainable economic development and poverty eradication. Therefore, national social and economic policies, programmes and plans will be directed at ensuring:", "I. Promotion and improvement of decent and dignified living conditions for all citizens, without discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, ethnicity, tribe, regional or local affiliation, gender, religion, language or political or other opinion;", "ii. Citizen participation through different levels of government, as well as non-governmental organizations, in the formulation and implementation of social policies necessary to generate and distribute wealth and in decision-making on income development and management;", "iii. The fair and equitable representation guaranteed in all institutions of the Government of the Sudan participating in the generation and distribution of wealth.", "112. National economic and social policies will be geared towards achieving the following objectives:", "I. Generate wealth and distribute it equitably throughout the Sudan, consistent with the maintenance of macroeconomic stability and sustainable development;", "ii. Ensure fair tax collection and use it for the benefit of the entire population;", "iii. Decentralize decision-making processes on development, service delivery and governance issues;", "iv. Provide reliable, safe and open access to markets, goods and services for:", "(a) Ensuring an enabling environment for foreign investment;", "(b) Recognize social and cultural diversity;", "c) Promoting social security and stability;", "(d) Addressing environmental degradation;", "(e) Implement principles of sustainable development.", "113. The formulation of national economic policies will guide the creation of an enabling and transparent environment for the participation of national and foreign private sectors in the development of the Sudan in general, and of Darfur in particular. National and regional legislation will be revised and amended to attract investment.", "114. National and regional policies will focus on promoting Darfur exports to national and international markets.", "115. Financial and monetary policies, and in particular the banking system, will be revised to meet sustainable growth and balanced development needs and provide greater opportunities for access to international financial markets.", "116. The Bank of the Sudan is committed to developing innovative financial policies and methods to encourage financial institutions, commercial banks and specialized State banks (Agricultural Bank, Industrial Development Bank and others) to expand its activities in Darfur.", "117. Without prejudice to Article 14, policies will be developed and implemented with a view to developing the education system and ensuring for the people of Darfur, without discrimination on the grounds of race or gender, equal opportunities for access to education and training in the states of Darfur and the country. Special efforts will be made to eradicate illiteracy among women.", "118. Research and development will be promoted and encouraged, in particular technologies related to agriculture, animal breeding, small industries, handicrafts, mining, environment and energy, especially renewable energies.", "119. Policies will be adopted to ensure the effective protection and rehabilitation of the environment, in particular with regard to forest recovery and afforestation, wherever possible.", "120. Priority will be given to policies aimed at developing and modernizing the agricultural sector, in particular livestock, with due respect for nomadic culture and the sustainability of the natural environment.", "121. In the context of the implementation of this Agreement, the highest priority will be accorded to activities aimed at meeting needs in conflict-affected areas, with particular attention to internally displaced persons, returnees and persons affected by the conflict, in order to provide them with the necessary security and basic services to enable them to return to their places of origin in safe and dignified conditions. Chapter IV of the present Agreement on the Compensation and Return of Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees establishes the principles and processes concerning the restitution of property and the provision of assistance to facilitate the full integration of returnees into their communities through, in particular, the restoration of their rights to land ownership and compensation for damages and losses caused by the conflict.", "122. Particular attention will be paid to the problems of women in Darfur, which, especially among refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants, as well as being heads of households, are involved in all areas of activity and constitute most of the workforce, especially in the agricultural and animal resources sectors, as well as to the worsening of the situation of women in all these areas as a result of a conflict whose impact has been particularly harmful to them and children, and mainly on their livelihoods. Specific measures will be taken to resolve their problems and ensure their equal and effective participation in commissions, committees and bodies established under this Agreement.", "123. It is of the utmost importance to recognize traditional and customary rights, in particular “hawakeer” and historical land rights, on a sound and sustainable basis that would ensure development and livelihoods in Darfur. This Agreement is aimed at establishing the necessary mechanisms for the recognition and protection of these rights.", "124. A mechanism will be established to define processes to ensure and monitor the sustainable use of land and other natural resources. Such a mechanism will ensure consultation with all citizens affected by land management or the use of natural resources and take into account their views in the management process. Persons whose property was damaged or whose lives were affected by land management or natural resources would be entitled to prompt appropriate compensation.", "125. Land management structures and institutions will be developed and legally supported with a view to promoting sustainable development and addressing environmental degradation issues, under the cadastral database on land use, taking into account historical experiences in this regard.", "126. Geographically isolated from the centre of the country, Darfur lacks infrastructure, especially roads, railway lines, bridges and dams and therefore needs effective development and investment activities that will be facilitated by reforms, legal exemptions and incentives, in particular:", "I. Full exemption from customs duties and other fees for imported materials for the construction and development of Darfur;", "ii. The Government of the Sudan will absorb customs rights, as well as other rights and fees paid for imported materials for national development projects in Darfur and projects funded by the Government of the Sudan or through loans;", "iii. The Investment Promotion Act will be amended to include more incentives and privileges for foreign and local companies in Darfur States, including tax exemptions on earnings.", "Reconstruction and development of Darfur", "Article 18 General provisions", "127. Reconstruction and development efforts in Darfur should be supported by substantial guaranteed and regular monetary transfers that the Fiscal and Financial Assignment and Supervision Commission (FFAMC) will make pursuant to Article 25, as well as through other domestic and foreign assistance resources.", "128. Darfur needed a transition period to move rapidly from conflict to peace, and therefore there was a need to create an enabling environment to move from the humanitarian assistance phase to reconstruction, economic recovery and development.", "129. To support the efforts of the transition period mentioned in paragraph 128 above and achieve the above objectives, Darfur needs resources that significantly exceed its capacity to mobilize them at the local level in the short term. Their efforts must therefore be supported by safe and regular financial transfers from the National Income Fund and other national sources of resources, in addition to foreign aid.", "Article 19 Microfinance System", "130. In Darfur, a microfinance system will be established to provide the necessary funding to develop income-generating activities with growth potential, which will provide small loans accessible to individuals and groups, without the security requirements applicable in the conventional banking system.", "131. The microfinance system will establish some non-conventional guarantees to facilitate the beneficiary population, such as small producers and, in particular, returnees, access to that funding mechanism.", "132. In order to develop the productive potential of the beneficiaries, they will be trained, funded by public funds, in the areas of administration and strengthening technical skills in their respective fields of activity.", "133. The microfinance system will give particular importance to income-generating activities developed by women, especially widows.", "134. The Government of the Sudan will provide $100,000 (USD 100 million) representing the capital of the system.", "135. The Government will encourage banks that facilitate microfinance to accord priority to Darfur.", "136. The Government, in collaboration with the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and with the participation of microfinance specialists, will develop the status and regulations of the microfinance system, in a manner that guarantees its independence.", "137. The system may receive un conditioned assistance from organizations specializing in microfinance and other entities.", "Article 20 Social services", "138. In addition to FFAMC transfers, the Government of the Sudan will provide $2250,000 ($250 billion) to the Darfur States for a three-year period of equal assessments, to be used to finance social services activities.", "Article 21 The Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund", "139. In each structural and operational context of activities, steps will be taken to reform, restructure and rectify the imbalances of the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund (DRDF), whose activities will be maintained until its integration into a multi-donor trust fund that will be formed after the completion of the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission, as stipulated in Article 32.", "140. The DRDF will operate under the supervision of a committee composed of representatives of the Government of the Sudan, the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the Governments of the Darfur States.", "141. The functions of the Fund include, but not exclusively, the following activities:", "I. Financing repatriation and resettlement projects;", "ii. Correcting development imbalances, particularly with regard to infrastructure and MDGs;", "iii. Establish funding mechanisms to meet the special needs of women, children and orphans. These mechanisms will include, inter alia, access to loans, investment opportunities, strengthening production capacities, inputs for women &apos; s production and capacity-building.", "National government allocation to DRDF", "142. In addition to Darfur &apos; s share of FFAMC transfers, the Government of the Sudan will allocate $20,000 (US$ 2 billion) from the National Income Fund. Of that amount, $200,000 ($2 billion) will be deposited as the initial capital of DRDF immediately after the signing of this Agreement. The Government of the Sudan shall pay the balance as follows:", "I. $300,000 (US$ 3 billion) in the year following the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. $300,000 (US$ 3 billion) in the third year;", "iii. $300,000 (US$ 3 billion) in the fourth year;", "iv. $400,000 ($4 billion) in the fifth year;", "v. $500,000 ($5 billion) in the sixth year.", "Fiscal federalism and intergovernmental relations", "Article 22 Identification of national and State financial responsibilities", "143. National revenues will be distributed between the Federal Government and state governments in proportion to their constitutional responsibilities, in order to ensure good federal governance.", "144. Cost and income responsibilities will be distributed at the national government and state government levels in accordance with the following principles:", "I. Allocation of expenditures by function to the level of government whose jurisdiction represents the geographical area in which that function takes place;", "ii. The provision of a particular service (assignment of expenditures per function) shall be solely at a specified level of government, or at two or more levels simultaneously;", "iii. The Governments of the Darfur States shall endeavour to cover the services provided to persons living in a given geographical area with the income collected in the same area;", "iv. Governments in the Darfur states may determine the structure of the fiscal base, tariff levels or tax rates without the intervention of the Federal Government.", "Article 23 Rules on the allocation of income and sources of income", "Income allocation standards", "145. All income collected at the national level or by the Federal Government, as well as the income of all ministries, including those relating to gold, oil, administrations or government participation in the profits of any institution or enterprise or any other entity, whether derived from commercial, investment or any other activity, shall be deposited in the National Income Fund account administered by the National Treasury. The Fund covers all accounts, including assistive accounts used to collect, appropriate and deposit amounts owed to the Federal Government.", "146. At the end of each fiscal year, all levels of governance and its subsidiary levels will disclose, through legislative bodies, a comprehensive and detailed report of all fiscal and other incomes, as well as all expenditures (annual financial report), so that the legislative assembly will ensure transparency and accountability.", "Income sources", "147. The Federal Government may legislate in order to raise public income or taxes from the following sources:", "I. National income tax for natural persons;", "ii. Tax on profits from corporations or companies;", "iii. Customs and levies on imports;", "iv. Income from ports and airports;", "v. Service charges;", "vi. Oil, mining and electricity revenues;", "vii. Income from government institutions and projects;", "viii. Value added tax and wholesale and retail sales taxes, as well as other goods and services taxes;", "ix. Internal taxes;", "x. Loans, including those of the Central Bank of the Sudan and private citizens;", "xi. Grants and foreign financial assistance;", "xii. Any other tax established by the national legislature.", "148. The Governments of the Darfur States may increase and manage the following resources:", "I. Taxes and royalties on state land and property;", "ii. Charges for services provided by States;", "iii. License rights;", "iv. Darfur State income tax for natural persons;", "v. State participation in oil and other natural resources revenues produced in Darfur states;", "vi. Projects, institutions and natural reserves of the Darfur States;", "vii. Shame rights;", "viii. Agricultural taxes;", "ix. Tourism taxes;", "x. Donations and foreign aids;", "xi. Internal taxes;", "xii. Other regional taxes approved by state legislatures;", "xiii. Local and foreign loans and loans, depending on their credit capacity, within the framework of the national macroeconomic policy, approved and guaranteed by the Central Bank;", "xiv. Tax on livestock;", "xv. Subsidies provided by the Government of the Sudan and foreign financial assistance;", "xvi. National Income Fund allocations;", "xvii. Cross-border trade tax revenue under federal law.", "149. Darfur states will be able to conclude agreements to strengthen resource mobilization and management within their jurisdictions and powers.", "Article 24 Cabbage Chamber", "150. All the money collected in Darfur will be invested in Darfur.", "151. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 150, the Central Chamber of Azaque may, pursuant to Article 38 (A) of the Law on Azaque of 2001, provide the maximum necessary funding possible and, in order to assist poor families and in particular displaced persons and refugees, implement programmes and projects related to various services such as borehole drilling and the provision of medical devices and equipment, as well as education and productive projects consistent with the level of poverty in Darfur.", "Article 25 Intergovernmental financial transfers", "152. FFAMC will be established by law. A team of experts will also be appointed by law to define the criteria for transfers of the National Income Fund to Darfur States. A representative of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority will be a member of FFAMC.", "153. To achieve financial equalization, FFAMC will ensure that the interests and views of the Darfur states are reflected, taking into account the interests of other State Governments. The Commission will be organized to ensure:", "I. The optimal vertical and horizontal utilization and distribution of resources;", "ii. Transparency in the allocation of funds to Darfur States;", "iii. Follow-up to the measures taken by the National Treasury to quickly transfer budget allocations. The Committee will report to the Legislative Assembly.", "154. Allocations will be transferred directly from FFAMC to Darfur states, according to the following criteria:", "I. Population according to the 2008 census;", "ii. Development indicators (health, education and infrastructure);", "iii. Efforts made by the state to raise revenue;", "iv. Effects of conflict;", "v. Surface.", "155. A team of experts will determine the importance of each criterion and therefore assign a percentage that will serve as the basis for calculating the participation of each state.", "156. FFAMC will conduct a transparent process in which the timely payment of transfers to Darfur states will be monitored and, at the same time, ensure that the Federal Government does not retain the funds of the Darfur states or any other subordinate government entity.", "157. The Darfur states may file a lawsuit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the national treasury retains funds allocated to the Darfur states or does not allocate the funds provided for them.", "Article 26 Transfer of funds to the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority", "158. The Government of the Sudan will finance all activities of the Darfur Transitional Regional Authority. Capital expenditure funds will be charged to the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund, while the overall budget expenditures will be funded directly from the national budget, once approved by the National Legislature.", "159. The allocation of funds to the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority will be made transparently.", "160. The Transitional Regional Authority of Darfur may file a lawsuit with the Constitutional Court in the event that the Federal Government delays or retains transfers of funds allocated to the Regional Authority.", "Article 27 Fiscal rights of Darfur", "161. Under the federal system, the states of Darfur shall have the right to receive:", "I. Transfers of the national treasury tax revenue collected under Article 25;", "ii. Tax revenues collected under Article 23;", "iii. Income from the Darfur Reconstruction and Development Fund;", "iv. Income from the Multi-Donor Trust Fund.", "162. A specific MDG-oriented grant system, poverty alleviation and gender equality will be created.", "Article 28 External sources of funding", "163. The Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the Darfur states may borrow from national and international financial markets, subject to the approval and assurance of the Central Bank of the Sudan.", "164. The Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the Darfur states will submit to the Federal Government reports on all amounts received from external sources of funding and aid.", "Rule 29", "Capacity-building", "165. Following the signing of this Agreement, the Government of the Sudan will assist the Darfur States and the Darfur Transitional Regional Authority in the development and implementation of an advanced and comprehensive capacity-building programme for public finance and fiscal federalism.", "Article 30 Monitoring and accountability", "166. The Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the Darfur States will prepare, for approval or modification, annual budgets based on general financial statistics submitted by the Council of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the State Legislative Assemblies. No change will be made and no further allocation will be included without the approval of the Council of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority or, where appropriate, the Darfur Legislative Assemblies. In addition, comprehensive interim reports of all income and expenditure will be prepared. The methodology for the preparation of such reports will be determined in accordance with national transparency and accountability criteria, based on the financial legislation and guidelines of the National Audit Office; comprehensive reports will be prepared in accordance with international standards.", "167. The following institutions are responsible for monitoring this process:", "I. The Commission on Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Supervision;", "ii. The National Office of the Auditor-General and the offices of the general auditors of the states;", "iii. The Council of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority;", "iv. The Darfur State Legislative Assemblies.", "Article 31 Development policies for Darfur", "168. The national development policy will be based on the right of all parts of the Sudan to equitable and balanced development, and will accord special priority to the areas of the country most deprived and affected by the conflict.", "169. In this context, Darfur will endeavour to achieve the short- and medium-term rehabilitation, reconstruction, construction and development goals, taking into account the most urgent needs and the need to lay the foundation for long-term development. Particular attention will be paid to the implementation of programmes and projects that will enable Darfur to accelerate the transition from the phase of development assistance.", "170. The main objectives of post-conflict economic recovery and development in Darfur are:", "I. Reconstruction and development;", "ii. Strengthening the Darfur economy, with a view to enabling its integration into the national economy and promoting trade between Darfur and neighbouring States;", "iii. Rehabilitation of basic social services such as education, health and water supply;", "iv. Achieving sustainable economic development, equitable development, social stability and improving access to social services;", "v. Combating poverty and increasing economic capacity and awareness;", "vi. Creation of appropriate employment opportunities;", "vii. Development of individual and institutional capacities in good governance, with a focus on accountability and transparency;", "viii. The development of physical infrastructure in order to improve the access of the people of Darfur to major markets in Darfur, the rest of the Sudan and neighbouring countries, and the commitment to building the West Ingaz road with all its ramifications within two years, in accordance with international standards;", "ix. Establishing a stable and transparent legal framework conducive to local, national and foreign private investment;", "x. The development of technical and analytical capacities in key areas such as economic management, financial management and procurement;", "xi. Investment in the education and scientific research sectors with a view to improving and developing human resources;", "xii. Promoting energy production from alternative sources and combating the causes of environmental degradation.", "171. The Parties recognize that Darfur, a historically lacking region that has seriously suffered the consequences of the destruction caused by the conflict, has the urgent need to:", "I. Restore peace, security and social stability;", "ii. To more effectively implement government functions;", "iii. Strengthen civil administration;", "vi. Rehabilitate, reconstruct and build the physical, institutional and social infrastructure of Darfur after the conflict;", "v. To implement comprehensive structural reform of the universities and institutions of Darfur to enable them to carry out their tasks;", "vi. Establish universities and subsidiaries of national and foreign scientific schools and techniques to transform Darfur into a society developed in technology, industry, agriculture and trade.", "172. In Darfur, competition for grasslands and water between pastoralists and farmers is a serious problem that should be addressed comprehensively by:", "I. Development of policies and projects aimed at halting environmental degradation, increasing agricultural production and improving livestock production;", "ii. The gradual shift from the quantity-based approach to the quality-centred approach to livestock production and animal breeding;", "iii. Development of a framework to ensure equitable access of various users to land and water resources;", "iv. Development of policies and projects aimed at establishing an agricultural, industrial and technological economy in the states;", "v. Capacity-building in these areas.", "173. The neglect of traditional dry agriculture, which is dependent on the people of the Sudan in general and in Darfur in particular, has led to increased food imports, rural migration to urban centres and the spread of hunger and disputes. Therefore, policies and projects aimed at promoting traditional dry agriculture need to be developed and accorded high priority in the context of national development in order to accelerate progress towards the MDGs.", "174. Re-examine the viability of the following abandoned development projects and resume implementation of those identified as feasible:", "I. Western savannah development project;", "ii. Jebel Marra Rural Development Project;", "iii. Jebel Marra thermal energy project;", "iv. Habeela Agricultural Project;", "v. Ghazalah Jawazat research station;", "vi. Abu Hamra agricultural project;", "vii. Saq Alnaam Agricultural Project;", "viii. Urn Bayada Agricultural Project;", "ix. Wadi Hawar Watershed;", "x. Drought and desertification project;", "xi. Popular housing project;", "xii. Agricultural research projects;", "xiii. Sugar production projects;", "xiv. Alradoom, Wadi Hawar and other wildlife reserves;", "xv. Urn Ajaja project ( Bahar Alarab development project);", "xvi. Wadi Alatroon Development Project.", "175. All Government strata will make every effort to improve the level of human development in Darfur, to equip it with national levels in the context of efforts to accelerate progress towards the MDGs.", "Article 32 Darfur Joint Assessment Mission", "176. The Darfur Joint Assessment Mission will be established with a view to identifying and assessing needs for economic recovery, development and post-conflict poverty eradication in Darfur. Such needs will be presented at a donor conference to be convened three months after the signing of this Agreement.", "177. The Parties shall request the World Bank, the Darfur Development Bank, the United Nations and the African Development Bank to lead the activities of the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission, in collaboration with the Islamic Development Bank, the African Union, the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, Arab funds, the European Union, the State of Qatar and other interested regional and international economic countries and organizations.", "178. Since the financial resources and expertise required for this operation exceed the capacity of the Sudan, Parties request the international community to participate urgently and fully in this initiative, to contribute to the provision of the necessary resources and expertise, and to assist in meeting the needs identified in this regard through the establishment of a multi-donor trust fund. Donors and the Government of the Sudan will establish a monitoring body to determine the operational procedures of the fund.", "179. The Parties shall be represented in the technical and monitoring committees of the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission.", "180. The development needs of Darfur relating to social and infrastructure areas will be assessed, and the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission will determine the resources required to meet them within six years.", "Land development and management, hawakeer and natural resources", "Article 33 General principles", "181. The territorial limits referred to in this section shall be those referred to in Chapter II, paragraph 80, of this Agreement.", "182. Since the people of Darfur did not benefit from the 1925 Ordinance on Territorial Agreements and Land Registration, the reform of laws will be prioritized in order to incorporate land rights and their use (hawakeer) in line with cultural customs, traditions and legacies relating to land ownership, traditional transhumance routes and access to water sources.", "183. If the tenant of land leased under the investment laws does not meet the agreed lease conditions, the land in question will return to its status quo ante.", "184. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Agreement, the competent or designated governmental level shall exercise the rights relating to the State lands of the Sudan in Darfur.", "185. All displaced persons and other persons arbitrarily or unlawfully deprived of their possessions or of their land rights shall recover their possessions and rights, and shall receive appropriate compensation for the losses or damage suffered during the period of deprivation without delay.", "186. Mechanisms will be established to ensure the sustainable management and use of land and other natural resources. Consultations will be conducted with all citizens affected by land management and the use of natural resources and their views will be taken into account. Persons whose assets or livelihoods have been adversely affected by the development and exploitation of natural resources shall be entitled to receive appropriate compensation without delay.", "Article 34 Traditional and historic land rights", "187. Regulation of ownership and use of land and the exercise of land rights are parallel powers that affect the appropriate government level.", "188. Traditional land-owned tribal rights (hawakeer), historical territorial rights, traditional and customary rights over transhumance routes and access to water sources will be recognized and protected. All relevant government levels will initiate and conduct a process aimed at progressively amending relevant laws and incorporating customary laws, in line with international trends and practices. In order to protect the traditional heritage, the traditional and customary routes of closed transhumance will be reopened, wherever possible, or alternative routes will be traced.", "189. The amended laws in accordance with paragraph 188 shall recognize and protect historical, traditional and customary land rights.", "190. No person or group of persons of any traditional or historical right to land or the right to access water sources shall be deprived without consultation and compensation promptly and appropriately.", "191. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, the Darfur Land Commission will address traditional and historic land rights issues and review land management and use and natural resource development.", "Article 35 Lands of local communities", "192. The Federal Government and state governments will be able to develop community lands in good faith consultations with local communities that have rights on these lands. The community shall have the right to receive an equitable share of the income derived from the development of these lands; another possibility shall be to compensate in kind and/or in cash to the affected community.", "193. The Federal Government and the governments of the states may use or develop any land belonging to local communities, subject to the fact that such use or development conforms to the development plan developed in line with the cadastral database on land use, established in accordance with Article 38.", "Article 36 Adjudication of land", "194. Members of local communities may register as their own the lands they possess by tradition. The registration will be free, if possible; otherwise a reduced rate will be applied, the procedures will be simple and public information campaigns will be carried out.", "Article 37 Territorial and sustainable development", "195. Territorial management and sustainable development will be in line with:", "I. Recognition of traditional rights (in particular hawakeer) and historical land rights, with a view to laying firm and sustainable foundations for subsistence and development in Darfur;", "ii. Development of a sustainable land tenure and dispute resolution system derived from land-use competencies;", "iii. The territorial management in Darfur shall be carried out in accordance with information provided by the cadastral database on land use in the following uses:", "(a) Housing;", "Agriculture;", "(c) Pastoral;", "(d) Mining", "(e) Industrial development, including foreign investment;", "f) Natural reserves;", "(g) Seasonal trashumancia (rutas, pastizales, etc. ...);", "(h) Forest reserves and afforestation.", "Article 38 The Darfur Land Commission", "196. The Darfur Land Commission will be established. The Council of the Darfur Land Commission shall consist of representatives of the Federal Government, the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority, the Governments of the Darfur States, the indigenous administration and local experts. The composition will reflect the interests of land use in Darfur. For the formulation of recommendations on territorial management and development, the Council will consult with those whose rights are affected.", "197. The Darfur Land Commission will develop a cadastral database on land use in the Darfur States, which will make a recommendation to the Legislative Assemblies of those States for adoption and subsequently to the Council of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority for final approval. This database will be reviewed every five years.", "198. The Darfur Land Commission will implement a management system for the use and development of the territory and its natural resources for the following:", "I. Sound management, development and protection of natural resources, including agricultural land, protected natural reserves, forests and minerals, water resources, cities and villages, to promote the social and economic well-being of local communities and the creation and preservation of a better environment;", "ii. Development and coordination of organized economic exploitation of lands and natural resources;", "iii. Sustainable development;", "iv. Protection of cultural heritage;", "v. Protection, provision and coordination of telecommunications, transport and other relevant services;", "vi. Adjudication of land for purposes of common concern;", "vii. Provision and coordination of social services and facilities;", "viii. Protection of the environment, in particular flora, fauna, threatened species and natural reserves;", "ix. Eroded land recovery and development of desertification control programmes that include reforestation and afforestation;", "x. Strengthening the sense of common responsibility among the different governmental levels of Darfur in relation to environmental planning;", "xi. Creation of opportunities for public participation in environmental planning and assessment activities;", "xii. Creation of consultation opportunities with all persons affected by land development plans and natural resources;", "xiii. Approval without delay of appropriate compensation for persons whose livelihoods or assets are adversely affected as a result of decisions relating to the development and management of land and natural resources.", "199. Communities or persons whose current use of land or livelihoods had been adversely affected by the establishment of the cadastral database on land use will have the right to receive appropriate compensation without delay.", "200. The Darfur Land Commission:", "I. It will be independent and impartial;", "ii. It shall develop its regulations and submit them for approval by the Transitional Regional Authority of Darfur;", "iii. Access to all land records;", "iv. It will perform its functions expeditiously;", "v. Take the necessary measures to ensure that all affected persons and local communities participate fully and effectively in the proceedings;", "vi. It shall submit to the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and to the Governments of the Darfur States, in the context of its annual budget, an annual report on its activities;", "vii. Ensure that participation, recruitment and conditions of service in the Commission are in line with existing legislation;", "viii. It will take into account traditional and historical rights over land.", "201. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, the Darfur Land Commission will perform the following additional functions:", "I. Arbitrate land rights disputes;", "ii. It will present to the relevant governmental level recommendations regarding the recognition of traditional and historical land rights;", "iii. Appropriate compensation shall be determined in the cases of claims submitted to it. Compensation shall not necessarily be limited to financial compensation;", "iv. It will advise the various governmental strata on how to coordinate policies on projects of the Governments of the Darfur States that affect land or land rights, taking into account the cadastral database on land use;", "v. Establish and maintain records on land use;", "vi. Investigate land ownership and use;", "vii. It will review existing land-use regulatory mechanisms and make recommendations to the relevant authorities on the necessary changes, including the restoration of land rights or the payment of compensation to their owners.", "202. In the performance of its arbitration functions, the Darfur Land Commission shall have the authority to receive applications and may, with the agreement of the parties concerned, apply customary and traditional laws or principles of justice and equity. The arbitral ruling shall be binding on the parties concerned and its application may be delegated to a competent court.", "203. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, the parties to land disputes to exhaust traditional methods of dispute settlement, including arbitration, shall be encouraged before the courts have recourse.", "204. The Darfur Land Commission shall respect the decisions of the institutions or entities authorized by Chapter IV of this Agreement to take decisions concerning the lands of displaced persons, refugees and other persons affected by the conflict.", "205. The National Land Commission and the Darfur Land Commission will cooperate with each other and coordinate their activities to effectively utilize their resources. Without limiting coordination to any issue, the National Land Commission and the Darfur Land Commission will agree on the following:", "I. Share information and decisions;", "ii. To delegate some functions of the National Land Commission, including data collection and research, to the Darfur Land Commission;", "iii. Eliminate any contradiction between the results and the recommendations of the two Commissions.", "206. The Darfur Land Commission will be a permanent member of the National Land Commission.", "207. In the event of a discrepancy between the results and recommendations of the National Land Commission and those of the Darfur Land Commission, the two Commissions will seek to reconcile their positions. If they did not, the matter would be referred to the Constitutional Court for a decision.", "Article 39 Main development projects", "208. In exceptional circumstances, the Council of the Darfur Regional Transitional Authority and the Darfur State legislative councils may authorize the Governments of the Darfur States to enter into agreements for the implementation of major development projects, even if they are not consistent with any land use plan or territorial management legislation. However, the Governments of the Darfur States may request such authorization provided that the agreement in question includes detailed explanations in their provisions on:", "I. The precise definition of the proposed project;", "ii. The procedures to be applied in accordance with the agreement to protect the environment;", "iii. The measures to be taken to consult with all communities and individuals whose interests may be adversely affected by the proposed development project;", "iv. The expected benefits for local communities and the Darfur population;", "v. The compensation provided for communities and individuals whose property or livelihoods are adversely affected by the agreement, indicating whether these communities and individuals have accepted the proposed compensation.", "The cadastral database on land use or territorial management legislation will be amended accordingly.", "Article 40 Natural resources", "209. With regard to natural resource management and development planning, the Darfur Land Commission will undertake to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources, taking into account the following:", "I. National interest and common good;", "ii. The interest of the states and the areas concerned;", "iii. The interests of local populations in the areas concerned;", "iv. Environmental policies, guidelines on biodiversity preservation, and principles for the protection of the cultural heritage of the national State and the states of Darfur;", "v. Land rights, especially customary and traditional rights;", "vi. Internationally recognized environmental norms and methods for mining and natural resource development.", "210. Consultations will be held with land rights holders, and their views will be taken into account when decisions regarding the exploitation of subsoil resources affecting the lands on which they have rights are taken.", "211. Land rights holders shall have the right to receive appropriate compensation without delay in cases where their property lands are expropriated or exploited for the development of natural resources.", "212. The Government of the Sudan will permit the representation of the people of Darfur, through their State Governments, at all stages of the decision-making process related to the development and exploitation of Darfur &apos; s natural resources. This will cover the procedures for negotiating, concluding and managing contracts. The benefits for local communities affected by the development of such resources will be taken into account.", "Article 41 Management and development of the oil sector", "213. The management and development of the oil sector will be based, inter alia, on the following:", "I. Optimal exploitation of oil as a non-renewable natural resource under:", "(a) National interest and common good;", "(b) The interest of the States concerned;", "(c) The interest of the population in the areas concerned;", "(d) Environmental policies, guidelines on biodiversity preservation, and principles for the protection of the cultural heritage of the national State and the states of Darfur, including the adoption and implementation of international technical and security standards.", "ii. the involvement of relevant levels of the Darfur Government, in cooperation with relevant local communities, in the development and management of oil resources at their different stages;", "iii. Creating an enabling environment for attracting foreign direct investment to Darfur;", "iv. Consultations with land rights holders in Darfur, in order to take into account their views in making investment decisions on the oil resources of the areas concerned;", "v. The right of land rights holders to receive appropriate compensation without delay in cases where their land is expropriated or exploited for the development of oil resources.", "214. The state of investment in the oil sector will be represented in the National Petroleum Commission by three non-permanent members in order to allow their participation in the negotiation and conclusion of relevant contracts and to ensure that the provisions of these contracts are consistent with the Commission &apos; s principles, policies and directives.", "215. 2 per cent of oil revenues will be allocated to the oil-producing state. The state may negotiate a higher percentage.", "Chapter IV Compensation and return of internally displaced persons and refugees", "Article 42 General principles relating to the compensation and return of internally displaced persons and refugees", "Durable solutions for internally displaced persons and refugees will be based on the following principles:", "216. The commitment of the Parties to the obligations relating to internally displaced persons and refugees set out in the Framework Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement of 23 February 2010 and the Framework Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement of 18 March 2010. More specifically, they will be based on the right of internally displaced persons and refugees to return voluntarily to their places of origin and the obligation of Parties to create conditions for an adequate environment conducive to voluntary return and to assist in such return under a clearly defined strategy.", "217. Respect, protection and implementation of the rights of internally displaced persons, refugees and all victims of the conflict in accordance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and other international and regional instruments to which the Sudan is a party.", "218. IDPs, returnees and all victims of the conflict shall enjoy, in full equality, the same rights and freedoms as other persons in the Sudan under national legislation and international legal instruments to which the Sudan is a party.", "219. Protection and assistance to internally displaced persons, refugees and all victims of conflict with special needs, including separated or unaccompanied children, women heads of household, pregnant women, mothers with young children, the elderly and persons with disabilities.", "220. The adoption by Parties of measures to ensure that internally displaced persons, refugees and all other victims of the conflict live in safety and dignity, with full respect for the principle of equal rights, at all stages of their displacement, including the prevention of all forms of forced displacement, and protection and assistance during displacement and during voluntary return, resettlement and reintegration, ensuring that humanitarian assistance reaches affected persons, especially women and children.", "221. Parties &apos; commitment to establish mechanisms to promote, enable and facilitate the active participation of internally displaced persons, returning refugees, victims of conflict and civil society in the planning and implementation of strategies, policies and programmes relating to the return process and the management of humanitarian consequences and the impact on the human rights of the conflict. Special measures will be taken to ensure the participation of women and young people.", "222. The commitment of Parties to facilitate rapid, safe and unrestricted access to international humanitarian, development and human rights organizations, as well as to national and international non-governmental organizations and international peacekeeping missions involved in the support, protection, return, resettlement and reintegration of internally displaced persons, refugees and victims of the conflict.", "223. The Parties recognize the prominent humanitarian role of the international specialized agencies mandated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to coordinate all the bodies involved in the protection, shelter and administration of internally displaced persons camps and to provide protection, assistance and solutions for refugees.", "224. Compliance by Parties with their obligations under the principles and the Charter of the United Nations, the Constitutive Act of the African Union, the principles of the Community of Sahelo-Saharan States and other regional and international organizations operating in the area of peaceful settlement of disputes, in order to prevent and avoid the conditions for persons to move. The Parties shall provide assistance to internally displaced persons, returnees and all victims of the conflict. The Parties agree to respect the Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement recognized in the 2005 United Nations World Summit Outcome.", "Article 43 Compensation for damages and losses", "225. All victims of the conflict, including internally displaced persons and refugees, shall be entitled to pecuniary compensation for damages and losses suffered as a result of the conflict, including loss of life, physical injury, mental and emotional consequences and economic losses.", "Article 44 Security", "226. The Parties shall, with the support of UNAMID, provide security and protection against all forms of physical attack, all forms of sexual violence, exploitation, abduction, recruitment of children, child labour, arbitrary detentions, administrative bribes, ransom payments and illegal confiscation of property. The Government of the Sudan will mitigate the impact of such violations by taking the necessary measures to ensure effective and timely administration of justice.", "227. The Parties shall respect and maintain the civilian and humanitarian character of the camps hosting internally displaced persons.", "228. Subject to Chapter VI of this Agreement, the Parties shall, with the assistance of UNAMID, take all necessary measures to ensure security in IDP camps. Such measures will ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making processes in the camps.", "229. The Government of the Sudan will take all necessary legal measures against persons involved in attacks on members of humanitarian agencies.", "Article 45 Humanitarian assistance", "230. The Government of the Sudan will provide urgent assistance to internally displaced persons, such as food, shelter, education, medical care and other medical and health services, along with other necessary humanitarian and social services.", "231. IDPs will receive humanitarian assistance and livelihoods before and after their return, and refugees at the time of their return.", "232. Such assistance will be provided to communities hosting internally displaced persons and refugees who return and need humanitarian assistance and support for their livelihoods.", "233. The Parties shall empower and facilitate the United Nations, the specialized agencies and national, regional and international humanitarian organizations unhindered access and impediments to internally displaced persons, including their camps, in accordance with the agreements reached with the Government of the Sudan.", "234. The Parties shall ensure the safety and security of humanitarian aid routes and the safety of humanitarian personnel.", "Article 46 Personal documentation", "235. The Government of the Sudan will issue all necessary documents to enable internally displaced persons and returnees to enjoy their rights. The Parties shall agree on the establishment of a mechanism linked to the Voluntary Regress and Resettlement Commission to cooperate with the competent authorities in the issuance of such documents at no cost.", "236. The Government of the Sudan will facilitate the issuance of new documents or to replace those lost or destroyed during displacement.", "237. Women, children and men shall enjoy the same right to obtain all necessary identification documents and shall have the right to have such documents issued to their own name. Efforts will be made to expedite the issuance of such documents to orphans and separated or unaccompanied children.", "Article 47 Family reunification", "238. The Government and the relevant authorities in Darfur shall take all necessary measures to ensure that families separated by displacement are rejoined as soon as possible. A special effort will be made to ensure that separated or unaccompanied children meet with their families as soon as possible. The Voluntary Regress and Resettlement Commission will coordinate and cooperate with humanitarian organizations working to locate family members and assist in family reunification. The Parties emphasize their commitment to ending abduction and trafficking in children, and will work to prevent and denounce any irregular practice.", "Article 48 Freedom of movement", "239. The Parties shall guarantee the freedom of movement and choice of residence of internally displaced persons and returning refugees, including their right to freely enter and leave the camps, and their right to voluntarily return to their places of origin or to voluntarily settle elsewhere in the country.", "240. The Parties shall respect and guarantee the right of internally displaced persons and refugees to seek a safe place elsewhere in the Sudan and not to be forced to return or re-establish themselves in any place that poses a risk to their lives, safety, liberty or health.", "Article 49 Voluntary return", "241. All internally displaced persons and refugees have the right to return voluntarily, in safety and dignity, to their places of origin or habitual residence, or to resettle elsewhere in their choice. The Parties shall not affect the choice of internally displaced persons and refugees from their duty station, nor shall they force them to remain, return or move to places whose conditions entail serious danger or insecurity or to areas lacking the basic services necessary to resume a normal life.", "242. The Government of the Sudan will accept and facilitate the voluntary return of internally displaced persons and refugees to their places of origin or habitual residence or their voluntary resettlement in another part of the country.", "243. The Parties shall take the necessary measures to prevent activities that may prevent voluntary return in safety and dignity of internally displaced persons and refugees.", "244. IDPs and refugees will have access to objective information on conditions in return or resettlement areas. Parties, with the assistance of relevant local and international actors, will facilitate the timely flow of accurate information on conditions in return or resettlement areas so that internally displaced persons and refugees can make a informed and voluntary decision on their return or resettlement.", "245. The Parties shall respect the principle of family unity in respect of voluntary return or resettlement.", "246. The Parties shall make a special effort to ensure the participation of internally displaced persons and refugees, including women and youth, in the planning and management of their return or resettlement and their reintegration, in coordination with the Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission and any other relevant entity.", "Article 50 Appropriate conditions for return", "247. The Government of the Sudan shall, as soon as possible, establish political, economic, social and security conditions and provide the means to enable internally displaced persons and refugees to exercise their right to return, on a voluntary basis and in safety and dignity, to their places of origin or habitual residence.", "248. The Parties shall facilitate the creation and maintenance of conditions necessary for the voluntary return, with security and dignity, and for the lasting and harmonious reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees.", "249. The Parties agree that the conditions necessary for the return of internally displaced persons and refugees are as follows:", "I. The security of internally displaced persons and refugees, without risk of harassment, intimidation, persecution or discrimination during their return or voluntary resettlement and once they have done so;", "ii. The right to freedom of movement and choice of residence, including the right to return to and settle in their places of origin or habitual residence;", "iii. The demining of areas where the homes and lands of internally displaced persons and refugees are located, as well as the roads to markets, water sources, schools and health services;", "iv. Restitution of the property of internally displaced persons and refugees;", "v. Assistance in the construction of permanent housing in the villages to which internally displaced persons and refugees return and repair of damaged property or equivalent compensation;", "vi. Access to food, safe drinking water and health care, including through the provision of humanitarian assistance until internally displaced persons and refugees can resume their normal lives;", "vii. Payment of the amount of US$ 250 (US$ two hundred and fifty) per family as part of the return supply package to assist internally displaced persons and refugees in meeting their immediate needs upon return. The aim of this package is to enable them to recover their livelihoods and begin effective reintegration. The package will also include access to building materials, drinking water and food, and agricultural inputs such as seeds, plant, veterinary services, aperos and essential equipment.", "viii. Rehabilitation and construction of basic services in return areas;", "ix. Rehabilitation of damaged agricultural land;", "x. Education and equal training for boys and girls, including livelihood training;", "xi. Equal access to livelihoods for men and women, including employment;", "xii. Equal access to public services for internally displaced persons and refugees and equal rights to participate in public affairs;", "xiii. Psychosocial support for internally displaced persons and refugees.", "250. The Parties shall ensure that appropriate conditions are provided before encouraging return.", "251. The Parties shall facilitate the voluntary return or resettlement of internally displaced persons and refugees in a peaceful, orderly and phased manner, in accordance with a defined strategy.", "Article 51: Commission for Return and Resettlement", "252. A Commission for the Return and Resettlement of Volunteers will be established as a matter of priority, which will consist of:", "I. A Committee for Voluntary Return;", "ii. A Committee for Claims and Property Restitution;", "iii. A Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar.", "253. The Voluntary Regress and Resettlement Commission will oversee the Voluntary Regress Committee, the Claims and Restitution Committee and the Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar.", "254. The Commission shall prepare its rules of procedure and financial and administrative rules and establish the appropriate structure, which shall be approved by the Darfur Regional Authority.", "255. The composition of the bodies established within the framework of the Commission, as well as the appointment of its members, should be agreed between the Parties.", "256. The compensation/Jabr al Darar of the activities of the Commission shall be financed from the Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar.", "The Committee for Voluntary Return", "257. Under the supervision of the Commission for Return and Resettlement of Volunteers, the Committee for Voluntary Return will be responsible for all aspects of the voluntary return of internally displaced persons and refugees. To that end, the Committee will assume the following tasks and functions:", "I. Develop statistical studies on internally displaced persons and refugees with the objective of planning voluntary return or resettlement;", "ii. Develop, in collaboration with relevant international agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a comprehensive assessment of needs in areas of possible return or resettlement, including: security, food security, damage to housing and land, safe drinking water, sanitation, education, access to health services and infrastructures;", "iii. Determine the appropriate conditions for a sustainable return, recommend specific measures to achieve such conditions and verify compliance;", "iv. Develop and adopt a Voluntary Return Plan within three months of the signing of this Agreement, with the assistance of UNHCR and relevant local authorities and in consultation with internally displaced persons, refugees and local communities;", "v. Implement the Voluntary Return Plan in close cooperation with the relevant local authorities, the international community, in particular UNHCR, and the countries hosting refugees;", "vi. To monitor and report, on an ongoing basis, on the maintenance of conditions for sustainable return and reintegration, and on the conditions of internally displaced persons and refugees upon their return;", "vii. Planning, organizing and contributing to the voluntary return of internally displaced persons and refugees under the Voluntary Regress Plan and assisting in their reintegration.", "258. The Committee may establish such subcommittees as it deems necessary for the development of its functions, including:", "I. A subcommittee for statistical studies and planning;", "ii. A subcommittee for the assessment, rehabilitation and establishment of basic services in return areas.", "259. The Voluntary Return and Resettlement Commission will ensure the active participation of representatives of internally displaced persons, refugees and civil society in processes related to voluntary return.", "Article 52 Restitution of housing, land and property", "260. IDPs and refugees have the right to be restored to houses, land and property of which they have been unlawfully deprived. If the recovery of such property is not possible, they shall have the right to compensation, in accordance with international principles.", "261. This right applies to internally displaced persons and refugees already choose to return to their place of origin or to resettle elsewhere.", "262. The Committee on Claims and Property Restitution will ensure that houses, land and property are restored to internally displaced persons and refugees.", "263. That Committee:", "I. Receive claims for the restitution of internally displaced persons, refugees and other victims affected by the Darfur conflict;", "ii. It shall determine, upon receipt of a claim, who is the legitimate owner of the claimed property;", "iii. If the complainant is the legitimate owner, he shall order that the property be restored to him;", "iv. Where this is not possible, it shall order compensation to be awarded;", "v. It will establish procedures for filing and identifying claims that are simple, accessible, transparent, fair, timely, applicable and free. These procedures will include specific measures to ensure that women and orphans can participate equally in the restitution process;", "vi. Where appropriate, it shall designate lawyers or representatives to act on behalf of a claimant, especially when the claimant is under the age of 18 or has a mental disability.", "264. The Committee on Claims and Property Restitution shall not recognize as valid any transaction of illicit property, including transactions made under duress or without free and informed consent.", "265. The Government of the Sudan will be responsible for ensuring the restitution of property to its legitimate owners. The Government of the Sudan will remove persons who have unlawfully and occupied the properties of internally displaced persons and refugees and will enhance them, with the assistance of relevant international agencies.", "266. No person or group of persons shall be deprived of any traditional or historical right relating to land or access to water without their consent or without prompt and adequate compensation.", "267. Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the courts, traditional mechanisms may be used to resolve disputes arising in the return process, provided they are in conformity with international human rights principles.", "268. The Committee on Claims and Property Restitution shall establish subcommittees for the development of its functions, including:", "I. A subcommittee for verification and documentation;", "ii. A subcommittee for dispute settlement and property claims;", "iii. Any other subcommittee I consider necessary.", "269. The decisions of the Committee on Claims and Property Restitution shall be public.", "Article 53 Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar", "270. The Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar will be created for the payment of the awards agreed upon by:", "I. The Committee on Claims and Property Restitution, in accordance with article 52;", "ii. The Committee on Justice, in accordance with article 58.", "271. The Fund shall receive and guard:", "I. The contributions of the Government of the Sudan in accordance with paragraph 273;", "ii. The contributions of the Sudanese people through institutions such as chambers of commerce and charitable organizations;", "iii. Contributions from Islamic, Arab and African countries and their funds;", "iv. The contributions of the European Union and other donors;", "v. Funds obtained by or through United Nations agencies.", "272. The Fund shall establish its own rules of procedure, which should be simple and accessible.", "Rule 54 Financing", "273. The initial amount allocated by the Fund to compensation for loss or damage suffered by displaced persons, refugees and other victims of the conflict in Darfur will amount to $300,000 (US$ 3 billion), of which the Government of the Sudan commits to contribute $200,000 (US$ 2 billion) and $100,000 (US$ 100 million).", "274. The Government of the Sudan will allocate funds from the national budget to support the voluntary return and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees, in accordance with the budgets prepared by the Commission for Return and Resettlement and approved by the Darfur Regional Authority.", "275. Given that the establishment of peace in general, and collective and family compensation in particular, require the mobilization of enormous resources, and that local resources are not sufficient on their own to meet all conditions, the financing of these plans requires the participation and support of the international community, partners in the peace process and the beneficiaries of peace. The Parties therefore agree to promote the mobilization of international resources in contribution to the Compensation Fund/Jabr al Darar.", "Chapter V Justice and Reconciliation", "Article 55 General principles for justice and reconciliation", "Justice and reconciliation will be based on the following principles:", "276. Respect for international human rights instruments and international humanitarian law.", "277. Justice and reconciliation are integral and interrelated elements for the achievement of durable peace in Darfur and are critical to maintaining the rule of law.", "278. The adoption of transitional justice mechanisms to allow for the filing of remedies and the legal responsibility of perpetrators of violence related to the armed conflict in Darfur.", "279. The reconstruction and repair of social relations and the restoration and strengthening of the values of peaceful coexistence, respect for existing customs, social cooperation and solidarity in Darfur.", "280. The right of victims to access justice and redress mechanisms, including the right to adequate, effective and immediate remedies and to obtain redress for violations of international human rights instruments and international humanitarian law.", "281. Justice and other redress mechanisms, including transitional justice mechanisms, will be independent and impartial and consistent with international standards.", "282. Condemning the atrocities, abuses and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in Darfur during the conflict, and the imperative need to take all appropriate measures to prevent the recurrence of such violations.", "283. The guarantee that all those responsible for violations of international human rights instruments and international humanitarian law will be held accountable.", "284. The proper registration and documentation of all offences and all forms of violations.", "285. Recognizing the special situation and issues of concern to women, children and youth, and the important role of women and youth in conflict prevention and resolution, transitional justice processes and peacebuilding, and the utmost importance of their equal and full participation in all peacekeeping and security efforts, including justice and reconciliation.", "286. Children involved in the conflict who have been able to participate in the commission of crimes under the rules of international law shall be considered primarily victims and shall be treated as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Protocol II to the Geneva Convention, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Beijing Rules and other related international standards on juvenile justice and fair judicial procedures.", "287. Recognizing the role that independent and impartial traditional mechanisms can play in complementing judicial processes and reconciliation and the importance of fully utilizing the possibilities they offer, while respecting international human rights standards.", "288. The importance of building on African and international experiences and best practices related to responsibility, reconciliation and the search for truth to address what has happened in Darfur, and the use of justice, compensation and reconciliation mechanisms to resolve the conflict.", "289. The provision of security and full protection to all citizens.", "290. Justice, responsibility, recognition of crimes, forgiveness and commitment not to commit such acts again.", "291. Promoting the exchange of friendly visits among the reconciled tribal leaders.", "292. The collection of weapons in the hands of tribal groups by tribes themselves, in coordination with local authorities.", "293. Promoting dialogue as an appropriate channel for reconciliation among tribes and consolidating the reconciliation mechanisms recognized in Darfur.", "Article 56 National Judicial System", "294. The parties agree on the importance of justice in Darfur to consolidate peace, and agree that judicial institutions play an important role in this regard. They also agree that comprehensive reforms should be continued to strengthen their capacity, professionalism and independence, in order to ensure equal justice for all.", "295. Without prejudice to article 60, the immunities enjoyed by some persons on account of their status should not hinder the rapid administration of justice or prevent the fight against impunity.", "296. The Government of the Sudan undertakes to facilitate access to justice by taking the following necessary and important measures:", "I. Increase in the number of courts and judicial personnel, including judges and prosecutors in Darfur;", "ii. Strengthening and using the mobile court system;", "iii. Allocation of the necessary resources to provide adequate justice and provision of the necessary ground and air transport services throughout Darfur to the officials of the Office of the Prosecutor. To this end, the Government may request the assistance of the United Nations and other peace partners;", "iv. Ensure that the Ministry of Justice enforces and supports the performance of the duties of the Office of the Prosecutor in the context of investigations;", "v. Ensure the protection of judicial personnel, victims and witnesses.", "297. The measures and procedures set out in paragraph 296 will serve to safeguard the right to a fair trial and to ensure that procedural guarantees are respected and to ensure that conclusive arrangements are made in the cases dealt with by or referred to by the courts and transitional justice mechanisms, and to remove existing or potential obstacles that might impair the right of the people of Darfur to access, justice and remedies.", "298. The Government of the Sudan undertakes to provide technical assistance and support to strengthen cooperation between the courts and the commissions or special committees on compensation for murder (dia) and compensation and other means of reconciliation, with a view to building the necessary cohesion, and enhancing their capacity and avoiding inconsistencies and overlap.", "299. The role of Darfurian civil society in promoting justice, peace and reconciliation will be strengthened in a free and independent manner. Civil society may request the support of national, regional and international organizations, in accordance with established procedures.", "300. The Parties call upon the international community to provide technical assistance and the necessary resources to sustain the effective functioning of the judicial system.", "Article 57 Compensation/Jabr al Darar", "301. All victims, including internally displaced persons and refugees, who suffered loss or damage, including loss of life, physical injury, mental damage or emotional suffering, due to the conflict in Darfur are entitled to immediate and adequate compensation (Jabr al Darar), in accordance with international experiences and best practices in similar situations.", "302. Compensation (Jabr al Darar) for loss of housing, land and property will be processed through the procedure described in article 53.", "303. Compensation (Jabr al Darar) for other types of losses and damages will be processed through the procedure described in article 58.", "304. Compensation (Jabr al Darar) will be paid in a single fee whenever possible. Otherwise, it will be paid in two instalments provided that the total payout period (Jabr al Darar) does not exceed two years from the date of valuation of the damage.", "Article 58 Truth and Reconciliation", "General provisions", "305. The Government will designate a national day of peace and non-violence in Darfur.", "306. In order to promote reconciliation, the parties agree to address the following causes of the conflict:", "I. Environmental degradation and disputes over access to natural resources;", "ii. Tensions among local communities;", "iii. The weakness of the Native Administration;", "iv. Land conflicts, Hawaiiers and Transhumanity routes;", "v. The proliferation of armaments;", "vi. The regional dimension of conflict.", "307. The Parties agree that there will be a reconciliation process aimed at:", "I. To denounce violence and exclusion and to adopt dialogue as a means of achieving social peace;", "ii. Adopt justice, reconciliation and forgiveness as principles for achieving peace;", "iii. Reconstructing and strengthening relations among members of Darfur society and strengthening coexistence, cooperation and social solidarity in Darfur;", "iv. Eradicate tribal and ethnic polarization;", "v. To foster a culture of peace in accordance with the values, traditions and cultural heritage of the people of Darfur, through figures such as tribal leaders, religious scholars, civil society organizations, the media and educational institutions;", "vi. Provide formal and informal apologies, both individual and collective, to victims of the conflict;", "vii. Strengthening the native administration system;", "viii. Promote respect for transhumanity routes to stabilize relations and reduce tensions between pastoralists and farmers;", "ix. Address the problem of the presence of illegal immigrants and their occupation of villages, cities, farms and orchards in Darfur.", "308. Without prejudice to the prerogatives and mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee established under this article, the following mechanisms will be used:", "I. The Ajaweed Council;", "ii. The Native Administration.", "309. The national Government, the Darfur Regional Authority and state governments will support these mechanisms to complement the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee.", "310. The role of the Ajaweed Councils will be strengthened and reconciliation conferences will be organized with the aim of restoring confidence and fostering good relations among the Darfur communities.", "Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission", "311. Without prejudice to the competence of the courts of the Sudan, including the Special Court for Darfur, an independent Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission will be established to comprise the following two committees:", "I. The Justice Committee;", "ii. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee.", "Committee on Justice", "312. The Justice Committee will be responsible for receiving, examining and evaluating complaints and determining the nature of compensation (Jabr al Darar) and the amounts to be paid to victims, as appropriate. The victims shall be granted 10 years to submit their claims to the Justice Committee on the basis of the initial date set by the Committee for the submission of individual claims.", "313. The members of the Committee shall be nominated by the Parties and appointed by the Chairman of the Darfur Regional Authority.", "314. The Justice Committee will adopt rules of procedure and modalities of work, and its procedures will be simple and accessible.", "315. The Justice Committee will be assisted by technical and administrative committees to determine the nature and extent of personal damage and loss. These committees shall include, inter alia, specialist doctors, lawyers, the Native Administration, camp elders, victims &apos; representatives and other relevant experts. The committees will work closely with the local administration. The Government of the Sudan undertakes to cover the cost of its work.", "Truth and Reconciliation Committee", "316. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee will assess the root causes of the Darfur conflict, investigate violations, crimes and human rights abuses, including violations of economic, social and cultural rights, since February 2003, address issues related to impunity and build a culture of trust, peace and reconciliation.", "317. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee will be composed of eminent personalities who will reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Sudan. Gender balance will be respected. The Committee will have members nominated by the Parties.", "318. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee will adopt a regulation and modalities of work, and its procedures will be simple and accessible.", "319. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee will provide an opportunity for victims and perpetrators of human rights violations, as well as other citizens, to share their experiences, establish a common understanding of the past, facilitate true recovery within and among communities, promote reconciliation and prevent the recurrence of the same atrocities in the future.", "320. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee will recommend measures to achieve widespread and lasting peace in Darfur and will present its conclusions and recommendations annually to the President of the Republic of the Sudan and the National Assembly of the Sudan. It will also submit its final report to the President and the National Assembly of the Sudan at the end of its mandate.", "321. The Parties agree to request the assistance of the international community to provide the necessary financial and technical support to support the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee.", "Article 59 Special Court for Darfur", "322. The Parties agree to request the Sudan Judiciary to establish a Special Court for Darfur that has jurisdiction over gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Darfur since February 2003.", "323. The Government of the Sudan shall designate the Prosecutor of the Special Court and give him powers to assume his role, consisting in bringing those responsible to justice. The Prosecutor may refer cases to the national courts.", "324. The Special Court shall apply the criminal code of the Sudan, international criminal law, international humanitarian law and international human rights instruments.", "325. The Government of the Sudan will create favourable conditions for the Special Court to carry out its investigative and trial functions, and will allocate the necessary resources to the Tribunal for this purpose.", "326. A team of specialized experts from the United Nations and the African Union, selected in consultation with the Government of the Sudan, will observe judicial processes to ensure their proper development in accordance with the standards of justice and fairness of international law.", "327. The parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure the protection and provision of assistance to victims and witnesses, and ensure their full access and participation in the process of administration of justice. The Parties shall refrain from any act that could prevent witnesses from testifying freely and without fear.", "328. The Government of the Sudan, with the support of the international community, will create a fund for legal aid and other related activities of the Special Court during investigations and trials.", "Article 60 Amnesty", "329. In order to create an environment conducive to peace and reconciliation, the Government of the Sudan will grant a general amnesty, in accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the Sudan, to the civilian population, military personnel, prisoners of war and persons convicted of the Parties and, under this amnesty, release prisoners of war.", "330. The Parties agree that war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, crimes of sexual violence, and serious violations of international human rights instruments and humanitarian law are not included in the scope of amnesty.", "Article 61 Public services", "331. To reduce impunity, build confidence and strengthen the rule of law in Darfur and create conditions conducive to strengthening confidence and reconciliation, the Government of the Sudan will establish an independent, impartial, effective and adequately resourced mechanism to decide and take the necessary action against officials found guilty of having committed abuses and violations of international human rights instruments or international humanitarian law.", "Chapter VI Permanent ceasefire and final security agreements", "Article 62 General principles for the permanent ceasefire and final security agreements", "The Permanent Ceasefire and the Final Security Agreements will be based on the following general principles:", "332. The conflict in Darfur cannot be resolved militarily and the durable solution can only be achieved through an inclusive political process.", "333. The civilian population in Darfur has the right to protection, including through specific measures for vulnerable groups such as women and children, taking into account their special status in international law, and in recognition of the disproportionate suffering they have suffered during the conflict.", "334. The importance of facilitating the mandate of UNAMID, including for the protection of civilians, as indicated in Security Council resolutions 1769 (2007) and 1935 (2010), and the communiqué of the 79th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council.", "335. The urgent need to refrain from violence against civilians, in particular vulnerable groups such as women and children, and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law.", "336. The need to resolve the urgent humanitarian crisis facing the people of Darfur, including ensuring unrestricted access to humanitarian aid to all areas.", "337. The achievement and support of permanent peace in Darfur through, inter alia, a comprehensive agreement and final security agreements that address the root causes and different aspects of the armed conflict.", "338. Free guaranteed movement for persons, goods and services in Darfur.", "339. The need for strong, professional and inclusive Sudanese Armed Forces and other security institutions, capable of defending and maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.", "Permanent ceasefire", "Article 63 Prohibited activities and positive commitments", "340. In accordance with this Agreement, the Parties agree to terminate immediately and refrain from undertaking:", "I. Acts of hostility, violence or intimidation against the civilian population of Darfur and internally displaced persons;", "ii. Activities that endanger the letter and spirit of this Agreement;", "iii. Offensive, provocative or retaliation acts, including hostile propaganda and redeployment and unauthorized troop movement, against another Party or any Movement party to the Darfur Peace Agreement signed on 5 May 2006 in Abuja, or against the signatories to the Darfur Peace Agreement signed subsequently;", "iv. Recruitment or any other military activity within or near camps for internally displaced persons or refugees;", "v. Acts of intimidation, hostility or violence against UNAMID personnel, facilities and equipment, members of local or international humanitarian agencies, including United Nations agencies, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, their staff, facilities and equipment, and members of the media;", "vi. Acts that may prevent or delay the provision of humanitarian assistance or protection to civilians and restrict the free movement of persons;", "vii. Restrictions on the safe, free and unrestricted movement of humanitarian agencies;", "viii. The use or placement of landmines;", "ix. Acts and forms of gender-based violence and sexual exploitation;", "x. The recruitment and use of children under the age of 18 by the armed forces and armed groups in hostilities, in accordance with the obligations of the Sudan under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, and the obligations under Protocol II (1977) of the Geneva Conventions of 1949;", "xi. Other activities that might jeopardize or undermine the Parties &apos; commitment to ending hostilities in a comprehensive and lasting manner, including activities identified as a violation of the ceasefire on the basis of this Agreement; hostile propaganda against another Party or any armed group party to the Darfur Peace Agreement;", "xii. The attempt of any Party to move its equipment, personnel or activities through UNAMID, United Nations agencies, the African Union, the International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (ICRC) or any other similar organization.", "341. The Parties further undertake to ensure:", "I. The free movement of persons and goods;", "ii. Unrestricted access to and protection of humanitarian workers and their operations in areas under their control;", "iii. Full cooperation with UNAMID to fulfil its mandate;", "iv. That the provisions of this Agreement shall be communicated, through the command line of the Parties, to all elements of their armed forces and armed groups under their control or influence, including women, and that all such groups and forces comply with the provisions;", "v. Disarmament and dispersion of armed militias in due course and as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures to ensure security throughout Darfur;", "vi. That the ceasefire is not threatened by foreign combatants present in the territory of the Sudan;", "vii. That IDPs and other civilians in Darfur are not subjected to arbitrary harassment or detention by governmental security organizations and the Movements; considering that such activities can be treated as violations of the Ceasefire;", "viii. That all children recruited by armed forces or armed groups, if any, be released unconditionally through the development of action plans;", "ix. All children accused of crimes under international law after being unlawfully recruited by the armed forces or armed groups are considered primarily victims of violations of international law and not alleged perpetrators.", "Article 64 Commission for the Ceasefire", "342. The Commission for the Ceasefire, henceforth “the CCF”, and the Joint Commission, henceforth “the Commission”, will be established as mechanisms for monitoring and verifying the ceasefire.", "343. The CCF will consist of the following components:", "I. The CCF based in El Fasher;", "ii. The CCF secretariat based in El Fasher;", "iii. The sectoral subcommission for the ceasefire;", "iv. The ceasefire team.", "344. The CCF has the overall role of monitoring and enforcing the permanent ceasefire, and will seek to make decisions by consensus. Where consensus cannot be reached, the FCC shall refer the matter to the Arbitration Commission. The Parties are responsible for the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and shall be obliged to comply with the Commission &apos; s recommendations.", "345. Aware of the important role of women in peacemaking, the Parties shall ensure the adequate and effective representation of women at all levels of the ceasefire mechanism.", "346. The Parties shall guarantee UNAMID unhindered freedom of movement in Darfur at all locations and at all times in the exercise of its mandate.", "347. The Parties undertake to participate fully and actively in the CCF, the sectoral ceasefire subcommittees and the team base groups and to support their work.", "Functions of the CCF", "348. The functions of the CCF shall be as follows:", "I. To ensure that the Parties fulfil their obligations under the permanent cease-fire and conduct of the respective armed forces;", "ii. Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the permanent ceasefire;", "iii. Define all routes of movements of the forces of the Parties to reduce the risk of incidents; and approve such movements, upon request by the Parties at a minimum of 72 hours;", "iv. Support mine clearance operations;", "v. Develop, through its President, the master map presenting the provision of the Parties and demilitarized areas around internally displaced persons camps and host communities;", "vi. Receiving, verifying, analysing and resolving complaints relating to possible ceasefire violations;", "vii. Report on violations in the event that a Party commits a prohibited act, as set out in the permanent ceasefire;", "viii. Assist in the dissemination of information on the permanent ceasefire;", "ix. Serve as a channel of communication between Parties;", "x. Support the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes of ex-combatants in the manner in which the Parties agree.", "Composition of the CCF", "349. The CCF will be integrated as follows:", "I. UNAMID Force Commander Chairman", "ii. Three members of each Member Party", "iii. A representative of the State of Qatar Member", "350. The President shall, as appropriate, invite representatives of the other components or sections of UNAMID, namely, the police, the Humanitarian Liaison Office, the Political Affairs Division and the Legal Office as members without the right to vote.", "351. The Parties may decide on the number and composition of the observers at a later date. Observers are an important aspect of the implementation of the permanent ceasefire, as they facilitate the activities of the CCF and the Parties and advise them. Advisers may include representatives of international or regional organizations or individual countries. Observers may attend public meetings or meetings of the CCF and ceasefire subcommissions. If it is deemed appropriate and agreed by the Parties, the observers shall be informed of the treaty in closed meetings or meetings.", "Chairman of the CCF", "352. The UNAMID Force Commander shall be the Chairman of the CCF, and in his absence the Deputy Force Commander shall perform the functions.", "Obligations of the President of the CCF", "353. The President &apos; s obligations shall include:", "I. Presiding all meetings of the CCF;", "ii. Define the CCF programme of activities;", "iii. Ensure the implementation of decisions and recommendations of both the CCF and the Commission;", "iv. To order independent or complementary investigations at the CCF level where appropriate;", "v. Ensure weekly reporting to the Commission;", "vi. Ensure that appropriate measures are taken to ensure that members of the CCF respect local laws and regulations and refrain from any action or activity incompatible with the impartial and international character of their obligations.", "Meetings", "354. The meetings of the CCF shall be convened by the President or at the request of the Parties. The meetings will be held at UNAMID headquarters, in El Fasher, or elsewhere decided by the President. The meetings will be held in accordance with the following guidelines:", "I. The agenda for the meeting will be adopted at the beginning of the meetings;", "ii. The deliberations and decisions of the CCF are based on consensus, but if the Parties fail to agree on a matter submitted to the CCF, the Chair will submit it to the Commission for its resolution. The Parties shall be obliged to respect the decision of the Commission;", "iii. At each session, the records of the meetings shall be signed by the Registrar and authenticated by the President, and shall be taken to the next meeting for confirmation as a true record of the proceedings and shall be binding on the Parties;", "iv. Subcommittees may be established for specific tasks where necessary and will submit their reports to the CCF for approval or dismissal;", "vi. The observers may make comments at the request of the President.", "Code of Conduct", "355. The members and observers of the CCF shall at all times respect the code of conduct that includes the following principles:", "I. Dialogue and appropriate and courteous language will be used as a guiding principle during the deliberations;", "ii. All matters that members wish to raise shall be addressed to the President;", "iii. No personal attack or act of animosity of any member shall be accepted;", "iv. All members shall be on time;", "v. No member of the CCF shall report to the press or make statements on behalf of the CCF without prior authorization from the President;", "vi. The deliberations of the CCF shall be confidential and shared only when necessary;", "vii. Any action that may discredit any Party shall be avoided;", "viii. Personal interests will be subordinated to those of the people of Darfur and other resident civilians, including women and children;", "ix. The mandate of the CCF shall be understood and acted in accordance with it.", "356. The President shall exercise control over the CCF secretariat and the subordinate level of the sectoral ceasefire subcommission as described in this Agreement. The Sector Commanders, the Chief of Staff and the CCF secretariat will report directly to the President on the management of the resources of the CCF under their control.", "357. The Sector Commanders will exercise control over the sectoral ceasefire subcommissions and the ceasefire team within their areas of responsibility and will be accountable to the President. Reports on violations of the sectoral ceasefire subcommission will be forwarded to the Chair through the CCF secretariat.", "Sectoral Sub-Commission on the Ceasefire", "358. Each sector will establish and maintain a sectoral ceasefire subcommission that includes women to ensure an effective cycle of research and reporting. The sectors will establish a secretariat headed by the head of the ceasefire subcommission that will be based on the model of the CCF secretariat. Working groups of team sites will be established, comprising various elements at the unit or subunit level, as well as women, such as the main sources of reporting incidents and investigating violations of the permanent ceasefire.", "Functions of the sectoral subcommission for the ceasefire", "359. The main functions of the sectoral ceasefire subcommission are:", "I. Ensure compliance by Parties with their obligations within the area of responsibility of the sector in accordance with the permanent ceasefire;", "ii. Review, verify, investigate and report matters relating to alleged violations and disagreements among Parties, in accordance with the permanent ceasefire;", "iii. Implement the guidelines and policies of the CCF;", "iv. Communicate periodically and forward unresolved complaints to the CCF at the force headquarters with a full explanation of the case;", "v. To assume responsibility for investigations of violations as set out in the Permanent Ceasefire Agreement;", "vi. Allocation of tasks or missions to team sites.", "360. Where consensus cannot be reached on a particular matter, it will be referred to the CCF for its solution.", "Membership", "361. The sectoral subcommission for the ceasefire shall consist of the following members:", "I. Chairman Sector Commander", "ii. Two representatives from each Member Party", "iii. Secretary", "iv. Guest members of relevant UNAMID components who are not entitled to vote.", "Reports", "362. The sectoral ceasefire subcommissions will forward their reports on ceasefire violations, as clearly reaffirmed in the Permanent Ceasefire Agreement or other existing agreements, to the CCF secretariat by 4 p.m. each day. At the very least, the report will include:", "I. The nature or type of rape;", "ii. The date and place of rape;", "iii. The Party or Parties involved;", "iv. Indication of whether or not the violation was confirmed;", "v. Action taken by UNAMID;", "vi. Any other relevant facts or information.", "Ceasefire Operations Bases", "363. The ceasefire team provides the sectoral ceasefire subcommission with information on the situation and act as the first level of conflict resolution within the Mission. In recognition of the role of women in the peace and security process, these will be included in all team sites.", "364. The ceasefire team is responsible for ensuring compliance by Parties with the ceasefire as set out in the Permanent Ceasefire Agreement within their areas of responsibility. This will be achieved through monitoring operations, patrols, visits, inspections, links, investigations, verifications and reporting under the direction and supervision of the sectoral ceasefire subcommission.", "Composition of the cease-fire team", "365. The ceasefire team at the subunit level will consist of:", "I. Chief of Military Observer Teams President", "ii. Two representatives from each Member Party", "Article 65 Mixed Commission", "366. The Joint Special Representative of UNAMID will chair the Commission and in his absence, the Deputy of the Joint Special Representative will perform the functions. The Commission will be integrated as follows:", "I. Joint Special Representative of UNAMID President", "ii. The State of Qatar", "iii. Three representatives from each Member Party", "iv. League of Arab States Member", "v. European Union Member", "vi. Political Affairs of UNAMID Secretary", "367. The following countries shall enjoy observer status and may be invited by the Chairman to address the Committee if necessary:", "I. Canada;", "ii. China;", "iii. Norway.", "Functions and powers", "368. The Commission shall be established to resolve disputes between the Parties referred to it by CCF and to ensure the effective implementation of the provisions of the Final Security Agreements.", "369. The Commission shall perform the following functions:", "I. Follow-up to the implementation of the permanent ceasefire and the Final Security Agreements established by this Agreement;", "ii. Interpretation of the provisions of the permanent ceasefire and the Final Security Agreements, where necessary;", "iii. Arbitration of irregularities and violations, and acceptance of complaints submitted by Parties, and that the FCC cannot adequately resolve, and decisions thereon. Efforts will be made to thoroughly investigate and resolve contentious issues jointly and on the basis of consensus at the lowest level;", "iv. In the case of serious violations, the Commission shall notify the African Union and the United Nations;", "v. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), the Commission will ensure that all forms of violence that specifically affect women and children are heard and redressed in the light of gender and in a competent manner;", "vi. Point out any circumstances that may prevent or jeopardize the implementation of the cease-fire and the Final Security Agreements, and take measures to prevent such recurrence;", "vii. Make recommendations on appropriate measures to be taken with regard to those responsible for ceasefire violations;", "viii. To perform the additional functions that the Commission deems appropriate in the spirit of this Agreement.", "Meetings", "370. The Commission will hold its meetings at UNAMID headquarters in El Fasher, or exceptionally in any other country agreed to by the Commission.", "371. The Commission will meet once a month and prepare a report after each meeting. Members will be informed about the agenda and documentation at least seven days before each meeting. The Commission shall convene emergency meetings, and shall be exempt from that requirement of prior notification, where it deems necessary. Any Party may request the Commission to convene an emergency meeting where necessary.", "372. The Parties shall respect and comply with the recommendations of the Commission on measures taken in relation to violations of the ceasefire.", "373. The reports of the Commission shall be circulated by the Parties to its members and groups concerned.", "374. The Commission shall periodically make public statements on the progress made in implementing the relevant provisions of the Agreement.", "375. The Commission shall adopt its decisions by consensus. When the Parties fail to reach a consensus, the Chairman and the international members of the Commission, in consultation with the observers, shall make a decision that would favour the maintenance of the ceasefire and the decision shall be binding on the Parties.", "Final security agreements", "Article 66 Separation, redeployment and limited arms control", "General provisions", "376. The Parties understand that the ceasefire requires adequate military separation processes, redeployment of forces and limited arms control.", "377. The ceasefire will be carried out in phases and on a reciprocity basis, with appropriate security assurances and through CCF agreements and verified by UNAMID.", "378. The CCF will be responsible for planning, coordinating, managing and monitoring processes. It will monitor the implementation of decisions and agreements.", "379. The processes will be carried out in the following sequence:", "I. Preparation for separation and redeployment, including verification;", "ii. Phase 1: separation;", "iii. Phase 2: redeployment;", "iv. Phase 3: Arms Control.", "380. The Parties shall inform their operational commanders of all components of the plans and rules relating to these phases and shall ensure compliance with the standards.", "381. The Parties shall inform the President of the CCF of the exact deployment locations of their forces, which shall be clearly indicated on the maps attached as an annex to a copy of the Agreement that UNAMID shall keep confidential. These locations will be subject to verification by UNAMID and will be indicated on a master map.", "382. The Parties shall be bound by the master map as determined by UNAMID at first instance. The President of the CCF may modify the map later in collaboration with Parties.", "383. The President of the CCF will provide Parties with updated maps of Movement camps, demilitarized areas, demilitarized routes of humanitarian supplies, separation areas and redeployment areas.", "384. The Parties shall be bound by rules relating to the movement of troops, armaments, provisions and supplies in accordance with the following:", "I. A notification will be submitted to the CCF, 72 hours in advance, for approval of the movement of armed soldiers during the first phase (separation) and the second phase (redeployment);", "ii. A notification shall be submitted to the CCF, 72 hours in advance, for approval of the class V and class VII movement (arms and weapons systems) towards the zone(s), within it(s) and from it(s), during the first phase (separation) and the second phase (redeployment);", "iii. In respect of current supplies entering or leaving these areas during these phases, it will only be necessary to notify CCF 72 hours in advance of class I (water and food), class II (medical equipment and supplies), class III (fuel, oil and lubricants) and class IV (construction materials).", "385. The concentration and deployment of forces by the Government of the Sudan and the use of access routes, including demilitarized zones and areas of separation, with the objective of protecting the Darfur border, shall not be subject to any restrictions. However, in the event that deployment involves entry into an area controlled by the forces of a Movement, the Government of the Sudan will report thereon to the affected Party.", "386. The concentration and deployment of forces by the Movements and the use of access routes with the aim of protecting the present Agreement from any hostile activity shall be subject to the approval of the CCF. They should also be notified to UNAMID, which will be responsible for monitoring them.", "387. Government forces cannot enter any demilitarized zone of separation, redeployment or concentration of forces of a Movement without the written authorization of the CCF.", "388. Any violation of the rules relating to the separation, redeployment and control of limited arms presented in this chapter constitutes a violation of the ceasefire.", "Rule 67", "Preparation for separation and redeployment", "Decision-making and communication", "389. In the preparation for separation and redeployment, CCF will seek to make decisions and resolve conflicts by consensus.", "390. When the Parties fail to reach a consensus, the President of the CCF shall refer the dispute to the Commission for decision-making. The Parties shall be bound by decisions taken by the Commission.", "391. The President of the CCF will ensure that all agreements and decisions relating to demilitarized areas, areas of separation and redeployment are clearly demarcated on maps with accurate coordinates of the global positioning system. The President will ensure that the Parties have the same maps with the same demarcations.", "392. The President of the CCF shall, in coordination with the Government, establish a system for effective and secure communications between the CCF and the Parties.", "Verification", "393. For the purpose of implementing the general final security agreements, UNAMID will verify the information submitted by the Parties, including the exact locations and equipment, the number and type of armaments, the troops of their forces, in particular the presence of children in their ranks, and other information requested by UNAMID or CCF. This information will be confidential during the phases of preparation, separation, redeployment and limited arms control. The information will be available only to the President of the CCF, until the beginning of the integration and demobilization phase.", "394. The process of verification of Movement forces and their areas of control will be limited to units that are not less than a company, usually 150 (sixty-fifty) soldiers or subunits with an equivalent capacity. The uninterrupted duration of control by such unit or subunit is a condition for the area to be considered to be under the control of the Movements.", "Plans", "Phase 1", "395. The separation process will include the following steps:", "I. The circulation and activities of the Parties shall be limited to the areas allocated to the Parties as demarcated and indicated in the master maps;", "ii. In collaboration with Parties, the President of the CCF will establish demilitarized areas around internally displaced persons camps and host communities and along selected humanitarian supply routes;", "iii. After consultation with the Parties, the President of the CCF will establish areas of separation between the forces of the Parties and areas experiencing intense conflicts, where necessary;", "iv. The Parties shall ensure that militias and armed groups under their control or influence commit themselves to respect and abide by the ceasefire;", "v. Neither Party shall undertake military activities or create new armed groups or militias.", "Presence of foreign armed fighters in Darfur", "396. The presence of foreign armed combatants in Darfur poses a serious problem for peace and security, and constitutes a potential threat to this Agreement. In line with paragraph 385, the Government of the Sudan will take appropriate measures to control, disarm, neutralize and repatriate these groups.", "397. The Parties recognize the measures taken in collaboration with neighbouring countries to control the presence of foreign armed fighters in Darfur and agree to support the initiative.", "Phase 2", "Redeployment", "398. The redeployment process consists of the following activities:", "I. The President of the CCF, in collaboration with Parties, will establish areas of separation and redeployment;", "ii. The Parties shall redeploy their forces and their armaments outside the areas of separation and in their respective areas of redeployment;", "iii. UNAMID will monitor and patrol the areas of separation;", "iv. Restoration of basic services and access to basic services for the civilian population.", "Disarmament of armed militia groups", "399. All armed militia groups should be disarmed and dispersed as a prerequisite for the implementation of comprehensive arms control measures to ensure security throughout Darfur. The Government of the Sudan will be responsible for the disarmament of the armed militias. In that regard, the Government of the Sudan will submit a comprehensive plan to the CCF for the disarmament and dispersal of armed militias, and to combat persons, bandits and other illegally armed criminal groups, both foreign and local, operating in Darfur. The plan will include measures to be taken to complete the exercise before the start of the integration phase. The plan will also include measures for the rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration of members of these dispersed groups, and the separation of men and women in the concentration areas.", "400. This plan will be submitted to the Chair of the CCF for review and approval before the start of the first phase, and will be implemented in accordance with the plan schedule.", "401. The CCF will monitor and verify the disarming and dispersion of militia groups, and the fight against persons, bandits and other illegal armed criminal groups, in accordance with the agreed plan.", "Phase 3", "Limited arms control", "402. Following the redeployment of Parties &apos; forces in their respective areas of redeployment and prior to the concentration of Movement forces, the following limited arms control measures will be taken:", "I. The Movements will store their collective and far-reaching weapons, artillery and related munitions in safe locations designated by the President of the CCF. UNAMID will conduct the inspection in the units. Movement fighters will retain personal weapons until integration into the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Forces begins;", "ii. In collaboration with Parties, UNAMID will prepare sites for the temporary storage of collective and long-range weapons, artillery and related ammunition and monitor the storage of armaments and ammunition to be subject to the inspection of UNAMID;", "iii. The President of the CCF will monitor the arms control process and determine the requirements and procedures for possession and inspection, including the exact designation of the weapons, artillery and ammunition to be stored.", "Joint coordination mechanism", "403. In order to build confidence and maintain security in Darfur, Parties will establish a joint coordination mechanism, following the verification of Movement forces. This mechanism will remain in force until the start of the integration process, and will operate under the strict guidance of the CCF.", "404. The joint coordination mechanism will perform the following functions:", "I. Coordination of efforts and measures to address any potential threat to the implementation of the Agreement;", "ii. The exchange of intelligence and other relevant information;", "iii. Monitoring measures to organize Movement forces and maintain their security in areas of redeployment and concentration;", "iv. Facilitating the distribution of non-military logistical support as agreed by Parties and in collaboration with the Joint Logistics Coordination Committee;", "v. Facilitating the disclosure of the terms of this Agreement between the operations commanders and the forces under their command and the sequence of the phases of their implementation;", "vi. Any other task agreed upon.", "Article 68 Demilitarized zones and areas of separation", "General commitments", "405. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to:", "I. Respect the rights of civilians, including internally displaced persons and refugees;", "ii. To refrain from activities that could undermine the security and well-being of civilians and internally displaced persons;", "iii. To refrain from activities that may undermine or endanger humanitarian operations in Darfur;", "iv. Create an enabling environment for the safe and voluntary return of internally displaced persons and refugees to their places of origin;", "v. Provide special protection for women, persons with disabilities, children, including those linked to armed forces or groups, and other persons with special needs.", "Demilitarized zones", "406. Without prejudice to paragraph 385, demilitarized zones shall be subject to the following rules:", "I. There will be no forces in this area of either Party or other armed group or armed militia, except with the authorization of the CCF and escorted by UNAMID;", "ii. No one may transport weapons except with the authorization of the CCF and escorted by UNAMID;", "iii. The perimeter of a demilitarized zone shall not include any urban areas, access to an airport or urban locations of the security plans that are the exclusive responsibility of the Government of the Sudan;", "iv. The President of the CCF shall determine the limits of the demilitarized zone after consultation with the Parties;", "v. The President of the CCF, in collaboration with the members of the CCF, shall decide whether the process of redeployment of forces related to any Party is a necessary measure;", "vi. The President of the CCF, in collaboration with the members of the CCF, shall determine the measures related to any necessary redeployment, as well as the schedule for such redeployment;", "vii. CCF shall consider any violation of demilitarized zones as a violation of the ceasefire.", "407. UNAMID will have the following obligations in relation to demilitarized areas surrounding IDP camps and host communities and humanitarian supply routes:", "I. UNAMID and the Sudan Police Forces, in the Government of the Sudan control areas and Movement Liaison Officers, in areas where FCC recognizes and verifies Movement control, will develop a patrolling and monitoring plan for demilitarized areas around IDP camps and monitor the implementation of the plan;", "ii. Demilitarized areas within the Government of the Sudan control areas will be patrolled by UNAMID units and the Sudan Police Forces. Such Forces shall perform executive police functions under the supervision of UNAMID;", "iii. Demilitarized areas located in areas where CCF verifies and recognizes the control of the Movements will be patrolled by units including UNAMID and Movement Liaison Officers.", "Separation areas", "408. The CCF will develop a plan that will include the standards and procedures for patrolling and monitoring of areas of separation and monitor their implementation.", "Article 69 Non-military logistical support to the Movements", "409. Movements may request non-military logistical support and the Government of the Sudan will provide such support and may request international partners to assist in this regard.", "410. UNAMID will establish a joint logistical coordination committee that will be composed of Parties, UNAMID and donor representatives that can provide such assistance. The committee will determine the modalities of aid.", "411. The terms of reference of the Joint Logistics Coordination Committee shall include:", "I. Gather and collect data on the logistical needs of Movement forces regarding food, water, housing, clothing, transport and treatment and medical supplies;", "ii. Receive and store logistical supplies provided by international donors;", "iii. Orders for quality and appropriate logistical supplies;", "iv. Distribute logistical supplies to Movement forces in centres or distribution points located in redeployment and concentration areas;", "v. Determine the rules and procedures governing the delivery of non-military logistical supplies to Movement forces.", "412. The following conditions should be met for such support to be provided:", "I. The number and location of combatants, including the presence of children in their ranks, if any, shall be communicated to the UNAMID Force Commander and verified in accordance with paragraphs 393 and 394;", "ii. Places accessible to a significant number of combatants will be identified and agreed upon.", "Article 70 Security in camps for internally displaced persons and humanitarian operations in Darfur", "413. The Government of the Sudan, in collaboration with the Darfur Regional Authority, will select volunteers and volunteers from local communities, internally displaced persons and returning refugees to be part of the community police, and participate in the maintenance of the security of IDP camps and voluntary return villages. UNAMID will contribute to community policing training.", "414. The Parties agree to refrain from acts that might jeopardize humanitarian operations in Darfur, and reaffirm their commitment to create the appropriate security conditions for the unrestricted movement of goods and humanitarian assistance, to ensure security in IDP camps and to provide an enabling environment for the safe and voluntary return of IDPs and refugees to their places of origin.", "415. The forces of the Parties shall refrain from activities that may impair the safety and well-being of internally displaced persons.", "Article 71 Control of weapons of civilian use", "416. Given the proliferation of small arms tenure by civilians in Darfur, Parties, with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNAMID, will develop a strategy and plans for the implementation of a voluntary civilian arms control programme.", "417. The Government of the Sudan will mobilize resources for civilian weapons control programmes. The latter may request assistance from international organizations.", "Article 72 Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and integration of ex-combatants into the Sudanese armed and police forces", "General provisions", "418. The process of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and integration will be carried out within the designated concentration areas after phase 3, only with ex-combatants whose participation in the Movements forces is verified. UNAMID, in collaboration with the Movements, will develop a plan for concentration areas including:", "I. The size, number and location of the concentration areas;", "ii. The desired characteristics of concentration areas, taking into account the specific needs of ex-combatants;", "iii. Accessibility for the provision of logistical support;", "iv. UNAMID will submit the plan to the CCF for approval. The CCF will designate the concentration zones taking into account the plan.", "419. Movements will be responsible for the administration, discipline and internal security of ex-combatants in the concentration areas.", "420. Long-range and collective weapons, artillery and related munitions will not be transferred to concentration areas.", "421. Logistics support will be provided for the establishment of concentration areas and during disarmament and demobilization and integration processes.", "422. At the conclusion of the verification and registration process, and the establishment of the concentration zones, the combatants of the Movements that have been verified and registered as such will be transferred to the concentration zones carrying small arms only. UNAMID will support and monitor the process.", "423. The Government of the Sudan will provide social and economic reintegration opportunities for ex-combatants wishing to return to civilian life or fail to meet the eligibility criteria for entry into the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Forces.", "424. It will ensure that there is impartiality, transparency and equity in determining the eligibility of ex-combatants who can benefit from aid.", "425. Former combatants will be treated equally, regardless of their prior affiliation to the Movements. They will also be provided with training and information to empower them to voluntarily choose their way to reintegration. The reintegration process will build on the community and benefit both returnees and local communities.", "426. The reintegration programme will be designed to be sustainable in the long term and include monitoring of the necessary follow-up and ongoing support measures.", "427. The reintegration programme will enhance the participation of communities and civil society organizations, including women &apos; s groups, with a view to strengthening their capacity to play their role in improving and sustaining the social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants.", "428. The Government of the Sudan will provide financial and logistical support for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and integration programme and will seek to mobilize the support of the international community.", "429. Specific resources will be mobilized and reserved to meet the special social reintegration needs of women.", "Disarmament and demobilization", "430. The Parties agree to restore the Northern Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission to reflect the new realities. The Commission will be expanded to include representatives of the Movements.", "431. UNAMID will conduct verification of Movement forces simultaneously in all areas.", "432. The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission, with the assistance of UNAMID and other relevant United Nations agencies, will develop plans that will include the timetable and sequence of phases of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants.", "433. The Parties shall meet their ex-combatants. However, efforts will be made to achieve disarmament and demobilization in accordance with the following:", "I. The awareness and awareness-raising of leaders and their forces on disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and the peace process, as well as their roles and responsibilities;", "ii. The Parties shall decide the eligibility criteria for the disarmament process of non-integrated combatants;", "iii. The Parties shall ensure that the duration of the process of release of all child combatants, if any, is as short as possible and does not depend on the release or demobilization of adults. The safety and dignity of children and the confidentiality of their cases will be paramount considerations. Children should be promptly separated from adult combatants and referred to an appropriate, independent and mandated civil process;", "iv. The Parties shall not transfer ex-combatants under the age of 18 to concentration areas, but shall release and demobilize them separately prior to the signing of this Agreement;", "v. The Parties shall, as a matter of priority, initiate the demobilization and reintegration process of groups with special needs, including former combatants with disabilities and women.", "Article 73 Social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants into civil society", "434. The disarmed and demobilized ex-combatants will be socially and economically reintegrated into civil society. The Government of the Sudan will mobilize its own resources, seek assistance from the international community and assume responsibility for reintegrating ex-combatants into civilian life through appropriate social and economic reintegration programmes.", "435. The programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants will also contain a community-based approach and include measures to reduce community violence, in accordance with local conditions, in order to promote the goal of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration.", "436. The principles of impartiality and transparency, equality and integrity shall govern the social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants. In addition, ex-combatants will be treated equally, regardless of their prior link to any of the Movements.", "437. The reintegration process will be based on the community so that both returnees and local communities benefit from it.", "438. It is imperative that the social and economic reintegration of former combatants ensure the participation of local communities and civil society organizations, including women &apos; s groups, with a view to enabling them to play their role in the sustainability of the social and economic reintegration of girls and boys associated with armed forces or groups and other vulnerable children affected by the conflict.", "439. Reintegration programmes should be inclusive to support children who have left the armed forces or armed movements with formal and informal processes, as well as other vulnerable children affected by the conflict who need protection, such as mothers.", "440. Priority will be given to the social and economic reintegration of groups with special needs, such as women combatants and those associated with armed movements, in particular widows, girls and boys associated with armed forces and movements, and other child combatants with disabilities and vulnerable elders affected by the conflict.", "441. Efforts will be made to achieve the long-term sustainability of reintegration through a community approach. Such efforts should include follow-up, monitoring and ongoing support, as necessary.", "Article 74 Integration of ex-combatants into the Sudanese armed forces and police forces", "Principles of integration", "442. An agreed number of eligible Movement Forces combatants will be integrated into the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Force. The number will be determined by Parties with the collaboration of the technical integration committee.", "443. The Government of the Sudan will provide support and training for ex-combatants, including accelerated training, to ensure that they meet the eligibility criteria for capacity-building and higher-level promotion.", "444. The Government of the Sudan, in collaboration with the Movements, may request UNAMID, donors and international partners to provide training and professionalization opportunities in their training institutions for ex-combatants, including officers, sub-offices, soldiers and the police, to improve their professional skills.", "445. Ex-combatants integrated into the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Force will be excluded from any process of reducing these Forces during the first six years of service, except when they violate the regulations and code of conduct of those institutions.", "446. Former combatants, men and women, who do not wish to enter the Armed Forces or the Sudan Police Force but who have expressed the desire to be part of the public administration, will be referred to the National Civil Service Commission following a decision of the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission for its evaluation and placement.", "447. The Government of the Sudan shall take measures to ensure that a number of ex-combatants are held in the Office of the Chief of Staff, the General Division Commands at the senior commander level of the Armed Forces, brigades commands, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, the headquarters of the senior police commander of the capital, the Darfur states and other parts of the Sudan, in accordance with the criteria applicable to the Armed Forces and the Sudan Police.", "Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission", "448. The Darfur Regional Authority will establish the commission for the implementation of the Darfur security arrangements. As a subsidiary body of the Regional Authority, the Commission shall coordinate the implementation of the provisions of the security arrangements of this Agreement.", "449. The commission will establish a technical integration committee to design, plan, implement, administer and supervise the integration programme of ex-combatants.", "450. The members of the technical integration committee, including women, shall be representatives of UNAMID, Parties and technical experts from a country or countries acceptable to the Parties.", "451. The members of the Darfur Security Arrangements Implementation Commission shall be representatives of the governors of the three Darfur States, a representative of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Sudan, a representative of the National Disarmament Coordination Council, Demobilization and Reintegration, representatives of the UNAMID Movements and Representatives, and other persons necessary to implement integration. The Chairman of the Commission for the Implementation of Darfur Security Arrangements will be appointed by presidential decree in collaboration with the President of the Darfur Regional Authority.", "452. All subsidiary bodies established by the commission for the implementation of the Darfur security arrangements shall include representatives of the entities that make up the membership of that commission.", "453. Women shall be equally represented on the commission for the implementation of the Darfur security arrangements and the subsidiary bodies established by it. These bodies will develop mechanisms to ensure that their work includes adequate input from women on issues of particular interest to them and children.", "The integration plan", "454. The integration programme will be implemented in phases as determined by the technical integration committee.", "455. The Parties agree to determine the number of ex-combatants in the Sudan Armed Forces, the Sudan Police Force and certain civilian services based on the verified number of Movement forces.", "456. The integration of Movement forces into the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Force will include a background inquiry process agreed upon by Parties and monitored by the integration technical committee, and will be guided by the following criteria:", "I. Sudanese nationality;", "ii. Age (age 18 years and under retirement age);", "ii. Good physical and mental condition evaluated by the technical integration committee;", "iii. Experience in combat;", "iv. No criminal record;", "v. Voluntary consent of the person.", "457. The guiding criteria for the integration of officers shall include, in addition to the above, the following:", "I. Academic qualification (certified secondary studies at a minimum; the technical integration committee could make exceptions to a significant number of operations commanders);", "ii. Experience in combat;", "iii. Age;", "iv. Not to have been fired for incompetence.", "458. Ex-combatants who are integrated will receive military training in accordance with the requirements of each unit.", "459. The number of officers agreed for integration shall be proportional to the total number of officers and soldiers in accordance with the organizational structure of the Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Force.", "460. The officers and non-commissioned officers who are incorporated into the military and police forces for the first time will go through a training period based on the curriculum of the respective forces.", "461. The following criteria will guide the process of determining the degrees:", "I. Age;", "ii. Training and experience in combat;", "iii. Academic qualifications;", "iv. The former military and police officers who had been withdrawn from the Darfur conflict will be re-established initially in their previous grades and will subsequently receive the grades of their peers, after passing the required competition evidence;", "v. Any other applicable criterion agreed upon by the Parties.", "462. The Government of the Sudan will provide standardized training for former combatants over the age of 18 selected for integration into the Sudan Armed Forces and Police Force.", "Reform of some military institutions", "463. The Parties recognize the need to reform and develop the military institutions in Darfur to enhance their capacity, effectiveness and professionalism and to strengthen the rule of law in accordance with accepted standards.", "464. The Government of the Sudan will submit a time-bound plan for the reform, development and restructuring of the military institutions selected to the commission for the implementation of the Darfur security arrangements to monitor their implementation. The Government of the Sudan can obtain funding and expertise to support this activity both inside and outside the Sudan.", "Calendar and sequence of activities", "465. The phases will be carried out according to the following deadlines:", "I. The preparatory phase shall be completed seven days after the signing of this Agreement;", "ii. The first phase of separation will begin immediately after the completion of the preparations and will be completed within 45 days;", "iii. The second phase of redeployment will begin immediately after the completion of the first phase and will be completed within 45 days;", "iv. The third phase of limited arms control will begin immediately after the completion of the second phase and will be completed within 30 days;", "v. The integration, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants will begin immediately following the completion of the third phase.", "466. In collaboration with Parties, the President of the CCF may modify this timetable if necessary for security, logistics or other reasons.", "Other provisions", "Article 75 Dispute settlement", "467. Any disagreement or dispute regarding the interpretation of the final security provisions or any of the existing ceasefire agreements shall be referred to the Commission, which shall make its decisions by consensus.", "468. When the Parties are unable to reach a consensus, the Chairman of the Commission, together with international members and in consultations with the observers for the Commission, shall take a decision that would favour the maintenance of the ceasefire, and the Parties shall abide by the decision.", "Chapter VII Internal consultation and dialogue and modalities of implementation", "Article 76 Internal consultation and dialogue in Darfur", "469. The Parties fully recognize the important role that Darfur stakeholders have played in the Doha peace process.", "470. The Parties agree that the results of the various consultations and discussions held within and outside Darfur and the Sudan, including the first and second Doha Forums and the Conference of all Darfur stakeholders, on the root causes and consequences of the conflict have enriched the negotiations that culminated in the signing of this Agreement.", "471. The Parties emphasize the need for continued dialogue and consultation in Darfur to consolidate peace and promote reconciliation and recovery.", "472. The Parties therefore agree that a process of dialogue and consultation in Darfur shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.", "Mandate", "473. The internal process of dialogue and consultation, conducted at the grass-roots level, will aim primarily at consolidating peace in Darfur, building confidence and promoting reconciliation and unity among the people of Darfur and the Sudan in general. The specific objectives of the process will be:", "I. Increase the involvement in this Agreement and mobilize support for its implementation;", "ii. Address issues related to civic responsibility, democratic values and their implementation, and peacebuilding;", "iii. Encourage traditional practices supported by experience in resolving local disputes, land ownership, grazing land, transhumance, natural water resources, etc. ;", "iv. Promote harmonious peace, reconciliation and coexistence between tribes and communities;", "v. Improve the status of the Native Administration, including re-establishing its authority and helping it build capacity;", "vi. To raise awareness and mobilize support for all measures taken with regard to the control of civil weapons, the promotion of women, the development of youth, the safe return of internally displaced persons and refugees and their reintegration into society, the restitution of property and compensation, as provided for in this Agreement;", "vii. To promote social and political rejuvenation in Darfur and to help the people accept their immediate past and move forward.", "Facilitation of the internal dialogue and consultation process", "474. The Parties agree that UNAMID, the African Union and the State of Qatar are the entities responsible for facilitating the internal process of dialogue and consultation. These entities will define the modalities and mechanisms for carrying out the process as well as the timetable. The Parties undertake to take all necessary measures to create an enabling environment of credibility for the process and its results.", "475. Parties and other interested groups will be fully represented in the mechanisms.", "476. As a consultative mechanism and vehicle for social and political transformation, the internal process of dialogue and consultation is expected to immediately regenerate the social fabric, projecting individual and collective consciousness, towards peaceful coexistence and reconciliation, and breaking the future of the people of Darfur. The results of the internal process of dialogue and consultation, which will be best practices and lessons learned, will be formally presented to the Government of the Sudan, the Darfur Regional Authority and the Darfur State Governments.", "Logistics support and funding", "477. UNAMID will provide logistical support to the Mechanism in carrying out its work and in the implementation of the internal process of dialogue and consultation, to the extent possible. It will be up to Parties to create a favourable environment to ensure the full participation of all stakeholders and the success of the process. UNAMID will also assist in developing a communication strategy to ensure that information on internal dialogue and consultation and the process itself within and outside Darfur and the Sudan is widely disseminated and duly documented and archived.", "478. The Government of the Sudan and international donors will be invited to contribute to the financing of the internal process of dialogue and consultation, and a special trust fund will be established for this purpose.", "Article 77 Follow-up to Implementation Committee", "479. A Follow-up to Implementation Commission is established in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, to be responsible for the following:", "I. To monitor and evaluate the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. Assist in the provision of funds and technical assistance to the bodies established under this Agreement;", "iii. Support the implementation of this Agreement in accordance with the agreed deadlines.", "Composition of the Implementation Follow-up Commission", "480. The Commission shall consist of the following members who have expressed their commitment to support the implementation of this Agreement:", "I. Representative of the State of Qatar President ii. Two (2) representatives from the Government of the Sudan Member", "iii. Two (2) representatives of the Member Movements", "iv. African Union Representative", "v. United Nations Representative", "vi. Joint Special Representative and Chief of UNAMID Member", "vii. Former Joint Chief Mediator of the African Union and the United Nations", "viii. Representative of the League of Arab States", "ix. Representative of the European Union", "x. OIC Representative", "xi. Representative of Canada Member", "xii. Representative of France Member", "xiii. Representative of Japan Member", "xiv. Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt Member", "xv. Representative of the People’s Republic of China Member", "xvi. Representative of the Republic of Chad", "xvii. Representative of the Russian Federation Member", "xviii. United Kingdom Member", "xix. Representative of the United States of America", "481. The representative of the State of Qatar, in his capacity as Chairman, will convene the inaugural meeting of the Commission.", "Functions of the Commission", "482. The Commission shall perform the following functions:", "I. Monitoring, documenting and continuing the implementation of this Agreement;", "ii. To maintain close contact with Parties in order to promote full adherence to all the provisions of this Agreement and to facilitate the efforts of the Parties to this end;", "iii. Planning and monitoring the provision of technical assistance and support for post-conflict activities, and the establishment and operation of the bodies provided for in this Agreement, including capacity-building, training and provision of resources, experts and advisers;", "iv. Assess the progress made in the implementation process and advise Parties on any aspect that may lead to delays, and propose appropriate measures in this regard;", "v. Assist in providing the necessary political and material support for the full implementation of this Agreement;", "vi. To play any additional role that the Commission and the Parties may consider appropriate and consistent with the letter and spirit of this Agreement.", "Sessions of the Follow-up to Implementation Commission", "483. The Committee will meet on a quarterly basis and report after each session. It will also convene emergency sessions when it deems necessary. Any Party may request the Chair of the Commission to convene an emergency meeting.", "484. UNAMID will establish a secretariat to support the Commission in its functions and activities.", "485. The Commission shall adopt its own rules of procedure.", "Article 78 Final provisions", "486. The implementation schedule contained in the annex is an integral part of the present Document.", "487. Once approved by the Parties, the present Document shall acquire constitutional status and shall be declared in the National Constitution.", "Draft implementation timetable", "A. Power distribution", "[TABLE]", "B. Distribution of wealth", "Núm.serie Activity Reference Body(s)/Part(s)responsible(s) Term Composition Source(s)definance Procedure 12. Approval and execution of integrated projects for the development, stability and sensitization of the nomadic communities, increasing the production of this sector and regulating the relationship between the farmers and the plants affin to degarantize security, stability and development for all Paragraph98 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegionalism Development of politics and realization of the necessary studies to stop the degradation of the environment and to preserve the natural resources Paragraph172i) Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur D +90days Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur 14. Formulation of policies that will allow women to participate in the labor force of Darfur and to create their production capacity, especially those that return Paragraph141iii) AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur D +90days Regional AuthorityDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur 15. Formulation of policies to promote theexports of Darfur made the national einternational markets, and offer incentives to the specialised and state-owned banks in order to promote their activities in Darfur Paragraphs114y116 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional RegulationDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur D+90days GovernmentSudan Formulation already applied to the development of the educational system, the formation and the formation of the citizens of Darfur and the elimination of the nativity between the women Paragraph117 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/governmentsstates ofDarfur D +90days Government of theSudan/AutoridadRegionale In the course of the development of the government, in particular the development of the technologies related to the agriculture, the livestock, the small industry and the handicrafts, the mining, the environment and the energy, especially the renovatable energies. Amendment of the Law on the Promotion of Major Inversions and Making Investment in the Darfur States Moreatractive for Foreign and National Enterprises Paragraph126iii) Government of the Sudan/National Assembly D+180days 20. Establishment of the Commission of Assignment and SupervisionFiscal andFinancial(FFAMC) Paragraph152 Government of theSudan/AsambleNacional D+180días Promulgación de laleyporlaqueseestablecelaFFAMC 21. Appointment of a team of experts in charge of defining the criteria for the transfer of the National Fund ofIncome to the states Paragraph152 FFAMC D+180days 22. Establishment of the Mission of EvaluationConjunta deDarfur,definición de sus objetivoypreparativos para elinicio de sustrabajo Para176 Parts/donors D+30days Parties/donors Creation of the basic group of coordination, determination of dysfunctions and of thesecretariat for the activities of the mission and apprehending the work being carried out in Khartoum and Darfur 23. Start of the work of the Mission of EvaluationConjunta deDarfur Paragraph177 Government of the Sudan/BancoMundial/BancoAfricandeDevelopment/BancodeDevelopmentDarfur/NationsUnits/Regional AuthorityDarfur D +60days Government of the Sudan/United Nations Preparation of the report of the Evaluation MissionSet conmirates aevaluate the needs of Darfur Paragraph180 MissiondeEvaluationConjuntadeDarfur D +120days Government of theSudan/United Nations/BancoAfricandeDevelopment The Secretariat will prepare the financial report for the Mission of EvaluationConjuntade Darfur and present it to the central group. In the reports, they will write down the projects of development, the activities of poverty and economic recovery and their cost, and will set the consent of the Government of theSudande to assume partedthecostotal25. Celebration of donor conferencing and creation of a multi-dollar trust fund and the supervision body of the Reconstruction and Development Fund (DRDF) Paragraphs176y178 World Bank/United Nations/BancoAfricandeDevelopment/StatementQatar D +180days Losdonantes Restructuring of the Reconstruction and Development Fund Para. 139 LasParts D +60días 27. Transfer of $200,000(two hundred million dollars from the United States) to the Fund (capitalgenerator) Paragraph142 Government of the Sudan D +90days 28. Transfer of $300.000(three hundred million dollars from the United States) to theFondo(second) Paragraph142i) Government of theSudan D +1year+ 60days 29. Transfer of $300.000(three hundred million dollars from the United States) to the Fund (third) Paragraph142ii) Government of the Sudan D +2 years+ 60days 30. Transfer of $300.000(three hundred million dollars from the United States) to theFondo (quarters) Paragraph142iii) Government of the South Sudan D +3 years+ 60days 31. Transfer of $400,000 (four hundred million dollars from the United States) to theFondo (quintopago) Paragraph142iv) Government of theSudan D +4 years+ 60days 32. Transfer of $500.000 (five hundred million dollars from the United States) to theFondo (sextopago) Paragraph142v) Government of theSudan D +5 years+ 60days 33. Establishment of the system of demicrofinance and development of its statutes Paragraph130 BancoCentraldelSudan, in consultation with the Government of theSudan and theAuthorityRegionaldeDarfur D +60days LasPartes,conlaparticipation of specialists inmicrocredits Decision of theBancoCentral34. First term of $40,000 (USD 40 million) (USD 40 million) Paragraph134 Government of the Sudan D +90days Government of the Sudan Payables to the Darfurmicrofinance system35. Second term of $30,000.000 (treintamillions dedollars of the United States) Paragraph134 Government of the Sudan D +1year+ 90days Government of the Sudan Paidsalmicrofinance System of Darfur36. Third term of $30,000.000 (treintamillions of dollars of the United States) Paragraph134 Government of the Sudan D +2years + 90days Government of the Sudan Payable to the system of financing of Darfur 37. Creation of decay for the beneficiaries of the system ofmicrofinance Paragraph132 AuthorityRegional ofDarfurygobiernosestatalesdeDarfur D +120días Gobierno delSudan 38. First assessment of $75,000.000(sixty-five-dollars of the United States) in support of the social services of the Darfur states Para. 138 Government of the Sudan Monthly Enlargements Payable to the states with the monthly contribution39. Second assessment of $75,000.000 (sixty and five-dollars of the United States) Paragraph138 Government of the Sudan Monthly Enplazos Pagaderosa losesconlacontribution monthly40. Third instalment of $75,000.000 (sixty and five-dollars of the United States) Paragraph138 Government of the Sudan Monthly Enplazos Pagaderosa a losesconlacontribution monthly41. Decision to invest inDarfur eldinerorecaudado como azaqueen Darfur Paragraph150 Board of theCámaraCentraldelAzaque D +30days Distribution of the communication of the Board of the Central Chamber of the Azaqueatodastheoficinasde azaquede Darfur 42. The House of the Assortment will provide greater financing necessary and will execute the projects of the poor families, enparticularlas que hanregresado ylosrefugiados Paragraph151 Junta de laCámaraCentraldelAzaque D +90días Decision of theCámaraCentraldelAzaque 43. Formulation of policies and projects aimed at the development of the traditional agricultural culture of secano Paragraph173 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur D +30days 44. Evaluation and revitalization of the projections mentioned in paragraph174 Paragraph174 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/donors D +1year Government of theSudan Formation of unequipodeprofessionalexperts to carry out the necessary studies45. Preparation and execution of an advanced capacity-building program in the areas of public finances, the federalism and the transparency in the management of the expenses Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/donors D +30days Government of theSudan TheSudan government will be able to manage the specific projects To effect a structural reform of the infrastructure of the universities of Darfur and to define the construction of their institutions so that they may carry out their commissioned paragraph171v) Government of theSudan D +30days Government of theSudan Financing of the reformnecessaryconarrangement a plan presented by theMinistry ofEducationSuperiorship Research Establish the Commission of Lands ofDarfur Paragraph196 Government of theSudan/AsambleaNacional D +180days Government of theSudan Pordecretopresidencial48. Gradually modify the laws to include them rights over land and underuse inconsonance with the habits, traditions and delegatedrelatives to the land, the de-humanitarian routes and the access to the water resources. And allow the land that has portradiciónconsuetudinarias Paragraph182y194 Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegional ofDarfur/governmentsstates ofDarfur/Legal laws of +120days The Government of theSudan, the Government of the Sudan to prepare us Restore to the situationanterior the granted burials envirtud de lasleys deinversion silosowners did not comply with the conditions of the concession Paragraph183 AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur/gobiernosestatalesdeDarfur/legislative organs D +120days 50. Prepare the plan for the creation of a dedatatral base on the use of the Darfur burials and the determination of results Paragraph197 Commission of Lands ofDarfur D +180days AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur 51. Approval of recommendations and of the plan for the based of datachatatral on the use of the sites ofDarfur by the legislative organs of the states ofDarfur Paragraph197 Council of theAuthorityRegional ofDarfur/AssembliesLegislatives of the states ofDarfur D +2years AuthorityRegional ofDarfurygobieestatalesdeDarfur", "C. Compensation and return of internally displaced persons and refugees", "Num.serie Activity Reference Body(s)responsible(s) Term Composition Source(s)offinance Procedures 52. Establishment of the Commission for Return and ResettlementVolunteers and their two committees, the Committee for ReturnVolunteer and the Committee in charge of the Property Claims, as well as theCompensation Fund/JabrAl-Darar Paragraph252 AssemblyLegislative D +45days Promulgation of a Law 53. Sending documents identification to the deferred ones and the refugied ones Article46Párrafos235a237 Government of the Sudan/ACNUR D +90days Government of theSudan Overlabased the results of the study of the needs 54. Demining of the return zones and theaccesses of the displaced persons Preparation of state-of-the-art studies on the deferred interns and those refugied with the objective of deplanting the return or thevoluntary settlement Paragraph257i) Government of theSudan/AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur/UNAMIDcon laasistencia delACNUR D +60+ 60days Government of theSudan/donantes 56. Conduct of an integrated assessment of the needs in the areas of possible risk, in order to provide for the basic services Paragraph257ii) Commission for the return of the re-establishmentVolunteers with the assistance of theACNUR Unavezestéesestablished the Commission for the Re-establishmentVolunteers Government of theSudan/Comission for theRestatement", "D. Justice and reconciliation", "No. Activity Reference Body(s) Period Composition Source(s) of responsible series(s) procedures", "57. Strengthening Paragraph D &amp; 90 Government of Justice 296 (i) and Sudan days in Sudan through (iii) further establishment of new courts, deployment of additional judicial personnel and provision of adequate resources for the work of the prosecutor in Darfur", "58. Concession of a Paragraph 329 President of the D + 30 By decree general amnesty", "59. Establishment Paragraph 311 Government of the D + 90 Government of the By decree of the Sudanese Commission/ Authority days Sudan Presidential Truth, Regional Justice and Reconciliation Darfur", "60. Establishment Paragraph 322 Government of D + 90 Government of the Judiciary of the Sudan Days Special Sudan for Darfur", "61. Establishment Paragraph 328 Government of D + 90 Government of the Sudan Fund with the days Sudan with the assistance of legal aid donors donors", "62. Declaration of a Paragraph 305 Government of D + 30 By decree national day of Sudan presidential days peace and non-violence in Darfur", "63. Establishment Paragraph 331 Government of D + 90 of an independent, impartial, effective and resourced Sudan mechanism to identify and take appropriate measures against persons of public administration who have been convicted of committing human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law", "E. Permanent ceasefire and final security arrangements", "Num.serie Activity Reference Body(s)responsible(s) Term Composition Source(s)offinance Procedures 64. The Parties shall submit to the Mediation the dispositions of their strengths, the lists of all the groups bounded by them to them Paragraph381 Parties Before the dayD Necessary for the preparation of dems 65. The Parties shall indicate to theMediation the location of the camps Parties Before the dayD Necessary the dolphins of theplanification 66. Establishment of the Ceasefire Commission at the Force headquarters Para.342 UNAMID Before the dayDraft Commander/President-UNAMID;3 membersdecadaPartido;EstadodeQatar UNAMID/international partners 67. Verification of the statements and the strength of the parties Paragraphs393y394 Commission for theFire/UNAMID After the dayD and before the first stage The President of the Commission for the Strength of the Fire must maintain the confidentiality of the Parts 68. Establishment of Commission in conjunction Paragraph342 Mediation +UNAMID D +7days Special Representative in conjunction/State ofQatar/Representatives of the Parties/Call of the Arab States/UnionEuropea/AsuntosPolitics of theUNAMID UNAMID/international partners 69. Release ofnilds Paragraphs341viii)and inclusive Establishment of the CommitteeMixto deCoordinación de Logística Para410 UNAMID D +5days UNAMID/Parts/Donors Donors 71. Start of preparation for phases Ia III Paragraphs395a402 D +7days 72. Establishment of the Commission for the Implementation of the Darfur Security Arrangements Paragraph448 Government of the Sudan/AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur D +60days Parties Government of the Sudan/AuthorityRegionaldeDarfur 73. The Parties provide redeployment plans for all stages of the ceasefire to the Commission for the Strength of the Fire Para. 398 Parties D +14days UNAMID/Parts 74. Production of the defined map that indicates the publication of the forces of the movements, the areas of control, the zones of deamortiguation, the zones of the military and the zones of the commission Preparation of the patrullaje plane for the monitoring of the deamortiguation zones Paragraph408 Commission for theCesación delFuego D +7days 76. Physical demarcation of the areas of control, murmur and demilitarized para.391 UNAMID in collaboration with the parties D +37days 77. The Parties will strengthen the demilitarization/modification zones by doing the control zones D +7 aD +45days 78. Restoration of the Commission to Disarm, Demobilization and Reintegration of the SudanSeptentrional Paragraph430 Parties D +45days 79. The Movements present their logistic needs to theComité de CoordinaciónConjunta delasDirecciones porintermedia de la Comisión para laCesación delFuego –UNAMID Paragraph409 Parts D +10days 80. Establishment of the Committee on the Deintegration Paragraph449 Commission for the application of the D +60 +10days security provisions of Darfur 81. Redeployment of the strengths of the Parties Paragraph398ii) UNAMID/Parts 82. Distribution of non-military logistics support to the Movements Paragraph404iv) Committee of CoordinationConjunctdelasDirctions D +30days Government of the Sudan/international partners 83. Formulation and presentation of plans to disarm, demobilization andreintegration of the Commission for the implementation of the Darfur security arrangements Paragraph432 Commission to Disarm, Demobilization andReintegration D +90days 84. Formulation and presentation of the Disintegration Plan of ex-combatants Paragraph449 Committee for D+90days 85. Selection of the zones deconcentration of the forces of the Commission Movements for theCesation of the Fire depends on the decision of the PresidentComission for theCesación delFuego 86. Presentation of a plan for the disarming of militias, including measures and quarters for the disarming of militias from the disintegration stage Paras399a401 Government of the Sudan D +37days 87. Concentration of the strengths of the Movements and almigation of determinated weapons and deconcentration zones UNAMID Immediately effected after simultaneously conforming to the deconcentration zones (-) 88. Integration of ex-combatants into the FAS and the Sudan Police Forces Paras.442,454-462 Committee for the Integration/Sudan Government Agreementconelcalendario delComitétécnicodeintegración 89. Reform dealgunasinstitutionsmilitary Paragraphs463y464 Government of the Sudan D +200days 90. Disarmament, demobilization andreintegration of the ex-combatants Articles72y 73 Commission to Disarm, Demobilization andReintegration D +220days 91. Preparation of the plan and the strategy for civilian control Para. 416 Parties/UNDP/UNAMID", "F. Internal consultation and dialogue and modalities of implementation", "Num.serie Activity Reference Body(s)responsible(s) Term Composition Source(s)offinance Procedures 92. Preparation of the mechanisms and modalities of consultation and dialogue inDarfur Paragraph473 UNAMID/UnionAfricana/statedoQatar D +30days Donors 93. Celebration of the consultation and internship inDarfur Paragraph473 UNAMID/UA/EstadodeQatar D +30 +90days Donors 94. Establishment of the Commission for the Follow-up of Application Paragraph479 Mediation/StatementQatar BeforedeD As in paragraph479 Donors" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: Cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "La extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General el informe presentado por la Sra. Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Relatora Especial sobre la extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos, de conformidad con la resolución 17/13 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "Informe de la Relatora Especial sobre la extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos", "Resumen", "En el presente informe, la Relatora Especial sobre la extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos analiza varias leyes, reglamentaciones y prácticas por las que se castiga, segrega y controla a las personas que viven en la pobreza y se socava su autonomía. En los últimos tres decenios se han adoptado medidas de esa naturaleza cada vez con mayor frecuencia, tendencia que en los últimos años se ha intensificado debido a la crisis económica y financiera hasta representar en la actualidad una grave amenaza para el goce de los derechos humanos por las personas en situación de pobreza.", "Las formas en que los Estados y las fuerzas sociales penalizan a las personas que viven en la pobreza están interconectadas y son de carácter multidimensional, razón por la que no es posible analizarlas aisladamente. A los efectos del presente informe, la Relatora Especial establece las siguientes cuatro esferas de preocupación: a) las leyes, reglamentación y prácticas que de manera indebida imponen límites a los comportamientos de subsistencia en espacios públicos de las personas que viven en la pobreza; b) las reglamentaciones y medidas de planificación urbana relacionadas con el aburguesamiento y la privatización de los espacios públicos que afectan de manera desproporcionada a las personas que viven en la pobreza; c) requisitos y condiciones para regular el acceso a los servicios públicos y las prestaciones sociales que tienen injerencia en la autonomía, la privacidad y la vida familiar de las personas en situación de pobreza; y d) el recurso excesivo y arbitrario a la detención y el encarcelamiento que plantea una amenaza para la libertad y la seguridad personal de quienes viven en la pobreza.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 4II. Realidades 5 de la pobreza: estigmatización, discriminación, penalización y \nexclusión III. Marco 7 internacional de derechos \nhumanos A.Igualdad 7 y no \ndiscriminación B. Restricciones 8 legítimas a los derechos \nhumanos C.Derecho 9 a participar en la adopción de \ndecisiones D. Privatización 10 y obligaciones del \nEstado IV.Medidas 10 de penalización con efectos adversos para el disfrute de los derechos \nhumanos A.Leyes, 11 reglamentaciones y prácticas que restringen formas de comportamiento en los espacios públicos de las personas que viven en la \npobreza B.Reglamentaciones 15 y medidas de planificación \nurbana C.Requisitos 16 y condiciones para regular el acceso a los servicios públicos y las prestaciones \nsociales D.Recurso 21 excesivo y arbitrario a la detención y el \nencarcelamiento V.Conclusiones 23 y \nrecomendaciones", "I. Introducción", "1. La Relatora Especial sobre la extrema pobreza y los derechos humanos, Sra. Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, presenta este informe de conformidad con la resolución 17/13 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. En el informe se examinan varias leyes, reglamentaciones y prácticas, cada vez más comunes en los países desarrollados y en los países en desarrollo, por las que se castiga, segrega y controla a las personas que viven en la pobreza y se socava su autonomía.", "2. En el informe se han aprovechado las ponencias presentadas y las opiniones formuladas en una reunión internacional de expertos, organizada por el Consejo Internacional de Políticas de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, los días 17 y 18 de marzo de 2011, que congregó a expertos en derechos humanos, académicos, miembros de la sociedad civil y representantes de entidades de las Naciones Unidas procedentes de todas las regiones, que sin excepción hicieron valiosas aportaciones al informe de la Relatora Especial[1].", "3. En el informe se emplea la expresión “medidas de penalización” para referirse en general a las políticas, leyes y reglamentaciones administrativas por las que se castiga, segrega y controla a las personas que viven en la pobreza y se socava su autonomía. Estas medidas no son homogéneas en su diseño ni en sus efectos; por el contrario, sus objetivos y repercusiones son muy diversos, dependiendo de las regiones, los Estados, las provincias y los municipios. Algunas dan lugar a la penalización directa, el procesamiento y el encarcelamiento de las personas que viven en la pobreza, mientras que con otras se reglamentan y controlan en exceso distintos aspectos de la vida de esas personas. Ciertas medidas tienen efectos punitivos, como la imposición de fuertes multas, la pérdida de la custodia de los hijos, la pérdida del derecho a recibir prestaciones sociales y la vulneración de los derechos a la privacidad y la autonomía. Algunas están orientadas de forma expresa hacia las personas en situación de pobreza, mientras que otras consisten en leyes, políticas y prácticas neutrales que, aunque dirigidas a toda la población, surten un efecto desproporcionado en quienes viven en la pobreza.", "4. En el informe se analizan algunas de estas medidas con el fin de demostrar sus consecuencias para el goce de los derechos humanos de las personas que viven en la pobreza. Se explica de qué manera son el resultado de prejuicios y estereotipos muy arraigados que han influido en las políticas públicas. Se pone de relieve que sus efectos negativos se superponen y se refuerzan mutuamente, y que con ello se exacerba y perpetúa la pobreza. En el informe se aplica un marco de derechos humanos para demostrar que, si bien la pobreza puede no ser en sí misma una violación de los derechos humanos, las acciones u omisiones de los Estados que son causa de la pobreza, la exacerban o la perpetúan, equivalen a violaciones de los derechos humanos. En este contexto, las medidas de penalización representan una grave amenaza para la observancia de las obligaciones de los Estados en materia de derechos humanos.", "II. Realidades de la pobreza: estigmatización, discriminación, penalización y exclusión", "5. Los Estados han reconocido desde hace mucho tiempo que la pobreza es una condición humana compleja que se caracteriza por la privación continua o crónica de los recursos, la capacidad, las opciones, la seguridad y el poder necesarios para disfrutar de un nivel de vida adecuado y de otros derechos civiles, culturales, económicos, políticos y sociales[2]. La pobreza no es una elección autónoma, sino más bien una situación multifacética de la que puede ser difícil, si no imposible, escapar sin ayuda. Las personas que viven en la pobreza no son culpables de su situación; en consecuencia, los Estados no deben castigarlas o penalizarlas por ello. Deben adoptar, en cambio, medidas y políticas de amplio alcance concebidas para eliminar las condiciones que son causa de la pobreza, la exacerban o la perpetúan, y asegurar la realización de todos los derechos económicos, sociales, culturales, civiles y políticos de quienes viven en la pobreza.", "6. Las políticas de penalización denotan un profundo malentendido de las realidades de la existencia de los más pobres y vulnerables, y el desconocimiento de la discriminación generalizada y de las desventajas que se refuerzan mutuamente que padecen esas personas.", "7. Las medidas de penalización responden a estereotipos discriminatorios conforme a los cuales se da por hecho que las personas en situación de pobreza son perezosas, irresponsables, indiferentes a la salud y educación de sus hijos, deshonestas, que no merecen asistencia e incluso son delincuentes. A menudo se les representa como responsables de su propio infortunio, con posibilidades de remediar su situación con solo esforzarse más. Estos prejuicios y estereotipos se suelen reafirmar en los reportajes sesgados y sensacionalistas de los medios de comunicación que apuntan en particular a las personas que viven en la pobreza y son víctimas de múltiples formas de discriminación, como las madres solteras, las minorías étnicas, los indígenas y los migrantes. Actitudes como las descritas están tan arraigadas que informan las políticas públicas y no permiten que los responsables de formularlas hagan frente a los factores sistémicos que impiden que las personas que viven en la pobreza superen su situación.", "8. Como consecuencia de la discriminación y el estigma que padecen, esas personas llegan a sentir temor e incluso hostilidad hacia las autoridades públicas, y confían poco en las instituciones que deberían proporcionarles asistencia. Con demasiada frecuencia, reciben un trato irrespetuoso y condescendiente de los encargados de formular políticas, funcionarios públicos, trabajadores sociales, agentes del orden, profesores y prestadores de servicios de salud, que no siempre reconocen y apoyan los esfuerzos de las personas que viven en la pobreza por mejorar su existencia.", "9. La estigmatización y las actitudes prejuiciosas generan un sentimiento de vergüenza, que desalienta a las personas que viven en la pobreza a acercarse a los funcionarios públicos en busca del apoyo que requieren. Para no exponerse a una discriminación social mayor aún mediante el acceso a servicios que la sociedad estigmatiza, puede que esas personas se abstengan de reclamar derechos como los vales o subvenciones para alimentos, el acceso a la vivienda pública o la atención gratuita en clínicas de salud. Así se acentúa su segregación y exclusión y se refuerza el círculo vicioso que perpetúa la pobreza por generaciones.", "10. En todos los países, sean desarrollados o en desarrollo, los más pobres y excluidos están en constante desventaja en sus relaciones con las autoridades del Estado como consecuencia de las divisiones sociales históricas y las estructuras de poder. Por efecto de las asimetrías del poder, las personas que viven en la pobreza no pueden exigir derechos ni protestar por la violación de esos derechos. Es posible que enfrenten obstáculos para comunicarse con las autoridades por ser analfabetas, por falta de información o por barreras lingüísticas, situación que se agudiza en particular en el caso de los migrantes, los pueblos indígenas, las minorías étnicas y las personas con discapacidad. Es menos probable, por consiguiente, que conozcan y entiendan sus derechos o que denuncien vulneraciones o abusos.", "11. En este sentido, las mujeres son más vulnerables a las medidas de penalización. A causa de la discriminación estructural, las mujeres están menos representadas en las estructuras de poder y, por ende, en su trato con las autoridades del Estado se ven en una situación de desventaja desproporcionada y son menores sus posibilidades de reclamar sus derechos. Las medidas de penalización a menudo acarrean consecuencias más onerosas para las mujeres que para los hombres, puesto que están excesivamente representadas entre la población pobre, tienen menos acceso a la educación, el empleo y los recursos económicos y asumen la carga principal del cuidado de la familia y el trabajo doméstico.", "12. Un obstáculo importante para romper este ciclo de penalización y pobreza es la incapacidad de las personas en situación de pobreza de tener acceso a la asistencia jurídica, ya que no están en condiciones de sufragar una representación jurídica privada y no siempre hay asistencia letrada, o es inadecuada. Sin acceso a una asistencia jurídica competente y amplia, los más pobres y excluidos ocupan una posición todavía más desfavorable en sus tratos con las autoridades, no solo cuando enfrentan una acusación de carácter penal, sino también en procesos administrativos como en casos de protección del niño, fraudes cometidos en relación con las prestaciones o procedimientos de desalojo e inmigración.", "13. Cuando las personas que viven en la pobreza carecen de acceso a la representación o asesoría legales, en particular en circunstancias en que desconocen la complejidad del lenguaje jurídico, es más probable que reciban y acepten un trato injusto o desigual. Hay mayores probabilidades de que resulten perjudicadas por la corrupción o se les pida el pago de un soborno, que permanezcan detenidas por períodos más prolongados y, si enfrentan un juicio, que sean declaradas culpables. Aun en el caso de que exista asistencia jurídica, la discriminación y las barreras lingüísticas son obstáculos poderosos cuando se busca el acceso a la justicia y a la reparación.", "III. Marco internacional de derechos humanos", "A. Igualdad y no discriminación", "14. La no discriminación y la igualdad son elementos básicos del marco normativo internacional de derechos humanos[3]. Conforme a estos principios, todas las personas en igualdad de circunstancias deben ser tratadas por igual en la ley y la práctica. Según las normas de derechos humanos, no toda distinción o diferencia de trato equivale a discriminación. Una distinción es compatible con el principio de igualdad si tiene un objetivo y una justificación razonable; aspira a un fin legítimo y existe una relación razonable de proporcionalidad entre los medios empleados y el fin buscado[4]. Así pues, un trato diferenciado (distinción, exclusión, restricción o preferencia) de las personas que viven en la pobreza debe cumplir los criterios mencionados para ser justificable con arreglo a las normas de derechos humanos.", "15. Además, no se consideran discriminatorias ciertas formas de trato preferencial que sean medidas de acción afirmativa adoptadas para beneficiar a grupos vulnerables y desfavorecidos, porque están concebidas para “reducir y eliminar las condiciones y actitudes que generan o perpetúan la discriminación sustantiva o de facto”, y alientan el disfrute de derechos en pie de igualdad[5]. Por consiguiente, las medidas de acción afirmativa en favor de las personas en situación de pobreza cuyo propósito sea corregir los desequilibrios sociales y económicos no solo están permitidas, sino que su adopción es obligatoria para los Estados con arreglo a las normas de derechos humanos. Hay discriminación únicamente cuando la diferencia de trato carece de fin legítimo o si no existe una relación razonable de proporcionalidad entre los medios empleados y el fin que se ha de alcanzar.", "16. Una intención discriminatoria no es un elemento necesario de la discriminación[6]. Por consiguiente, toda medida que tenga por objeto o como resultado anular o menoscabar el disfrute de los derechos humanos en pie de igualdad constituye una violación de las obligaciones de los Estados en materia de derechos humanos.", "17. El elemento común que unifica las medidas de penalización examinadas en el presente informe es su incapacidad de satisfacer en grado suficiente esos criterios. Todas ellas constituyen discriminación directa o indirecta de las personas que viven en la pobreza y tienen como resultado anular o menoscabar el goce o ejercicio de sus derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales.", "18. La discriminación está prohibida por varios motivos enumerados, entre los cuales figuran la posición económica y social, como lo da a entender la frase “cualquier otra condición social”, que se incluye como motivo de discriminación en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales y en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos[7]. Las medidas de penalización están dirigidas a las personas que por sus ingresos, apariencia, modo de hablar, domicilio o necesidades se les identifica como pobres. Es por ello que tales medidas claramente constituyen discriminación basada en la condición económica y social.", "B. Restricciones legítimas a los derechos humanos", "19. Las normas de derechos humanos autorizan a los Estados a limitar algunos derechos, sobre la base de que las limitaciones están justificadas en interés de la seguridad pública, la seguridad nacional o el orden público; la salud pública; o la protección de los derechos y las libertades de los demás. Para que una limitación sea legítima conforme a las normas de derechos humanos, debe respetar varias salvaguardias: estar “prescrita por la ley”, ser “compatible con la naturaleza de estos derechos”, “únicamente con los fines de promover el bienestar general” y “necesaria en una sociedad democrática”[8]. Las limitaciones permisibles también deben acatar los principios generales de las normas de derechos humanos y, por consiguiente, deben ser no discriminatorias, razonables y proporcionales[9]. El acatamiento de esos principios exige, por ejemplo, que toda medida restrictiva sea el medio apropiado de alcanzar el fin buscado, y que las limitaciones no sean más rigurosas de lo necesario para el logro de ese fin.", "20. Habida cuenta de que el objetivo primordial del marco de derechos humanos es proteger los derechos de las personas más que permitir al Estado la imposición de limitaciones, incumbe a los Estados la carga de probar que las restricciones impuestas al ejercicio de los derechos de las personas que viven en la pobreza cumplen todos esos criterios y son, por ende, legítimas, razonables y guardan proporción con el fin buscado. Las restricciones que no se ajusten a esos criterios constituyen una violación de las normas de derechos humanos.", "21. Los Estados recurren con frecuencia a las limitaciones permisibles enumeradas para justificar la adopción de medidas de penalización. Sin embargo, en la práctica, se combinan diversos factores en los motivos que las impulsan. Algunas medidas tienen por objeto eliminar toda imagen de pobreza, como cuando se retira a las personas sin hogar y a los mendigos de los centros urbanos para embellecer la ciudad y atraer inversiones y desarrollo. Otras medidas se justifican como necesarias para llegar hasta los pobres que “merecen ayuda”, o para satisfacer a quienes critican las políticas sociales “indulgentes” y así ganar apoyo político en favor de una iniciativa. Desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, es preciso analizar con cautela estas justificaciones para evaluar si la medida de penalización persigue o no un fin legítimo con arreglo a las normas de derechos humanos y si guarda o no proporción con ese fin. Los Estados no deben imponer más medidas restrictivas que las necesarias para el logro del propósito de la limitación.", "22. Se deberá prestar particular atención a las justificaciones económicas de las medidas de penalización. Las razones económicas no solo están fuera del ámbito de las limitaciones permisibles en virtud de las normas de derechos humanos, sino que además contradicen la realidad de que la aplicación de las medidas de penalización es en extremo costosa. Para aplicar estas medidas se requiere contar con un mayor número de agentes del orden y de personal de los servicios públicos; aumentar el número de funcionarios en el sistema de justicia penal; y efectuar importantes desembolsos en concepto de procedimientos de control administrativo, como la comprobación de los medios de vida y la vigilancia de las prestaciones.", "23. En muchos casos, el costo del empleo de medidas reactivas de penalización es muy superior a los costos en que se incurriría para enfrentar las causas profundas de la pobreza y la exclusión. Si los recursos destinados a las actividades de control, vigilancia y detención se invirtieran en cambio en enfrentar las causas de la pobreza y mejorar el acceso a los servicios públicos, incluida la vivienda social, los Estados podrían lograr una mejora espectacular de la situación de las personas que viven en la pobreza y asegurar que el máximo de los recursos disponibles se dedicaran a intensificar la efectividad de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales[10].", "C. Derecho a participar en la adopción de decisiones", "24. El diseño y aplicación de las medidas de penalización invariablemente se lleva a cabo sin que medie ningún diálogo significativo con las personas que viven en la pobreza. Casi siempre se pasan por alto sus experiencias y necesidades, lo que refuerza su sentimiento de impotencia. De ahí que asegurar su derecho a una participación efectiva y significativa en el proceso de adopción de decisiones sea un requisito indispensable para la eliminación de la discriminación y la pobreza.", "25. Un enfoque de derechos humanos para la erradicación de la pobreza estipula una participación libre, informada y significativa de las personas en situación de pobreza en todas las etapas del diseño, aplicación y supervisión de las políticas que las afectan. Una participación genuina no deberá entenderse solo como una afirmación del derecho de todas las personas y grupos a participar en la dirección de los asuntos públicos[11], sino también como un aspecto decisivo de la solución de la pobreza y la exclusión social. El empoderamiento de las personas que viven en la pobreza mediante esa forma de participación es además un medio de promover la inclusión social y asegurar que las políticas públicas estén diseñadas para satisfacer las necesidades particulares de los segmentos más pobres de la sociedad.", "D. Privatización y obligaciones del Estado", "26. En todos los países desarrollados y en desarrollo, se manifiesta una clara tendencia hacia la privatización y la contratación externa de algunas actividades cuya realización ha correspondido tradicionalmente al Estado. Aunque la privatización puede disminuir los costos, aumentar la eficiencia y, por consiguiente, mejorar la prestación de servicios, también puede levantar obstáculos importantes al acceso de los más pobres y vulnerables a los servicios públicos. Cuando los Estados entregan la administración de los sistemas de bienestar, salud y vivienda y de los centros de detención a entidades privadas que buscan obtener un beneficio económico y que tal vez no estén sujetas a una debida supervisión y control por parte del poder público, ponen en peligro la capacidad de las personas para tener acceso a los servicios necesarios y crean incentivos que podrían producir efectos perjudiciales en las personas que viven en la pobreza. Sin mecanismos para asegurar la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia, es posible que las entidades privadas den mayor prioridad a los beneficios que a las personas y no sean responsables de sus propios fracasos.", "27. Los Estados no deben considerar que la privatización es un medio para que puedan evadir sus responsabilidades en materia de derechos humanos. Las normas internacionales de derechos humanos no restringen la privatización de los servicios públicos; estipulan, no obstante, que cuando se subcontratan empresas privadas para la prestación de servicios públicos, los Estados siguen siendo responsables de garantizar su calidad, asequibilidad y cobertura y tiene la obligación de proteger a las personas contra los abusos cometidos por esas empresas[12].", "IV. Medidas de penalización con efectos adversos para el disfrute de los derechos humanos", "28. En la presente sección se esbozan algunos ejemplos de las consecuencias de las medidas de penalización para el disfrute de varios derechos humanos, con el fin de demostrar las múltiples ramificaciones complejas e interrelacionadas que esas medidas tienen para las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "A. Leyes, reglamentaciones y prácticas que restringen formas de comportamiento en los espacios públicos de las personas que viven en la pobreza", "29. Es cada vez más frecuente que los Estados apliquen leyes, reglamentaciones y prácticas para limitar el comportamiento, los actos y los movimientos de las personas en los espacios públicos, que dificultan mucho la vida y los medios de subsistencia de quienes viven en la pobreza. Esas medidas muestran importantes diferencias según el Estado y el territorio en que se apliquen, pero su denominador común es la penalización de actos y comportamientos considerados “indeseables” o contrarios a la tranquilidad de los espacios públicos. Para justificarlas, los Estados clasifican los comportamientos prohibidos como peligrosos o bien opuestos a la seguridad pública o al orden público, como una alteración de las actividades normales a las que están destinados los espacios públicos, o contrarios a las imágenes e ideas preconcebidas que las autoridades pretenden relacionar con esos lugares[13].", "30. Las medidas penales o reglamentarias (por ejemplo, las órdenes), con arreglo a las cuales el vagabundeo y la mendicidad son considerados actos contrarios a la ley, se vuelven cada vez más comunes en los países desarrollados y en los países en desarrollo. Estas leyes adoptan diferentes formas, desde las que prohíben pedir dinero en todos los espacios públicos, hasta las que prohíben la mendicidad en horas de la noche o de “manera agresiva”[14]. Algunas de ellas tienen un amplio campo de aplicación que abarca la realización de cualquier actividad por la que se pudiera pedir dinero, como actuar o bailar, o mostrar una herida o deformidad. En algunos Estados, es ilegal incluso que una persona se encuentre en un lugar público sin contar con medios visibles de subsistencia, porque es probable que la mendicidad sea su forma de vida[15].", "31. Es obvio que estas leyes y reglamentaciones surten un efecto desproporcionado en las personas que viven en la pobreza. Si no pueden tener acceso a un apoyo y asistencia suficientes del Estado, es posible que su única opción para subsistir sea mendigar. Castigarlas por sus actos en circunstancias en que no tienen ningún otro medio de supervivencia es a todas luces una medida punitiva fuera de proporción.", "32. La prohibición de la mendicidad y el vagabundeo representa una violación grave de los principios de igualdad y no discriminación[16]. Esas medidas otorgan a las fuerzas del orden una amplia discreción para aplicarlas e intensifican la vulnerabilidad de las personas en situación de pobreza al hostigamiento y la violencia. Solo sirven para contribuir a que se perpetúen las actitudes discriminatorias de la sociedad hacia sus miembros más pobres y vulnerables.", "33. Cada vez con mayor frecuencia, los Estados también penalizan ciertos comportamientos y actos que van vinculados al hecho de vivir en la calle, como dormir, sentarse, acostarse, tirar basura, alojarse, acampar o almacenar objetos personales en espacios públicos; embriagarse en lugares públicos; orinar en público; o cruzar la calle imprudentemente[17]. Estas reglamentaciones suelen estar redactadas en términos poco precisos, de manera que los organismos del orden disponen de amplia discreción y facultades para hacerlas cumplir, y con ello se plantea la posible violación de las salvaguardias jurídicas y constitucionales. Al poner fuera de la ley estos actos o comportamientos, los Estados aumentan el riesgo de que las personas que viven en la pobreza sean víctimas de abuso, hostigamiento, violencia, corrupción y extorsión a manos de personas a título individual y de agentes del orden.", "34. Si bien estas reglamentaciones no están dirigidas de manera expresa a las personas que viven en la pobreza, su efecto en ellas es desproporcionado. Debido a su falta de acceso, o a un acceso limitado, a la vivienda, dependen en mucho mayor grado de los espacios públicos para realizar sus actividades cotidianas. En consecuencia, las personas que no tienen otra posibilidad más que vivir en la calle se encuentran con que las actividades diarias de subsistencia las pueden poner en peligro de incurrir en sanciones penales. Aunque esas medidas son neutras en apariencia, los estudios revelan que, para las autoridades, su objetivo son las personas que viven en la pobreza, en particular las personas sin hogar[18]. Esta aplicación desproporcionada constituye una clara violación de la obligación de asegurar la igualdad y la no discriminación al poner en práctica todas las leyes y políticas.", "35. La motivación subyacente de estas medidas es, con frecuencia, la de reducir la visibilidad de la pobreza en la ciudad y atraer inversiones, desarrollo y ciudadanos (no pobres) a los centros urbanos. Estos no son fines legítimos conforme a las normas de derechos humanos y no justifican las graves sanciones que se suelen imponer al amparo de esas reglamentaciones.", "36. La aplicación de estas leyes se da en un contexto en que la crisis económica y financiera ha provocado un aumento sin precedentes de ejecuciones de hipotecas y de desalojos, forzando a un número creciente de familias a vivir en la calle. En lugar de utilizar fondos públicos para ayudar a estas familias, los Estados llevan a cabo operaciones costosas para penalizarlas por sus actos. Las personas que viven en la pobreza y sin hogar se quedan sin un lugar viable para dormir, sentarse, comer o beber cuando la infraestructura y los servicios públicos son insuficientes para ofrecer a las familias lugares alternativos donde realizar esas actividades. Estas medidas pueden producir, en consecuencia, efectos físicos y psicológicos adversos en las personas que viven en la pobreza y menoscabar su derecho a un nivel adecuado de salud física y mental e incluso equivaler a tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes[19].", "37. En varios países, se han promulgado leyes que exacerban aún más los efectos negativos de estas reglamentaciones al declarar ilegales los actos encaminados a ayudar a quienes viven en la calle. En algunos Estados, existe una legislación específica que limita las actividades de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil[20] o que prohíbe prestar asistencia en determinadas circunstancias. Por ejemplo, en algunos municipios, es ilegal compartir alimentos con grupos de personas en parques de los centros urbanos sin permiso, lo que constituye un obstáculo para las instituciones de beneficencia y otras organizaciones que se encargan de alimentar a las personas sin hogar[21]. La penalización de defensores, activistas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil constituye una violación de varios derechos humanos, como la libertad de asociación, expresión y reunión, y socava la cohesión social.", "38. Además, las personas que viven en la pobreza están sometidas de forma desproporcionada a las facultades de la policía para imponer órdenes contra comportamientos antisociales y sobre la obligación de circular, como también a las leyes sobre seguridad pública que permiten la detención y registro de personas por los agentes del orden. Estas medidas suelen ser de amplio alcance y otorgan gran discreción a los oficiales de policía, cuyas apreciaciones subjetivas no necesariamente tienen que atenerse a una rigurosa carga de la prueba[22]. En su inmensa mayoría, estas reglamentaciones van dirigidas a los grupos marginados y más vulnerables y a las zonas y comunidades donde viven. Tratándose de las personas que viven en la pobreza, el objetivo aún más frecuente son las víctimas de formas múltiples de discriminación[23]. Estas medidas responden y refuerzan las actitudes discriminatorias sobre la posibilidad de que las personas que viven en la pobreza realicen actividades delictivas, y de esta forma se perpetúa la estigmatización de la pobreza. Por ejemplo, según el reglamento para el uso del metro en la ciudad capital de un país, la policía puede retirar a las personas que molesten a otros pasajeros, entre otras cosas, por llevar “ropa sucia”[24].", "39. Un motivo de particular inquietud son las medidas de penalización dirigidas a las personas que tratan de ganarse la vida mediante la venta ambulante. En muchos Estados, esta actividad está sujeta a fuertes restricciones[25] o es ilegal[26], como lo es el acto de comprar mercancías a un vendedor ambulante[27]. Las investigaciones revelan que los vendedores ambulantes optan por esta actividad porque no tienen otra forma de percibir ingresos, su nivel de instrucción es bajo y carecen de oportunidades de empleo[28]. Para los más pobres y más vulnerables, la venta ambulante es un medio de ganar dinero para el mantenimiento y sustento de sus familias. Cuando los Estados imponen prohibiciones, licencias onerosas o fuertes restricciones a los vendedores ambulantes, menoscaban gravemente los derechos de las personas que viven en la pobreza a ganarse la vida[29].", "40. Aunque los Estados pueden adoptar reglamentaciones razonables, se suele otorgar a las fuerzas del orden amplia discreción para determinar las zonas, los días y los horarios en que las actividades de venta ambulante están prohibidas o restringidas. Esto hace a los vendedores ambulantes más vulnerables a los abusos de los agentes del orden, personas a título privado o pandillas. A ello se debe que a menudo sufran amenazas contra su vida e integridad física, y que también sean víctimas de soborno, extorsión y confiscación ilícita de sus mercancías.", "41. Si los vendedores ambulantes son objeto de acoso o soborno, o si sus mercancías son destruidas, les resulta casi imposible presentar una denuncia ante la policía debido a que enfrentan profundas desigualdades estructurales y desequilibrios de poder, obstáculos a nivel de la comunicación y la información y falta de acceso a una representación legal. En los países en que la venta ambulante es ilegal, los vendedores tienen mucho miedo de acudir a la policía para denunciar malos tratos o algún perjuicio, porque temen que se les atribuya una conducta delictiva. Esta situación es particularmente grave con respecto a los vendedores ambulantes pertenecientes a grupos vulnerables que enfrentan una discriminación generalizada y que históricamente han mantenido relaciones negativas con la policía y las autoridades, como las mujeres, los migrantes y las minorías étnicas.", "42. Los niños que viven o trabajan en la calle son particularmente vulnerables a las medidas de penalización. La vida de esos niños está definida por el abuso, la violencia y el temor, pero al recaer en ellos el estigma de la delincuencia o la ilegitimidad, son muy escasas sus posibilidades de obtener ayuda o reparación. Los niños de la calle sufren explotación, son víctimas de trata, se les obliga a realizar tareas peligrosas y son reclutados por las fuerzas armadas o por grupos armados, y no acuden a las autoridades en busca de asistencia por temor a ser objeto de mayor penalización o abuso. En muchos casos, los niños que viven en la pobreza no son inscritos al nacer, razón por la que no pueden tener acceso a los servicios básicos, como la enseñanza primaria. No les queda entonces otro recurso más que dedicarse a actividades como la venta ambulante o la mendicidad para sobrevivir[30]. Cuando estas actividades se vuelven ilegales, se ven forzados a afrontar situaciones de mayor peligro y abuso.", "43. Es absurdo que las reglamentaciones que penalizan los comportamientos vinculados a la pobreza y la falta de vivienda con frecuencia impongan multas que las personas en situación de pobreza no están en condiciones de pagar. El resultado ilógico de una multa no pagada suele ser la imposición de otra multa más, o incluso una pena de prisión. En un país, por ejemplo, hubo miles de encarcelados en un solo año por no pagar las multas ordenadas por los tribunales[31]. La imposición de condenas de prisión por el impago de multas a quienes no están en condiciones de pagarlas no solo representa un dispendio considerable de recursos financieros y administrativos del Estado, sino que contribuye además en grado importante a perpetuar la exclusión social y las dificultades económicas de las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "B. Reglamentaciones y medidas de planificación urbana", "44. En varios países, la transformación de las ciudades mediante políticas de aburguesamiento, la privatización de la vivienda social, la reurbanización y la aprobación de leyes de zonificación han provocado que las personas en situación de pobreza se hayan visto obligadas a abandonar las zonas urbanas deprimidas con consecuencias adversas para su disfrute no solo del derecho a una vivienda adecuada, sino de una amplia variedad de otros derechos.", "45. Como un medio de lograr que las ciudades sean más “seguras” y atractivas para los inversionistas, los promotores inmobiliarios y los segmentos más prósperos de la sociedad, los Estados recurren cada vez más a las leyes de zonificación para dar preferencia a los usos de la tierra que excluyen a los más pobres y más vulnerables, como son las “comunidades protegidas”, las viviendas de lujo o de alto costo y una gran infraestructura para deportes. Las autoridades emprenden demoliciones de barrios enteros y sacan a los residentes con el propósito de rehabilitar, renovar y preservar el patrimonio histórico y cultural de la ciudad[32], o para crear espacio para proyectos de desarrollo e infraestructura[33]. Como resultado de ello, estas zonas se vuelven demasiado caras para que regresen a ellas las personas que viven en la pobreza y quedan relegadas a viviendas en barrios más baratos y geográficamente más alejados, menos accesibles y con servicios deficientes. En muchos casos, esas personas sufren desalojos forzosos sin previo aviso, son víctimas de violencia y sus pertenencias dañadas o destruidas. Las personas en situación de pobreza pocas veces pueden tener acceso a vías de recurso y reparación tras un desalojo, y se les priva de indemnización, restitución y reasentamiento.", "46. Estas políticas no solo tienen graves repercusiones para el carácter incluyente y diverso de las ciudades, y acentúan la segregación y exclusión social de quienes viven en la pobreza, sino que representan además serios obstáculos para el goce de los derechos a una vivienda adecuada, a trabajar, a un nivel de vida adecuado y a participar en la vida cultural[34].", "47. Cuando se les aparta de los centros urbanos, las personas que viven en la pobreza quedan geográficamente alejadas de los puestos de trabajo, los mercados, las instituciones educativas y los centros de salud. A su vez, esta circunstancia restringe su acceso a los centros urbanos, los servicios públicos y los recursos económicos, e incrementa sus costos de oportunidad y transporte y, por consiguiente, enfrentan otros obstáculos para conseguir empleo. El hecho de vivir en lugares apartados de los centros urbanos entraña también la exclusión de las instalaciones y de la vida cultural de las zonas urbanas, lo que contribuye aun más a la sensación de aislamiento y exclusión que experimentan las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "48. Los proyectos públicos y privatizados de infraestructura en gran escala, en particular los relacionados con mega acontecimientos como los Juegos Olímpicos o la Copa Mundial de Fútbol, exacerban aún más la segregación de los pobres de los espacios públicos. Durante esas celebraciones deportivas, las autoridades suelen retirar de las zonas urbanas a las personas que viven en la pobreza para reubicarlas en suburbios alejados, a menudo por la fuerza, sin garantizarles una alternativa de vivienda o el acceso a vías de recurso e indemnización, en violación flagrante de su derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Por ejemplo, en Seúl, como parte de los preparativos para la celebración de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2002, se prohibió la presencia de personas sin hogar en lugares especificados de la ciudad, mientras que durante los Juegos Olímpicos de 1988 se mantuvo detenidas a personas sin hogar en establecimientos fuera de la ciudad. También se tomaron disposiciones para trasladar o penalizar a personas sin hogar cuando se celebraron los Juegos Olímpicos en Barcelona y en Atlanta[35]. El efecto práctico de las iniciativas de esa naturaleza es el completo desplazamiento de los más pobres y más marginados y su sustitución por obras de infraestructura que esas personas no necesitan y a las que no pueden tener acceso, como son hoteles, instalaciones deportivas y edificios de oficinas.", "C. Requisitos y condiciones para regular el acceso a los servicios públicos y las prestaciones sociales", "49. Un hecho cada vez más común es que los Estados impongan requisitos y condiciones estrictas para regular el acceso a los servicios públicos y las prestaciones sociales[36]. Con objeto de justificar estas medidas, los Estados apuntan a la necesidad de aprovechar de manera eficiente los recursos públicos, precisar mejor los objetivos, evitar la dependencia, eliminar los desincentivos para trabajar e impedir abusos del sistema. Aunque puede tratarse de preocupaciones válidas, las medidas en cuestión a menudo producen efectos totalmente fuera de proporción con el fin para el que están previstas. Mediante la imposición de un exceso de requisitos y condiciones para regular el acceso a los servicios y prestaciones, así como fuertes sanciones por incumplimiento, los Estados castigan y humillan a las personas que viven en la pobreza y socavan su autonomía, exacerbando así las dificultades que enfrentan para superar su situación. Además, los beneficiarios permanecen en un estado de incertidumbre ante su futuro y no pueden hacer planes a largo plazo.", "50. El apoyo a estas medidas no se basa en pruebas contundentes de su eficacia y eficiencia económica, sino más bien en estigmas y estereotipos discriminatorios, perpetuados en los medios de comunicación, que hacen aparecer a los receptores de las prestaciones sociales como perezosos, deshonestos y poco fiables. Es frecuente que los requisitos y las condiciones se sustenten en actitudes paternalistas arraigadas: los responsables de la formulación de políticas creen que actúan en el interés superior de las personas que viven en la pobreza en quienes no se puede confiar en que adopten decisiones con respecto a ellas y sus familias.", "51. Estas medidas menoscaban la autonomía de los beneficiarios y les impiden elegir por sí solos, pero además constituyen una amenaza para su disfrute de varios derechos humanos, como el derecho a participar en las decisiones que los afectan de manera directa[37] y a no ser objeto de injerencias arbitrarias o ilegales por parte del Estado en su vida privada, su familia, su domicilio o su correspondencia[38]. Teniendo en cuenta que el incumplimiento de un exceso de condiciones y requisitos lleva a la exclusión de las prestaciones sociales, las personas con derecho a recibirlas viven en un constante estado de ansiedad y temor de que se les retiren y, con ellas, su medio primordial de supervivencia. La vida en esas circunstancias produce efectos acumulativos que amenazan el derecho de los beneficiarios al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental[39].", "52. En muchos países, las personas con derecho a percibir prestaciones sociales tienen que probarlo mediante una cantidad excesiva de documentación y la declaración de información personal que no es pertinente. Este proceso suele ser estresante y degradante para los beneficiarios. Las personas que viven en la pobreza enfrentan diversos obstáculos y costos para tener acceso a los documentos oficiales. Estos pueden ser costosos y de difícil acceso para las personas sin domicilio fijo y carentes de un documento de identidad. Esta situación es muy común en los países en desarrollo, donde algunas de las personas más vulnerables y excluidas, en particular las mujeres y las minorías étnicas, no son inscritas al nacer. Para obtener esos documentos también es preciso interactuar con funcionarios públicos que muchas veces no conocen en grado suficiente las necesidades y circunstancias específicas de las personas que viven en la pobreza. Hay indicios de que los administradores de las prestaciones sociales se muestran en general desconsiderados o poco comprensivos con los beneficiarios quienes, además de los obstáculos burocráticos, deben superar deficiencias en educación, alfabetización y comunicación cuando tratan de cumplir con requisitos casi siempre complejos y poco claros.", "53. No es extraño que la percepción de prestaciones sociales vaya vinculada a condiciones onerosas para obtener apoyo político y asegurar a la opinión pública que solo reciben ayuda los pobres que lo merecen. Por ejemplo, algunos programas de transferencias monetarias condicionadas establecidos en países de ingresos bajos y medios abonan cantidades en efectivo a jefes de familia (en general, mujeres) a cambio de su compromiso de hacer algo en retribución, por ejemplo, matricular a los niños en la escuela y asegurarse de su asistencia, o participar en programas de salud. Aunque estas condiciones alientan en efecto la inversión en capital humano, también imponen cargas adicionales a las mujeres, cuyas necesidades no siempre se atienden cuando se diseña el programa. La falta de un enfoque serio basado en el género puede perpetuar los estereotipos de género sobre las funciones y responsabilidades tradicionales dentro de la familia y desencadenar la violencia doméstica[40].", "54. En algunos de estos programas, el incumplimiento de las condiciones da lugar a la cancelación inmediata de las prestaciones, sin que primero se evalúen las razones del incumplimiento. Esto también significa que la familia a menudo no puede volver a solicitar su ingreso al programa, a pesar de sus necesidades y de los motivos por los que no ha cumplido.", "55. La condicionalidad socava la autonomía de los beneficiarios y refuerza el estereotipo de que las personas que viven en la pobreza son incapaces de tomar decisiones responsables. Hay pruebas de que, con recursos suficientes, las familias pobres harían las mismas inversiones en educación y salud aun en ausencia de condiciones[41]. Así pues, los costos administrativos adicionales que entrañan el diseño, la aplicación y la vigilancia del mecanismo de cumplimiento de las condiciones tendrían una mejor utilización si se invirtieran en la ampliación y el mantenimiento de los servicios públicos.", "56. Otra condición que los Estados estipulan cada vez con mayor frecuencia es que las personas que reciben prestaciones ya sea de desempleo, para progenitores sin pareja o por discapacidad participen en programas de empleo o capacitación. Aunque la transferencia de las aptitudes y los conocimientos necesarios para la reintegración en la fuerza de trabajo puede ser un objetivo importante, estos programas se suelen aplicar sin que existan condiciones propicias, como servicios de guardería, o sin que se tengan en cuenta obstáculos estructurales, como las realidades del actual mercado laboral caracterizado por una tasa alta de desempleo y por industrias en rápido proceso de modernización. En los programas se insiste mucho en que los beneficiarios dejen de recibir prestaciones para ocupar en cambio un puesto de trabajo, sin que se preste la debida atención a las necesidades reales de esas personas y casi siempre sin proporcionarles la asistencia que requieren para tener un trabajo sostenible, productivo y decente[42].", "57. Para asegurarse de que los beneficiarios cumplen las condiciones y requisitos establecidos, los Estados los someten a exámenes intensivos y a investigaciones intrusivas. Los administradores de las prestaciones sociales están facultados para hacer preguntas a los beneficiarios acerca de una amplia variedad de cuestiones personales y registrar sus domicilios en busca de indicios de actividades fraudulentas[43]. Los beneficiarios tienen que presentarse periódicamente y revelar cantidades excesivas de información cuando se les pida. En algunos países, deben someterse incluso a una detección obligatoria de uso de drogas. También deben dar su consentimiento para que las autoridades sometan todos los aspectos de su vida a un examen minucioso y hagan preguntas a sus amigos, colegas y conocidos[44]. Se alienta a los beneficiarios a que se vigilen unos a otros y a que comuniquen todo abuso a los administradores de los programas en forma anónima. Estas medidas intrusivas menoscaban la independencia personal de los beneficiarios, son una grave injerencia en su derecho a la privacidad y la vida familiar, los vuelve vulnerables al abuso y el hostigamiento y debilita la solidaridad comunitaria.", "58. La introducción de la biometría a los sistemas de prestaciones sociales significa que, en algunos Estados, los beneficiarios deben someterse a la tecnología de reconocimiento facial, imágenes de huellas dactilares y escaneo del iris[45]. Estos mecanismos otorgan a los Estados amplias facultades y discreción para vigilar y tener injerencia en la vida de los beneficiarios. Con frecuencia, la información obtenida se pone a disposición de otras autoridades para fines distintos de los originales, sin consentimiento de los beneficiarios[46]. Las prácticas de esta índole constituyen una grave amenaza para la protección de los datos personales y para el derecho a tener acceso a la información personal propia y a controlarla.", "59. Las políticas de supervisión tratan a los beneficiarios como si fuesen delincuentes y los hacen sentirse culpables, inquietos y avergonzados. Aunque son necesarios algunos mecanismos de control, se requiere que sean razonables y proporcionales. Por ejemplo, hay indicios de que la variedad de mecanismos de control y supervisión empleados por los Estados para administrar las prestaciones sociales no guarda, a todas luces, ninguna proporción con el número de casos de fraude cometidos en relación con esas prestaciones. Los sobrepagos de estas son a menudo producto de errores administrativos del Estado, más que de un fraude por parte del beneficiario[47]. Cuando el sobrepago es atribuible a los beneficiarios, es mucho más probable que se deba a un error, y no a un fraude, y cuando en efecto se comete un fraude suele ser un acto oportunista de escasa importancia con respecto a cantidades pequeñas de dinero de subsistencia. Sin embargo, según lo presentan los responsables de la formulación de políticas, el fraude con las prestaciones sociales es un problema omnipresente y para combatirlo se destinan cuantiosos recursos. La retórica política se centra de forma desproporcionada en el fraude relacionado con las prestaciones sociales colocándolo por encima del fraude fiscal, cuyo costo impone una carga mucho mayor al Estado, y se esgrimen casos de fraude con prestaciones para influir en el discurso público sobre la pobreza[48].", "60. Los fraudes con las prestaciones sociales y el incumplimiento de las condiciones para percibirlas son objeto de una condena enérgica del público y de una persecución rigurosa por parte de las autoridades[49]. Cuando se demuestra que se ha cometido un fraude, puede suceder que se reduzca la cuantía de la prestación para sufragar el reembolso de la cantidad defraudada, y se inicie un proceso penal en contra del responsable[50]. Si el beneficiario es declarado culpable de fraude, puede quedar fuera del sistema de prestaciones sociales durante el resto de su vida. Si los beneficiarios tienen órdenes judiciales pendientes, es probable que se suspenda el pago de sus prestaciones sociales hasta que queden resueltas las órdenes, o que se les conceda una exención. Estas medidas son extremadamente severas y tendrán graves consecuencias para las personas que están luchando contra la pobreza y la exclusión, pues perpetúan la desventaja que las induce a depender de las prestaciones sociales en primer lugar.", "61. La exclusión de la asistencia en forma de prestaciones sociales repercute con especial dureza en las mujeres, que constituyen la mayoría de los beneficiarios y en las que recae en general la responsabilidad principal por el cuidado de los hijos y el sostenimiento del hogar. Si se deniega a las mujeres el acceso a las prestaciones sociales, toda la familia sufre las consecuencias. Por otra parte, es más probable que las mujeres sigan manteniendo o reanuden una relación abusiva, o que se vean obligadas a vivir en otras situaciones vulnerables, si no pueden tener acceso a las prestaciones sociales[51].", "62. Las mujeres también están expuestas a la injerencia del Estado en su vida privada y familiar en otros sentidos. En particular, la preferencia cada vez más marcada de los Estados por las intervenciones de protección de la infancia afecta de manera abrumadora a las mujeres pobres en concreto[52], y a las personas que viven en la pobreza en términos más generales. Las investigaciones revelan un vínculo claro y consistente entre las intervenciones de protección de la infancia y la situación de desventaja y marginación de las familias afectadas[53]. La pobreza no debe confundirse con abandono del niño. Los Estados suelen seleccionar de manera desproporcionada a los niños en las familias pobres para iniciar procedimientos de protección de la infancia, en lugar de dirigir sus esfuerzos hacia la solución de las causas profundas de la pobreza infantil.", "63. Las personas que viven en la pobreza tienen que luchar para sortear el proceso de protección de los niños, que en muchos países es intrusivo y contencioso en extremo. Las intervenciones de protección de la infancia no siempre consiguen proporcionar a las familias información suficiente sobre el proceso, y en muchos países no está prevista la asistencia letrada gratuita en procedimientos en ese ámbito. Existe, por consiguiente, un grave desequilibrio de poder entre el Estado y las familias en situación de pobreza, y el riesgo real de que el proceso judicial culmine en la anulación o limitación innecesaria de los derechos de los progenitores o produzca otros resultados perjudiciales para el interés superior del niño.", "64. Aunque los niños tienen derecho a crecer en un entorno seguro en el que se les proporcionen cuidados, también tienen derecho a no ser separados de sus padres biológicos, a menos que la separación sea en el interés superior del niño[54]. El objetivo de los procedimientos de protección de la infancia deberá ser siempre el interés superior del niño, y no la penalización de los padres. Su criminalización por el abandono y el abuso de los hijos, pese a su importancia, no ofrece una solución satisfactoria a la pobreza y la exclusión.", "D. Recurso excesivo y arbitrario a la detención y el encarcelamiento", "65. Debido a que los agentes del orden suelen utilizar la “pobreza”, la “falta de vivienda” y la situación de “desventaja” como un indicador de delincuencia, las personas que viven en la pobreza entran en contacto con el sistema de justicia penal con una frecuencia desproporcionada. También tropiezan con obstáculos importantes dentro del sistema o para salir de él. Un número desproporcionadamente elevado de los más pobres y de los más excluidos son arrestados, detenidos y encarcelados.", "66. En los países en desarrollo y en los países desarrollados, la libertad provisional bajo fianza está sujeta a condiciones cada vez más rigurosas y onerosas que obligan a los detenidos, por ejemplo, a demostrar sus conexiones con la comunidad, tener un domicilio fijo o un empleo permanente, presentarse periódicamente ante la policía, realizar un depósito en efectivo u ofrecer una caución de garantía. En la gran mayoría de los casos, se trata de requisitos imposibles de cumplir para los más pobres y los más marginados y, por consiguiente, lo más probable es que permanezcan en detención preventiva. Con ello aumenta de manera drástica la posibilidad de que terminen por ser sentenciados, viéndose entonces en una posición vulnerable en que estarán más dispuestos a aceptar un acuerdo injusto con la fiscalía o a admitir su culpabilidad para quedar más pronto en libertad, lo que también contribuye al deterioro de su aspecto y comportamiento, dificulta su capacidad de mantener contacto con los abogados o conseguir testimonios de testigos sobre su solvencia moral y hace que pierdan su empleo o vivienda, todo lo cual priva al tribunal de incentivos para dictar una sentencia condicional o de prestación de servicios comunitarios[55].", "67. La incapacidad de tener acceso a una asistencia jurídica competente y amplia plantea una grave amenaza para los derechos humanos de las personas que viven en la pobreza. Sin una representación o asesoramiento adecuados, es más probable que los detenidos sean declarados culpables. Mientras permanecen detenidos, no tienen medios a su alcance para protestar por la violación de sus derechos, que se manifiesta en condiciones inseguras o insalubres, malos tratos físicos o mentales o demoras excesivas, y es más probable que se les exija el pago de sobornos, que difícilmente podrán hacer.", "68. Los costos económicos y sociales de la detención y el encarcelamiento pueden ser devastadores para las personas que viven en la pobreza. La detención no solo entraña la pérdida temporal de un ingreso, sino que a menudo conduce a la pérdida de empleo, en particular cuando las personas trabajan en el sector no estructurado. El hecho de tener antecedentes penales genera un nuevo obstáculo para encontrar empleo. La detención y el encarcelamiento, incluso por infracciones no violentas, a menudo traerán consigo el retiro temporal o permanente de las prestaciones sociales o la denegación de acceso a la vivienda social, tanto para la persona detenida como para su familia[56].", "69. Las familias se ven obligadas a gastar sus ingresos limitados o a vender activos para sufragar la fianza, la asistencia legal, el acceso a bienes y servicios dentro de los establecimientos carcelarios (por ejemplo, alimentos o el uso del teléfono), o los traslados para visitar al detenido. La educación de los niños también sufre alteraciones cuando sus progenitores están detenidos. En este contexto, la detención representa una grave amenaza para la estabilidad financiera de toda la familia de la persona detenida y contribuye a perpetuar el ciclo de la pobreza.", "70. Por otra parte, la detención y el encarcelamiento pueden tener serias consecuencias para la salud de los más pobres y más vulnerables, que posiblemente se vean sometidos a los peores tratos y condiciones, incluido el hacinamiento de las celdas, instalaciones sanitarias inadecuadas, la transmisión desenfrenada de enfermedades y una atención de salud inadecuada. En algunos casos, el hacinamiento en las cárceles puede producir efectos tan graves en los detenidos que constituyen incluso una forma de tratos crueles e inhumanos[57].", "71. Es probable, por consiguiente, que las personas pobres y vulnerables, al salir de la cárcel, se encuentren en una situación de desventaja desproporcionada desde el punto de vista financiero, físico y personal. Tras su liberación, se encontrarán con que sus activos se han agotado, tienen menos oportunidades de empleo y un acceso limitado a las prestaciones sociales y se han roto sus vínculos con la comunidad y con sus familiares, además de que serán objeto de una mayor estigmatización y exclusión social, con lo que se reducirán aún más sus posibilidades de escapar de la pobreza.", "V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "72. La pobreza es una condición compleja y multifacética que se exacerba y perpetúa por efecto de las medidas con las cuales, de manera directa o indirecta, se castiga, segrega y controla a las personas que la padecen, y se socava su autonomía. Las medidas de esa naturaleza menoscaban la capacidad de las personas que viven en la pobreza de ejercer una gran variedad de derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales, y así se agrava y prolonga el ciclo de pobreza y exclusión.", "73. En un intento por justificar la restricción de los derechos humanos con medidas de penalización, los Estados suelen invocar como motivos la seguridad pública, la salud pública y la seguridad nacional. Sin embargo, las normas de derechos humanos establecen requisitos estrictos para la imposición de limitaciones a los derechos individuales. Toda restricción al disfrute de los derechos humanos de las personas que viven en la pobreza debe acatar varias salvaguardias, como la necesidad de que esté prescrita por la ley, que sea no discriminatoria y proporcional, y que tenga un fin legítimo. Recae en los Estados la carga de probar que una limitación impuesta al ejercicio de los derechos de las personas en situación de pobreza es conforme a lo dispuesto en las normas internacionales de derechos humanos.", "74. Las medidas de penalización obedecen con frecuencia a prejuicios y estereotipos negativos que no tienen en cuenta las realidades de desventaja y exclusión ni reconocen la lucha cotidiana de las personas que viven en la pobreza para superar los múltiples obstáculos que enfrentan. No se elige la pobreza como estilo de vida. Las personas sin hogar preferirían una vivienda segura, asequible y adecuada a los parques públicos o las estaciones de autobuses. Quienes luchan por sobrevivir con prestaciones sociales preferirían un empleo seguro, estable, bien remunerado y productivo a estar expuestos a la discriminación y vivir en constante temor de verse privados de sus derechos. Las personas no eligen vivir en la pobreza y, por ende, no hay que castigarlas por su situación.", "75. Las medidas que dan lugar a la penalización de quienes viven en la pobreza no surten ningún efecto en las causas profundas de la pobreza y la exclusión social. Solo sirven para acentuar aún más las múltiples privaciones que aquejan a los pobres y levantar obstáculos contra la reducción de la pobreza y la inclusión social. Por consiguiente, menoscaban mucho la capacidad de los Estados de cumplir sus obligaciones de respetar, proteger y asegurar el ejercicio de los derechos humanos.", "76. En lugar de penalizar a los más pobres por su situación, los Estados deben adoptar medidas positivas para derribar los obstáculos jurídicos, económicos, sociales y administrativos con que tropiezan esas personas para tener acceso a la alimentación, la vivienda, el empleo, la educación y los servicios de salud, y que les impiden gozar sus derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en condiciones de igualdad con el resto de la población y como parte de una comunidad incluyente.", "77. La obligación dimanante de las normas de derechos humanos de asegurar, por lo menos, la satisfacción de un nivel esencial mínimo de todos los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales entraña la responsabilidad de garantizar un nivel de vida adecuado mediante la subsistencia básica, lo que supone prestar servicios esenciales de atención primaria de salud, vivienda básica y formas básicas de educación. En lugar de destinar recursos escasos a la aplicación de medidas de penalización costosas, los Estados deben orientar los máximos recursos disponibles hacia iniciativas que permitan a las personas en situación de pobreza disfrutar de todos los derechos económicos, políticos, sociales, civiles y culturales.", "78. La transformación urbana, la privatización, el aburguesamiento, el embellecimiento y la reurbanización de las ciudades pueden socavar profundamente varios derechos de las personas que viven en la pobreza y contribuir a su exclusión y estigmatización. Estos fenómenos las empujan en forma gradual hacia la periferia de los centros urbanos, poniendo en peligro su capacidad de tener acceso al empleo y a los servicios públicos y de ejercer el derecho a participar en la vida cultural. Conforme al concepto de lo que resulta adecuado en relación con el derecho a la vivienda, es preciso tomar en consideración, entre otros elementos, factores como la disponibilidad de servicios e infraestructura, la asequibilidad y la accesibilidad. Los Estados deben abstenerse además de efectuar desalojos forzosos.", "79. Los servicios públicos y las prestaciones sociales desempeñan un papel integral en la vida de las personas en situación de pobreza, al ofrecerles apoyo y asistencia importantes, en particular en épocas de dificultades económicas y sociales. Estas prestaciones, aunque no siempre bastan para satisfacer las necesidades de los beneficiarios y de sus familias, les proporcionan una importante forma de apoyo al que tienen derecho, y sin el cual no sobrevivirían. Los Estados deben abstenerse de imponer requisitos y condiciones que estigmatizan, penalizan y encasillan en estereotipos a los beneficiarios. Lo único que se logra con esas medidas es socavar el apoyo fundamental que brindan las prestaciones sociales y crear nuevos obstáculos para las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "80. Si bien la prevención del fraude es un fin legítimo, las medidas consistentes, por ejemplo, en políticas invasivas de supervisión, condiciones onerosas, requisitos excesivos en materia de declaración de información y un control excesivo de los sistemas de prestaciones sociales no guardan proporción con el fin que persiguen, son producto de actitudes y prácticas discriminatorias manifiestas y encubiertas y no sirven más que para consolidar la pobreza que padecen los beneficiarios.", "81. Habida cuenta de que la detención, el encarcelamiento y la institucionalización tienen efectos negativos muy amplios y duraderos en las personas que viven en la pobreza, los Estados no deben recurrir a la privación de la libertad más que en la medida en que sea preciso hacerlo para satisfacer una necesidad apremiante de la sociedad, y de manera proporcional a esa necesidad. Cuando estén encarceladas, las personas más pobres y más vulnerables deben tener igualdad de acceso a procedimientos judiciales libres, justos y eficientes y disfrutar de los mismos derechos a condiciones humanas y a un trato respetuoso que los segmentos más prósperos de la sociedad.", "82. En este contexto, la Relatora Especial desea formular las siguientes recomendaciones:", "a) Los Estados tomarán todas las medidas necesarias para eliminar todas las formas de discriminación directa e indirecta contra las personas que viven en la pobreza. Los Estados deben abstenerse de aprobar leyes, reglamentaciones o prácticas por las que se deniegue o limite el acceso de las personas en situación de pobreza al disfrute de todos sus derechos, incluso los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. Los Estados deben revisar su legislación nacional para evaluar si tiene consecuencias discriminatorias para esas personas y revocará o enmendará las leyes cuyo propósito o efecto sea menoscabar el igual disfrute de los derechos de las personas que viven en la pobreza;", "b) Para impedir la discriminación en el futuro, se deben aprobar leyes amplias contra la discriminación de las personas que viven en la pobreza. Los Estados se asegurarán de que por ley esté prohibida la discriminación basada en la condición económica y social y que los tribunales apliquen esa prohibición;", "c) Los Estados adoptarán medidas especiales para proteger a las personas en situación de pobreza de la violación de sus derechos por terceros. Para ello, los Estados deberán:", "i) Llevar a cabo programas educativos y campañas para concientizar a la población de los múltiples obstáculos que enfrentan las personas que viven en la pobreza para superar su situación;", "ii) Alentar a los medios a que eviten los reportajes sesgados y una cobertura sensacionalista que perpetúan los estereotipos discriminatorios de las personas que viven en la pobreza. Con ese fin, los Estados deberían promover el periodismo ético y estimular la adopción de códigos de conducta para poner fin a la representación negativa de las personas en situación de pobreza, sin hogar o desempleadas y de los beneficiarios de las prestaciones sociales;", "iii) Velar por que los prestadores privados de servicios públicos, y otras entidades no públicas, no discriminen a quienes viven en la pobreza. Los Estados aprobarán medidas legislativas para impedir y castigar las violaciones de los derechos de esas personas por entidades privadas;", "d) Los Estados crearán un entorno que facilite la participación de las personas que viven en la pobreza en la vida pública y en las decisiones que afectan su vida. Para ello, los Estados deben identificar y resolver los impedimentos institucionales para la participación plena de los grupos vulnerables y marginados en los procesos de adopción de decisiones;", "e) El acceso a la representación jurídica es de suma importancia, ya que todas las formas de penalización de las personas que viven en la pobreza se sustentan en una carencia de esa índole. Los Estados se asegurarán de que los segmentos más pobres de la sociedad dispongan de asistencia jurídica de calidad, no solo para procedimientos penales sino también con respecto a cuestiones de particular pertinencia para las personas en situación de pobreza, como son los recursos por retiro de prestaciones sociales y los procedimientos de desalojo y de protección de la infancia;", "f) Los Estados deben asegurarse de que todas las políticas penales y reglamentarias se ajusten a las normas de derechos humanos, incluidos los principios de igualdad y no discriminación y la presunción de inocencia. Las leyes específicamente dirigidas hacia los comportamientos y actos particulares de las personas que viven en la pobreza equivalen a una discriminación basada en la condición económica y social, y serán revocadas;", "g) Los Estados recordarán sus obligaciones de asegurar el derecho de toda persona a una vivienda adecuada como parte del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado. Para el disfrute de este derecho, los Estados deben garantizar que la vivienda sea asequible y permita el acceso a los servicios sociales y la infraestructura. Deben abstenerse asimismo de realizar desalojos forzosos. Cuando los desalojos sean inevitables, los Estados se asegurarán de que se lleven a cabo de forma que se respete la dignidad y el derecho a la vida y a la seguridad de las personas afectadas[58];", "h) En el diseño y la aplicación de los sistemas de prestaciones sociales se deben cumplir las normas de derechos humanos, incluidos los derechos de las personas que viven en la pobreza a la privacidad y la vida familiar y a participar en las decisiones que las afectan. Se deben revisar las políticas de supervisión, las condiciones y otros requisitos para cerciorarse de que no constituyen una violación de las obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos por imponer una carga desproporcionada en las personas en situación de pobreza. Al recabar y procesar información sobre los beneficiarios, los Estados se asegurarán de que se observan las normas de privacidad y confidencialidad internacionalmente aceptadas, y no divulgarán esa información a otras autoridades ni la utilizarán para otros fines sin el consentimiento del beneficiario;", "i) Los Estados solo deben recurrir a la detención y el encarcelamiento cuando resulte preciso hacerlo para satisfacer una necesidad apremiante de la sociedad, y de forma proporcional con esa necesidad. Los Estados deben asegurarse de que el arresto o la detención no afecten de manera desproporcionada a las personas que viven en la pobreza. Con ese fin, los Estados deberán:", "i) Revisar todas las políticas y leyes sobre detención y encarcelamiento, para determinar si existen y, en su caso, eliminar las leyes y prácticas discriminatorias que en forma desproporcionada colocan en desventaja a las personas que viven en la pobreza. Se deberán poner en práctica medidas que permitan a la policía, los tribunales y los funcionarios públicos hacer una evaluación adecuada de los posibles efectos de la detención o el encarcelamiento a la luz de las circunstancias de cada persona;", "ii) Asegurar que, en la máxima medida posible, al fijar la cuantía de las fianzas se tengan en cuenta las circunstancias económicas y sociales de las personas que viven en la pobreza.", "[1] Se puede obtener más información sobre la reunión en www.ichrp.org/en/projects/162.", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10, párr. 8.", "[3] Véase, por ejemplo, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 2; el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 2; el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, arts. 2 y 26; la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, art. 1; la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, art. 2; la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, art. 2; la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad, art. 5.", "[4] Véase, por ejemplo, la Observación general núm. 20 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales; la Observación general núm. 18 del Comité de Derechos Humanos; la Observación general núm. 14 del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial; el asunto Marckx contra Bélgica del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, solicitud núm. 6833/74, decisión de 13 de junio de 1979, párr. 33; la opinión consultiva núm. 4 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre las enmiendas propuestas a las disposiciones de la Constitución de Costa Rica sobre la naturalización, OC-4/84, de 19 de enero de 1984, párr. 57.", "[5] Observación general núm. 20, párr. 8, del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[6] Observación general núm. 20, párrs. 5, 10 y 12, del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales; Observación general núm. 18, párr. 9, del Comité de Derechos Humanos; Recomendación general núm. 14, párr. 1, del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial; Recomendación general núm. 28, párr. 16, del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer.", "[7] En su jurisprudencia, el Comité de Derechos Humanos ha reiterado que la lista de motivos de discriminación no es exhaustiva y que la frase “cualquier otra condición social” no está sujeta a una sola interpretación. Véase también la Observación general núm. 20, párr. 35, del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. En el artículo 1 de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos se incluye de manera expresa la condición económica y social entre los motivos de discriminación. Otros motivos prohibidos de discriminación, como “la posición económica” e incluso “el origen social”, también pueden ser pertinentes al abordar cuestiones relacionadas con la pobreza.", "[8] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, arts. 18, 19, 21 y 22; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 4; Carta Social Europea, art. 31.1; Protocolo de San Salvador, art. 5. En otros documentos se ha abordado de manera exhaustiva el contenido de estas prescripciones. Véanse, por ejemplo, los Principios de Siracusa sobre las disposiciones de limitación y derogación del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (E/CN.4/1985/4, anexo) y los Principios de Limburg sobre la Aplicación del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (E/CN.4/1987/17, anexo).", "[9] Véanse los principios 10 y 16 de los Principios de Siracusa y el principio 60 de los Principios de Limburg (nota 8 supra).", "[10] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 2.1.", "[11] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 21; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, art. 25.", "[12] Observación general núm. 14 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[13] Antonio Tossi, “Homelessness and the control of public space: criminalizing the poor?”, European Journal of Homelessness, vol. 1 (diciembre de 2007), pág. 226.", "[14] Véase, por ejemplo, el artículo 2 de la Ley de seguridad de la vía pública, de 1999 (Ontario (Canadá)); el artículo 2.1 de la Ley de seguridad de la vía pública, de 2004 (Columbia Británica (Canadá)); y el artículo 3 de la Ley contra el vagabundeo, de 1824 (Reino Unido).", "[15] Artículo 2.1 de la Ley de Bombay (prevención de la mendicidad) de 1959.", "[16] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, art. 26.", "[17] Por ejemplo, de un total de 235 municipios de los Estados Unidos comprendidos en un estudio, en el 33% estaba prohibido acampar y en el 30% estaba prohibido sentarse o acostarse en ciertos lugares públicos. Véase National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty y National Coalition for the Homeless, “Homes not handcuffs”, julio de 2009. Se puede consultar en www.nlchp.org.", "[18] James Farrell, “Moving on, moving out: police powers and public spaces in Australia”; será publicado en agosto de 2011 por openDemocracy (www.opendemocracy.net).", "[19] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 5; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 12; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, art. 7. En varias jurisdicciones de los Estados Unidos se ha aceptado el argumento de que castigar a las personas sin hogar por actos que no tienen más remedio que realizar en público puede equivaler a tratos crueles e inhumanos. Véanse los asuntos Pottinger contra ciudad de Miami 76 F.3d 1154 (11º Cir. 1996); y Johnson contra ciudad de Dallas 61 F.3d 442 (5º Cir. 1995).", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana y Netsanet Belay, “Civil society: the clampdown is real–global trends 2009-2010”, Civicus World Alliance for Citizen Participation, diciembre de 2010. Se puede consultar en www.civicus.org.", "[21] Véase, por ejemplo, el artículo 18A.01 del Código de la ciudad de Orlando, Florida (Estados Unidos). Véase también “Homes not handcuffs” (nota 17 supra), pág. 11.", "[22] Véase George Lavendar, “Gang injunctions just criminalize poor communities”, The Guardian, 1 de febrero de 2011.", "[23] Por ejemplo, los negros en un país tienen seis veces más probabilidades, y los asiáticos el doble de probabilidades, de quedar sujetos a las facultades policiales de “detención y registro” que los blancos. Véase “Police stop and search powers ‘target minorities’”, BBC News, 15 de marzo de 2010.", "[24] Compañía de Transporte de Budapest (BKV Zrt), “Terms and conditions of travelling”, disponible en www.bkv.hu/en/travel_conditions/terms_and_conditions_of_travelling.", "[25] Así ocurre, por ejemplo, en la ciudad de Nueva York (véase Jennifer Lee, “Street vending as a way to ease joblessness”, The New York Times, 29 de abril de 2009) y en Durban (véase Blessing Karumbidza, “Criminalizing the livelihoods of the poor: the impact of formalising informal trading on female and migrant traders in Durban”, Socio-economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 2011).", "[26] Por ejemplo, en algunos municipios de Tailandia (Ley sobre limpieza y orden urbanos, de 1992, y Ley de salud pública, de 1992) y de Camboya (Subdecreto sobre orden público). Véase Kyoko Kusakabe, “Policy issues on street vending: an overview of studies in Thailand, Cambodia and Mongolia”, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, 2006.", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe, “Nyarugenge to penalise vendors’ clients”, Rwandan New Times, 3 de agosto de 2011.", "[28] Kusakabe (nota 26 supra), pág. 23.", "[29] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 6.", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1, párr. 3 e).", "[31] Irish Penal Reform Trust, “6,681 imprisoned for non-payment of fines in 2010”, 2 de febrero de 2011.", "[32] Ayfer Bartu Candan y Biray Kolluoglu, “Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: a gated town and a public housing project in Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 29 (2008), pág. 16.", "[33] Véase A/HRC/4/18, párrs. 21 a 24.", "[34] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 27; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, arts. 6, 11 y 15; Observaciones generales núms. 7, 18 y 21 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[35] Con respecto a estos y otros ejemplos, véase A/HRC/13/20, párrs. 18 y 25 a 27.", "[36] En el presente informe, la expresión “prestaciones sociales” denota toda prestación otorgada a las personas por conducto de los sistemas de bienestar, seguridad social y asistencia social del Estado, incluidas las transferencias monetarias, alimentos o vales para alimentos, prestaciones por discapacidad o enfermedad, prestaciones de desempleo, prestaciones para progenitores sin pareja y por hijos a cargo, pensiones no contributivas, y asistencia para la vivienda y la educación.", "[37] Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, art. 25.", "[38] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 12; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, art. 17.", "[39] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 25; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 12; Observación general núm. 14 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales.", "[40] Véase A/HRC/11/9 y A/65/259.", "[41] Armando Barrientos, “Conditions in antipoverty programmes”, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, vol. 19, núm. 1 (2011), pág. 19.", "[42] Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, art. 23; Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, art. 6.", "[43] Asunto Falkiner contra Ontario (Ministerio de Servicios Comunitarios y Sociales) (2002), 59 O.R. (3d) 481 (C.A.), Factum de la Civil Liberties Association del Canadá, pág. 5.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] Por ejemplo, en la India, la entidad nacional competente está en vías de poner en marcha el proyecto sobre identificación única, por el que se asignará a los ciudadanos un número único de identidad vinculado a sus datos biométricos. Véase Unique Identification Authority of India, “What is Aadhaar?”, disponible en http://uidai.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=105.", "[46] Véase, por ejemplo, Anemona Hartocollis, “Concern for vast social services database on the city’s neediest”, The New York Times, 16 de junio de 2011.", "[47] Tamara Walsh y Greg Marston, “Benefit overpayment, welfare fraud and financial hardship in Australia”, Journal of Social Security Law, vol. 17, núm. 2 (2010), pág. 101.", "[48] Por ejemplo, en un país, se estima que en 2009/10, los fraudes y los errores cometidos en relación con las prestaciones sociales tuvieron un costo para el Estado de 3.300 millones de libras esterlinas, mientras que el costo de la evasión fiscal para el Estado ascendió a 40.000 millones de libras esterlinas. Véase Deborah Padfield, “Fraud’n’error: tax avoidance and evasion”, 20 de julio de 2011. Disponible en www.opendemocracy.net.", "[49] M. D. R. Evans y J. Kelley, “Are tax cheating and welfare fraud wrong? Public opinion in 29 nations”, Australian Social Monitor, vol. 3, núm. 4 (2001), pág. 93.", "[50] Walsh y Marston (nota 47 supra), pág. 109.", "[51] Mary E. Baker, “Double binds facing mothers in abusive families: social support systems, custody outcomes, and liability for acts of others”, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, vol. 2 (1995), pág. 13.", "[52] Heather Douglas y Tamara Walsh, “Mothers and the child protection system”, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, vol. 23, núm. 2 (agosto de 2009), pág. 211; Naomi Cahn, “Policing women: moral arguments and the dilemmas of criminalization”, DePaul Law Review, vol. 49 (2000), pág. 817.", "[53] En algunos países, las familias que dependen de la asistencia pública están cuatro veces más expuestas que otras a ser objeto de investigación y a que sus hijos sean retirados del hogar familiar por malos tratos. Véase Douglas J. Berharov, “Child abuse realities: over-reporting and poverty”, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, vol. 8 (2000), págs. 183 y184.", "[54] Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, art. 9.", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7, párr. 66.", "[56] Véase, por ejemplo, “No second chance: people with criminal records denied access to public housing”, Human Rights Watch, 17 de noviembre de 2005.", "[57] Asunto Brown contra Plata, Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, núm. 09-1233, 23 de mayo de 2011 (cita aún no disponible).", "[58] Véase la Observación general núm. 7 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales; y los Principios básicos y directrices sobre los desalojos y el desplazamiento generados por el desarrollo (A/HRC/4/18)." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 3 October 2011.", "** A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda**", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Extreme poverty and human rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Members of the General Assembly the report submitted by Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, in accordance with resolution 17/13 of the Human Rights Council.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights analyses several laws, regulations and practices that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. Such measures have been adopted with increasing frequency over the past three decades, intensifying in recent years owing to the economic and financial crises, and now represent a serious threat to the enjoyment of human rights by persons living in poverty.", "The ways in which States and social forces penalize those living in poverty are interconnected and multidimensional, and cannot be analysed in isolation. For the purpose of this report, the Special Rapporteur identifies the following four areas of concern: (a) laws, regulations and practices which unduly restrict the performance of life-sustaining behaviours in public spaces by persons living in poverty; (b) urban planning regulations and measures related to the gentrification and privatization of public spaces that disproportionately impact persons living in poverty; (c) requirements and conditions imposed on access to public services and social benefits which interfere with the autonomy, privacy and family life of persons living in poverty; and (d) excessive and arbitrary use of detention and incarceration that threatens the liberty and personal security of persons living in poverty.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II.The 4 realities of poverty: stigmatization, discrimination, penalization, \nexclusion III.The 6 international human rights \nframework A.Equality 6 and \nnon-discrimination B.Legitimate 7 restrictions on human \nrights C. Right 9 to participate in \ndecision-making D. Privatization 9 and obligations of the \nState IV.Penalization 10 measures that negatively affect the enjoyment of human \nrights A. Laws, 10 regulations and practices that restrict behaviours in public spaces by persons living in \npoverty B. Urban 13 planning regulations and \nmeasures C.Requirements 15 and conditions for access to public services and social \nbenefits D. Excessive 19 and arbitrary use of detention and \nincarceration V.Conclusions 20 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted by the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/13. It addresses several laws, regulations and practices, which have become increasingly common in developed and developing countries, that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty.", "2. The report benefits from papers presented and opinions expressed at an international expert meeting hosted by the International Council on Human Rights Policy in Geneva on 17 and 18 March 2011, which brought together human rights experts, academics, civil society and representatives of United Nations entities from all regions, each of whom provided valuable input into the Special Rapporteur’s report.[1]", "3. The report uses the term “penalization measures” to refer generally to policies, laws and administrative regulations that punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. These measures are homogenous neither in their design nor their effect; they vary significantly in their intent and impact across and within regions, States, provinces and municipalities. Some result in the outright criminalization, prosecution and incarceration of persons living in poverty, while others excessively regulate and control various aspects of their lives. Some have punitive effects such as the imposition of heavy fines, loss of child custody, disentitlement from social benefits and infringement on rights to privacy and autonomy. Some measures explicitly target persons living in poverty while others are neutral laws, policies and practices which, though directed at all individuals, have a disproportionate impact on those living in poverty.", "4. The report analyses some of these measures to demonstrate their impact on the enjoyment of human rights by those living in poverty. The report explains how these measures are the result of deeply entrenched prejudices and stereotypes that have permeated public policies. It emphasizes that the negative impacts of these measures overlap and reinforce one another, exacerbating and perpetuating poverty. The report applies a human rights framework to demonstrate that, while poverty may not in itself be a violation of human rights, often States’ actions or omissions that cause, exacerbate or perpetuate poverty amount to violations of human rights. In this context, penalization measures represent a serious threat to States’ observance of their human rights obligations.", "II. The realities of poverty: stigmatization, discrimination, penalization, exclusion", "5. States have long recognized that poverty is a complex human condition characterized by sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other economic, civil, cultural, political and social rights.[2] Poverty is not an autonomous choice, but rather a multifaceted situation from which it may be difficult, if not impossible, to escape without assistance. Persons living in poverty are not to blame for their situation; accordingly, States must not punish or penalize them for it. Rather, States must adopt wide-reaching measures and policies designed to eliminate the conditions that cause, exacerbate or perpetuate poverty, and ensure the realization of all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of those living in poverty.", "6. Penalization policies reflect a serious misunderstanding of the realities of the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable and ignorance of the pervasive discrimination and mutually reinforcing disadvantages that they suffer.", "7. Penalization measures respond to discriminatory stereotypes that assume that persons living in poverty are lazy, irresponsible, indifferent to their children’s health and education, dishonest, undeserving and even criminal. Persons living in poverty are often portrayed as authors of their own misfortune, who can remedy their situation by simply “trying harder”. These prejudices and stereotypes are often reinforced by biased and sensationalist media reports that particularly target those living in poverty who are victims of multiple forms of discrimination, such as single mothers, ethnic minorities, indigenous people and migrants. Such attitudes are so deeply entrenched that they inform public policies and prevent policymakers from addressing the systemic factors that prevent persons living in poverty from overcoming their situation.", "8. As a consequence of the discrimination and stigma that they suffer, persons living in poverty often develop fear of and even hostility towards public authorities, and have little confidence in the institutions that should assist them. Too often, they are treated with disrespect or condescension by policymakers, civil servants, social workers, law enforcement officials, teachers and health-care providers, who may fail to recognize and support the efforts that persons living in poverty are making to improve their lives.", "9. Stigmatization and prejudicial attitudes generate a sense of shame, discouraging persons living in poverty from approaching public officials and seeking the support that they need. Not wishing to expose themselves to even greater social discrimination by accessing services that are stigmatized by society, persons living in poverty may refrain from claiming entitlements such as food vouchers or subsidies, accessing public housing or attending free health clinics. This further segregates and excludes them, strengthening the vicious cycle that perpetuates poverty through generations.", "10. In every country, developed or developing, historical social divisions and power structures ensure that the poorest and most excluded are at a constant disadvantage in their relations with State authorities. Asymmetries of power mean that persons living in poverty are unable to claim rights or protest their violation. They may face obstacles in communicating with authorities owing to illiteracy, lack of information or language barriers, a situation which is particularly acute for migrants, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. As a result, they are less likely to know and understand their rights and entitlements or to report infringements and abuses.", "11. In this respect, women are particularly vulnerable to penalization measures. Due to structural discrimination, women have less representation in structures of power and therefore are disproportionately disadvantaged in their dealings with State authorities and less able to claim their rights. Often penalization measures have a much more onerous impact on women than men, given that women are overrepresented among the poor, have less access to education, employment and economic resources, and assume the principal burden of care and domestic work.", "12. A significant obstacle in breaking this cycle of penalization and poverty is the inability of persons living in poverty to access legal assistance, as they are unable to afford private legal representation and legal aid is often unavailable or inadequate. Without access to competent, comprehensive legal assistance, the poorest and most excluded are further disadvantaged in their dealings with authorities, not only when they are facing criminal charges, but also with respect to administrative procedures such as child protection cases, benefit fraud matters or eviction and immigration proceedings.", "13. When persons living in poverty do not have access to legal representation or advice, particularly in circumstances where they are unfamiliar with complex legal language, they are more likely to receive and accept unfair or unequal treatment. There is a higher likelihood that they will be detrimentally affected by corruption or asked to pay bribes, will be detained for longer periods of time and, if facing trial, will be convicted. Even when legal assistance is available, discrimination and linguistic barriers are powerful obstacles in the way of those seeking access to justice and redress.", "III. The international human rights framework", "A. Equality and non-discrimination", "14. Non-discrimination and equality are core elements of the international human rights normative framework.[3] These principles require that those in equal circumstances be treated equally in law and practice. Under human rights law, not every distinction or difference in treatment will amount to discrimination. A distinction is compatible with the principle of equality when it has an objective and reasonable justification; it must pursue a legitimate aim, and there must be a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought.[4] Thus, differential treatment (distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference) of persons living in poverty must comply with the criteria mentioned above in order to be justified under human rights law.", "15. Moreover, certain forms of preferential treatment, in the form of affirmative actions for the benefit of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, are not considered discriminatory because they are designed “to diminish or eliminate conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination”, encouraging an equal enjoyment of rights.[5] Therefore, affirmative actions in favour of persons living in poverty directed towards addressing social and economic imbalances are not only permitted, but are compulsory for States under human rights law. There is discrimination only if a difference in treatment has no legitimate aim or if there is not a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim to be realized.", "16. A discriminatory intent is not a necessary element of discrimination.[6] Therefore, any measure with the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment of human rights constitutes a violation of States’ human rights obligations.", "17. The common element unifying the penalization measures examined in this report is their failure to sufficiently satisfy these criteria. They all directly or indirectly discriminate against persons living in poverty, with the effect of nullifying or impairing the enjoyment or exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "18. Discrimination is prohibited on a number of enumerated grounds, including economic and social status as implied in the phrase “other status”, which is included as a ground of discrimination in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] Penalization measures target individuals because their income, appearance, speech, address or needs identify them as poor. Thus, such measures clearly constitute discrimination on the basis of economic and social status.", "B. Legitimate restrictions on human rights", "19. Human rights law permits States to limit some rights, on the basis that such limitations are justified in the interests of public security, safety or order; public health; or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. In order for a limitation to be legitimate under human rights law, it must comply with numerous safeguards: it must be “determined by law”, “compatible with the nature of these rights”, “solely for the purposes of promoting general welfare” and “necessary in a", "democratic society”.[8] Permissible limitations must also comply with general principles of human rights law, and must thus be non-discriminatory, reasonable and proportionate.[9] Compliance with these principles requires, for example, that any restrictive measures must be appropriate means of achieving the aims pursued, and that limitations must not be more severe than is necessary for the attainment of the aim sought.", "20. Considering that the primary objective of the human rights framework is to protect the rights of individuals rather than permit the imposition of limitations by the State, States have the burden of demonstrating that the restrictions imposed on the exercise of rights by those living in poverty comply with all these criteria and are therefore legitimate, reasonable and proportionate to the aim sought. Restrictions that are not in conformity with these criteria constitute a violation of human rights norms.", "21. States often draw on the enumerated permissible limitations to justify the adoption of penalization measures. However, in practice, penalization measures are motivated by a combination of factors. Some measures aim to remove any image of poverty, such as the removal of homeless persons and beggars from urban centres, in order to beautify the city and attract investment and development. Other measures are justified as necessary to reach the “deserving poor”, or to satisfy critics of “lenient” social policies and therefore gain political support for an initiative. From a human rights perspective, these justifications require cautious analysis to assess whether or not the penalization measure pursues a legitimate aim under human rights law and is proportionate to that aim. States must not impose more restrictive measures than are required for the achievement of the purpose of the limitation.", "22. Particular attention should be paid to economic justifications for penalization measures. Economic reasons are not only outside the range of limitations permissible under human rights law, they also contradict the reality that the implementation of penalization measures is extremely costly. Penalization measures necessitate greater numbers of law enforcement and public service staff; increase the number of individuals in the penal and criminal justice systems; and require considerable outlays on administrative monitoring procedures, such as means testing and benefit surveillance.", "23. In many cases, the cost of employing reactive penalization measures greatly outweighs the costs that would be incurred in addressing the root causes of poverty and exclusion. If resources dedicated to policing, surveillance and detention were instead invested in addressing the causes of poverty and improving access to public services, including social housing, States could drastically improve the lives of persons living in poverty and ensure that the maximum available resources are dedicated to increasing the levels of enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[10]", "C. Right to participate in decision-making", "24. Penalization measures are invariably designed and implemented without any meaningful dialogue with persons living in poverty. Their experiences and needs are almost always ignored, and this strengthens their sense of powerlessness. Thus, ensuring the right to effective and meaningful participation in decision-making by persons living in poverty is an essential prerequisite to the elimination of discrimination and poverty.", "25. A human rights approach to poverty eradication dictates an active, free, informed and meaningful participation of persons living in poverty at all stages of the design, implementation and monitoring of policies affecting them. Genuine participation should not only be understood as an affirmation of the right of every individual and group to take part in the conduct of public affairs,[11] but also as an instrumental part of the solution to poverty and social exclusion. The empowerment of persons living in poverty through participation is also a means to promote social inclusion and to ensure that public policies are designed to meet the particular needs of the poorest segments of society.", "D. Privatization and the obligations of the State", "26. There is a clear trend, across developed and developing countries, towards the privatization and outsourcing of some activities traditionally undertaken by the State. While privatization has the potential to decrease costs, increase efficiency, and therefore improve the provision of services, it may also create significant obstacles to access to public services by the poorest and most vulnerable. When States hand over the administration of welfare systems, health systems, housing facilities and detention centres to private entities which are seeking an economic profit and may not be appropriately supervised and controlled by the State, they put at risk the ability of individuals to access necessary services, and create incentives that might have detrimental effects for persons living in poverty. Without mechanisms to ensure accountability and transparency, private entities may prioritize profit over people and are not responsible for their failures.", "27. States must not consider privatization to be a means by which they can evade their human rights responsibilities. While international human rights law does not restrict the privatization of public services, it nevertheless stipulates that when public services are outsourced to private companies, States remain responsible for ensuring quality, affordability and coverage and have the duty to protect individuals against abuses committed by these companies.[12]", "IV. Penalization measures that negatively affect the enjoyment of human rights", "28. This section outlines some examples of the consequences of penalization measures for the enjoyment of a number of human rights, in order to demonstrate how such measures have numerous complex and interlinked ramifications for persons living in poverty.", "A. Laws, regulations and practices that restrict behaviours in public spaces by persons living in poverty", "29. Increasingly, States are implementing laws, regulations and practices limiting the behaviour, actions and movements of people in public space, which greatly impede the lives and livelihoods of those living in poverty. These measures vary considerably across and within States, with the common denominator being the penalization of actions and behaviours which are considered “undesirable” or a “nuisance” in public spaces. States justify these measures by classifying the prohibited behaviours as dangerous, conflicting with the demands of public safety or order, disturbing the normal activities for which public spaces are intended, or contrary to the images and preconceptions that authorities want to associate with such places.[13]", "30. Criminal or regulatory measures (e.g. ordinances) that make vagrancy and begging unlawful are becoming increasingly common across developed and developing countries. These laws take a number of forms, from legislation that prohibits the solicitation of money in any public space to that which prohibits begging at night or in an “aggressive manner”.[14] Some of these laws have a broad application, extending to the performance of any activity which might elicit money, such as performing or dancing, or exposing a wound or a deformity. In some States, it is even illegal for a person just to be in a public place and have no visible means of subsistence, such that it is likely that they stay alive by begging.[15]", "31. It is obvious that these laws and regulations have a disproportionate impact on persons who live in poverty. When they are unable to access sufficient support and assistance from the State, persons living in poverty may have no other option than to beg in order to stay alive. To punish them for their actions in circumstances where they have no other means of survival is clearly a disproportionately punitive measure.", "32. Bans on begging and vagrancy represent serious violations of the principles of equality and non-discrimination.[16] Such measures give law enforcement officials wide discretion in their application and increase the vulnerability of persons living in poverty to harassment and violence. They serve only to contribute to the perpetuation of discriminatory societal attitudes towards the poorest and most vulnerable.", "33. With increasing frequency, States are also penalizing the performance of certain behaviours and actions which are associated with living on the street such as sleeping, sitting, lying, littering, lodging, camping or storing belongings in public spaces; public drunkenness; public urination; or jaywalking.[17] Often these regulations are vaguely worded, allowing law enforcement agencies extensive discretion and enforcement authority, which threatens to violate legal and constitutional safeguards. By making these activities or behaviours illegal, States increase the exposure of persons living in poverty to abuse, harassment, violence, corruption and extortion by both private individuals and law enforcement officials.", "34. While these regulations are not explicitly addressed towards persons living in poverty, they affect them disproportionately. Owing to their lack of or limited access to housing, persons living in poverty rely more heavily on public spaces for their daily activities. Thus, individuals who have no choice but to live on the street find that daily life-sustaining activities can put them in danger of criminal sanctions. Although these types of measures are ostensibly neutral, studies show that authorities target those living in poverty, particularly homeless persons.[18] This disproportionate application clearly violates the obligation to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the implementation of all laws and policies.", "35. Often the underlying motivation of these measures is to reduce the visibility of poverty in the city and attract investments, development and (non-poor) citizens to the city centres. These aims are not legitimate under human rights law and they do not justify the severe sanctions that are often imposed through these regulations.", "36. These laws are being implemented in a context in which the economic and financial crises have resulted in an unprecedented increase in foreclosures and evictions, forcing a growing number of families to live on the streets. Instead of using public funds to assist these families, States are instead carrying out costly operations to penalize them for their behaviour. Where there is insufficient public infrastructure and services to provide families with alternative places to perform such behaviours, persons living in poverty and homelessness are left with no viable place to sleep, sit, eat or drink. These measures can thus have serious adverse physical and psychological effects on persons living in poverty, undermining their right to an adequate standard of physical and mental health and even amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.[19]", "37. In several countries, the negative impact of these regulations is further exacerbated by laws which make illegal actions to assist those living in the street. In several States, specific legislation limits the actions of civil society organizations[20] or bans the provision of assistance in certain circumstances. For example, in some municipalities, it is illegal to share food with groups of people in downtown parks without a permit, creating a barrier for charities and other organizations that provide food to homeless persons.[21] The criminalization of advocates, activists and civil society organizations violates several human rights such as the freedom of association, expression and assembly, and undermines social cohesion.", "38. Persons living in poverty are also disproportionately subjected to police powers to impose anti-social behaviour and move-on orders, and public safety laws allowing police to “stop and search” individuals. These measures are often wide-reaching and subject to considerable discretion on the part of police officers, who make subjective judgements that do not need to meet a high burden of proof.[22] Overwhelmingly, these regulations are targeted at the marginalized and most vulnerable and the areas and communities in which they live. Of persons living in poverty, those subject to multiple forms of discrimination are even more frequently targeted.[23] These measures respond to and reinforce discriminatory attitudes about the likelihood of persons living in poverty partaking in criminal activity, and perpetuate the stigmatization of poverty. For example, in one country, rules for the use of the capital city metro allow police to remove people who are disturbing other passengers by, inter alia, wearing “filthy clothing”.[24]", "39. Of particular concern are penalization measures that target those who seek to gain a living through street vending. In many States, street vending is severely restricted[25] or illegal,[26] as is buying from a street vendor.[27] Research shows that street vendors turn to vending because they have no other form of income, have low levels of education and lack employment opportunities.[28] Street vending is a means for the poorest and most vulnerable to earn money to support their families and their livelihoods. When States impose bans, onerous licences or strict restrictions on street vendors, they severely undermine the rights of persons living in poverty to gain a living.[29]", "40. While States can adopt reasonable regulations, law enforcement officials are often given wide discretion to determine zones, days and times when street vending activities are banned or restricted. This makes street vendors more vulnerable to abuse by law enforcement officials, private individuals or gangs. As a result, they often suffer from threats to their life and physical integrity, as well as from bribery, extortion and unlawful seizures of their wares.", "41. When street vendors are harassed or bribed or their wares are destroyed, deep structural inequalities and power imbalances, communication and information barriers and a lack of access to legal representation make it nearly impossible for them to complain to police. In countries where street vending is illegal, individuals are too afraid to report mistreatment or harm to police for fear of being criminalized themselves. This is particularly acute with respect to street vendors who are members of vulnerable groups which face widespread discrimination and have historically had negative relationships with police and authorities, such as women, migrants and ethnic minorities.", "42. Children who live or work on the street are particularly vulnerable to penalization measures. Street children lead lives defined by abuse, violence and fear, but because they are stigmatized as criminal or illegitimate they have little recourse to help or redress. Children on the street are exploited, trafficked, forced to perform hazardous work and recruited by armed forces and armed groups, and do not seek the assistance of authorities for fear of further penalization or abuse. In many cases children living in poverty are not registered at birth and as such cannot access basic services including primary education. With nowhere else to turn, they must undertake activities such as street vending, begging or panhandling in order to survive.[30] When these actions are made illegal, they are further forced into dangerous and abusive situations.", "43. Absurdly, regulations that penalize behaviours associated with poverty and homelessness often impose fines that persons living in poverty are unable to pay. The illogical outcome of failure to pay a fine is often the imposition of a further fine, or even a prison sentence. In one country, for example, thousands were imprisoned in a single year because of non-payment of court-ordered fines.[31] The imposition of prison sentences for non-payment of fines on those unable to pay not only represents a considerable waste of State financial and administrative resources, but contributes significantly to perpetuating the social exclusion and economic hardship of persons living in poverty.", "B. Urban planning regulations and measures", "44. In several countries, the transformation of cities through gentrification policies, the privatization of social housing, redevelopment and adoption of zoning laws have had the effect of forcing persons living in poverty to move away from inner-city urban areas, affecting their enjoyment of not only their right to adequate housing, but a wide range of rights.", "45. As a means of making cities more “secure” and attractive to investors, developers and more affluent segments of societies, States are increasingly using zoning laws to preference land use which excludes the poorest and most vulnerable, such as gated communities, luxury or high-cost housing, and large sports infrastructure. Authorities are carrying out demolitions of entire neighbourhoods and removing residents for the purpose of “rehabilitating”, “renewing” and “preserving” the “historical and cultural heritage” of the city,[32] or to make room for development and infrastructure projects.[33] As a result, these areas become too costly for persons living in poverty to return to, and they are relegated to housing in cheaper, less accessible, badly serviced and geographically remote neighbourhoods. In many cases, persons living in poverty are forcibly evicted without notice, are subject to violence and have their belongings damaged or destroyed. Persons living in poverty are rarely able to access redress and remedies after having been evicted, and are deprived of compensation, restitution and resettlement.", "46. These policies not only severely impact the inclusiveness and diversity of cities, and increase the segregation and social exclusion of those living in poverty, but also represent serious obstacles to the enjoyment of rights to adequate housing, to work, to an adequate standard of living and to take part in cultural life.[34]", "47. When they are moved away from urban centres, persons living in poverty become geographically remote from jobs, markets, education and health centres. This is turn restricts their access to city centres, public services and economic resources, and increases their opportunity and transportation costs, creating further barriers to gaining employment. Being distant from city centres also implies exclusion from the facilities and cultural life of urban areas, which further contributes to the feeling of isolation and exclusion that persons living in poverty experience.", "48. The segregation of the poor from public spaces is further exacerbated by large-scale State and privatized infrastructure projects, particularly those connected with mega-events such as the Olympic Games or football World Cups. During such events, authorities often remove persons living in poverty from urban areas and relocate them in outlying suburbs, often by force, without ensuring alternative housing or access to remedies and compensation, in flagrant violation of their right to adequate housing. For example, in Seoul, preparations for the 2002 football World Cup included the banning of homeless persons from specified places in the city, and during the Olympic Games in 1988 homeless persons were detained in facilities outside the city. Action was also taken to remove or criminalize homeless persons during the Barcelona and Atlanta Olympic Games.[35] The practical effect of such initiatives is to completely displace the poorest and most marginalized and to replace them with infrastructure for which they have no need and which they cannot access, such as hotels, sporting venues and office buildings.", "C. Requirements and conditions for access to public services and social benefits", "49. It is becoming increasingly common for States to impose strict requirements and conditions on access to public services and social benefits.[36] To justify these measures, States point to the need to make efficient use of public resources, improve the accuracy of targeting, avoid dependency, eliminate disincentives to work and deter abuse of the system. While these may be valid concerns, the impact of these measures is often completely disproportionate to the aim they seek to achieve. By imposing excessive requirements and conditions on access to services and benefits, and severe sanctions for non-compliance, States punish, humiliate and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty, exacerbating the challenges they face in overcoming their situation. Moreover, beneficiaries are kept in a state of uncertainty about their future and are unable to plan for the long term.", "50. Support for these measures is not based on strong evidence of their effectiveness and economic efficiency, but rather on discriminatory stigmas and stereotypes, perpetuated by the media, that portray recipients of social benefits as lazy, dishonest and untrustworthy. Requirements and conditions are often underpinned by strong paternalistic attitudes; policymakers believe that they are acting in the best interests of persons living in poverty, who cannot be trusted to make decisions for themselves and their families.", "51. These measures not only undermine beneficiaries’ autonomy and prevent them from making their own choices, they also threaten their enjoyment of a number of human rights, including the right to participate in the decisions that directly affect them[37] and to be free from arbitrary or unlawful State interference in their privacy, family, home or correspondence.[38] Considering that non-compliance with excessive conditions and requirements results in exclusion from social benefits, those entitled to benefits live in constant anxiety and fear that their benefits will be withdrawn and, with them, their primary means of survival. The cumulative impact of living in such circumstances threatens the beneficiaries’ right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.[39]", "52. In many countries, those entitled to social benefits are required to prove their entitlement by providing excessive amounts of documentation and disclosing irrelevant personal information. This is often a stressful and demeaning process for beneficiaries. Persons living in poverty face several obstacles and costs in gaining access to official documents. Documents may be expensive, and accessing them difficult for individuals who do not have a fixed address or lack proof of identity. This is particularly common in developing countries, where some of the most vulnerable and excluded people, particularly women and ethnic minorities, are not registered at birth. Obtaining documents also requires additional interactions with public officials who often lack sufficient understanding of the specific needs and circumstances of persons living in poverty. Anecdotal evidence shows that social benefit administrators are often inconsiderate or unsympathetic towards beneficiaries, who in addition to bureaucratic hurdles must overcome gaps in education, literacy and communication when seeking to comply with often complex and opaque requirements.", "53. Onerous conditions are often attached to the receipt of social benefits in order to gain political support and assure the public that only the “deserving” poor are receiving support. For example, some conditional cash transfer programmes in low- and middle-income countries pay cash to heads of households (generally women) in exchange for their commitment to do something in return, such as enrolling children in school and ensuring their attendance, or participating in health programmes. Although these conditions do encourage investment in human capital, they also impose additional burdens on women, whose needs are often ignored in designing the programme. The lack of a serious gender approach may perpetuate gender stereotypes about traditional household roles and responsibilities, and trigger domestic violence. [40]", "54. In some of these programmes, non-compliance with conditionalities results in the immediate cancellation of benefits, without first assessing the reasons for non‑compliance. Often, this also means that the family cannot reapply to the programme, notwithstanding its needs and the reasons behind its failure to comply.", "55. Conditionalities undermine the autonomy of beneficiaries and reinforce the stereotype that persons living in poverty are incapable of responsible decision-making. Evidence shows that with sufficient resources, poor households would make the same investments in education and health in the absence of conditionalities.[41] Thus, the additional administrative costs involved in designing, implementing and monitoring compliance with conditionalities would be better invested in extending and supporting public services.", "56. Another condition that is increasingly being adopted by States is the requirement that those who receive unemployment, single parent or disability benefits participate in employment or training programmes. While transferring skills and knowledge required for reintegration into the workforce may be an important objective, often these programmes are implemented in the absence of enabling conditions, such as the provision of childcare facilities, or without consideration of structural barriers such as the realities of the current labour market, characterized by high unemployment and rapidly modernizing industries. Programmes place a heavy emphasis on “graduation” from benefits to employment, without giving due consideration to the actual needs of the beneficiaries and often without providing them with the assistance they need to obtain sustainable, productive and decent work.[42]", "57. To ensure that beneficiaries comply with conditions and requirements, States often subject them to intensive examinations and intrusive investigations. Social benefit administrators are empowered to interrogate beneficiaries about a wide range of personal issues and to search their homes for evidence of fraudulent activity.[43] Beneficiaries are required to report regularly and disclose excessive amounts of information whenever it is demanded of them. In some countries, they must even submit to mandatory screening for drug use. They must also give their consent to authorities to scrutinize every aspect of their lives and to question their friends, colleagues and acquaintances.[44] Beneficiaries are encouraged to watch each other and report abuses to programme administrators through anonymous channels. These intrusive measures undermine beneficiaries’ personal independence, seriously interfere in their right to privacy and family life, make them vulnerable to abuse and harassment, and weaken community solidarity.", "58. The introduction of biometrics to social benefits systems means that in some States, beneficiaries must submit to facial recognition technology, finger imaging and iris scans.[45] These mechanisms give States extensive power and discretion to monitor and interfere in the lives of beneficiaries. The information obtained is frequently made accessible to other authorities for purposes other than those for which it was given, without beneficiaries’ consent.[46] Such practices seriously threaten the protection of personal data and the right to access and control one’s personal information.", "59. Surveillance policies often treat beneficiaries like criminals and make them feel guilty, anxious and ashamed. While some mechanisms of control are necessary, they must comply with the requirements of reasonableness and proportionality. For example, evidence shows that the range of control and surveillance mechanisms employed by States in administering social benefits is clearly disproportionate to the prevalence of social benefit fraud. The overpayment of social benefits is often caused by administrative errors on the part of the State, rather than fraud by the beneficiary.[47] Where beneficiaries are responsible for overpayment, it is far more likely to be due to error than to fraud, and when fraud does occur, is it usually opportunistic, low-level fraud with respect to small, subsistence amounts of money. However, policymakers represent social benefit fraud to be a pervasive problem, channelling considerable resources to combat it. Political rhetoric disproportionately focuses on social benefit fraud over taxation fraud, the cost of which is a far greater burden on the State, and use instances of benefit fraud to influence the public discourse on poverty.[48]", "60. Social benefit fraud and non-compliance are strongly condemned by the public and rigorously pursued by authorities.[49] Where fraud is established, it can result in the reduction of the individual’s benefit to cover repayment of the defrauded amount, and the commencement of criminal proceedings against the individual.[50] When a beneficiary is convicted of fraud he or she may face a lifetime ban from the social benefit system. If beneficiaries have outstanding warrants they may have their social benefit cut off until the warrant is resolved or they are granted an exemption. These measures are extremely harsh and will have grave consequences for people already struggling with poverty and exclusion, perpetrating the disadvantage which induces them to rely on social benefits to begin with.", "61. Being excluded from social benefit assistance has an especially harsh effect on women, who make up the majority of social benefit beneficiaries, and who generally hold primary responsibility for the care of children and maintenance of the household. If women are denied access to social benefits, it will generally have implications for the whole family. Furthermore, there is an increased likelihood that women will remain in or return to abusive relationships, or be forced to live in other vulnerable situations, if they are unable to access social benefits.[51]", "62. Women are also exposed to State interference in their private and family lives in other respects. In particular, States’ ever-increasing preference for child protection interventions overwhelmingly affects poor women specifically,[52] and persons living in poverty more generally. Research shows a clear and consistent link between child protection intervention and the disadvantage and marginalization of the families involved.[53] Poverty must not be mistaken for child neglect. Often States disproportionately target children in poor families for child protection proceedings instead of channelling their efforts towards addressing the root causes of child poverty.", "63. Persons living in poverty will often struggle to navigate the child protection process, which in many countries is an extremely intrusive, adversarial process. Child protection interventions often fail to provide families with sufficient information about the process, and in many countries there is no mandated free legal aid in child protection proceedings. As a result, there is a serious power imbalance between the State and families living in poverty, and a real risk that the judicial process may lead to unnecessary termination or limitation of parental rights or to other results detrimental to the child’s best interests.", "64. Although children have the right to grow up in a safe and nurturing environment, they also have the right not to be separated from their biological parents, unless such separation is in their best interests.[54] The focus of child protection proceedings should always be the best interests of the child, and not the penalization of their parents. Criminalization of parental neglect and abuse, while important, does not provide a meaningful solution to poverty and disadvantage.", "D. Excessive and arbitrary use of detention and incarceration", "65. Because law enforcement officials often use “poverty”, “homelessness” or “disadvantage” as an indicator of criminality, persons living in poverty come into contact with the criminal justice system with a disproportionately high frequency. They also encounter considerable obstacles manoeuvring within or exiting the system. As a result, disproportionately high numbers of the poorest and most excluded are arrested, detained and imprisoned.", "66. Across developing and developed countries, release on bail pending trial is subject to increasingly stringent and onerous conditions which require individuals to, for example, demonstrate their connections with the community, have a fixed address or permanent employment, report regularly to police or make a cash deposit or post a bond as guarantee. These requirements are impossible for the poorest and most marginalized to meet in the vast majority of cases and, as a result, they are more likely to remain in detention pending a trial. This dramatically increases the likelihood that they will ultimately be convicted: not only does it put them in a vulnerable position whereby they will be more inclined to accept unfair “plea deals” or to make admissions of guilt in order to secure a swifter release, it contributes to the deterioration of the detainees’ appearance and demeanour, impedes their ability to liaise with lawyers or obtain character witnesses and causes them to lose their employment or social housing, thereby creating a disincentive for the court to give a suspended or community service sentence.[55]", "67. The inability to access competent, comprehensive legal assistance presents a serious threat to the human rights of persons living in poverty. Without adequate representation or advice individuals are more likely to be convicted. While in detention they have no accessible means of protesting infringements of their rights, such as unsafe or unsanitary conditions, physical or mental abuse or lengthy delays, and there is a higher likelihood that they will be requested to pay bribes, which they will experience difficulties in paying.", "68. The economic and social costs of detention and incarceration can be devastating for persons living in poverty. Detention not only means a temporary loss of income, but also often leads to the loss of employment, particularly where individuals are employed in the informal sector. The imposition of a criminal record creates an additional obstacle to finding employment. Detention and incarceration, even for minor non-violent offences, will often result in the temporary or permanent withdrawal of social benefits or the denial of access to social housing, for both the detainee and his or her family.[56]", "69. Families are forced to use their limited income or sell assets to pay for bail, legal assistance, access to goods and services within penal facilities (e.g. food or telephone usage), or travel to visit the detainee. Children’s education is also often disrupted when their parents are detained. In this context, detention represents a serious threat to the financial stability of the detainee’s whole family and serves to perpetuate the cycle of poverty.", "70. Detention and incarceration can also have serious health implications for the poorest and most vulnerable, who are likely to be subject to the worst treatment and conditions, including overcrowded cells, inadequate hygiene facilities, rampant disease transmission and inadequate health care. In some cases, overcrowding in prisons can have such a severe effect on detainees that the conditions may even amount to a form of cruel and inhuman treatment.[57]", "71. Those who are poor and vulnerable are therefore likely to leave detention disproportionately disadvantaged financially, physically and personally. After their release they will have depleted assets, reduced employment opportunities, limited access to social benefits and severed community ties and family relationships, and will be subject to added social stigmatization and exclusion, diminishing even further their prospects of escaping poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "72. Poverty is a complex, multifaceted condition, which is only exacerbated and perpetuated by measures that directly or indirectly punish, segregate, control and undermine the autonomy of persons living in poverty. Such measures greatly impair the ability of persons living in poverty to enjoy a wide range of human rights and freedoms, deepening and prolonging the cycle of poverty and exclusion.", "73. Often, States invoke grounds of public safety, health or security in an attempt to justify the restriction of human rights through penalization measures. However, human rights law establishes strict requirements for the imposition of limitations on individual rights. Any restriction on the enjoyment of human rights by those living in poverty must comply with several safeguards, including requirements that they be legally established, non‑discriminatory and proportionate, and have a legitimate aim. The burden falls upon States to prove that a limitation imposed upon the enjoyment of rights by those living in poverty is in conformity with international human rights law.", "74. Penalization measures are often motivated by prejudices and negative stereotypes that ignore the realities of disadvantage and exclusion and fail to recognize the daily struggle of persons living in poverty to overcome the multiple obstacles they face. Poverty is not a lifestyle choice. Homeless persons would prefer safe, affordable, adequate housing to public parks and bus stations. Those struggling to survive on social benefits would rather have secure, regular, well-paying, productive employment than be subject to discrimination and live in constant fear that their entitlements will be taken away. One does not choose to live in poverty, and therefore should not be punished for that situation.", "75. Measures that result in the penalization of those living in poverty do nothing to tackle the root causes of poverty and social exclusion. They serve only to entrench further the multiple deprivations faced by those living in poverty and create barriers to poverty reduction and social inclusion. Consequently, they greatly undermine the ability of States to comply with their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights.", "76. Rather than penalizing the poorest for their situation, States must take positive measures to bring down the legal, economic, social and administrative barriers that persons living in poverty face in gaining access to food, shelter, employment, education and health services, and which prevent them from enjoying their economic, social and cultural rights on an equal footing with the rest of the population and as part of an inclusive community.", "77. The human rights obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of all economic, social and cultural rights implies a responsibility to secure an adequate standard of living through basic subsistence, including by providing essential primary health care, basic shelter and housing and basic forms of education. Instead of dedicating scarce resources to costly penalization measures, States must direct the maximum available resources towards ensuring that persons living in poverty are able to enjoy all economic, political, social, civil and cultural rights.", "78. Urban transformation, privatization, gentrification, beautification and redevelopment can seriously undermine several rights of those living in poverty and contribute to exclusion and stigmatization. As persons living in poverty are gradually pushed to the fringes of urban centres by these phenomena, their ability to access employment and public services and enjoy the right to participate in cultural life is threatened. The concept of adequacy in relation to the right to housing requires, among other elements, that factors such as the availability of services and infrastructure, affordability and accessibility be taken into account. It also requires States to refrain from forced evictions.", "79. Public services and social benefits play an integral role in the lives of persons living in poverty, offering important support and assistance, particularly during times of economic and social hardship. While often these benefits are not sufficient to cover the needs of the beneficiaries and their families, they do provide an important form of support to which they are entitled, and without which they would not survive. States must refrain from imposing requirements and conditionalities that stigmatize, stereotype and penalize beneficiaries. Such measures only undermine the essential support that social benefits provide and create further obstacles for persons living in poverty.", "80. While preventing fraud is a legitimate aim, measures such as invasive surveillance policies, onerous conditionalities, excessive disclosure requirements and extensive policing in social benefit systems are disproportionate to their aim, stem from overt and covert discriminatory attitudes and practices, and only serve to reinforce the poverty experienced by beneficiaries.", "81. Considering that detention, incarceration and institutionalization have such extensive and long-lasting negative effects on persons living in poverty, States must only have recourse to deprivation of liberty insofar as it is necessary to meet a pressing societal need, and in a manner proportionate to that need. The poorest and most vulnerable individuals in detention must have equal access to free, fair and efficient court procedures, and must enjoy the same rights to humane conditions and respectful treatment as more affluent segments of society.", "82. In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:", "(a) States shall take all necessary measures to eliminate all direct and indirect discrimination against persons living in poverty. States must refrain from adopting any law, regulation or practice denying or limiting the access of persons living in poverty to the enjoyment of all their rights, including economic, social and cultural rights. States must review national legislation in order to assess the existence of any discriminatory impact on those living in poverty and shall repeal or amend legislation that has the purpose or effect of impairing the equal enjoyment of rights by those living in poverty;", "(b) In order to deter future discrimination, comprehensive anti‑discrimination legislation in relation to persons living in poverty must be adopted. States shall ensure that discrimination on the basis of economic and social status is prohibited by law and the law applied by courts;", "(c) States shall take special measures to protect those living in poverty from the violation of their rights by third parties. To this end, States shall:", "(i) Carry out educational programmes and campaigns to sensitize the population to the multiple obstacles that persons living in poverty face in overcoming their situation;", "(ii) Encourage the media to avoid biased reports and sensationalist coverage that perpetuates discriminatory stereotypes against persons living in poverty. To this end, States should promote ethical journalism and encourage the adoption of codes of conduct to end the negative portrayal of persons living in poverty, homeless persons, unemployed persons and social benefit recipients;", "(iii) Ensure that private suppliers of public services, and other non-public entities, do not discriminate against those living in poverty. States shall adopt legislative measures to prevent and punish violations of the rights of persons living in poverty by private entities;", "(d) States shall create an enabling environment to facilitate the participation of persons living in poverty in public life and in the decisions affecting their lives. To this end, States must identify and address the institutional impediments which prevent vulnerable and marginalized groups from fully participating in decision-making processes;", "(e) Access to legal representation is of utmost importance and underpins all forms of penalization of persons living in poverty. States shall ensure quality legal aid for the poorest segments of society, not only for criminal proceedings but also with respect to issues which are particularly relevant for persons living in poverty, such as social benefit appeals, eviction and child protection procedures;", "(f) States must ensure that all criminal and regulatory policies comply with human rights standards, including the principles of equality and non‑discrimination and the presumption of innocence. Laws which specifically target the particular behaviours and actions of persons living in poverty amount to discrimination on the basis of economic and social status, and shall be repealed;", "(g) States shall recall their obligations to ensure that everyone has the right to adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living. This right requires States to ensure the affordability of housing and its accessibility to social services and infrastructure. They must also refrain from carrying out forced evictions. Where evictions are unavoidable, States shall ensure that they are conducted in a manner which respects the dignity and rights to life and security of those affected;[58]", "(h) The design and implementation of social benefit systems must comply with human rights norms, including the rights of persons living in poverty to privacy and family life and to take part in the decisions that affect them. Surveillance policies, conditionalities and other requirements must be reviewed to ensure that they do not violate human rights obligations by imposing a disproportionate burden on those living in poverty. When collecting and processing information pertaining to beneficiaries, States shall ensure that they observe internationally accepted standards of privacy and confidentiality, and shall not disseminate such information to other authorities or use it for other purposes without the consent of the beneficiary;", "(i) States must only have recourse to detention and incarceration when it is necessary to meet a pressing societal need, and in a manner proportionate to that need. States must ensure that arrest or detention does not disproportionately affect those living in poverty. To this end, States shall:", "(i) Review all detention and incarceration policies and legislation, in order to identify and remove discriminatory laws and practices which disproportionately disadvantage persons living in poverty. Measures should be put in place to enable police, courts and public officials to adequately assess the potential effects of detention or incarceration in the light of each individual’s circumstances;", "(ii) Ensure that to the greatest possible extent, bail processes take into account the economic and societal circumstances of persons living in poverty.", "[1] For more information about the meeting, please see www.ichrp.org/en/projects/162.", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10, para. 8.", "[3] See, for example, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 2; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 2 and 26; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 1, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 5.", "[4] See, for example, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 18; Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 14; Marckx v. Belgium, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 6833/74, Judgement of 13 June 1979, para. 33; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Advisory Opinion No. 4, “Proposed amendments to the naturalization provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica”, OC-4/84 of 19 January 1984, para. 57.", "[5] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 8.", "[6] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, paras. 10 and 12; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 18, para. 9; Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 14, para. 1; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 28, para. 16.", "[7] In its jurisprudence, the Human Rights Committee has reiterated that the grounds for discrimination are not exhaustive and that “other status” has an open-ended meaning. See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 35. Economic status and social condition are explicitly included as grounds of discrimination in article 1 of the American Convention on Human Rights. Other prohibited grounds for discrimination such as “property” and even “social origin” may also be relevant in addressing issues of poverty.", "[8] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 18, 19, 21 and 22; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 4; European Social Charter, art. 31.1; Protocol of San Salvador, art. 5. The content of these requirements has been developed extensively elsewhere. See, for example, the Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (E/CN.4/1985/4, annex) and the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/CN.4/1987/17, annex).", "[9] See principles 10 and 16 of the Siracusa Principles and principle 60 of the Limburg Principles (note 8 above).", "[10] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2(1).", "[11] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 21; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 25.", "[12] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14.", "[13] Antonio Tossi, “Homelessness and the control of public space: criminalising the poor?”, European Journal of Homelessness, vol. 1 (December 2007), p. 226.", "[14] See, for example, section 2, Safe Streets Act 1999 (Ontario, Canada); section 2(1), Safe Streets Act 2004 (British Columbia, Canada) and section 3, Vagrancy Act 1824 (United Kingdom).", "[15] Section 2(1), Bombay (Prevention of Begging) Act 1959.", "[16] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 26.", "[17] For example, of 235 United States municipalities surveyed, 33 per cent prohibited camping and 30 per cent prohibited sitting or lying in certain public places. See National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and National Coalition for the Homeless, “Homes not handcuffs”, July 2009. Available from www.nlchp.org.", "[18] James Farrell, “Moving on, moving out: police powers and public spaces in Australia”, to be published in August 2011 by openDemocracy (www.opendemocracy.net).", "[19] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 5; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 7. The argument that the punishment of homeless people for behaviours that they have no choice but to perform in public may amount to cruel and inhuman treatment has been accepted in a number of United States jurisdictions. See Pottinger v. City of Miami 76 F.3d 1154 (11th Cir. 1996); Johnson v. City of Dallas 61 F.3d 442 (5th Cir. 1995).", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana and Netsanet Belay, “Civil society: the clampdown is real — global trends 2009-2010”, Civicus World Alliance for Citizen Participation, December 2010. Available from www.civicus.org.", "[21] See, for example, section 18A.01 of the Code of the City of Orlando, Florida, United States. See also “Homes not handcuffs” (note 17 above), p. 11.", "[22] See George Lavendar, “Gang injunctions just criminalize poor communities”, The Guardian, 1 February 2011.", "[23] For example, black individuals in one country are six times more likely, and Asian individuals twice as likely, to be subject to police “stop and search” powers than white individuals. See “Police stop and search powers ‘target minorities’”, BBC News, 15 March 2010.", "[24] Budapest Transport Company (BKV Zrt), “Terms and conditions of travelling”, available at www.bkv.hu/en/travel_conditions/terms_and_conditions_of_travelling.", "[25] This is the case, for example, in New York City (see Jennifer Lee, “Street vending as a way to ease joblessness”, The New York Times, 29 April 2009) and Durban (see Blessing Karumbidza, “Criminalizing the livelihoods of the poor: the impact of formalising informal trading on female and migrant traders in Durban”, Socio-economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 2011).", "[26] For example, in some municipalities in Thailand (Cleanliness and Order of the City Act 1992 and Public Health Act 1992) and Cambodia (Sub-decree on Public Order). See Kyoko Kusakabe, “Policy issues on street vending: an overview of studies in Thailand, Cambodia and Mongolia”, International Labour Office, 2006.", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe, “Nyarugenge to penalise vendors’ clients”, Rwandan New Times, 3 August 2011.", "[28] Kusakabe (note 26 above), p. 23.", "[29] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 6.", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1, para. 3 (e).", "[31] Irish Penal Reform Trust, “6,681 imprisoned for non-payment of fines in 2010”, 2 February 2011.", "[32] Ayfer Bartu Candan and Biray Kolluoglu, “Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: a gated town and a public housing project in Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 29 (2008), p. 16.", "[33] See A/HRC/4/18, paras. 21-24.", "[34] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 27; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6, 11 and 15; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, general comments Nos. 7, 18 and 21.", "[35] For these and other examples see A/HRC/13/20, paras. 18 and 25-27.", "[36] In the present report, the term “social benefits” is used to denote any benefit provided to individuals through a State’s welfare, social security and social assistance systems, including transfers of cash, food or food stamps; disability or illness benefits, unemployment benefits, single parent or child allowances, non-contributory social pensions, housing assistance and education assistance.", "[37] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 25.", "[38] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 17.", "[39] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 25; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14.", "[40] See A/HRC/11/9 and A/65/259.", "[41] Armando Barrientos, “Conditions in antipoverty programmes”, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, vol. 19, No. 1 (2011), p. 19.", "[42] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 23; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights, art. 6.", "[43] Falkiner v. Ontario (Ministry of Community and Social Services) (2002), 59 O.R. (3d) 481 (C.A.), Factum of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, p. 5.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] For example, India is in the process of rolling out the Unique Identification Authority of India scheme, whereby individuals will be allocated a unique identity number tied to biometric data. See the Unique Identification Authority of India, “What is Aadhaar?” available at http://uidai.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=105.", "[46] See, for example, Anemona Hartocollis, “Concern for vast social services database on the city’s neediest”, The New York Times, 16 June 2011.", "[47] Tamara Walsh and Greg Marston, “Benefit overpayment, welfare fraud and financial hardship in Australia”, Journal of Social Security Law, vol. 17, No. 2 (2010), p. 101.", "[48] For example, in one country, it is estimated that in 2009/10, social benefit fraud and error cost the State £3.3 billion, whereas tax evasion cost the State £40 billion. See Deborah Padfield, “Fraud’n’error: tax avoidance and evasion”, 20 July 2011. Available from www.opendemocracy.net.", "[49] M.D.R. Evans and J. Kelley, “Are tax cheating and welfare fraud wrong? Public opinion in 29 nations”, Australian Social Monitor, vol. 3, No. 4 (2001), p. 93.", "[50] Walsh and Marston (note 47 above), p. 109.", "[51] Mary E. Baker, “Double binds facing mothers in abusive families: social support systems, custody outcomes, and liability for acts of others”, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, vol. 2 (1995), p. 13.", "[52] Heather Douglas and Tamara Walsh, “Mothers and the child protection system”, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, vol. 23, No. 2 (August 2009), p. 211; Naomi Cahn, “Policing women: moral arguments and the dilemmas of criminalization”, DePaul Law Review, vol. 49 (2000), p. 817.", "[53] In some countries, families on public assistance are four times more likely than others to be investigated and have their children removed from the family home on the basis of child maltreatment. See Douglas J. Berharov, “Child abuse realities: over-reporting and poverty”, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, vol. 8 (2000), pp. 183-184.", "[54] Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 9.", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7, para. 66.", "[56] See, for example, “No second chance: people with criminal records denied access to public housing”, Human Rights Watch, 17 November 2005.", "[57] Brown v. Plata, United States Supreme Court, No. 09-1233, 23 May 2011 (citation not yet available).", "[58] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 7; Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development based Evictions and Displacement (A/HRC/4/18)." ]
A_66_265
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Extreme poverty and human rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report submitted by Ms. Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 17/13.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights", "Summary", "In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights analyses a number of laws, regulations and practices punishing, segregating and controlling people living in poverty and undermining their autonomy. In the past three decades, such measures have been increasingly taken, a trend that has intensified in recent years due to the economic and financial crisis, to presently pose a serious threat to the enjoyment of human rights by people in poverty.", "The ways in which States and social forces criminalize people living in poverty are interconnected and multidimensional, which is why it is not possible to analyse them in isolation. For the purposes of the present report, the Special Rapporteur sets out the following four areas of concern: (a) laws, regulations and practices that improperly impose limits on subsistence behaviour in public spaces of persons living in poverty; (b) regulations and measures of urban planning related to the abuse and privatization of public spaces that disproportionately affect persons living in poverty; (c) requirements and conditions for arbitrary detention", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 4II. Realities 5 of poverty: stigma, discrimination, criminalization and exclusion III. International human rights framework 7 A.Iguality 7 and non-discrimination B. Restrictions 8 legitimate to human rights C. Right 9 to participate in decision-making D. Privatization 10 and obligations of the State IV. Measures 10 of criminalization with adverse effects on the enjoyment of human rights A. Laws, 11 regulations and practices that restrict forms of behaviour in the public spaces of persons living in poverty B. Regulations 15 and measures of urban planning C. Requirements 16 and conditions for regulating access to public services and social benefits D.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, Ms. Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, presents this report in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/13. The report examines a number of laws, regulations and practices, which are increasingly common in developed and developing countries, punishing, segregating and controlling people living in poverty and undermining their autonomy.", "2. The report took advantage of the presentations made and the views expressed at an international expert meeting, organized by the International Council for Human Rights Policy in Geneva, on 17 and 18 March 2011, which brought together human rights experts, academics, members of civil society and representatives of United Nations entities from all regions, which without exception provided valuable inputs to the report of the Special Rapporteur[1].", "3. The report uses the term &quot; criminalization measures &quot; to generally refer to administrative policies, laws and regulations punishing, segregating and controlling people living in poverty and undermining their autonomy. These measures are not homogenous in their design or impact; on the contrary, their objectives and impact are very diverse, depending on regions, States, provinces and municipalities. Some give rise to the direct criminalization, prosecution and imprisonment of persons living in poverty, while others overly regulate and control different aspects of their lives. Certain measures have punitive effects, such as the imposition of heavy fines, the loss of child custody, the loss of the right to social benefits and the violation of the rights to privacy and autonomy. Some are specifically targeted at people in poverty, while others consist of neutral laws, policies and practices that, although targeted to the entire population, have a disproportionate effect on those living in poverty.", "4. The report analyses some of these measures in order to demonstrate their impact on the enjoyment of the human rights of people living in poverty. It is explained how the result of deep-rooted prejudice and stereotypes has influenced public policies. It is emphasized that their negative effects overlap and reinforce each other, and that this exacerbates and perpetuates poverty. The report applied a human rights framework to demonstrate that, while poverty could not in itself be a violation of human rights, the actions or omissions of States which caused poverty, exacerbated or perpetuated it, amounted to human rights violations. In this context, criminalization measures pose a serious threat to the observance of States &apos; human rights obligations.", "II. Poverty: stigmatization, discrimination, criminalization and exclusion", "5. States have long recognized that poverty is a complex human condition characterized by continued or chronic deprivation of resources, capacity, options, security and power necessary to enjoy an adequate standard of living and other civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.[2] Poverty is not an autonomous choice, but rather a multifaceted situation that can be difficult, if not impossible, to escape without help. People living in poverty were not guilty of their situation; States should therefore not punish or penalize them. They must, on the other hand, adopt comprehensive measures and policies designed to eliminate the conditions underlying poverty, exacerbate or perpetuate it, and ensure the realization of all the economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of those living in poverty.", "6. The criminalization policies denote a deep misunderstanding of the realities of the existence of the poorest and most vulnerable, and the lack of awareness of widespread discrimination and the mutually reinforcing disadvantages of those people.", "7. Penalization measures respond to discriminatory stereotypes in which people in poverty are lazy, irresponsible, indifferent to the health and education of their children, dishonest, who do not deserve assistance and are even criminals. They are often represented as responsible for their own misfortune, with the possibility of remedying their situation with only trying more. These prejudices and stereotypes are often reaffirmed in the media &apos; s biased and sensationalist reports that particularly target people living in poverty and are victims of multiple forms of discrimination, such as single mothers, ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples and migrants. Attitudes such as those described are so entrenched that they inform public policies and do not allow those responsible for formulating them to address systemic factors that prevent people living in poverty from overcoming their situation.", "8. As a result of the discrimination and stigma they suffer, they become fearful and even hostile to the public authorities, and they rely little on the institutions that should provide them with assistance. Too often, they receive disrespectful and condescending treatment of policymakers, public officials, social workers, law enforcement officials, teachers and health service providers, who do not always recognize and support the efforts of people living in poverty to improve their existence.", "9. Stigmatization and prejudiced attitudes create a sense of shame, which discourages people living in poverty from approaching public officials in search of the support they require. In order not to expose themselves to greater social discrimination even through access to services that stigmatize society, they may refrain from claiming rights such as food vouchers or subsidies, access to public housing or free health care in health clinics. This accentuates its segregation and exclusion and reinforces the vicious circle that perpetuates poverty for generations.", "10. In all countries, whether developed or developing, the poorest and most excluded are constantly disadvantaged in their relations with State authorities as a result of historical social divisions and power structures. By the effect of the asymmetries of power, people living in poverty cannot demand rights or protest the violation of these rights. They may face obstacles in communicating with the authorities for being illiterate, for lack of information or language barriers, a situation that is particularly acute in the case of migrants, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities. They are therefore less likely to know and understand their rights or to report violations or abuse.", "11. In this regard, women are more vulnerable to criminalization measures. Because of structural discrimination, women are less represented in power structures and, therefore, in their treatment with State authorities they are disproportionately disadvantaged and are less likely to claim their rights. Penalization measures often have more onerous consequences for women than for men, since they are overrepresented among the poor, have less access to education, employment and economic resources and assume the primary burden of family care and domestic work.", "12. An important obstacle to breaking this cycle of criminalization and poverty is the inability of persons in poverty to have access to legal aid, as they are not in a position to bear private legal representation and there is not always legal aid, or inadequate. Without access to competent and comprehensive legal aid, the poorest and most excluded hold an even more unfavourable position in their dealings with the authorities, not only when they face a criminal charge, but also in administrative proceedings such as in cases of child protection, frauds committed in relation to eviction and immigration benefits or procedures.", "13. Where people living in poverty lack access to legal representation or advice, particularly in circumstances where they do not know the complexity of the legal language, they are more likely to receive and accept unfair or unequal treatment. They are more likely to be harmed by corruption or paid for a bribe, to be detained for longer periods and, if they face a trial, to be found guilty. Even in the case of legal aid, discrimination and linguistic barriers are powerful obstacles when seeking access to justice and redress.", "III. International human rights framework", "A. Equality and non-discrimination", "14. Non-discrimination and equality are the basic elements of the international human rights normative framework[3]. In accordance with these principles, all persons on an equal basis must be treated equally in law and practice. According to human rights standards, no distinction or difference of treatment amounted to discrimination. A distinction is consistent with the principle of equality if it has a reasonable purpose and justification; it aspires to a legitimate purpose and there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the purpose sought.[4] Thus, differentiated treatment (distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference) of persons living in poverty must meet the criteria mentioned to be justified under human rights standards.", "15. Moreover, certain forms of preferential treatment that are affirmative action measures adopted to benefit vulnerable and disadvantaged groups are not considered discriminatory, because they are designed to “reduce and eliminate the conditions and attitudes that generate or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination”, and encourage the equal enjoyment of rights[5]. Accordingly, affirmative action measures for persons in poverty whose purpose is to correct social and economic imbalances are not only permitted, but their adoption is mandatory for States under human rights standards. There is discrimination only when the difference in treatment is without a legitimate end or if there is no reasonable proportionality between the means employed and the purpose to be achieved.", "16. A discriminatory intention is not a necessary element of discrimination[6]. Therefore, any action aimed at or as a result of annulment or impairment of the enjoyment of human rights on an equal basis constitutes a violation of States &apos; human rights obligations.", "17. The common element that unifies the criminalization measures discussed in the present report is their inability to adequately meet those criteria. All of them constitute direct or indirect discrimination against persons living in poverty and result in annulling or impairing the enjoyment or exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "18. Discrimination is prohibited on a number of grounds listed, including the economic and social position, as implied by the phrase “any other social status”, which is included as grounds for discrimination in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] Penalization measures are aimed at persons who are identified as poor by their income, appearance, way of speaking, home or needs. That is why such measures clearly constitute discrimination based on economic and social status.", "B. legitimate restrictions on human rights", "19. Human rights standards authorize States to limit certain rights, on the basis that limitations are justified in the interest of public security, national security or public order; public health; or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. In order for a limitation to be legitimate under human rights law, it must respect several safeguards: to be “prescribed by law”, to be “compatible with the nature of these rights”, “only for the purpose of promoting general well-being” and “necessary in a democratic society”[8]. Permissible limitations should also comply with the general principles of human rights standards and should therefore be non-discriminatory, reasonable and proportional.[9] The observance of these principles requires, for example, that any restrictive measure be the appropriate means of achieving the desired purpose, and that the limitations are not more rigorous than necessary for achieving that end.", "20. Since the primary objective of the human rights framework is to protect the rights of persons rather than to allow the State to impose limitations, it is incumbent on States to demonstrate that the restrictions imposed on the exercise of the rights of persons living in poverty meet all those criteria and are thus legitimate, reasonable and proportionate to the intended purpose. Restrictions that do not conform to these criteria constitute a violation of human rights standards.", "21. States frequently resort to the permissible limitations listed to justify criminalization measures. However, in practice, various factors are combined in the motives that drive them. Some measures are aimed at eliminating all images of poverty, such as when homeless people and beggars of urban centres are removed to beautify the city and attract investment and development. Other measures are justified as necessary to reach the poor who “merecend help” or to satisfy those who criticize “indulgent” social policies and thus gain political support for an initiative. From a human rights perspective, these justifications need to be carefully analysed to assess whether or not the criminalization measure pursues a legitimate purpose in accordance with human rights standards and whether it is proportionate to that end. States should not impose more restrictive measures than those necessary for the purpose of limitation.", "22. Particular attention should be paid to the economic justifications for criminalization measures. Economic reasons are not only beyond the scope of permissible limitations under human rights standards, but also contradict the reality that the implementation of criminalization measures is extremely costly. In order to implement these measures, a greater number of law enforcement and public service personnel are required; increase the number of staff in the criminal justice system; and make significant disbursements in administrative control procedures, such as media checks and monitoring of benefits.", "23. In many cases, the cost of using reactive criminalization measures is much higher than the costs incurred to address the root causes of poverty and exclusion. If resources for monitoring, monitoring and detention were reversed in addressing the causes of poverty and improving access to public services, including social housing, States could achieve a dramatic improvement in the situation of people living in poverty and ensure that the maximum available resources were devoted to enhancing the realization of economic, social and cultural rights.[10]", "C. Right to participate in decision-making", "24. The design and implementation of criminalization measures is invariably carried out without any meaningful dialogue with people living in poverty. Their experiences and needs are often overlooked, which reinforces their feelings of impotence. Hence, ensuring their right to effective and meaningful participation in the decision-making process is a prerequisite for the elimination of discrimination and poverty.", "25. A human rights approach to poverty eradication provides for free, informed and meaningful participation of people in poverty at all stages of the design, implementation and monitoring of policies affecting them. A genuine participation should not only be understood as an affirmation of the right of all individuals and groups to participate in the conduct of public affairs[11], but also as a decisive aspect of the solution of poverty and social exclusion. The empowerment of people living in poverty through this form of participation is also a means of promoting social inclusion and ensuring that public policies are designed to meet the particular needs of the poorest segments of society.", "D. Privatization and State obligations", "26. In all developed and developing countries, there is a clear trend towards privatization and external recruitment of some activities that have traditionally been carried out by the State. While privatization may reduce costs, increase efficiency and, therefore, improve service delivery, it may also raise significant barriers to access for the poorest and most vulnerable to public services. When States give the administration of welfare, health and housing systems and detention centres to private entities seeking economic benefit and may not be subject to proper oversight and control by the public, they jeopardize the ability of individuals to access the necessary services and create incentives that could produce harmful effects on people living in poverty. Without mechanisms to ensure accountability and transparency, private entities may give greater priority to benefits than individuals and are not responsible for their own failures.", "27. States should not consider privatization as a means of avoiding their human rights responsibilities. International human rights standards do not restrict the privatization of public services; they stipulate, however, that when private companies are subcontracted for the provision of public services, States continue to be responsible for ensuring their quality, affordability and coverage and have an obligation to protect individuals against abuses committed by such companies.[12]", "IV. Criminalization measures with adverse effects on the enjoyment of human rights", "28. The present section outlines some examples of the consequences of criminalization measures for the enjoyment of several human rights, in order to demonstrate the many complex and interrelated ramifications that such measures have for people living in poverty.", "A. Laws, regulations and practices that restrict forms of behaviour in public spaces for people living in poverty", "29. It is increasingly common for States to implement laws, regulations and practices to limit the behaviour, acts and movements of people in public spaces, which make the lives and livelihoods of those living in poverty very difficult. These measures show significant differences according to the State and territory in which they are applied, but their common denominator is the criminalization of acts and behaviors considered “undesirable” or contrary to the tranquility of public spaces. To justify them, States classify prohibited behaviours as dangerous or contrary to public security or public order, as an alteration of normal activities to which public spaces are intended, or contrary to preconceived images and ideas that the authorities intend to relate to such places.[13]", "30. Criminal or regulatory measures (e.g., orders), under which vagrancy and begging are regarded as acts contrary to the law, become increasingly common in developed and developing countries. These laws adopt different forms, from which they prohibit asking for money in all public spaces, to which they prohibit begging at night or “aggressive hand”.[14] Some of them have a broad field of application that encompasses the realization of any activity that could be asked for money, such as acting or dancing, or showing a wound or deformity. In some States, it is illegal even that a person is in a public place without visible means of subsistence, because begging is likely to be their way of life.[15]", "31. It is obvious that these laws and regulations have a disproportionate effect on people living in poverty. If they cannot have access to sufficient support and assistance from the State, it is possible that their only option to survive is to be a beggar. To punish them for their actions in circumstances where they have no other means of survival is clearly a punitive measure out of proportion.", "32. The prohibition of begging and vagrancy represents a serious violation of the principles of equality and non-discrimination.[16] These measures give law enforcement agencies wide discretion to implement them and increase the vulnerability of persons in poverty to harassment and violence. They only serve to help perpetuate the discriminatory attitudes of society towards their poorest and most vulnerable members.", "33. Increasingly, States also criminalize certain behaviors and acts that are linked to the fact of living on the street, such as sleeping, sitting, sleeping, throwing trash, staying, camping or storing personal objects in public spaces; getting drunk in public places; or crossing the street unwisely.[17] These regulations are often drafted in unspecified terms, so that law enforcement agencies have wide discretion and powers to enforce them, and this is the possible violation of legal and constitutional safeguards. By putting these acts or behaviours out of the law, States increase the risk that people living in poverty will be victims of abuse, harassment, violence, corruption and extortion at the hands of individuals and law enforcement officials.", "34. While these regulations are not specifically addressed to people living in poverty, their effect on them is disproportionate. Because of their lack of access, or limited access, to housing, they depend to a greater extent on public spaces to carry out their daily activities. As a result, people who have no other chance but to live on the street find that daily subsistence activities can jeopardize criminal sanctions. Although these measures are seemingly neutral, studies reveal that, for the authorities, their goal is people living in poverty, particularly homeless people.[18] This disproportionate application constitutes a clear violation of the obligation to ensure equality and non-discrimination by implementing all laws and policies.", "35. The underlying motivation of these measures is often to reduce the visibility of poverty in the city and to attract investments, development and (non-poor) citizens to urban centres. These are not legitimate purposes in accordance with human rights standards and do not justify the serious sanctions that are often imposed under these regulations.", "36. The implementation of these laws is in a context in which the economic and financial crisis has led to an unprecedented increase in mortgage and eviction executions, forcing a growing number of families to live on the street. Instead of using public funds to assist these families, States conduct costly operations to criminalize them for their actions. People living in poverty and homeless are left without a viable place to sleep, sit, eat or drink when infrastructure and public services are insufficient to provide families with alternative places to do such activities. These measures can therefore produce adverse physical and psychological effects on people living in poverty and impair their right to an adequate level of physical and mental health and even amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.[19]", "37. In several countries, laws have been enacted that further exacerbate the negative effects of these regulations by declaring acts illegal to assist those living on the street. In some States, there is specific legislation that limits the activities of civil society organizations[20] or prohibits assistance in certain circumstances. For example, in some municipalities, it is illegal to share food with groups of people in parks in urban centres without permission, which is an obstacle to charitable institutions and other organizations in charge of feeding homeless people.[21] The criminalization of civil society defenders, activists and organizations constitutes a violation of several human rights, such as freedom of association, expression and assembly, and undermines social cohesion.", "38. In addition, persons living in poverty are disproportionately subject to the police &apos; s powers to impose anti-social behaviour orders and to the obligation to circulate, as well as to public safety laws that permit the arrest and registration of persons by law enforcement officials. These measures are often far-reaching and give high discretion to police officers, whose subjective assessment does not necessarily have to be consistent with a rigorous burden of proof.[22] In the vast majority, these regulations target marginalized and most vulnerable groups and areas and communities where they live. With regard to people living in poverty, the even more common goal is the victims of multiple forms of discrimination.[23] These measures respond to and reinforce discriminatory attitudes about the possibility of criminal activities for people living in poverty, and thus perpetuate the stigmatization of poverty. For example, according to the regulations for the use of the subway in the capital city of a country, the police can remove people who disturb other passengers, among other things, for carrying “dirty troops”.[24]", "39. A particular concern is the criminalization measures aimed at people who try to earn a living through the lump-off sale. In many States, this activity is subject to strong restrictions[25] or is illegal[26], as is the act of buying goods from a street vendor.[27] Research shows that street vendors opt for this activity because they have no other way of earning income, their level of instruction is low and lack employment opportunities.[28] For the poorest and most vulnerable, street selling is a means of making money for the maintenance and livelihood of their families. Where States impose prohibitions, onerous licences or strong restrictions on street vendors, they seriously undermine the rights of people living in poverty to earn a living[29].", "40. While States may adopt reasonable regulations, law enforcement agencies are often given wide discretion to determine the areas, days and times in which ambulant sales activities are prohibited or restricted. This makes street vendors more vulnerable to abuses by law enforcement officials, private individuals or gangs. This is because they often suffer threats against their life and physical integrity, and also are victims of bribery, extortion and illegal confiscation of their goods.", "41. If street vendors are subjected to harassment or bribery, or if their goods are destroyed, they are almost impossible to file a complaint with the police because they face deep structural inequalities and power imbalances, obstacles at the level of communication and information and lack of access to legal representation. In countries where the street sale is illegal, sellers are very afraid to go to the police to report ill-treatment or any harm, because they are afraid of being given criminal conduct. This situation is particularly serious with regard to street vendors belonging to vulnerable groups who face widespread discrimination and who have historically maintained negative relations with the police and authorities, such as women, migrants and ethnic minorities.", "42. Children living or working on the street are particularly vulnerable to criminalization measures. The lives of these children are defined by abuse, violence and fear, but by their stigma of crime or illegitimacy, their chances of obtaining help or redress are very limited. Street children suffer exploitation, are victims of trafficking, are forced to perform dangerous tasks and are recruited by the armed forces or by armed groups, and do not come to the authorities for assistance for fear of further criminalization or abuse. In many cases, children living in poverty are not registered at birth, which is why they cannot have access to basic services, such as primary education. There is no other resource left for them than to engage in activities such as street sale or begging to survive[30]. When these activities become illegal, they are forced to face situations of greater danger and abuse.", "43. It is absurd that regulations criminalizing behaviours linked to poverty and lack of housing often impose fines that people in poverty are not in a position to pay. The illogical result of an unpaid fine is usually the imposition of another fine, or even a prison sentence. In one country, for example, there were thousands of incarcerated in one year for not paying the fines ordered by the courts.[31] The imposition of prison sentences for the non-payment of fines to those who are not in a position to pay not only represents a considerable amount of financial and administrative resources of the State, but also contributes significantly to perpetuating social exclusion and the economic difficulties of persons living in poverty.", "B. Urban planning regulations and measures", "44. In several countries, the transformation of cities through bourgeois policies, the privatization of social housing, the re-urbanization and the adoption of zoning laws has led to the fact that people in poverty have been forced to leave depressed urban areas with adverse consequences for their enjoyment not only of the right to adequate housing, but of a wide range of other rights.", "45. As a means of making cities more “safe” and attractive to investors, real estate developers and the most prosperous segments of society, States increasingly resort to zoning laws to give preference to land uses that exclude the poorest and most vulnerable, such as “protected communities”, luxury or high-cost housing and a large infrastructure for sports. The authorities undertake demolitions of entire neighborhoods and remove residents for the purpose of rehabilitating, renewing and preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the city[32], or to create space for development and infrastructure projects[33]. As a result, these areas become too expensive for people living in poverty to return to them and are relegated to homes in cheaper, geographically remote, less accessible and poorer neighbourhoods. In many cases, such persons are subjected to forced eviction without notice, victims of violence and their belongings damaged or destroyed. People in poverty may rarely have access to remedies and redress after eviction, and are deprived of compensation, restitution and resettlement.", "46. These policies not only have serious implications for the inclusive and diverse nature of cities, and accentuate the segregation and social exclusion of those living in poverty, but also represent serious obstacles to the enjoyment of the rights to adequate housing, to work, to an adequate standard of living and to participate in cultural life.[34]", "47. When they are removed from urban centres, people living in poverty are geographically removed from jobs, markets, educational institutions and health centres. In turn, this situation restricts their access to urban centres, public services and economic resources, and increases their costs of opportunity and transportation and therefore face other barriers to employment. Living in remote areas of urban centres also entails the exclusion of urban facilities and cultural life, which further contributes to the sense of isolation and exclusion experienced by people living in poverty.", "48. Public and privatized large-scale infrastructure projects, particularly those related to mega events such as the Olympic Games or the World Cup of Football, further exacerbate the segregation of the poor from public spaces. During these sporting celebrations, the authorities often remove people living in poverty from urban areas to relocate them to remote suburbs, often by force, without guaranteeing them a housing alternative or access to remedies and compensation, in flagrant violation of their right to adequate housing. For example, in Seoul, as part of the preparations for the 2002 World Cup of Football, the presence of homeless persons in specified locations of the city was banned, while during the 1988 Olympic Games, homeless persons were held in establishments outside the city. Provision was also made to transfer or penalize homeless people when the Olympic Games were held in Barcelona and Atlanta[35]. The practical effect of such initiatives is the full displacement of the poorest and most marginalized and their replacement by infrastructure works that these people do not need and which they cannot access, such as hotels, sports facilities and office buildings.", "C. Requirements and conditions for regulating access to public services and social benefits", "49. An increasingly common fact is that States impose strict requirements and conditions to regulate access to public services and social benefits.[36] In order to justify these measures, States point to the need to make efficient use of public resources, to better specify the objectives, to avoid dependency, to eliminate disincentives to work and to prevent abuses of the system. While there may be valid concerns, the measures in question often produce totally out of proportion to the intended purpose. By imposing excessive requirements and conditions for regulating access to services and benefits, as well as strong sanctions for non-compliance, States punish and humiliate people living in poverty and undermine their autonomy, thereby exacerbating the difficulties they face in overcoming their situation. In addition, beneficiaries remain in a state of uncertainty about their future and cannot make long-term plans.", "50. Support for these measures is not based on strong evidence of their effectiveness and economic efficiency, but rather on discriminatory stigma and stereotypes, perpetuated in the media, which make social benefits recipients appear as lazy, dishonest and unreliable. The requirements and conditions are often maintained in entrenched parental attitudes: policymakers believe they act in the best interests of people living in poverty who cannot be trusted to make decisions about them and their families.", "51. These measures undermine the autonomy of the beneficiaries and prevent them from choosing on their own, but they also constitute a threat to their enjoyment of several human rights, such as the right to participate in decisions that directly affect them[37] and not to be subjected to arbitrary or illegal interference by the State in its private life, family, home or correspondence[38]. Taking into account the fact that the failure to comply with an excess of conditions and requirements leads to the exclusion of social benefits, persons entitled to receive them live in a constant state of anxiety and fear of their withdrawal and, with them, their primary means of survival. Life in such circumstances produces cumulative effects that threaten the right of beneficiaries to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health[39].", "52. In many countries, persons entitled to social benefits must prove it through excessive documentation and the declaration of personal information that is not relevant. This process is often stressful and degrading for beneficiaries. People living in poverty face various obstacles and costs to access official documents. These can be expensive and difficult to access for people without a fixed domicile and without an identity card. This situation is very common in developing countries, where some of the most vulnerable and excluded persons, particularly women and ethnic minorities, are not registered at birth. In order to obtain such documents, it is also necessary to interact with public officials who often do not sufficiently know the specific needs and circumstances of people living in poverty. There is evidence that social benefit managers are generally unconsidered or uncomprehensible with beneficiaries who, in addition to bureaucratic obstacles, must overcome deficiencies in education, literacy and communication when they try to meet almost always complex and unclear requirements.", "53. It is not surprising that the perception of social benefits is linked to onerous conditions to obtain political support and to assure the public that only the poor who deserve it receive help. For example, some conditional cash transfer programmes established in low- and middle-income countries pay cash to heads (generally women) in exchange for their commitment to do something in retribution, for example, enroll children in school and ensure their attendance, or participate in health programmes. Although these conditions effectively encourage investment in human capital, they also impose additional burdens on women, whose needs are not always met when the programme is designed. The lack of a serious gender-based approach can perpetuate gender stereotypes about traditional roles and responsibilities within the family and trigger domestic violence.[40]", "54. In some of these programmes, non-compliance with the conditions leads to the immediate cancellation of benefits, without first assessing the reasons for non-compliance. This also means that the family often cannot re-apply to the program, despite their needs and the reasons for which they have not met.", "55. Conditionality undermines the autonomy of the beneficiaries and reinforces the stereotype that people living in poverty are unable to make responsible decisions. There is evidence that, with sufficient resources, poor families would make the same investments in education and health even in the absence of conditions.[41] The additional administrative costs involved in the design, implementation and monitoring of the compliance mechanism would therefore be better utilized if they were invested in the expansion and maintenance of public services.", "56. Another condition that States increasingly stipulate is that persons receiving benefits either from unemployment, for parents without a partner or for disability participate in employment or training programmes. Although the transfer of skills and knowledge required for reintegration into the labour force can be an important objective, these programmes are often implemented without conditions such as day-care services, or without structural obstacles, such as the realities of the current labour market characterized by a high unemployment rate and by rapidly modernizing industries. The programmes strongly emphasize that the beneficiaries will no longer receive benefits to occupy a job instead, without due attention being paid to the actual needs of those persons and almost always without providing them with the assistance they require to have sustainable, productive and decent work[42].", "57. In order to ensure that the beneficiaries meet the established conditions and requirements, States subject them to intensive examinations and intrusive investigations. Social benefits administrators are empowered to ask beneficiaries questions about a wide variety of personal issues and register their homes in search of signs of fraudulent activities.[43] Beneficiaries have to present themselves periodically and disclose excessive amounts of information when requested. In some countries, they should even be subjected to mandatory drug use detection. They should also give their consent to the authorities submitting all aspects of their lives to a thorough examination and ask questions to their friends, colleagues and acquaintances.[44] Beneficiaries are encouraged to monitor each other and to report any abuse to programme managers anonymously. These intrusive measures undermine the personal independence of the beneficiaries, are a serious interference with their right to privacy and family life, render them vulnerable to abuse and harassment and weaken community solidarity.", "58. The introduction of biometry to social benefit systems means that in some States, beneficiaries must undergo facial recognition technology, fingerprint images and iris scan[45]. These mechanisms give States broad powers and discretion to monitor and interfere in the lives of beneficiaries. The information obtained is often made available to other authorities for purposes other than originals, without the consent of the beneficiaries.[46] Such practices constitute a serious threat to the protection of personal data and the right to access and control personal information.", "59. Monitoring policies treat beneficiaries as criminals and make them feel guilty, restless and embarrassed. While some control mechanisms are needed, they are required to be reasonable and proportional. For example, there is evidence that the variety of control and oversight mechanisms used by States to manage social benefits is clearly no proportion to the number of cases of fraud committed in relation to such benefits. The overpayments of these are often the result of administrative errors of the State, rather than a fraud on the part of the beneficiary.[47] When the overpayment is attributable to the beneficiaries, it is much more likely that it is due to an error, rather than a fraud, and when a fraud is actually committed, it is often an opportunistic act of little importance with respect to small amounts of subsistence money. However, as presented by policymakers, fraud with social benefits is an all-inclusive problem and resources are allocated to combat it. The political rhetoric is disproportionately focused on social benefit fraud by placing it above fiscal fraud, the cost of which imposes a much greater burden on the State, and cases of benefit fraud are raised to influence public discourse on poverty.[48]", "60. Frauds to social benefits and non-compliance with the conditions for obtaining them are subject to strong public conviction and rigorous prosecution by the authorities.[49] When it is proved that a fraud has been committed, it may be possible to reduce the amount of the allowance to cover the reimbursement of the defrauded amount, and to initiate criminal proceedings against the responsible[50]. If the beneficiary is found guilty of fraud, he may remain outside the social benefits system for the rest of his life. If the beneficiaries have pending court orders, they are likely to suspend the payment of their social benefits until the orders are resolved, or to be granted an exemption. These measures are extremely severe and will have serious consequences for people who are fighting poverty and exclusion, as they perpetuate the disadvantage that induces them to depend on social benefits in the first place.", "61. The exclusion of assistance in the form of social benefits has a special impact on women, who constitute the majority of the beneficiaries and who have a general responsibility for the care of children and the maintenance of the household. If women are denied access to social benefits, the whole family suffers the consequences. On the other hand, women are more likely to continue to maintain or resume abusive relationship, or to be forced to live in other vulnerable situations, if they cannot have access to social benefits.[51]", "62. Women are also exposed to State interference in their private and family life in other ways. In particular, the growing preference of States for child protection interventions overwhelmingly affects poor women in particular[52], and people living in poverty more generally. Research reveals a clear and consistent link between child protection interventions and the disadvantage and marginalization of affected families.[53] Poverty should not be confused with child abandonment. States often disproportionately select children in poor families to initiate child protection procedures rather than direct their efforts to address the root causes of child poverty.", "63. People living in poverty have to struggle to overcome the child protection process, which in many countries is intrusive and extremely contentious. Child protection interventions are not always able to provide families with sufficient information on the process, and in many countries there is no provision for free legal aid in procedures in this area. There is, therefore, a serious imbalance of power between the State and families in poverty, and the real risk that the judicial process will culminate in the unnecessarily annulment or limitation of the rights of parents or produce other results that are harmful to the best interests of the child.", "64. Although children have the right to grow in a safe environment where they are given care, they also have the right not to be separated from their biological parents, unless separation is in the best interests of the child.[54] The purpose of child protection procedures should always be the best interests of the child, not the criminalization of parents. Their criminalization of the abandonment and abuse of children, despite their importance, does not provide a satisfactory solution to poverty and exclusion.", "D. Excessive and arbitrary recourse to detention and imprisonment", "65. Because law enforcement officials often use “poorness”, “lack of housing” and the “disadvantage” situation as a crime indicator, people living in poverty come into contact with the criminal justice system often disproportionately. They also encounter important obstacles within the system or to get out of it. A disproportionately high number of the poorest and most excluded are arrested, detained and imprisoned.", "66. In developing countries and in developed countries, bail is subject to increasingly rigorous and onerous conditions that require detainees, for example, to demonstrate their connections to the community, to have a fixed domicile or permanent employment, to be brought to the police on a regular basis, to make a cash deposit or to provide a guarantee. In the vast majority of cases, these are impossible to meet for the poorest and most marginalized, and are therefore likely to remain in pre-trial detention. This dramatically increases the possibility that they will end up being sentenced, thus seeing in a vulnerable position that they will be more willing to accept an unjust agreement with the prosecution or to admit their guilt to becoming more soon released, which also contributes to the deterioration of their appearance and behaviour, hinders their ability to maintain contact with lawyers or to obtain witness testimony about their moral solvency and causes them to lose their employment or housing, all of which deprives the court of conditional service.", "67. The inability to have access to competent and comprehensive legal aid poses a serious threat to the human rights of people living in poverty. Without adequate representation or advice, detainees are more likely to be found guilty. While they remain in detention, they have no means at their disposal to protest the violation of their rights, which is manifested in unsafe or unhealthy conditions, physical or mental ill-treatment or excessive delays, and they are more likely to be required to pay bribes, which they may hardly do.", "68. The economic and social costs of detention and imprisonment can be devastating for people living in poverty. Detention not only entails temporary loss of income, but often leads to loss of employment, particularly when people work in the informal sector. Having a criminal record creates a new obstacle to finding employment. Detention and imprisonment, including for non-violent offences, will often result in temporary or permanent withdrawal of social benefits or denial of access to social housing, both for the detained person and for his family.[56]", "69. Families are forced to spend their limited income or sell assets to cover bail, legal assistance, access to goods and services within prisons (e.g., food or telephone use), or transfers to visit the detainee. Children &apos; s education is also disrupted when their parents are detained. In this context, detention poses a serious threat to the financial stability of the entire family of the detained person and contributes to perpetuating the cycle of poverty.", "70. On the other hand, detention and imprisonment may have serious health consequences for the poorest and most vulnerable, possibly subjected to the worst treatment and conditions, including overcrowding of cells, inadequate sanitation facilities, unbridled transmission of diseases and inadequate health care. In some cases, overcrowding in prisons can result in such serious effects on detainees that they constitute even a form of cruel and inhuman treatment.[57]", "71. It is therefore likely that poor and vulnerable persons, upon leaving the prison, are in a financial, physical and personal disadvantage. After their release, they will find that their assets have been exhausted, have fewer employment opportunities and limited access to social benefits and have broken their links with the community and with their families, and that they will be the subject of greater stigma and social exclusion, thus further reducing their chances of escaping poverty.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "72. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted condition that is exacerbated and perpetuated by the effect of measures with which, directly or indirectly, persons suffering from it are punished, segregated and controlled, and their autonomy is undermined. Such measures undermine the ability of people living in poverty to exercise a wide range of human rights and fundamental freedoms, thereby exacerbating and prolonging the cycle of poverty and exclusion.", "73. In an attempt to justify the restriction of human rights through criminalization measures, States often invoke public security, public health and national security as grounds. However, human rights standards establish strict requirements for the imposition of limitations on individual rights. Any restriction on the enjoyment of human rights of persons living in poverty must comply with several safeguards, such as the need for it to be prescribed by law, which is non-discriminatory and proportional, and which has a legitimate purpose. It places the burden on States to prove that a limitation imposed on the exercise of the rights of persons in poverty is in conformity with the provisions of international human rights standards.", "74. Penalization measures often result from negative prejudices and stereotypes that do not take into account the disadvantage and exclusion realities or recognize the daily struggle of people living in poverty to overcome the multiple obstacles they face. Poverty is not chosen as a lifestyle. Homeless people would prefer safe, affordable and adequate housing to public parks or bus stations. Those who struggle to survive with social benefits would prefer safe, stable, well-paid and productive employment to be exposed to discrimination and live in constant fear of being deprived of their rights. People do not choose to live in poverty and therefore should not be punished for their situation.", "75. Measures leading to the criminalization of those living in poverty do not have any effect on the root causes of poverty and social exclusion. They only serve to further accentuate the multiple deprivations that afflict the poor and to lift obstacles to poverty reduction and social inclusion. They therefore greatly undermine the ability of States to fulfil their obligations to respect, protect and ensure the exercise of human rights.", "76. Rather than criminalizing the poorest because of their situation, States should take positive steps to remove the legal, economic, social and administrative obstacles faced by those persons to have access to food, housing, employment, education and health services, and to prevent them from enjoying their economic, social and cultural rights on an equal basis with the rest of the population and as part of an inclusive community.", "77. The obligation of human rights standards to ensure, at least, the minimum essential level of all economic, social and cultural rights entails the responsibility of ensuring an adequate standard of living through basic subsistence, which entails providing essential primary health care, basic housing and basic forms of education. Rather than diverting scarce resources to the implementation of costly criminalization measures, States should guide the maximum available resources to initiatives that would enable people in poverty to enjoy all economic, political, social, civil and cultural rights.", "78. Urban transformation, privatization, burgering, beautification and reurbanization of cities can deeply undermine various rights of people living in poverty and contribute to their exclusion and stigmatization. These phenomena gradually push them to the periphery of urban centres, jeopardizing their ability to have access to employment and public services and to exercise the right to participate in cultural life. In accordance with the concept of what is appropriate in relation to the right to housing, consideration should be given, inter alia, to factors such as the availability of services and infrastructure, affordability and accessibility. States should refrain from forced evictions.", "79. Public services and social benefits play an integral role in the lives of people in poverty by providing them with important support and assistance, particularly in times of economic and social difficulties. These benefits, although not always sufficient to meet the needs of beneficiaries and their families, provide them with an important form of support to which they are entitled, and without which they would not survive. States should refrain from imposing requirements and conditions that stigmatize, criminalize and hinder beneficiaries in stereotypes. The only thing that is achieved through these measures is to undermine the fundamental support provided by social benefits and create new obstacles for people living in poverty.", "80. While fraud prevention is a legitimate purpose, consistent measures, for example, in invasive monitoring policies, onerous conditions, excessive reporting requirements and excessive control of social benefits systems are not proportionate to the purpose they pursue, are the product of manifest and covert discriminatory attitudes and practices and serve only to consolidate the poverty suffered by beneficiaries.", "81. Since detention, imprisonment and institutionalization had a very wide and lasting negative impact on people living in poverty, States should not resort to deprivation of liberty rather than to the extent that it was necessary to do so to meet an urgent need for society, and in a proportionate manner to that need. When incarcerated, the poorest and most vulnerable must have equal access to free, fair and efficient judicial procedures and enjoy the same rights to human conditions and respectful treatment as the most prosperous segments of society.", "82. In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to make the following recommendations:", "(a) States shall take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of direct and indirect discrimination against persons living in poverty. States should refrain from adopting laws, regulations or practices that deny or limit access to all their rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, for persons in poverty. States should review their national legislation to assess whether it has discriminatory consequences for such persons and revoke or amend laws whose purpose or effect is to undermine the equal enjoyment of the rights of persons living in poverty;", "(b) In order to prevent future discrimination, comprehensive anti-discrimination laws must be adopted against persons living in poverty. States shall ensure that discrimination based on economic and social status is prohibited by law and that such prohibition is applied by the courts;", "(c) States shall take special measures to protect persons in poverty from the violation of their rights by third parties. To that end, States should:", "(i) Carry out educational programmes and campaigns to raise the population &apos; s awareness of the many obstacles facing people living in poverty to overcome their situation;", "(ii) Encourage media to avoid biased reports and sensationalist coverage that perpetuate discriminatory stereotypes of people living in poverty. To that end, States should promote ethical journalism and encourage the adoption of codes of conduct to end the negative representation of persons in poverty, homeless or unemployed and beneficiaries of social benefits;", "(iii) Ensure that private providers of public services and other non-public entities do not discriminate against those living in poverty. States shall adopt legislative measures to prevent and punish violations of the rights of such persons by private entities;", "(d) States will create an environment that facilitates the participation of people living in poverty in public life and in decisions affecting their lives. To that end, States should identify and resolve institutional impediments to the full participation of vulnerable and marginalized groups in decision-making processes;", "(e) Access to legal representation is of paramount importance, since all forms of criminalization of persons living in poverty are based on such a lack. States shall ensure that the poorest segments of society have quality legal assistance, not only for criminal proceedings but also with respect to issues of particular relevance to persons in poverty, such as social benefit withdrawal resources and eviction and child protection procedures;", "f) States should ensure that all criminal and regulatory policies conform to human rights standards, including the principles of equality and non-discrimination and the presumption of innocence. The laws specifically aimed at the particular behaviours and acts of persons living in poverty amount to discrimination based on economic and social status, and will be revoked;", "(g) States will recall their obligations to ensure the right of everyone to adequate housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living. For the enjoyment of this right, States must ensure that housing is affordable and allows access to social services and infrastructure. They must also refrain from forced evictions. Where evictions are inevitable, States shall ensure that they are carried out in a manner that respects the dignity and the right to life and security of the affected persons[58];", "(h) Human rights standards, including the rights of persons living in poverty to privacy and family life and to participate in decisions affecting them, must be complied with in the design and implementation of social benefits systems. Monitoring policies, conditions and other requirements should be reviewed to ensure that they do not constitute a violation of human rights obligations by imposing a disproportionate burden on people in poverty. In collecting and processing information on beneficiaries, States shall ensure that internationally accepted privacy and confidentiality standards are observed, and shall not disclose such information to other authorities or use it for other purposes without the consent of the beneficiary;", "(i) States should only resort to detention and imprisonment when it was necessary to do so to meet a pressing need of society, and in proportion to that need. States should ensure that arrest or detention do not disproportionately affect persons living in poverty. To that end, States should:", "(i) Review all policies and laws on detention and imprisonment, to determine whether they exist and, where appropriate, eliminate discriminatory laws and practices that disproportionately place people living in poverty at a disadvantage. Measures should be put in place to enable the police, courts and public officials to make an appropriate assessment of the possible effects of detention or imprisonment in the light of the circumstances of each person;", "(ii) Ensure that, to the maximum extent possible, the economic and social circumstances of people living in poverty are taken into account when setting the bonds.", "[1] Further information on the meeting is available at www.ichrp.org/en/projects/162.", "[2] E/C.12/2001/10, para. 8.", "[3] See, for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 2; the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 2 and 26; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 1; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 2; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 5.", "[4] See, for example, general comment No. 20 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; general comment No. 18 of the Human Rights Committee; general comment No. 14 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination; the Marckx case against Belgium of the European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 6833/74, decision of 13 June 1979, para. 33; advisory opinion No. 4 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the proposed amendments to the provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica on naturalization, OC-4/84 of 19 January 1984, para. 57.", "[5] General comment No. 20, paragraph 8, of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[6] General comment No. 20 paras. 5, 10 and 12 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; general comment No. 18, para. 9, Human Rights Committee; General recommendation No. 14, para. 1, of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination; General recommendation No. 28, paragraph 16, of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.", "[7] In its jurisprudence, the Human Rights Committee has reiterated that the list of grounds for discrimination is not exhaustive and that the phrase “any other social status” is not subject to a single interpretation. See also General Comment No. 20, paragraph 35, of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 1 of the American Convention on Human Rights expressly includes the economic and social status among the grounds of discrimination. Other prohibited grounds of discrimination, such as “economic position” and even “social origin”, may also be relevant in addressing issues related to poverty.", "[8] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 18, 19, 21 and 22; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 4; European Social Charter, art. 31.1; Protocol of San Salvador, art. 5. The content of these requirements has been addressed in a comprehensive manner in other documents. See, for example, the Syracuse Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (E/CN.4/1985/4, annex) and the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/CN.4/1987/17, annex).", "[9] See principles 10 and 16 of the Syracuse Principles and principle 60 of the Limburg Principles (note 8 above).", "[10] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2.1.", "[11] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 21; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 25.", "[12] General comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[13] Antonio Tossi, “Homelessness and the control of public space: criminalizing the poor?”, European Journal of Homelessness, vol. 1 (December 2007), p. 226.", "[14] See, for example, section 2 of the Public Road Safety Act, 1999 (Ontario, Canada); section 2.1 of the Public Road Safety Act, 2004 (British Columbia, Canada); and section 3 of the Vagrant Act, 1824 (United Kingdom).", "[15] Article 2.1 of the Bomby Act (prevention of begging) of 1959.", "[16] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 26.", "[17] For example, out of a total of 235 municipalities in the United States covered by a study, 33% were prohibited from camping and 30% were prohibited from sitting or sleeping in certain public places. See National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and National Coalition for the Homeless, “Homes not handcuffs”, July 2009. Available at www.nlchp.org.", "[18] James Farrell, “Moving on, moving out: police powers and public spaces in Australia”; will be published in August 2011 by openDemocracy (www.opendemocracy.net).", "[19] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 5; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 7. In several jurisdictions in the United States, the argument has been accepted that punishing homeless persons for acts that have no choice but to perform in public may amount to cruel and inhuman treatment. See Pottinger matters against city of Miami 76 F.3d 1154 (11th Cir. 1996); and Johnson against city of Dallas 61 F.3d 442 (5th Cir. 1995).", "[20] Mandeep Tiwana and Netsanet Belay, “Civil society: the clampdown is real-global trends 2009-2010”, Civicus World Alliance for Citizen Participation, December 2010. Available at www.civicus.org.", "[21] See, for example, article 18A.01 of the Orlando, Florida City Code. See also “Homes not handcuffs” (note 17 above), p. 11.", "[22] See George Lavendar, “Gang injunctions just criminalize poor communities”, The Guardian, February 1, 2011.", "[23] For example, Black people in a country are six times more likely, and Asians are twice as likely to be subject to police powers of “detention and registration” than whites. See “Police stop and search powers ‘target minorities’, BBC News, March 15, 2010.", "[24] Budapest Transport Company (BKV Zrt), “Terms and conditions of travelling”, available at www.bkv.hu/en/travel_conditions/terms_and_conditions_of_travelling.", "[25] For example, in New York City (see Jennifer Lee, “Street vending as a way to ease joblessness”, The New York Times, 29 April 2009) and Durban (see Blessing Karumbidza, “Criminalizing the livelihoods of the poor: the impact of formalising informal trade on female and migrant traders in Durban”, Socio-economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 2011).", "[26] For example, in some municipalities in Thailand (Law on Urban Clearance and Orders, 1992 and the Public Health Act, 1992) and Cambodia (Subdecrete on Public Order). See Kyoko Kusakabe, “Policy issues on street vending: an overview of studies in Thailand, Cambodia and Mongolia”, International Labour Office, 2006.", "[27] Bosco R. Asiimwe, “Nyarugenge to penalise vendors’ clients”, Rwandan New Times, August 3, 2011.", "[28] Kusakabe (note 26 above), p. 23.", "[29] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 6.", "[30] A/HRC/16/L.13/Rev.1, para. 3 (e).", "[31] Irish Penal Reform Trust, “6,681 imprisoned for non-payment of fines in 2010”, 2 February 2011.", "[32] Ayfer Bartu Candan and Biray Kolluoglu, “Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: a gated town and a public housing project in Istanbul”, New Perspectives on Turkey, vol. 29 (2008), p. 16.", "[33] See A/HRC/4/18, paras. 21 to 24.", "[34] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 27; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, arts. 6, 11 and 15; General observations No. 7, 18 and 21 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[35] For these and other examples, see A/HRC/13/20, paras. 18 and 25 to 27.", "[36] In the present report, the term “social benefits” denotes any benefits granted to persons through State welfare, social security and social assistance systems, including monetary transfers, food or vouchers for food, disability or disease benefits, unemployment benefits, benefits for single parents and dependent children, non-contributory pensions, and housing and education assistance.", "[37] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 25.", "[38] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 12; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 17.", "[39] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 25; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 12; General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "[40] See A/HRC/11/9 and A/65/259.", "[41] Armando Barrientos, “Conditions in antipoverty programmes”, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, vol. 19, No. 1 (2011), p. 19.", "[42] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 23; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 6.", "[43] Falkiner v. Ontario (Ministry of Community and Social Services) (2002), 59 O.R. (3d) 481 (C.A.), Factum de la Civil Liberties Association of Canada, p. 5.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] For example, in India, the competent national entity is in the process of implementing the single identification project, which will assign citizens a unique identity number linked to their biometric data. See Unique Identification Authority of India, “What is Aadhaar?”, available at http://uidai.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content strangerview=article alienid=57 strangerItemid=105.", "[46] See, for example, Anemona Hartocollis, “Concern for vast social services database on the city’s neediest”, The New York Times, 16 June 2011.", "[47] Tamara Walsh and Greg Marston, “Benefitpayment over, welfare fraud and financial hardship in Australia”, Journal of Social Security Law, vol. 17, No. 2 (2010), p. 101.", "[48] For example, in one country, it is estimated that in 2009/10, frauds and errors in relation to social benefits cost the State to £3.3 billion, while the cost of tax evasion for the State amounted to £4 billion. See Deborah Padfield, “Fraud’n’error: tax avoidance and evasion”, 20 July 2011. Available at www.opendemocracy.net.", "[49] M. D. R. Evans and J. Kelley, “Are tax cheating and welfare fraud wrong? Public opinion in 29 nations”, Australian Social Monitor, vol. 3, No. 4 (2001), p. 93.", "[50] Walsh and Marston (note 47 above), p. 109.", "[51] Mary E. Baker, “Double binds facing mothers in abusive families: social support systems, custody outcomes, and liability for acts of others”, The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, vol. 2 (1995), p. 13.", "[52] Heather Douglas and Tamara Walsh, “Mothers and the child protection system”, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, vol. 23, No. 2 (August 2009), p. 211; Naomi Cahn, “Policing women: moral arguments and the dilemmas of criminalization”, DePaul Law Review, vol. 49 (2000), p. 817.", "[53] In some countries, families dependent on public assistance are four times more exposed than others to be investigated and their children are removed from the family home for ill-treatment. See Douglas J. Berharov, “Child abuse realities: over-reporting and poverty”, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, vol. 8 (2000), pp. 183 and 184.", "[54] Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 9.", "[55] E/CN.4/2006/7, para. 66.", "[56] See, for example, “No second chance: people with criminal records denied access to public housing”, Human Rights Watch, November 17, 2005.", "[57] Brown affair against Silver, Supreme Court of the United States, No. 09-1233, 23 May 2011 (unavailable yet).", "[58] See General Comment No. 7 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and the Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-generated Evictions and Displacement (A/HRC/4/18)." ]
[ "Conferencia sobre Medidas para Facilitar la Entrada en Vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Nueva York, 23 de septiembre de 2011", "Proyecto de reglamento", "Índice", "Artículo PáginaI.Representación 4 y \ncredenciales 1.Estados 4 \nparticipantes 2.Composición 4 de las \ndelegaciones \n3.Credenciales 44.Comisión 4 de Verificación de \nPoderes 5. Participación 5 \nprovisional II. Presidente 5 y \nVicepresidentes \n6.Elección 57.Presidente 5 \ninterino 8. Participación 5 del Presidente en la adopción de \ndecisiones III.Mesa 5 de la \nConferencia \n9.Composición 5\n10. Funciones 6\nIII. Secretaría 611. Funciones 6 del Secretario de la \nConferencia 12. Funciones 6 de la \nSecretaría IV. Secretario 6 General de las Naciones \nUnidas 13. Funciones 6 del Secretario \nGeneral V.Secretario 7 Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos \nNucleares 14. Funciones 7 del Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos \nNucleares VI. Dirección 7 de los \ndebates \n15. Quorum 716.Atribuciones 7 generales del \nPresidente 17. Cuestiones 8 de \norden \n18. Intervenciones 8\n19. Prelación 820. Cierre 8 de la lista de \noradores 21.Derecho 9 de \nrespuesta 22. Suspensión 9 o aplazamiento de la \nsesión 23.Aplazamiento 9 del \ndebate 24. Cierre 9 del \ndebate 25. Orden 10 de las \nmociones 26.Presentación 10 de propuestas y \nenmiendas 27. Retiro 10 de propuestas y \nmociones 28. Decisiones 10 sobre cuestiones de \ncompetencia 29.Reconsideración 11 de \npropuestas VII.Adopción 11 de \ndecisiones 30.Adopción 11 de \ndecisiones 31.Significado 11 de la expresión “Estados ratificantes presentes y \nvotantes” 32. Procedimiento 11 de \nvotación 33. Normas 12 que deben observarse durante la \nvotación VIII.Órganos 12 subsidiarios de la \nConferencia 34.Órganos 12 \nsubsidiarios IX.Idiomas 12 y \nactas 35.Idiomas 12 de la \nConferencia \n36. Interpretación 1237.Idiomas 12 de los documentos \noficiales 38.Grabaciones 13 sonoras de las \nsesiones X.Sesiones 13 públicas y sesiones \nprivadas 39.Sesiones 13 públicas y sesiones \nprivadas XI. Otros 13 Estados, organizaciones intergubernamentales, entidades y organizaciones no \ngubernamentales 40. Otros 13 \nEstados 41. Organismos 13 especializados, organizaciones conexas y organizaciones \nintergubernamentales 42. Entidades 14 a las que se les ha otorgado la condición de observador en la Asamblea General de las Naciones \nUnidas 43. Organizaciones 14 no \ngubernamentales XII.Enmienda 14 o suspensión del \nreglamento 44. Procedimiento 14 de \nenmienda 45. Procedimiento 14 de \nsuspensión", "El objetivo de la Conferencia es examinar el grado en que se ha cumplido la exigencia para la entrada en vigor enunciada en el artículo XIV, párrafo 1, del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares (en adelante denominado “el Tratado”) y estudiar y decidir por consenso qué medidas compatibles con el derecho internacional pueden adoptarse para acelerar el proceso de ratificación con objeto de facilitar la pronta entrada en vigor del Tratado.", "I. Representación y credenciales", "Estados participantes", "Artículo 1", "1. Todo Estado que haya depositado su instrumento de ratificación del Tratado antes de la apertura de la Conferencia (en lo sucesivo “Estado ratificante”) podrá participar en la Conferencia que se convoque conforme a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 3 del artículo XIV del Tratado y estar representado en ella.", "2. Todo Estado signatario que no haya depositado aún su instrumento de ratificación del Tratado antes de la apertura de la Conferencia (en lo sucesivo “Estado signatario”) podrá participar en la Conferencia de conformidad con el párrafo 4 del artículo XIV del Tratado.", "3. Por “Estados participantes” se entenderán los ratificantes y los signatarios.", "Composición de las delegaciones", "Artículo 2", "La delegación de cada Estado participante estará formada por un jefe de delegación y los suplentes y asesores que sean necesarios. El jefe de delegación podrá designar a un suplente o asesor para que actúe en su lugar.", "Credenciales", "Artículo 3", "Las credenciales de los representantes de los Estados ratificantes y los nombres de los suplentes y asesores serán comunicados a la Secretaría de la Conferencia, de ser posible con una semana de antelación por lo menos a la fecha fijada para la apertura de la Conferencia. Las credenciales serán expedidas por el Jefe de Estado o de Gobierno o por el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores.", "Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "Artículo 4", "La Conferencia establecerá una Comisión de Verificación de Poderes, que estará formada por cinco representantes de los Estados ratificantes nombrados por la Conferencia, previa propuesta del Presidente. La Comisión examinará las credenciales de los representantes e informará sin demora a la Conferencia.", "Participación provisional", "Artículo 5", "Los representantes podrán participar provisionalmente en la Conferencia hasta que la Conferencia adopte una decisión sobre sus credenciales.", "II. Presidente y Vicepresidentes", "Elección", "Artículo 6", "La Conferencia elegirá un Presidente y hasta seis Vicepresidentes, de los cuales una mayoría representará a Estados ratificantes. En la elección se tendrá en cuenta la necesidad de una distribución representativa de los cargos.", "Presidente interino", "Artículo 7", "1. El Presidente, de tener que ausentarse de una sesión o parte de ella, designará a uno de los Vicepresidentes que represente a un Estado ratificante para que lo sustituya.", "2. El Vicepresidente que actúe como Presidente tendrá las mismas atribuciones y obligaciones que éste.", "Participación del Presidente en la adopción de decisiones", "Artículo 8", "El Presidente, o el Vicepresidente que actúe en calidad de Presidente, no participará en la adopción de decisiones, pero podrá designar a otro miembro de su delegación para que lo haga en su lugar.", "III. Mesa de la Conferencia", "Composición", "Artículo 9", "1. La Mesa de la Conferencia estará integrada por el Presidente de la Conferencia y los Vicepresidentes de la Conferencia elegidos entre los Estados participantes.", "2. El Presidente, cuando no pueda asistir a una sesión de la Mesa, podrá designar a un Vicepresidente que represente a un Estado ratificante para que la presida y a un miembro de su delegación para que asista a ella en su lugar. El Vicepresidente que no pueda asistir a una sesión de la Mesa podrá designar a un miembro de su delegación para que lo haga en su lugar.", "Funciones", "Artículo 10", "La Mesa de la Conferencia asistirá al Presidente en la dirección general de los debates de la Conferencia y, con sujeción a las decisiones de la Conferencia, coordinará su labor.", "IV. Secretaría", "Funciones del Secretario de la Conferencia", "Artículo 11", "1. Habrá un Secretario de la Conferencia que será nombrado por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas. El Secretario actuará en calidad de tal en todas las sesiones de la Conferencia y de sus órganos subsidiarios y podrá designar a un miembro de la Secretaría para que lo sustituya en esas sesiones.", "2. El Secretario de la Conferencia dirigirá el personal de la Conferencia.", "Funciones de la Secretaría", "Artículo 12", "De conformidad con el presente reglamento, la Secretaría de la Conferencia:", "a) Interpretará los discursos pronunciados en las sesiones;", "b) Recibirá, traducirá, reproducirá y distribuirá los documentos de la Conferencia;", "c) Publicará y distribuirá los documentos oficiales de la Conferencia;", "d) Preparará las grabaciones sonoras de las sesiones de la Conferencia y se encargará de su conservación;", "e) Tomará las medidas necesarias para custodiar y conservar los documentos de la Conferencia en los archivos de las Naciones Unidas; y", "f) En general, ejecutará todas las demás tareas que puedan ser necesarias para la Conferencia.", "V. Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas", "Funciones del Secretario General", "Artículo 13", "El Secretario General participará en la Conferencia en su calidad de Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas. El Secretario General podrá designar a un miembro de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas para que lo represente y participe en la Conferencia en su nombre. El Secretario General o su representante podrán formular declaraciones orales o escritas acerca de cualquier cuestión que examine la Conferencia.", "VI. Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Funciones del Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Artículo 14", "El Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares podrá participar en la Conferencia en calidad de tal. El Secretario Ejecutivo podrá designar a un miembro de la Secretaría Técnica Provisional de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares para que lo represente y participe en la Conferencia en su nombre. El Secretario Ejecutivo o su representante podrán, dentro del ámbito de su competencia como Secretario Ejecutivo, realizar declaraciones orales o escritas acerca de cualquier cuestión que examine la Conferencia.", "VII. Dirección de los debates", "Quorum", "Artículo 15", "1. Para la adopción de cualquier decisión deberán estar presentes representantes de la mayoría de los Estados ratificantes.", "Atribuciones generales del Presidente", "Artículo 16", "1. Además de ejercer las atribuciones que le confieren otras disposiciones del presente reglamento, el Presidente presidirá las sesiones plenarias de la Conferencia, abrirá y levantará cada una de las sesiones, dirigirá los debates, hará cumplir el presente reglamento, concederá la palabra, someterá cuestiones a la Conferencia para que adopte decisiones y proclamará las decisiones adoptadas. Decidirá las cuestiones de orden y, con sujeción al presente reglamento, tendrá plena autoridad para dirigir las deliberaciones y mantener el orden de ellas. El Presidente podrá proponer a la Conferencia el cierre de la lista de oradores, la limitación de la duración de las intervenciones, el aplazamiento o el cierre del debate y la suspensión o el aplazamiento de una sesión.", "2. El Presidente, en el ejercicio de sus funciones, estará subordinado a la autoridad de la Conferencia.", "Cuestiones de orden", "Artículo 17", "Todo representante de un Estado participante podrá plantear, en cualquier momento, una cuestión de orden y el Presidente tomará inmediatamente una decisión al respecto con arreglo al presente reglamento. Todo representante de un Estado participante podrá apelar la decisión del Presidente. La apelación será sometida inmediatamente a la Conferencia para que adopte una decisión y la decisión del Presidente prevalecerá a menos que sea revocada por mayoría de los Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes. Al plantear una cuestión de orden, el representante de un Estado participante no podrá tratar el fondo de la cuestión que se esté examinando.", "Intervenciones", "Artículo 18", "1. Nadie podrá tomar la palabra en la Conferencia sin autorización previa del Presidente quien, con sujeción a los artículos 17, 19 y 22 a 24, concederá la palabra a los oradores en el orden en que hayan manifestado su deseo de intervenir.", "2. Los debates se limitarán al asunto que se esté debatiendo y el Presidente podrá llamar al orden a un orador cuando sus observaciones no sean pertinentes al tema que se esté examinando.", "3. La Conferencia podrá limitar la duración y el número de las intervenciones de cada representante de un Estado participante sobre un asunto determinado. Antes de adoptar una decisión acerca de la propuesta para fijar tales límites, podrán intervenir dos representantes de Estados participantes a favor y dos en contra. En cualquier caso, el Presidente limitará la duración de las intervenciones sobre cuestiones de procedimiento a un máximo de tres minutos. Cuando los debates estén limitados y un orador rebase el tiempo que le haya sido asignado, el Presidente lo llamará inmediatamente al orden.", "Prelación", "Artículo 19", "Podrá darse prelación al Presidente de un órgano subsidiario a fin de que exponga las conclusiones a que haya llegado ese órgano.", "Cierre de la lista de oradores", "Artículo 20", "En el curso del debate, el Presidente podrá dar lectura a la lista de oradores y, con el asentimiento de la Conferencia, declarar cerrada la lista. Cuando ya no queden más oradores en la lista, el Presidente podrá declarar cerrado el debate.", "Derecho de respuesta", "Artículo 21", "1. Sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el artículo 20, el Presidente concederá el derecho de respuesta al representante de un Estado participante en la Conferencia que lo solicite.", "2. Las intervenciones conforme a lo dispuesto en el presente artículo se realizarán normalmente al final de la última sesión del día.", "3. Ninguna delegación podrá hacer más de una intervención en virtud del presente artículo en una misma sesión.", "4. La intervención que realice una delegación en una sesión en el ejercicio de su derecho de respuesta se limitará a tres minutos.", "Suspensión o aplazamiento de la sesión", "Artículo 22", "Todo representante de un Estado ratificante podrá proponer en cualquier momento la suspensión o el aplazamiento de la sesión. Estas mociones no se someterán a debate, sino que, con sujeción al artículo 25, serán sometidas de inmediato a la Conferencia para que adopte una decisión al respecto.", "Aplazamiento del debate", "Artículo 23", "Todo representante de un Estado ratificante podrá proponer en cualquier momento el aplazamiento del debate sobre el tema que se esté discutiendo. Además del representante que proponga la moción, podrán hablar dos representantes de Estados participantes a favor y dos en contra de ella, tras lo cual, con sujeción al artículo 25, la moción será sometida de inmediato a la Conferencia para que adopte una decisión al respecto.", "Cierre del debate", "Artículo 24", "Todo representante de un Estado ratificante podrá proponer en cualquier momento el cierre del debate sobre el tema que se esté discutiendo, aun cuando otro representante de un Estado participante haya manifestado su deseo de intervenir. Solamente se permitirá que intervengan en relación con el cierre del debate dos oradores que se opongan a él, tras lo cual, con sujeción al artículo 25, la moción será sometida de inmediato a la Conferencia para que adopte una decisión al respecto.", "Orden de las mociones", "Artículo 25", "Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el artículo 17, las mociones que se mencionan a continuación tendrán prelación, en el orden que se indica, sobre todas las demás propuestas o mociones presentadas:", "a) Suspensión de la sesión;", "b) Aplazamiento de la sesión;", "c) Aplazamiento del debate sobre el asunto que se esté discutiendo;", "d) Cierre del debate sobre el asunto que se esté discutiendo.", "Presentación de propuestas y enmiendas", "Artículo 26", "Normalmente, las propuestas y enmiendas de los Estados participantes serán presentadas por escrito a la Secretaría de la Conferencia, que distribuirá ejemplares a todas las delegaciones. Como norma general, las propuestas no se debatirán ni serán objeto de decisión a menos que se hayan distribuido ejemplares de ellas a todas las delegaciones a más tardar el día anterior a la sesión. No obstante, el Presidente podrá permitir el examen de las enmiendas o propuestas aun cuando estas enmiendas o propuestas no se hayan distribuido o solamente se hayan distribuido el mismo día de la sesión.", "Retiro de propuestas y mociones", "Artículo 27", "El patrocinador de una propuesta o moción podrá retirarla en cualquier momento antes de que se haya adoptado una decisión al respecto, siempre que no haya sido enmendada. La propuesta o moción que se retire de esta forma podrá ser presentada de nuevo por cualquier representante de uno de los Estados participantes.", "Decisiones sobre cuestiones de competencia", "Artículo 28", "Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en los artículos 17 y 25, toda moción que presente un Estado participante cuyo objeto sea la adopción de una decisión sobre la competencia de la Conferencia para examinar una cuestión o para adoptar una propuesta que se le haya presentado deberá ser objeto de una decisión antes de que se celebre el debate o se adopte una decisión respecto de dicha propuesta. De no haber consenso, la Conferencia adoptará la decisión por mayoría de dos tercios de los Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes, teniendo en cuenta, en la máxima medida posible, las opiniones manifestadas en la Conferencia por los signatarios.", "Reconsideración de propuestas", "Artículo 29", "La propuesta que haya sido aprobada o rechazada no podrá ser reconsiderada a menos que la Conferencia adopte una decisión en ese sentido. Solamente se autorizará a intervenir acerca de la moción de reconsideración a dos oradores que se opongan a ella, tras lo cual será sometida de inmediato a la Conferencia para que adopte una decisión al respecto.", "VIII. Adopción de decisiones", "Adopción de decisiones", "Artículo 30", "1. Las decisiones que se adopten acerca de las medidas a que se hace referencia en el párrafo 2 del artículo XIV del Tratado serán adoptadas por consenso de los Estados ratificantes, teniendo en cuenta, en la máxima medida posible, las opiniones manifestadas en la Conferencia por los signatarios.", "2. Las decisiones sobre cuestiones de procedimiento serán adoptadas por mayoría de los Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes, teniendo en cuenta, en la máxima medida posible, las opiniones manifestadas en la Conferencia por los signatarios.", "3. Cuando sea necesario determinar si la cuestión es de fondo, con arreglo al párrafo 1 del presente artículo, o de procedimiento, la cuestión será considerada de fondo.", "Significado de la expresión “Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes”", "Artículo 31", "A los efectos del presente reglamento, por “Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes” se entenderán los representantes de los Estados ratificantes que estén presentes y emitan votos a favor o en contra. Los Estados ratificantes que se abstengan de votar serán considerados no votantes.", "Procedimiento de votación", "Artículo 32", "Las votaciones se harán normalmente levantando la mano o poniéndose de pie, pero cualquier Estado ratificante podrá pedir votación nominal. La votación nominal se efectuará siguiendo el orden alfabético inglés de los nombres de los Estados ratificantes, comenzando por la delegación cuyo nombre resulte elegido en un sorteo que hará el Presidente. En todas las votaciones se anunciará el nombre de cada uno de los Estados ratificantes y su representante contestará “sí”, “no” o “abstención”. Cuando se adopte una decisión sobre una cuestión de procedimiento, se procederá a votación conforme a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 2 del artículo 30.", "Normas que deben observarse durante la votación", "Artículo 33", "Una vez que el Presidente haya anunciado que comienza la votación y hasta que se hayan anunciado los resultados, ningún representante de un Estado ratificante podrá hacer uso de la palabra, salvo para plantear una cuestión de orden relativa a la forma en que se esté efectuando la votación.", "IX. Órganos subsidiarios de la Conferencia", "Órganos subsidiarios", "Artículo 34", "1. La Conferencia podrá establecer los órganos subsidiarios que sean necesarios para llevar a cabo su labor.", "2. El reglamento de la Conferencia será aplicable, mutatis mutandis, a sus órganos subsidiarios, a menos que se decida otra cosa.", "X. Idiomas y actas", "Idiomas de la Conferencia", "Artículo 35", "Los idiomas oficiales de la Conferencia serán los idiomas del Tratado.", "Interpretación", "Artículo 36", "1. Los discursos pronunciados en un idioma de la Conferencia se interpretarán a los demás idiomas oficiales.", "2. Cualquier representante de un Estado participante podrá hacer uso de la palabra en un idioma que no sea de la Conferencia, siempre que su delegación se encargue de proporcionar la interpretación a uno de los idiomas de la Conferencia.", "Idiomas de los documentos oficiales", "Artículo 37", "Los documentos oficiales de la Conferencia se distribuirán en los idiomas de la Conferencia.", "Grabaciones sonoras de las sesiones", "Artículo 38", "Se harán y se conservarán grabaciones sonoras de las sesiones de la Conferencia y de las de sus órganos subsidiarios conforme a la práctica de las Naciones Unidas.", "XI. Sesiones públicas y sesiones privadas", "Sesiones públicas y sesiones privadas", "Artículo 39", "1. Las sesiones plenarias de la Conferencia serán públicas, a menos que la Conferencia decida otra cosa.", "2. Las sesiones de los órganos subsidiarios estarán limitadas a los Estados participantes, según se definen en el artículo 1, a menos que la Conferencia decida otra cosa.", "XII. Otros Estados, organizaciones intergubernamentales, entidades y organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Otros Estados", "Artículo 40", "Todo Estado que, conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo XI del Tratado, tenga derecho a firmar el Tratado, pero aún no lo haya hecho, podrá asistir a la Conferencia. Los representantes de estos Estados podrán asistir a las sesiones públicas de la Conferencia, hacer uso de la palabra en relación con el tema del programa correspondiente, recibir los documentos de la Conferencia y presentar aportaciones por escrito sobre cuestiones que esté examinando la Conferencia.", "Organismos especializados, organizaciones conexas y organizaciones intergubernamentales", "Artículo 41", "Todo organismo especializado, organización conexa u organización intergubernamental que haya recibido una invitación permanente para participar en calidad de observador en los períodos de sesiones y en la labor de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas podrá presentar a la Secretaría de la Conferencia una solicitud para asistir a la Conferencia. La autorización para asistir será concedida por decisión de la Conferencia. El organismo especializado, la organización conexa o la organización intergubernamental de que se trate podrá asistir a las sesiones públicas de la Conferencia, recibir los documentos de la Conferencia y presentar aportaciones por escrito sobre cuestiones que esté examinando la Conferencia.", "Entidades a las que se les ha otorgado la condición de observador en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas", "Artículo 42", "Toda otra entidad que haya recibido una invitación permanente para participar en calidad de observadora en los períodos de sesiones y en la labor de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas y mantener misiones permanentes de observador u oficinas permanentes ante la Sede de las Naciones Unidas podrá presentar a la Secretaría de la Conferencia una solicitud para asistir a la Conferencia. La autorización para asistir será concedida por decisión de la Conferencia. Dicha entidad podrá asistir a las sesiones públicas de la Conferencia, recibir los documentos de la Conferencia y presentar aportaciones por escrito sobre cuestiones que esté examinando la Conferencia.", "Organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Artículo 43", "Toda organización no gubernamental que desee asistir a la Conferencia podrá solicitarlo a la Secretaría de la Conferencia. La autorización para asistir será concedida por decisión de la Conferencia. La organización no gubernamental podrá asistir a las sesiones públicas de la Conferencia, recibir, previa solicitud, los documentos de la Conferencia y presentar aportaciones por escrito sobre cuestiones que esté examinando la Conferencia, siempre y cuando se haga cargo de los gastos. Por invitación del Presidente de la Conferencia, un representante de una de las organizaciones no gubernamentales que asistan a la Conferencia, elegido por ellas, podrá hacer uso de la palabra en la Conferencia en relación con el tema correspondiente del programa.", "XIII. Enmienda o suspensión del reglamento", "Procedimiento de enmienda", "Artículo 44", "Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el artículo XIV del Tratado, el presente reglamento podrá ser enmendado por decisión de la mayoría de los Estados ratificantes presentes y votantes.", "Procedimiento de suspensión", "Artículo 45", "Con sujeción a lo dispuesto en el artículo XIV del Tratado, la Conferencia podrá suspender la aplicación de cualquiera de los artículos del presente reglamento, siempre que la propuesta de suspensión haya sido notificada con 24 horas de antelación, plazo de cuyo cumplimiento podrá dispensarse de no haber objeción por parte de ningún representante de un Estado ratificante. La suspensión se limitará a un fin específico declarado y al período necesario para conseguirlo." ]
[ "Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force", "of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "DRAFT RULES OF PROCEDURE", "CONTENTS", "Rule Page", "I. REPRESENTATION AND CREDENTIALS 3", "1. Participating States 3", "2. Composition of delegations 3", "3. Credentials 3", "4. Credentials Committee 4", "5. Provisional participation 4", "II. OFFICERS 4", "6. Election 4", "7. Acting President 4", "8. Participation of the President in decision-taking 4", "III. GENERAL COMMITTEE 5", "9. Composition 5", "10. Functions 5", "IV. SECRETARIAT 5", "11. Duties of the Secretary of the Conference 5", "12. Duties of the Secretariat 5", "V. SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS 6", "13. Duties of the Secretary-General 6", "VI. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY ORGANIZATION 6", "14. Duties of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization 6", "VII. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS 7", "15. Quorum 7", "16. General powers of the President 7", "17. Points of order 7", "18.. Speeches 7", "19. Precedence 8", "20. Closing of the list of speakers 8", "21. Rights of reply 8", "22. Suspension or adjournment of the meeting 9", "23. Adjournment of debate 9", "24. Closure of debate 9", "25. Order of motions 9", "26. Submission of proposals and amendments 10", "27. Withdrawal of proposals and motions 10", "28. Decision on competence 10", "29. Reconsideration of proposals 10", "VIII. DECISION-TAKING 11", "30. Adoption of decisions 11", "31. Meaning of the phrase “ratifiers present and voting” 11", "32. Method of voting 11", "33. Conduct during voting 11", "IX. SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF THE CONFERENCE 12", "34. Subsidiary organs 12", "X. LANGUAGES AND RECORDS 12", "35. Languages of the Conference 12", "36. Interpretation 12", "37. Languages of official documents 12", "38. Sound recordings of meetings 12", "XI. OPEN AND CLOSED MEETINGS 13", "39. Open and closed meetings 13", "XII. OTHER STATES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ENTITIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 13", "40. Other States 13", "41. Specialized agencies, related organizations and intergovernmental organizations 13", "42. Entities having been granted observer status in the United Nations General", "Assembly 13", "43. Non-governmental organizations 14", "XIII. AMENDMENT OR SUSPENSION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE 14", "44. Method of amendment 14", "45. Method of suspension 14", "The purpose of the Conference is to examine the extent to which the requirement for entry into force set out in Article XIV, paragraph 1 of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (hereinafter “the Treaty”) has been met and to consider and decide by consensus what measures consistent with international law may be undertaken to accelerate the ratification process in order to facilitate the early entry into force of the Treaty.", "I. REPRESENTATION AND CREDENTIALS", "Participating States", "Rule 1", "1. Each State that has already deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty before the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “ratifier”) may participate in and be represented at the Conference convened pursuant to paragraph 3 of Article XIV of the Treaty.", "2. Each State Signatory, which has not yet deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty before the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “signatory”), may attend the Conference in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article XIV of the Treaty.", "3. The term “participating States” refers to ratifiers and signatories.", "Composition of delegations", "Rule 2", "The delegation of a participating State shall consist of a head of delegation and such other alternates and advisers as may be required. The head of delegation may designate an alternate or adviser to act in his or her place.", "Credentials", "Rule 3", "The credentials of representatives of ratifiers and the names of alternate representatives and advisers shall be submitted to the Secretariat of the Conference, if possible not less than one week before the date fixed for the opening of the Conference. Credentials shall be issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "Credentials Committee", "Rule 4", "The Conference shall establish a Credentials Committee, which shall consist of five representatives of ratifiers appointed by the Conference on proposal of the President. The Committee shall examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference without delay.", "Provisional participation", "Rule 5", "Pending a decision of the Conference upon their credentials, representatives shall be entitled to participate provisionally in the Conference.", "II. OFFICERS", "Election", "Rule 6", "The Conference shall elect a President and up to six Vice-Presidents. A majority of the Vice-Presidents shall be chosen from the ratifiers. The officers shall be so elected as to ensure a representative distribution of posts.", "Acting President", "Rule 7", "1. If the President finds it necessary to be absent from a meeting or any part thereof, he or she shall designate one of the Vice-Presidents from a ratifier to take his or her place.", "2. A Vice-President acting as President shall have the same powers and duties as the President.", "Participation of the President in decision-taking", "Rule 8", "The President, or a Vice-President acting as President, shall not participate in taking decisions, but shall appoint another member of his or her delegation to do so in his or her place.", "III. GENERAL COMMITTEE", "Composition", "Rule 9", "1. The General Committee shall be composed of the President of the Conference and the Vice-Presidents of the Conference chosen from among the participating States.", "2. If the President is unable to attend a meeting of the General Committee, he or she may designate a Vice-President from a ratifier to preside at such meeting and a member of his or her delegation to attend the meeting in his or her place. If a Vice-President is unable to attend, he or she may designate a member of his or her delegation to attend the meeting in his or her place.", "Functions", "Rule 10", "The General Committee shall assist the President in the general conduct of the business of the Conference and, subject to decisions of the Conference, shall ensure the coordination of its work.", "IV. SECRETARIAT", "Duties of the Secretary of the Conference", "Rule 11", "1. There shall be a Secretary of the Conference. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall nominate the Secretary of the Conference. He or she shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary organs and may designate a member of the Secretariat to act in his or her place at these meetings.", "2. The Secretary of the Conference shall direct the staff of the Conference.", "Duties of the Secretariat", "Rule 12", "The Secretariat of the Conference shall, in accordance with these rules:", "(a) Interpret speeches made at meetings;", "(b) Receive, translate, reproduce and distribute the documents of the Conference;", "(c) Publish and circulate the official documents of the Conference;", "(d) Make and arrange for the keeping of sound recordings of the meetings of the Conference;", "(e) Arrange for the custody and preservation of the records of the Conference in the archives of the United Nations; and", "(f) Generally perform all other work that the Conference may require.", "V. SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "Duties of the Secretary-General", "Rule 13", "The Secretary-General shall act at the Conference in his capacity as Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General may designate a member of the Secretariat of the United Nations as his representative to participate in the Conference on his behalf. The Secretary-General or his representative shall be entitled to make oral or written statements concerning any matter under consideration by the Conference.", "VI. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OF THE", "PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR THE", "COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR-TEST-BAN TREATY ORGANIZATION", "Duties of the Executive Secretary of the", "Preparatory Commission for the", "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Rule 14", "The Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization may act at the Conference in that capacity. The Executive Secretary may designate a member of the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as his representative to participate in the Conference on his behalf. The Executive Secretary or his representative shall be entitled, within his competence as Executive Secretary, to make oral or written statements concerning any matter under consideration by the Conference.", "VII. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS", "Quorum", "Rule 15", "The presence of representatives of a majority of the ratifiers shall be required for any decision to be taken.", "General powers of the President", "Rule 16", "1. In addition to exercising the powers conferred upon him or her elsewhere by these rules, the President shall preside at the plenary meetings of the Conference, declare the opening and closing of each meeting, direct the discussions, ensure observance of these rules, accord the right to speak, put questions to the Conference for decision and announce such decisions. He or she shall rule on points of order and, subject to these rules, have complete control of the proceedings and over the maintenance of order thereat. He or she may propose to the Conference the closure of the list of speakers, a limitation on the time to be allowed to speakers on a question, the adjournment or the closure of the debate, and the suspension or the adjournment of a meeting.", "2. The President, in the exercise of his or her functions, remains under the authority of the Conference.", "Points of order", "Rule 17", "A representative of a participating State may at any time raise a point of order, which shall be decided upon immediately by the President in accordance with these rules. A representative of a participating State may appeal against the ruling of the President. The appeal shall be put to the Conference for decision immediately, and the President's ruling shall stand unless overruled by a majority of ratifiers present and voting. A representative of a participating State may not, in raising a point of order, speak on the substance of the matter under discussion.", "Speeches", "Rule 18", "1. No one may address the Conference without having previously obtained the permission of the President, who shall, subject to rules 17, 19 and 22 to 24, call upon speakers in the order in which they signify their desire to speak.", "2. Debate shall be confined to the question before the Conference and the President may call a speaker to order if his or her remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion.", "3. The Conference may limit the time allowed to each speaker and the number of times each representative of a participating State may speak on a question. Before a decision is taken, two representatives of participating States may speak in favour and two against, a proposal to set such limits. In any event, the President shall limit interventions on procedural questions to a maximum of three minutes. When the debate is limited and a speaker exceeds the allocated time, the President shall call him or her to order without delay.", "Precedence", "Rule 19", "The Chairman of a subsidiary organ may be accorded precedence for the purpose of explaining the conclusion arrived at by that organ.", "Closing of the list of speakers", "Rule 20", "During the course of the debate the President may announce the list of speakers and, with the consent of the Conference, declare the list closed. When there are no more speakers on the list, the President may declare the debate closed.", "Rights of reply", "Rule 21", "1. Notwithstanding rule 20, the President shall accord the right of reply to a representative of a participating State who requests it.", "2. Replies made pursuant to this rule shall normally be made at the end of the last meeting of the day.", "3. No delegation may make more than one statement under this rule at a given meeting.", "4. An intervention in the exercise of the right of reply for any delegation at a given meeting shall be limited to three minutes.", "Suspension or adjournment of the meeting", "Rule 22", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the suspension or the adjournment of the meeting. Such motions shall not be debated but shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Adjournment of debate", "Rule 23", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the adjournment of the debate on the question under discussion. In addition to the proposer of the motion, two representatives of participating States may speak in favour of, and two against, the adjournment, after which the motion shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Closure of debate", "Rule 24", "A representative of a ratifier may at any time move the closure of the debate on the question under discussion, whether or not any other representative of a participating State has signified a wish to speak. Permission to speak on the closure of the debate shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing the closure, after which the motion shall, subject to rule 25, be put immediately to the Conference for decision.", "Order of motions", "Rule 25", "Subject to rule 17, the motions indicated below shall have the precedence in the following order over all other proposals or motions before the meeting:", "(a) To suspend the meeting;", "(b) To adjourn the meeting;", "(c) To adjourn the debate on the question under discussion;", "(d) To close the debate on the question under discussion.", "Submission of proposals and amendments", "Rule 26", "Proposals and amendments put forward by participating States shall normally be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Conference, which shall circulate copies to all delegations. As a general rule, no proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision unless copies of it have been circulated to all delegations not later than a day preceding the meeting. The President may, however, permit the consideration of amendments or proposals, even though the amendments or proposals have not been circulated or have only been circulated the same day.", "Withdrawal of proposals and motions", "Rule 27", "A proposal or a motion may be withdrawn by its sponsor at any time before a decision on it has been taken, provided that it has not been amended. A proposal or a motion thus withdrawn may be reintroduced by any representative of a participating State.", "Decision on competence", "Rule 28", "Subject to rules 17 and 25, any motion by a participating State calling for a decision on the competence of the Conference to discuss any matter or to adopt a proposal submitted to it shall be decided before the matter is discussed or a decision is taken on the proposal in question. If consensus is not attainable, the Conference shall take a decision by a two-thirds majority of the ratifiers present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "Reconsideration of proposals", "Rule 29", "When a proposal has been adopted or rejected it may not be reconsidered unless the Conference takes a decision to that effect. Permission to speak on a motion to reconsider shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing reconsideration, after which it shall be put immediately to the Conference for a decision.", "VIII. DECISION-TAKING", "Adoption of decisions", "Rule 30", "1. Decisions on the measures referred to in paragraph 2 of Article XIV of the Treaty shall be taken by consensus of ratifiers, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "2 Decisions on matters of procedure shall be taken by a majority of ratifiers present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, views expressed at the Conference by signatories.", "3. When an issue arises as to whether a question is one of substance, as provided for in paragraph 1 above, or of procedure, that question shall be treated as a matter of substance.", "Meaning of the phrase “ratifiers present and voting”", "Rule 31", "For the purpose of these rules, the phrase “ratifiers present and voting” means representatives of ratifiers present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. Ratifiers who abstain from voting shall be considered as not voting.", "Method of voting", "Rule 32", "The ratifiers shall normally vote by show of hands or by standing, but any ratifier may request a roll call. The roll call shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the ratifiers, beginning with the delegation whose name is drawn by lot by the President. The name of each ratifier shall be called in all roll calls and its representatives shall reply “yes”, “no” or “abstention”. In the case of a decision on a matter of procedure, a vote will be taken consistent with paragraph 2 of rule 30.", "Conduct during voting", "Rule 33", "The President shall announce the commencement of voting, after which no representative of a ratifier shall be permitted to intervene until the result of the vote has been announced, except on a point of order in connection with the process of voting.", "IX. SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OF THE CONFERENCE", "Subsidiary organs", "Rule 34", "1. The Conference may establish such subsidiary organs as may be needed for the conduct of its work.", "2. The rules of procedure of the Conference shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to its subsidiary organs, unless decided otherwise.", "X. LANGUAGES AND RECORDS", "Languages of the Conference", "Rule 35", "The languages of the Treaty shall be the official languages of the Conference.", "Interpretation", "Rule 36", "1. Speeches made in a language of the Conference shall be interpreted into other official languages of the Conference.", "2. A representative of a participating State may make a speech in a language other than a language of the Conference if his or her delegation provides for interpretation into one such language.", "Languages of official documents", "Rule 37", "Official documents of the Conference shall be made available in the languages of the Conference.", "Sound recordings of meetings", "Rule 38", "Sound recordings of meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary organs shall be made and kept in accordance with the practice of the United Nations.", "XI. OPEN AND CLOSED MEETINGS", "Open and closed meetings", "Rule 39", "1. The plenary meetings of the Conference shall be open unless otherwise decided by the Conference.", "2. Meetings of the subsidiary organs shall be restricted to participating States as defined in rule 1, unless otherwise decided by the Conference.", "XII. OTHER STATES, INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, ENTITIES AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS", "Other States", "Rule 40", "Any State which, in accordance with Article XI of the Treaty, has the right to sign the Treaty, but has not yet done so, may attend the Conference. Representatives of these States shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to address the Conference under the agenda item allocated for this purpose, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Specialized agencies, related organizations", "and intergovernmental organizations", "Rule 41", "Any specialized agency, related organization or intergovernmental organization having received a standing invitation to participate as an observer in the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such a specialized agency, related organization or intergovernmental organization shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Entities having been granted observer status", "in the United Nations General Assembly", "Rule 42", "Any entity having received a standing invitation to participate as an observer in the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly and maintaining permanent observer missions or permanent offices at United Nations Headquarters may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such an entity shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive the documents of the Conference and to submit written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Non-governmental organizations", "Rule 43", "Any non-governmental organization (NGO) that wishes to attend the Conference may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference to attend the Conference. Permission to attend will be granted on the decision of the Conference. Such a non-governmental organization shall be entitled to attend open meetings of the Conference, to receive upon request the documents of the Conference and to make available at its own cost written contributions on matters under consideration by the Conference. At the invitation of the President of the Conference, a representative chosen by NGOs attending the Conference from among their number would be allowed to address the Conference under the agenda item allocated for this purpose.", "XIII. AMENDMENT OR SUSPENSION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE", "Method of amendment", "Rule 44", "Subject to Article XIV of the Treaty, these rules of procedure may be amended by a decision by a majority of ratifiers present and voting.", "Method of suspension", "Rule 45", "Subject to Article XIV of the Treaty, any of these rules may be suspended by the Conference, provided that 24 hours’ notice of the proposal for the suspension has been given, which may be waived if no representative of a ratifier objects. Any such suspension shall be limited to a specific and stated purpose and to a period required to achieve that purpose." ]
CTBT-ART.XIV_2011_1
[ "Conference on Facilitating Entry into the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "Draft rules of procedure", "Contents", "Article PageI.Representation 4 and credentials 1.States 4 participants 2.Composition 4 of delegations 3.Credenciales 44.Commission 4 of Credentials 5. Participation 5 provisional II. President 5 and Vice-Presidents 6.Elction 57.President 5 acting 8. Participation 5 of the President in decision-making III. Session 5 of the Conference 9.Composition 5 10. Functions 6 III. Secretariat 611. Functions 6 of the Secretary of the Conference 12. Functions 6 of Secretariat IV. Secretary 6 United Nations General 13. Functions 6 of Secretary-General V. Secretary-General 7 Executive of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization 14. Functions 7 of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization VI. Address 7 of the discussions 15. Quorum 716. Questions 8 of order 18. Interventions 8 19. Priority 820. Closure 8 of the list of speakers 21.Right 9 of reply 22. Suspension 9 or deferral of meeting 23. Closure 9 of the debate 25. Order 10 of the motions 26.Presentation 10 of proposals and amendments 27. Withdraw 10 proposals and motions 28. Decisions 10 on Competition Issues 29.Reconsideration 11 of Proposals VII. Adoption 11 of Decisions 30.Adoption 11 of Decisions 31.Signified 11 of the expression “States of ratification present and voting” 32. Procedure 11 of voting 33. Rules 12 to be observed during voting VIII.Organizations 12 subsidiaries of the 34th Conference.Organizations 12 subsidiaries IX.Languages 12 and records 35.Languages 12 of the 36th Conference. Interpretation 1237.Languages 12 of the official documents 38.Grabs 13 of the X sessions.Public sessions 13 and private sessions 39.Public sessions 13 and private sessions XI. 13 other States, intergovernmental organizations, entities and non-governmental organizations 40. Other 13 States 41. 13 specialized agencies, related organizations and intergovernmental organizations 42. Entities 14 granted observer status in the United Nations General Assembly 43. Organizations 14 non-governmental organizations XII.Amendment 14 or suspension of regulation 44. Procedure 14 of amendment 45. Procedure 14 of suspension", "The objective of the Conference is to examine the extent to which the requirement for the entry into force set out in article XIV, paragraph 1, of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (hereinafter referred to as the &quot; Treaty &quot; ) has been met and to consider and decide by consensus what measures consistent with international law can be taken to accelerate the ratification process in order to facilitate the early entry into force of the Treaty.", "I. Representation and credentials", "Participating States", "Article 1", "1. Any State that has deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty prior to the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “ratifying state”) may participate in the Conference convened in accordance with article XIV, paragraph 3, of the Treaty and be represented therein.", "2. Any signatory State that has not yet deposited its instrument of ratification of the Treaty before the opening of the Conference (hereinafter “signatory State”) may participate in the Conference in accordance with article XIV, paragraph 4, of the Treaty.", "3. “Participating States” means ratifiers and signatories.", "Composition of delegations", "Article 2", "The delegation of each participating State shall consist of a head of delegation and such alternates and advisers as may be necessary. The head of delegation may designate an alternate or adviser to act in his place.", "Credentials", "Article 3", "The credentials of representatives of ratifying States and the names of alternates and advisers shall be communicated to the Secretariat of the Conference, if possible at least one week in advance of the date set for the opening of the Conference. The credentials shall be issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "Credentials Committee", "Article 4", "The Conference shall establish a Credentials Committee, which shall consist of five representatives of the ratifying States appointed by the Conference, on the proposal of the President. The Committee will examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference without delay.", "Provisional participation", "Article 5", "Representatives may participate provisionally in the Conference until the Conference decides on their credentials.", "II. President and Vice-Presidents", "Election", "Article 6", "The Conference shall elect a President and up to six Vice-Presidents, of which a majority shall represent ratifying States. The election will take into account the need for a representative distribution of the charges.", "Acting President", "Article 7", "1. The President, if he has to leave a meeting or part thereof, shall designate one of the Vice-Presidents representing a ratifying State to replace him.", "2. The Vice-President acting as President shall have the same powers and obligations as the President.", "Participation of the President in decision-making", "Article 8", "The President, or the Vice-President acting as President, shall not participate in decision-making, but may appoint another member of his delegation to do so instead.", "III. Bureau of the Conference", "Composition", "Article 9", "1. The Bureau of the Conference shall consist of the President of the Conference and the Vice-Presidents of the Conference elected from among the participating States.", "2. The President, when he is unable to attend a Bureau meeting, may designate a Vice-President representing a ratifying State for the presiding and a member of his delegation to assist him in his place. A Vice-President who cannot attend a Bureau meeting may designate a member of his delegation to do so instead.", "Functions", "Article 10", "The Bureau of the Conference shall assist the President in the overall direction of the discussions of the Conference and, subject to the decisions of the Conference, shall coordinate its work.", "IV. Secretariat", "Functions of the Secretary of the Conference", "Article 11", "1. A Secretary of the Conference shall be appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Registrar shall act as such at all meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary bodies and may designate a member of the Secretariat to replace him at those meetings.", "2. The Secretary of the Conference shall direct the staff of the Conference.", "Functions of the Secretariat", "Article 12", "In accordance with these rules of procedure, the Secretariat of the Conference:", "(a) He will interpret the speeches made at the sessions;", "(b) Receive, translate, reproduce and distribute the documents of the Conference;", "(c) Publish and circulate the official documents of the Conference;", "(d) Prepare the sound recordings of the meetings of the Conference and ensure their preservation;", "(e) Take the necessary measures to guard and retain the documents of the Conference in the archives of the United Nations; and", "f) In general, it will carry out all other tasks that may be necessary for the Conference.", "V. United Nations Secretary-General", "Functions of the Secretary-General", "Article 13", "The Secretary-General shall participate in the Conference as Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General may designate a member of the United Nations Secretariat to represent him and participate in the Conference on his behalf. The Secretary-General or his representative may make oral or written statements on any matter before the Conference.", "VI. Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Functions of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Article 14", "The Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization may participate in the Conference as such. The Executive Secretary may designate a member of the Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization to represent and participate in the Conference on its behalf. The Executive Secretary or his representative may, within the scope of his or her competence as Executive Secretary, make oral or written statements on any matter before the Conference.", "VII. Conduct of discussions", "Quorum", "Article 15", "1. Representatives of most ratifying States should be present for the adoption of any decision.", "General powers of the President", "Article 16", "1. In addition to exercising the powers conferred upon it by other provisions of these rules, the President shall preside at the plenary meetings of the Conference, open and adjourn each of the meetings, direct the discussions, enforce these rules, accord the floor, submit questions to the Conference for decisions and proclaim decisions taken. It shall decide questions of order and, subject to these rules, shall have full authority to direct and maintain the order of the proceedings. The President may propose to the Conference the closure of the list of speakers, the limitation of the duration of statements, the adjournment or closure of the debate and the suspension or postponement of a meeting.", "2. The President, in the exercise of his functions, shall be subordinate to the authority of the Conference.", "Points of order", "Article 17", "A representative of a participating State may, at any time, raise a point of order and the President shall immediately take a decision in this regard under these rules. A representative of a participating State may appeal the decision of the President. The appeal shall be immediately submitted to the Conference for a decision and the President &apos; s decision shall prevail unless overruled by a majority of the ratifying States present and voting. In raising a point of order, the representative of a participating State may not discuss the substance of the matter under consideration.", "Interventions", "Article 18", "1. No one may take the floor at the Conference without the prior authorization of the President who, subject to rules 17, 19 and 22 to 24, shall give the floor to speakers in the order in which they have expressed their wish to speak.", "2. Discussions will be limited to the matter under discussion and the President may call a speaker to order when his remarks are not relevant to the subject under consideration.", "3. The Conference may limit the duration and number of interventions of each representative of a participating State on a particular matter. Before making a decision on the proposal to set such limits, two representatives of participating States may intervene in favour and two against them. In any event, the President shall limit the duration of the interventions on procedural matters to a maximum of three minutes. When the discussions are limited and a speaker exceeds the time allocated to him, the President shall immediately call him to order.", "Priority", "Article 19", "Priority may be given to the Chairman of a subsidiary body to explain the conclusions reached by that body.", "Closure of the list of speakers", "Article 20", "In the course of the debate, the President may read out the list of speakers and, with the consent of the Conference, declare the list closed. When there are no more speakers on the list, the President may declare the debate closed.", "Right of reply", "Article 21", "1. Without prejudice to article 20, the President shall grant the right of reply to the representative of a State participating in the Conference at his request.", "2. Interventions pursuant to this article shall normally be made at the end of the last session of the day.", "3. No delegation may make more than one intervention under this article at the same meeting.", "4. The intervention of a delegation at a meeting in the exercise of its right of reply shall be limited to three minutes.", "Suspension or adjournment of the meeting", "Article 22", "A representative of a ratifying State may at any time propose the suspension or postponement of the meeting. These motions shall not be debated, but, subject to article 25, they shall be immediately submitted to the Conference for action.", "Postponement of the debate", "Article 23", "A representative of a ratifying State may at any time move the adjournment of the debate on the item under discussion. In addition to the representative proposing the motion, two representatives of participating States may speak in favour of and two against it, after which, subject to article 25, the motion shall be immediately submitted to the Conference for a decision.", "Closure of the debate", "Article 24", "A representative of a ratifying State may at any time propose the closure of the debate on the item under discussion, even if another representative of a participating State has expressed a wish to intervene. Only two speakers opposing it will be allowed to intervene in connection with the closure of the debate, after which, subject to article 25, the motion shall be immediately submitted to the Conference for action.", "Order of motions", "Article 25", "Subject to article 17, the following motions shall have priority, in the order indicated, on all other proposals or motions submitted:", "(a) Suspension of the meeting;", "(b) Postponement of the meeting;", "(c) To adjourn the debate on the matter under discussion;", "(d) Closure of the debate on the issue under discussion.", "Submission of proposals and amendments", "Article 26", "Proposals and amendments by participating States shall normally be submitted in writing to the Secretariat of the Conference, which shall circulate copies to all delegations. As a general rule, the proposals will not be discussed or decided unless copies of them have been circulated to all delegations no later than the day before the meeting. However, the President may permit consideration of the amendments or proposals even if these amendments or proposals have not been circulated or only distributed on the same day of the meeting.", "Removal of proposals and motions", "Article 27", "The sponsor of a proposal or motion may withdraw it at any time before a decision has been taken, provided that it has not been amended. The proposal or motion thus withdrawn may be resubmitted by any representative of one of the participating States.", "Decisions on competition issues", "Rule 28", "Subject to articles 17 and 25, any motion submitted by a participating State for the purpose of a decision on the competence of the Conference to consider a matter or to adopt a proposal submitted to it shall be the subject of a decision before the debate is held or a decision is taken on the proposal. If there is no consensus, the Conference shall adopt the decision by a two-thirds majority of the ratifying States present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, the views expressed by the signatories at the Conference.", "Reconsideration of proposals", "Rule 29", "The proposal that has been adopted or rejected may not be reconsidered unless the Conference takes a decision in that regard. Only two speakers opposing it will be authorized to intervene on the motion to reconsider, after which it will be immediately submitted to the Conference for a decision.", "VIII. Decision-making", "Decision-making", "Article 30", "1. Decisions concerning the measures referred to in article XIV, paragraph 2, of the Treaty shall be taken by consensus of the ratifying States, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, the views expressed by the signatories at the Conference.", "2. Decisions on procedural matters shall be taken by a majority of the ratifying States present and voting, taking into account, to the maximum extent possible, the views expressed by the signatories at the Conference.", "3. Where it is necessary to determine whether the matter is of substance, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article, or of procedure, the matter shall be considered substantive.", "Significado de la expresión “States ratifiers present and voting”", "Rule 31", "For the purposes of these rules, &quot; Ratifying States present and voting &quot; means representatives of ratifying States present and casting votes in favour or against. Ratifying States that abstain from voting shall be regarded as not voting.", "Method of voting", "Rule 32", "Voting shall normally be lifted or standing, but any ratifying State may request a roll-call vote. The roll-call vote shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the ratifying States, beginning with the delegation whose name is elected in a draw by the President. In all ballots, the name of each of the ratifying States will be announced and its representative will reply “yes”, “no” or “abstain”. When a decision is taken on a procedural matter, a vote shall be taken in accordance with article 30, paragraph 2.", "Rules to be observed during the voting", "Rule 33", "Once the President has announced that the voting commences and until the results have been announced, no representative of a ratifying State may take the floor, except to raise a point of order regarding the manner in which the voting is taking place.", "IX. Subsidiary bodies of the Conference", "Subsidiary bodies", "Rule 34", "1. The Conference may establish such subsidiary bodies as may be necessary to carry out its work.", "2. The rules of procedure of the Conference shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to its subsidiary bodies, unless otherwise decided.", "X. Languages and records", "Languages of the Conference", "Rule 35", "The official languages of the Conference shall be the languages of the Treaty.", "Interpretation", "Article 36", "1. Speeches made in a language of the Conference shall be interpreted in the other official languages.", "2. Any representative of a participating State may speak in a language other than the Conference, provided that his delegation was responsible for providing interpretation to one of the languages of the Conference.", "Languages of official documents", "Rule 37", "The official documents of the Conference shall be circulated in the languages of the Conference.", "Sound recordings of meetings", "Rule 38", "Sound recordings of meetings of the Conference and of its subsidiary bodies will be made and kept in accordance with United Nations practice.", "XI. Public meetings and private meetings", "Public meetings and private meetings", "Rule 39", "1. The plenary meetings of the Conference shall be held in public unless the Conference decides otherwise.", "2. Sessions of the subsidiary bodies shall be limited to participating States, as defined in article 1, unless otherwise decided by the Conference.", "XII. Other States, intergovernmental organizations, entities and non-governmental organizations", "Other States", "Article 40", "Any State which, under article XI of the Treaty, has the right to sign the Treaty, but has not yet done so, may attend the Conference. Representatives of these States may attend the public meetings of the Conference, take the floor under the relevant agenda item, receive the documents of the Conference and submit written inputs on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Specialized agencies, related organizations and intergovernmental organizations", "Rule 41", "Any specialized agency, related organization or intergovernmental organization that has received a standing invitation to participate as an observer at the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly may submit to the Secretariat of the Conference a request to attend the Conference. The authorization to attend shall be granted by decision of the Conference. The specialized agency, the related organization or the intergovernmental organization concerned may attend the public meetings of the Conference, receive the documents of the Conference and submit written inputs on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "Entities granted observer status in the United Nations General Assembly", "Rule 42", "Any other entity that has received a standing invitation to participate as an observer at the sessions and the work of the United Nations General Assembly and to maintain permanent observer missions or permanent offices at United Nations Headquarters may submit to the Secretariat of the Conference a request to attend the Conference. The authorization to attend shall be granted by decision of the Conference. Such an entity may attend the public meetings of the Conference, receive the documents of the Conference and submit written inputs on matters under consideration by the Conference.", "NGOs", "Rule 43", "Any non-governmental organization wishing to attend the Conference may apply to the Secretariat of the Conference. The authorization to attend shall be granted by decision of the Conference. The non-governmental organization may attend the public meetings of the Conference, receive, upon request, the documents of the Conference and submit written inputs on matters under consideration by the Conference, provided that the costs are incurred. At the invitation of the President of the Conference, a representative of one of the non-governmental organizations attending the Conference, elected by them, may speak at the Conference under the relevant agenda item.", "XIII. Amendment or suspension of rules", "Amendment procedure", "Rule 44", "Subject to rule XIV of the Treaty, these rules may be amended by a decision of the majority of the ratifying States present and voting.", "Suspension procedure", "Rule 45", "Subject to rule XIV of the Treaty, the Conference may suspend the application of any of the rules of the present rules, provided that the proposal for suspension has been notified 24 hours in advance, the time of which it may be discharged from the absence of objection by any representative of a ratifying State. The suspension shall be limited to a specific purpose declared and the period required to achieve it." ]
[ "Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011", "Nueva York, 6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011", "Tema 1 del programa provisional", "Cuestiones de organización", "Informe sobre el período de sesiones anual de 2011 (6 a 17 de junio de 2011, Nueva York)", "Índice", "PáginaI.Cuestiones 2 de \norganización Segmentosobreel \n PNUD II.Declaración 2 e informe anual de la \nAdministradora III.Compromisos 5 de financiación contraídos con el \n PNUD \nIV. Evaluación 5V.Informe 7 sobre Desarrollo \nHumano VI. Programas 8 por países del PNUD y cuestiones \nconexas VII. Fondo 9 de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la \nCapitalización VIII.Voluntarios 10 de las Naciones \nUnidas \nSegmentosobrelaUNOPS IX.Declaración 11 e informe anual del Director \nEjecutivo Segmento \nconjunto X. Auditoría 12 y supervisión \ninternas XI.Informes 18 de las Oficinas de Ética del PNUD, el UNFPA y la \nUNOPS XII.Visitas 19 sobre el \nterreno \nSegmentosobreelUNFPA XIII.Declaración 19 e informe anual del Director \nEjecutivo XIV.Compromisos 22 de financiación contraídos con el \nUNFPA XV. Programas 23 por países del UNFPA y asuntos \nconexos XVI. Examen 24 de mitad de período del plan \nestratégico XVII. Otros 26 \nasuntos", "I. Cuestiones de organización", "1. El período de sesiones anual de 2011 de la Junta Ejecutiva del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS se celebró en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York del 6 al 17 de junio de 2011.", "2. La Junta Ejecutiva aprobó el programa y el plan de trabajo para su período de sesiones anual de 2011 (DP/2011/L.2) y aprobó el informe sobre el primer período ordinario de sesiones de 2011 (DP/2011/20).", "3. La Junta Ejecutiva acordó el siguiente calendario de futuros períodos de sesiones de la Junta Ejecutiva en 2011:", "Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011: 6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011.", "4. Las decisiones adoptadas por la Junta Ejecutiva en su período de sesiones anual de 2011 figuran en el documento DP/2011/32, que puede consultarse en www.undp.org/execbrd.", "5. El Administrador Auxiliar Adjunto del PNUD y Director Adjunto de la Dirección de Alianzas informó a la Junta Ejecutiva de que el PNUD, el UNFPA y el UNICEF habían acordado adoptar un criterio común para garantizar la continuidad de la programación en el Sudán Meridional durante los meses siguientes a la independencia prevista y de que las tres organizaciones habrían de informar conjuntamente al respecto a la Junta Ejecutiva una vez que se decidieran los detalles.", "6. La Junta Ejecutiva acordó postergar el examen de los arreglos de programación del PNUD, del segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011 al primer período ordinario de sesiones de 2012.", "Segmento sobre el PNUD", "II. Declaración e informe anual de la Administradora", "7. En su declaración ante la Junta Ejecutiva (que puede consultarse en el sitio web del PNUD: http://www.beta.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/ executive_board/overview.html) la Administradora esbozó el programa de transformación de la organización en el contexto del panorama cambiante del desarrollo. Destacó el hecho de que gracias a la labor en curso el PNUD pasaría de ser una organización eficaz a convertirse en una organización notable, y mejoraría la capacidad de la organización para producir resultados concretos en materia de desarrollo a nivel de los países. La Administradora recalcó los resultados principales del examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico y diversas formas en las que el programa de cambios internos habría de reforzar la actividad del PNUD. Asimismo, hizo un resumen de algunos de los resultados que el PNUD había contribuido a obtener en 2010 en todo el mundo y en las ocho esferas centrales examinadas en el informe de 2010 sobre resultados.", "8. A continuación, la Administradora se refirió a los progresos realizados por el PNUD en relación con el programa de fomento de la coherencia de las Naciones Unidas, e hizo notar el firme compromiso del PNUD de canalizar los recursos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo a fin de responder de forma más eficaz y estratégica a las tareas del desarrollo a nivel de los países. Al destacar el hecho de que el PNUD necesitaba contar con un volumen estable y decisivo de recursos básicos, la Administradora hizo un llamamiento a todos los asociados a que incrementaran sus contribuciones a los recursos básicos para el año 2011 y la parte restante del plan estratégico vigente.", "9. La Administradora observó la importancia de que se aumentara la transparencia mediante la promoción de la política de divulgación de datos a nivel de la organización e informó a la Junta Ejecutiva de que el PNUD estaba gestionando la adopción de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS). Al concluir, la Administradora presentó información a la Junta Ejecutiva acerca del sitio web del PNUD recién creado.", "10. Algunas delegaciones formularon observaciones sobre las esferas prioritarias indicadas en la declaración de la Administradora, incluidos el programa de transformación de la organización, el proceso de examen de mitad de período y el próximo plan estratégico, los compromisos de financiación contraídos con el PNUD y el incremento de la declaración de información con miras a aumentar la transparencia, así como las cuestiones relacionadas con el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano y el proyecto de decisión que se había presentado sobre los países de ingresos medianos.", "11. El Presidente del Consejo Económico y Social tomó la palabra y agradeció a la Administradora su amplia exposición relativa a las actividades y contribuciones principales del PNUD. Manifestó apoyo al proceso de examen de mitad de período y a la orientación sustantiva que ofrecía el informe anual. Entre las cuestiones a las que se refirió figuraban: la importancia de los proyectos de documentos de programas por países y la necesidad de contar con una financiación estable y previsible que permitiera al PNUD cumplir sus mandatos en materia de desarrollo.", "12. En cuanto a la gestión del cambio y la reforma de la organización, varias delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito el proceso como una oportunidad para que el PNUD realizara un examen crítico de su actual estructura descentralizada y recargada de puestos de categoría superior, y definiera las esferas para la labor de transformación del PNUD. A ese respecto, alentaron a que se reforzara el sistema de coordinador residente y se aprovechara el conjunto de conocimientos tanto del personal de la sede como de los equipos en las oficinas de los países.", "13. Muchas delegaciones reconocían los progresos realizados en el proceso de examen de mitad de período, pero estimaban que la situación podría mejorar, sobre todo respecto del marco de resultados de desarrollo del examen de mitad de período. Al expresar su preocupación, dijeron que se requería mayor claridad y la presentación de sugerencias para el mejoramiento en el plano estratégico, puesto que el examen de mitad de período revelaba que no se habían satisfecho las expectativas en torno a una serie de cuestiones. Por ejemplo, era preciso saber en qué forma adaptaría el PNUD su enfoque estratégico para reorientar sus programas en los países e incorporar la experiencia adquirida a fin de aumentar los resultados sobre el terreno; cuáles eran las contribuciones principales del PNUD al desarrollo; y cómo habría de mejorar el PNUD la presentación de informes sobre los resultados y el desempeño. Las delegaciones apoyaban decididamente la preparación de una guía que orientara los preparativos y consultas para el próximo plan estratégico, que cabía esperar que estableciera claramente la posición estratégica del PNUD dentro del marco general de desarrollo.", "14. Algunas otras delegaciones acogieron en términos generales el examen de mitad de período y expresaron su apoyo al proceso aunque pidieron que durante las deliberaciones se tomara nota de los intereses de los países menos adelantados. Asimismo, diversas delegaciones insistieron en la necesidad de volver a examinar los criterios actuales para el cambio de categoría a la luz de las necesidades especiales y diferentes de los países de ingresos medianos.", "15. Algunas delegaciones observaron la importancia de un criterio que respondiera a la demanda para reducir la pobreza y subrayaron la necesidad de que en el futuro programa de trabajo del PNUD se integrara el Programa de Acción de Estambul en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011-2020. Sin embargo, varias delegaciones instaron al PNUD a que siguiera centrándose más en las esferas en las que se consideraba que el PNUD tenía una ventaja comparativa, entre otras, la gobernanza democrática y la prevención de crisis y la recuperación. Algunas otras delegaciones destacaron la importancia de reducir la desigualdad social en el contexto de la lucha contra la pobreza.", "16. Muchas delegaciones expresaron grave preocupación por la persistente tendencia a la reducción de las contribuciones a los recursos básicos y exhortaron a los países donantes a cumplir sus compromisos para resolver el desequilibrio entre los recursos básicos y los recursos complementarios. Además, insistieron en la necesidad de garantizar recursos básicos estables, importantes y previsibles que permitieran al PNUD cumplir con eficacia sus mandatos de desarrollo.", "17. Otras delegaciones reconocieron la necesidad de contar con financiación estable, pero exhortaron al PNUD a diversificar su base de donantes y a seguir el ejemplo de disciplina presupuestaria estricta que promovía el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas. Durante las deliberaciones algunas delegaciones aprovecharon la oportunidad para hacer promesas de contribuciones a los recursos básicos del PNUD en 2011.", "18. Diversas delegaciones que hicieron uso de la palabra reiteraron su apoyo explícito a la divulgación de los informes de auditoría interna relacionados con proyectos y programas a las organizaciones intergubernamentales y al Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, independientemente del monto de sus contribuciones. Además, recalcaron que debía concederse a esas organizaciones no estatales el mismo nivel de acceso que a los Estados Miembros, siempre que se cumplieran los requisitos de confidencialidad.", "19. Al hacer hincapié en la necesidad de atender las necesidades especiales y diferentes de los países de ingresos medianos, muchas delegaciones expresaron su decidido apoyo al proyecto de decisión sobre los países de ingresos medianos presentado por los Estados de América Latina y el Caribe. Dos delegaciones, refiriéndose a preocupaciones anteriores relacionadas con el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano, dijeron que se habían logrado importantes progresos en el proceso de consulta con los Estados Miembros durante la preparación del informe.", "20. La Administradora agradeció a las delegaciones sus observaciones informativas y las cuestiones planteadas y respondió en relación con el examen de mitad de período, en particular lo relativo a la contribución del PNUD al desarrollo y el marco de resultados de desarrollo; el programa de transformación de la organización; la importancia de que el PNUD mantuviera su presencia universal; y la necesidad de atender la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna. Además, la Administradora Asociada contestó a los comentarios formulados sobre los aspectos técnicos y metodológicos del examen de mitad de período.", "21. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/14 sobre el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico del PNUD y tomó nota del informe anual de la Administradora sobre el desempeño y los resultados en 2010 (DP/2011/22/) y sus anexos, el informe del PNUD sobre las recomendaciones de la Dependencia Común de Inspección en 2010 (DP/2011/22/Add.1) y el anexo estadístico (DP/2011/22/Add.2).", "III. Compromisos de financiación contraídos con el PNUD", "22. La Administradora presentó el tema de los compromisos de financiación contraídos con el PNUD y dio las gracias a todos los asociados en general por haber aportado recursos al PNUD. Asimismo, se refirió a los países que habían mantenido o aumentado la financiación al PNUD en 2011. La Administradora Auxiliar y Directora de la Dirección de Alianzas explicó en detalle la complejidad actual del entorno de financiación y destacó la importancia de proporcionar al PNUD recursos básicos estables, suficientes y previsibles para que se pudieran cumplir los mandatos de desarrollo de la organización. Esbozó los esfuerzos del PNUD por ampliar su base de donantes, reforzar las comunicaciones estratégicas y desarrollar un criterio más integrado respecto de la financiación y la movilización de recursos.", "23. Al hacer uso de la palabra, dos delegaciones lamentaron que el PNUD no hubiera cumplido los objetivos establecidos en el plan estratégico para los años 2010 y 2011. Una delegación, que también habló en nombre de varias otras delegaciones, hizo hincapié en el principio de compartir las responsabilidades financieras entre todos los Estados Miembros. Además, esa delegación exhortó al PNUD a que ampliara su base de donantes y dijo que el PNUD tendría que ejecutar un mayor número de actividades con menos recursos.", "24. Otra delegación se refirió a los plazos establecidos para los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y alentó a los países donantes a eliminar el desequilibrio constante entre los recursos básicos y los recursos complementarios. La delegación reiteró su compromiso de financiación con respecto a los recursos básicos en 2011.", "25. La Administradora y la Administradora Auxiliar y Directora de la Dirección de Alianzas tomaron nota de las observaciones formuladas y dijeron que aguardaban con interés recibir orientación permanente de la Junta Ejecutiva.", "26. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/15 sobre el estado de los compromisos de financiación de recursos ordinarios contraídos con el PNUD y sus fondos y programas para 2011 y más adelante.", "IV. Evaluación", "27. La Directora de la Oficina de Evaluación presentó el informe anual para 2010 sobre evaluación y destacó la función de evaluación en el PNUD y los fondos y programas conexos, las conclusiones clave y la experiencia adquirida de evaluaciones independientes y el proyecto de programa de trabajo para 2011-2012 de la Oficina de Evaluación.", "28. Las delegaciones reconocieron que había mejorado la disponibilidad de respuestas de la Administración y la utilización de las evaluaciones y dijeron que esperaban que el uso de las conclusiones de la evaluación contribuyera en el futuro a la gestión basada en los resultados. No obstante, algunas delegaciones se mostraron preocupadas por los escasos progresos alcanzados en las evaluaciones descentralizadas en cuanto a calidad, cobertura y cumplimiento, y exhortaron al PNUD a garantizar que los programas para los países contaran con planes sólidos de evaluación y que las evaluaciones previstas se realizaran efectivamente. Pidieron una explicación sobre los planes de la administración para atender la cuestión de la disminución del número de especialistas en evaluación.", "29. Preocupaba a varias delegaciones que ninguna de las evaluaciones de resultados completadas en 2010 fuese altamente satisfactoria, si bien observaron que ninguna de ellas era sumamente insatisfactoria. Al comentar que la formulación de programas era deficiente cuando faltaban marcos de resultados claramente definidos, insistieron en que sería preciso adoptar importantes medidas para remediar defectos concretos. Les sorprendía que el presupuesto de la Oficina de Evaluación se hubiera reducido en un 14% entre 2009 y 2010 y pidieron que se aclarara esa cuestión. También interesaba a las delegaciones conocer las esferas de concentración de la evaluación del plan estratégico que se había previsto para 2012.", "30. Algunas delegaciones tenían interés especial en el proceso de nombramiento del nuevo Director de la Oficina de Evaluación y pidieron que se les presentara información actualizada al respecto. Asimismo, aguardaban con interés que en el futuro todos los documentos de programas por países estuviesen acompañados de evaluaciones de los resultados y las respuestas pertinentes de la administración a todas las evaluaciones y la ejecución oportuna de las medidas adoptadas por la administración.", "31. Complacía a las delegaciones el aumento del número de evaluadores procedentes de países en desarrollo en los equipos independientes de evaluación y algunas delegaciones observaron que la Oficina de Evaluación había mantenido el equilibrio de género en los equipos de evaluación pero que le había sido difícil aumentar el número de mujeres que fuesen jefas de equipo. Pidieron que se prestara atención al aumento de la capacidad de evaluación a fin de incrementar el número de evaluadoras profesionales en los países en desarrollo.", "32. Una delegación, al formular observaciones generales sobre la función de evaluación en su totalidad, dijo que se podría reducir al mínimo la duplicación del trabajo si se aumentaran las evaluaciones conjuntas a nivel de los países.", "33. La Administradora Asociada y la Directora de la Oficina de Evaluación respondieron a las observaciones y reiteraron el compromiso del PNUD de mejorar la función de evaluación con miras a alcanzar la transformación.", "34. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/16 relativa al informe anual sobre evaluación (DP/2011/24).", "V. Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano", "35. De conformidad con la decisión 2011/12 de la Junta Ejecutiva, la Administradora hizo una exposición oral sobre las medidas adoptadas por el PNUD y la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano para garantizar la aplicación de las recomendaciones y directrices contenidas en la resolución 57/264 de la Asamblea General. La Administradora puso de relieve algunos aspectos de organización de la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano, incluido el carácter de su independencia editorial, y reiteró la importancia que revestía el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano para el PNUD. La Directora de la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano sintetizó el proceso de consulta, así como el proceso de elaboración del Informe para 2011 (DP/2011/25).", "36. Las delegaciones expresaron reconocimiento por la exposición oral de la Administradora y encomiaron las actividades realizadas por la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano para aplicar las recomendaciones que figuraban en la decisión 2011/12 de la Junta Ejecutiva y la resolución 57/264 de la Asamblea General. Acogieron con beneplácito el impulso dado al proceso de consulta con los Estados Miembros, así como con los encargados pertinentes de las estadísticas a fin de mejorar la calidad y la objetividad del informe. Reiteraron la importancia que tendría el proceso de consulta en la elaboración de informes en el futuro. Algunas delegaciones felicitaron al nuevo Director de la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano.", "37. Una delegación advirtió en contra del uso de indicadores para conceptos que la comunidad intergubernamental no hubiese definido inequívocamente (por ejemplo, los derechos humanos). Esa delegación tomó nota con satisfacción de la cooperación existente entre la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano y su propio gobierno para resolver cuestiones relacionadas con las estimaciones de los ingresos nacionales y dijo que esperaba que se pudiesen encontrar soluciones apropiadas para otros países que hubieran quedado excluidos del Informe de 2010. Otra delegación acogió con beneplácito la decisión adoptada por la Oficina de no presentar índices nuevos sobre sostenibilidad ambiental en el Informe de 2011 habida cuenta de los preparativos en curso de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Río+20).", "38. Algunas delegaciones reconocieron la necesidad de que la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano mantuviera un diálogo con los Estados Miembros y con la Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas, pero subrayaron la importancia de garantizar la independencia editorial de la Oficina.", "39. La Administradora Asociada agradeció a las delegaciones sus palabras de aliento y reiteró el compromiso de la Oficina encargada del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano de mantener el diálogo con las partes interesadas, en particular los Estados Miembros y los medios internacionales de estadística.", "40. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/17 relativa a la actualización del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano.", "VI. Programas por países del PNUD y cuestiones conexas", "Programas por países del PNUD", "41. La Administradora Asociada presentó el tema e invitó a las delegaciones a formular observaciones sobre los 22 proyectos nuevos de programas por países, un proyecto de documento común de programa y un programa subregional.", "42. Las delegaciones cuyos países eran objeto de los nuevos proyectos de programa agradecieron al PNUD su apoyo y pidieron a la Junta Ejecutiva que prestara una consideración positiva a los proyectos de programa que tenía a la vista. Al destacar las esferas de concentración principales que figuraban en los respectivos documentos de los programas, las delegaciones subrayaron que la labor de las organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas debía complementar las actividades de los gobiernos respectivos a fin de lograr el desarrollo sostenible mediante la prestación de asistencia técnica y el aumento de la capacidad en esferas críticas. Algunas delegaciones hicieron hincapié en que también se tomase en consideración a los países de ingresos medianos.", "43. Otras delegaciones exhortaron al PNUD a aumentar la capacidad de las oficinas en los países y pidieron que en el futuro los documentos de programas por países se centraran en importantes cuestiones intersectoriales, como la incorporación de la perspectiva de género, el fortalecimiento de la reforma judicial, el apoyo electoral y la respuesta al cambio climático. Asimismo, señalaron las deficiencias en los marcos de resultados que producirían dificultades en la presentación de informes y la gestión basada en los resultados, y propusieron que el PNUD elaborara una cadena de resultados más amplia e incluyera mayor información sobre el análisis y la mitigación de los riesgos.", "44. Una delegación se preguntaba si el PNUD estaba abarcando demasiadas esferas programáticas habida cuenta de la capacidad y los mandatos de las oficinas en los países. La delegación añadió que el criterio alternativo sería centrar la atención en determinadas esferas programáticas. Otra delegación manifestó preocupación respecto del cumplimiento de los planes de evaluación incluidos en los proyectos de documentos de programas por países, en particular en relación con la tendencia a que empeorara el cumplimiento con las evaluaciones descentralizadas. La delegación instó al PNUD a velar por que en la etapa de formulación de los programas de los países participaran especialistas en la situación de la mujer y que se perfeccionaran los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas para garantizar la calidad en el momento de iniciar el programa.", "45. En lo tocante al proyecto de documento común del programa para la República Unida de Tanzanía y Albania, otra delegación que habló también en nombre de varias delegaciones, pidió información actualizada acerca de si se tenía previsto presentar a la Junta Ejecutiva y cuándo, los resultados de la experiencia adquirida y una indicación de los progresos alcanzados en materia de evaluaciones independientes, así como del examen del sistema de gestión y rendición de cuentas. Además, la delegación destacó la necesidad de determinar los obstáculos institucionales que afrontaban los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países y presentó propuestas sobre la forma en que las Juntas Ejecutivas de los organismos pertinentes podrían ayudar a adelantar ese proceso.", "46. La Junta Ejecutiva tomó nota de las prórrogas por un año de los programas para Egipto, los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, Guinea, Haití, Mauricio, la República de Moldova y Túnez. La Junta aprobó la segunda prórroga por un año del programa para Sudáfrica y la prórroga por dos años de los programas para Croacia, Madagascar y el Paraguay.", "47. La Junta Ejecutiva tomó nota de las observaciones formuladas en relación con los 22 proyectos de programas en relación con los países siguientes: (región de África) Chad, Etiopía, Gabón, Ghana, Mauritania, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles y Zimbabwe; (región árabe) Arabia Saudita, Bahrein y Marruecos; (región de Asia y el Pacífico) Bangladesh, Filipinas y Mongolia; (Europa Oriental y Comunidad de Estados Independientes) Kirguistán, Montenegro y Ucrania; y (región de América Latina y el Caribe) El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica y Trinidad y Tabago.", "48. La Junta Ejecutiva también tomó nota de las observaciones relativas al proyecto de documento común del programa para Albania y el proyecto de documento del programa subregional para Barbados y la Organización de Estados del Caribe Oriental.", "49. La Junta Ejecutiva, de conformidad con las decisiones de la Junta Ejecutiva 2001/11 y 2006/36, aprobó el proyecto de documento común del programa para la República Unida de Tanzanía presentado a título excepcional en el primer período ordinario de sesiones de 2011.", "Examen de mitad de período del programa mundial del PNUD, 2009-2013", "50. La Administradora Asociada presentó el tema. El Administrador Auxiliar y Director de la Dirección de Políticas de Desarrollo informó sobre el examen de mitad de período del programa mundial del PNUD, 2009-2013 (DP/2011/27), y presentó los resultados del examen de mitad de período del programa mundial y las propuestas para el futuro.", "51. Las delegaciones no formularon observación alguna.", "52. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/18 sobre el examen de mitad de período del programa mundial del PNUD.", "VII. Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Capitalización", "53. La Administradora Asociada presentó el tema y encomió los resultados obtenidos por el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Capitalización (FNUDC) en 2010, antes de referirse brevemente a la labor del Fondo y su asociación con el PNUD. El Secretario Ejecutivo del FNUDC presentó el informe sobre los resultados obtenidos por el Fondo en 2010, incluida una relación de la marcha de la asociación estratégica entre el FNUDC y el PNUD.", "54. Las delegaciones encomiaron la importante labor del FNUDC, sobre todo a nivel de los países, y acogieron con beneplácito la constante ampliación de sus actividades que demostraba el aumento de la confianza general en el Fondo. Sin embargo, algunas delegaciones manifestaron preocupación ante el nivel decreciente de los recursos básicos y alentaron al FNUDC a que ampliara su base de donantes a fin de garantizar una financiación más estable y previsible.", "55. Una delegación, que habló en nombre de los países menos adelantados, dijo que se alegraba de que el FNUDC hubiese hecho contribuciones importantes a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) en los países menos adelantados. La delegación esperaba que en el futuro el FNUDC centrara su atención en aumentar el alcance de sus actividades, sobre todo en los programas de microfinanciación y desarrollo local a nivel nacional en todos los países menos adelantados. Esa delegación también pidió que el FNUDC incorporara en sus actividades las disposiciones y los principios pertinentes del Programa de Acción de Estambul en favor de los países menos adelantados y dio las gracias al Fondo por haber organizado dos actos paralelos durante la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados.", "56. Una delegación encomió al FNUDC por su marco amplio para medir los resultados y por haber encargado la realización de nueve evaluaciones completas de sus programas así como un examen externo de su conjunto de programas sobre microfinanciación en 2010. Otra delegación acogió con beneplácito la asociación estratégica entre el FNUDC y el PNUD, que se había estrechado en los últimos años. La delegación también observó que prácticamente todos los programas por países del FNUDC se ejecutaban conjuntamente con el PNUD.", "57. El Secretario Ejecutivo agradeció a las delegaciones sus generosas observaciones y dijo que sería difícil ampliar la cobertura del FNUDC a un mayor número de países menos adelantados si no se contaba con un aumento en la financiación. La Administradora Asociada encomió la labor directiva del Secretario Ejecutivo y reafirmó el compromiso del PNUD de estrechar su colaboración con el FNUDC a fin de alcanzar la transformación.", "58. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/19 sobre el informe de resultados alcanzados por el FNUDC en 2010 (DP/2011/28).", "VIII. Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas", "59. La Administradora Asociada presentó el tema de la planificación para el décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios y el cuadragésimo aniversario del programa de los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas (VNU) y observó los logros alcanzados por la organización en los últimos 40 años. La Coordinadora Ejecutiva del programa de los VNU explicó la labor de los VNU y presentó información actualizada sobre las diversas actividades realizadas en preparación para el Año Internacional de los Voluntarios de conformidad con la resolución 63/153 de la Asamblea General. Asimismo, rindió homenaje a los voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas que habían perdido la vida durante el año.", "60. Las delegaciones encomiaron la labor que realizaban los VNU al promover la paz, la estabilidad y la participación en el desarrollo y aplaudieron las contribuciones y las actividades intensas de los voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas en todo el mundo. Las delegaciones dijeron que, al celebrar el décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios, esperaban que se destacaran más los valores del voluntariado, la creación y el fortalecimiento de redes de voluntarios y la contribución a la consecución de los ODM.", "61. Una delegación dijo que el décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios podía considerarse una buena oportunidad para examinar y evaluar el movimiento y la contribución que representaban las actividades de los voluntarios, y agregó que los voluntarios debían gozar del mismo nivel de inmunidad funcional de los expertos internacionales. Otra delegación, al ilustrar la importancia del voluntariado y su función en las actividades de desarrollo local en todo el mundo, señaló que aguardaba con interés la publicación del primer informe sobre el estado del voluntariado mundial que estaba preparando el programa de los VNU.", "62. Varias delegaciones compararon el programa de los VNU con las actividades voluntarias en curso en sus países respectivos y expresaron firme apoyo a los objetivos del programa de los VNU. Algunas delegaciones aprovecharon la oportunidad para confirmar sus promesas de contribuciones financieras y exhortaron a otros países que estuvieran en condiciones de hacerlo a que también aportaran al Fondo Especial de Contribuciones Voluntarias de los VNU. Otras delegaciones se sumaron a la Coordinadora Ejecutiva y rindieron homenaje a las personas que habían perdido la vida durante el año en el cumplimiento de sus funciones.", "63. La Coordinadora Ejecutiva agradeció a las delegaciones sus comentarios y observaciones e hizo hincapié en la importancia de reconocer la contribución de los voluntarios. Habida cuenta de que los voluntarios realizaban sus actividades en circunstancias difíciles y algunas veces peligrosas, dijo que era imprescindible que se garantizara su seguridad y el mismo nivel de inmunidad funcional de que gozaban otros funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas. Asimismo, expresó reconocimiento por el apoyo continuo de diversos asociados y dijo que los VNU seguirían comprometidos a promover el voluntariado y a ofrecer oportunidades de actividad voluntaria a fin de contar con la representación geográfica y de género más amplia posible.", "64. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/20 sobre la planificación del décimo aniversario del Año Internacional de los Voluntarios y el cuadragésimo aniversario de los Voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas.", "Segmento sobre la UNOPS", "IX. Declaración e informe anual del Director Ejecutivo", "65. El Director Ejecutivo de la UNOPS presentó el informe anual, resumió los progresos realizados en la aplicación del plan estratégico 2010-2013 y puso de relieve la contribución de la UNOPS a la labor de las Naciones Unidas y sus asociados destinada a ofrecer beneficios tangibles a las personas necesitadas. Hizo una síntesis del desempeño de la UNOPS en 2010 que incluía la prestación de 1.270 millones de dólares en servicios para proyectos y la simplificación y el mejoramiento con éxito de las prácticas institucionales, lo que produjo una opinión del auditor sin reservas para el bienio 2008-2009 y progresos operacionales sobre el terreno en varios países. Al referirse a los esfuerzos constantes de la UNOPS por aumentar la eficiencia y calidad de los servicios que prestaba, el Director Ejecutivo puso de relieve la certificación recibida recientemente por la UNOPS. Asimismo, señaló que en el informe anual sobre 2011 que había de presentarse a la Junta Ejecutiva se incluirían los resultados de la aplicación de la política amplia de reconocimiento, recompensas y sanciones.", "66. Muchas delegaciones agradecieron al Director Ejecutivo su presentación del informe anual y destacaron los resultados positivos obtenidos por la UNOPS en los últimos años. A ese respecto, encomiaron a la administración de la UNOPS por haber garantizado la estabilidad financiera de la organización.", "67. Una delegación, recordando deliberaciones anteriores relativas a informes de la UNOPS sobre auditoría e investigaciones y ética, alentó a la administración a seguir prestando apoyo a esas funciones relativamente nuevas de auditoría y ética a fin de que pudiesen cumplir con eficacia su mandato. Esa delegación también alentó a la UNOPS a que ayudara a los países en desarrollo a consolidar no solo su capacidad técnica sino también su capacidad institucional para fomentar la sostenibilidad. Otra delegación observó que la UNOPS seguía respondiendo a la demanda creciente de creación de capacidad nacional, incluso la gestión de servicios de asesoramiento, en el contexto de su mandato y competencia básica.", "68. Observando con satisfacción que en 2010 la UNOPS había desplegado más actividades con menos recursos, una delegación dijo que esperaba que los esfuerzos de la UNOPS sirvieran de modelo a otras organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y que la UNOPS impulsara el programa de coherencia de las Naciones Unidas en su calidad de miembro importante de los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países. Otra delegación alentó a la UNOPS a seguir prestando servicios de alta calidad y rápidos mientras se examinaba también la posibilidad de aumentar las adquisiciones en los países en desarrollo.", "69. Una delegación declaró que aguardaba con interés el examen del presupuesto de apoyo bienal de la UNOPS durante el segundo período ordinario de sesiones de la Junta Ejecutiva. Otra delegación reconoció el éxito alcanzado en 2010, pero alentó a la UNOPS a buscar más oportunidades de desempeño eficaz en función del costo y a informar sobre los resultados a la Junta Ejecutiva.", "70. El Director Ejecutivo agradeció a las delegaciones sus palabras de aliento y orientación y les aseguró que la UNOPS tenía previsto examinar detenidamente las observaciones formuladas, incluso la esperanza manifestada de que la UNOPS compartiera sus buenas prácticas de gestión con otras organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Además, dijo que la UNOPS seguiría dedicándose a crear capacidad nacional y competencia básica en el marco de su mandato.", "71. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/21 sobre el informe anual del Director Ejecutivo de la UNOPS.", "Segmento conjunto", "X. Auditoría y supervisión internas", "72. El Director de la Oficina de Auditoría e Investigaciones (OAI) del PNUD, el Director de la División de Servicios de Supervisión del UNFPA y la Directora del Grupo de Auditoría Interna e Investigaciones de la UNOPS presentaron los informes anuales respectivos (DP/2011/29, DP/FPA/2011/5 y DP/OPS/2011/2) sobre las actividades de auditoría y supervisión internas.", "73. A la presentación de los informes anuales siguieron las distintas respuestas de la administración formuladas por la Administradora Auxiliar y Directora de la División de Gestión del PNUD, el Director Ejecutivo del UNFPA y el Director Ejecutivo Adjunto de la UNOPS.", "74. Las delegaciones agradecieron a la OAI del PNUD, la División de Servicios de Supervisión del UNFPA y el Grupo de Auditoría Interna e Investigaciones de la UNOPS los informes anuales descriptivos y estimulantes. Acogieron con reconocimiento las respuestas de la administración y los informes de los comités de asesoramiento en materia de auditoría. Las delegaciones formularon observaciones sobre cuestiones comunes del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS, así como sobre cuestiones concretas de cada una de las tres organizaciones. Celebraban que el personal de categoría superior de las tres organizaciones tomara en serio las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la auditoría y dedicara los esfuerzos de sus respectivas organizaciones a resolver las deficiencias de forma oportuna y rigurosa. Algunas delegaciones encomiaron al PNUD y al UNFPA por haber acelerado sus gestiones para aplicar efectivamente las recomendaciones de la auditoría que tuvieran más de 18 meses de antigüedad. No obstante, varias otras delegaciones manifestaron preocupación por la situación de la plantilla de las dependencias encargadas de la función de supervisión y pidieron que se mejorara la presentación periódica de casos de fraude o presunción de fraude, en los informes anuales sobre las actividades de auditoría y supervisión internas o en las respuestas de la administración.", "PNUD", "75. Varias delegaciones observaron que el porcentaje de oficinas en los países calificadas de satisfactorias había disminuido del 39% al 25%, mientras que el porcentaje de oficinas consideradas insatisfactorias se mantenía al mismo nivel que en 2009. Al expresar preocupación por esa tendencia, pidieron que la administración del PNUD explicara las presuntas causas, incluidas las deficiencias sistémicas de la calificación insatisfactoria.", "76. Análogamente, algunas delegaciones señalaron que el 22% de las recomendaciones de la auditoría se referían a la función de adquisición en las oficinas de los países e indicaron que esperaban que en el futuro se dialogara sobre la forma en que el PNUD pudiera aplicar las recomendaciones. Además, les interesaba recibir más detalles sobre los preparativos del PNUD relacionados con la introducción de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS) en 2012, inclusive el tablero del grado de preparación para las IPSAS.", "77. Diversas delegaciones alentaron a la OAI a que continuara celebrando consultas con otras organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas con miras a examinar la posibilidad de aplicar un criterio común a la auditoría de programas conjuntos. En relación con el informe anual del Comité Consultivo de Auditoría del PNUD para el año civil 2010, una delegación que también habló en nombre de varias otras delegaciones observó la falta de seguimiento de diversos aspectos de la modalidad de método armonizado para las transacciones en efectivo y pidió más detalles al respecto.", "78. Otra delegación acogió complacida las revisiones que se habían hecho a la Carta de la OAI y pidió a la Administradora que proporcionara a la Junta Ejecutiva un apéndice anotado en que se indicaran los cambios efectuados y se presentaran los motivos de estos.", "79. El Director de la OAI respondió a las observaciones relativas a la recomendación de auditoría con respecto a la función de adquisiciones en las oficinas de los países; el cambio en las calificaciones de auditoría, el criterio de auditoría Unidos en la acción; y la investigación en general. Explicó que si bien podía preocupar una disminución marcada en la calificación satisfactoria, debía entenderse que las calificaciones de auditoría fluctuaban y no había que considerarlas una tendencia sino más bien el resultado de una auditoría más a fondo. Asimismo, explicó que el PNUD proporcionaba actualmente un resumen consolidado de auditoría pero que tendría que pasar a utilizar un criterio de auditoría conjunta y que todas las investigaciones, independientemente de la gravedad de los cargos, requerían las debidas garantías.", "80. La Administradora Auxiliar y Directora de la Dirección de Gestión explicó los criterios aplicados por el PNUD para resolver las deficiencias sistemáticas en las esferas funcional y normativa y dijo que se estaban adoptando medidas relativas a la política de mitigación del riesgo y rendición de cuentas. Además, el Administrador Auxiliar Adjunto y Director Adjunto de la Dirección de Gestión aclaró la causa del cambio en las calificaciones de las auditorías y explicó que solo una oficina de país había recibido la misma calificación insatisfactoria.", "81. La Presidenta del Comité Asesor de Auditoría del PNUD expresó reconocimiento por la reacción oportuna y amplia del PNUD en la respuesta de la administración. En cuanto a la observación relativa al método armonizado para las transacciones en efectivo, aclaró que no se había intentado sugerir en el informe anual que la modalidad del método armonizado para las transacciones en efectivo tuviese de por sí niveles de garantía inferiores a los informes de auditoría de las organizaciones no gubernamentales y los proyectos de ejecución nacional. Por el contrario, existía el peligro de que los niveles de garantía fueran menores si no se observaban todos los procesos y procedimientos del método armonizado para las transferencias en efectivo. Una de las auditorías del método armonizado había revelado algunas deficiencias en la observación de todas las salvaguardias y a ello se debía que se señalara el riesgo si estas no se aplicaban.", "UNFPA", "82. Varias delegaciones encomiaron el nuevo formato del informe y las recomendaciones concretas que este contenía. Pidieron que en el futuro las respuestas de la administración ofrecieran mayores detalles sobre las medidas que se estaban adoptando para aplicar las recomendaciones de la auditoría, incluso los plazos previstos para la ejecución. Indicaron que les complacía el nivel de transparencia del UNFPA en la tramitación de casos de investigación.", "83. Varias delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito las noticias positivas sobre los puestos vacantes en la División de Servicios de Supervisión que se habían llenado y destacaron que todos los funcionarios debían contar con los conocimientos y la competencia necesarios para realizar su trabajo. Celebraron el plan del Director Ejecutivo de fomentar el aprendizaje y el desarrollo con el fin de garantizar que los conocimientos y la competencia se armonizaran mejor para que los funcionarios pudiesen cumplir sus tareas con eficacia.", "84. Algunas delegaciones expresaron preocupación porque no se hubiesen resuelto de forma adecuada las cuestiones que motivaron la opinión de la auditoría con reservas emitida por la Junta de Auditores en relación con los estados financieros de 2008-2009 y las cuestiones recurrentes en materia de auditoría, por lo que continuaban los problemas estructurales y sistémicos. Expresaron su apoyo a las gestiones que realizaba el Director Ejecutivo para atender esos asuntos.", "85. Algunas delegaciones manifestaron preocupación respecto del aumento de los riesgos financieros y el deterioro en las auditorías de proyectos ejecutados por gobiernos nacionales; el número de calificaciones insatisfactorias; los problemas continuos del seguimiento y la evaluación de programas; la falta de claridad entre los funcionarios sobre los papeles respectivos de las dependencias centrales, las oficinas regionales y las oficinas en los países; y el carácter desparejo de algunas actividades administrativas. Las delegaciones alentaron al UNFPA a integrar sus esfuerzos en mayor medida, incluso en el plan de actividades, a fin de instaurar sistemas de control que comprendieran el apoyo debido a las oficinas en los países y los sistemas de supervisión, en el contexto de la estrategia institucional de gestión del riesgo que concedía mayor prioridad a las esferas de mayor riesgo.", "79. Señalando la conclusión del informe de la División de Servicios de Supervisión de que se requería un cambio fundamental en las operaciones de las oficinas en los países a fin de impedir que se repitieran las cuestiones señaladas en las auditorías, varias delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito la intervención personal del Director Ejecutivo al presidir el comité de supervisión de la auditoría y su afirmación de que se trataba de una esfera prioritaria para el UNFPA. Reconocieron las diversas medidas adoptadas por la administración para aplicar las recomendaciones de la auditoría e indicaron que se necesitaba tiempo para demostrar los efectos, pero señalaron preocupación ante la posibilidad de recibir otro informe de auditoría con reservas. Varias delegaciones encomiaron al UNFPA por acelerar la aplicación de las recomendaciones de la auditoría que tuvieran una antigüedad mayor de 18 meses.", "80. Varias delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito el informe del Comité Consultivo de Auditoría del UNFPA y pidieron a la representante del Comité que señalara las tres primeras prioridades para el UNFPA y que expusiera la capacidad de la administración para hacer frente a las cuestiones que había determinado. Algunas delegaciones invitaron al Director Ejecutivo a fijar prioridades en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones del auditor interno y a presentar un plan de acción con medidas y plazos claros. Sugirieron que se proporcionara periódicamente información relativa a los progresos alcanzados para su examen por la Junta Ejecutiva.", "81. El Director Ejecutivo subrayó el hecho de que el UNFPA tomaba muy en serio las cuestiones relativas a la auditoría y se ocupaba de estas en el marco del examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico y del plan de actividades. Dijo que confiaba en que los miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva quedaran satisfechos con las medidas adoptadas por el UNFPA. Observó que se estaban aplicando diversas medidas para reducir el riesgo del Fondo, que incluían el refinamiento de la concentración estratégica del Fondo; el examen del compromiso con los asociados en la ejecución; y la disminución del número de productos de los programas. Reiteró que el UNFPA estaba plenamente comprometido a garantizar la transparencia y rendición de cuentas.", "82. El Director de la División de Servicios de Supervisión señaló que había aumentado el número de funcionarios en la Subdivisión de Investigación. En lo tocante a la cuestión del fraude, declaró que el UNFPA había adquirido programas de informática que permitirían la vigilancia permanente. En cuanto a la calificación insatisfactoria, señaló que era importante tomar en consideración el hecho de que el UNFPA utilizaba un modelo de riesgo y que se habían realizado auditorías especiales de las dependencias que presentaban el más alto nivel de riesgo. Así pues, la calificación insatisfactoria era prácticamente inevitable. No obstante, existían algunas deficiencias sistémicas y, como había observado el Director Ejecutivo, estas se estaban resolviendo en el marco del examen de mitad de período y el plan de actividades.", "83. La representante del Comité Asesor de Auditoría del UNFPA, al responder a una pregunta observó que para el UNFPA la prioridad radicaba en la integración estratégica de la gestión del riesgo y la gestión de programas y proyectos. Declaró que muchas de las cuestiones que afrontaba el UNFPA podrían atenderse mediante la incorporación del plan de gestión de riesgo en el plan de actividades.", "UNOPS", "84. Las delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito la opinión del auditor sin reservas recibida por la UNOPS y encomiaron al Grupo de Auditoría Interna e Investigaciones por su dedicación al cumplir la función de investigación. No obstante, también formularon observaciones relativas a esferas en las que era preciso mejorar y pidieron información adicional sobre las consecuencias financieras de las conclusiones de la auditoría, así como sobre la forma en que el Grupo venía haciendo frente al incremento en denuncias recibidas del 170% entre 2009 y 2010.", "85. Al señalar la marcada reducción del número total de recomendaciones y el número de recomendaciones de alta prioridad entre 2008 y 2009 que se había invertido claramente en 2010, varias delegaciones solicitaron información adicional sobre las causas de las fluctuaciones. Asimismo, instaron a la UNOPS a intensificar sus esfuerzos por aplicar recomendaciones de auditoría muy antiguas.", "86. Una delegación alentó a la administración de la UNOPS a garantizar que el Grupo de Auditoría Interna e Investigaciones contara con los recursos necesarios para cumplir su mandato y para consultar a la Junta Ejecutiva sobre acontecimientos importantes que afectaran la labor del Grupo.", "87. La Directora del Grupo de Auditoría Interna e Investigaciones, al responder a la observación sobre el incremento de las denuncias recibidas, dijo que la UNOPS intentaba impedir que los casos denunciados se convirtieran en situaciones de acoso. Ello se realizaba con el apoyo de los procesos del ombudsman y la mediación. Dijo que la UNOPS mantendría informados a los miembros de la Junta Ejecutiva sobre la evolución de los casos relacionados con fraude y corrupción, ya que la UNOPS utilizaba actualmente el conjunto de información disponible en las organizaciones del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Con respecto a las observaciones sobre la necesidad de más recursos humanos habida cuenta del aumento marcado del número de casos, dijo que la administración de la UNOPS tendría que examinar la cuestión en el contexto de su presupuesto y del número actual de auditores.", "88. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/22: informes del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS sobre las actividades de auditoría y supervisión internas en 2010.", "Respuesta a la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna", "89. La Administradora del PNUD presentó el tema y subrayó la urgente necesidad de que el PNUD demostrara su compromiso al garantizar la transparencia y rendición de cuentas. Asimismo, declaró que el PNUD podía correr el riesgo de perder la confianza y la financiación de sus donantes institucionales si no lograba darles acceso a los informes de auditoría interna. En nombre del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS, el Director de la OAI del PNUD presentó el informe sobre la respuesta a la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna (DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1).", "90. El Director Ejecutivo del Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria (Fondo Mundial) se refirió a la crítica relación de cooperación entre el Fondo Mundial y el PNUD y comunicó la creciente preocupación de la Junta Directiva del Fondo Mundial por el nivel actual de acceso de la administración a los informes de auditoría interna. Expresó la convicción de que las opciones presentadas constituían un importante adelanto, pero pidió a la Junta Ejecutiva que permitiera una mayor flexibilidad.", "91. Muchas delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito la oportunidad de examinar opciones para responder a la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna. Al destacar la importancia del fortalecimiento de la transparencia y claridad de las organizaciones, esas delegaciones expresaron un apoyo explícito a la divulgación a los donantes institucionales de informes de auditoría interna relacionados con los proyectos y programas, independientemente del monto de las contribuciones de los donantes y al mismo nivel de acceso con el que contaran los Estados Miembros, siempre y cuando se tuvieran en cuenta las consideraciones de confidencialidad pertinentes. En cuanto a la simplificación de procedimientos, las delegaciones sugirieron que se estudiara la posibilidad de una solución tecnológica segura para los documentos no clasificados y pidieron a las tres organizaciones que en el segundo período ordinario de sesiones de la Junta Ejecutiva en 2011 presentaran una propuesta conjunta para la consulta remota de los informes de auditoría interna. Además, expresaron su opinión sobre la administración de una nueva política de divulgación, cuya responsabilidad debería continuar a cargo de las dependencias de supervisión de las respectivas organizaciones.", "92. Una delegación consideraba que la divulgación de los informes de auditoría interna representaba un primer paso esencial para establecer una mentalidad más amplia de transparencia y rendición de cuentas en las organizaciones. Otra delegación destacó la importancia de la utilización no politizada de los fondos y advirtió en contra del examen prematuro de la cuestión sin disponer de suficiente información sobre las consecuencias de las opciones presentadas. Esa delegación insistió en que, sería inaceptable en todo caso, conceder a las entidades no estatales el mismo nivel de acceso a los informes de auditoría interna que se otorgaba a los Estados Miembros.", "93. La Administradora del PNUD, el Director Ejecutivo del UNFPA y el Director Ejecutivo de la UNOPS expresaron su pleno apoyo a la transparencia y divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna. La Administradora del PNUD reiteró la gravedad de la cuestión y explicó las posibles consecuencias que tendría el no responder a la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna.", "94. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/23: respuesta a la demanda incipiente de una divulgación más amplia de los informes de auditoría interna.", "95. Tras la adopción de la decisión 2011/23, una delegación tomó la palabra y explicó la razón por la cual su gobierno se había sumado al consenso de permitir a los donantes no estatales, concretamente a las organizaciones intergubernamentales y el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, acceso a los informes de auditoría interna de los proyectos y programas a los que contribuyeran financiación.", "XI. Informes de las Oficinas de Ética del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS", "96. La Directora de la Oficina de Ética del PNUD, la Asesora de Ética de la Oficina de Ética del UNFPA y el Asesor Jurídico de la UNOPS presentaron los informes de las Oficinas de Ética de sus respectivas organizaciones (DP/2011/30, DP/FPA/2011/6 y DP/OPS/2011/3).", "97. Dos delegaciones tomaron la palabra. Al acoger los informes de las Oficinas de Ética del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS, una delegación hizo hincapié en su firme apoyo a las Oficinas de Ética y acogió complacida sus esfuerzos colectivos por contribuir a una mentalidad de integridad y rendición de cuentas en el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. La delegación subrayó su decidido acuerdo con el programa de declaración de la situación financiera como instrumento vital para evitar conflictos de interés entre los funcionarios. Complacía a la delegación que los casos de cumplimiento fuesen del 99% en el PNUD, el 100% en el UNFPA y el 95% en la UNOPS.", "98. La delegación pidió una presentación eficaz en el futuro de los informes y que estos incluyeran información sobre una serie de casos que exigieran la liquidación del activo financiero u otro tipo de medida correctiva. La delegación instó a las tres organizaciones a poner a disposición pública las declaraciones de altos funcionarios con el fin de fomentar la transparencia. Además, la delegación recomendó al PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS que normalizaran su presentación de informes en relación con la protección de denunciantes y que solicitaran orientación de la Presidencia del Comité de Ética de las Naciones Unidas sobre la gestión de denuncias de represalias.", "99. Otra delegación subrayó la importancia de establecer funciones sólidas de ética en las tres organizaciones para mantener su eficacia a fin de que pudieran atender mejor las necesidades de los países en desarrollo. Esa delegación alentó a la administración de las tres organizaciones a seguir velando por la institucionalización de la función de ética.", "100. La Directora de la Oficina de Ética del PNUD reconoció la necesidad de incluir el número real de medidas correctivas adoptadas en relación con declaraciones de la situación financiera y dijo que en informes que se presentaran en el futuro figurarían las estadísticas pertinentes. El Asesor Jurídico de la UNOPS expresó su apoyo a la divulgación pública de información financiera pero dijo que la Oficina de Ética de las Naciones Unidas debía ocuparse de la cuestión de la declaración voluntaria.", "101. La Asesora de Ética del UNFPA agradeció a las delegaciones sus observaciones y su apoyo. Estuvo de acuerdo con la respuesta del PNUD y también señaló que el UNFPA seguiría ocupándose de la armonización con las demás organizaciones en el marco del Comité de Ética de las Naciones Unidas.", "102. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/24: informes de las oficinas de ética del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS.", "XII. Visitas sobre el terreno", "103. Los jefes de equipo de la visita conjunta sobre el terreno a la República de Filipinas y las visitas sobre el terreno a Panamá y el Uruguay presentaron el tema. Los relatores de las visitas sobre el terreno expusieron sus informes respectivos DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1 y Corrección, DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1 y DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2) y destacaron las conclusiones principales y las recomendaciones.", "104. Una delegación reconoció el éxito de las visitas sobre el terreno y pidió a la secretaría de la Junta Ejecutiva que proporcionara información sobre los gastos totales derivados de la organización de las visitas sobre el terreno, en particular los gastos relacionados con los viajes.", "105. La Junta Ejecutiva tomó nota de los tres informes relativos a las visitas sobre el terreno a Filipinas, Panamá y el Uruguay.", "Segmento sobre el UNFPA", "XIII. Declaración e informe anual del Director Ejecutivo", "106. El Director Ejecutivo, en su declaración ante la Junta Ejecutiva (que puede consultarse en http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/7763) se refirió a los progresos alcanzados en la aplicación del plan estratégico durante los tres años anteriores y resaltó los planes destinados a que el UNFPA pasara a ser una organización más equilibrada y eficaz. Señaló que había diversos procesos en curso para reforzar a la organización, incluidos el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico y la formulación de un plan interno de actividades.", "107. Las delegaciones agradecieron al Director Ejecutivo su estimulante declaración. Reconocieron el papel central que desempeñaba el Director Ejecutivo en la reevaluación de las prioridades estratégicas de la organización y el proceso transparente e inclusivo del examen de mitad de período. Varias delegaciones subrayaron que el Programa de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo (CIPD) debía ser la base de la labor del UNFPA, incluidas las esferas de población y desarrollo, salud y derechos reproductivos e igualdad entre los géneros. Las delegaciones hicieron hincapié en la necesidad de proteger el consenso alcanzado en la CIPD. Destacaron la importancia del enfoque basado en los derechos humanos en las actividades del UNFPA. Observando la conveniencia de canalizar más la orientación estratégica del Fondo, las delegaciones declararon que debían preservarse todos los puntos de partida a fin de fortalecer la colaboración con los interesados y los asociados para el desarrollo. Notando el retraso en el cumplimiento del quinto objetivo de los ODM, las delegaciones insistieron en la función importante que correspondía al UNFPA en la prestación de asistencia a los países para la consecución del quinto objetivo. Se destacaron la importancia de los datos para el desarrollo, el fortalecimiento de los sistemas nacionales de datos y el aumento de la capacidad. Se instó al UNFPA a mantener su criterio de atención a los aspectos culturales en la programación. Las delegaciones se refirieron a la función clave del UNFPA de apoyar la cooperación Sur-Sur.", "108. Las delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito la concentración del Director Ejecutivo en los adolescentes y jóvenes y subrayaron la necesidad de invertir en la juventud, incluso mediante la prestación de servicios en materia de información y educación dirigidos a los jóvenes. Una delegación propuso que en un futuro período de sesiones se examinara la labor de las entidades de las Naciones Unidas relacionada con la juventud a fin de promover medidas conjuntas. Se acogieron con beneplácito las actividades del Fondo en situaciones de emergencia y humanitarias y algunas delegaciones alentaron al UNFPA a reforzar sus mecanismos de coordinación y su capacidad, así como los de sus asociados, para prevenir la violencia por razón de género y responder a ella cuando se produjera. Se reconoció el apoyo prestado por el UNFPA a los países en la celebración de los censos de 2010. Una delegación pidió que se realizara anualmente un examen de las actividades humanitarias del Fondo.", "109. Varias delegaciones se refirieron a la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas en favor de los Países Menos Adelantados y subrayaron la necesidad de acelerar el progreso en los países menos adelantados a fin de alcanzar el logro de los ODM para 2015. Una delegación, en nombre del grupo de los países menos adelantados, agradeció el apoyo prestado por el Director Ejecutivo. Haciendo hincapié en las graves dificultades que afrontaban los países menos adelantados para la consecución del objetivo de los ODM sobre acceso universal a la salud reproductiva, incluida la planificación de la familia, la delegación expresó su confianza en que el UNFPA concediera atención prioritaria a los países menos adelantados.", "110. Se reconoció que para hacer frente a la mortalidad y morbilidad materna y neonatal era fundamental el papel que realizaban los parteros calificados, en particular las matronas. Una delegación anunció una iniciativa para ampliar los planes nacionales de obstetricia e incrementar el porcentaje de nacimientos que contaran con los servicios de parteros calificados. La delegación dijo que habría de colaborar estrechamente con el UNFPA. Otra delegación anunció un nuevo régimen nacional por el que se prestarían servicios gratuitos a las embarazadas en las zonas rurales y urbanas.", "118. Las delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito la insistencia del Director Ejecutivo en señalar la rendición de cuentas como una alta prioridad del UNFPA. Instaron al UNFPA a centrar mayor atención en la ejecución nacional, la gestión financiera, el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la auditoría, la evaluación y la programación y adopción de decisiones con base empírica. En cuanto a la presentación de informes sobre los resultados, algunas delegaciones subrayaron la necesidad de destacar la experiencia adquirida y las dificultades encontradas y superadas. Las delegaciones reconocieron las contribuciones del UNFPA a la reforma de las Naciones Unidas, con inclusión de Unidos en la acción. Varias delegaciones hicieron notar que era necesario que el UNFPA colaborara con ONU-Mujeres a fin de garantizar un criterio coordinado y complementario respecto de la igualdad entre los géneros.", "119. Varias delegaciones insistieron en la necesidad que tenía el Fondo de contar con recursos financieros mayores y previsibles para ayudar a los países en la ejecución del programa de la CIPD y el logro de los ODM. Se alentó al UNFPA a alcanzar mayor eficiencia y eficacia en la obtención de recursos. La delegación del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte anunció que mantendría su financiación básica al nivel de 20 millones de libras esterlinas anuales durante los dos años siguientes. La delegación destacó que en el futuro la financiación dependería de tres esferas críticas: la intensificación de la ejecución y el efecto de los programas a nivel de los países; el aumento de la gestión basada en resultados; y el mejoramiento de la gestión financiera, incluido el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la auditoría. Otras delegaciones, entre ellas Estonia, Finlandia, Irlanda, Nueva Zelandia y los Países Bajos, también se refirieron a sus contribuciones básicas al UNFPA. La delegación del Japón expresó su profunda gratitud por la solidaridad que demostraron el UNFPA y su personal a raíz del reciente terremoto ocurrido en el Japón. La delegación observó que pese a la situación actual su Gobierno habría de cumplir su compromiso financiero con el UNFPA.", "120. Varias delegaciones expresaron preocupación ante el hecho de que un número importante de funcionarios superiores del Cuadro Orgánico del UNFPA se jubilaría durante el período 2011-2015. Insistiendo en que los funcionarios nuevos deberían contar con la capacitación y experiencia necesarias, pidieron al Director Ejecutivo que mantuviera el equilibrio geográfico y la equidad en materia de género en el Fondo. Una delegación solicitó información sobre las dependencias que se verían afectadas por las próximas jubilaciones.", "121. El Director Ejecutivo agradeció a las delegaciones su apoyo y recalcó que el UNFPA estaba comprometido con el mejoramiento de la ejecución de los programas, la gestión basada en los resultados, la eficiencia, la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas, incluida la atención a la gestión financiera y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la auditoría. Estaba de acuerdo con la necesidad de velar por la flexibilidad y el reconocimiento de que las soluciones no eran de aplicación universal. Celebró el apoyo prestado al examen de mitad de período y reconoció que la demostración de resultados era fundamental. Observó que el UNFPA ya había adoptado medidas importantes para refinar y simplificar el marco de resultados. Aseguró a los países que la concentración en la mujer, la niña y los jóvenes no significaba que el UNFPA no habría de colaborar con los países para afrontar sus necesidades en las esferas de población y desarrollo, igualdad entre los géneros y salud reproductiva. Acogió con beneplácito la sugerencia de celebrar un debate sobre los jóvenes en un período de sesiones futuro de la Junta Ejecutiva. Destacó que el UNFPA se había comprometido a satisfacer las necesidades de los países menos adelantados y a ocuparse del seguimiento del Programa de Acción de Estambul. Manifestó que el UNFPA también tenía el propósito de atender las necesidades de los países de ingresos medianos.", "122. El Director Ejecutivo agradeció las generosas contribuciones de los Estados Miembros e instó a los países a que hicieran promesas de contribuciones multianuales. Observó que el proyecto de informe bienal estaría listo durante el año y aseguró a la Junta Ejecutiva que el UNFPA gestionaba con eficiencia los ingresos y gastos totales. Señaló que el plan interno de actividades se centraría en la capacitación del personal, su orientación y la sucesión en los cargos.", "123. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/25 relativa al informe del Director Ejecutivo sobre 2010.", "XIV. Compromisos de financiación contraídos con el UNFPA", "124. El Jefe de la Subdivisión de Movilización de Recursos presentó el informe sobre las contribuciones al UNFPA de los Estados Miembros y otros donantes y las proyecciones de ingresos para 2011 y años futuros (DP/FPA/2011/4) y proporcionó información actualizada sobre la situación financiera. Hizo notar que, al 1 de junio de 2011, los ingresos previstos del Fondo en concepto de contribuciones a los recursos ordinarios se estimaban en 455,6 millones de dólares para 2011, lo que representaba un aumento importante con respecto a los 444,2 millones de dólares que se había calculado cuando se terminó el informe en marzo de 2011. Los ingresos estimados en relación con otros recursos (cofinanciación) eran de 270 millones de dólares para 2011. Poniendo de relieve que los recursos ordinarios eran la base fundamental de las operaciones del UNFPA, destacó que ahora más que nunca era preciso contar con recursos financieros suficientes, constantes y previsibles.", "125. En una declaración conjunta, varias delegaciones observaron que estaban de acuerdo con la conclusión principal del informe en el sentido de que la base estable de recursos ordinarios era crítica para permitir al UNFPA apoyar a los países en la ejecución del Programa de Acción de la CIPD. Recalcaron que concedían prioridad a los recursos ordinarios en sus contribuciones al Fondo puesto que la financiación básica era el fundamento de todas las actividades del UNFPA. Añadieron que otros recursos representaban un complemento importante a la base de recursos ordinarios del Fondo. Acogieron con beneplácito la participación mayor de economías nuevas y emergentes y destacaron la necesidad de que se ampliara la lista de donantes importantes al UNFPA.", "126. Las delegaciones alentaron al UNFPA a seguir refinando su gestión financiera y operacional e insistieron en que el mejoramiento combinado con una programación eficaz que contara con base empírica sería importante para atraer recursos ordinarios y otros recursos. Observando que en el ambiente mundial actual las organizaciones tendrían que “hacer más con menos recursos”, acogieron las gestiones desplegadas por el Director Ejecutivo para que el UNFPA se desempeñara con más eficiencia y demostrara resultados. Las delegaciones recalcaron que ese proceder sería decisivo para la capacidad del Fondo de movilizar recursos.", "127. El Director Ejecutivo agradeció a las delegaciones sus observaciones relativas a los esfuerzos del UNFPA por mejorar su base financiera. Recalcó que los conceptos clave del UNFPA serían la rendición de cuentas y la transparencia y que el Fondo intentaría “conseguir más resultados con menos recursos”.", "128. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/26: informe sobre las contribuciones de los Estados Miembros y otros donantes y las proyecciones de ingresos para 2011 y años futuros.", "XV. Programas por países del UNFPA y asuntos conexos", "129. En primer lugar, la Junta Ejecutiva aprobó el componente que correspondía al organismo del documento común sobre el programa para la República Unida de Tanzanía, que la Junta ya había examinado en su primer período ordinario de sesiones de 2011.", "130. La Directora Ejecutiva Adjunta (Programa) presentó una visión panorámica de los 18 proyectos de documentos de programas por países que se habían presentado a la Junta Ejecutiva para su examen: en África —Etiopía, Gabón, Ghana, Mauritania, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, el Senegal y Zimbabwe; en los Estados árabes —Marruecos; en Asia y el Pacífico —Bangladesh, Filipinas, Mongolia y la República Democrática Popular Lao; en Europa Oriental y Asia Central —Albania, Kirguistán y Ucrania; y en América Latina y el Caribe —El Salvador, Honduras y un documento de programa multinacional para los países de habla inglesa y holandesa del Caribe. Asimismo, se presentaron prórrogas de programas para Guinea, Sudáfrica, Madagascar, Túnez, la República de Moldova, Haití y el Paraguay. A continuación, los directores regionales del UNFPA para África, los Estados árabes, Europa Oriental y Asia Central y América Latina y el Caribe dieron detalles sobre los programas de sus regiones respectivas.", "131. Las delegaciones reconocieron que los proyectos de documentos de programas por países se habían elaborado en estrecha consulta con los gobiernos respectivos y los asociados para el desarrollo y que se adaptaban debidamente a los planes y prioridades nacionales. Refiriéndose a su colaboración de varios decenios con el UNFPA algunas delegaciones resaltaron que los programas respondían al contexto concreto del país. Se destacó la importancia del fomento de la capacidad en las esferas de salud sexual y reproductiva y derechos reproductivos, población y desarrollo e igualdad entre los géneros. Algunas delegaciones, observando el ambiente financiero y económico cada vez más limitado, alentaron al UNFPA a reforzar y ampliar su compromiso con otros asociados para el desarrollo, incluidos la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional, el UNICEF y la OMS. A ese respecto, algunas delegaciones destacaron la necesidad de identificar las deficiencias y evitar la duplicación.", "132. Algunas delegaciones exhortaron al UNFPA a centrar más la atención de los programas y aumentar la sinergia a fin de contribuir a la obtención de resultados óptimos en materia de desarrollo. Se hizo notar que en algunos de los proyectos de documentos de programas por países los resultados previstos y los indicadores eran demasiado amplios y poco realistas, habida cuenta de los recursos limitados. Las delegaciones pidieron al UNFPA que prestara una atención particular a satisfacer las necesidades de los jóvenes y de los grupos de población pobre y menos favorecida, incluidos los pueblos indígenas. Se destacó la importancia de aplicar criterios en los que se tuvieran en cuenta el género y los derechos humanos. Las delegaciones encomiaron al UNFPA por su importante papel en la promoción de una situación mejor para los parteros y la promoción de partos atendidos por personal sanitario especializado. Asimismo, las delegaciones formularon observaciones y plantearon preguntas sobre algunos proyectos de documentos de programas para países concretos. Las siguientes delegaciones agradecieron a la Junta Ejecutiva y el UNFPA en relación con los programas en sus países y reconocieron el apoyo prestado por el Fondo: Albania, Antigua y Barbuda (en nombre de 14 Estados miembros de la Comunidad del Caribe), Bangladesh, Etiopía, Filipinas, Honduras, Marruecos, Mongolia, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, Sudáfrica y Ucrania.", "133. Los directores de las oficinas regionales del UNFPA agradecieron a las delegaciones sus observaciones y apoyo. Aseguraron a la Junta Ejecutiva que, en cumplimiento de la decisión 2006/36, las observaciones sobre el proyecto de documento de programa para determinado país se transmitirían a ese país a fin de que se tomaran en consideración al finalizarse el documento del programa del país.", "134. La Junta Ejecutiva aprobó las prórrogas de los programas para Madagascar, el Paraguay y Sudáfrica y tomó nota de las prórrogas de los programas para Guinea, Túnez, la República de Moldova y Haití. Además, la Junta tomó nota de proyectos de documentos de programas y formuló observaciones respecto de los países siguientes: Etiopía, Gabón, Ghana, Mauritania, Santo Tomé y Príncipe, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Marruecos, Bangladesh, República Democrática Popular Lao, Mongolia, Filipinas, Albania, Kirguistán, Ucrania y El Salvador, el programa multinacional para los países del Caribe de habla inglesa y holandesa y Honduras.", "XVI. Examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico", "135. El Director Ejecutivo presentó este tema del programa. La Directora Ejecutiva Adjunta (Programa) informó de los progresos y las dificultades en la aplicación del plan estratégico, 2008-2013. El Director de la División de Programas hizo una exposición sobre la responsabilidad en la obtención de resultados: perfeccionamiento del sistema de medición.", "136. Varias delegaciones dijeron que apreciaban el criterio inclusivo, transparente y consultivo que había adoptado el UNFPA para el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico, 2008-2013. Recalcaron la importancia de garantizar que todos los asociados del UNFPA estuvieran plenamente comprometidos con los cambios necesarios para lograr que el Fondo fuese más eficaz. Acogieron con beneplácito la elaboración de un plan de actividades en el que se esbozaran claramente las medidas necesarias para cumplir las prioridades estratégicas y operacionales del UNFPA. Las delegaciones señalaron que el aumento de los resultados y los efectos a nivel del país serviría de base para evaluar la eficacia del Fondo. Alentaron al UNFPA a reforzar la sinergia con otros asociados para el desarrollo.", "137. Varias delegaciones aplaudieron la decisión del Director Ejecutivo de centrar más la atención del Fondo en su mandato básico. Destacaron que era vital que el UNFPA siguiera defendiendo la salud y los derechos reproductivos y dirigiendo el esfuerzo mundial por acelerar los progresos en la consecución de los objetivos de la CIPD y los ODM de reducir la mortalidad materna y proporcionar acceso universal a la salud reproductiva, incluida la planificación de la familia. Observaron que la planificación de la familia y la atención a los jóvenes, incluidas las adolescentes, eran aspectos centrales del mandato del Fondo y del logro de los ODM. Hicieron notar que la labor del UNFPA en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva y derechos reproductivos era la que más se acercaba a la obtención de resultados operacionales que representaran una diferencia en las vidas de los grupos de población menos favorecidos, en particular las mujeres y los jóvenes.", "138. Varias delegaciones señalaron que la asistencia humanitaria debía seguir siendo un aspecto importante de la labor del UNFPA. El Fondo tenía una función especial que desempeñar en la lucha contra la violencia por motivos de género y la garantía de condiciones adecuadas para las mujeres que diesen a luz en situaciones de desastre natural o conflicto. Varias delegaciones instaron al UNFPA a seguir desempeñándose como agente humanitario por derecho propio, además de cumplir la labor de coordinación de los subgrupos temáticos de política y protección.", "139. Las delegaciones acogieron con beneplácito los esfuerzos del UNFPA por reducir más la transmisión sexual del VIH y promover una mejor integración de la prevención de la transmisión de la madre al niño y los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva y planificación de la familia en cooperación con el ONUSIDA y la asociación H4+. Algunas delegaciones observaron que con el establecimiento de la ONU-Mujeres sería necesario que el UNFPA reexaminara su función en la esfera en la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer. Señalaron que el UNFPA debía continuar su labor de promover la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer, pero tenía que centrar su atención en las cuestiones de género relacionadas con la salud sexual y reproductiva y los derechos reproductivos.", "140. Algunas delegaciones observaron que el fraccionamiento en muchos aspectos de la labor del Fondo dispersaba su efecto y creaba gran complejidad y riesgo en la gestión. Alentaron al UNFPA a centrar más la atención del plan estratégico y reducir el número de esferas programáticas mediante la disminución del número de resultados y productos. La concentración mayor y la reducción de resultados podría permitir una utilización óptima de los recursos financieros y humanos disponibles y aumentar la eficiencia, eficacia y efecto. Apoyaban las gestiones del UNFPA por mejorar los sistemas de vigilancia y evaluación y mejorar la calidad de los datos y destacaron que para obtener apoyo político y financiero adicional era fundamental informar acerca de los efectos en materia de desarrollo.", "141. Varias delegaciones hicieron notar que, al igual que otras organizaciones, el UNFPA no podía resolverlo todo en todas partes del mundo. Habida cuenta de la limitación en los recursos financieros y humanos disponibles, el UNFPA tenía que adoptar decisiones estratégicas difíciles sobre prioridades. A fin de que el UNFPA pudiera ejecutar sus planes e informar sobre los resultados, debía concentrarse en las esferas donde contaba con una ventaja comparativa y valor añadido de acuerdo con su responsabilidad de apoyar la ejecución del programa de acción de la CIPD, especialmente en los países donde el personal y los programas estuvieran recargados. Algunas delegaciones propusieron que además de tomar en consideración las ventajas comparativas del UNFPA las decisiones se basaran en el análisis de las necesidades concretas y los contextos diferentes de los países.", "142. En lo tocante a la necesidad de mejorar la medición de los resultados y la presentación de informes sobre los resultados del Fondo, varias delegaciones señalaron que debía reducirse el número de indicadores del plan estratégico y reforzarse el vínculo entre los efectos y los productos a fin de demostrar mejor la contribución del Fondo a los resultados. Las delegaciones alentaron al UNFPA a aplicar prácticas de gran efecto y fortalecer su colaboración con asociados para el desarrollo en los países donde estuviera atrasado el logro de las metas de la CIPD y el quinto objetivo de los ODM. Observando que los efectos principales del UNFPA se producían en la labor realizada a nivel de los países, las delegaciones señalaron que para realizar sus actividades con eficacia y producir resultados tangibles, los programas del UNFPA debían adaptarse concretamente a las necesidades nacionales y locales y al nivel de compromiso de otros agentes.", "143. El Director Ejecutivo agradeció a las delegaciones sus observaciones, señaló que estas se habían referido a la concesión de prioridad a los jóvenes, sobre todo las niñas; la salud sexual y reproductiva y los programas que garantizaran la disponibilidad de planificación de la familia; la importancia de la igualdad entre los géneros, así como la dinámica de la población —todo ello en el marco del programa de la CIPD y el quinto objetivo de los ODM. El Director de la División de Programas apreciaba la orientación y el apoyo prestado por las delegaciones y observó que el UNFPA presentaría indicadores adicionales en la próxima reunión oficiosa. En cuanto a las adquisiciones, el Director de la División de Servicios de Gestión indicó que el UNFPA estaba examinando diversas esferas, incluidos los productos básicos y los acuerdos a largo plazo en los que el Fondo pudiera influir en los precios.", "XVII. Otros asuntos", "Otras decisiones adoptadas", "144. La Junta Ejecutiva adoptó la decisión 2011/27 sobre la asignación provisional al presupuesto bienal del UNFPA 2012-2013, la decisión 2011/28 sobre los países menos adelantados y la decisión 2011/29 sobre los países de ingresos medianos.", "145. Después de la adopción de la decisión 2011/29, una delegación explicó la razón de la presentación de la decisión sobre los países de ingresos medianos y destacó la necesidad de contar con un medio más eficaz para medir el desarrollo.", "146. Una delegación preguntó si en el segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011 se podría organizar un debate temático sobre la juventud. Otra delegación tomó la palabra para agradecer al PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS el haberse ocupado de la cuestión de las necesidades lingüísticas relacionadas con los documentos de la Junta Ejecutiva y dijo que esperaba que continuara la cooperación.", "Otras reuniones", "147. Se celebraron las siguientes discusiones temáticas y consultas:", "a) Debate temático conjunto sobre el papel de las organizaciones en la solución de las necesidades de desarrollo de los países de ingresos medianos. El Presidente del Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo para América Latina y la Presidenta del Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo para Europa y Asia Central, hicieron exposiciones sobre las necesidades en materia de desarrollo de los países de ingresos medianos en sus regiones respectivas. El Secretario de la Presidencia del Uruguay se refirió a la función de las Naciones Unidas en los países de ingresos medianos. El representante de la República de Namibia explicó la experiencia de los países africanos, incluida Namibia, en relación con los ODM.", "b) Debate temático conjunto sobre el medio ambiente y el cambio climático: función de los tres organismos en el plano nacional. El Administrador Auxiliar del PNUD y Director de la Dirección de Políticas de Desarrollo hizo una presentación en nombre del PNUD, el UNFPA y la UNOPS sobre el papel de las tres organizaciones en los países en desarrollo. El representante de Burkina Faso relató la experiencia de su país en el marco del programa de adaptación africana y también se refirió al efecto negativo del cambio climático en el desarrollo de su país. El Director de la División Técnica del UNFPA hizo una presentación sobre las actividades del UNFPA en las esferas de población, medio ambiente y cambio climático y observó que el UNFPA era la única organización cuyo mandato era centrar la atención en las cuestiones demográficas. La Directora de la Oficina Regional de América Latina y el Caribe de la UNOPS presentó las contribuciones de la UNOPS en la esfera del cambio climático en los planos nacional y regional. A continuación mostró un breve vídeo sobre el Programa de pequeños subsidios en Barbados.", "c) Debate temático conjunto sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con los países menos adelantados en el contexto de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados. El Vicepresidente de la Junta Ejecutiva, del grupo de los Estados de Asia y el Pacífico, presidió el debate temático conjunto sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con los países menos adelantados en el contexto de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados. Hicieron presentaciones el Director interino y Jefe de la Oficina del Alto Representante de las Naciones Unidas para los países menos adelantados, los países en desarrollo sin litoral y los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo, el representante permanente adjunto de Nepal ante las Naciones Unidas (en nombre de la Presidencia del grupo de los países menos adelantados), el Administrador Auxiliar y Director de la Dirección General de África del PNUD, el Director de la División Técnica del UNFPA y el Director de la Oficina Regional de América del Norte de la UNOPS.", "d) Se celebraron consultas oficiosas sobre las estimaciones presupuestarias institucionales del PNUD para el bienio 2012-2013, el examen de mitad de período del plan estratégico del UNFPA y el presupuesto de apoyo bienal de la UNOPS para 2012-2013." ]
[ "United Nations DP/2011/31", "[]", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 1 of the provisional agenda", "Organizational matters", "Report of the annual session 2011", "(6 to 17 June 2011, New York)", "Contents", "Chapter Page", "I. Organizational matters 2", "UNDP segment", "II. Statement by the Administrator and annual report of the Administrator 2", "III. Funding commitments to UNDP 4", "IV. Evaluation 5", "V. Human Development Report 6", "VI. UNDP country programmes and related matters 7", "VII. United Nations Capital Development Fund 8", "VIII. United Nations Volunteers 9", "UNOPS segment", "IX. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director 10", "Joint segment", "X. Internal audit and oversight 11", "XI. Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS Ethics Offices 15", "XII. Field visits 16", "UNFPA segment", "XIII. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director 17", "XIV. Funding commitments to UNFPA 19", "XV. UNFPA country programmes and related matters 19", "XVI. Midterm review of the strategic plan 20", "XVII. Other matters 22", "I. Organizational matters", "1. The annual session 2011 of the Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS was held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 6 to 17 June 2011.", "2. The Executive Board approved the agenda and workplan for its annual session 2011 (DP/2011/L.2), and approved the report of the first regular session 2011 (DP/2011/20).", "3. The Executive Board agreed to the following schedule of future sessions of the Executive Board in 2011:", "Second regular session 2011: 6 to 9 September 2011.", "4. Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at the annual session 2011 were included in document DP/2011/32, accessible at www.undp.org/execbrd.", "5. The UNDP Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director, Partnerships Bureau, informed the Executive Board that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF had agreed on a common approach to ensure the continuity of programming in Southern Sudan in the subsequent months following the planned independence and that the three organizations would jointly inform the Executive Board after working out the details.", "6. The Executive Board agreed to postpone, from the second regular session 2011 to the first regular session 2012, consideration of the UNDP programming arrangements.", "UNDP segment", "II. Statement by the Administrator and annual report of the Administrator", "7. In her statement to the Executive Board (available on the UNDP website at http://www.beta.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/executive_board/overview.html), the Administrator outlined the agenda for organizational change in the context of the altering development landscape. She highlighted how the work under way would move UNDP from being a good organization to a great one and further improve the organization’s ability to deliver concrete development results at the country level. The Administrator stressed the main findings of the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan, and the ways in which the internal change agenda would strengthen the work of UNDP. Further, she outlined some of the results UNDP helped deliver in 2010 across the world and in the eight outcome areas of focus in the 2010 results report.", "8. The Administrator then spoke of the progress made by UNDP on the United Nations coherence agenda, noting the firm commitment of UNDP to marshal the resources of the United Nations development system to respond more effectively and strategically to development challenges at the country level. In emphasizing the fact that UNDP needed a stable and critical mass of core resources, the Administrator appealed to all partners to increase core contributions for the year 2011, and for the remainder of the current strategic plan.", "9. The Administrator noted the importance of strengthening transparency by means of enhancing the organizational disclosure policy and informed the Executive Board that UNDP was on track to adopt the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). In concluding, the Administrator informed the Executive Board of the newly launched UNDP website.", "10. Delegations commented on the focus areas reflected in the Administrator’s statement, including the agenda for organizational change, the MTR process and the next strategic plan, funding commitments to UNDP and greater information disclosure to enhance transparency, as well as on issues related to the Human Development Report and the draft decision that had been tabled on the middle-income countries (MICs).", "11. The President of the ECOSOC took the floor and thanked the Administrator for her comprehensive statement outlining the key activities and contributions of UNDP. He expressed support for the MTR process and endorsed the substantive direction set out in the annual report. The issues he touched upon included: the importance of the draft country programme documents (CPDs) and the need for stable and predictable funding to allow UNDP to carry out its development mandates.", "12. On change management and organizational reform, a number of delegations welcomed the process as an opportunity for UNDP to critically review the current decentralized and top-heavy set-up and to sharpen UNDP areas of work for transformational change. In this regard, they encouraged strengthening the resident coordinator system and building on the skill sets of both the headquarters staff and country office teams.", "13. While acknowledging the progress made in the MTR process, many delegations felt that there was room for further improvement, in particular with regard to the development results framework of the midterm review. In expressing their concern, they stated that more clarity and suggestions for improvement at the strategic level would be required, as the MTR revealed unmet expectations around a number of issues. These included: how UNDP would adjust its strategic focus to reorient its country programmes and incorporate the lessons learned to enhance results on the ground; what the key contributions of UNDP to development were; and how UNDP would improve the reporting of results and performances. The delegations strongly supported the development of a roadmap to guide preparations and consultations for the next strategic plan, which the delegations hoped would clearly establish the strategic positioning of UNDP within the broader development environment.", "14. Some other delegations broadly welcomed the MTR and expressed their support for the process while requesting the concerns of the least developed countries (LDCs) to be noted in the course of discussion. On a similar note, a number of delegations stressed the need to revisit the current graduation criteria in light of the special and differentiated needs of the MICs.", "15. Some delegations noted the importance of a demand-driven approach to reduce poverty and underscored the need to integrate in the future work programme of UNDP the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020. A number of delegations, however, called on UNDP to remain more focused on areas where UNDP is expected to have a comparative advantage, inter alia, democratic governance and crisis prevention and recovery. Some other delegations stressed the importance of reducing social inequality in the context of combating poverty.", "16. Many delegations expressed grave concerns over the continued downward trend of contributions to core resources and called on donor countries to deliver on their commitments to address the imbalance between core and non-core resources. They further stressed the importance of ensuring stable, sizeable and predictable core resources to allow UNDP to effectively deliver on its development mandates.", "17. Other delegations, while recognizing the need to sustain stable funding, urged UNDP to diversify its donor base and follow the example of strict budget discipline promoted by the United Nations Secretary-General. In the course of discussion, some delegations took the opportunity to state their commitments to contribute to UNDP core resources in 2011.", "18. Delegations who spoke reiterated their explicit support for the disclosure of project- and programme-related internal audit reports to intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, irrespective of the size of their contributions. Further, they stressed that those non-state organizations should be granted the same level of access as Member States, provided that confidentiality requirements would be maintained.", "19. In stressing the need for addressing the special and differentiated needs of the MICs, many delegations expressed strong support for the draft decision on the MICs tabled by the Latin America and the Caribbean States. Two delegations, while noting past concerns related to the Human Development Report, remarked that substantial progress had been made in the consultation process with Member States in the course of drafting the report.", "20. The Administrator thanked the delegations for their informative comments and concerns and responded to the issues regarding: the MTR, in particular the comments related to the UNDP contribution to development and the development results framework; the organizational change agenda; the importance of UNDP maintaining its universal presence; and the need to respond to the emerging demand for greater access to internal audit reports. The Associate Administrator further responded to the comments raised with regard to the technical and methodological aspects of the MTR.", "21. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/14 on the midterm review of the UNDP strategic plan, and took note of: the annual report of the Administrator on performance and results for 2010 (DP/2011/22) and its annexes, the report of UNDP on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit in 2010 (DP/2011/22/Add.1) and the statistical annex (DP/2011/22/Add.2).", "III. Funding commitments to UNDP", "22. The Administrator introduced the item on funding commitments to UNDP, thanking all partners across the board for providing resources to UNDP. She further noted the countries that had maintained or increased funding to UNDP in 2011. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Partnerships Bureau, further elaborated on the current complexities of the funding environment and stressed the importance of providing UNDP with stable, adequate and predictable core resources to ensure that the organization’s development mandates are achieved. She outlined UNDP efforts to: expand the donor base; strengthen strategic communications; and develop a more integrated approach to funding and resource mobilization.", "23. Two delegations spoke, regretting that UNDP failed to meet the targets set out in the strategic plan for the years 2010 and 2011. One delegation, who also spoke on behalf of a number of delegations, emphasized the principle of sharing the financial responsibilities among all Member States. That delegation further called on UNDP to broaden its donor base and said that UNDP would need to do more with less.", "24. Another delegation, in noting the target dates for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), encouraged the donor countries to address the continued imbalance between core and non-core resources. The delegation reiterated its funding commitment to core resources in 2011.", "25. The Administrator and the Assistant Administrator and Director, Partnerships Bureau, took note of the comments made, and looked forward to receiving continued guidance from the Executive Board.", "26. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/15 on the status of regular funding commitments to UNDP and to its funds and programmes for 2011 and onwards.", "IV. Evaluation", "27. The Director, Evaluation Office, presented the annual report on evaluation 2010, highlighting the evaluation function in UNDP and the associated funds and programmes, the key findings and lessons learned from independent evaluations, and the proposed programme of work for 2011-2012 of the Evaluation Office.", "28. Delegations recognized the improvement in the availability of management responses and in the use of evaluations, and were hopeful that the use of evaluation findings would enhance future management for results. Some delegations, however, expressed concern over the limited progress made on decentralized evaluations in terms of quality, coverage and compliance, and urged UNDP to ensure that robust evaluation plans would form part of the country programmes and that planned evaluations would be carried out. They requested an explanation on management plans for addressing the decline in the number of evaluation specialists.", "29. A number of delegations were concerned that none of the outcome evaluations completed in 2010 were highly satisfactory while noting that none of them were highly unsatisfactory. Commenting on the weakness of the programme designs that lacked well-defined results frameworks, they stressed that significant measures would need to be taken to remedy the factual weaknesses. They were surprised to learn that the budget of the Evaluation Office was reduced by 14 per cent from 2009 to 2010, and requested clarification. The delegations were also interested in hearing about the focus areas of the evaluation of the strategic plan scheduled for 2012.", "30. Some delegations were particularly interested in the appointment process for the new Director of the Evaluation Office and requested an update on the process. They also looked forward to seeing all future CPDs accompanied by outcome evaluations and management responses issued accordingly for all evaluations and the timely implementation of the management responses.", "31. Delegations were pleased with the increase in evaluators from developing countries in independent evaluation teams, and some noted that the Evaluation Office had maintained gender balance in these evaluation teams but had found it difficult to increase the number of women team leaders. They called for attention to evaluation capacity-building to increase the number of professional women evaluators in developing countries.", "32. One delegation, in providing general comments on the evaluation function as a whole, said that duplication of work could be minimized if joint evaluations could be increased at the country level.", "33. The Associate Administrator and the Director, Evaluation Office, responded to the comments and reiterated commitment of UNDP to improving the evaluation function with a view to achieving transformational change.", "34. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/16 on the annual report on evaluation (DP/2011/24).", "V. Human Development Report", "35. In line with Executive Board decision 2011/12, the Administrator provided an oral presentation on the measures taken by UNDP and the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) to ensure the implementation of the recommendations and the guidelines contained in General Assembly resolution 57/264. The Administrator highlighted some key organizational aspects of the HDRO, including the nature of the editorial independence, and reiterated the importance of the Human Development Report (HDR) for UNDP. The Director, Human Development Report Office, summarized the consultation process, as well as the process of developing the Report for 2011 (DP/2011/25).", "36. Delegations expressed appreciation for the Administrator’s oral presentation and commended the efforts made by HDRO to implement the recommendations contained in Executive Board decision 2011/12 and General Assembly resolution 57/264. They welcomed the enhanced consultation process with Member States as well as with the relevant statistical community in order to strengthen the quality and the objectivity of the report. They reiterated the importance of the consultative process in developing future reports. Some delegations conveyed congratulations to the incoming Director of HDRO.", "37. One delegation cautioned against using indicators for concepts that had not been unambiguously defined by the intergovernmental community (e.g., human rights). That delegation noted with satisfaction the cooperation between HDRO and its Government to resolve the issues surrounding the national-income estimates and hoped that appropriate solutions could be found for other countries that had been excluded from the 2010 Report. Another delegation welcomed the decision of HDRO to not present new indices on environmental sustainability in the 2011 Report in consideration of the ongoing preparations for the Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development.", "38. Other delegations, while acknowledging the need for HDRO to engage in dialogue with Member States and with the United Nations Statistical Commission, stressed the importance of ensuring the editorial independence of HDRO.", "39. The Associate Administrator thanked delegations for their words of encouragement and reiterated HDRO commitment to engage in dialogue with stakeholders, in particular Member States and the international statistical community.", "40. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/17 on the update on the Human Development Report.", "VI. UNDP country programmes and related matters", "UNDP country programmes", "41. The Associate Administrator introduced the item. Following the presentation of 22 draft country programmes, a draft common country programme document (CCPD) and a subregional programme, delegations were invited to comment on them.", "42. Delegations whose countries were the subject of the new draft country programmes thanked UNDP for its support and requested the Executive Board to give positive consideration to the draft CPDs before them. In highlighting the key focus areas reflected in the respective draft CPDs, the delegations stressed that the work of the United Nations organizations must complement the respective governments’ efforts to achieve sustainable development through the provision of technical assistance and capacity-building in critical areas. Some other delegations stressed that consideration must also be given to the MICs.", "43. Other delegations called upon UNDP to strengthen the capacity of the country offices and asked future CPDs to be focused on important cross-cutting issues like mainstreaming gender, strengthening judicial reform, providing electoral support and responding to climate change. They also noted the weakness in results frameworks that would lead to difficulty in results reporting and results-based management, and suggested that UNDP develop a more comprehensive results chain and include more information on risk analysis and risk mitigation.", "44. One delegation wondered if UNDP was stretching across too many programme areas given the capacities and mandates of the country offices. The delegation added that an alternative approach would be to focus on select programme areas. Another delegation expressed concern over the compliance with the evaluation plans included in the draft CPDs, in particular with regard to the worsening trend in compliance with decentralized evaluations. The delegation urged UNDP to ensure that gender specialists were engaged during the development stage of the country programmes and that accountability mechanisms were enhanced to ensure quality at the time of entry.", "45. On the draft CCPDs for the United Republic of Tanzania and Albania, another delegation, who also spoke on behalf of a number of delegations, requested an update on whether and when the results of the lessons learned would be presented to the Executive Board, and an indication of the progress being made on independent evaluations, as well as on the review of the management and accountability system. The delegation further stressed the need to identify the institutional bottlenecks faced by the United Nations country teams and outlined how the Executive Boards of the relevant agencies could assist in moving that process forward.", "46. The Executive Board took note of the one-year extensions of the country programmes for Egypt, Guinea, Haiti, Mauritius, Moldova, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates. The Board approved the second one-year extension of the country programme for South Africa and the two-year extensions of the country programmes for Croatia, Madagascar and Paraguay.", "47. The Executive Board took note of the comments made regarding the 22 draft country programmes for: (Africa region) Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles and Zimbabwe; (Arab region) Bahrain, Morocco and Saudi Arabia; (Asia and the Pacific region) Bangladesh, Mongolia and the Philippines; (Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States) Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro and Ukraine; and (Latin America and the Caribbean region) El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago.", "48. The Executive Board further took note of comments made regarding the draft CCPD for Albania and the draft subregional programme document for Barbados and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States.", "49. The Executive Board, in accordance with Executive Board decisions 2001/11 and 2006/36, approved the CCPD for the United Republic of Tanzania that was presented on an exceptional basis at the first regular session 2011.", "Midterm review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013", "50. The Associate Administrator introduced the item. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, introduced the report on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013 (DP/2011/27), presenting the findings of the midterm review of the global programme and the proposed ways forward.", "51. There were no comments from delegations.", "52. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/18 on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme.", "VII. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "53. The Associate Administrator introduced the item, commending the results achieved by the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) in 2010 before providing a short introduction on the work of UNCDF and its partnership with UNDP. The Executive Secretary of UNCDF presented the report on results achieved by UNCDF in 2010, including a progress report on the implementation of the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP.", "54. Delegations commended the strong performance of UNCDF, particularly at the country level, and welcomed the continued expansion of its activities, which illustrate the growing confidence the fund enjoys. However, a number of delegations expressed concern over the decreasing level of core resources and encouraged UNCDF to broaden its donor base to ensure a more stable and predictable funding base.", "55. One delegation, who spoke on behalf of the least developed countries (LDCs), was encouraged that UNCDF had made significant contributions towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the LDCs. The delegation hoped to see UNCDF in the future focus on increasing the coverage of its activities, in particular microfinance and local development programmes, at the country level in all the LDCs. That delegation further requested UNCDF to mainstream the relevant provisions and principles of the Istanbul Programme of Action on the LDCs and thanked UNCDF for organizing two side events during the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs.", "56. One delegation commended UNCDF for its extensive framework for measuring results and for commissioning nine full evaluations of its programmes as well as an external review of its microfinance portfolio in 2010. Another delegation welcomed the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP which had become closer in recent years. The delegation further noted that almost all of the country programmes of UNCDF were undertaken jointly with UNDP.", "57. The Executive Secretary thanked delegations for their generous remarks and comments and said that there would be challenges to expanding UNCDF coverage to more LDCs without increased financing. The Associate Administrator commended the Executive Secretary’s leadership and reaffirmed commitment of UNDP to strengthening its work with UNCDF so as to achieve transformational change.", "58. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/19 on the report on results achieved by UNCDF in 2010 (DP/2011/28).", "VIII. United Nations Volunteers", "59. The Associate Administrator introduced the item on the planning for the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme and noted the positive achievements made by the organization over the past 40 years. The Executive Coordinator of UNV elaborated on the work of UNV and provided an update on the various initiatives undertaken in preparation for the International Year of Volunteers in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/153. She further paid tribute to those United Nations Volunteers whose lives were lost earlier in the year.", "60. Delegations commended the work of UNV in promoting peace, stability and ownership of development, applauding the contributions and hard work by the United Nations Volunteers around the world. The delegations said that, in celebrating the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, they looked forward to further promoting the values of volunteerism, building and reinforcing volunteer networks and contributing to the achievement of the MDGs.", "61. One delegation said that the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers should be viewed as a good opportunity to review and take stock of the movement and contribution of efforts made by volunteers and added that the volunteers should enjoy the same level of functional immunity that international experts enjoy. Another delegation, in illustrating the importance of volunteerism and its role in local development activities worldwide, looked forward to the first State of the World’s Volunteerism Report, which was being prepared by UNV.", "62. A number of delegations related the UNV programme to volunteer activities ongoing in their respective countries and expressed firm support to the programme objectives of UNV. Some delegations took the opportunity to confirm their financial contributions and called on other countries in a position to do so to also contribute to the Special Voluntary Fund of UNV. Other delegations joined the Executive Coordinator in paying tribute to those whose lives were lost earlier in the year while on duty.", "63. The Executive Coordinator thanked delegations for their comments and observations, and emphasized the importance of recognizing the contributions made by the volunteers. As these volunteers operate in challenging and at times under dangerous circumstances, she said it was essential to grant them security as well as the same level of functional immunity extended to other United Nations personnel. She further expressed her thanks for the continued support of various partners and said that UNV would continue to remain committed to promoting volunteerism and to offering volunteer opportunities so as to ensure the broadest possible representation based on geography and gender.", "64. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/20 on the planning for the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of United Nations Volunteers.", "UNOPS segment", "IX. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director", "65. The Executive Director of UNOPS introduced the annual report and presented the progress made in the implementation of the strategic plan, 2010-2013, highlighting the UNOPS contribution to the work of the United Nations and its partners to deliver tangible benefits to people in need. He provided a summary of UNOPS performance in 2010, including the delivery of $1.27 billion in project services and the successful cleaning up and improving of business practices, which led to an unqualified audit for the biennium 2008-2009, and to operational achievements on the ground in a number of countries. In presenting the continued efforts of UNOPS to strengthen the efficiency and the quality of the services it offers, the Executive Director highlighted the certification UNOPS had recently received. He further stated that the results of the implementation of the comprehensive recognition, rewards and sanctions policy would be included in the 2011 annual report to the Executive Board.", "66. Many delegations thanked the Executive Director for his presentation of the annual report and highlighted the positive achievement made by UNOPS over the past years. In this regard, they commended the UNOPS management for its leadership to ensure the financial stability of the organization.", "67. One delegation, recalling earlier discussions of the UNOPS audit, investigations and ethics reports, encouraged the management to continue to support these relatively new audit and ethics functions so that they could effectively carry out their mandates. That delegation further encouraged UNOPS to help developing countries to build not only their technical capacities, but also institutional capacities to foster sustainability. Another delegation observed that UNOPS continued to respond to the increasing demand for national capacity-building, including management advisory services, within the context of its mandate and core competencies.", "68. In noting with satisfaction that UNOPS did more with less in 2010, one delegation hoped that UNOPS efforts would be seen as a model for other United Nations organizations to follow, and looked forward to seeing UNOPS push forward the United Nations coherence agenda as an important member of United Nations country teams. Another delegation encouraged UNOPS to continue to provide high-quality and speedy service while also looking into the possibility of increasing purchases from developing countries.", "69. A delegation stated that it looked forward to the discussion on the UNOPS biennial support budget during the upcoming second regular session of the Executive Board. While recognizing the success achieved in 2010, another delegation encouraged UNOPS to explore more opportunities for cost-effective performance and report the results to the Executive Board.", "70. The Executive Director thanked the delegations for their words of encouragement and guidance and assured delegations that UNOPS planned to carefully review the comments made, including comments related to the expectations placed on UNOPS to share its good management practice with other organizations of the United Nations system. Further, he said that UNOPS would continue to engage in building national capacities and core competencies within its mandate.", "71. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/21 on the annual report of the Executive Director, UNOPS.", "Joint segment", "X. Internal audit and oversight", "72. The Director, Office of Audit and Investigations (OAI), UNDP, the Director, Division for Oversight Services (DOS), UNFPA, and the Director, Internal Audit and Investigations Group (IAIG), UNOPS, introduced the respective annual reports (DP/2011/29; DP/FPA/2011/5; and DP/OPS/2011/2) on internal audit and oversight activities.", "73. The introductions of the annual reports were followed by separate management responses presented by the UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau of Management, the UNFPA Executive Director, and the UNOPS Deputy Executive Director.", "74. Delegations thanked UNDP OAI, UNFPA DOS, and UNOPS IAIG for the informative and thought-provoking annual reports. They were appreciative of the management responses and reports by the audit advisory committees. Delegations commented on issues that were common to UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, as well as those specific to each of the three organizations. They were encouraged that the senior management of the three organizations were taking audit findings and recommendations seriously and were investing organizational efforts to address the shortcomings in a timely and rigorous manner. Some commended UNDP and UNFPA for having accelerated their efforts to effectively address audit recommendations that were older than 18 months. However, several other delegations expressed concern over the staffing situation of units responsible for the oversight function, and requested improved reporting on cases of fraud and presumptive fraud on a regular basis, either in the annual reports on internal audit and oversight activities or in the management responses.", "UNDP", "75. A number of delegations noted that the percentage of country offices rated as “satisfactory” decreased from 39 per cent to 25 per cent, while the percentage of country offices rated as “unsatisfactory” remained at the same level as 2009. In expressing concern regarding this trend, they requested to hear from UNDP management on the assumed causes, including systemic weaknesses, of the unsatisfactory rating.", "76. On a similar note, some delegations noted that 22 per cent of audit recommendations were related to the procurement function at country offices and looked forward to a dialogue in the future on how UNDP would tackle the recommendations. They were also interested in hearing more about UNDP preparedness for the introduction of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in 2012, including the IPSAS readiness dashboard.", "77. Some other delegations encouraged OAI to continue consultations with other United Nations organizations with a view to exploring the possibility of a joint approach to auditing joint programmes. With reference to the annual report of the UNDP Audit Advisory Committee (AAC) for the calendar year 2010, one delegation, speaking also on behalf of several other delegations, commented on the lack of follow-up on various aspects of the harmonized approach to cash transfers (HACT) modality and requested further elaboration in this regard.", "78. Another delegation welcomed the revisions made to the OAI Charter, and requested the Administrator to provide the Executive Board with an annotated appendix to indicate the changes made along with the reasons for those changes.", "79. The Director, OAI, responded to the comments related to: the audit recommendation with regard to the procurement function at country offices; the shift in audit ratings; the Delivering as One audit approach; and investigation in general. He explained that while a sharp decrease in “satisfactory” ratings would be of concern, it should be understood that audit ratings fluctuate and should not be seen as a trend but the result of more thorough auditing. Further, he explained that UNDP currently provided a consolidated audit summary but would need to move to a joint auditing approach and that all investigations, regardless of the seriousness of the allegations, require due process.", "80. The Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau of Management, explained the approaches taken by UNDP to address the systematic weaknesses in the functional and policy areas and said that measures related to risk mitigation and accountability policy were being taken. The Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director, Bureau of Management, further clarified the reason for the shift in the audit ratings and explained that only one country office received the same unsatisfactory rating.", "81. The chair of the UNDP AAC expressed appreciation for the timely and comprehensive reaction by UNDP in responding to the management response. With reference to the comment related to the HACT, she clarified that the annual report did not intend to imply that the HACT modality inherently had lower assurance levels than the non-governmental organizations and national implementation (NIM) audits. Rather, there was the danger of lower assurance levels if all HACT processes and procedures were not observed. One of the HACT audits had shown some deficiencies in observing all the safeguards, thus the observation regarding risk if these were not followed.", "UNFPA", "82. Several delegations commended the new format of the report and the concrete recommendations that it contained. They requested that future management responses should contain more detail about the measures being taken to address audit recommendations, including expected time frames for implementation. They were pleased with the level of transparency of UNFPA in handling investigation cases.", "83. A number of delegations welcomed the positive news on the filling of vacant posts in DOS and stressed that all staff should have the necessary skills and competencies to carry out their work. They welcomed the Executive Director’s plan to enhance learning and development to ensure that skills and competencies were better aligned so that staff could carry out their duties effectively.", "84. Some delegations expressed concern that the issues responsible for a qualified audit opinion by the Board of Auditors on the 2008-2009 financial statements and the recurring audit issues had not been adequately dealt with and still faced structural and systemic challenges. They expressed support for the Executive Director’s efforts in addressing these issues.", "85. Some delegations expressed concern about the increased financial exposure and deterioration in national execution audits; the number of unsatisfactory ratings; continued challenges in programme monitoring and evaluation; a lack of clarity among staff on the respective roles of headquarters units, regional and country offices; and the disparate nature of some management initiatives. The delegations encouraged UNFPA to integrate further efforts, including in the business plan, to institutionalize systems for controls, including appropriate support to country offices and oversight systems, within the context of an enterprise risk-management strategy that prioritized areas of higher risk.", "86. Noting the DOS report’s conclusion that fundamental change was needed in country office operations to prevent the recurrence of audit issues, a number of delegations welcomed the personal intervention of the Executive Director in chairing the audit monitoring committee and his assurance that this was a priority area for UNFPA. While appreciating the various measures undertaken by management to address audit recommendations and noting that time would be required to demonstrate impact, they expressed concern about the possibility of another qualified audit. Several delegations commended UNFPA for speeding up addressing audit recommendations that were older than 18 months.", "87. A number of delegations welcomed the report of the UNFPA Audit Advisory Committee (AAC) and asked the AAC representative to set out the top three priorities for UNFPA and to provide a view on management’s ability to tackle issues as management had set out. Some delegations invited the Executive Director to set priorities in addressing the internal auditor’s recommendations and to present a plan of action with clear measures and timelines. They suggested that progress be presented and reviewed by the Executive Board at regular intervals.", "88. The Executive Director underscored that UNFPA took audit issues seriously and was addressing them through the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan and/or the business plan. He was confident that the Executive Board members would be satisfied with the steps taken by UNFPA. He noted various measures under way to reduce the Fund’s risk exposure, including sharpening the Fund’s strategic focus; reviewing the engagement with implementing partners; and decreasing the number of programme outputs. He reiterated that UNFPA was fully committed to transparency and accountability.", "89. The Director, DOS, noted that the number of staff in the Investigations Branch had increased. Regarding the issue of fraud, he stated that UNFPA had purchased software that would enable continuous monitoring. Concerning “unsatisfactory” ratings, he pointed out that it was important to take into account the fact that UNFPA relied on a risk model and specifically audited units that had the highest risks. Thus, the likelihood of “unsatisfactory” ratings was inevitable. However, there were some systemic deficiencies and as noted by the Executive Director those were being addressed through the MTR and the business plan.", "90. The UNFPA AAC representative, in responding to a query, noted that the priority for UNFPA was strategically integrating risk management and programme/project management. She stated that many of the issues facing UNFPA could be addressed by incorporating the risk management plan in the business plan.", "UNOPS", "91. Delegations welcomed the unqualified audit opinion UNOPS received and commended IAIG for performing a dedicated investigations function. However, they also made comments on areas that required improvement and requested additional information on the financial implications of audit findings, as well as on how the IAIG has been tackling the 170 per cent increase in received complaints from 2009 to 2010.", "92. In noting the sharp drop in the total number of recommendations and in the number of recommendations of high priority from 2008 to 2009 that had been strongly reversed in 2010, a number of delegations requested further information on the causes of the fluctuations. They further urged UNOPS to intensify its efforts to implement long-standing audit recommendations.", "93. One delegation encouraged UNOPS management to ensure that the IAIG was equipped with the resources to carry out its mandate and to consult with the Executive Board on significant developments that affect the work of IAIG.", "94. The Director, IAIG, in responding to the comment on the increase in received complaints, said that UNOPS made efforts to prevent cases from becoming harassment cases. This was done through the ombudsman and mediation processes. She said that UNOPS would keep members of the Executive Board abreast of the developments in the cases related to fraud and corruption, as UNOPS was currently relying on the body of knowledge available to the United Nations system organizations. With regard to the comments on the need for more human resources given the sharp increase in the number of cases, she said that UNOPS management would need to consider the matter in the context of its budget and the current number of auditors.", "95. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/22: Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on internal audit and oversight activities in 2010.", "Responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports", "96. The Administrator of UNDP introduced the item, underscoring the urgency of the need for UNDP to demonstrate its commitment to ensuring transparency and accountability. She further stated that UNDP may risk erosion of trust and of funding from its institutional donors if unable to grant them access to the internal audit reports. The Director, OAI, UNDP, presented the report on responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports (DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1) on behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS.", "97. The Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), in noting the critical working relations between the Global Fund and UNDP, communicated the increasing concern of the Global Fund Board regarding the current level of management access to the internal audit reports. While expressing the belief that the options presented were a significant step forward, the Executive Director further requested the Executive Board to provide room for flexibility.", "98. Many delegations welcomed the opportunity to discuss options for responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports. In stressing the importance of strengthening the transparency and openness of the organizations, these delegations expressed explicit support for the disclosure of project- and programme-related internal audit reports to institutional donors, irrespective of the size of their contributions, the same level of access enjoyed by Member States, provided that confidentiality requirements would be maintained. With regard to simplification of procedures, the delegations suggested exploring the possibility of a secure technological solution for unclassified documents, and requested the three organizations to present a joint proposal for the remote viewing of internal audit reports at the 2011 second regular session of the Executive Board. They also expressed their view on the administration of a new disclosure policy, stating that the responsibility should remain within the oversight units of the respective organizations.", "99. One delegation assessed the disclosure of internal audit reports to be an essential first step towards establishing a broader culture of transparency and accountability within the organizations. Another delegation, in emphasizing the importance of the non-politicized use of funds, cautioned against the premature discussion of the item without sufficient information provided on the implications of the options presented. That delegation stressed that, in any case, it would be unacceptable to grant non-State entities the same level of access to internal audit reports as was granted to Member States.", "100. The UNDP Administrator, the UNFPA Executive Director and the UNOPS Executive Director expressed their full support for transparency and greater information disclosure of internal audit reports. The UNDP Administrator reiterated the gravity of the issue and explained the potential consequences of not responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of the internal audit reports.", "101. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/23: Responding to the emerging demand for greater information disclosure of internal audit reports.", "102. Following the adoption of decision 2011/23, one delegation took the floor and explained why its Government had joined the consensus that allowed non-State donors, specifically intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to access the internal audit reports of projects and programmes to which they were contributing financially.", "XI. Reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS Ethics Offices", "103. The Director, UNDP Ethics Office, the Ethics Adviser, UNFPA Ethics Office, and the General Counsel, UNOPS, introduced the reports of the Ethics Offices of their respective organizations (DP/2011/30; DP/FPA/2011/6; and DP/OPS/2011/3).", "104. Two delegations took the floor. In welcoming the reports of the Ethics Offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, one delegation underscored its strong support for the Ethics Offices and welcomed their collective effort to contribute to a culture of integrity and accountability within the United Nations system. The delegation underscored its strong support for the financial disclosure programme as a vital tool for avoiding conflicts of interest among staff. The delegation was pleased to see compliance rates of 99 per cent at UNDP, 100 per cent at UNFPA, and 95 per cent at UNOPS.", "105. In calling for meaningful future reporting, the delegation asked for the inclusion of information on the number of cases that required divestiture of financial holdings or other remedial action. The delegation urged the three organizations to make publicly available the disclosure statements of senior officials in order to enhance transparency. Furthermore, the delegation recommended that UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS standardize their reporting regarding whistle-blower protection and seek guidance from the chair of the United Nations Ethics Committee (UNEC) on the treatment of complaints of retaliation.", "106. Another delegation highlighted the importance of establishing strong ethics functions within the three organizations to keep the organizations healthy, so they could better serve the needs of developing countries. That delegation encouraged the management of the three organizations to further ensure the institutionalization of the ethics function.", "107. The Director, UNDP Ethics Office, acknowledged the need to include the actual number of remedial actions taken related to financial disclosure and said that in future reports relevant statistics would be included. The General Counsel of UNOPS, while expressing his support for public financial disclosure, said that the issue of voluntary disclosure would need to be taken to the United Nations Ethics Office.", "108. The UNFPA Ethics Adviser thanked the delegations for their comments and support. She concurred with the response of UNDP and also noted that UNFPA would continue to harmonize with the other organizations within the UNEC framework.", "109. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/24: Reports of the ethics offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS.", "XII. Field visits", "110. The team leaders of the joint field visit to the Republic of the Philippines, and the field visits to Panama and Uruguay introduced the item. The rapporteurs of the field visits presented their respective reports (DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1 and Corrigendum; DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1; DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2), highlighting the key findings and recommendations.", "111. One delegation, while recognizing the success of the field visits, requested the Executive Board secretariat to provide information about the total costs of organizing the field visits, in particular travel-related costs.", "112. The Executive Board took note of the three reports on the field visits to the Philippines, Panama and Uruguay.", "UNFPA segment", "XIII. Statement by the Executive Director and annual report of the Executive Director", "The Executive Director, in his statement to the Executive Board (available at http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/7763), reported on the progress achieved in implementing the strategic plan during the past three years and highlighted plans to make UNFPA a more focused and effective organization. He noted that various processes were under way to strengthen the organization, including the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan and the development of an internal business plan.", "114. Delegations thanked the Executive Director for his thoughtful statement. They appreciated his leadership in reassessing the organization’s strategic priorities and the transparent and inclusive MTR process. Numerous delegations underscored that the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) should be the core of the work of UNFPA, including in the areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. Delegations stressed the need to protect the ICPD consensus. They emphasized the importance of the human rights-based approach in UNFPA work. Observing the merit in sharpening the focus of the Fund’s strategic direction, delegations stated that all possible entry points should be preserved in order to strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and development partners. Noting that progress on Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 was lagging behind, delegations underscored the key role of UNFPA in assisting countries in making progress on MDG 5. The importance of data for development, strengthening national data systems and capacity-building were emphasized. UNFPA was urged to maintain its culturally sensitive approach to programming. Delegations cited the key role of UNFPA in supporting South-South cooperation.", "115. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director’s focus on adolescents and youth and underscored the need to invest in young people, including the provision of information, education and youth-friendly services. One delegation proposed holding a discussion at a future session on the work of United Nations entities on youth to promote joint action. The Fund’s work in emergency/humanitarian settings was welcomed and some delegations encouraged UNFPA to strengthen its coordination mechanisms and capacities and those of its partners to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. UNFPA support to countries in their 2010 census was appreciated. One delegation requested a review/discussion annually on the Fund’s humanitarian activities.", "116. Several delegations referred to the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and stressed the need to accelerate progress in the least developed countries (LDCs) in order to meet the MDGs by 2015. One delegation, on behalf of the LDC group, expressed appreciation for the Executive Director’s support. Underscoring the formidable challenges LDCs faced in meeting the MDG target on universal access to reproductive health, including family planning, the delegation expressed confidence that UNFPA would give priority attention to the LDCs.", "117. The role of skilled birth attendants, in particular midwives, was acknowledged as crucial in addressing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. One delegation announced a new initiative to scale up national midwifery plans and increase the percentage of births attended by skilled birth attendants. The delegation stated that it would collaborate closely with UNFPA. Another delegation announced a new national scheme that would provide free services to pregnant women in rural and urban areas.", "118. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director’s emphasis on accountability as a top priority for UNFPA. They urged UNFPA to focus enhanced attention to national execution, financial management, audit compliance, evaluation, and evidence-based programming and decision-making. Regarding reporting on results, some delegations underscored the need to delineate lessons learned and challenges encountered and overcome. Delegations appreciated the contributions of UNFPA to United Nations reform, including Delivering as One. Several delegations noted the need for UNFPA collaboration with UN-Women to ensure a coordinated and complementary approach on gender equality.", "119. Numerous delegations emphasized the Fund’s need for increased and predictable financial resources to assist countries in implementing the ICPD agenda and achieving the MDGs. UNFPA was encouraged to strive for greater efficiencies and effectiveness to leverage resources. The delegation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland announced that it would maintain its core funding at the current level of 20 million pounds per year for the next two years. The delegation underscored that future funding would depend on three critical areas: improved delivery and impact of programmes at the country level; enhanced results-based management (RBM); and improved financial management, including audit compliance. Other delegations, including Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands and New Zealand also referred to their core contributions to UNFPA. The delegation of Japan expressed its deep gratitude for the sympathy demonstrated by UNFPA and its staff in the wake of the recent earthquake in Japan. The delegation noted that despite the current situation its Government would honour its financial commitment to UNFPA.", "120. Several delegations expressed concern that a significant number of UNFPA senior professional staff would retire during the period 2011-2015. Emphasizing that new staff should have the requisite training/expertise, they called on the Executive Director to maintain geographical balance and gender equity. One delegation requested information on the units that would be affected by the upcoming retirements.", "121. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their support and underscored that UNFPA was committed to improving programme delivery, RBM, efficiency, transparency and accountability, including a focus on financial management and audit compliance. He concurred with the need for flexibility and the recognition that no one size fits all. He welcomed the support for the MTR and agreed that demonstrating results was critical. He noted that UNFPA had already taken significant steps to sharpen and simplify the results framework. He assured countries that focusing on women, girls and youth did not mean that UNFPA would not work with countries to address their needs in the areas of population and development, gender equality and reproductive health. He welcomed the suggestion to hold a discussion on youth at a future Executive Board session. He underscored that UNFPA was committed to addressing the needs of LDCs and to following up on the Istanbul Programme of Action. He stated that UNFPA was also committed to addressing the needs of middle-income countries.", "122. The Executive Director appreciated the generous contributions from Member States and urged countries to make multi-year commitments. He noted that the draft biennial budget would be available later in the year and assured the Executive Board that UNFPA was efficiently managing both total costs and total income. He noted that the internal business plan would focus on staff training, induction and succession planning.", "123. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/25 on the report of the Executive Director for 2010.", "XIV. Funding commitments to UNFPA", "124. The Chief, Resource Mobilization Branch (RMB), introduced the Report on contributions by Member States and others to UNFPA and revenue projections for 2011 and future years (DP/FPA/2011/4), and provided an update on the funding situation. He noted that, as of 1 June 2011, the UNFPA revenue forecast estimate for contributions to regular resources was approximately $455.6 million for 2011, i.e., substantially higher than the $444.2 million that had been projected when the report was finalized in March 2011. The revenue forecast estimate for other resources (co-financing) was $270 million for 2011. Emphasizing that regular resources were the bedrock of UNFPA operations, he stressed that adequate, consistent and predictable financial resources were needed now more than ever.", "125. In a joint statement, numerous delegations noted that they agreed with the main conclusion of the report that a stable base of regular resources was critical to enable UNFPA to support countries in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action. They underscored that they gave priority to regular resources in their contributions to the Fund because core funding was the bedrock of all UNFPA work. They added that other resources represented an important supplement to the Fund’s regular resource base. They welcomed a stronger participation from new and emerging economies and stressed the need to expand the list of significant donors to UNFPA.", "126. The delegations encouraged UNFPA to further improve its financial and operational management, and emphasized that such improvement combined with effective and evidence-based programming would be important for attracting both regular and other resources. Noting that organizations would need to “do more with less” in the current global environment, they welcomed the Executive Director’s efforts to make UNFPA deliver more efficiently and demonstrate results. The delegations underscored that this would be decisive for the Fund’s ability to mobilize resources.", "127. The Executive Director thanked the delegations for their observations regarding UNFPA efforts to improve its financial base. He underscored that accountability and transparency would be UNFPA watchwords and UNFPA would strive to “get more from less”.", "128. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/26: Report on contributions by Member States and others, and revenue projections for 2011 and future years.", "XV. UNFPA country programmes and related matters", "129. At the outset, the Executive Board approved the agency component of the common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania, which the Board had reviewed earlier at the first regular session 2011.", "130. The UNFPA Deputy Executive Director (Programme) provided an overview of the 18 draft country programme documents (CPDs) submitted to the Executive Board for review: for Africa – Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal and Zimbabwe; for Arab States – Morocco; for Asia and the Pacific – Bangladesh, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and the Philippines; for Eastern Europe and Central Asia – Albania, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine; and for Latin America and the Caribbean – El Salvador, multi-country programme document for the English-speaking and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, and Honduras. She also introduced the programme extensions for Guinea, South Africa, Madagascar, Tunisia, Republic of Moldova, Haiti and Paraguay. Next, the UNFPA Regional Directors for Africa; Arab States; Asia and the Pacific; Eastern Europe and Central Asia; and Latin America and the Caribbean elaborated on the programmes from their respective regions.", "131. Delegations appreciated that the draft CPDs had been developed in close consultation with the respective Governments and development partners, and were well aligned with national plans and priorities. In noting their cooperation over decades with UNFPA, numerous delegations underscored that the programmes responded to the specific country context. The importance of capacity-building in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, population and development, and gender equality was stressed. Some delegations, noting an increasingly constrained financial and economic environment, encouraged UNFPA to enhance and expand its engagement with other development partners, including the United States Agency for International Development, UNICEF and WHO. In this connection, some delegations emphasized the need to identify gaps and avoid duplication.", "132. Some delegations called on UNFPA to strengthen programme focus and increase synergies in order to help optimize development results. It was noted that in some of the draft CPDs the expected results and indicators were too ambitious and not realistic, given the limited resources. UNFPA was asked by delegations to give particular attention to addressing the needs of young people and poor and disadvantaged population groups, including indigenous people. The importance of utilizing gender-sensitive and rights-based approaches was emphasized. Delegations commended the important role played by UNFPA in advocating for the increased status of midwives and promoting births with skilled attendants. Delegations also made comments and raised queries on specific draft CPDs. The following delegations thanked the Executive Board and UNFPA regarding their country programmes and appreciated the Fund’s support: Albania, Antigua and Barbuda (on behalf of 14 Member States of the Caribbean Community), Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Honduras, Mongolia, Morocco, Philippines, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Ukraine and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "133. The Directors of the UNFPA regional offices thanked the delegations for their comments and support. They assured the Executive Board that in accordance with decision 2006/36 the comments on the draft CPDs would be conveyed to the concerned countries to take into account in finalizing the CPDs.", "134. The Executive Board approved the programme extensions for Madagascar, Paraguay and South Africa, and took note of the programme extensions for Guinea, Tunisia, Republic of Moldova and Haiti. In addition, the Board took note of the following 18 draft CPDs and the comments thereon: Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Bangladesh, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Philippines, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, El Salvador, multi-country programme document for the English-speaking and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries, and Honduras.", "XVI. Midterm review of the strategic plan", "135. The Executive Director introduced the agenda item. The Deputy Executive Director (Programme) presented the progress and challenges in implementing the strategic plan, 2008-2013. The Director, Programme Division, made a presentation on the accountability for results: sharpening the measurement system.", "136. Numerous delegations appreciated the inclusive, transparent and consultative approach that UNFPA had adopted for the ongoing MTR of the strategic plan, 2008-2013. They underscored the importance of ensuring that all UNFPA partners were fully committed to the changes needed to make the Fund more effective. They welcomed the development of a business plan that would clearly outline the necessary actions to deliver on UNFPA strategic and operational priorities. Delegations pointed out that strengthened results and impact at the country level would be the basis for assessing the Fund’s effectiveness. They encouraged UNFPA to strengthen synergies with other development partners.", "137. Several delegations applauded the Executive Director’s decision to sharpen the Fund’s focus on its core mandate. They underscored that it was vital for UNFPA to remain a champion of reproductive health and rights and to lead the global effort to accelerate progress in achieving the ICPD goals and the MDG targets to reduce maternal mortality and provide universal access to reproductive health, including family planning. They observed that family planning and a focus on young people, including adolescent girls, were central to the Fund’s mandate and to achieving the MDGs. They noted that UNFPA work on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and reproductive rights came the closest to attaining operational results which made a difference in the lives of disadvantaged population groups, in particular women and youth.", "138. Numerous delegations stated that humanitarian assistance should continue to be an important aspect of UNFPA work. The Fund’s role was unique in combating gender-based violence and ensuring that women could give birth during natural disasters and in conflict situations. A number of delegations urged UNFPA to continue to be a humanitarian actor in its own right, in addition to the policy and protection sub-cluster coordination role.", "139. Delegations welcomed UNFPA efforts to further reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and promote better integration of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and SRH and family planning programmes in cooperation with UNAIDS and H4+ partners. With the establishment of UN-Women, some delegations noted that UNFPA would need to revisit its role in the area of gender equality and the empowerment of women. They stated that UNFPA should continue its work to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women, but focus on gender issues that relate to SRH and reproductive rights.", "140. Some delegations noted that the fragmentation across multiple dimensions of the Fund’s work diffused its impact and created significant management complexity and risk. They encouraged UNFPA to strengthen the focus of the strategic plan and reduce the number of programme areas, by reducing the number of outcomes and outputs. A stronger focus and the reduction of outcomes would allow optimal use of the available financial and human resources and increase efficiency, effectiveness and impact. They supported UNFPA efforts to improve monitoring and evaluation systems and enhance data quality and stressed that telling the story about development impact was critical to securing further political and financial support.", "141. Several delegations noted that UNFPA, like other organizations, could not do everything everywhere. Given the limited financial and human resources available, UNFPA had to make tough strategic decisions on what to prioritize. In order for UNFPA to deliver and report on results, it should focus on areas where it had a comparative advantage and added value in line with its responsibility to support the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action, especially in countries where staff and programmes were spread too thin. Some delegations proposed that in addition to taking into account the comparative advantages of UNFPA, the choices should be made on the basis of a differentiated analysis of the specific needs and contexts of countries.", "142. Regarding the need to improve the Fund’s performance measurement and reporting on results, several delegations stated that the number of indicators in the strategic plan must be reduced and the link between outcomes and outputs must be strengthened to better demonstrate the Fund’s contribution to results. Delegations encouraged UNFPA to implement high-impact practices and strengthen its collaboration with development partners in countries where progress on ICPD goals and MDG 5 targets were not on track. Noting that the main impact of UNFPA was through the work undertaken at country level, delegations noted that in order to work efficiently and deliver tangible results, UNFPA programmes must be adapted specifically to national and local needs and the level of engagement of other actors.", "143. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their comments, noting that they had focused on prioritization around young people, particularly girls; SRH and programmes that ensured family planning availability; the importance of gender equality, as well as population dynamics; and taking all of that forward under the ICPD agenda and MDG 5. The Director, Programme Division, appreciated the guidance and support of delegations and noted that UNFPA would share additional indicators at the upcoming informal meeting. Regarding procurement, the Director, Division for Management Services, stated that UNFPA was looking at various areas, including commodities and long-term agreements where the Fund could influence prices.", "XVII. Other matters", "Other decisions adopted", "144. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/27 on the interim allocation for the UNFPA biennial budget 2012-2013; decision 2011/28 on the least developed countries; and decision 2011/29 on the middle-income countries.", "145. Following the adoption of decision 2011/29, a delegation explained the purpose of tabling the decision on the MICs and stressed the need for a more sophisticated means of measuring development.", "146. One delegation asked if a thematic discussion on youth could be organized at the second regular session 2011. Another took the floor to thank UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS for addressing the concerns regarding the language requirements of the Executive Board documents and hoped to see continued cooperation.", "Other events", "147. The following thematic discussions/consultations took place:", "(a) Joint thematic discussion on the role of the organizations in addressing the development needs of middle-income countries. The Chair, United Nations Development Group of Latin America, and the Chair, United Nations Development Group of Europe and Central Asia, gave presentations on the development needs of MICs in the respective regions. The Secretary of the Presidency of Uruguay spoke of the role of the United Nations in MICs. The representative of the Republic of Namibia shared the experiences of the African countries, including those of Namibia, on issues related to MICs.", "(b) Joint thematic discussion on environment and climate change: three agencies role at the national level. The UNDP Assistant Administrator and Director, Bureau for Development Policy, gave a presentation on behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on the role of the three organizations in developing countries. The representative of Burkina Faso shared his country’s experience participating in the Africa Adaptation Programme, while also noting the negative effect of climate change on the development of his country. The UNFPA Director, Technical Division, made a presentation on UNFPA work on population, environment and climate change, observing that UNFPA was the only organization with a mandate to focus on population issues. The UNOPS Director, Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, presented the UNOPS contributions to addressing climate change at the national and regional levels. It was followed by a short video presentation on the Small Grants Programme in Barbados.", "(c) Joint thematic discussion on the issues related to the least developed countries in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs. The Executive Board Vice-President, Asian and Pacific States, chaired the joint thematic discussion on the issues related to LDCs in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the LDCs. Presentations were made by the Acting Director and Chief, United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; the Deputy Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations (on behalf of the Chair, LDC group); the Assistant Administrator and Director, Regional Bureau for Africa, UNDP; the Director, Technical Division, UNFPA; and the Regional Director, North America Office, UNOPS.", "(d) Informal consultations on the UNDP institutional budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, the UNFPA MTR of the strategic plan and the UNOPS biennial support budget, 2012-2013, were held." ]
DP_2011_31
[ "Second regular session 2011", "New York, 6-9 September 2011", "Item 1 of the provisional agenda", "Organizational matters", "Report on the 2011 annual session (6-17 June 2011, New York)", "Contents", "I. Organizational matters 2 Segment on UNDP II.Declaration 2 and annual report of Administrator III.Commitments 5 of funding with UNDP IV. Evaluation 5V.Report 7 on Human Development VI. UNDP country programmes 8 and related issues VII. Fund 9 of the United Nations Capital Development Fund VIII.Volunteers 10 of the United Nations Segment on UNOPS IX.Declaration 11 and annual report of the Executive Director Joint segment X. Audit 12 and internal oversight XI.Reports 18 of the Ethics Offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS XII.Visits 19 on the field Segment on UNFPA XIII. Programmes 23 by UNFPA countries and related matters XVI. Mid-term review of strategic plan XVII. Other 26", "I. Organizational matters", "1. The 2011 annual session of the Executive Board of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 17 June 2011.", "2. The Executive Board approved the programme and workplan for its 2011 annual session (DP/2011/L.2) and adopted the report on the first regular session 2011 (DP/2011/20).", "3. The Executive Board agreed on the following schedule of future sessions of the Executive Board in 2011:", "Second regular session 2011: 6-9 September 2011.", "4. The decisions taken by the Executive Board at its 2011 annual session are contained in document DP/2011/32, which is available at www.undp.org/execbrd.", "5. The Deputy Assistant Administrator of UNDP and Deputy Director of the Partnerships Bureau informed the Executive Board that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF had agreed to adopt a common approach to ensuring continuity of programming in Southern Sudan during the months following the planned independence and that the three organizations would report jointly to the Executive Board once the details were decided.", "6. The Executive Board agreed to defer consideration of UNDP programming arrangements from the second regular session 2011 to the first regular session 2012.", "UNDP segment", "II. Statement and annual report of the Administrator", "7. In its statement to the Executive Board (available on the UNDP website: http://www.beta.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/operations/ executive_board/overview.html) the Administrator outlined the organization &apos; s transformation programme in the context of the changing development landscape. He highlighted the fact that through the ongoing work UNDP would become an effective organization to become a remarkable organization, and would enhance the organization &apos; s ability to produce concrete development results at the country level. The Administrator highlighted the main results of the midterm review of the strategic plan and various ways in which the internal change programme would have to strengthen UNDP activity. It also provided a summary of some of the results that UNDP had contributed to in 2010 worldwide and in the eight central areas discussed in the 2010 results report.", "8. The Administrator then referred to the progress made by UNDP in the United Nations coherence agenda, noting the strong commitment of UNDP to channel the resources of the United Nations development system to respond more effectively and strategically to development efforts at the country level. Noting the need for UNDP to have a stable and critical volume of core resources, the Administrator appealed to all partners to increase their contributions to core resources by 2011 and the remaining part of the current strategic plan.", "9. The Administrator noted the importance of increased transparency by promoting the organization &apos; s data disclosure policy and informed the Executive Board that UNDP was managing the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). In conclusion, the Administrator provided information to the Executive Board on the newly created UNDP website.", "10. Some delegations commented on the priority areas identified in the Administrator &apos; s statement, including the organizational transformation programme, the mid-term review process and the next strategic plan, the funding commitments made to UNDP and the increased disclosure of information to enhance transparency, as well as issues related to the Human Development Report and the draft decision that had been submitted on middle-income countries.", "11. The President of the Economic and Social Council addressed and thanked the Administrator for her comprehensive presentation on UNDP activities and major contributions. It supported the midterm review process and the substantive guidance provided by the annual report. The issues he referred to included: the importance of draft country programme documents and the need for stable and predictable funding to enable UNDP to fulfil its development mandates.", "12. With regard to the management of change and organizational reform, a number of delegations welcomed the process as an opportunity for UNDP to undertake a critical review of its current decentralized and recharged structure of senior posts, and to define areas for UNDP transformation. In that regard, they encouraged the strengthening of the resident coordinator system and the use of the knowledge package of both headquarters and country office staff.", "13. Many delegations recognized the progress made in the mid-term review process, but felt that the situation could improve, particularly with regard to the mid-term review development results framework. In expressing concern, they said that there was a need for greater clarity and suggestions for strategic improvement, as the midterm review revealed that expectations for a number of issues had not been met. For example, it was necessary to know how UNDP would adapt its strategic approach to reorient its country programmes and incorporate lessons learned in order to increase results in the field; what were UNDP &apos; s main contributions to development; and how UNDP should improve reporting on results and performance. Delegations strongly supported the preparation of a guide to preparations and consultations for the next strategic plan, which could be expected to clearly establish the strategic position of UNDP within the overall development framework.", "14. Some other delegations generally accepted the mid-term review and expressed support for the process, although they requested that the interests of least developed countries be taken into account during the deliberations. Several delegations also stressed the need to revisit the current criteria for change in grade in the light of the special and different needs of middle-income countries.", "15. Some delegations noted the importance of a demand-driven approach to poverty reduction and stressed the need for the future UNDP work programme to integrate the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020. However, several delegations urged UNDP to continue to focus more on areas where UNDP was considered to have a comparative advantage, including democratic governance and crisis prevention and recovery. Some other delegations stressed the importance of reducing social inequality in the context of the fight against poverty.", "16. Many delegations expressed grave concern at the continuing trend in reducing contributions to core resources and called on donor countries to fulfil their commitments to address the imbalance between core and non-core resources. They also stressed the need to ensure stable, important and predictable core resources that would enable UNDP to effectively fulfil its development mandates.", "17. Other delegations recognized the need for stable funding, but called upon UNDP to diversify its donor base and to follow the example of strict budgetary discipline promoted by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. During the discussions, some delegations took the opportunity to make pledges to UNDP core resources in 2011.", "18. Several delegations that spoke reiterated their explicit support for the disclosure of internal audit reports related to projects and programmes to intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, regardless of their contributions. They also stressed that these non-State organizations should be given the same level of access as Member States, provided that confidentiality requirements are met.", "19. In emphasizing the need to address the special and different needs of middle-income countries, many delegations expressed strong support for the draft decision on middle-income countries submitted by Latin American and Caribbean States. Two delegations, referring to previous concerns related to the Human Development Report, said that significant progress had been made in the consultation process with Member States during the preparation of the report.", "20. The Administrator thanked delegations for their briefings and the issues raised and responded to the midterm review, in particular on the UNDP contribution to development and the development results framework; the organizational transformation programme; the importance of UNDP maintaining its universal presence; and the need to respond to the emerging demand for wider dissemination of internal audit reports. In addition, the Associate Administrator responded to comments on the technical and methodological aspects of the midterm review.", "21. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/14 on the midterm review of the UNDP strategic plan and took note of the annual report of the Administrator on performance and results in 2010 (DP/2011/22/) and its annexes, the UNDP report on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit in 2010 (DP/2011/22/Add.1) and the statistical annex (DP/2011/22/Add.2).", "III. Funding commitments to UNDP", "22. The Administrator introduced the subject of funding commitments to UNDP and thanked all partners in general for providing resources to UNDP. He also referred to countries that had maintained or increased funding to UNDP in 2011. The Assistant Administrator and Director of the Partnerships Bureau explained in detail the current complexity of the funding environment and stressed the importance of providing UNDP with stable, adequate and predictable core resources to enable the organization &apos; s development mandates to be fulfilled. It called for UNDP efforts to broaden its donor base, strengthen strategic communications and develop a more integrated approach to funding and resource mobilization.", "23. In taking the floor, two delegations regretted that UNDP had not met the objectives set out in the strategic plan for the years 2010 and 2011. One delegation, which also spoke on behalf of several other delegations, emphasized the principle of sharing financial responsibilities among all Member States. In addition, that delegation called on UNDP to expand its donor base and said that UNDP would have to implement more activities with fewer resources.", "24. Another delegation referred to the deadlines for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and encouraged donor countries to eliminate the continuing imbalance between core and non-core resources. The delegation reiterated its funding commitment to core resources in 2011.", "25. The Administrator and the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Partnerships Bureau took note of the comments made and said they looked forward to receiving standing guidance from the Executive Board.", "26. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/15 on the status of regular resource funding commitments to UNDP and its funds and programmes for 2011 and beyond.", "IV. Evaluation", "27. The Director of the Evaluation Office presented the annual report for 2010 on evaluation and highlighted the evaluation function in UNDP and related funds and programmes, key findings and lessons learned from independent evaluations and the proposed 2011-2012 work programme of the Evaluation Office.", "28. Delegations recognized that the availability of management responses and the use of evaluations had improved and hoped that the use of evaluation findings would contribute to results-based management in the future. However, some delegations were concerned about the limited progress made in decentralized evaluations in quality, coverage and compliance, and called upon UNDP to ensure that country programmes had strong evaluation plans and that planned assessments were conducted effectively. They requested an explanation of management plans to address the issue of the decrease in the number of evaluation specialists.", "29. Several delegations were concerned that none of the results evaluations completed in 2010 were highly satisfactory, although they noted that none of them was extremely unsatisfactory. Noting that the formulation of programmes was poor when clearly defined results frameworks were lacking, they stressed that important measures would be needed to remedy specific defects. They were surprised that the budget of the Evaluation Office had been reduced by 14 per cent between 2009 and 2010 and called for clarification. Delegations were also interested in the focus areas of the 2012 strategic plan evaluation.", "30. Some delegations were particularly interested in the appointment process of the new Director of the Evaluation Office and requested an update on the matter. They looked forward to the fact that in the future all country programme documents were accompanied by results assessments and relevant management responses to all evaluations and the timely implementation of management actions.", "31. Delegations were commended for the increase in the number of evaluators from developing countries in independent evaluation teams, and some delegations noted that the Evaluation Office had maintained gender balance in evaluation teams but that it had been difficult to increase the number of women who were team leaders. They called for increased evaluation capacity to increase the number of professional evaluators in developing countries.", "32. One delegation, in making general comments on the evaluation function as a whole, said that duplication of work could be minimized if joint evaluations at the country level were increased.", "33. The Associate Administrator and the Director of the Evaluation Office responded to the comments and reiterated UNDP &apos; s commitment to improving the evaluation function with a view to achieving transformation.", "34. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/16 on the annual report on evaluation (DP/2011/24).", "V. Human Development Report", "35. In accordance with Executive Board decision 2011/12, the Administrator gave an oral presentation on the actions taken by UNDP and the Office responsible for the Human Development Report to ensure the implementation of the recommendations and guidelines contained in General Assembly resolution 57/264. The Administrator highlighted some organizational aspects of the Human Development Report Office, including the nature of its editorial independence, and reiterated the importance of the UNDP Human Development Report. The Director of the Human Development Report Office synthesized the consultation process, as well as the process of preparing the 2011 Report (DP/2011/25).", "36. Delegations expressed appreciation for the oral presentation of the Administrator and commended the activities undertaken by the Office for the Human Development Report to implement the recommendations contained in Executive Board decision 2011/12 and General Assembly resolution 57/264. They welcomed the momentum given to the process of consultation with Member States, as well as with relevant statistics managers, in order to improve the quality and objectivity of the report. They reiterated the importance of the consultation process in future reporting. Some delegations commended the new Director of the Office for Human Development Report.", "37. One delegation cautioned against the use of indicators for concepts that the intergovernmental community had not unequivocally defined (e.g., human rights). That delegation noted with satisfaction the cooperation between the Human Development Report Office and its own Government to address issues related to national income estimates and hoped that appropriate solutions could be found for other countries that had been excluded from the 2010 Report. Another delegation welcomed the decision taken by the Office not to present new indices on environmental sustainability in the 2011 Report in view of the ongoing preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).", "38. Some delegations recognized the need for the Human Development Report Office to engage in dialogue with Member States and the United Nations Statistical Commission, but stressed the importance of ensuring the editorial independence of the Office.", "39. The Associate Administrator thanked delegations for their encouragement and reiterated the commitment of the Office responsible for the Human Development Report to maintain dialogue with stakeholders, in particular Member States and the international statistical media.", "40. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/17 on updating the Human Development Report.", "VI. UNDP country programmes and related issues", "UNDP country programmes", "41. The Associate Administrator introduced the item and invited delegations to comment on the 22 new country programme projects, a draft common programme document and a subregional agenda.", "42. Delegations whose countries were the subject of the new draft agenda thanked UNDP for its support and requested the Executive Board to give positive consideration to the draft agendas it had before it. In highlighting the main focus areas contained in the respective programme documents, delegations stressed that the work of United Nations organizations should complement the activities of the respective Governments in order to achieve sustainable development through the provision of technical assistance and capacity-building in critical areas. Some delegations emphasized that middle-income countries were also taken into consideration.", "43. Other delegations called upon UNDP to enhance the capacity of country offices and called for future country programme documents to focus on important cross-cutting issues, such as gender mainstreaming, strengthening judicial reform, electoral support and climate change response. They also noted weaknesses in results frameworks that would lead to difficulties in reporting and results-based management, and suggested that UNDP develop a broader results chain and include more information on risk analysis and mitigation.", "44. One delegation wondered whether UNDP was covering too many programme areas in view of the capacity and mandates of country offices. The delegation added that the alternative approach would be to focus attention on specific programme areas. Another delegation expressed concern about the implementation of the evaluation plans included in the draft country programme documents, in particular regarding the trend towards worsening compliance with decentralized evaluations. The delegation urged UNDP to ensure that specialists in the situation of women were involved in the country programme development phase and that accountability mechanisms were improved to ensure quality at the time of the programme.", "45. With regard to the draft common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania and Albania, another delegation which also spoke on behalf of several delegations, requested an update on whether the Executive Board was expected to be presented and when, the results of lessons learned and an indication of progress in independent evaluations, as well as the review of the management and accountability system. In addition, the delegation stressed the need to identify institutional obstacles faced by United Nations country teams and presented proposals on how the Executive Boards of relevant agencies could help advance that process.", "46. The Executive Board took note of the one-year extensions of the programmes for Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Guinea, Haiti, Mauritius, the Republic of Moldova and Tunisia. The Board approved the second one-year extension of the programme for South Africa and the two-year extension of programmes for Croatia, Madagascar and Paraguay.", "47. The Executive Board took note of the comments made in relation to the 22 programme projects in relation to the following countries: (Africa region) Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles and Zimbabwe; (Arabic region) Bahrain and Morocco; (Asia and Pacific region) Bangladesh, Mongolia and the Philippines; (Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States) Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro and Ukraine;", "48. The Executive Board also took note of the comments on the draft common country programme document for Albania and the draft subregional programme document for Barbados and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.", "49. The Executive Board, in accordance with Executive Board decisions 2001/11 and 2006/36, approved the draft common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania submitted on an exceptional basis at the first regular session of 2011.", "Mid-term review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013", "50. The Associate Administrator introduced the topic. The Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau for Development Policy reported on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme, 2009-2013 (DP/2011/27), and presented the results of the midterm review of the global programme and proposals for the future.", "51. Delegations made no comments.", "52. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/18 on the midterm review of the UNDP global programme.", "VII. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "53. The Associate Administrator introduced the item and commended the results achieved by the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) in 2010, before briefly referring to the work of the Fund and its partnership with UNDP. The Executive Secretary of UNCDF presented the results report of the Fund in 2010, including a progress relationship of the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP.", "54. Delegations commended the important work of UNCDF, particularly at the country level, and welcomed the continued expansion of its activities that demonstrated the increase in overall confidence in the Fund. However, some delegations expressed concern at the declining level of core resources and encouraged UNCDF to expand its donor base to ensure more stable and predictable funding.", "55. One delegation, speaking on behalf of the least developed countries, said it was pleased that UNCDF had made significant contributions to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the least developed countries. The delegation hoped that in the future UNCDF would focus its attention on increasing the scope of its activities, particularly in national microfinance and local development programmes in all least developed countries. That delegation also requested that UNCDF incorporate into its activities the relevant provisions and principles of the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries and thanked the Fund for organizing two side events during the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries.", "56. One delegation commended UNCDF for its comprehensive framework for measuring results and for having commissioned nine full programme evaluations as well as an external review of its microfinance package in 2010. Another delegation welcomed the strategic partnership between UNCDF and UNDP, which had narrowed in recent years. The delegation also noted that virtually all UNCDF country programmes were implemented jointly with UNDP.", "57. The Executive Secretary thanked delegations for their generous comments and said that it would be difficult to extend UNCDF coverage to a larger number of least developed countries without increased funding. The Associate Administrator commended the Executive Secretary &apos; s leadership and reaffirmed the commitment of UNDP to strengthen its collaboration with UNCDF in order to achieve transformation.", "58. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/19 on the outcome report of UNCDF in 2010 (DP/2011/28).", "VIII. United Nations Volunteer", "59. The Associate Administrator introduced the theme of planning for the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme and noted the achievements of the organization over the past 40 years. The Executive Coordinator of the UNV programme explained the work of UNV and provided an update on the various activities undertaken in preparation for the International Year of Volunteers in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/153. He also paid tribute to the United Nations volunteers who had lost their lives during the year.", "60. Delegations commended the work of UNV in promoting peace, stability and participation in development and applauded the contributions and intense activities of United Nations Volunteers worldwide. Delegations said that, in celebrating the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers, they hoped that the values of volunteering, the creation and strengthening of volunteer networks and the contribution to the achievement of the MDGs would be further highlighted.", "61. One delegation said that the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers could be considered a good opportunity to review and evaluate the movement and contribution of volunteer activities, and added that volunteers should enjoy the same level of functional immunity of international experts. Another delegation, illustrating the importance of volunteerism and its role in local development activities around the world, noted that it looked forward to the publication of the first report on the status of global volunteerism under preparation for the UNV programme.", "62. Several delegations compared the UNV programme to ongoing voluntary activities in their respective countries and expressed strong support for UNV programme objectives. Some delegations took the opportunity to confirm their financial pledges and urged other countries in a position to do so to also contribute to the UNV Special Voluntary Fund. Other delegations joined the Executive Coordinator and paid tribute to those who had lost their lives during the year in carrying out their functions.", "63. The Executive Coordinator thanked delegations for their comments and comments and stressed the importance of recognizing the contribution of volunteers. Given that volunteers carried out their activities in difficult and sometimes dangerous circumstances, he said that it was essential to ensure their safety and the same level of functional immunity enjoyed by other United Nations officials. He also expressed appreciation for the continued support of various partners and said that UNV would remain committed to promoting volunteerism and to providing opportunities for voluntary activity in order to have the widest possible geographical and gender representation.", "64. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/20 on the planning of the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the fortieth anniversary of United Nations Volunteers.", "UNOPS segment", "IX. Statement and annual report of the Executive Director", "65. The Executive Director of UNOPS presented the annual report, summarized progress made in the implementation of the strategic plan 2010-2013 and highlighted UNOPS &apos; s contribution to the work of the United Nations and its partners to provide tangible benefits to people in need. It summarized UNOPS performance in 2010 that included the provision of $1.270 million in project services and the successful simplification and improvement of business practices, resulting in an unqualified audit opinion for the biennium 2008-2009 and operational progress on the ground in several countries. In referring to the ongoing efforts of UNOPS to improve the efficiency and quality of its services, the Executive Director highlighted the certification recently received by UNOPS. He also noted that the 2011 annual report to be submitted to the Executive Board would include the results of the implementation of the comprehensive policy of recognition, rewards and sanctions.", "66. Many delegations thanked the Executive Director for his presentation of the annual report and highlighted the positive results achieved by UNOPS in recent years. In that regard, they commended the UNOPS administration for ensuring the financial stability of the organization.", "67. One delegation, recalling previous discussions on UNOPS audit and research and ethics reports, encouraged management to continue to support these relatively new audit and ethical functions so that they could effectively fulfil their mandate. That delegation also encouraged UNOPS to help developing countries consolidate not only their technical capacity but also their institutional capacity to build sustainability. Another delegation noted that UNOPS continued to respond to the growing demand for national capacity-building, including the management of advisory services, in the context of its core mandate and competence.", "68. Noting with satisfaction that UNOPS had deployed more activities with fewer resources in 2010, one delegation said that it hoped that UNOPS efforts would serve as a model for other United Nations organizations and that UNOPS would promote the United Nations coherence programme as an important member of United Nations country teams. Another delegation encouraged UNOPS to continue to provide high-quality and rapid services while also considering increasing procurement in developing countries.", "69. One delegation stated that it looked forward to the review of the UNOPS biennial support budget during the second regular session of the Executive Board. Another delegation recognized the success achieved in 2010, but encouraged UNOPS to seek more cost-effective performance opportunities and to report results to the Executive Board.", "70. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their words of encouragement and guidance and assured them that UNOPS planned to carefully examine the comments made, including the expressed hope that UNOPS would share its good management practices with other organizations of the United Nations system. In addition, he said that UNOPS would continue to develop national capacity and core competencies within its mandate.", "71. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/21 on the annual report of the Executive Director of UNOPS.", "Joint segment", "X. Internal audit and oversight", "72. The Director of the UNDP Office of Audit and Investigations (OAI), the Director of the UNFPA Oversight Services Division and the Director of the UNOPS Internal Audit and Investigations Group presented the respective annual reports (DP/2011/29, DP/FPA/2011/5 and DP/OPS/2011/2) on internal audit and oversight activities.", "73. The presentation of the annual reports followed the various management responses provided by the Assistant Administrator and Director of the UNDP Management Division, the Executive Director of UNFPA and the Deputy Executive Director of UNOPS.", "74. Delegations thanked the OAI of UNDP, the UNFPA Oversight Services Division and the UNOPS Internal Audit and Investigations Group for the descriptive and stimulating annual reports. They welcomed the management responses and reports of the audit advisory committees. Delegations made comments on common issues of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, as well as on specific issues of each of the three organizations. They welcomed the fact that senior staff of the three organizations took seriously the audit findings and recommendations and devoted their respective organizations &apos; efforts to address gaps in a timely and rigorous manner. Some delegations commended UNDP and UNFPA for having accelerated their efforts to effectively implement audit recommendations that were more than 18 months old. However, several other delegations expressed concern at the staffing situation of oversight units and called for the improvement of regular reporting of fraud or presumption of fraud, annual reports on internal audit and oversight or management responses.", "UNDP", "75. Several delegations noted that the percentage of offices in eligible countries had decreased from 39 per cent to 25 per cent, while the percentage of offices considered unsatisfactory remained at the same level as in 2009. In expressing concern at this trend, they called for the UNDP administration to explain the alleged causes, including systemic deficiencies in the unsatisfactory qualification.", "76. Similarly, some delegations noted that 22 per cent of the audit recommendations related to the procurement function in country offices and indicated that they hoped that in the future there would be a dialogue on how UNDP could implement the recommendations. In addition, they were interested in receiving further details on UNDP preparations related to the introduction of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in 2012, including the IPSAS preparation board.", "77. A number of delegations encouraged OAI to continue consultations with other United Nations organizations with a view to considering a common approach to the audit of joint programmes. In connection with the annual report of the UNDP Audit Advisory Committee for the calendar year 2010, a delegation that also spoke on behalf of several other delegations noted the lack of follow-up to various aspects of the harmonized method modality for cash transactions and requested further details.", "78. Another delegation welcomed the revisions to the OAI Charter and requested the Administrator to provide the Executive Board with an annotated appendix indicating the changes and the reasons for those changes.", "79. The Director of OAI responded to comments on the audit recommendation regarding the procurement function in country offices; the change in audit ratings, the United Audit criterion in action; and the overall investigation. He explained that while a marked decrease in the satisfactory rating could be concerned, it should be understood that audit ratings fluctuated and should not be considered a trend but rather the result of a more in-depth audit. He also explained that UNDP currently provided a consolidated audit summary but that it would have to use a joint audit criterion and that all investigations, regardless of the seriousness of charges, required due assurance.", "80. The Assistant Administrator and Director of the Management Directorate explained the criteria applied by UNDP to address systematic weaknesses in the functional and policy areas and said that action on the risk mitigation and accountability policy was being taken. In addition, the Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director of the Management Directorate clarified the cause of the change in audit ratings and explained that only one country office had received the same unsatisfactory rating.", "81. The Chair of the UNDP Audit Advisory Committee expressed appreciation for the timely and comprehensive response of UNDP in the management response. With regard to the observation regarding the harmonized method for cash transactions, he clarified that no attempt had been made to suggest in the annual report that the harmonized method for cash transactions itself had levels of assurance lower than the audit reports of non-governmental organizations and nationally executed projects. On the contrary, there was a danger that the levels of guarantee would be lower if all the processes and procedures of the harmonized method for cash transfers were not observed. One of the audits of the harmonized method had revealed some shortcomings in the observation of all safeguards and that was why risk should be identified if they were not applied.", "UNFPA", "82. Several delegations commended the new format of the report and the specific recommendations contained therein. They requested that future management responses provide further details on the steps being taken to implement the audit recommendations, including the timelines for implementation. They indicated that they were pleased with the level of transparency of UNFPA in the processing of investigation cases.", "83. A number of delegations welcomed the positive news on the vacant posts in the Division for Oversight Services that had been filled and stressed that all staff should have the skills and competence to carry out their work. They welcomed the Executive Director &apos; s plan to promote learning and development in order to ensure that knowledge and competencies were better harmonized so that staff could effectively carry out their tasks.", "84. Some delegations expressed concern that the issues that motivated the audit opinion with reservations issued by the Board of Auditors in respect of the 2008-2009 financial statements and recurring audit issues had not been adequately resolved, and structural and systemic problems continued. They expressed their support for the efforts of the Executive Director to address those matters.", "85. Some delegations expressed concern about the increase in financial risks and the deterioration in project audits carried out by national Governments; the number of unsatisfactory qualifications; the continuing problems of programme monitoring and evaluation; the lack of clarity among staff on the respective roles of central units, regional offices and country offices; and the nature of some administrative activities. Delegations encouraged UNFPA to integrate its efforts to a greater extent, including in the business plan, in order to establish control systems that included support from country offices and monitoring systems, in the context of the enterprise risk management strategy that accorded greater priority to the areas of greatest risk.", "79. Noting the conclusion of the report of the Division for Oversight Services that a fundamental change was required in country office operations to prevent the recurrence of audit issues, a number of delegations welcomed the Executive Director &apos; s personal involvement in chairing the audit oversight committee and his assertion that it was a priority area for UNFPA. They acknowledged the various measures taken by management to implement the audit recommendations and indicated that time was needed to demonstrate the impact, but expressed concern at the possibility of receiving another audit report with reservations. A number of delegations commended UNFPA for accelerating the implementation of audit recommendations that were older than 18 months.", "80. A number of delegations welcomed the report of the UNFPA Audit Advisory Committee and requested the representative of the Committee to identify the first three priorities for UNFPA and to identify the management capacity to address the issues identified. Some delegations invited the Executive Director to prioritize the implementation of the internal auditor &apos; s recommendations and to submit a plan of action with clear measures and timelines. They suggested that information on progress made for consideration by the Executive Board be provided on a regular basis.", "81. The Executive Director stressed the fact that UNFPA took audit issues very seriously and dealt with them in the framework of the midterm review of the strategic plan and the business plan. He hoped that Executive Board members would be satisfied with the actions taken by UNFPA. It noted that a number of measures were being implemented to reduce the risk of the Fund, including the refinement of the Fund &apos; s strategic focus; the review of the commitment to implementing partners; and the decrease in the number of programme outputs. He reiterated that UNFPA was fully committed to ensuring transparency and accountability.", "82. The Director of the Division for Oversight Services noted that the number of staff had increased in the Investigation Branch. On the issue of fraud, he stated that UNFPA had acquired computer programmes that would allow for ongoing monitoring. With regard to the unsatisfactory rating, he noted that it was important to take into account the fact that UNFPA used a risk model and that special audits had been carried out by the units at the highest level of risk. Thus, the unsatisfactory qualification was practically inevitable. However, there were some systemic deficiencies and, as the Executive Director had noted, they were being resolved within the framework of the midterm review and the business plan.", "83. The representative of the UNFPA Audit Advisory Committee, replying to a question, noted that the priority for UNFPA was the strategic integration of risk management and programme and project management. He stated that many of the issues facing UNFPA could be addressed by incorporating the risk management plan into the business plan.", "UNOPS", "84. Delegations welcomed the view of the unqualified auditor received by UNOPS and commended the Internal Audit and Investigations Group for its dedication in fulfilling the investigative function. However, they also commented on areas where there was a need for improvement and requested additional information on the financial implications of the audit findings, as well as on how the Panel had faced the increase in complaints received from 70 per cent between 2009 and 2010.", "85. Noting the marked reduction in the total number of recommendations and the number of recommendations of high priority between 2008 and 2009 that had been clearly invested in 2010, several delegations requested additional information on the causes of fluctuations. They also urged UNOPS to intensify its efforts to implement very old audit recommendations.", "86. One delegation encouraged the management of UNOPS to ensure that the Internal Audit and Investigations Group had the necessary resources to fulfil its mandate and to consult with the Executive Board on important developments affecting the work of the Panel.", "87. The Director of the Internal Audit and Investigations Group, responding to the comment on the increase in complaints received, said that UNOPS was trying to prevent the reported cases from becoming harassed. This was done with the support of the ombudsman and mediation processes. He said that UNOPS would keep Executive Board members informed of developments in cases related to fraud and corruption, as UNOPS currently used the information package available in United Nations system organizations. With regard to comments on the need for more human resources in view of the marked increase in the number of cases, he said that UNOPS management would have to consider the issue in the context of its budget and the current number of auditors.", "88. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/22: reports of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on internal audit and oversight activities in 2010.", "Response to the emerging demand for wider disclosure of internal audit reports", "89. The UNDP Administrator introduced the issue and stressed the urgent need for UNDP to demonstrate its commitment to ensuring transparency and accountability. He also stated that UNDP could risk losing the trust and funding of its institutional donors if it failed to give them access to internal audit reports. On behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, the Director of OAI of UNDP presented the report on the response to the emerging demand for wider disclosure of internal audit reports (DP-FPA-OPS/2011/1).", "90. The Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (World Fund) referred to the critical cooperation relationship between the Global Fund and UNDP and reported the growing concern of the Global Fund Board of Directors for the current level of administration access to internal audit reports. He expressed the conviction that the options presented were an important step forward, but requested the Executive Board to allow for greater flexibility.", "91. Many delegations welcomed the opportunity to consider options for responding to the emerging demand for wider disclosure of internal audit reports. In highlighting the importance of strengthening the transparency and clarity of the organizations, these delegations expressed explicit support for the disclosure to institutional donors of internal audit reports related to projects and programmes, irrespective of the amount of donor contributions and the same level of access to which Member States have, provided that relevant confidentiality considerations are taken into account. With regard to the simplification of procedures, delegations suggested that the possibility of a safe technological solution for unclassified documents should be considered and requested the three organizations to submit a joint proposal for the remote consultation of internal audit reports at the second regular session of the Executive Board in 2011. They also expressed their views on the administration of a new outreach policy, the responsibility of which should be continued by the oversight units of the respective organizations.", "92. One delegation believed that the disclosure of internal audit reports was an essential first step in establishing a broader culture of transparency and accountability in organizations. Another delegation stressed the importance of the non-politicized use of funds and warned against the premature review of the issue without having sufficient information on the implications of the options presented. That delegation stressed that, in any case, it would be unacceptable to grant non-State entities the same level of access to internal audit reports that were granted to Member States.", "93. The Administrator of UNDP, the Executive Director of UNFPA and the Executive Director of UNOPS expressed full support for the wider transparency and disclosure of internal audit reports. The Administrator of UNDP reiterated the seriousness of the issue and explained the potential consequences of failing to respond to the emerging demand for wider disclosure of internal audit reports.", "94. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/23: response to the emerging demand for wider disclosure of internal audit reports.", "95. Following the adoption of decision 2011/23, one delegation spoke and explained why its Government had joined the consensus of allowing non-State donors, in particular intergovernmental organizations and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, access to internal audit reports on projects and programmes to which they contributed funding.", "XI. Reports of the Ethics Offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS", "96. The Director of the Ethics Office of UNDP, the Ethics Adviser of the UNFPA Ethics Office and the UNOPS Legal Counsel presented the reports of the Ethics Offices of their respective organizations (DP/2011/30, DP/FPA/2011/6 and DP/OPS/2011/3).", "97. Two delegations took the floor. In hosting the reports of the Ethics Offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS, one delegation emphasized its strong support to the Ethics Offices and welcomed its collective efforts to contribute to a culture of integrity and accountability within the United Nations system. The delegation stressed its strong agreement with the financial disclosure programme as a vital tool for avoiding conflicts of interest among staff members. The delegation was pleased that compliance cases were 99 per cent in UNDP, 100 per cent in UNFPA and 95 per cent in UNOPS.", "98. The delegation requested an effective presentation in the future of the reports, including information on a number of cases requiring the liquidation of the financial asset or other remedial action. The delegation urged the three organizations to make public statements by senior officials in order to promote transparency. In addition, the delegation recommended that UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS standardize their reporting on the protection of complainants and request guidance from the Chair of the United Nations Ethics Committee on the management of complaints of reprisals.", "99. Another delegation stressed the importance of establishing sound ethics roles in the three organizations to maintain their effectiveness so that they could better meet the needs of developing countries. That delegation encouraged the administration of the three organizations to continue to ensure the institutionalization of the ethics function.", "100. The Director of the UNDP Ethics Office recognized the need to include the actual number of remedial measures taken in relation to financial disclosures and said that future reports would include relevant statistics. The UNOPS Legal Counsel expressed support for public disclosure of financial information, but said that the United Nations Ethics Office should address the issue of the voluntary statement.", "101. The UNFPA Ethics Adviser thanked delegations for their comments and support. It agreed with the UNDP response and also noted that UNFPA would continue to address harmonization with other organizations within the framework of the United Nations Ethics Committee.", "102. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/24: reports of the ethics offices of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS.", "XII. Field visits", "103. Team leaders of the joint field visit to the Republic of the Philippines and field visits to Panama and Uruguay presented the topic. The field visits rapporteurs presented their respective reports DP-FPA/2011/CRP.1 and Corrigendum, DP/2011/CRP.2-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.1 and DP/2011/CRP.3-DP/FPA/2011/CRP.2) and highlighted key findings and recommendations.", "104. One delegation recognized the success of field visits and requested the Executive Board secretariat to provide information on the total costs arising from the organization of field visits, including travel-related costs.", "105. The Executive Board took note of the three reports on field visits to the Philippines, Panama and Uruguay.", "UNFPA segment", "XIII. Statement and annual report of the Executive Director", "106. The Executive Director, in his statement to the Executive Board (available at http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/7763), referred to the progress made in implementing the strategic plan over the previous three years and highlighted plans for UNFPA to become a more balanced and effective organization. He noted that there were several ongoing processes to strengthen the organization, including the midterm review of the strategic plan and the development of an internal business plan.", "107. Delegations thanked the Executive Director for his stimulating statement. They recognized the central role of the Executive Director in re-evaluating the strategic priorities of the organization and the transparent and inclusive process of the midterm review. Several delegations stressed that the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) should be the basis of UNFPA work, including population and development, reproductive health and rights and gender equality. Delegations emphasized the need to protect the consensus reached at ICPD. They stressed the importance of the human rights-based approach to UNFPA activities. Noting the desirability of channelling the Fund &apos; s strategic orientation further, delegations stated that all starting points should be preserved in order to strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and development partners. Noting the delay in meeting the fifth MDG target, delegations stressed the important role of UNFPA in assisting countries in achieving the fifth target. The importance of data for development, the strengthening of national data systems and capacity-building were highlighted. UNFPA was urged to maintain its approach to cultural aspects in programming. Delegations referred to the key role of UNFPA in supporting South-South cooperation.", "108. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director &apos; s focus on adolescents and youth and stressed the need to invest in youth, including through the provision of information and education services for youth. One delegation proposed that the work of United Nations youth-related entities be reviewed at a future session in order to promote joint action. The Fund &apos; s activities in emergency and humanitarian situations were welcomed and some delegations encouraged UNFPA to strengthen its coordination mechanisms and its capacity, as well as those of its partners, to prevent and respond to gender-based violence when produced. UNFPA support to countries in the 2010 census was recognized. One delegation called for an annual review of the Fund &apos; s humanitarian activities.", "109. Several delegations referred to the Fourth United Nations Conference for the Least Developed Countries and stressed the need to accelerate progress in the least developed countries in order to achieve the MDGs by 2015. One delegation, on behalf of the group of least developed countries, appreciated the support provided by the Executive Director. Emphasizing the serious challenges facing the least developed countries in achieving the MDG goal on universal access to reproductive health, including family planning, the delegation expressed confidence that UNFPA would give priority attention to the least developed countries.", "110. It was recognized that to address maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, the role of qualified midwives, in particular midwives, was crucial. One delegation announced an initiative to expand national obstetrics plans and increase the percentage of births provided by qualified midwives. The delegation said that it would work closely with UNFPA. Another delegation announced a new national regime that would provide free services to pregnant women in rural and urban areas.", "118. Delegations welcomed the Executive Director &apos; s insistence on identifying accountability as a high priority for UNFPA. They urged UNFPA to focus more attention on national execution, financial management, compliance with audit recommendations, evaluation and programming and evidence-based decision-making. With regard to reporting on results, some delegations stressed the need to highlight lessons learned and difficulties encountered and overcome. Delegations recognized UNFPA contributions to United Nations reform, including the United Nations in action. Several delegations noted the need for UNFPA to work with UN-Women to ensure a coordinated and complementary approach to gender equality.", "119. Several delegations stressed the Fund &apos; s need for increased and predictable financial resources to assist countries in the implementation of the ICPD programme and the achievement of the MDGs. UNFPA was encouraged to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness in obtaining resources. The delegation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland announced that it would maintain its core funding at the level of GBP 20 million per year over the next two years. The delegation stressed that future funding would depend on three critical areas: enhanced country-level programme delivery and impact; increased results-based management; and improved financial management, including compliance with audit recommendations. Other delegations, including Estonia, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand and the Netherlands, also referred to their core contributions to UNFPA. The delegation of Japan expressed its deep gratitude for the solidarity shown by UNFPA and its staff following the recent earthquake in Japan. The delegation noted that despite the current situation, her Government would have to fulfil its financial commitment to UNFPA.", "120. Several delegations expressed concern that a significant number of senior UNFPA Professional staff would retire during the period 2011-2015. Stressing that new staff should have the necessary training and experience, they requested the Executive Director to maintain geographical balance and gender equity in the Fund. One delegation requested information on the units that would be affected by the upcoming retirements.", "121. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their support and stressed that UNFPA was committed to improving programme delivery, results-based management, efficiency, transparency and accountability, including financial management and compliance with audit recommendations. He agreed with the need to ensure flexibility and recognition that solutions were not universally implemented. It welcomed the support provided for the midterm review and recognized that the outcome demonstration was critical. He noted that UNFPA had already taken important steps to refine and simplify the results framework. It assured countries that concentration on women, girls and young people did not mean that UNFPA would not have to work with countries to meet their needs in the areas of population and development, gender equality and reproductive health. He welcomed the suggestion to hold a youth debate at a future session of the Executive Board. He stressed that UNFPA was committed to meeting the needs of the least developed countries and to addressing the follow-up to the Istanbul Programme of Action. He stated that UNFPA also intended to meet the needs of middle-income countries.", "122. The Executive Director thanked the generous contributions of Member States and urged countries to make multi-year pledges. He noted that the draft biennial report would be ready during the year and assured the Executive Board that UNFPA efficiently managed total income and expenditure. He noted that the internal business plan would focus on staff training, mentoring and succession to posts.", "123. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/25 on the report of the Executive Director on 2010.", "XIV. Funding commitments to UNFPA", "124. The Chief of the Resource Mobilization Branch presented the report on contributions to UNFPA from Member States and other donors and income projections for 2011 and future years (DP/FPA/2011/4) and provided updated information on the financial situation. He noted that, as at 1 June 2011, the Fund &apos; s projected regular resources contributions income was estimated at $445.6 million by 2011, a significant increase over $444.2 million that had been estimated at the end of the report in March 2011. Estimated income from other resources (co-financing) was $270 million by 2011. Emphasizing that regular resources were the fundamental basis of UNFPA operations, he stressed that adequate, ongoing and predictable financial resources were now more than ever needed.", "125. In a joint statement, several delegations noted that they agreed with the main conclusion of the report that the stable base of regular resources was critical to enable UNFPA to support countries in the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action. They stressed that regular resources were given priority in their contributions to the Fund as core funding was the basis for all UNFPA activities. They added that other resources represented an important complement to the Fund &apos; s regular resource base. They welcomed the increased participation of new and emerging economies and stressed the need for the expansion of the list of major donors to UNFPA.", "126. Delegations encouraged UNFPA to further refine its financial and operational management and stressed that the combined improvement with evidence-based effective programming would be important in attracting regular resources and other resources. Noting that in the current global environment the organizations would have to “do more with less resources”, they welcomed the efforts of the Executive Director to make UNFPA more efficient and demonstrate results. Delegations stressed that this would be critical to the Fund &apos; s ability to mobilize resources.", "127. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their comments on UNFPA efforts to improve its financial base. He stressed that the key concepts of UNFPA would be accountability and transparency and that the Fund would try to “get more results with less resources.”", "128. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/26: report on contributions from Member States and other donors and income projections for 2011 and future years.", "XV. UNFPA country programmes and related matters", "129. First, the Executive Board approved the agency component of the common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania, which had already been considered by the Board at its first regular session in 2011.", "130. The Deputy Executive Director (Programme) presented an overview of the 18 draft country programme documents that had been submitted to the Executive Board for consideration: in Africa — Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal and Zimbabwe; in the Arab States — Morocco; in Asia and the Pacific — Bangladesh, the Philippines, Mongolia and the Lao People &apos; s Democratic Republic; in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Programme extensions were also submitted for Guinea, South Africa, Madagascar, Tunisia, the Republic of Moldova, Haiti and Paraguay. The UNFPA regional directors for Africa, the Arab States, Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean provided details on the programmes in their respective regions.", "131. Delegations recognized that the draft country programme documents had been developed in close consultation with the respective Governments and development partners and were appropriately aligned with national plans and priorities. Referring to their multi-decade collaboration with UNFPA, some delegations stressed that the programmes responded to the country &apos; s specific context. The importance of capacity-building in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, population and development and gender equality was highlighted. Some delegations, noting the increasingly limited financial and economic environment, encouraged UNFPA to strengthen and expand its commitment to other development partners, including the United States Agency for International Development, UNICEF and WHO. In that regard, some delegations stressed the need to identify gaps and avoid duplication.", "132. Some delegations called on UNFPA to focus more on programmes and increase synergy in order to contribute to optimal development outcomes. It was noted that in some of the draft country programme documents the expected results and indicators were too broad and unrealistic, given limited resources. Delegations requested UNFPA to pay particular attention to meeting the needs of youth and poor and disadvantaged populations, including indigenous peoples. The importance of applying gender-sensitive and human rights criteria was stressed. Delegations commended UNFPA for its important role in promoting a better situation for midwives and promoting childbirth by specialized health personnel. Delegations also made comments and raised questions on some draft country programme documents. The following delegations thanked the Executive Board and UNFPA for their country programmes and recognized the Fund &apos; s support: Albania, Antigua and Barbuda (on behalf of 14 member States of the Caribbean Community), Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Honduras, Morocco, Mongolia, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa and Ukraine.", "133. UNFPA regional office managers thanked delegations for their comments and support. They assured the Executive Board that, pursuant to decision 2006/36, comments on the draft country programme document would be forwarded to that country for consideration at the end of the country programme document.", "134. The Executive Board approved programme extensions for Madagascar, Paraguay and South Africa and noted programme extensions for Guinea, Tunisia, the Republic of Moldova and Haiti. In addition, the Board took note of draft programme documents and commented on the following countries: Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Bangladesh, Lao People &apos; s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, the Philippines, Albania, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine and El Salvador, the multi-country programme for English and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries and Honduras.", "XVI. Mid-term review of the strategic plan", "135. The Executive Director introduced this agenda item. The Deputy Executive Director (Programme) reported on progress and challenges in implementing the strategic plan, 2008-2013. The Director of the Programme Division made a presentation on responsibility for results: refinement of the measurement system.", "136. Several delegations said they appreciated the UNFPA inclusive, transparent and consultative approach to the midterm review of the strategic plan, 2008-2013. They stressed the importance of ensuring that all UNFPA partners were fully committed to the changes needed to make the Fund more effective. They welcomed the development of a business plan that would clearly outline the measures necessary to meet UNFPA strategic and operational priorities. Delegations noted that increased results and impact at the country level would provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness of the Fund. They encouraged UNFPA to strengthen synergy with other development partners.", "137. Several delegations applauded the Executive Director &apos; s decision to focus more on the Fund &apos; s core mandate. They stressed that it was vital for UNFPA to continue to advocate for reproductive health and rights and to lead the global effort to accelerate progress towards ICPD and MDGs in reducing maternal mortality and providing universal access to reproductive health, including family planning. They noted that family planning and youth care, including adolescents, were central aspects of the Fund &apos; s mandate and the achievement of the MDGs. They noted that UNFPA &apos; s work on sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights was the one that drew closer to obtaining operational results that represented a difference in the lives of the least-favoured population groups, in particular women and youth.", "138. Several delegations noted that humanitarian assistance should remain an important aspect of UNFPA work. The Fund had a special role to play in combating gender-based violence and ensuring adequate conditions for women in situations of natural disaster or conflict. Several delegations urged UNFPA to continue to act as a humanitarian agent in its own right, in addition to the coordination of the policy and protection thematic subgroups.", "139. Delegations welcomed UNFPA efforts to further reduce sexual HIV transmission and promote better integration of mother-to-child transmission prevention and sexual and reproductive health and family planning programmes in cooperation with UNAIDS and the H4+ partnership. Some delegations noted that the establishment of UN-Women would require UNFPA to re-examine its role in gender equality and the empowerment of women. They noted that UNFPA should continue its efforts to promote gender equality and women &apos; s empowerment, but it had to focus on gender issues related to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.", "140. Some delegations noted that fractionation in many aspects of the Fund &apos; s work dispersed its impact and created great complexity and risk in management. They encouraged UNFPA to focus more on the strategic plan and reduce the number of programme areas by reducing the number of results and outputs. Increased concentration and reduction of results could enable optimal utilization of available financial and human resources and increase efficiency, effectiveness and impact. They supported UNFPA efforts to improve monitoring and evaluation systems and improve data quality and stressed that reporting on development impact was critical for additional political and financial support.", "141. Several delegations noted that, like other organizations, UNFPA could not resolve everything around the world. In view of the limited financial and human resources available, UNFPA had to make difficult strategic decisions on priorities. In order to enable UNFPA to implement its plans and report on results, it should focus on areas where it had a comparative advantage and added value in accordance with its responsibility to support the implementation of the ICPD programme of action, especially in countries where staff and programmes were recharged. Some delegations suggested that in addition to taking into consideration the comparative advantages of UNFPA decisions should be based on the analysis of specific needs and different contexts of countries.", "142. With regard to the need to improve the measurement of results and reporting on the results of the Fund, several delegations noted that the number of indicators of the strategic plan should be reduced and the link between impact and outputs strengthened in order to better demonstrate the Fund &apos; s contribution to results. Delegations encouraged UNFPA to implement high-impact practices and strengthen its collaboration with development partners in countries where the achievement of ICPD goals and the fifth MDG objective was lagging behind. Noting that the main impact of UNFPA was on country-level work, delegations noted that in order to carry out its activities effectively and produce tangible results, UNFPA programmes should be tailored specifically to national and local needs and the level of engagement of other actors.", "143. The Executive Director thanked delegations for their comments, noting that they had referred to giving priority to young people, especially girls; sexual and reproductive health and programmes that ensured the availability of family planning; the importance of gender equality, as well as population dynamics — all within the framework of the ICPD programme and the fifth MDG objective. The Director of the Programme Division appreciated the guidance and support provided by delegations and noted that UNFPA would present additional indicators at the next informal meeting. With regard to procurement, the Director of the Division for Management Services indicated that UNFPA was examining a number of areas, including commodities and long-term agreements in which the Fund could influence prices.", "XVII. Other matters", "Other decisions", "144. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/27 on the interim allocation to the UNFPA biennial budget 2012-2013, decision 2011/28 on least developed countries and decision 2011/29 on middle-income countries.", "145. Following the adoption of decision 2011/29, one delegation explained the reason for the presentation of the decision on middle-income countries and stressed the need for a more effective means of measuring development.", "146. One delegation asked whether a thematic youth debate could be organized at the second regular session of 2011. Another delegation took the floor to thank UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS for addressing the issue of language requirements related to Executive Board documents and said it hoped that cooperation would continue.", "Other meetings", "147. The following thematic discussions and consultations were held:", "(a) Joint thematic discussion on the role of organizations in addressing the development needs of middle-income countries. The Chair of the United Nations Development Group for Latin America and the Chair of the United Nations Development Group for Europe and Central Asia made presentations on the development needs of middle-income countries in their respective regions. The Secretary of the Presidency of Uruguay referred to the role of the United Nations in middle-income countries. The representative of the Republic of Namibia explained the experience of African countries, including Namibia, on the MDGs.", "(b) Joint thematic discussion on environment and climate change: the role of the three agencies at the national level. The Assistant Administrator of UNDP and Director of the Bureau for Development Policy made a presentation on behalf of UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS on the role of the three organizations in developing countries. The representative of Burkina Faso recounted his country &apos; s experience under the African adaptation programme and also referred to the negative impact of climate change on his country &apos; s development. The Director of the UNFPA Technical Division made a presentation on UNFPA activities in the areas of population, environment and climate change and noted that UNFPA was the only organization mandated to focus attention on demographic issues. The Director of the UNOPS Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean presented UNOPS contributions in the area of climate change at the national and regional levels. He then showed a brief video on the Small Grants Programme in Barbados.", "(c) Joint thematic discussion on issues related to least developed countries in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. The Vice-President of the Executive Board of the Asia-Pacific Group chaired the joint thematic debate on least developed country issues in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. Presentations were made by the Acting Director and Head of the Office of the United Nations High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, the Deputy Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations (on behalf of the Chair of the Least Developed Countries Group), the Assistant Administrator and Director of the UNDP Africa General Directorate, the Director of the UNFPA Technical Division and the Director of the UNOPS North American Regional Office.", "(d) Informal consultations were held on the UNDP institutional budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, the mid-term review of the UNFPA strategic plan and the UNOPS biennial support budget for 2012-2013." ]
[ "Conferencia sobre medidas para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Nueva York, 23 de septiembre de 2011", "Proyecto de programa provisional", "1. Apertura de la Conferencia", "2. Cuestiones de procedimiento y organización", "a) Elección de la Presidencia", "b) Aprobación del reglamento", "c) Aprobación del programa", "d) Elección de los demás miembros de la Mesa", "e) Nombramiento de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "f) Confirmación del Secretario de la Conferencia", "3. Declaración del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas", "4. Declaración (declaraciones) de la Presidencia", "5. Discurso del Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "6. Aprobación de una declaración final", "7. Presentación de un informe sobre los progresos realizados en la cooperación para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "8. Intercambio general de opiniones entre los Estados ratificadores y signatarios sobre las medidas para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares[1]", "9. Declaraciones de los Estados no signatarios¹", "10. Declaración en nombre de las organizaciones no gubernamentales¹", "11. Informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "12. Aprobación del informe de la Conferencia", "13. Clausura de la Conferencia.", "Anexo I", "Proyecto de calendario de los trabajos de la Conferencia", "Viernes 23 de septiembre de 2011", "10.00 a 13.00 horas", "Tema 1 Apertura de la Conferencia", "Tema 2 Cuestiones de procedimiento y organización", "a) Elección de la Presidencia", "b) Aprobación del reglamento", "c) Aprobación del programa", "d) Elección de los demás miembros de la Mesa", "e) Nombramiento de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "f) Confirmación del Secretario de la Conferencia", "Tema 3 Declaración del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas", "Tema 4 Declaración (declaraciones) de la Presidencia", "Tema 5 Discurso del Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión Preparatoria de la Organización del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Tema 6 Aprobación de una declaración final", "Tema 7 Presentación de un informe sobre los progresos realizados en la cooperación para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "Tema 8 Intercambio general de opiniones entre los Estados ratificadores y signatarios sobre las medidas para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares", "15.00 a 18.00 horas", "Tema 8 Intercambio general de opiniones entre los Estados ratificadores y signatarios sobre las medidas para facilitar la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares (continuación)", "Tema 9 Declaraciones de los Estados no signatarios", "Tema 10 Declaración en nombre de las organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Tema 11 Informe de la Comisión de Verificación de Poderes", "Tema 12 Aprobación del informe de la Conferencia", "Tema 13 Clausura de la Conferencia.", "[1] Como orientación general, se supone que, a discreción de la Presidencia, los oradores hagan uso de la palabra durante un tiempo máximo de cinco minutos cada uno." ]
[ "Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "Draft provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the Conference", "2. Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Presidency", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of officers other than the Presidency", "(e) Appointment of members of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "3. Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "4. Statement(s) by the Presidency", "5. Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "6. Adoption of a Final Declaration", "7. Presentation of a progress report on cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "8. General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[1]", "9. Statements by non-signatory States¹", "10. Statement on behalf of NGOs¹", "11. Report of the Credentials Committee", "12. Adoption of the report of the Conference", "13. Closure of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Proposed timetable for the work of the Conference", "Friday, 23 September 2011 10.00-13.00", "Item 1 Opening of the Conference", "Item 2 Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Presidency", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of officers other than the Presidency", "(e) Appointment of members of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "Item 3 Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "Item 4 Statement(s) by the Presidency", "Item 5 Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Item 6 Adoption of a Final Declaration", "Item 7 Presentation of a progress report on cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "Item 8 General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "15.00-18.00", "Item 8 General exchange of views by ratifiers and signatories on facilitating the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (continued)", "Item 9 Statements by non-signatory States", "Item 10 Statement on behalf of NGOs", "Item 11 Report of the Credentials Committee", "Item 12 Adoption of the report of the Conference", "Item 13 Closure of the Conference.", "[1] As general guidance, it is assumed that speakers, at the discretion of the Presidency, will talk for up to five minutes each." ]
CTBT-ART.XIV_2011_2
[ "Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "New York, 23 September 2011", "Draft provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the Conference", "2. Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Chair", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of other officers", "(e) Appointment of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "3. Statement by the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "4. Presidential statement (declarations)", "5. Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "6. Adoption of a final declaration", "7. Submission of a progress report on cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "8. General exchange of views among ratifying and signatory States on measures to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[1]", "9. Statements by non-signatory States1", "10. Statement on behalf of non-governmental organizations1", "11. Report of the Credentials Committee", "12. Adoption of the report of the Conference", "13. Closure of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Draft timetable for the work of the Conference", "Friday, 23 September 2011", "10 a.m. - 1 p.m.", "Item 1 Opening of the Conference", "Item 2 Procedural and organizational matters", "(a) Election of the Chair", "(b) Adoption of the rules of procedure", "(c) Adoption of the agenda", "(d) Election of other officers", "(e) Appointment of the Credentials Committee", "(f) Confirmation of the Secretary of the Conference", "Item 3 Declaration of the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "Item 4 (declarations) of the Chair", "Item 5 Address by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Item 6 Adoption of a final declaration", "Item 7 Report on progress made in cooperation to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "Item 8 General exchange of views among ratifying and signatory States on measures to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "3 - 6 p.m.", "Item 8 General exchange of views among ratifying and signatory States on measures to facilitate the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (continued)", "Item 9 Statements by non-signatory States", "Item 10 Statement on behalf of non-governmental organizations", "Item 11 Report of the Credentials Committee", "Item 12 Adoption of the report of the Conference", "Item 13 Closure of the Conference.", "[1] As a general orientation, speakers are supposed to take the floor at the discretion of the Chair for a maximum period of five minutes each." ]
[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Tema 36 del programa \n La situación en el Oriente Medio", "Cartas idénticas de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigidas al Secretario General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Líbano ante las Naciones Unidas", "Cumpliendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, tengo el honor de remitirle adjunto un resumen estadístico de las violaciones de la resolución 1701 (2006) del Consejo de Seguridad cometidas por Israel durante el mes de junio de 2011 (véase el anexo).", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta como documento oficial del sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 36 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Nawaf Salam Embajador Representante Permanente", "Anexo de las cartas idénticas de fecha 26 de julio de 2011 dirigidas al Secretario General y al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente del Líbano ante las Naciones Unidas", "Violaciones del espacio terrestre", "Fecha\tHora\tTipo de violación \n1 de juniode 2011\t12.15\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí se apostóbajo los árboles frente al puesto de controldel ejército libanés ubicado en el puente deWazzani. Los integrantes de la patrullatomaron fotografías del puesto de control yapuntaron sus armas hacia los soldadoslibaneses.\n\t14.3017.00\tEn Birkat al-Naqqar, frente a las granjas deShab’a ocupadas, una patrulla israelíinstaló una tienda de tela negra conbanderas israelíes y una cámara devigilancia y colocó una cubierta de telasobre el monumento en memoria de sus tropas.A las 17.35 horas llegó un autobús con 15pasajeros. El vehículo se retiró después deque los efectivos del enemigo israelídesarmaron la tienda y quitaron la cubierta.\n\t17.30\tEl enemigo israelí disparó varias ráfagascon armas de mediano calibre en lascercanías de Ruwaysat al-Alam, en lasgranjas de Shab’a ocupadas.\n\t17.30\tLos integrantes de una patrulla del enemigoisraelí que circulaba frente al pasofronterizo de Fátima apuntaronametralladoras MAG contra los efectivos delpuesto de control del ejército libanés,profirieron insultos e hicieron gestosobscenos.\n2 de juniode 2011\t12.2012.30\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí se detuvoen el paso fronterizo de Fátima y apuntó susarmas hacia el territorio libanés.\n\tDistintashoras\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.\n3 de juniode 2011\t08.30\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí compuestade tres tanques y una topadora partieron deRuwaysat al-Alam y procedieron a abrir uncamino de tierra de unos 600 m de largo y 3m de ancho en la zona ocupada, al sur delcamino pavimentado adyacente a la línea derepliegue.\n\t09.00\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí, compuestade dos vehículos tipo “Hummer” y un vehículopara obras de construcción, instaló alambrede púas entre la posición shin-32 y laposición shin-3, en la zona adyacente alhuerto de árboles frutales. A continuaciónllegó un autobús de pasajeros con unos 60civiles, que observaron las obras. Seobservó que un soldado del enemigo estabatendido en el suelo en el emplazamientofrente al paso fronterizo, apuntando su armahacia el territorio libanés. Otra patrullainstaló alambre de púas a lo largo del murofrente al pueblo de Kafr Kila.\n\t12.43\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí solicitóque el contingente indio de la FuerzaProvisional de las Naciones Unidas en elLíbano (FPNUL) impidiera a pastoreslibaneses acercarse a la Línea Azul enSaddanah o cruzarla, y anunciaron que de locontrario las fuerzas israelíes abriríanfuego. Esa zona se encuentra en elterritorio libanés en litigio.\n\t13.30\tUna patrulla de infantería israelí cruzó lavalla técnica por el paso fronterizo deHassan y penetró unos 35 m. Permaneció enese lugar unos 10 minutos sin cruzar lalínea de repliegue.\n5 de juniode 2011\t08.00\tMientras un vehículo del ejército libanésatravesaba la zona de Kafr Kila, frente alpaso fronterizo de Fátima, un soldado delenemigo israelí profirió insultos contra losefectivos que viajaban en el vehículo.\n\t12.30\tUna patrulla de infantería israelí cruzó lavalla técnica por el paso fronterizo deHassan y penetró unos 50 m en la zona quereivindica el Líbano. Simultáneamente hubomovimientos de vehículos y de efectivos enlas granjas de Shab’a ocupadas.\n\t15.15\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.\n6 de juniode 2011\t14.50\tEntre el antiguo puesto de control de Shahaly el puesto de control de Radar, unapatrulla del enemigo israelí intentó robaruna cabra que pertenecía al pastor KhudrZahra, sin cruzar la línea de repliegue.\n7 de juniode 2011\t11.00\tUna patrulla de infantería israelí cruzó lavalla técnica por el paso fronterizo deHassan y penetró unos 150 m en la zona quereivindica el Líbano.\n9 de juniode 2011\t10.16\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.\n\t14.46\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.\n10 de juniode 2011\t23.00\tFuerzas del enemigo israelí, desde unaposición en las granjas de Shab’a ocupadas,dispararon cuatro bengalas sobre lasposiciones de Ramta y Sammaqah en dichazona.\n13 de juniode 2011\t15.15\tEn la zona de Shahal de las granjas deShab’a, dos vehículos del enemigo israelí,uno ligero y otro pesado, cruzaron la líneade repliegue en las coordenadasQ755150-N690786, penetraron unos 30 m ypermanecieron allí unos 6 minutos antes deregresar al territorio ocupado.\n16 de juniode 2011\t10.10\tFrente al puesto de control del ejércitolibanés en Udaysah, una patrulla del enemigoisraelí apuntó ametralladoras de 12,7 mmhacia dicho puesto durante 10 minutos.\n\t13.30\tDos patrullas del enemigo israelí, cada unaintegrada por 10 soldados, violaron la líneade repliegue en Saddanah, frente a lasgranjas de Shab’a ocupadas, y penetraronunos 250 m hasta llegar a las coordenadasQ148185-N154847. Intentaron rodear a unpastor del pueblo de Shab’a y lo llamaronpara que se acercara, pero el pastor no lohizo. A las 18.00 horas, las dos patrullaspartieron hacia los territorios ocupados.\n18 de juniode 2011\t23.10\tUna patrulla del enemigo israelí enfocó unreflector durante cinco segundos hacia uncentinela que montaba guardia en la posicióndel ejército libanés en Dahirah.\n22 de juniode 2011\t13.15\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.\n\t21.00\tEfectivos del enemigo israelí, frente alpueblo de Kafr Kila, profirieron insultoscontra los observadores del ejército libanésdestacados en el paso fronterizo de Fátima.También se escuchó que preguntaban “¿Cómo tellamas?”.\n\t21.30\tEfectivos del enemigo israelí, frente alpueblo de Kafr Kila, enfocaron un reflectorhacia los observadores del ejército libanésdestacados en el paso fronterizo de Fátima.\n23 de juniode 2011\t15.30\tDos efectivos del enemigo israelí violaronla Línea Azul en las coordenadasQ751500-N688250 al sur de Kafr Shuba, ypenetraron unos 150 m en territorio libanés,donde permanecieron unos 2 minutos.\n25 de juniode 2011\t19.00\tCinco vacas cruzaron la línea de replieguecerca de Birkat Ba’tha’il y se alejaron alas 19.10 horas.\n28 de juniode 2011\t11.55\tEl enemigo israelí apuntó hacia elterritorio libanés el cañón de un tanqueMerkava desde su posición en Jabalal-Summaqah.\n29 de juniode 2011\t13.55\tLas fuerzas del enemigo israelí seintrodujeron en la red de telefonía celulary enviaron mensajes grabados en árabe quedecían que se pagaría una recompensa de 10millones de dólares a quien suministrarainformación sobre los soldados israelíesdesaparecidos en el Líbano.", "Violaciones de las aguas territoriales", "Fecha Hora\tTipo de violación \n1dejuniode2011\t21.3021.56\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minutoymedio.\t\n\t23.18\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos.\t\n2dejuniode2011\t23.40\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos.\t\n3dejuniode2011\t22.34\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhaciaelpuestodelejércitolibanésdeRa’sal-Naqurahdurante15segundos.\t\n5dejuniode2011\t22.2523.55\tCuatroveces,desdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundoslaprimeravez,durante30segundoslasegundavez ydurante1minutolasvecesterceraycuarta.\t\n6dejuniode2011\t02.15\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos.\t\n\t23.20\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos.\t\n10dejuniode2011\t00.30\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n15dejuniode2011\t05.05\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos.\t\n17dejuniode2011\t21.15\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos.\t\n\t22.10\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos.\t\n\t22.55\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40segundos.\t\n\t23.00\tUnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40segundos.\t\n18dejuniode2011\t21.25\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n19dejuniode2011\t21.3023.42\tTresveces,desdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante2minutosy 15segundos.\t\n20dejuniode2011\t02.3003.05\tTresveces,desdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante3minutos.\t\n21dejuniode2011\t21.20\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante5minutos.\t\n\t22.25\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n22dejuniode2011\t02.30\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n\t03.15\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos.\t\n\t03.50\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40segundos.\t\n\t21.45\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n\t22.0522.45\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minutoy 10segundos.\t\n23dejuniode2011\t21.40\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos.\t\n\t23.47\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n24dejuniode2011\t21.50\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n27dejuniode2011\t01.05\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.\t\n\t01.38\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.\t\n\t02.05\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.\t\n\t02.50\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante2minutos.\t\n\t03.08\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.\t\n\t03.40\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos.\t\n29dejuniode2011\t01.2004.50\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minutoy 20segundos.\t\n30dejuniode2011\t23.50\tDesdesuposiciónenRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelíenfocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.", "Violaciones del espacio aéreo", "Fecha\tHora\tTipo de violación \n1 de juniode 2011\t06.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 19.30 horaspor Naqurah.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 20.50 horaspor Naqurah.\n\t15.20\tVarios aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,volaron en círculos sobre el sur y sealejaron a las 16.45 horas.\n\t21.45\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró desde el mar frente aNaqurah. Voló en círculos sobre el mar entreDamur y Naqurah y se alejó a las 05.55 horasdel 2 de junio, sobrevolando el mar porNaqurah.\n\t22.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y el valle de Bekaa y se alejóa las 10.00 horas del 2 de junio por Yarun.\n2 de juniode 2011\t07.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre el sur, Riyaq y Baalbek y sealejó a las 18.20 horas por Kafr Kila.\n\t12.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre Riyaq, Baalbek y Hirmil y sealejó a las 16.40 horas por Kafr Kila.\n\t22.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró desde el mar al oeste deTiro. Voló en círculos sobre el mar entreTiro y Beirut y se alejó a las 00.10 horasdel 3 de junio, sobrevolando el mar porNaqurah.\n3 de juniode 2011\t08.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las08.30 horas.\n\t10.30\tDos aviones de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,volaron en círculos sobre el sur y sealejaron a las 11.30 horas.\n\t13.44\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las16.45 horas.\n\t18.00\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 19.15 horas.\n4 de juniode 2011\t07.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 18.10horas por Rumaysh.\n\t07.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 18.10 horaspor Rumaysh.\n5 de juniode 2011\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 16.45horas por Kafr Kila.\n\t07.45\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre Beirut, Damur, el valle de Bekaa y elsur y se alejó a las 16.45 horas por KafrKila.\n\t10.30\tVarios aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,volaron en círculos sobre el sur y sealejaron a las 11.20 horas.\n\t13.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las18.42 horas.\n\t18.26\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las21.01 horas.\n6 de juniode 2011\t01.04\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 03.01 horas.\n\t07.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales,Riyaq y Baalbek y se alejó a las 19.30 horaspor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t09.45\tDiez aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Alma al-Sha’b y Naqurah, yvolaron en círculos sobre todas las regionesdel Líbano. Seis de los aviones de combatese alejaron a las 10.30 horas, sobrevolandoel mar a la altura de Naqurah; cuatro seretiraron a las 11.50 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t10.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por la zona de las granjas deShab’a. Voló en círculos sobre la parteoccidental del valle de Bekaa y se alejó alas 13.15 horas por la zona de Shab’a.\n\t17.56\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Yarun. Volaron en círculossobre Juniyah y el sur y se alejaron a las19.55 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t18.51\tDos aviones del enemigo israelí violaron elespacio aéreo libanés, volaron en círculossobre el sur y se alejaron a las 21.53horas.\n7 de juniode 2011\t06.36\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las14.11 horas.\n\t09.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 14.55 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n8 de juniode 2011\t05.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las14.35 horas.\n\t06.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre la región meridional y laparte occidental del valle de Bekaa y sealejó a las 18.20 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n9 de juniode 2011\t07.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre Riyaq, Baalbek y el sur y se alejó alas 13.05 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t07.25\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre la parte occidental del vallede Bekaa y el sur y se alejó a las 23.20horas por Naqurah.\n\t21.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las00.02 horas del 10 de junio.\n10 de juniode 2011\t01.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las02.04 horas.\n\t06.03\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las14.13 horas.\n\t07.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 15.10 horaspor Rumaysh.\n\t09.05\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron desde el mar a la altura deNaqurah. Volaron en círculos sobre todas lasregiones del Líbano y se alejaron a las10.55 horas, sobrevolando el mar a la alturade Naqurah.\n\t09.10\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Kafr Kila. Volaron encírculos sobre todas las regiones de Líbanoy se alejaron a las 10.55 horas,sobrevolando el mar a la altura de Naqurah.\n\t10.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 14.20horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t13.50\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 21.32 horas.\n\t16.11\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 16.20 horas.\n\t19.40\tVarios aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,volaron en círculos sobre el sur y sealejaron a las 19.45 horas.\n\t21.02\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las00.02 horas del 11 de junio.\n11 de juniode 2011\t06.18\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las06.55 horas.\n\t06.54\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las08.32 horas.\n\t10.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las10.17 horas.\n\t10.26\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las17.50 horas.\n\t21.47\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las22.00 horas.\n12 de juniode 2011\t01.37\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 01.54 horas.\n\t02.19\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 02.33 horas.\n\t02.36\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 02.53 horas.\n\t03.45\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 03.59 horas.\n\t07.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 17.30 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t16.07\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las18.18 horas.\n\t21.29\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las22.16 horas.\n\t22.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las23.00 horas.\n13 de juniode 2011\t09.33\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las09.54 horas.\n\t10.23\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las10.39 horas.\n\t17.54\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las18.01 horas.\n\t23.45\tUn avión del enemigo israelí violó elespacio aéreo libanés, voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 00.06 horasdel 14 de junio.\n14 de juniode 2011\t04.49\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las06.39 horas.\n\t09.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las09.35 horas.\n\t15.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 16.25horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t20.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las20.15 horas.\n\t20.35\tUn avión de combate del enemigo israelívioló el espacio aéreo libanés, voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 20.38horas.\n15 de juniode 2011\t04.49\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las06.39 horas.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 13.35 horas por Naqurah.\n\t11.45\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Yarun. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 18.25 horas por Naqurah.\n\t19.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yel valle de Bekaa y se alejó a las 15.00horas del 16 de junio por Rumaysh.\n16 de juniode 2011\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y el vallede Bekaa y se alejó a las 06.00 horas del 17de junio por Rumaysh.\n\t10.05\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron por Naqurah. Volaron encírculos sobre todas las regiones del Líbanoy se alejaron a las 10.50 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n17 de juniode 2011\t06.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y la parte occidental del vallede Bekaa y se alejó a las 18.20 horas porAlma al-Sha’b.\n\t09.00\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron por Alma al-Sha’b.Volaron en círculos sobre todas las regionesdel Líbano y se alejaron a las 11.15 horaspor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t12.30\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las20.40 horas.\n\t14.52\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las02.30 horas del 18 de junio.\n18 de juniode 2011\t05.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 20.25 horaspor Aytarun.\n\t08.30\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 19.10 horaspor Kafr Kila.\n\t18.01\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las04.20 horas del 19 de junio.\n19 de juniode 2011\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 11.45 horas del 20 de juniopor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t07.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 19.40 horaspor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t07.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones del norte y elsur y se alejó a las 2.10 horas por Naqurah.\n\t07.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre Hirmil, Al-Arz y el sur y se alejó alas 22.05 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t10.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 15.35 horaspor Naqurah.\n20 de juniode 2011\t06.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre Hirmil, Al-Arz y el sur y sealejó a las 19.00 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t12.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 01.30 horas del 21 de juniopor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t12.30\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales,Beirut, Damur, Baalbek y Hirmil y se alejó alas 11.10 horas del 21 de junio por Rumaysh.\n\t14.20\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron por Kafr Kila. Volaronen círculos sobre todas las regiones delLíbano y se alejaron a las 15.45 horas porAlma al-Sha’b.\n\t20.00\tVarias aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,volaron en círculos sobre el sur y sealejaron a las 20.15 horas.\n21 de juniode 2011\t06.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y la parteoccidental del valle de Bekaa y se alejó alas 22.15 horas por Kafr Kila.\n\t06.25\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 15.40 horaspor Naqurah.\n\t10.30\tOcho aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Rumaysh. Volaron en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejaron a las 12.00 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t14.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las 18.35horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t16.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejó a las 12.20 horas del 22 de junio porNaqurah.\n22 de juniode 2011\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 22.00 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t12.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 07.00 horas del 23 de juniopor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t14.38\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron desde el mar. Volaronen círculos sobre todas las regiones delLíbano y se alejaron a las 16.30 horas porAlma al-Sha’b.\n\t16.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yBeirut y sus zonas residenciales y se alejóa las 10.15 horas del 23 de junio por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t16.25\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 00.30 horas del 23 de junio por Yarun.\n23 de juniode 2011\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 22.00 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 03.00 horas del 24 de junio por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t07.40\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yel valle de Bekaa y se alejó a las 21.20horas por Rumaysh.\n\t09.37\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y el vallede Bekaa y se alejó a las 06.10 horas del 24de junio por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t10.45\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales,Iqlim al-Kharub y Shuf y se alejó a las14.00 horas, sobrevolando el mar a la alturade Naqurah.\n\t15.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 22.25 horas por Yarun.\n24 de juniode 2011\t06.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 22.30 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t06.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 05.00 horas del 25 de junio por Rumaysh.\n25 de juniode 2011\t07.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales, la parteoccidental del valle de Bekaa, Riyaq yBaalbek y se alejó a las 22.40 horas porNaqurah.\n\t10.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y la parte occidental del vallede Bekaa y se alejó a las 20.00 horas porNaqurah.\n26 de juniode 2011\t07.55\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 03.00 horas del 27 de junio por Naqurah.\n\t08.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 11.15 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t10.15\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Aytarun. Volaron en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejaron a las 11.15 horas por Naqurah.\n\t10.15\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Aytarun. Volaron en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejaron a las 11.25 horas por Kafr Kila.\n\t10.15\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Rumaysh. Volaron en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejaron a las 11.55 horas, sobrevolando elmar a la altura de Naqurah.\n\t13.25\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 18.05 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t16.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró desde el mar al oeste deSidón. Voló en círculos sobre el mar entreSidón y Beirut y se alejó a las 18.05 horas,sobrevolando el mar a la altura de Naqurah.\n27 de juniode 2011\t04.58\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las18.00 horas.\n\t07.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 16.15 horas por Naqurah.\n\t07.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Kafr Kila. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 18.20 horas, sobrevolando elmar al oeste de Naqurah.\n\t07.50\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 18.30 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t10.08\tSeis aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron desde el mar frente a Naqurah.Volaron en círculos sobre el mar entreShikka y Naqurah y se alejaron a las 10.50horas, sobrevolando el mar a la altura deNaqurah.\n\t10.10\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Naqurah. Volaron en círculossobre todas las regiones del Líbano y sealejaron a las 10.50 horas por Almaal-Sha’b.\n\t10.12\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron por Alma al-Sha’b.Volaron en círculos sobre todas las regionesdel Líbano y se alejaron a las 10.50 horaspor Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t10.15\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron por Rumaysh. Volaron encírculos sobre todas las regiones del Líbanoy se alejaron a las 11.10 horas,sobrevolando el mar a la altura de Naqurah.\n\t21.30\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y el vallede Bekaa y se alejó a las 00.40 horas del 28de junio por Kafr Kila.\n\t21.3023.00\tVarios helicópteros, aviones de combate yaviones de reconocimiento volaron encírculos sobre la frontera entre el Líbano yel territorio ocupado de Palestina ylanzaron bengalas sobre los pueblos deRamiyah, Ayta al-Sha’b, Rumaysh, Marunal-Ra’s, Aytarun, Blida y Mays al-Jabal.\n28 de juniode 2011\t06.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre las regiones meridionales yse alejó a las 18.25 horas por Rumaysh.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 18.40 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t07.20\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre Beirut y el sur y se alejó a las 00.25horas del 29 de junio por Rumaysh.\n\t20.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las06.10 horas del 29 de junio.\n29 de juniode 2011\t06.25\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Alma al-Sha’b. Voló encírculos sobre la parte occidental del vallede Bekaa y el sur y se alejó a las 14.25horas por Naqurah.\n\t07.15\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 18.25 horaspor Naqurah.\n\t07.30\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre el sur y se alejó a las 18.25 horaspor Naqurah.\n\t11.40\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las20.20 horas.\n\t12.05\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las04.00 horas del 30 de junio.\n\t13.25\tCuatro aviones de combate del enemigoisraelí violaron el espacio aéreo libanés,en el que penetraron desde el mar a laaltura de Naqurah. Voló en círculos sobre lacosta entre Naqurah y Trípoli y se alejarona las 14.40 horas, sobrevolando el mar a laaltura de Naqurah.\n\t13.25\tDos aviones de combate del enemigo israelíviolaron el espacio aéreo libanés, en el quepenetraron por Kafr Kila. Voló en círculossobre el sur y la parte occidental del vallede Bekaa y se alejaron a las 14.40 horas,sobrevolando el mar a la altura de Naqurah.\n\t19.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las21.10 horas.\n\t19.41\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las22.58 horas.\n30 de juniode 2011\t04.48\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, volóen círculos sobre el sur y se alejó a las05.02 horas.\n\t06.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y sobreBeirut y se alejó a las 15.15 horas porNaqurah.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Rumaysh. Voló en círculossobre las regiones meridionales y se alejó alas 18.15 horas por Alma al-Sha’b.\n\t07.00\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró por Naqurah. Voló en círculossobre las regiones del sur y el valle deBekaa y se alejó a las 03.05 horas del 1 dejulio por Rumaysh.\n\t20.33\tSe avistó un globo de observación delenemigo israelí a baja altitud sobre Ra’sal-Marj (Arsal). El globo luego se alejó endirección este hacia las tierras altas deArsal.\n\t21.10\tUn avión de reconocimiento del enemigoisraelí violó el espacio aéreo libanés, enel que penetró desde el mar frente a Sidón.Voló en círculos sobre el mar frente aBeirut y Sidón y se alejó a las 00.10 horasdel 1 de julio, sobrevolando el mar a laaltura de Naqurah." ]
[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 36 \n The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I transmit to you herewith a statistical summary of the violations of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) committed by Israel during the month of June 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Land violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation \n1 June2011\t1215\tAn Israeli enemy patrol deployed under the treesopposite the Lebanese Army checkpoint at theWazzani Bridge. The members of the patrol tookphotographs of the checkpoint and trained theirweapons towards its personnel.\n\t14301700\tIn Birkat al-Naqqar, opposite the occupiedShab‘a Farms, an Israeli patrol erected a blacktent featuring Israeli flags and a surveillancecamera, and placed a cloth cover over thememorial to their troops. At 1735 hours, a coachcontaining 15 people arrived. It departed afterthe Israeli enemy personnel dismantled the tentand removed the cover.\n\t1730\tThe Israeli enemy directed several bursts ofmedium-weapons fire around Ruwaysat al-Alam inthe occupied Shab‘a Farms.\n\t1730\tWhile an Israeli enemy patrol was travellingopposite the Fatimah Gate, its members trainedMAG machine guns and directed profanities andvulgar gestures towards personnel at theLebanese Army checkpoint.2 June2011\t1220\tAn Israeli enemy patrol halted at the FatimahGate and trained their weapons towards Lebaneseterritory. \n 1230 \n\tVarious\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n3 June2011\t0830\tAn Israeli enemy patrol consisting of threetanks and a bulldozer departed from Ruwaysatal-Alam and proceeded to open a dirt road about600 metres long and 3 metres wide within theoccupied area, south of the paved road adjacentto the withdrawal line.\n\t0900\tOpposite the Fatimah Gate, an Israeli enemypatrol consisting of two Hummer vehicles and aconstruction vehicle laid barbed wire betweenposition shin-32 and position shin-33 adjacentto the orchard. A passenger bus brought some 60civilians, who observed the work. One enemyindividual was seen lying flat on theemplacement opposite the gate and training hisweapon towards Lebanese territory. Anotherpatrol laid barbed wire along the wall oppositethe town of Kafr Kila.\n\t1243\tAn Israeli enemy patrol requested that theIndian contingent of the United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon (UNIFIL) should preventLebanese shepherds from approaching or crossingthe Blue Line at Saddanah, failing which theIsraeli forces would open fire. That area is indisputed Lebanese territory.\n\t1330\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some35 metres. It stayed in place for 10 minuteswithout crossing the withdrawal line.\n5 June2011\t0800\tWhile a Lebanese Army vehicle was travellingthrough Kafr Kila, opposite the Fatimah Gate, anIsraeli enemy soldier directed profanities atthe personnel in the vehicle.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some50 metres into the area with regard to whichLebanon maintains a claim. That operation wasaccompanied by movements of vehicles andpersonnel in the occupied Shab‘a Farms.\n\t1515\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n6 June2011\t1450\tAn Israeli enemy patrol between the formerShahal outpost and the Radar outpost attemptedto purloin a goat belonging to the shepherdKhudr Zahra without crossing the withdrawalline.\n7 June2011\t1100\tAn Israeli foot patrol crossed the technicalfence through the Hassan Gate, penetrating some150 metres into the area with regard to whichLebanon maintains a claim.\n9 June2011\t1016\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n\t1446\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n10 June2011\t2300\tIsraeli enemy forces at a position in theoccupied Shab‘a Farms fired four flare shellsover the Ramta and Sammaqah positions in theaforementioned area.\n13 June2011\t1515\tIn the Shahal area of the Shab‘a Farms, twoIsraeli enemy vehicles, one light and one heavy,violated the withdrawal line at coordinatesQ755150-N690786, encroaching some 30 metres overa period of six minutes before returning towardsthe occupied territory.\n16 June2011\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy patrol opposite the LebaneseArmy checkpoint at Udaysah trained 12.7-mmmachine guns on the checkpoint for10 minutes.\n\t1330\tTwo Israeli enemy patrols, consisting of 10members each, violated the withdrawal line atSaddanah opposite the occupied Shab‘a Farms,encroaching some 250 metres and reachingcoordinates Q148185-N154847. They attempted tosurround a shepherd from the town of Shab‘a,calling him to approach them, but the shepherddid not comply. At 1800 hours, the two patrolsdeparted towards the occupied territories.\n18 June2011\t2310\tAn Israeli enemy patrol directed a searchlighttowards a sentry at the Lebanese Army positionat Dahirah for five seconds.\n22 June2011\t1315\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.\n\t2100\tIsraeli enemy personnel opposite the town ofKafr Kila directed profanities at Lebanese Armyobservers at the Fatimah Gate. The phrase“What’s your name?” was also heard.\n\t2130\tIsraeli enemy personnel opposite Kafr Kiladirected a searchlight towards Lebanese Armyobservers at the Fatimah Gate.\n23 June2011\t1530\tTwo Israeli enemy personnel violated the BlueLine at coordinates Q751500-N688250 south ofKafr Shuba, encroaching some 150 metres over aperiod of two minutes.\n25 June2011\t1900\tFive cows crossed the withdrawal line nearBirkat Ba‘tha’il, then departed at 1910 hours.\n28 June2011\t1155\tThe Israeli enemy directed a Merkava tank gunfrom its position in Jabal al-Summaqah towardsLebanese territory.\n29 June2011\t1355\tIsraeli enemy forces broke into the cellulartelephone network and sent recorded messages inArabic to the effect that anyone withinformation about the Israeli soldiers missingin Lebanon was guaranteed a reward of $10million.", "Sea violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation \n1 June2011\t2130\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for one and a half minutes towardsLebanese territorial waters. \n 2156 \n\t2318\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n2 June2011\t2340\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n3 June2011\t2234\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards the LebaneseArmy post at Ra’s al-Naqurah.\n5 June2011\t22252355\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on four occasions,for 15 seconds on the first occasion, 30 secondson the second occasion and one minute on thethird and fourth occasions.\n6 June2011\t0215\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2320\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n10 June2011\t0030\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 30 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n15 June2011\t0505\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n17 June2011\t2115\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 15 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2210\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2255\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 40 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n\t2300\tAn Israeli enemy military launch directed asearchlight for 40 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n18 June2011\t2125\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n19 June2011\t21302342\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on three occasionsfor two minutes and 15 seconds.\n20 June2011\t02300305\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight towardsLebanese territorial waters on three occasionsfor three minutes.\n21 June2011\t2120\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for fiveminutes towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2225\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n22 June2011\t0230\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0315\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 20seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0350\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 40seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2145\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t22052245\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 1minute and 10 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n23 June2011\t2140\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 15seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t2347\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n24 June2011\t2150\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n27 June2011\t0105\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0138\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0205\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0250\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for twominutes towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0308\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n\t0340\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for 30seconds towards Lebanese territorial waters.\n29 June2011\t01200450\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute and 20 seconds towards Lebaneseterritorial waters.\n30 June2011\t2350\tFrom its position at Ra’s al-Naqurah, theIsraeli enemy directed a searchlight for oneminute towards Lebanese territorial waters.", "Air violations", "Date\tTime\tNature of violation\n1 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1930 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 2050 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1520\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1645 hours.\n\t2145\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea off Naqurah. It circled over the sea betweenDamur and Naqurah before leaving on 2 June at0555 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t2200\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South and the Bekaabefore leaving on 2 June at 1000 hours overYarun.\n2 June2011\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South, Riyaq andBaalbek before leaving at 1820 hours over KafrKila.\n\t1205\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and Hirmilbefore leaving at 1640 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t2215\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea to the west of Tyre. It circled over the seabetween Tyre and Beirut before leaving on 3 Juneat 0010 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n3 June2011\t0820\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0830 hours.\n\t1030\tTwo Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1130 hours.\n\t1344\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1645 hours.\n\t1800\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1915 hours.\n4 June2011\t0705\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1810 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1810 hours over Rumaysh.\n5 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1645 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t0745\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Beirut, Damur, theBekaa and the South before leaving at 1645 hoursover Kafr Kila.\n\t1030\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1120 hours.\n\t1355\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1842 hours.\n\t1826\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2101 hours.\n6 June2011\t0104\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0301 hours.\n\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Riyaq and Baalbek before leaving at 1930 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0945\tTen Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b andNaqurah and circling over all regions ofLebanon. Six of the warplanes left at 1030 hoursover the sea off Naqurah; four left at 1150hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1000\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over theShab‘a Farms. It circled over the western Bekaabefore departing at 1315 hours over the Shab‘aFarms.\n\t1756\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Yarun. They circled overJuniyah and the South before leaving at 1955hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1851\tTwo Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2153 hours.\n7 June2011\t0636\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1411 hours.\n\t0905\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1455 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n8 June2011\t0500\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1435 hours.\n\t0655\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regions andthe western Bekaa before leaving at 1820 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n9 June2011\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and theSouth before leaving at 1305 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0725\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the western Bekaa and theSouth before leaving at 2320 hours over Naqurah.\n\t2100\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 10 June at 0002 hours.\n10 June2011\t0155\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0204 hours.\n\t0603\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1413 hours.\n\t0750\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1510 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0905\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1055 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t0910\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1055 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1055\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the South before leavingat 1420 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1350\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2132 hours.\n\t1611\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1620 hours.\n\t1940\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 1945 hours.\n\t2102\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 11 June at 0002 hours.\n11 June2011\t0618\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0655 hours.\n\t0654\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0832 hours.\n\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1017 hours.\n\t1026\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1750 hours.\n\t2147\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2200 hours.\n12 June2011\t0137\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0154 hours.\n\t0219\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0233 hours.\n\t0236\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0253 hours.\n\t0345\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 0359 hours.\n\t0710\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1730 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1607\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1818 hours.\n\t2129\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2216 hours.\n\t2250\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2300 hours.\n13 June2011\t0933\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0954 hours.\n\t1023\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1039 hours.\n\t1754\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1801 hours.\n\t2345\tAn Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingon 14 June at 0006 hours.\n14 June2011\t0449\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0639 hours.\n\t0920\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0935 hours.\n\t1515\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1625 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t2010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2015 hours.\n\t2035\tAn Israeli enemy warplane violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2038 hours.\n15 June2011\t0449\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0639 hours.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1335 over Naqurah.\n\t1145\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Yarun.It circled over the southern regions beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1950\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 16 June at 1500hours over Rumaysh.\n16 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 17 June 2011 at0600 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1005\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Naqurah. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1050 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n17 June2011\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South and thewestern Bekaa before leaving at 1820 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0900\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b. Theycircled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1115 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2040 hours.\n\t1452\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 18 June at 0230 hours.\n18 June2011\t0550\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 2025 hours over Aytarun.\n\t0830\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1910 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t1801\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 19 June at 0420 hours.\n19 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 20 June at 1145 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1940 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the northern and southernregions before leaving on 20 June at 1210 hoursover Naqurah.\n\t0755\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Hirmil, Al-Arz and theSouth before leaving at 2205 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1050\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1535 hours over Naqurah.\n20 June2011\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regions,Hirmil and Al-Arz before leaving at 1900 hoursover Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1210\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 21 June at 0130 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1230\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Beirut, Damur, Baalbek and Hirmil before leavingon 21 June at 1110 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1420\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1545 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t2000\tIsraeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, circling over the South before leavingat 2015 hours.\n21 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the western Bekaa before leaving at 2215hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t0625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1540 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1030\tEight Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1420\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1835 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1655\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over all regions of Lebanonbefore leaving on 22 June at 1220 hours overNaqurah.\n22 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1220\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 23 June at 0700 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1438\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1630 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand Beirut and its suburbs before leaving on 23June at 1015 over Alma al‑Sha‘b.\n\t1625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 23 June at 0030 hours overYarun.\n23 June2011\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 24 June at 0300 hours overAlma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0740\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving at 2120 hours overRumaysh.\n\t0937\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 24 June at 0610hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1045\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regions,Iqlim al-Kharub and the Shuf before leaving at1400 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1505\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2225 hours over Yarun.\n24 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 2230 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0620\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 25 June at 0500 hours overRumaysh.\n25 June2011\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regions,the western Bekaa, Riyaq and Baalbek beforeleaving at 2240 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1010\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South and thewestern Bekaa before leaving at 2000 hours overNaqurah.\n26 June2011\t0755\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving on 27 June at 0300 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0805\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1115 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Aytarun. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1115 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Aytarun. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1125 hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t1015\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1155 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1325\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1805 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1600\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea to the west of Sidon. It circled over thesea between Sidon and Beirut before leaving at1805 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n27 June2011\t0458\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 1800 hours.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1615 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over KafrKila. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1820 hours over the sea to thewest of Naqurah.\n\t0750\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1830 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t1008\tSix Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over the sea between Shikka andNaqurah before leaving at 1050 hours over thesea off Naqurah.\n\t1010\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Naqurah. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1050 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1012\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Alma al-Sha‘b. Theycircled over all regions of Lebanon beforeleaving at 1050 over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t1015\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circledover all regions of Lebanon before leaving at1110 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t2130\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 28 June at 0040hours over Kafr Kila.\n\t21302300\tHelicopters, warplanes and reconnaissanceaircraft circled along the border betweenLebanon and Occupied Palestine, releasing decoyflares over the towns of Ramiyah, Ayta al-Sha‘b,Rumaysh, Marun al-Ra’s, Aytarun, Blida and Maysal-Jabal.\n28 June2011\t0610\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1825 hours over Rumaysh.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1840 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0720\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over Beirut and the Southbefore leaving at 29 June at 0025 hours overRumaysh.\n\t2015\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 29 June at 0610 hours.\n29 June2011\t0625\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over Almaal-Sha‘b. It circled over the western Bekaa andthe South before leaving at 1425 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0715\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t0730\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the South beforeleaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah.\n\t1140\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2020 hours.\n\t1205\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving on 30 June at 0400 hours.\n\t1325\tFour Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah.They circled over the coast between Naqurah andTripoli before leaving at 1440 hours over thesea off Naqurah.\n\t1325\tTwo Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebaneseairspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circledover the South and the western Bekaa beforeleaving at 1440 hours over the sea off Naqurah.\n\t1900\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2110 hours.\n\t1941\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 2258 hours.\n30 June2011\t0448\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, circling over theSouth before leaving at 0502 hours.\n\t0600\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsand Beirut before leaving at 1515 hours overNaqurah.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overRumaysh. It circled over the southern regionsbefore leaving at 1815 hours over Alma al-Sha‘b.\n\t0700\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering overNaqurah. It circled over the southern regionsand the Bekaa before leaving on 1 July at 0305hours over Rumaysh.", "2033\tAn Israeli enemy observation balloon was seen atlow altitude over Ra’s al-Marj (Arsal). It thenrose eastward towards the highlands of Arsal.\n\t2110\tAn Israeli enemy reconnaissance aircraftviolated Lebanese airspace, entering over thesea off Sidon. It circled over the sea offBeirut and Sidon before leaving on 1 July at0010 hours over the sea off Naqurah." ]
A_65_922
[ "Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Item 36 The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith a statistical summary of the violations of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) committed by Israel during the month of June 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 26 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Land violations", "Date Rape Type 1 June 2011 12.15 An Israeli enemy patrol was betting down the trees in front of the Lebanese army checkpoint on the Wazzani Bridge. The patrol members took photographs of the checkpoint and placed their weapons on the Lebanese soldiers. 14.3017.00 In Birkat al-Naqqar, in front of the occupied Shab`a farms, an Israeli patrol set up a black tent with Israeli smugglers and a devigilance chamber and placed a cloth deck on the memorial in memory of their troops. At 1735 hours a bus arrived with 15 passengers. The vehicle withdrew after the Israeli enemy troops disarmed the tent and removed the deck. 17.30 The Israeli enemy fired several bursts of medium-weapons fire at the Ruwaysat al-Alam farms in occupied Shab`a. 17.30 The members of an enemy-Israeli patrol circulating in front of the Fatima border crossing pointed at MAG machine guns against the Lebanese army &apos; s detached checkpoints, offered insults and made obvious gestures. 12,2012.30 A patrol of the Israeli enemy stopped at the Fatima border crossing and pointed out its armour towards Lebanese territory. Various Hours The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent messages recorded in Arabic saying that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on the Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon. June 3, 2011 08.30 An Israeli enemy patrol consisting of three tanks and a bulldozer departed from Ruwaysat al-Alam and proceeded to open a landroad of about 600 m long and 3m wide in the occupied area, south of the paved road adjacent to the refill line. 09.00 An Israeli enemy patrol, consisting of two “Hummer” vehicles and a vehicle for construction works, installed barbed wire between the shin-32 position and the shin-3 laying, in the adjacent area of fruit trees. Then he took a passenger bus with some 60civiles, who watched the works. It was noted that an enemy soldier was lying on the ground at the border crossing point, pointing his armour over Lebanese territory. Another patrol installed barbed wire along the wall to the village of Kafr Kila. 12.43 An Israeli enemy patrol requested that the Indian contingent of the United Nations Provisional Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) prevent Lebanese pastors from approaching or crossing the Blue Line in Saddanah, and announced that the Israeli forces would fire from the outside. This area is located in the Lebanese territory in dispute. 13.30 An Israeli infantry patrol crossed the technical assessment by the Hassan border crossing and penetrated about 35 m. It remained in that place about 10 minutes without crossing the folding line. June 5, 2011 08.00 While a Lebanese army vehicle was crossing the Kafr Kila area in front of the Fatima border crossing, an Israeli delenemigo soldier spoke out insults against those who were travelling in the vehicle. 12.30 An Israeli infantry patrol crossed the technical assessment by the Hassan border crossing and penetrated about 50 m in the area of Lebanon. Simultaneously there were movement of vehicles and troops on occupied Shab’a farms. 15.15 The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent recorded messages in Arabic that claimed that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon. June 6, 2011 14.50 Between the former Shahaly checkpoint the Radar checkpoint, an Israeli enemy patrol tried to steal a goat belonging to Pastor KhudrZahra, without crossing the folding line. June 7, 2011 11 a.m. An Israeli infantry patrol crossed the technical assessment by the Hassan border crossing and penetrated about 150 m in the area of Lebanon. 9 June 2011 10.16 The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent recorded messages in Arabic that claimed that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon. 14.46 The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent recorded messages in Arabic that claimed that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon. June 10, 2011 2300 Israeli enemy forces, from a stand on the occupied Shab’a farms, disposed of four bengalas on the Ramta and Sammaqah stunts in that area. 13 June 2011 15.15 In the Shahal area of the Shab`a farms, two Israeli enemy vehicles, one light and one heavy, crossed the line of withdrawal at coordinates Q755150-N690786, penetrated about 30 m and remained there about 6 minutes before returning to the occupied territory. 16 June 2011 10.10 In front of the Lebanese Army checkpoint in Udaysah, an enemy Israeli patrol aimed at 12.7 mm machine guns for 10 minutes. 13.30 Two Israeli enemy patrols, each consisting of 10 soldiers, violated the line of withdrawal in Saddanah, in front of the occupied Shab`a grenades, and penetrated some 250 m to coordinates Q148185-N154847. They tried to surround a landlord of the village of Shab’a and called him to approach, but the shepherd did not lodge. At 1800 hours the two patrols left for the occupied territories. June 18, 2011 23.10 An Israeli enemy patrol targeted a reflector for five seconds towards a unit guarding the Lebanese Army position in Dahirah. 22 June 2011 1.15 The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent recorded messages in Arabic that claimed that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon. 21.00 Effects of the Israeli enemy, in front of the village of Kafr Kila, spoke insults against the observers of the Lebanese army stationed at the Fatima border crossing. It was also heard that they asked “How do you tellamas?”. 21.30 Effects of the Israeli enemy, in front of the village of Kafr Kila, focused a searchlight on the observers of the Lebanese army at the Fatima border crossing. 23 June 2011 15.30 Two Israeli enemy troops violated the Blue Line at coordinates Q751500-N688250 south of Kafr Shuba, and over 150 m in Lebanese territory, where they remained for about 2 minutes. June 25, 2011 19.00 Five cows crossed the Birkat Ba’tha’il folding line and left 19.10 hours. June 28, 2011 11.55 The Israeli enemy pointed to the Lebanese territory the canyon of a Merkava tank from its position in Jabalal-Summaqah. 29 June 2011 13.55 The Israeli enemy forces entered the cell phone network and sent recorded messages in Arabic that claimed that a $10 million reward would be paid to those who provided information on Israeli soldiers who had disappeared in Lebanon.", "Sea violations", "Date Time Type of Rape 1dejuniode2011 21.3021.56 Unalanchapatrullerademigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minutoymedio. 23.18 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos. 2dejuniode2011 23.40 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos. 3dejuniode2011 22.34 UnalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhaciaelpuestodelejércitolibanésdeRa’sal-Naqurahdurante15segundos. 5dejuniode2011 22.2523.55 Four times,desupositioninRa'sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialaslibanesforth15secondsthefirstravez,forth30secondsthesecond anddurant1minutolasvecesterceraycuarta. 23.20 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos. 10th June2011 00.30 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante30segundos. 15thJune2011 05.05 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos. 17th June2011 21.15 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante15segundos. 22.10 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20segundos. 22.55 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40segundos. 23.00 Unalanchapatrulleradelenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40segundos. 18thJune2011 21.25 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 19th of June of 2011 21.3023.42 Three times, sincerely inRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanessdurante2minutosy 15 seconds. 20thJune2011 02.3003.05 Three times,desupositioninRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanessodurante3minutos. 21dejuniode2011 21.20 Since suppositioninRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesfor5minutos. 22.25 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 22June 2011 02.30 From the assumption in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 03.15 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante20seconds. 03.50 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante40 seconds. 21.45 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 22.0522.45 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesdurante1minutoy 10 seconds. 23dejuniode2011 21.40 Since suppositioninRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for15 seconds. 23.47 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocused a reflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 24thJune2011 21.50 From supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 27thJune2011 01.05 From supposition inRa'sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto. 01.38 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto. 02.05 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto. 02.50 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante2minutos. 03.08 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto. 03.40 Since supposition in Ra’sal-Naqurah, elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanes for30 seconds. 29thJune2011 01.2004.50 From suppositioninRa'sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minutoy 20 seconds. 30thJune2011 23.50 Since suppositioninRa’sal-Naqurah,elenemigoisraelífocóunreflectorhacialasaguasterritorialeslibanesasdurante1minuto.", "Air violations", "Date Time Rape Type 1 June 2011 06.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South before leaving at 1930 hours over Naqurah. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South and left at 2050 hours over Naqurah. 15.20 Several enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace. They circled over the South before leaving at 1645 hours. 21.45 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah. It circled over the sea between Damur and Naqurah and departed at 05.55 hours on 2 June, flying over the sea by Naqurah. 22.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the south and the Bekaa valley and left at 10 a.m. on 2 June by Yarun. 2 June 2011 07.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the South, Riyaq and Baalbek and left at 1820 hours over Kafr Kila. 12.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and Hirmil before leaving at 1640 hours over Kafr Kila. 22.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea to the west of Tiro. It circled over the sea between Tiro and Beirut and departed at 0010 hours on 3 June, flying over the sea by Naqurah. 3 June 2011 08.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0830 hours. 10.30 Two enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. They circled over the South before leaving at 1130 hours. 13.44 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1645 hours. 186. An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1915 hours. 4 June 2011 07.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. He circled over the south and left at 1810 hours over Rumaysh. 07.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the South before leaving at 1810 hours over Rumaysh. 5 June 2011 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the south and left at 1645 hours by Kafr Kila. 07.45 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over Beirut, Damur, the Bekaa Valley and the South before leaving at 1645 hours over KafrKila. 10.30 A number of enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace. They circled over the South before leaving at 1120 hours. 13.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1842 hours. 18.26 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2101 hours. 6 June 2011 01.04 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace and circled over the South before leaving at 03.01 hours. 07.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions, Riyaq and Baalbek and left at 1930 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 09.45 Ten Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b and Naqurah. They circled over all regions of Lebanon. Six of the combat aircraft departed at 1030 hours, flying over the sea at Naqurah; four were withdrawn at 1150 hours by Almaal-Sha`b. 10.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the Shab`a Farms area. It circled over the west side of the Bekaa valley and left at 1315 hours over the Shab`a area. 17.56 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Yarun. They circled over Juniyah and the South before leaving at 1955 hours over Rumaysh. 18.51 Two Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace and circled over the South before leaving at 2153 hours. 7 June 2011 06.36 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1411 hours. 09.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions before leaving at 1455 hours over Almaal-Sha`b. 8 June 2011 05.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1435 hours. 06.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the southern and western part of the Bekaa valley and left at 1820 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 9 June 2011 07.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over Riyaq, Baalbek and the South before leaving at 1305 hours over Rumaysh. 07.25 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the western part of the Bekaa and southern valley and left at 2320 hours by Naqurah. 21.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 002 hours on 10 June. 10 June 2011 01.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0204 hours. 06.03 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1413 hours. 07.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South before leaving at 1510 hours over Rumaysh. 09.05 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah. They circled over all the regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1055 hours over the sea at Naqurah. 09.10 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1055 hours over the sea at Naqurah. 10.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the south and left at 1420 hours over Alma al-Sha’b. 13.50 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2132 hours. 16.11 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1620 hours. 19.40 Several enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace. They circled over the South before leaving at 1945 hours. 21.02 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 002 hours on 11 June. 11 June 2011 06.18 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0655 hours. 06.54 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0832 hours. 10.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1017 hours. 10.26 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1750 hours. 21.47 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2200 hours. 12 June 2011 01.37 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace and circled over the South before leaving at 01.54 hours. 02.19 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0233 hours. 02.36 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0253 hours. 03.45 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace and circled over the South before leaving at 0359 hours. 07.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1730 hours over Rumaysh. 16.07 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1818 hours. 21.29 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2216 hours. 22.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2300 hours. 13 June 2011 09.33 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 09.54 hours. 10.23 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1039 hours. 17.54 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 1801 hours. 23.45 An Israeli enemy aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0006 hours on 14 June. 14 June 2011 04.49 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0639 hours. 09.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0935 hours. 15.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the south and left at 1625 hours over Alma al-Sha’b. 20.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2015 hours. 20.35 An Israeli enemy warplane violated Lebanese airspace and circled over the South at 2038 hours. 15 June 2011 04.49 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0639 hours. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1335 hours over Naqurah. 11.45 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Yarun. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1825 hours over Naqurah. 19.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and the Bekaa valley and left at 3 p.m. on 16 June by Rumaysh. 16 June 2011 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and the Bekaa valley and left at 0600 hours on 17 June over Rumaysh. 10.05 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. Entries flown over all regions of Lebanon and left at 1050 hours over Almaal-Sha`b. 17 June 2011 06.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the south and the western part of the Bekaa valley and left at 1820 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 09.00 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1115 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 12.30 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2040 hours. 14.52 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0230 hours on 18 June. 18 June 2011 05.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the south and left at 20.25 hours over Aytarun. 08.30 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South before leaving at 1910 hours over Kafr Kila. 18.01 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0420 hours on 19 June. 19 June 2011 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1145 hours on 20 June by Alma al-Sha`b. 07.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the South before leaving at 1940 hours over Alma al-Sha’b. 07.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the north and south regions and left at 2.10 hours over Naqurah. 07.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over Hirmil, Al-Arz and the South, leaving at 2205 hours over Rumaysh. 10.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the South before leaving at 1535 hours over Naqurah. 20 June 2011 06.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over Hirmil, Al-Arz and the South at 1900 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 12.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the southern regions and left at 0130 hours on 21 June by Alma al-Sha’b. 12.30 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions, Beirut, Damur, Baalbek and Hirmil and left at 11.10 hours on 21 June over Rumaysh. 14.20 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1545 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 20.00 Several enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace. They circled over the South before leaving at 2015 hours. 21 June 2011 06.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and the western part of the Bekaa valley and left at 2215 hours over Kafr Kila. 06.25 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South before leaving at 1540 hours over Naqurah. 10.30 Eight Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 12 noon over Almaal-Sha`b. 14.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the south and left at 1835 hours over Alma al-Sha’b. 16.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1220 hours on 22 June by Naqurah. 22 June 2011 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 12.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and left at 0700 hours on 23 June by Alma al-Sha`b. 14.38 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1630 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 16.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and Beirut and their residential areas and left at 1015 hours on 23 June by Almaal-Sha`b. 16.25 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 0030 hours on 23 June by Yarun. 23 June 2011 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 2200 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the southern regions and left at 03.00 hours on 24 June by Almaal-Sha’b. 07.40 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and the Bekaa valley and left at 2120 hours over Rumaysh. 09.37 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and the Bekaa valley and left at 0610 hours on 24 June at Alma al-Sha`b. 10.45 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions, Iqlim al-Kharub and Shuf and left at 1400 hours, flying over the sea at Naqurah. 15.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and left at 2225 hours over Yarun. 24 June 2011 06.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the southern regions and left at 2230 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 06.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 05.00 hours on 25 June over Rumaysh. 25 June 2011 07.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions, the western part of the Bekaa, Riyaq and Baalbek valley and left at 2240 hours over Naqurah. 10.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the south and the western part of the Bekaa valley and left at 2000 hours over Naqurah. 26 June 2011 07.55 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 3 a.m. on 27 June by Naqurah. 08.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions before leaving at 1115 hours over Almaal-Sha`b. 10.15 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Aytarun. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1115 hours over Naqurah. 10.15 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Aytarun. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1125 hours over Kafr Kila. 10.15 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1155 hours over the sea at Naqurah. 13.25 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1805 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 16.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea west of Sidon. It circled over the sea between Sidon and Beirut and departed at 1805 hours, flying over the sea at Naqurah. 27 June 2011 04.58 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0800 hours. 07.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions before leaving at 1615 hours over Naqurah. 07.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1820 hours over the sea west of Naqurah. 07.50 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions before leaving at 1830 hours over Rumaysh. 10.08 Six Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea off Naqurah. They circled over the sea between Shikka and Naqurah and departed at 1050 hours over the sea off Naqurah. 10.10 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1050 hours over Almaal-Sha`b. 10.12 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1050 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 10.15 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. They circled over all regions of Lebanon before leaving at 1110 hours over the sea at Naqurah. 21.30 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the southern regions and the Bekaa valley and left at 0040 hours on 28 June by Kafr Kila. 21.3023.00 Several helicopters, warplanes and reconnaissance aircraft flew circles over the border between Lebanon and the occupied territory of Palestine and launched bengalas over the villages ofRamiyah, Ayta al-Sha`b, Rumaysh, Marunal-Ras, Aytarun, Blida and Mays al-Jabal. 28 June 2011 06.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1825 hours over Rumaysh. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1840 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 07.20 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over Beirut and the South and left at 0025 hours on 29 June over Rumaysh. 20.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0610 hours on 29 June. 29 June 2011 06.25 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Alma al-Sha`b. It circled over the western part of the Bekaa valley and the south and left at 1425 hours by Naqurah. 07.15 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the South before leaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah. 07.30 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the South before leaving at 1825 hours over Naqurah. 11.40 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2020 hours. 12.05 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0400 hours on 30 June. 13.25 Four enemy Israeli warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea over Naqurah. It circled over the bed between Naqurah and Tripoli and left at 1440 hours, flying over the sea to the height of Naqurah. 13. 25 Two Israeli enemy warplanes violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Kafr Kila. It circled over the south and the west side of the Bekaa valley and departed at 1440 hours, flying over the sea at Naqurah. 19.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2110 hours. 19.41 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 2258 hours. 30 June 2011 04.48 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace. It circled over the South before leaving at 0502 hours. 06.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the southern regions and over Beirut before leaving at 1515 hours over Naqurah. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Rumaysh. It circled over the southern regions and left at 1815 hours over Alma al-Sha`b. 07.00 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over Naqurah. It circled over the regions of the South and the Bekaa Valley and left at 0305 hours on 1 July over Rumaysh. 20.33 An Israeli delenemigo observation balloon was observed at low altitude on Ra’sal-Marj (Arsal). The balloon then moved east into the highlands of Arsal. 21.10 An enemy Israeli reconnaissance aircraft violated Lebanese airspace, entering over the sea off Sidon. It circled over the sea off Beirut and Sidon and departed at 0010 hours on 1 July over the sea at the height of Naqurah." ]
[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Temas 34, 39, 66 y 75 del programa Los conflictos prolongados en lazona del GrupoGUAM y sus repercusiones en la paz,la seguridady el desarrollo internacionales La situación en los territoriosocupadosde Azerbaiyán Eliminación del racismo, ladiscriminación racial,la xenofobia y las formas conexas deintolerancia \nResponsabilidad del Estado porhechos internacionalmente ilícitos", "Carta de fecha 3 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Azerbaiyán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, tengo el honor de señalar a su atención las persistentes violaciones de la cesación del fuego por parte de las fuerzas armadas de la República de Armenia registradas en el mes de julio de 2011 (véase el anexo). Como consecuencia de esas violaciones y del acto terrorista cometido por la parte armenia el 14 de julio de 2011 (véase A/65/915-S/2011/457), durante el período mencionado murieron, una niña azerbaiyana de 13 años y un oficial de las fuerzas armadas de la República de Azerbaiyán y dos civiles azerbaiyanos resultaron gravemente heridos.", "El número creciente de víctimas causadas en los últimos meses entre la población civil azerbaiyana que vive en las zonas de primera línea representa una prueba más de la aparente falta de respeto de Armenia hacia las obligaciones que ha contraído conforme al derecho internacional y en el marco del proceso de resolución del conflicto actualmente en curso.", "En la declaración conjunta formulada el 26 de mayo de 2011 en Deauville (Francia), los Presidentes de los Estados Unidos de América, la Federación de Rusia y Francia —países que copresiden el Grupo de Minsk de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa— instaron, entre otras cosas, a ambas partes a que prepararan a sus poblaciones para la paz y no para la guerra. La parte armenia respondió a este llamamiento del modo que tan bien lo caracteriza.", "Además de los ataques cada vez más intensos contra individuos y objetos civiles de Azerbaiyán a lo largo del frente y del reciente y desbocado aumento de la retórica hostil hacia Azerbaiyán por parte de sus dirigentes, el Presidente de la República de Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, llegó todavía más lejos e hizo añicos de una vez por todas el mito artificial de que su Gobierno es capaz de emprender una búsqueda constructiva de la paz en la región. Durante un encuentro con los participantes en la quinta Olimpiada Panarmenia de la Lengua, la Literatura y los Estudios Armenios, celebrada en Gara Chichek (Tsajkadzor, Armenia) el 25 de julio de 2011, el Jefe de Estado armenio alentó a los jóvenes de su país a que continuaran la política de odio y desconfianza entre los pueblos de la región (véase el sitio web oficial del Presidente de Armenia, http://www.president.am/events/visits/eng/?visits=2&id=290). Así, en respuesta a la pregunta de un estudiante sobre las perspectivas de expansión del territorio de Armenia a expensas de la vecina Turquía, Serzh Sargsyan afirmó que el cumplimiento de esa tarea dependería de los esfuerzos de las nuevas generaciones y citó como ejemplo a seguir el éxito en la captura de lo que llamó una parte de “nuestra patria, Karabaj”.", "En otras palabras, en lugar de preparar a su pueblo para la paz y un futuro próspero y estable de amistad y cooperación con las naciones vecinas, el Presidente de Armenia incita abiertamente a los jóvenes y a las generaciones futuras de su país a emprender nuevas guerras y actos de violencia. Es de destacar que la creencia del Presidente de Armenia en esta temeraria idea se basa en la convicción de que su “nación (…) siempre resurge de sus cenizas, como el ave Fénix, una y otra vez”. Por consiguiente, el Jefe de Estado armenio contempla la posibilidad de sumir a su propio pueblo y a toda la región en nuevas guerras y en el abismo de la miseria con tal de cumplir su pernicioso programa político.", "Lejos de limitarse a sostener las dañinas opiniones antes mencionadas, el Presidente Serzh Sargsyan volvió a expresarse en el mismo sentido durante la rueda de prensa conjunta con el Presidente de Polonia celebrada en Ereván el 28 de julio de 2011. En dicha ocasión se concentró con ahínco en debatir cuestiones relativas al territorio soberano de otro Estado: la República de Azerbaiyán. Según el Presidente de Armenia, “el conflicto de Nagorno Karabaj (…) estalló a consecuencia de la violación del derecho del pueblo de Nagorno Karabaj a la libre determinación” y “respetarse el legítimo derecho del pueblo de Nagorno Karabaj a decidir su propio destino, tener garantías de seguridad y prosperar en su territorio histórico”. Cada una de las palabras de estos y otros comentarios sobre el conflicto, sus causas y sus consecuencias y sobre el proceso de paz que el Jefe de Estado armenio hizo durante la rueda de prensa es, cuando menos, pura ficción.", "A nivel internacional se ha reconocido, incluso en los principales órganos de las Naciones Unidas, que Armenia desencadenó la guerra, atacó Azerbaiyán y ocupó sus territorios, incluida la región de Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabaj), llevó a cabo una depuración étnica masiva, perpetró otros crímenes atroces en el curso de la guerra y estableció una entidad separatista subordinada, construida sobre una base étnica, en el territorio azerbaiyano capturado. El Presidente de Armenia, que es personalmente responsable de las horribles atrocidades cometidas contra los civiles azerbaiyanos, debe de saber muy bien que lo que él considera “la violación del derecho del pueblo de Nagorno Karabaj a la libre determinación” ha sido calificado de manera inequívoca por el Consejo de Seguridad y la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, así como por otras organizaciones internacionales autorizadas, como uso ilegal de la fuerza contra la soberanía y la integridad territorial de la República de Azerbaiyán y otras violaciones graves de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del derecho internacional.", "Por añadidura, la República de Azerbaiyán considera que las afirmaciones de carácter histórico de la parte armenia, uno de cuyos ejemplos palpables es la referencia que el Presidente de Armenia hizo a la región azerbaiyana ocupada de Daghlyq Garabagh como supuesto “territorio histórico” o “patria” de los ocupantes, son falsas y tienen por único propósito engañar a la comunidad internacional y justificar su política de expansionismo territorial por medios violentos.", "Con la depuración étnica de todos los ciudadanos no armenios llevada a cabo tanto en el territorio de Armenia como en los territorios ocupados de Azerbaiyán y la consiguiente creación de una cultura monoétnica en estas zonas, los dirigentes de Armenia desvelaron hace tiempo sus intenciones anexionistas, basadas en delirios históricos y en la animadversión racial. El comportamiento desafiante de los altos funcionarios armenios, que se oponen a la perspectiva de un futuro pacífico y próspero para la región, ordenan atacar a la población civil azerbaiyana, incluidos los niños, y manipulan la opinión pública y tratan de engañar a la comunidad internacional, demuestra sin lugar a dudas que no están dispuestos a trabajar en pro de la paz e intentan provocar una desestabilización a gran escala.", "Confiamos en que se obliga a los dirigentes de Armenia a cesar en su política de provocación, asegurar que se ponga fin a la ocupación del territorio azerbaiyano, renunciar a sus reivindicaciones territoriales frente a las naciones vecinas y establecer relaciones civilizadas con todos los países de la región. La República de Azerbaiyán cree sinceramente que no hay otra alternativa para lograr la paz, la estabilidad y una cooperación regional mutuamente beneficiosa.", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con los temas 34, 39, 66 y 75, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Agshin Mehdiyev Embajador Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 3 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Azerbaiyán ante las Naciones Unidas", "Violaciones de la cesación del fuego cometidas por las fuerzas armadas de la República de Armenia^(a) en el mes de julio de 2011", "Fecha\tHora\tZona de origendel fuego\tDirección\tArmasempleadas\tVíctimasydaños \n3dejulio\t21.50 a21.55horas\tZona ocupadacerca de lasaldeas deSeyidahamdli yAljanli, en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonasadyacentes\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n4dejulio\t01.15 a01.20horas\tAldea deAygovit, regiónde Ijevan(Armenia)\tAldeadeBalaJafarli,en eldistritodeGazaj(Azerbaiyán)\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\tAdistintashoras yal díasiguiente\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde Garajanbayliy AshagiSeyidahamdli yla ciudad deHoradiz, en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán), yde la aldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonasadyacentes\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\tAdistintashoras yal díasiguiente\tZonas ocupadascerca deldistrito deJojavand(Azerbaiyán) yde la aldea deDjodjug-Marjanli,en el distritode Jabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonasadyacentes\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n5dejulio\tAdistintashoras\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde Garajanbayliy AshagiSeyidahamdli yla ciudad deHoradiz, en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán), yde la aldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\tAdistintashoras\tZonas ocupadascerca deldistrito deJojavand(Azerbaiyán) yde la aldea deDjodjug-Marjanli,en el distritode Jabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t23.15 a23.30horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deMehdili, en eldistrito deJabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n6dejulio\tAdistintashoras yal díasiguiente\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshagiAbdulrahmanli yen altos sinnombre conocido,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n7dejulio\tAdistintashoras\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshagiAbdulrahmanli yen altos sinnombre conocido,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–", "^(a) Los asentamientos de la República de Azerbaiyán mencionados en esta información se encuentran bajo la ocupación de la República de Armenia o cerca de las zonas de origen del fuego.", "Fecha\tHora\tZona de origendel fuego\tDirección\tArmasempleadas\tVíctimasydaños \n\tAdistintashoras yal díasiguiente\tAltos sin nombreconocido, en eldistrito deKrasnoselsk(Armenia)\tAltossinnombre,en eldistritode\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– \n Gadabay(Azerbaiyán) \n\tAdistintashoras yal díasiguiente\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiSeyidahamdli yGorgan,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–8dejulio\tAdistintashoras\tAltos sin nombreconocido, en eldistrito deKrasnoselsk(Armenia)\tAltossinnombreconocido,en eldistritode\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– \n Gadabay(Azerbaiyán) \n\tAdistintashoras\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiSeyidahamdli yGorgan,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\tAdistintashoras\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deKurapatkino, enel distrito deJajavand(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–10dejulio\t16.10 a16.30horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido, en eldistrito deKrasnoselsk(Armenia)\tAltossinnombreconocido,en eldistritode\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– \n Gadabay(Azerbaiyán) \n11dejulio\t06.05 a06.15horas\tAldea deBerdavan, en laregión deNoyanberyan(Armenia)\tAldeadeKemerli,en eldistritodeGazaj(Azerbaiyán)\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n12dejulio\t17.30 a17.35horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deShurabad, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n13dejulio\t18.45 a18.55horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deGoygol(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n14dejulio\t05.20 a05.25horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de Gorgan,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t22.45 a22.50horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshagiSeyidahamdli, enel distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t23.00 a23.10horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deGaragashli, enel distrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– Río Tovuz, quenace enterritorio deArmenia\tAldeadeAlibayli,en eldistritodeTovuz(Azerbaiyán)\tEstallidode unartefactoexplosivocolocadoen unjuguete\tMurióunaniñade 13años,AygunShahmaliyevay sumadre,ElnaraShahmaliyeva,de 32años, \n resultógravementeherida\n17dejulio\t01.20 a01.30horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t19.40 a20.00horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deGoranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–18dejulio\t17.15 a17.25horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido, en eldistrito deKrasnoselsk(Armenia)\tAltossinnombreconocido,en eldistritode\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– \n Gadabay(Azerbaiyán) \n\t23.15 a23.50horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiAbdulrahmanli,Gorgan yGarajanbayli yla ciudad deHoradiz, en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n19dejulio\t23.10 a23.25horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiSeyidahamdli yAljanli,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n20dejulio\t00.50 a01.10horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t03.40 a03.50horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiSeyidahamdli yAljanli,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\t13.00 a13.15horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido, en eldistrito deKrasnoselsk(Armenia)\tAltossinnombreconocido,en eldistritode\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t– \n Gadabay(Azerbaiyán) \n21dejulio\t03.35 a03.40horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deGarajanbayli, enel distrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t03.50 a04.00horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t10.45 a11.10horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deTapgaragoyunlu,en el distritode Goranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t16.45 a16.50horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshaghiAbdulrahmanli,en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n22dejulio\t00.05 a00.09horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshaghiAbdulrahmanli,en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t00.25 a00.45horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deDashkasan(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t01.20 a01.25horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t05.50 a06.10horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deJabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n23dejulio\t03.20 a03.25horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de Gorgan,en el distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n24dejulio\t09.05 a09.30horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido cercadel distrito deGadabay(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t14.30 a14.45horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deTapgaragoyunlu,en el distritode Goranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n25dejulio\t00.25 a00.30horas00.35 a00.40horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshagiAbdulrahmanli yla ciudadde Horadiz, enel distrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t15.30 a15.50horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deDashkasan(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n26dejulio\t05.20 a05.30horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t10.40 a10.45horas20.00 a20.10horas21.30 a21.40horas\tAldeas deAygezor yMosesgeh, enel distrito deBerd (Armenia)\tAldeasdeMundjuglu,AlibayliyAgdam,en eldistritodeTovuz(Azerbaiyán)\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t10.45 a10.50horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido cercadel distrito deGadabay(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t14.30 a14.40horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea de AshagiSeyidahamdli, enel distritode Fizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t14.40 a14.50horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deJabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t14.40 a15.00horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deTapgaragoyunlu,en el distritode Goranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n27dejulio\t12.30 a12.40horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deTapgaragoyunlu,en el distritode Goranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\t15.40horas\tTerritorio deArmenialimítrofe conel distrito deGazaj(Azerbaiyán)\tAldeadeMezem,en eldistritodeGazaj(Azerbaiyán)\tArmadefuego\tNailaPoladova,residenteen laaldeadeMezem,en eldistritodeGazaj(Azerbaiyán), \n resultógravementeherida\n28dejulio\t03.35 a03.40horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deJabrayil(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t00.40 a00.50horas03.32 a03.40horas03.35 a03.40horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshagiAbdulrahmanli yGorgany la ciudad deHoradiz, en eldistrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t17.05 a17.15horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deTapgaragoyunlu,en el distritode Goranboy(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\t19.50 a20.05horas\tZona ocupada cercadel distrito deGoygol(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoy\t– \n ametralladora\t\n\t23.35 a23.45horas\tZona ocupadacerca de laaldea deJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n29dejulio\t15.10 a15.35horas\tZona ocupadacerca deldistrito deDashkasan(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t20.55 a21.10horas\tAltos sin nombreconocido cercadel distrito deGadabay(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\t21.30 a21.33horas21.40 a21.50horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde Yusifjanli yJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonaadyacente\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\tMuerteporarmadefuegodeltenientede las fuerzasdeAzerbaiyánElshad \n Hasanov\n30dejulio\t00.15 a00.20horas02.07 a02.12horas02.05 a02.10horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde AshaghiAbdulrahmanli yGarajanbayli, enel distrito deFizuli(Azerbaiyán)\tZonasadyacentes\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–\n\t02.30 a02.50horas\tZonas ocupadascerca de lasaldeasde Yusifjanli yJavahirli, en eldistrito deAgdam(Azerbaiyán)\tZonasadyacentes\tArmadefuegoyametralladora\t–" ]
[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea andtheir implications for internationalpeace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia andrelated intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary‑General", "In accordance with instructions received from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to draw your attention to ongoing violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia, recorded for the month of July 2011 (see annex). As a result of these violations and the terrorist act committed by the Armenian side on 14 July 2011 (see A/65/915-S/2011/457), during the aforementioned period a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl and one officer of the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were killed and two Azerbaijani civilians were seriously wounded.", "The increasing number of casualties over the past several months among Azerbaijani civilians residing in the front-line areas represents yet another piece of evidence testifying to Armenia’s apparent disregard of its obligations under international law and in the context of the ongoing conflict settlement process.", "In their joint statement of 26 May 2011 made in Deauville, France, the Presidents of France, the Russian Federation and the United States of America — the countries co-chairing the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe — inter alia, strongly urged the sides to prepare their populations for peace, not war. The Armenian side responded to this call in the manner so characteristic of it.", "In addition to intensified attacks on Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects across the front line and the recent uncontrollable surge of hostile rhetoric towards Azerbaijan from the Armenian leadership, President Serzh Sargsyan of the Republic of Armenia went farther ahead and once and for all shattered the artificially imposed myth of his Government’s ability to engage in a constructive search for peace in the region. At a meeting with the participants in the fifth Pan-Armenian Olympiad for the Armenian Language, Literature and Armenian Studies, held in Gara Chichek (Tsakhkadzor), Armenia, on 25 July 2011, the head of the Armenian State instructed the youth of his country to continue the implementation of the policy of hatred and mistrust among the peoples of the region (see the official website of the President of Armenia, available from http://www.president.am/events/visits/eng/?visits=2&id=290). Thus, in response to the question of a student about the perspectives of expanding Armenia’s territory at the expense of neighbouring Turkey, Serzh Sargsyan said that the realization of this duty would depend on the efforts of the new generation and referred as an example to the fulfilment of the task of capturing a part of what he called “our fatherland — Karabakh”.", "In other words, instead of preparing its people for peace and a prosperous and stable future in friendship and cooperation with the neighbouring nations, the President of Armenia openly incites the youth and future generations of his country to new wars and violence. It is notable that the Armenian President’s belief in this adventurist idea is based on the conviction that his “nation … always rises from the ashes like the phoenix — again and again”. Accordingly, the head of the Armenian State considers it possible to plunge his own people and the region as a whole into new wars and an abyss of misery for the realization of the disastrous political agenda.", "President Serzh Sargsyan has not confined himself to the above-mentioned harmful views and continued sharing them at the joint press conference with the President of Poland in Yerevan on 28 July 2011. This time he was deeply absorbed in discussing the issues pertaining to the sovereign territory of another State — the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the President of Armenia, “the Nagorno Karabakh conflict … erupted as a result of the violation of the Nagorno Karabakh people’s right for self-determination” and “the legitimate right of the people of Nagorno Karabakh to master their own destiny, to have security guarantees and prosper in their historical land must be respected”. Every single word in these and other comments about the conflict, its causes and consequences and the peace process made by the head of the Armenian State during the press conference is pure fiction, to say the least.", "It has been internationally recognized, including by the principal organs of the United Nations, that Armenia unleashed the war, attacked Azerbaijan and occupied its territories, including the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabakh) region, carried out ethnic cleansing on a massive scale, perpetrated other heinous crimes in the course of the war and established the ethnically constructed subordinate separatist entity on the captured Azerbaijani territory. The President of Armenia, who bears personal responsibility for horrible atrocities against Azerbaijani civilians, must be well aware that what he considers “the violation of the Nagorno Karabakh people’s right for self-determination” has been unequivocally qualified by the United Nations Security Council and the General Assembly, as well as by other authoritative international organizations, as the illegal use of force against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan and other egregious violations of the Charter of the United Nations and international law.", "Moreover, the Republic of Azerbaijan considers historical assertions of the Armenian side, a vivid example of which is the reference by the President of Armenia to the occupied Daghlyq Garabagh region of Azerbaijan as allegedly the occupiers’ “historical land” or “fatherland”, as false and having the sole purpose of misleading the international community and justifying the policy of violent territorial expansionism.", "Having implemented the total ethnic cleansing of both the territory of Armenia and the occupied territories of Azerbaijan of all non-Armenians and thus succeeded in creating the uniquely mono-ethnic culture in these areas, the leadership of Armenia long ago unveiled its annexationist intentions, at the core of which are historical delusions and racial animosity. The defiant behaviour of those high-ranking officials in Armenia opposing the perspectives of a peaceful and prosperous future for the region, ordering the targeting of Azerbaijani civilians, including children, manipulating public opinion and trying to delude the international community leaves no doubt as to their unwillingness to work for peace and attempts to provoke large-scale destabilization.", "We are confident that the leadership of Armenia will be obliged to cease its provocative policy, to ensure that the occupation of Azerbaijani territory is ended, to denounce its territorial claims towards neighbouring nations and to establish civilized relations with all countries of the region. The Republic of Azerbaijan sincerely believes that there is no alternative to peace, stability and mutually beneficial regional cooperation.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia[1] for the month of July 2011", "Date\tTime\tFire point area\tDirection\tWeaponsused\tCasualtiesand \n damage \n3July\t21.50-21.55\tOccupied areanear Seyidahmadliand Alkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—4July\t01.15-01.20\tAygovit village,Ijevan region,Armenia\tBalaJafarlivillage,Gazakhdistrict,\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— \n Azerbaijan \n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnearGarakhanbeyli,AshagiSeyidahamdlivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan, andJavahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnear Khojavanddistrict andDjodjug-Marjanlivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n5July\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnearGarakhanbeyli,AshagiSeyidahamdlivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan, andJavahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnear Khojavanddistrict andDjodjug-Marjanlivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.15-23.30\tOccupied areanear Mehdilivillage, Jabraildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n6July\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areanear AshagiAbdulrahmanlivillage andunknown heights,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n7July\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areanear AshagiAbdulrahmanlivillage andunknown heights,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimesandthefollowingday\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andGorgan villages,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n8July\tAtdifferenttimes\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andGorgan villages,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\tAtdifferenttimes\tOccupied areanear Kurapatkinovillage,Khajavanddistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n10July\t16.10-16.30\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n11July\t06.05-06.15\tBerdavan village,Noyanberyanregion, Armenia\tKemerlivillage,Gazakhdistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n12July\t17.30-17.35\tOccupied areanear Shurabadvillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n13July\t18.45-18.55\tOccupied areanear Goygoldistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n14July\t05.20-05.25\tOccupied areanear Gorganvillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t22.45-22.50\tOccupied areanear AshagiSeyidahamdlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.00-23.10\tOccupied areanear Garagashlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— Tovuz River,springing fromthe territory ofArmenia\tAlibaylivillage,Tovuzdistrict,Azerbaijan\tBlastof anexplosivedevicebuiltin atoy\tA13-year-oldAzerbaijanigirl,AygunShahmaliyeva,was killedandher32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva,wasseriously \n wounded\n17July\t01.20-01.30\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t19.40-20.00\tOccupied areanear Goranboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n18July\t17.15-17.25\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.15-23.50\tOccupied areasnear AshagiAbdulrahmanli,Gorgan andGarakhanbaylivillages andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n19July\t23.10-23.25\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andAlkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n20July\t00.50-01.10\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t03.40-03.50\tOccupied areasnear AshagiSeyidahamdli andAlkhanlivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t13.00-13.15\tUnknown heights,Krasnoselskdistrict, Armenia\tUnknownheights,Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n21July\t03.35-03.40\tOccupied areanearGarakhanbaylivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t03.50-04.00\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t10.45-11.10\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Goranboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t16.45-16.50\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n22July\t00.05-00.09\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t00.25-00.45\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t01.20-01.25\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t05.50-06.10\tOccupied areanear Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n23July\t03.20-03.25\tOccupied areanear Gorganvillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n24July\t09.05-09.30\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.30-14.45\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n25July\t00.25-00.3000.35-00.40\tOccupied areanear AshaghiAbdulrahmanlivillage andHoradiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t15.30-15.50\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n26July\t05.20-05.30\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t10.40-10.4520.00-20.1021.30-21.40\tAygezor andMosesgehvillages, Berddistrict, Armenia\tMundjuglu,AlibayliandAgdamvillages,Tovuz\tFirearmandmachinegun\t— district, \n Azerbaijan \n\t10.45-10.50\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.30-14.40\tOccupied areanear AshagiSeyidahamdlivillage, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.40-14.50\tOccupied areanear the Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t14.40-15.00\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n27July\t12.30-12.40\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t15.40\tTerritory ofArmenia borderingwith the Gazakhdistrict ofAzerbaijan\tMezemvillage,Gazakhdistrict,\tFirearm\tAresidentofMezem Azerbaijan villageofthe GazakhdistrictofAzerbaijan,NailaPoladova,wasseriously \n wounded\n28July\t03.35-03.40\tOccupied areanear the Jabrayildistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t00.40-00.5003.32-03.4003.35-03.40\tOccupied areasnear AshaghiAbdulrahmanli andGorgan villagesand Horadiz town,Fizuli district,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t17.05-17.15\tOccupied areanearTapgaragoyunluvillage, Gornaboydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t19.50-20.05\tOccupied areanear the Goygoldistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t23.35-23.45\tOccupied areanear Javahirlivillage, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n29July\t15.10-15.35\tOccupied areanear Dashkasandistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t20.55-21.10\tUnknown heightsnear the Gadabaydistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\t21.30-21.3321.40-21.50\tOccupied areasnear Yusifjanliand Javahirlivillages, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentarea\tFirearmandmachinegun\tLieutenantofthearmedforcesofAzerbaijan, \n ElshadHasanov,wasshottodeath\n30July\t00.15-00.2002.07-02.1202.05-02.10\tOccupied areasnear AshaghiAbdulrahmanli andGarakhanbaylivillages, Fizulidistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—\n\t02.30-02.50\tOccupied areasnear Yusifjanliand Javahirlivillages, Agdamdistrict,Azerbaijan\tAdjacentareas\tFirearmandmachinegun\t—", "[1] Settlements of the Republic of Azerbaijan included in this information are under occupation by the Republic of Armenia or situated close to fire point areas." ]
A_65_921
[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Items 34, 39, 66 and 75 of the agenda Protracted conflicts in the WAMO Group area and their implications for international peace, security and development The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance Responsibility of the internationally wrongful States", "Letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to draw your attention to the continuing violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia registered in July 2011 (see annex). As a result of these violations and the terrorist act committed by the Armenian side on 14 July 2011 (see A/65/915-S/2011/457), a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl and an Azerbaijani armed forces officer and two Azerbaijani civilians were seriously injured during the reporting period.", "The increasing number of victims in recent months among the Azerbaijani civilian population living in front-line areas represents further evidence of Armenia &apos; s apparent lack of respect for its obligations under international law and in the context of the ongoing conflict resolution process.", "In the joint statement made on 26 May 2011 in Deauville, France, the Presidents of the United States of America, the Russian Federation and France — countries that co-chair the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe — urged, inter alia, both parties to prepare their populations for peace and not for war. The Armenian side responded to this appeal in the manner that characterizes it so well.", "In addition to the ever-increasing attacks on individuals and civilian objects in Azerbaijan along the front and the recent and unhindered increase in hostile rhetoric towards Azerbaijan by its leaders, the President of the Republic of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, came even further and grieved once for all the artificial myth that his Government was able to undertake a constructive search for peace in the region. During a meeting with the participants in the fifth Pan-Armenian Olympiad of the Language, Literature and Armenian Studies, held in Gara Chichek (Tsajkadzor, Armenia) on 25 July 2011, the Armenian Head of State encouraged young people in his country to continue the policy of hatred and distrust among the peoples of the region (see the official website of the President of Armenia, n. Thus, in response to a student’s question about the prospects for the expansion of the territory of Armenia at the expense of neighbouring Turkey, Serzh Sargsyan stated that the fulfilment of that task would depend on the efforts of the new generations and cited as an example to follow the success in capturing what a part of “our homeland, Karabakh”.", "In other words, instead of preparing his people for peace and a prosperous and stable future of friendship and cooperation with neighbouring nations, the President of Armenia openly encourages young people and future generations of his country to undertake new wars and acts of violence. It is worth noting that the belief of the President of Armenia in this reckless idea is based on the conviction that his “nation (...) always rises from his ashes, like the Phoenix bird, again and again.” Therefore, the head of Armenian State contemplates the possibility of plunging his own people and the whole region into new wars and the abyss of misery in order to fulfill his pernicious political agenda.", "Far from holding the harmful views mentioned above, President Serzh Sargsyan again expressed himself in the same sense during the joint press conference with the President of Poland held in Yerevan on 28 July 2011. On that occasion, he focused on discussing issues relating to the sovereign territory of another State: the Republic of Azerbaijan. According to the President of Armenia, “the Nagorno Karabakh conflict (...) erupted as a result of the violation of the right of the people of Nagorno Karabakh to self-determination” and “respect the legitimate right of the people of Nagorno Karabakh to decide their own destiny, to have security assurances and to prosper in their historical territory.” Each of the words of these and other comments on the conflict, its causes and its consequences and the peace process that the Armenian Head of State made during the press conference is, at least, pure fiction.", "At the international level it has been recognized, even in the principal organs of the United Nations, that Armenia unleashed the war, attacked Azerbaijan and occupied its territories, including the Daghlyq Garabagh region (Nagorno Karabakh), carried out a massive ethnic cleansing, perpetuated other heinous crimes in the course of the war and established a subordinate separatist entity, built on an ethnic basis, in the Azerbaijani territory. The President of Armenia, who is personally responsible for the horrific atrocities committed against Azerbaijani civilians, must know very well that what he considers “the violation of the right of the people of Nagorny Karabakh to self-determination” has been unequivocally qualified by the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations, as well as by other authorized international organizations, as the illegal use of force against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan.", "In addition, the Republic of Azerbaijan considers that the assertions of a historic nature of the Armenian side, one of whose tangible examples is the reference that the President of Armenia made to the occupied Azerbaijani region of Daghlyq Garabagh as the supposed “historical territory” or “patriate” of the occupiers, are false and have for the sole purpose to deceive the international community and justify its policy of territorial expansionism by violent means.", "With the ethnic cleansing of all non-Armenian citizens carried out both in the territory of Armenia and in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan and the consequent creation of a mono-ethnic culture in these areas, Armenian leaders long ago revealed their annexionist intentions, based on historical delusions and racial animation. The defiant behaviour of the senior Armenian officials, who oppose the prospect of a peaceful and prosperous future for the region, order to attack the Azerbaijani civilian population, including children, and manipulate public opinion and try to deceive the international community, undoubtedly demonstrates that they are unwilling to work for peace and attempt to provoke large-scale destabilization.", "We are confident that the leaders of Armenia will be forced to cease their provocative policy, to ensure that the occupation of Azerbaijani territory ceases, to renounce their territorial claims against neighbouring nations and to establish civilized relations with all countries of the region. The Republic of Azerbaijan sincerely believes that there is no alternative to achieving mutually beneficial peace, stability and regional cooperation.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Ceasefire violations committed by the armed forces of the Republic of Armenia^(a) in July 2011", "Of course.", "^(a) The settlements of the Republic of Azerbaijan mentioned in this information are either under the occupation of the Republic of Armenia or near the areas of origin of the fire.", "Date Time Zone of origin of the fire Directorate of Unemployed Arms Victims and other hours and the next days Highs without a name, in the district of Krasnoselsk (Armenia) Altossinnombre, en eldistrito de Armadefuegoyametralladora – Gadabay (Azerbaijan) Of course. Zoney" ]
[ "Comité encargado de las organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Período ordinario de sesiones de 2012", "30 de enero a 8 de febrero de 2012 y 17 de febrero de 2012", "Informes cuadrienales sobre el período 2007-2010 presentados por conducto del Secretario General por las organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social en cumplimiento de la resolución 1996/31 del Consejo", "Nota del Secretario General", "Índice", "Página1.AIESEC 3 \nInternational 2.Federación 4 de Mujeres de \nChina 3.Conferencia 7 Panindia de \nMujeres 4.Ankara 9 Foundation of Children with \nLeukemia 5.Centro 11 de Defensa de los Derechos Constitucionales de \nArmenia 6.Asociación 13 de Confederaciones Asiáticas de Cooperativas de Ahorro y \nPréstamo \n7. CIDSE 158.CITYNET: 18 Club de Red Regional de Administradores Locales de Asentamientos \nHumanos \n9.Earthjustice 2110. Lobby 24 Europeo de \nMujeres 11. Fundación 26 Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el \nHombre 12. Geneva 28 International Model United \nNations 13. Grupo 30 de Información en Reproducción \nElegida 14.Hong 32 Kong Council of Social \nService 15. International 35 Network of Liberal \nWomen", "1. AIESEC International", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "AIESEC International es la mayor organización del mundo dirigida por estudiantes. Se dedica a ofrecer una plataforma para desarrollar el liderazgo entre los jóvenes y, durante los últimos cuatro años, se ha ampliado a 11 países más. Los datos correspondientes a la organización son los siguientes: 60.000 miembros; 15.000 posiciones de liderazgo; 15.000 pasantías; 4.000 asociados; 1.600 universidades; 470 conferencias; 110 países y territorios; y 60 años de experiencia.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La visión de esta organización apunta a la paz y la realización del potencial de la humanidad. Es apolítica, independiente, sin ánimo de lucro, dirigida por estudiantes y licenciados recientes de instituciones de educación superior y tiene un alcance global.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "Esta organización proclamó recientemente sus objetivos a medio plazo para el año 2015:", "Nuestro creciente alcance físico y virtual hace de nosotros la voz más creíble y diversa de la juventud. Estamos reconocidos en múltiples ámbitos como el asociado de referencia por nuestra capacidad para desarrollar un liderazgo responsable y emprendedor. Nuestro entorno colaborativo capacita a cada uno de nuestros miembros para vivir una experiencia de alta calidad en AIESEC y ejercer un impacto transgeneracional positivo sobre la sociedad.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La oficina nacional de la organización en la República de Corea envió un representante para que asistiera al evento del Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Unidas celebrado en ese país en noviembre de 2010. La organización estuvo también presente en la Cumbre Mundial de la Juventud celebrada en León (México), en julio de 2010. AIESEC International divulga también información de las Naciones Unidas, como los anuncios de concursos, eventos y noticias especiales, a través de su boletín de noticias semanal, que llega a 60.000 afiliados en 110 países y territorios.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Desafortunadamente, durante los últimos dos años la organización ha reducido su colaboración con las Naciones Unidas y los órganos de las Naciones Unidas.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "AIESEC International colabora estrechamente con el Departamento de Información Pública y el Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de la Secretaría; el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF); la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO); y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat) .", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "AIESEC se ha convertido en Jordania en un centro regional en lo referente a las pasantías en el ámbito de la administración, y ha hecho llegar talento de diversos países a importantes empresas de consultoría. En Bahrein inició su primer proyecto de sostenibilidad en 2010, con el objetivo de presentar un método exhaustivo y bien investigado para la reducción de las emisiones de carbono. En 2007, 2008 y parte de 2009, un total de 4.715 estudiantes participaron en pasantías para el desarrollo de programas sociales, mientras que en 2010 aproximadamente 1.000 estudiantes que realizaban pasantías trabajaron en las áreas de responsabilidad social empresarial y energía. Aproximadamente 67 países ofrecieron pasantías en sostenibilidad y responsabilidad social empresarial, mientras que más de 200 organizaciones no gubernamentales, 140 empresas, 90 instituciones educativas y 14 instituciones gubernamentales proporcionaron pasantías relacionadas con la sostenibilidad y la responsabilidad social empresarial.", "En 2007 y 2008, un total de 1.200 jóvenes participaron en pasantías de educación ofrecidas por AIESEC; en 2009 y 2010, un total de 5.706 estudiantes realizaron pasantías centradas en la educación cultural. Unas 1.918 pasantías en Europa Central y Oriental y en Asia Central ofrecieron educación cultural, y 1.137 licenciados recientes en estas mismas áreas participaron en pasantías de educación. Durante 2007, la organización llevó a cabo un proyecto en colaboración con el Standard Chartered Bank con potencial para llegar a 300.000 adultos jóvenes, un grupo demográfico afectado de forma significativa por el VIH.", "Información adicional", "Durante el Congreso Internacional 2010 de AIESEC, celebrado en la India, esta ONG organizó el segundo Foro Mundial Juventud y Empresa para más de 600 delegados de 110 países y territorios en la Indian School of Business de Hyderabad. Los debates se centraron en tres temas clave: el aprovechamiento de la innovación de la juventud, la movilidad y la diversidad laborales y la sostenibilidad empresarial y ambiental. Se publicó una recopilación de ideas en una edición especial del Wall Street Journal Europe (véase www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr6). También durante 2010, dos importantes publicaciones revelaron los resultados de una encuesta realizada a los afiliados sobre soluciones para cuestiones ambientales (véase ww.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/ press.html#pr1). Los informes anuales globales de esta organización pueden consultarse en www.aiesec.org/ cms/aiesec/AI/partners/publications.html.", "2. Federación de Mujeres de China", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1995", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización fomenta la aplicación de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y otros documentos finales, y el intercambio de experiencias internacionales. Celebró el Foro Internacional sobre Mujeres y Desarrollo y la Conmemoración del 15º Aniversario de la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer (Shanghai (China), 16 a 18 de septiembre de 2010). Representantes de la Federación de Mujeres de China asistieron al Foro de ONG de Asia y el Pacífico para examinar Beijing +15 (Quezon, Filipinas, 22 a 25 de octubre de 2009) y la sexta mesa redonda regional sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio +10 y Beijing +15 (Danang (Viet Nam), 20 a 22 de abril de 2010).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• Representantes de la organización asistieron a los períodos de sesión 51º a 54º de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, celebrados en Nueva York, presentaron declaraciones escritas y realizaron exposiciones en los talleres de Asia y el Pacífico. También celebraron un evento paralelo sobre “Crisis económica y financiera desde una perspectiva de género”.", "• Representantes de la organización asistieron a la 23ª asamblea general de la Conferencia de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por las Naciones Unidas (Ginebra, 5 a 7 de diciembre de 2007).", "• Representantes de la organización asistieron al séptimo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (Ginebra, 17 a 21 de marzo de 2008), y al examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en China (Ginebra, 5 a 12 de febrero de 2009).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La Federación organizó la Conferencia internacional sobre el género y la reducción del riesgo de desastres con la Estrategia Internacional de las Naciones Unidas para la Reducción de los Desastres en Beijing del 20 al 22 de abril de 2009, y la reunión de alto nivel de 2010 sobre la cooperación en favor de los derechos del niño en la región de Asia y el Pacífico con el UNICEF en Beijing del 4 al 6 de noviembre de 2010. La organización emprendió también proyectos de promoción junto con la oficina del sistema de las Naciones Unidas en China relativos a informes sobre el desarrollo humano en la región de Asia y el Pacífico (2010), las mujeres y el VIH/SIDA (2010) y las mujeres y la violencia (2009, 2010). Trabajó con el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas en la igualdad de género, la violencia contra las mujeres y la participación de los hombres (2006-2010) y con el Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer (UNIFEM), que en la actualidad forma parte de la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), en la eliminación de la discriminación contra las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA (2007-2010). La Federación trabajó también con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) en el socorro en casos de desastre y proyectos de reconstrucción para mujeres pobres y vulnerables en zonas afectadas por terremotos (2008-2010), y con el UNICEF en la violencia contra los niños, la seguridad para los niños y la prevención del tráfico, la igualdad de género y la educación familiar, y la protección del niño en las zonas afectadas por terremotos (2006-2010). La organización colabora también con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo para prevenir el tráfico de mujeres jóvenes y niños para fines de explotación laboral (2000-2012), y con ONU-Mujeres en el empoderamiento de la mujer mediante la cría de ganado (2009-2011).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "A diciembre de 2010, el proyecto de microcréditos de la Federación ha emitido préstamos por un valor de 23.700 millones de renminbi para ayudar a 540.000 mujeres a poner en marcha sus propias empresas. Su fundación benéfica ha ayudado a 10.355 niños que quedaron huérfanos a consecuencia del VIH/SIDA. El proyecto Brote de Primavera ha recaudado 1.000 millones de renminbi y ha construido más de 1.000 escuelas Brote de Primavera, que han permitido volver a la escuela a más de 2 millones de niñas y han proporcionado formación profesional a 400.000. Su proyecto de asesoramiento para ayudar a licenciadas universitarias de China a crear empresas ha generado 160.000 oportunidades de pasantías y ayudado a 90.000 mujeres a establecer negocios. La organización ha impulsado a los redactores de la recién modificada Ley Orgánica de los Comités de Aldea a incluir conceptos como la promoción de la igualdad de género. La Federación también tiene en marcha servicios telefónicos de asistencia jurídica para mujeres en más de 2.500 distritos de China.", "El proyecto Salud Express para Madres ha distribuido 1.087 vehículos en 27 provincias, con lo que ha beneficiado a 26 millones de personas, con el fin de apoyar las actividades gubernamentales para reducir la tasa de mortalidad materna. La Fundación ha recibido también una asignación de fondos del Gobierno de China para realizar exploraciones médicas gratuitas destinadas a detectar cáncer cervical y de mama entre las mujeres de las zonas rurales; a diciembre de 2010, se habían practicado exámenes de cáncer cervical a más de 7 millones de mujeres y de cáncer de mama a 907.000 mujeres. La fundación benéfica de la Federación para ayudar a las mujeres pobres afectadas por estos dos tipos de cáncer ha captado 30 millones de renminbi.", "El proyecto Cisternas para las Madres ha invertido 600 millones de renminbi para construir 125.000 cisternas de agua y 1.400 pequeños proyectos de suministro de agua, con 1,7 millones de personas beneficiadas en 24 provincias.", "Información adicional", "La Fundación tiene planeado celebrar un foro internacional sobre la mujer y el desarrollo sostenible en Beijing del 9 al 11 de noviembre de 2011 para contribuir a la Conferencia Río+20, que se celebrará próximamente.", "3. Conferencia Panindia de Mujeres", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1999", "Introducción", "La Conferencia Panindia de Mujeres, una de las organizaciones de voluntarios más antiguas del país, fue fundada en 1927 por Margaret Cousins. En un inicio, el objetivo principal de la organización fue la educación de las mujeres, pero después ha acometido gradualmente diversas cuestiones sociales y económicas relacionadas con la mujer, incluida la “purdha”, el matrimonio infantil, el divorcio y el derecho de la mujer a la propiedad. La Conferencia ha trabajado durante años en pro de la seguridad de la mujer y sus derechos sociales y económicos. En el nivel internacional, la organización es miembro del UNICEF, la Conferencia de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por las Naciones Unidas, la Red internacional por la energía sostenible, la Red Mundial de Energía Renovable, la ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy y la Asociación Mundial para el Suministro de Energía en las Aldeas, y está afiliada a la Alianza Internacional de Mujeres, la Asociación de Mujeres Pan Pacífica y del Sureste Asiático y el Centro de Educación NIMROO de Japón.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Los objetivos y propósitos de la organización son:", "• Trabajar por una sociedad basada en los principios de justicia social, integridad e igualdad de derechos y oportunidades.", "• Asegurar el reconocimiento de los derechos inherentes a todos los seres humanos al trabajo y a satisfacer necesidades vitales básicas como la alimentación, el vestido, la educación, los servicios sociales y la seguridad, en la creencia de que estas no deben quedar determinadas por el lugar de nacimiento o el género sino por una distribución social planificada.", "• Apoyar el derecho de todos los ciudadanos a disfrutar de los derechos y las libertades básicas.", "• Oponerse a todas las tendencias separatistas y fomentar una mayor integración y unidad nacionales.", "• Trabajar activamente por el progreso general y el bienestar de mujeres y niños, y ayudar a las mujeres a valerse al máximo de los derechos fundamentales que les confiere la Constitución de la India.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Durante los últimos tres años, las oficinas de la organización en toda la India han dado formación a casi 4.000 mujeres que ahora dirigen sus propias microempresas, lo que las ha ayudado a generar ingresos.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La representante de la organización en Nueva York participó en las siguientes reuniones:", "• Centre for Social Research (13 a 23 de julio de 2008)", "• Congreso Mundial de Energía Renovable (19 a 25 de julio de 2008)", "• Cumbre Regional sobre Microcréditos (Bali (Indonesia), 28 a 30 de julio de 2008)", "• Reunión de la junta directiva de la Alianza Internacional de Mujeres (Países Bajos, 4 a 9 de octubre de 2008)", "• 14ª Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (Poznan (Polonia), 1 a 12 de diciembre de 2008)", "• Foro mundial de ONG (27 a 28 de febrero de 2010)", "• Taller internacional de MASHAV (Centro de Cooperación Internacional de Israel sobre la violencia contra las mujeres, en colaboración con la División sobre la Igualdad entre los Géneros de la UNESCO (16 a 27 de mayo de 2010)", "• Visita de amistad de la Federación de Mujeres de China (25 a 31 de julio de 2010)", "• Congreso Mundial de Energía Renovable (Abu Dhabi, 25 a 30 de septiembre de 2010)", "• Reunión internacional de la junta directiva de la Alianza Internacional de Mujeres (Johannesburgo (Sudáfrica) 22 a 28 de noviembre de 2010)", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "En aplicación del programa sobre trabajadores de la industria del Bidi, que se puso en marcha con la ayuda de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y del Ministerio de Sanidad y Bienestar Familiar del Gobierno de la India, la ONG organizó formación profesional para empleadas de la industria del bidi con el fin de capacitarlas para trabajar en otras ocupaciones. Antes, la Conferencia organizó un proyecto sobre sensibilización y vocaciones alternativas para trabajadoras de la industria del bidi en siete Estados de la India. La organización trabajó con el programa de pequeñas subvenciones desarrollado por la Iniciativa Regional de Asia Meridional para la Energía de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional, para financiar grupos de autoayuda de mujeres para la generación de medios de subsistencia e ingresos, centrado en iniciativas de energía eléctrica solar en comunidades de Dakshinpuri, Sangam Vihar, Delhi.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Primer Objetivo. La Conferencia administra centros de formación profesional y mejora de aptitudes y ha formado a aproximadamente 8.650 mujeres para crear grupos de autoayuda, proporcionándoles de esta forma herramientas para proyectos de microcréditos e iniciativa empresarial.", "Segundo Objetivo. Diez de las oficinas locales de la organización operan escuelas no oficiales que imparten clases nocturnas de alfabetización para mujeres trabajadoras, además de enseñar a unos 400 niños.", "Quinto Objetivo. La ONG organizó campamentos para madres y niños que se centraron en la salud reproductiva, la salud en general, la higiene y la educación sobre el saneamiento.", "Séptimo Objetivo. La organización se ha asociado con aproximadamente 100 escuelas de toda la India para emprender 250 programas de sensibilización sobre protección ambiental y saneamiento de agua y residuos, incluida la creación de jardines de herbáceas.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "4. Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "La Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia es una organización no gubernamental con sede en Ankara que presta servicios en el nivel nacional.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La organización se propone ofrecer apoyo educativo y emocional, asistencia financiera y servicios de salud para niños aquejados por leucemia o por trastornos hematológicos crónicos con el fin de ayudarlos a lidiar con estas dolencias potencialmente mortales. La fundación fomenta también la concienciación e imparte instrucción en el nivel internacional acerca de las enfermedades hematológicas hereditarias y adquiridas, y establece y administra instituciones de investigación. En junio de 2010, la organización fundó la Aldea para Niños con Leucemia en Ankara, que se compone de laboratorios dedicados a investigaciones clínicas que podrían contribuir a prevenir el cáncer y mejorar el tratamiento de la leucemia. Para las familias desplazadas a causa de la imposibilidad de recibir tratamiento en sus localidades natales, la organización posee 25 casas amuebladas en las que las familias pueden instalarse durante el tratamiento de su hijo. Para los niños que acuden a Ankara para exámenes de seguimiento, la fundación ha construido unas instalaciones de alojamiento que ofrecen servicios gratuitos de hotelería. La organización ha abierto oficinas en Esmirna y en la parte de Estambul situada en Anatolia para que los pacientes que viven en esas zonas puedan acceder a los servicios con facilidad. También fundó la Escuela para Niños con Leucemia en noviembre de 2008. Esta escuela privada, que sigue el programa educativo del Ministerio de Educación de Turquía, ofrece enseñanza primaria y preescolar de forma gratuita. La organización trabaja también para aumentar la concienciación sobre el cáncer, ya que esta enfermedad constituye un obstáculo para el desarrollo sostenible. Por ello, la Fundación comenzó a impartir seminarios en centros públicos y privados de enseñanza primaria, secundaria y preescolar con el fin de fomentar una dieta sana y un estilo de vida activo.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "La Fundación cambió su nombre de Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia por el de LOSEV Foundation for Children with Leukemia. Se eliminó “Ankara” del nombre para evitar la impresión de que se trataba de una organización local. También ha añadido recientemente disposiciones en sus estatutos para incluir el apoyo a pacientes adultos de cáncer, a quienes pronto abrirá sus puertas mediante la organización de seminarios informativos y psicosociales y la creación de un espacio social donde los pacientes adultos puedan recibir terapia ocupacional.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Tras recibir el reconocimiento como entidad consultiva con carácter especial en 2007, la organización comenzó a efectuar visitas breves a entidades equivalentes de países cercanos que trabajasen por la misma causa, con el fin de compartir experiencias y conocimientos. Se espera que estas visitas den lugar a colaboraciones concretas y fructíferas en los ámbitos de la investigación, los servicios sociales y de salud y la prevención del cáncer.", "2010: Hospital Al Farabi de Almaty; Hospital Onco-Hematológico de Sofía; Fundación Alemania para la Leucemia de Bonn (Alemania); Hospital La FE y ASPANION (Asociación de padres de niños con cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana) de Valencia (España); Departamento de Oncología del Hospital Universitario para Niños Reina Fabiola de Bruselas.", "2009: Centro Rey Hussein contra el Cáncer y Fundación Rey Hussein contra el Cáncer de Ammán.", "2008: Fundación Juntos por los Niños con Tumores de Budapest; Hospital Infantil Santa Ana de Viena.", "2007: Clic Sargent, University College London Hospital y Procancer Research Fund de Londres.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La Fundación desea colaborar con organizaciones homólogas, y especialmente con las Naciones Unidas, para asegurarse de que se tomen medidas concretas y se hallen soluciones para la prevención de la enfermedad, y de que los desfavorecidos disfruten en pie de igualdad del derecho y el acceso al tratamiento, como sucede en los países desarrollados.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización se mantiene en comunicación con la oficina del UNICEF y los representantes de las Naciones Unidas en Turquía en su ámbito de especialización.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización ha apoyado y seguirá apoyando a los pacientes de cáncer desfavorecidos económicamente con ayuda financiera para cubrir las necesidades de recursos que llegan con la enfermedad. Así, su labor se centra en enfermedades no transmisibles.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "5. Centro de Defensa de los Derechos Constitucionales de Armenia", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "El Centro de Defensa de los Derechos Constitucionales de Armenia es una organización no gubernamental sin ánimo de lucro fundada en junio de 1988 en Vanadzor (Armenia). El Centro es la principal organización no gubernamental del país para la educación sobre derechos humanos desde 1996, y ha puesto en marcha unos 70 proyectos que, en total, han costado aproximadamente 2 millones de dólares.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "El plan estratégico para el período 2011-2015 se elaboró entre mayo y diciembre de 2010 en el curso de dos talleres con la participación de miembros de la organización, asociados, beneficiarios y voluntarios. La visión del Centro sobre “un mundo que viva con amor y tolerancia y donde reinen la ley y la justicia” y sus direcciones estratégicas se proponen, como fin último, contribuir al estado de derecho, la justicia global y la paz.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "En 2008, la organización pasó a ser miembro de la Red ONG-Asamblea Nacional y fue elegida para formar parte de la junta directiva. En 2009, el Centro entró en el Consejo Público y en la subcomisión de derechos humanos de su Comisión de la Sociedad Civil. De febrero a noviembre de 2010, se preparó y aprobó el nuevo Concepto de Escuela Armenia de Derechos Humanos. En 2010, el Centro ingresó en la Plataforma Nacional Armenia del Foro de la Sociedad Civil de la Asociación Oriental de la Comisión Europea.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Entre las contribuciones del Centro se hallan:", "• La Escuela Armenia de Derechos Humanos, que organizó cuatro cursos avanzados de un año de duración sobre derechos humanos para profesores de derechos humanos, educación cívica, estado y derecho y ética en las escuelas secundarias de Armenia.", "• La Red de Bibliotecas de Derechos Humanos. Las seis bibliotecas de derechos humanos cuentan con secciones especiales relacionadas con las Naciones Unidas y han servido como centros de recursos para la formación en materia de derechos humanos, contribuyendo así al Programa Mundial para la educación en derechos humanos.", "• Publicación de más de 80 artículos, declaraciones y documentos relacionados con las Naciones Unidas entre 2007 y 2010 en sus publicaciones periódicas Cultura jurídica y Por la justicia con el fin de dar a conocer a la sociedad las actividades de las Naciones Unidas. Se publicaron unos 2.300 ejemplares y se enviaron a instituciones educativas, bibliotecas, órganos estatales y organizaciones no gubernamentales de todas las regiones de Armenia.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Representantes del Centro participaron y trabajaron en los comités de planificación de la Conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública/Organizaciones no Gubernamentales y en los períodos de sesiones 51º y 54º de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer en Nueva York. En 2009, el Centro, en colaboración con el Centro de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas en Ereván, organizó un foro para coordinar a las partes interesadas en la educación sobre derechos humanos con el fin de coordinar la preparación de sugerencias para la segunda fase del Programa Mundial para la educación en derechos humanos (2 de julio), y presentó un documento del Ministro de Asuntos Extranjeros a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "El Centro cooperó en el desarrollo de la Red de Bibliotecas de Derechos Humanos y le suministró libros sobre las Naciones Unidas. También colaboró en proyectos conjuntos con el ACNUDH y con las oficinas armenias del PNUD y el UNICEF, y realizó actividades conjuntas y presentaciones con el Centro de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas en Ereván. La organización impartió también cursos sobre derechos humanos con la UNESCO, el PNUD y el UNICEF en el Centro de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas en Ereván.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización emprendió las siguientes iniciativas:", "• En julio de 2010, representantes de la organización distribuyeron barritas alimentarias y suplementos vitamínicos entre los necesitados, aproximadamente 500 unidades por país, durante viajes humanitarios a la República Democrática del Congo, Haití, Kenya y Sierra Leona.", "• La Escuela Secundaria Colaborativa del Centro enseñó a 144 alumnos y sus clubes juveniles educativos sobre derechos humanos trabajaron con 45 jóvenes.", "• En abril de 2010, el principal representante del Centro organizó equipos y los llevó a Haití.", "• En Kunya (Kenya), un representante del Centro celebró sesiones informativas y curativas cada día de la misión para aproximadamente 20 niños víctimas en centros de enseñanza secundaria, poniendo el énfasis en los métodos de acción y prevención.", "• Un representante trabajó con 100 mujeres de la generación desfavorecida de Kenya y Sierra Leona para predisponerlas a dar a luz a niños más sanos y de forma que madre e hijos corrieran menos riesgos.", "• Se realizaron sesiones educativas y talleres en el ámbito de la salud materna en Kenya y Sierra Leona en 2009, y en Haití en 2010.", "• Se pusieron en marcha seis misiones humanitarias en Haití y Kenya, y en otros lugares donde ya se habían enviado misiones humanitarias previamente. También se desarrolló una misión humanitaria para establecer alianzas de cara a la formación para cocinar con energía solar durante dos semanas en Kunya (agosto y septiembre de 2010).", "• El Centro coordinó los actos nacionales de la coalición armenia para la campaña global de educación, en colaboración con el Centro de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas y las oficinas de la UNESCO y el UNICEF en Armenia.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "6. Asociación de Confederaciones Asiáticas de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Préstamo", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "La Asociación de Confederaciones Asiáticas de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Préstamo es la organización regional que representa a cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo y otras instituciones financieras similares de Asia. La Asociación ha dado ayuda esencial a sus miembros para abordar cuestiones de desarrollo a los que se enfrentan las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo, como la pobreza, la igualdad de género, el acceso a servicios financieros y la implicación de la juventud.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La Asociación sirve al mismo tiempo de asociación gremial y de organismo de desarrollo. Su proyecto es la creación de un sistema sostenible de cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo en Asia. Su misión consiste en fomentar y fortalecer las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo y otras entidades financieras cooperativas similares para que puedan realizar su potencial como instrumentos eficaces para el desarrollo socioeconómico de las personas en el mercado. En su calidad de organización regional de cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo, la organización ejerce funciones de representación, desarrollo, enlace y coordinación en el nombre de los movimientos de las cooperativas asiáticas de ahorro y préstamo. La Asociación se asegura de que las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo sean importantes en las comunidades a las que sirven y de que continúen trabajando en pos de sus objetivos originales.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización examina constantemente si las cooperativas asiáticas de ahorro y préstamo se adhieren a su misión original de mejorar el bienestar del pueblo mediante la prestación de servicios financieros asequibles, especialmente para quienes carezcan de acceso a ellos. La innovación de la microfinanciación de las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo, introducida por la organización en 1999, proporciona servicios financieros sostenibles al sector más pobres del mercado: una federación nacional de asociados puede adquirir las capacidades y el marco operacional del producto apropiados, lo que posibilitará que este sea ofrecido a las cooperativas pertenecientes a la Asociación. Las entidades de la Asociación ubicadas en países donde existe pobreza tanto rural como urbana consideran que este programa es prioritario y útil para aliviar la pobreza. Más de cinco millones de personas con rentas bajas han accedido a los servicios financieros asequibles de las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo apoyadas por la organización. La innovación de la microfinanciación de las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo constituye un medio eficaz para aliviar la pobreza elevando las rentas y alentando a los hogares pobres a entrar en la economía de mercado. La Asociación motiva constantemente a sus federaciones asociadas e incrementa su capacidad para concentrarse más en las estrategias sostenibles con el fin de llegar a más personas con rentas bajas.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "No ha lugar.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización trabaja con el Programa regional de sustento de recursos pesqueros —un proyecto de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO)— para introducir las herramientas formativas necesarias para sus consultores nacionales de microfinanciación, lo que les permitirá formar a beneficiarios en los países del proyecto. El Programa inició sus actividades en septiembre de 2009 y se prevé su aplicación durante cuatro años en Camboya, Indonesia, Filipinas, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste y Viet Nam. Algunas de las cuestiones que acomete el Programa son el acceso a servicios de microfinanciación y las extremadamente limitadas opciones complementarias y/o alternativas de obtener sustento. El proyecto se propone fortalecer la capacidad de las comunidades pesqueras participantes y las instituciones que las apoyan para una mejora de su nivel de vida y una gestión sostenible de los recursos pesqueros.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "En septiembre de 2009, la Asociación y las organizaciones que forman parte de ella pusieron en marcha una campaña para llegar a un millón más de pobres antes del fin de 2012 mediante la metodología de la innovación de microfinanciación de las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo, en consonancia con la celebración del Año Internacional de las Cooperativas. La organización coordina y facilita el programa de alivio de la pobreza y microfinanciación en siete países del sur y el sureste de Asia.", "Los programas educativos sobre la innovación de microfinanciación de las cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo fomentan la adquisición de conocimientos financieros, la salud materna, la gestión empresarial, las aptitudes técnicas, los buenos modales y la conducta correcta, los primeros auxilios y cualquier otra cuestión que se considere necesaria para mejorar las condiciones de vida de los pobres. De forma indirecta, el programa ayuda a elevar el nivel educativo de las personas pobres que asisten a él.", "Las mujeres representan el 50% de los miembros de cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo, pero su porcentaje no se ve reflejado en su participación en la toma de decisiones. La organización ofrece una plataforma para que las mujeres líderes debatan sus cuestiones y pongan en marcha respuestas que han dado lugar a la asignación de puestos a mujeres en la junta directiva de cooperativas de ahorro y préstamo y la creación de un comité asesor para mujeres.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "7. CIDSE", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter general en 2007", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios importantes en la organización", "2007: Reclasificación como entidad consultiva de carácter general", "2008: Concedida la condición de observadora en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático", "2009: Dentro de su Marco de Trabajo Estratégico 2010-2015, la “Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y la Solidaridad” pasa a llamarse CIDSE", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización defiende, promueve, crea documentos de políticas y trabaja con los medios de comunicación en la financiación para el desarrollo; la gobernanza mundial; negocios y derechos humanos; justicia climática; seguridad alimentaria, agricultura y comercio; y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. También ha creado campañas de concienciación pública tituladas “Make Aid Work” (2007) y “Climate Justice” (2009-2010).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "• 16 de abril: asistió a la reunión especial de alto nivel con las instituciones de Bretton Woods, la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) celebrada en Nueva York", "• 23 y 24 de octubre: formuló una declaración titulada “De Monterrey a Doha” y celebró un acto paralelo bajo el título de “Selección de cuestiones sobre la financiación para el desarrollo” en el Diálogo de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la financiación para el desarrollo", "2008", "• 14 de abril: formuló una declaración sobre fuentes innovadoras para financiar el desarrollo sostenible y celebró un acto paralelo en la reunión especial de alto nivel con las instituciones de Bretton Woods, la OMC y la UNCTAD celebrada en Nueva York", "• 20 a 25 de abril: asistió a la 12ª conferencia de la UNCTAD, celebrada en Accra, y participó en un taller sobre biocombustibles", "• 2 a 18 de junio: hizo declaraciones orales y escritas sobre el mandato del Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre negocios y derechos humanos y celebró un acto paralelo sobre el rostro humano de los derechos humanos y los negocios en el octavo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos", "• 29 de noviembre a 2 de diciembre: celebró un acto paralelo sobre justicia fiscal y financiación para el desarrollo y participó en las mesas redondas oficiales 3 y 4 en la Conferencia internacional de seguimiento sobre la financiación para el desarrollo encargada de examinar la aplicación del Consenso de Monterrey, celebrada en Doha", "2009", "• 22 de septiembre: presentó una declaración sobre justicia climática y participó en el debate de mesa redonda sobre tecnologías de adaptación en la Cumbre sobre el Cambio Climático celebrada en Nueva York", "• 28 de septiembre a 9 de octubre: celebró actos paralelos sobre el cambio climático en la Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático celebrada en Bangkok", "• 5 y 6 de octubre de 2009: asistió a la consulta del ACNUDH sobre la forma de hacer operativo el marco para los negocios y los derechos humanos, celebrada en Ginebra, y presentó un documento preparado por John Ruggie", "• 2 a 6 de noviembre: celebró actos paralelos sobre cambio climático y reducción de emisiones en la Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático celebrada en Barcelona (España)", "2010", "• 31 de mayo a 18 de junio: presentó una declaración sobre la labor de John Ruggie en el 14º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos", "• 11 y 12 de octubre: presentó “Protección, respeto y remedio: claves de la aplicación y el seguimiento del mandato” en la consulta del Representante Especial con partes interesadas de la sociedad civil", "2008-2010", "• Asistió a las Conferencias sobre el Cambio Climático celebradas en Bonn (Alemania), del 2 al 12 de junio de 2008; 29 de marzo a 8 de abril de 2009; 29 de mayo a 3 de junio de 2009 (celebró un acto paralelo emitido por Internet con Malawi y un debate sobre tecnologías de adaptación); del 10 a 14 de agosto de 2009; 9 a 11 de abril de 2010; 31 de mayo a 11 de junio de 2010 (presentó un documento sobre acceso directo); y 2 a 6 de agosto de 2010", "• Asistió a las 14ª, 15ª y 16ª Conferencias de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, celebradas respectivamente en Poznan (Polonia) del 1 al 12 de diciembre de 2008 (puso en marcha la Campaña Justicia Climática); Copenhague del 7 al 19 de diciembre de 2009 (celebró actos de campaña); y Cancún (México), del 29 de noviembre al 10 de diciembre de 2010", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización apoyó el proceso de reforma del Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial de la FAO mantenido en 2010.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "CIDSE presentó declaraciones sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la financiación para el desarrollo y la crisis de los precios alimentarios durante la sesión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, celebrada en Nueva York del 23 al 25 de septiembre de 2008. La organización celebró un acto paralelo sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y la crisis económica y financiera en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la crisis económica y financiera mundial y sus efectos en el desarrollo, celebrada al más alto nivel en Nueva York del 24 al 26 de junio de 2009. La organización asistió también a la reunión de alto nivel con las instituciones de Bretton Woods, la OMC y la UNCTAD, celebrada en Nueva York los días 18 y 19 de marzo de 2010. CIDSE presentó una declaración sobre “Alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio ante la crisis mundial” y participó en la mesa redonda oficial sobre apoyo a la recuperación e iniciativas de desarrollo de los países en desarrollo con necesidades especiales en el Diálogo de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre la financiación para el desarrollo, celebrado en Nueva York el 23 y 24 de marzo de 2010. La organización aportó información al Servicio de Enlace de las Naciones Unidas con las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales para la Cumbre sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio+10 en mayo de 2010. CIDSE proporcionó respuestas en la mesa redonda oficial 4 y fue ponente en el seminario del Servicio de Enlace de las Naciones Unidas con las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales sobre “Reforma financiera para los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” en las sesiones interactivas oficiosas de la Asamblea General, celebradas en Nueva York el 14 y 15 de junio de 2010. La organización celebró también un acto paralelo sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y los derechos humanos en la cooperación para el desarrollo durante el Foro sobre Cooperación para el Desarrollo celebrado en Nueva York el 29 de junio de 2010. La organización celebró otro acto paralelo sobre la crisis financiera y los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en la sesión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, celebrada en Nueva York del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2010.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "8. CITYNET: Club de Red Regional de Administradores Locales de Asentamientos Humanos", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1995", "Introducción", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "CITYNET ha colaborado estrechamente con organismos de las Naciones Unidas como el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones (UNITAR), la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat), la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP), el Centro de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Regional y la Campaña del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas. Dicha colaboración se centró en varios ámbitos relativos a la administración local y el desarrollo urbano.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participó en las siguientes reuniones:", "2007", "• Plataforma Mundial para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (Kobe (Japón), 12 y 13 de abril; Ginebra, del 5 al 7 de junio);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre desarrollo urbano del ONU-Hábitat (Gangwon (República de Corea), del 3 al 5 de mayo);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre género del ONU-Hábitat (Fukuoka (Japón), 25 y 26 de junio);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre infraestructuras de la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP) (Bangkok, del 11 al 13 de junio);", "• Reunión de la CESPAP sobre buena gobernanza (Makati (Filipinas), 15 de noviembre).", "2008", "• Comité Directivo del UNITAR de la Red de Centros Internacionales de Formación para Actores Locales (Atlanta (Georgia, Estados Unidos de América), 8 y 9 de mayo);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos sobre desarrollo urbano del ONU-Hábitat (Gangwon (República de Corea), 27 y 28 de mayo);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos del ONU-Hábitat sobre ciudades sostenibles en Asia (Manila (Filipinas), del 25 al 28 de agosto);", "• Plan estratégico e institucional de mediano plazo para el período 2008-2013 del ONU-Hábitat (Nairobi, del 7 al 9 de octubre);", "• Cuarto período de sesiones del Foro Urbano Mundial (Nanjing (China), del 3 al 6 de noviembre).", "2009", "• Encuentro mundial de la Campaña del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas (Bangkok, 13 y 14 de enero);", "• Conferencia sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastres en el marco de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres (Nueva Delhi, del 23 al 25 de febrero);", "• Plataforma Mundial para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (Ginebra, del 16 al 19 de junio);", "• Reunión del Grupo de Expertos de la CESPAP sobre la preparación de las ciudades frente a las inundaciones (Bangkok, del 21 al 23 de julio);", "• Grupo de alto nivel de la CESPAP sobre el medio ambiente y el desarrollo (Bangkok, del 2 al 4 de diciembre).", "2010", "• Grupo de tareas regional sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastres de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres (Kobe (Japón), 13 y 14 de enero);", "• Reunión sobre la red de la Iniciativa de Kitakyushu de la CESPAP (Kitakyushu (Japón), 10 y 11 de febrero);", "• Foro sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastres de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres (Shanghai (China), del 28 al 30 de julio);", "• Reunión sobre los efectos del cambio climático de los socios regionales del ONU-Hábitat (Changwon (República de Corea), del 15 al 17 de septiembre);", "• Conferencia Ministerial sobre el medio ambiente y el desarrollo de la CESPAP (Astana, 27 de septiembre).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización, con el apoyo de los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, coordinó las reuniones siguientes:", "2007", "• Seminario sobre saneamiento del Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en colaboración con la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas (2 de noviembre);", "• Servicios de asesoría técnica respecto a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en colaboración con el UNITAR y el ONU-Hábitat (Makati (Filipinas), del 18 al 21 de noviembre).", "2008", "Seminario sobre el cambio climático y los humedales urbanos en colaboración con el UNITAR (Seúl, 10 y 11 de septiembre).", "2009", "• Publicación sobre los perfiles de riesgo urbano del biogás en colaboración con el proyecto interurbano de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres (Danang (Viet Nam), del 18 al 20 de febrero).", "Con periodicidad anual", "Curso de formación en el centro regional de capacitación de Kuala Lumpur, en colaboración con el UNITAR.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• De 2007 a 2008, la organización estableció una oficina en Katmandú y apoyó a las administraciones locales del Asia Meridional que perseguían los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "• La organización también publicó “Local authorities in the south and 8 ways to change the world” en 2007 y “A guideline on localizing the Millennium Development Goals and municipal poverty reduction strategy papers for the municipalities of Nepal” y “Ten ways of achieving the Millennium Development Goals in cities in Indonesia” en 2008.", "• Con el apoyo del ONU-Hábitat, la organización llevó a cabo un proyecto interurbano entre 2006 y 2008 que se centró en la adaptación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio a las condiciones locales, y en 2007 organizó un curso de capacitación directiva y un taller sobre la adaptación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio a las condiciones locales de las ciudades asiáticas mediante un liderazgo innovador y el empoderamiento de las comunidades en Katmandú.", "• En abril de 2008, CITYNET organizó en Japón un foro sobre el tema “Sin excusas para 2015: los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y nosotros”. Igualmente, todos los años organiza las actividades de la campaña “Levántate contra la pobreza”. En 2009, la organización llevó a cabo un estudio sobre el estado de aplicación, en lo que a las ciudades se refiere, de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, a fin de contribuir mediante este análisis al desarrollo de actividades en los años restantes.", "• En 2010, con el apoyo del ONU-Hábitat y la CESPAP, CITYNET organizó en Marikina (Filipinas) un taller regional sobre la incorporación en la planificación de las administraciones locales, como cuestión prioritaria, de la seguridad de los pobres de las zonas urbanas.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "9. Earthjustice", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1991", "Introducción", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Earthjustice promueve los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente como factores fundamentales para el desarrollo sostenible. También se centra en el cambio climático, la reducción de los efectos de los materiales tóxicos y la mejora del acceso al agua y al saneamiento.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Los representantes de Earthjustice participaron en todos los períodos de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en los que colaboraron con funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas y delegados de organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales a fin de fomentar la interrelación de los derechos humanos con el medio ambiente. Entre las aportaciones de Earthjustice en los distintos períodos de sesiones se pueden citar las siguientes:", "2007", "• Cuarto período de sesiones. Apoyo a una presentación del Representante del Secretario General sobre los derechos humanos de los desplazados internos referida a las directrices operacionales sobre derechos humanos y desastres naturales (A/HRC/4/38/Add.1).", "• Quinto período de sesiones. Organización de una reunión con el Relator Especial sobre los efectos nocivos para el goce de los derechos humanos del traslado y vertimiento de productos y desechos tóxicos y peligrosos, sobre el tema “Los desafíos en materia de derechos humanos del traslado de productos y desechos tóxicos y peligrosos”.", "• Sexto período de sesiones. Apoyo al informe del ACNUDH sobre el alcance y el contenido de las obligaciones pertinentes en materia de derechos humanos relacionadas con el acceso equitativo al agua potable y el saneamiento (A/HRC/6/3).", "2008", "• Séptimo período de sesiones. Apoyo a la aprobación de la resolución 7/14 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre el derecho a la alimentación.", "• Octavo período de sesiones. Participación en una actividad organizada por la Misión Permanente de Maldivas ante las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos humanos y el cambio climático.", "• Noveno período de sesiones. Participación en debates con el Gobierno de Côte d’Ivoire y otros miembros del Consejo sobre la aprobación de la resolución 9/1.", "2009", "• Décimo período de sesiones. Apoyo a un informe del Representante del Secretario General sobre los derechos humanos de los desplazados internos (A/HRC/10/13). Intervención en debates con los miembros y observadores del Consejo para la aprobación de la resolución 10/4 sobre los derechos humanos y el cambio climático.", "• 11º período de sesiones. Declaración en una mesa redonda interactiva sobre los derechos humanos y el cambio climático. Organización de un debate sobre la renovación de los mandatos de procedimientos especiales, la aprobación de los resultados de los exámenes periódicos universales y los debates en el Consejo.", "• 12º período de sesiones. Difusión de una propuesta de debate y participación, junto con la Misión Permanente de Côte d’Ivoire ante las Naciones Unidas, en los debates sobre la aprobación de la resolución 12/18, relativa a los efectos nocivos para el goce de los derechos humanos del traslado y vertimiento de productos y desechos tóxicos y peligrosos.", "2010", "• 13º período de sesiones. Debate con miembros y observadores sobre la aplicación de la opinión núm. 9/2009 del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la detención arbitraria respecto a la detención, por parte del Japón, de defensores del medio ambiente.", "• 14º período de sesiones. Declaración en un diálogo interactivo sobre los desechos tóxicos.", "• 15º período de sesiones. Participación en los debates relativos al informe del Relator Especial sobre los efectos nocivos para el goce de los derechos humanos del traslado y vertimiento de productos y desechos tóxicos y peligrosos (A/HRC/15/22) y al informe de la experta independiente sobre las obligaciones de derechos humanos relacionadas con el acceso al agua potable y el saneamiento (A/HRC/15/31).", "Comisión Económica para Europa de las Naciones Unidas", "Representantes de Earthjustice asistieron a todas las reuniones del Grupo de Trabajo de las Partes y del Comité de Cumplimiento de la Convención de Aarhus, así como a las reuniones de los equipos de tareas de la Convención de Aarhus sobre el acceso a la justicia, la participación del público en la toma de decisiones y la participación del público en los foros internacionales. También participaron y realizaron una declaración sobre el trabajo del Comité de Cumplimiento en la tercera Reunión de las Partes en la Convención (del 11 al 13 de junio de 2008) y participaron en las reuniones del Comité de Cumplimiento del Protocolo de Londres sobre el agua y la salud (12 de marzo y 24 y 25 de septiembre de 2008; 25 y 26 de febrero de 2009; 26 y 27 de enero y 22 y 23 de junio de 2010).", "Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático", "Representantes de Earthjustice participaron en la 13ª Conferencia de las Partes (Bali (Indonesia), del 3 al 15 de diciembre de 2007); la Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático de Bonn (del 2 al 13 de junio de 2008); la Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático de Barcelona (del 2 al 6 de noviembre de 2009); la 15ª Conferencia de las Partes (Copenhague, del 7 al 18 de diciembre de 2009); y la 16ª Conferencia de las Partes (Cancún (México), del 29 de noviembre al 10 de diciembre de 2010).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "Representantes de Earthjustice participaron en reuniones para promover las recomendaciones del Relator Especial sobre los efectos nocivos para el goce de los derechos humanos del traslado y vertimiento de productos y desechos tóxicos y peligrosos. También colaboraron con la secretaría del Convenio de Basilea sobre los desechos peligrosos y con el ACNUDH. Además, realizaron declaraciones orales durante las reuniones del comité nacional del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA). Representantes de Earthjustice también participaron en la cuarta Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio de Estocolmo (del 4 al 8 de mayo de 2009) y en el segundo período de sesiones de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Gestión de los Productos Químicos (del 11 al 15 de mayo de 2009).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Todas las actividades de Earthjustice promueven la concienciación respecto a la interrelación de la garantía de la sostenibilidad ambiental y la erradicación de la pobreza extrema y el hambre.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "10. Lobby Europeo de Mujeres", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1995", "Introducción", "Fundado en 1990, el Lobby Europeo de Mujeres es la mayor alianza de asociaciones no gubernamentales de mujeres de la Unión Europea. El Lobby Europeo de Mujeres representa en total a más de 2.500 organizaciones.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La organización tiene por objetivo el trabajar en pro de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, la promoción de los derechos de las mujeres en todas las esferas de la vida pública y privada, la búsqueda de la justicia económica y social para todas las mujeres desde el respeto a su diversidad y la eliminación de todas las formas de violencia masculina contra la mujer. El Lobby opera mediante procesos democráticos entre sus miembros a fin de incorporar y supervisar la igualdad entre los géneros y la perspectiva de los derechos de la mujer en todos los campos normativos de la Unión Europea, así como de lograr la democracia paritaria en todos los ámbitos y zonas.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "Entre 2007 y 2010, el Lobby creció con la incorporación de 30 organizaciones de coordinación nacionales (de Chipre, Eslovenia, Polonia y Rumania) y dos organizaciones paneuropeas más. El Lobby se basa en procesos de adopción de decisiones estipulados, transparentes y democráticos y en procesos de consultas y otros modos de participación.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización colaboró con la Campaña Mundial de Reforma de la Estructura para la Igualdad entre los Géneros de las Naciones Unidas, favorable a la creación de ONU-Mujeres. Las organizaciones no gubernamentales centradas en los derechos de la mujer y en la igualdad entre los géneros llevaban años pidiendo a las Naciones Unidas que reformaran la estructura para la igualdad entre los géneros, lo que condujo finalmente a la creación de ONU-Mujeres en 2010. La campaña se presentó oficialmente en marzo de 2008 en la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer. El Lobby participó en la campaña desde su creación y se mantuvo especialmente activo dentro del grupo de trabajo europeo de la campaña, que la organización coordinó en 2009 y 2010 (véase www.gearcampaign.org).", "La organización colaboró en el proceso Beijing+15 mediante la participación del Lobby en los períodos de sesiones anuales de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, incluidos los períodos extraordinarios de sesiones de Beijing+5 y Beijing+10. El examen al cabo de 15 años supuso una oportunidad para que la organización expresara sus recomendaciones y preocupaciones en nombre de sus miembros de la Unión Europea. El Lobby elaboró un informe completo sobre Beijing+15 y las actividades de la Unión Europea en los 12 ámbitos de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing (véase www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124&lang=en).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participó de manera anual en la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, a la que presentó enmiendas escritas que fueron trasladadas a las delegaciones europeas y distribuidas de manera generalizada entre los delegados de las organizaciones no gubernamentales. También de manera anual, la organización contactó con la presidencia de turno de la Unión Europea, coordinó los grupos de las organizaciones no gubernamentales europeas y participó activamente en el grupo de enlace de organizaciones no gubernamentales y en el grupo de coordinación.", "El Lobby organizó reuniones sobre los temas siguientes:", "• “Desmentir el mito generacional y promover la participación: ¿son tan diferentes las necesidades de niñas y mujeres?” (2 de febrero de 2007);", "• “Financiación de los derechos de las mujeres: una perspectiva europea” (28 de febrero de 2008);", "• “De Beijing a Bruselas, un viaje por concluir” (2 de marzo de 2010).", "El Lobby asistió e intervino en reuniones sobre los temas siguientes:", "• “Las niñas dan forma al futuro”, organizada por la Coalición de Asociaciones de Mujeres Finlandesas y por el UNIFEM (1 de marzo de 2007);", "• La Asociación Mundial de las Guías Scouts y la resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad (28 de febrero de 2008);", "• La CLEF y la participación de las mujeres en la adopción de decisiones (2 de marzo de 2009);", "• “Transformación de las estructuras económicas para un desarrollo equitativo y sostenible”, organizada por la asociación de mujeres de Suecia Gröna kvinnor (7 de marzo de 2010).", "La organización participó en las reuniones de examen regional de Beijing+15 de la Comisión Económica para Europa de las Naciones Unidas y en su foro de organizaciones no gubernamentales, celebrado en Ginebra del 31 de octubre al 3 de noviembre de 2009. La organización presentó:", "• Recomendaciones durante la sesión plenaria general de examen de los avances en la aplicación de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing;", "• Enmiendas escritas a las conclusiones de la reunión redactadas por la presidencia.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización cooperó con órganos y representantes de las Naciones Unidas durante su participación en los siguientes eventos:", "• Consultas de actores europeos con la Relatora Especial sobre la violencia contra la mujer, sus causas y consecuencias (Londres, del 11 al 13 de enero de 2007);", "• Foro de UN.GIFT para combatir la trata de personas (Viena, del 13 al 15 de febrero de 2008);", "• Organización, junto al UNIFEM y la Red WIDE (Women in Development Europe), de un encuentro sobre el tema “Mujeres y migración en Europa y la Comunidad de Estados Independientes” (Bruselas, 4 de septiembre de 2009) y la posterior publicación de un informe;", "• Reunión sobre el tema “Un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos de la lucha contra la trata de personas: desafíos y oportunidades. La aplicación de los Principios y Directrices recomendados sobre los derechos humanos y la trata de personas”, organizada por el ACNUDH (Ginebra, 27 y 28 de mayo de 2010);", "• Reunión de un grupo de expertos sobre buenas prácticas en los planes de acción nacional sobre la violencia contra la mujer (Puerto España, del 13 al 15 de septiembre de 2010).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización colabora regularmente con organizaciones dedicadas a las cuestiones de desarrollo cuyo mandato consiste en contribuir a la aplicación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en particular desde la perspectiva de los derechos de la mujer.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "11. Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "La Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre es una organización cultural y científica de carácter civil y no gubernamental, autónoma y sin fines de lucro. Centra su actividad en la investigación y la puesta en práctica de programas, proyectos y actuaciones de protección del medio ambiente y en su relación con la cultura y la sociedad. La organización colabora con otras organizaciones no gubernamentales de Cuba para instruir a la sociedad acerca de la necesidad de proteger la naturaleza y del valor de su patrimonio. Colabora con instituciones nacionales y extranjeras en el desarrollo de la cultura y la ciencia, promoviendo y apoyando proyectos para preservar, entre otras cosas, la identidad de la nación cubana. Sus principales programas se centran en la investigación geohistórica, el desarrollo local sostenible, el consumo sostenible, la conservación patrimonial, la educación ambiental y la conservación de la biodiversidad, todo ello con el apoyo de un equipo editorial.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Los proyectos buscan lograr el desarrollo sostenible en todos los niveles de la sociedad, siempre con un énfasis especial en el nivel local. La organización lleva a cabo proyectos para conseguir la soberanía alimentaria y, con ello, garantizar la satisfacción de las necesidades alimentarias de las comunidades. Las investigaciones geohistóricas de la organización complementan la aplicación de sus valores culturales y aspiran a proteger el patrimonio, en una tarea profundamente ligada a la de la UNESCO. En su trabajo con los jóvenes, la organización estimula su pasión por la ciencia y la investigación. Además, respeta la igualdad entre los géneros en todas sus actividades para asegurar una representación y una capacitación adecuadas. Mantiene una relación fluida con las oficinas del PNUD en Cuba y con otros organismos como la FAO, la UNESCO y el UNICEF. La organización ha participado en numerosas actividades coordinadas por la FAO, el PNUMA y la UNESCO, y ha colaborado con la oficina del PNUD en La Habana. Ha realizado labores de preparación y de seguimiento en relación con diversos eventos organizados por las Naciones Unidas y colabora con otras organizaciones no gubernamentales de Cuba, algunas de ellas reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social, para elaborar propuestas concretas para proyectos y actuaciones a nivel nacional.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2008", "• 16º período de sesiones de la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Nueva York, del 5 al 16 de mayo);", "• Cumbre del PNUMA de la sociedad civil de América Latina y el Caribe de preparación para el décimo Foro de la sociedad civil (Buenos Aires);", "• Taller nacional para la promoción del estudio de las ciencias, organizado por la UNESCO (Cuba);", "• Intercambio de experiencias sobre políticas públicas de agricultura urbana en América Latina y el Caribe, organizado por el ONU-Hábitat (Ecuador);", "• Preparación y puesta en práctica de un taller para representantes de ocho comunidades vulnerables (Esmeralda (Ecuador));", "• Reunión técnica y mesa redonda sobre el tema “Los desafíos del cambio climático para Cuba: arquitectura y huracanes, experiencias de 2008”, organizado junto al ONU-Hábitat y la Unión Nacional de Arquitectos e Ingenieros de la Construcción de Cuba (Cuba, diciembre).", "2009", "• Taller para la promoción de un diálogo y el establecimiento de alianzas entre organizaciones no gubernamentales en Cuba para una mejor ejecución de los proyectos internacionales, organizado junto al PNUD (Cuba, 23 de febrero);", "• 15ª Conferencia de las Partes del People’s Forum (Copenhague (Dinamarca)).", "2010", "• Solicitud para ser reconocida como entidad consultiva en el Consejo de Administración del PNUMA;", "• Reunión de consulta del PNUMA con la sociedad civil de América Latina y el Caribe (Cozumel (México));", "• “El cambio climático y las mujeres”, organizada junto al ONU-Hábitat (Cuba).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha venido colaborando estrechamente con la oficina regional del PNUD en La Habana en los siguientes proyectos:", "• Digitalización del archivo Antonio Núñez Jiménez, financiado por la oficina regional de la UNESCO y la Comisión Nacional Cubana;", "• “Las mujeres cubanas y la adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión de riesgos”, financiado por COSUDE y ejecutado por el ONU-Hábitat;", "• “Gestión de riesgos urbanos, una estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático”, financiado por el fondo para iniciativas locales de la Embajada del Canadá en Cuba y ejecutado por el ONU-Hábitat.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización realiza labores de educación ambiental relacionadas con dos Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: los referentes a la protección del medio ambiente y a la educación. Dicha labor engloba cuestiones como el consumo sostenible, la investigación geohistórica, la conservación patrimonial, la educación ambiental y el desarrollo local sostenible. El objetivo general del programa de educación ambiental y de conservación de la biodiversidad de la organización consiste en contribuir a la creación de una conciencia ambiental en la sociedad cubana, fundada en bases sostenibles y en armonía con el medio ambiente, a fin de favorecer la conservación de la biodiversidad y de los ecosistemas vulnerables.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "12. Geneva International Model United Nations", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "Geneva International Model United Nations es una organización no gubernamental con sede en Ginebra regida exclusivamente por estudiantes. La organización también actúa en Nueva York mediante su sección en los Estados Unidos.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "El mandato de la organización consiste en promover los valores y principios de las Naciones Unidas entre los jóvenes, en especial los estudiantes, mediante la organización de diversos eventos educativos que sirven para familiarizar a los estudiantes con las Naciones Unidas.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "Se han introducido cambios importantes en los estatutos de la organización, como la creación de un consejo consultivo que permitirá un mejor intercambio de conocimientos. La organización está acreditada desde 2010 ante la Universidad de Ginebra y mantiene buenas relaciones con la ciudad y el cantón de Ginebra, lo que facilitará oportunidades de colaboración y financiación en el futuro.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Todas las actividades organizadas por Geneva International Model United Nations guardan relación con el programa de las Naciones Unidas y se dividen en las categorías de simulaciones, seminarios y visitas educativas. Durante las simulaciones, tales como la conferencia anual, los estudiantes aprenden sobre el funcionamiento de las Naciones Unidas al asumir el papel de los diplomáticos y los representantes de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. Entre las conferencias más destacadas, cabe citar las referidas a los temas de la intervención humanitaria (2009), la seguridad humana (2010) y la mujer y el desarrollo (2011). La organización también llevó a cabo una simulación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático durante el primer Foro de la Juventud del Foro Mundial Humanitario. Organizó igualmente la Asociación de Modelos de Naciones Unidas (2009) y simulaciones de un semestre de duración de los períodos de sesiones de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Seguridad (2010-2011). La organización celebra diversos seminarios que ofrecen a los estudiantes la posibilidad de interactuar con otros compañeros, con funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas y con la comunidad académica. Suponen una oportunidad para que los estudiantes expresen sus opiniones sobre asuntos relativos a las Naciones Unidas. Entre las actividades recientes cabe señalar la conmemoración anual de la entrada en vigor de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, el Día de las Naciones Unidas (2008, 2009 y 2010) y una conferencia de tres días de duración sobre las expectativas y propuestas de los jóvenes con motivo del Año Internacional de la Juventud (2011), sobre el tema “Las perspectivas de la juventud: la educación en el siglo XXI”. La organización también organiza visitas educativas en las que los estudiantes observan y aprenden del trabajo en las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York y Ginebra (2009, 2010 y 2011) y en sus representaciones sobre el terreno, como las del Líbano (2009) y Kenya (2011).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Con motivo del Año Internacional de la Juventud, Geneva International Model United Nations está organizando una actividad paralela (“Las perspectivas de la juventud: la educación en el siglo XXI”) en la que presentará los resultados de la serie de sesiones de alto nivel del Consejo Económico y Social celebrada en Ginebra en julio de 2011.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha cooperado con las Naciones Unidas en varias actividades de su programa anual de trabajo y en eventos organizados por las Naciones Unidas. La conmemoración anual de la entrada en vigor de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas se organiza en colaboración con la Oficina de Protocolo y de Enlace con las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales y con el Director General de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra. Otros ejemplos de cooperación incluyeron la preparación y promoción de la segunda edición de la serie de conferencias de Ginebra centrada en el tema “¿Son universales los derechos humanos?”, organizada por el UNITAR en 2008. En 2009, la organización celebró un evento social paralelo al proyecto ModelONU Mundial del Departamento de Información Pública. La organización también coordinó y colaboró con el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente y con la UNESCO respecto a su visita educativa al Líbano en 2009, y con ONU-Hábitat para la visita educativa a Kenya en 2011, centrada en el derecho a la vivienda.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización ha tratado de promover la concienciación sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio mediante su programa anual de actividades y ha alentado el intercambio de opiniones sobre los Objetivos que afectan especialmente a los jóvenes. En la simulación de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático de 2009 se debatió acerca de la sostenibilidad ambiental mediante la presentación a los participantes de proyectos de programas de acción de adaptación nacional. En 2010, la conmemoración de la entrada en vigor de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas estuvo dedicada al desempleo juvenil, el analfabetismo en función del género y los esfuerzos para frenar la propagación del VIH/SIDA. En 2011, este evento se centró en el tema “Mujeres y desarrollo: promoción de la perspectiva del equilibrio entre los géneros en la ética del desarrollo”, mientras que en la conferencia Perspectivas de la Juventud de 2011 se abordaron aspectos clave de la educación, en concreto el acceso universal, la igualdad entre los géneros, la ciudadanía y la integración.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "13. Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "El Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida es una organización no gubernamental sin fines de lucro radicada en México.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La misión de la organización consiste en contribuir al reconocimiento, promover y defender la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos en el marco de los derechos humanos, en particular el aborto, a través de un marco normativo que garantice la libre decisión de las mujeres. La organización se centra en los funcionarios públicos y responsables de tomar decisiones de los tres poderes del gobierno, así como en los líderes de opinión y los medios de comunicación.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participó en la actualización del Diagnóstico sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en México, desarrollado inicialmente por el ACNUDH en 2003. También tomó parte en la supervisión de las elecciones de los nuevos miembros del consejo de la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos y colaboró con la Comisión del Senado para desarrollar mecanismos básicos de participación ciudadana y transparencia, tales como las audiencias públicas. La organización formó parte del comité de supervisión y evaluación del Programa de Derechos Humanos del Distrito Federal y participó en un seminario para los proveedores de servicios de la Secretaría de Salud, en el que uno de los juristas de la organización realizó una presentación informativa sobre los derechos humanos y los derechos reproductivos ante más de 400 profesionales sanitarios. El Grupo era la única organización especializada en derechos de la mujer.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "51º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer.", "2008", "52º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer.", "2009", "• 42º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Población y Desarrollo;", "• Conferencia de la Asociación para la Acción (Berlín, del 2 al 4 de septiembre);", "• Avances y actuaciones clave para la ejecución del programa de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Población y el Desarrollo (Santiago, 7 y 8 de octubre).", "2010", "• 98º período de sesiones del Comité de Derechos Humanos (Nueva York, 8 y 9 de marzo);", "• 54º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, del 1 al 12 de marzo);", "• Conferencia Las Mujeres Dan Vida 2010, centrada en el avance respecto al quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio, mejorar la salud materna (Washington, D.C., del 7 al 9 de junio);", "• Conferencia anual del Global Health Council sobre salud mundial, objetivos e indicadores (Washington, D.C., del 14 al 18 de junio);", "• Conferencia Mundial de la Juventud (Guanajuato (México), del 23 al 27 de agosto).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización remitió información al Consejo de Derechos Humanos con motivo del examen periódico universal de México en 2009. Igualmente, transmitió información al Relator Especial sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental en el marco de un proceso de consultas con las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. La organización solicitó al Relator Especial que se pronunciara sobre las violaciones por parte del Gobierno de México de los derechos humanos de las mujeres originadas por las enmiendas de la Constitución del Estado (Ciudad de Guatemala, 2010).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización fue parte fundamental del curso de actuaciones que desembocaron en la despenalización del aborto en la Ciudad de México en 2007. También participó en la puesta en marcha de servicios de aborto seguros y en la capacitación de personal básico para la prestación de servicios de alta calidad, lo que representa una destacada contribución en pro del quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio. En 2008, la organización participó en la iniciativa internacional Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era, que fomenta los medios de defensa de la salud de las mujeres, en particular la salud y los derechos en materia sexual y reproductiva (incluidos en el programa de desarrollo del Milenio). Esta iniciativa evalúa y supervisa el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en lo relativo a las políticas de salud y los derechos en materia sexual y reproductiva.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "14. Hong Kong Council of Social Service", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003", "Introducción", "El Hong Kong Council of Social Service es una organización coordinadora con más de 370 miembros que proporcionan más del 90% de los servicios de bienestar social mediante más de 3.000 unidades de atención en Hong Kong (China).", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La organización representa a los organismos de bienestar social no gubernamentales dedicados a prestar y desarrollar servicios de bienestar social en Hong Kong. Aspira a promover el desarrollo del bienestar social junto a sus organismos integrantes mediante: la mejora de la rendición de cuentas de los organismos de servicios de bienestar social; la promoción de la mejora de los servicios de bienestar social; la colaboración con organismos para lograr un mejor servicio a la comunidad; la defensa de la igualdad, la justicia, la integración social y de una sociedad concienciada; y la promoción del sector de bienestar social local como modelo de excelencia para la comunidad internacional.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización colabora constantemente con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas y sus asociados para promover los convenios internacionales en la región y ayudar a que las organizaciones no gubernamentales locales satisfagan las necesidades de servicios sociales de la sociedad de Hong Kong.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Los representantes de la organización asistieron a las siguientes reuniones:", "• 45º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social (Nueva York, del 7 al 16 de febrero de 2007);", "• Tercer Foro mundial para la Gobernanza de Internet (Hyderabad (India), del 3 al 6 de diciembre de 2008);", "• 47º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social (Nueva York, del 4 al 13 de febrero de 2009);", "• 12º Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal (Salvador (Brasil), del 12 al 19 de abril de 2010).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• Organización de la “Conferencia Mundial Conjunta sobre Trabajo Social y Desarrollo Social de 2010: el programa”, junto con la Asociación Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo Social, el Consejo Internacional del Bienestar Social, la Federación Internacional de Trabajadores Sociales y otras siete organizaciones locales de Hong Kong. Se invitó al Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA para que organizara un taller de promoción de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer;", "• Contribución a la elaboración del tercer informe sobre Hong Kong del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, presentado al Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales;", "• Presentación de un informe recopilatorio de las opiniones y preocupaciones expresadas por el sector del bienestar y por los usuarios de servicios respecto a la aplicación de los tratados de derechos humanos en Hong Kong.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización ha llevado a cabo destacadas actuaciones en los campos siguientes:", "Primer Objetivo", "• Conmemoración del Día Internacional para la Erradicación de la Pobreza con un foro sobre el tema “De la formulación de políticas a maneras de aliviar la pobreza en el futuro” (16 de octubre de 2008); un seminario sobre ayuda a los estudiantes de familias de ingresos bajos y presentación de un libro (16 de octubre de 2009); y un foro sobre el tema “¿Ha abordado la legislación el problema de la pobreza de manera eficaz?” (15 de octubre de 2010);", "• Tareas de promoción de la mejora en la erradicación de la pobreza en sus presentaciones anuales al Jefe Ejecutivo de Hong Kong entre 2007 y 2010;", "• Presentación de una propuesta y un estudio a la antigua Comisión para la mitigación de la pobreza sobre el establecimiento de un Fondo para el Desarrollo de la Infancia que apoye el desarrollo a largo plazo de los niños de sectores desfavorecidos;", "• Realización de 12 estudios de investigación o consultoría y de 9 seminarios o foros sobre cuestiones relativas a la pobreza entre 2007 y 2010;", "• Colaboración con empresas para coordinar la distribución de computadoras recicladas y reacondicionadas y servicios de conexión de banda ancha a familias pobres.", "Tercer Objetivo", "Celebración de una reunión consultiva sobre el perfil estadístico de la situación de las mujeres y las niñas (Hong Kong, 7 de octubre de 2010).", "Cuarto Objetivo", "• Organización de un grupo de análisis y de foros de debate sobre el tema “Examen de la mortalidad en la niñez y protección de la infancia” (junio y julio de 2007);", "• Presentación de un estudio sobre el programa de intervención contra los autores de actos de violencia y el examen de la mortalidad en la niñez;", "• Organización de un seminario sobre el proyecto piloto de examen de la mortalidad en la niñez (13 de julio de 2007).", "Octavo Objetivo", "Organización, junto con tres organizaciones internacionales y siete locales, de la Conferencia Mundial Conjunta sobre Trabajo Social y Desarrollo Social 2010, celebrada del 10 al 14 de junio de 2010.", "Información adicional", "Entre las actividades de promoción de los derechos humanos de la organización se cuentan las tareas de promoción y activismo en la lucha contra la discriminación racial y el fomento de la integración de las personas con discapacidad.", "15. International Network of Liberal Women", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003", "Introducción", "No ha habido modificaciones.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "International Network of Liberal Women aspira a promover los valores democráticos en todo el mundo, actuando tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Para ello, considera esencial una representación equitativa de mujeres y hombres en todos los procesos de adopción de decisiones. También pretende acabar con todas las prácticas de discriminación por motivo de género que impiden a las mujeres una participación ciudadana plena, sea cual sea su forma (física, social, económica o legal). La organización apoya firmemente los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas y del Consejo Económico y Social, y trabaja para promover la adopción nacional y la aplicación de los convenios y convenciones de las Naciones Unidas concebidos para proteger a las mujeres y mejorar su situación en todo el mundo.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "La organización ha registrado un aumento de la diversidad geográfica de sus miembros.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Un representante de la organización asistió a los siguientes foros:", "2007", "• Seminario sobre la contribución de las mujeres a la sociedad (Barcelona (España), 26 y 27 de enero);", "• Asamblea General del Lobby Europeo de Mujeres (Borovets y Samokov (Bulgaria), del 25 al 29 de octubre);", "• Seminario sobre la trata de personas (Hamburgo (Alemania), 16 de noviembre);", "• Seminario sobre el fortalecimiento de redes y la lucha contra la trata de personas (Provincia china de Taiwán, 8 de diciembre).", "2008", "Reunión sobre el tema “Una sociedad no violenta, superando conflictos” y mesa redonda sobre las mujeres en los procesos de paz (Belfast (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte), 17 de mayo).", "2009", "• Reunión sobre derechos humanos y democracia (Estrasburgo (Francia), 25 de enero);", "• Mesa redonda sobre las mujeres y la educación para el siglo XXI (El Cairo, 30 de octubre).", "2010", "• Reunión sobre el apoyo a los movimientos democráticos y la promoción de los derechos humanos (Berlín, 11 de junio);", "• Seminario sobre el tema “África ayer, hoy y mañana” (Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica), 13 de noviembre).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización presentó las siguientes declaraciones escritas u orales:", "2007", "51º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, del 26 de febrero al 9 de marzo): “Eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación y violencia contra la niña” y “Niñas y niños desprovistos de paz y obligados a combatir”.", "2008", "52º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, del 25 de febrero al 7 de marzo): “Participación equitativa de las mujeres en la prevención, gestión y resolución de conflictos y en la consolidación de la paz después de los conflictos” y “La labor de las ONG en favor de la financiación de la igualdad entre los géneros”.", "2009", "53º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, del 2 al 13 de marzo): “Participación equitativa de las mujeres y los hombres en los procesos de adopción de decisiones en todos los niveles”.", "2010", "54º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, del 1 al 12 de marzo): “Examen al cabo de 15 años de la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing (1995) y el documento final del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General, especialmente en lo referente a las mujeres en los conflictos armados, la educación, la salud, la violencia, las niñas y la participación en los procesos de adopción de decisiones” y “Percepción por la sociedad civil de los logros efectivos con respecto a la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing y a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "No hay información adicional.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Las actividades de la organización se centran principalmente en las campañas de concienciación social sobre los derechos humanos de las mujeres, la igualdad entre los géneros, la participación de las mujeres en los procesos de adopción de decisiones, el empoderamiento de la mujer, la educación universal (en especial para las mujeres y las niñas) y el establecimiento de programas de salud adecuados para las mujeres. Los representantes de la organización colaboraron con el Centro UNESCO de los Países Bajos, entidad que financia recursos educativos en África Occidental. En sus centros de las zonas rurales se intenta informar a la población local acerca de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Los representantes de la organización participaron en las actividades planificadas en sus respectivos países con motivo del Día Internacional de la Mujer, en las actuaciones relativas a la resolución 1325 (2000) del Consejo de Seguridad y en los programas e iniciativas referentes a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional." ]
[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February 2012, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.AIESEC 2 \nInternational 2.All 3 China Women’s \nFederation 3.All 5 India Women’s \nConference 4.Ankara 7 Foundation of Children with \nLeukemia 5.Armenian 9 Constitutional Right-Protective \nCentre 6.Association 11 of Asian Confederation of Credit \nUnions \n7. CIDSE 138.CITYNET: 15 Regional Network of Local Authorities for the Management of Human \nSettlements \n9.Earthjustice 1810.European 21 Women’s \nLobby 11. Fundación 23 Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el \nHombre 12. Geneva 25 International Model United \nNations 13. Grupo 27 de Información en Reproducción \nElegida 14.Hong 29 Kong Council of Social \nService 15. International 31 Network of Liberal \nWomen", "1. AIESEC International", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "AIESEC International is the world’s largest student-run organization. Focused on providing a platform for youth leadership development, during the past four years it has expanded to 11 more countries. Statistics for the organization are as follows: 60,000 members; 15,000 leadership positions; 15,000 internships; 4,000 partners; 1,600 universities; 470 conferences; 110 countries and territories; and 60 years of experience.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s vision is about peace and fulfilment of humankind’s potential. Its scope remains a global, non-political, independent, not-for-profit organization run by students and recent graduates of institutions of higher education.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization recently created its mid-term ambition for the year 2015:", "Our growing physical and virtual reach makes us the most credible and diverse youth voice. We are recognized across sectors as the first-choice partner for our ability to develop responsible and entrepreneurial leadership. Our collaborative environment empowers every member to live a high-quality AIESEC experience, creating a cross-generational positive impact on society.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization’s national office in the Republic of Korea sent a representative to attend the United Nations Global Compact event held there in November 2010. The organization was also present at the World Youth Summit held in Leon, Mexico, in July 2010. AIESEC International also disseminates information from the United Nations, such as notices of competitions, events and special news, through its weekly newsletter, which reaches 60,000 members in 110 countries and territories.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Unfortunately during the last couple of years the organization has reduced its collaboration with the United Nations and United Nations bodies.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperates closely with the Department of Public Information; the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretary; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "AIESEC in Jordan has become a regional hub for management internships, bringing international talent to key regional consulting firms. AIESEC in Bahrain has launched its first sustainability project in 2010, with the goal of presenting a well-researched thorough reduction method for carbon emissions. In 2007, 2008 and part of 2009, a total of 4,715 students participated in internships to develop social programmes, while in 2010 approximately 1,000 students in internships focused on corporate social responsibility and energy. Some 67 countries offered internships in sustainability and corporate social responsibility, while more than 200 non‑governmental organizations, 140 corporations, 90 educational institutions and 14 governmental institutions provided internships focusing on sustainability and corporate social responsibility.", "In 2007 and 2008, a total of 1,200 young people participated in education internships with the organization; in 2009 and 2010, a total of 5,706 students in internships focused on cultural education. Some 1,918 internships in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia provided cultural education, and 1,137 recent graduates from those same areas participated in education internships. During 2007, the organization ran a project with the Standard Chartered Bank with the potential to reach 300,000 young adults — an age group significantly affected by HIV.", "Additional information", "During the 2010 AIESEC International Congress, celebrated in India, the organization managed the second Global Youth to Business Forum for more than 600 delegates from 110 countries and territories at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad. The scope of the discussions at the forum focused on three key topics: harnessing youth innovation, labour mobility and diversity, and environmental and corporate sustainability. A compilation of ideas was published in a special edition of the Wall Street Journal Europe (see www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr6). Also during 2010, two important publications revealed the results of a member poll on solutions for environmental issues (see www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/ press.html#pr1). For the organization’s global annual reports, visit www.aiesec.org/ cms/aiesec/AI/partners/publications.html.", "2. All China Women’s Federation", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization promotes the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and other outcome documents, and the sharing of international experiences. It held the International Forum on Women in Urban Development and Commemoration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women (Shanghai, China, 16-18 September 2010). Representatives attended the Asia Pacific NGO Forum on Beijing +15 (Quezon, Philippines, 22-25 October 2009) and the sixth regional round table on the Millennium Development Goals +10 and Beijing +15 (Danang, Viet Nam, 20-22 April 2010).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Representatives attended the fifty-first to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in New York, submitted written statements and made presentations at the Asia Pacific workshops. Representatives also held a parallel event on the theme of “Financial and economic crisis from a gender perspective”.", "• Representatives attended the twenty-third general assembly of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (Geneva, 5-7 December 2007).", "• Representatives attended the seventh session of the Human Rights Council (Geneva, 17-21 March 2008), and the Human Rights Council’s universal periodic review on the human rights situation in China (Geneva, 5-12 February 2009).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation organized the International Conference on Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in Beijing from 20 to 22 April 2009, and the High-level Meeting on Cooperation for Child Rights in the Asia Pacific Region with UNICEF in Beijing from 4 to 6 November 2010. The organization also conducted advocacy projects with the United Nations system office in China on human development reports in the Asia Pacific region (2010), women and HIV/AIDS (2010) and women and violence (2009, 2010). It worked with the United Nations Population Fund on gender equality, on violence against women and on men’s participation (2006-2010) and with the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), which is now the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), on eliminating discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (2007-2010). The Federation also worked with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on disaster relief and reconstruction projects for poor and vulnerable women in earthquake-stricken areas (2008-2010), and with UNICEF on violence against children, child safety and trafficking prevention, gender equality and family education, and child protection in earthquake-stricken areas (2006-2010). The organization is also working with the International Labour Organization to prevent trafficking in young women and children for labour exploitation purposes (2000-2012), and with UN-Women on women empowerment through the raising of livestock (2009-2011).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As at December 2010, the Federation’s microcredit project has issued RMB 23.7 billion to help 540,000 women start their own businesses. Its charity foundation has helped 10,355 children who were orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS. The Spring Bud project has raised RMB 1 billion and built more than 1,000 Spring Bud schools, which have helped more than 2 million girls return to school and have trained 400,000 girls in vocational skills. Its mentoring project to help female graduates in China start businesses has provided 160,000 internship opportunities and helped 90,000 woman graduates start businesses. The organization has pushed the drafters of the newly amended Organic Law of the Villagers Committees to include concepts such as the promotion of gender equality. The Federation also operates women’s legal aid service hotlines in over 2,500 counties in China.", "The Health Express for Mothers project has distributed 1,087 vehicles to 27 provinces, benefiting 26 million people, to support the Government’s efforts to lower the maternal mortality rate. The Foundation has also received an allocation from the Government of China to conduct free medical scans to detect cervical cancer and breast cancer among rural women; as at December 2010, more than 7 million women had been scanned for cervical cancer and 907,000 women had been scanned for breast cancer. The Federation’s charity foundation to help poor women with the two cancers has raised RMB 30 million.", "The Water Cellar for Mothers project has spent RMB 600 million to build 125,000 water cellars and 1,400 small water-supply projects, resulting in 1.7 million beneficiaries in 24 provinces.", "Additional information", "The Foundation plans to hold an international forum on women and sustainable development in Beijing from 9 to 11 November 2011 to contribute to the upcoming Rio+20 Conference.", "3. All India Women’s Conference", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The All India Women’s Conference, one of the oldest voluntary organizations in the country, was founded in 1927 by Margaret Cousins. The organization’s initial main concern was women’s education, but it has gradually taken on various social and economic issues concerning women, including “purdha”, child marriage, divorce and women’s property rights. The Conference has worked over the years for the security of women and their social and economic rights and entitlements. At the international level, the organization is a member of UNICEF, the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations, International Networking for Sustainable Energy, the World Renewable Energy Network, the ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Energy and the Global Village Energy Partnership, and is affiliated with the International Alliance of Women, the Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women’s Association and the NIMROO Education Centre in Japan.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Aims and purposes include:", "• To work for a society based on principles of social justice, integrity, equal rights and opportunity.", "• To secure recognition for the inherent rights of every human being to work and to achieve the essentials of life, such as food, clothing, housing, education, social amenities and securities, on the belief that these should not be determined by accident of birth or sex but by planned social distribution.", "• To support the claim of every citizen to the right to enjoy basic rights and liberties.", "• To stand against all separatist tendencies and to promote greater national integration and unity.", "• To work actively for the general progress and welfare of women and children and to help women to utilize to the fullest fundamental rights conferred on them by the Constitution of India.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In the past three years the organization’s branches across India have trained nearly 4,000 women who are now running their own microenterprises, helping them generate income.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization’s representative in New York participated in the following meetings:", "• Centre for Social Research (13-23 July 2008)", "• World Renewable Energy Congress (19-25 July 2008)", "• Microcredit Regional Summit (Bali, Indonesia, 28-30 July 2008)", "• International Alliance of Women board meeting (Netherlands, 4-9 October 2008)", "• The fourteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Poznan, Poland, 1-12 December 2008)", "• Global NGO Forum (27-28 February 2010)", "• MASHAV (the Israel Agency for International Development Cooperation) international workshop on violence against women in cooperation with the UNESCO Division for Gender Equality (16-27 May 2010)", "• All China Women’s Federation friendship visit (25-31 July 2010)", "• World Renewable Energy Congress (Abu Dhabi, 25-30 September 2010)", "• International Alliance of Women board and international meeting (Johannesburg, South Africa, 22-28 November 2010)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "As a follow-up to the Bidi Workers Programme that was initiated with the assistance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India, the organization conducted vocational training for women bidi workers to empower them with alternate vocations. Earlier, the Conference had organized a project on sensitization and alternate vocation for women bidi workers in seven states in India. The organization worked with the small grants programme developed by the United States Agency for International Development South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy to fund women self-help groups for livelihood and income generation that focused on solar electricity initiatives in communities in Dakshinpuri, Sangam Vihar, Delhi.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 1. The Conference runs vocational training and skill upgrade centres and has trained some 8,650 women to create self-help groups, thereby providing them with the tools for microcredit projects and entrepreneurship.", "Goal 2. Ten of the organization’s branches ran informal schools that conducted evening literacy classes for working women, in addition to teaching some 400 children.", "Goal 5. The organization conducted camps for mother and child focusing on reproductive health, general health, hygiene and sanitation education.", "Goal 7. The organization has partnered with some 100 schools throughout India to conduct 250 awareness programmes on environmental protection and waste and water sanitation, including the raising of herbal gardens.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "4. Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia is a non-governmental organization based in Ankara that serves at the national level.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization aims to provide educational and emotional support, financial assistance and health services for children who have leukaemia or chronic blood disorders in order to help them cope with these life-threatening illnesses. The Foundation also promotes knowledge and provides instruction on an international level regarding acquired and inherited blood diseases, and establishes and operates research institutions. In June 2010, the organization established the Village for Children with Leukemia in Ankara, which consists of laboratories conducting clinical research that may play a part in the prevention of cancer and improvement of the treatment of leukaemia. For families who are displaced due to the lack of treatment facilities in their hometowns, the organization owns 25 furnished houses where families may live during their child’s treatment. For children who come to Ankara for follow-up examinations, the Foundation has built a lodging facility that provides hotel service free of charge. The organization has opened offices in the Anatolian region of Istanbul and in Izmir in order to enable patients residing in those areas to access services easily. It also established the School for Children with Leukemia in November 2008. This private school, which follows the curriculum of the Ministry of Education of Turkey, provides nursery and primary education free of charge. The organization also works to increase awareness of cancer, as the disease is an obstacle for sustainable development. As a result, the organization started conducting seminars at nursery, elementary and secondary private and state schools in 2008 that promote a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The foundation changed its name from Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia to LOSEV Foundation for Children with Leukemia. “Ankara” was dropped to avoid the impression of a local organization. It also has recently added language to its constitution that expands its mission to include the support of adult cancer patients, and the organization will soon open its doors to adult cancer patients by organizing informative and psychosocial seminars and creating a social space where adult patients may carry out occupational therapy.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "After receiving special consultative status in 2007, the organization started conducting short-term visits to equivalent organizations in nearby countries working on the same cause in order to share experience and knowledge. It is hoped that these visits will result in mutually fruitful concrete cooperation in the fields of research, social and health services and cancer prevention.", "2010: Al Farabi Hospital in Almaty, Kazakhstan; Sofia Childrens Onco-Hematology Hospital in Sofia; German Leukemia Foundation in Bonn, Germany; La FE Hospital and ASPANION Asociación de padres de niños con cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana in Valencia, Spain; Queen Fabiola University Children’s Hospital Oncology Department in Brussels.", "2009: King Hussein Cancer Center and King Hussein Cancer Foundation in Amman.", "2008: Together for Children with Tumours Foundation in Budapest; St. Anna’s Children Hospital in Vienna.", "2007: Clic Sargent, University College London Hospital and Procancer Research Fund in London.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization wishes to collaborate with equivalent organizations and especially the United Nations so as to ensure concrete measures are taken and solutions are found for the prevention of the disease, and the disadvantaged receive equal access and equal rights in treatment, as in developed countries.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization is communicating with the UNICEF office and United Nations representatives in Turkey in its area of specialization.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has been and will continue to support cancer patients who are economically deprived by assisting them financially to cover the monetary needs that come with the disease. Its work thus focuses on non-communicable diseases.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "5. Armenian Constitutional Right-Protective Centre", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Armenian Constitutional Right-Protective Centre is a non-profit, non-governmental organization founded in June 1988 in Vanadzor, Armenia. The Centre has been the leading human rights education non-governmental organization in Armenia since 1996, having implemented some 70 projects costing approximately $2 million total.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The strategic plan for 2011 to 2015 was developed from May to December 2010 during two workshops with the participation of organization members, partners, beneficiaries and volunteers. The Centre’s vision of “a world living with love and tolerance where law and justice given from above reign” and its strategic directions are intended ultimately to contribute to the rule of law, global justice and peace.", "Significant changes in the organization", "In 2008, the organization enrolled as a member in the National Assembly-NGO Network and was elected as a board member. In 2009, the Centre enrolled as a member in the Public Council and its Civil Society Commission’s subcommission on human rights. From February to November 2010, the new Conception of the Armenian Human Rights School was elaborated and approved. In 2010, the Centre enrolled as a member in the Armenian National Platform of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum of the European Commission.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Centre’s contributions include:", "• The Armenian Human Rights School, which organized four one-year advanced human rights training courses for teachers of human rights, civic education, state and law and ethics in the secondary schools of Armenia.", "• The Human Rights Library Network. All six human rights libraries have special United Nations-related sections and have served as resource centres for human rights education, thus contributing to the World Programme for Human Rights Education.", "• Publication of more than 80 United Nations-related articles, statements and documents between 2007 and 2010 in the its periodicals Legal Culture and For the Sake of Justice with the aim of acquainting the society with the activities of the United Nations. Some 2,300 periodicals were published and delivered to educational institutions, libraries, state bodies and non-governmental organizations in all regions of Armenia.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives worked at and attended the Department of Public Information/ Non‑Governmental Organizations Conference planning committees and the fifty-first to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York. In 2009, the Centre, in collaboration with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan, organized a forum to coordinate human rights education actors to join efforts in developing suggestions for the second phase of the World Programme on Human Rights Education (2 July), and submitted a document to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Armenia.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Centre cooperated in developing the Human Rights Library Network and supplementing it with books on the United Nations. It also cooperated in joint projects with OHCHR, and the UNDP and UNICEF offices in Armenia and conducted joint activities and presentations with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan. The organization also conducted human rights courses with UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, and United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization undertook the following initiatives:", "• In July 2010, representatives distributed health bars and vitamin supplements to those in need, approximately 500 units per country, during humanitarian outreach trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Kenya and Sierra Leone.", "• The Centre’s Collaborative Secondary School taught 144 schoolchildren and its human rights educational youth clubs worked with 45 young people.", "• In April 2010, the Centre’s main representative organized and took teams to Haiti.", "• In Kunya, Kenya, a Centre representative conducted informative and healing sessions each day of the mission for approximately 20 victimized children in high schools, emphasizing methods of prevention and action.", "• A representative worked to empower 100 women in the disadvantaged generation in Kenya and in Sierra Leone, predisposing them to give birth to healthier children with less risk to both mother and child.", "• Educational sessions and workshops in the area of maternal health were conducted in Kenya and Sierra Leone in 2009, and in Haiti in 2010.", "• Six humanitarian outreach missions were initiated in Haiti and Kenya, and in previous outreach locations. A humanitarian outreach was also developed to establish partnerships for training on solar cooking for two weeks in Kunya (August and September 2010).", "• The Centre coordinated the national events of the global campaign for education Armenian coalition, in cooperation with the United Nations Public Information Centre and the UNESCO and UNICEF offices in Armenia.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "6. Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions is the regional representative organization of credit unions and similar cooperative financial institutions in Asia. The Confederation has been instrumental in helping members address development issues faced by credit unions, such as poverty, gender equality, access to financial services and youth involvement.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Confederation serves as both a trade association and a development organization. Its vision is the creation of a sustainable credit union system in Asia. Its mission is to promote and strengthen credit unions and similar cooperative financial organizations so they can fulfil their potential as effective instruments for the socioeconomic development of the people in the marketplace. In its role as a regional organization for credit unions, the organization performs representation, development, liaison and coordination functions on behalf of the Asian credit union movements. The Confederation ensures that credit unions are relevant in the communities they serve and continue to operate with their original goals.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is constantly examining whether Asian credit unions are adhering to their original mission to improve people’s well-being through the provision of affordable financial services, especially to those who do not have access to them. The credit union microfinance innovation, introduced by the organization in 1999, provides sustainable financial services to the poor market segment: a national partner federation can acquire the appropriate skills and operational framework of the product, making it possible to offer that product to its member credit unions. Member organizations in countries where both rural and urban poverty are found consider the program a priority and tool in alleviating poverty. More than 5 million low-income people have gained access to the affordable financial services of credit unions supported by the organization. The credit union microfinance innovation provides an effective means of alleviating poverty by raising incomes and encouraging poor households to enter the market economy. The Confederation is constantly motivating and increasing the capacity of its partner federations to increase their focus on sustainable strategies to reach more low-income people.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Not applicable.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization works with the Regional Fisheries Livelihood Program — a project of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) — to introduce the necessary training tools to its microfinance national consultants, enabling them to train beneficiaries in project countries. The Programme began activities in September 2009 and plans to operate for four years in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Limited access to microfinance services and extremely limited supplementary and/or alternative livelihood options are among the issues being addressed by the Programme. The project aims to strengthen the capacity of participating small-scale fishing communities and their supporting institutions with the goal of improved livelihoods and sustainable fisheries resources management.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In September 2009, the Confederation, along with its member organizations, launched a campaign to reach an additional 1 million poor by 2012 by using credit union microfinance innovation methodology, in line with the celebration of the International Year of Cooperatives. The organization coordinates and facilitates the program of poverty alleviation and microfinance in seven countries in South-east and South Asia.", "Education programmes on credit union microfinance innovation promote financial literacy, maternal health, business management, technical skills, good manners and correct conduct, first aid or any topic deemed necessary to improve the living conditions of the poor. Indirectly, the programme helps to increase the educational level of the poor people who attend it.", "Women make up 50 per cent of membership in credit unions, but their membership is not commensurate with their participation in decision-making. The organization provides a platform for women leaders to discuss women issues and put forward responses that has resulted in the allocation of women seats in the leadership of credit unions and the creation of an advisory committee for women.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "7. CIDSE", "General, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "2007: Reclassification to general consultative status", "2008: Granted observer status at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "2009: As part of its Strategic Framework 2010-2015, “International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity” becomes CIDSE", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization advocates, lobbies, creates policy documents and performs media work on financing for development; global governance; business and human rights; climate justice; food security, agriculture and trade; and the Millennium Development Goals. It has also created public awareness campaigns entitled “Make Aid Work” (2007) and “Climate Justice” (2009-2010).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• 16 April: attended the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) held in New York", "• 23 and 24 October: delivered a statement on the theme “From Monterrey to Doha” and held a side event on the theme “Selected issues on financing for development” at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development held in New York", "2008", "• 14 April: delivered a statement on innovating sources for financing sustainable development and held a side event at the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the WTO and UNCTAD held in New York", "• 20 to 25 April: attended the twelfth conference of UNCTAD, held in Accra, and participated in a workshop on biofuels", "• 2 to 18 June: presented oral and written statements on the mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on business and human rights and conducted a side event on the human face of human rights and business at the eighth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 29 November to 2 December: held a side event on tax justice and financing for development and participated in official round tables 3 and 4 at the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held in Doha", "2009", "• 22 September: presented a statement on climate justice and participated in panel discussion on adaptation technologies at the Summit on Climate Change held in New York", "• 28 September to 9 October: held side events on climate change at the Climate Change Conference held in Bangkok", "• 5 and 6 October 2009: attended the OHCHR consultation on operationalizing the framework for business and human rights held in Geneva and contributed a submission to the framework developed by John Ruggie", "• 2 to 6 November: held side events on climate change and reducing emissions at the Climate Change Conference held in Barcelona, Spain", "2010", "• 31 May to 18 June: presented a statement on the work of John Ruggie at the fourteenth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 11 and 12 October: submitted “Protect, respect and remedy: keys for implementation and follow-up of the mandate” at the Special Representative’s consultation with civil society stakeholders", "2008-2010", "• Attended the Climate Change Conferences held in Bonn, Germany, from 2 to 12 June 2008; 29 March to 8 April 2009; 29 May to 3 June 2009 (held side event web-cast with Malawi and panel discussion on adaptation technologies); 10 to 14 August 2009; 9 to 11 April 2010; 31 May to 11 June 2010 (launched paper on direct access); and 2 to 6 August 2010.", "• Attended the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held, respectively, in Poznan, Poland, from 1 to 12 December 2008 (launched Climate Justice Campaign); Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009 (held campaign events); and Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization supported the reform process of the FAO Committee on World Food Security held in 2010.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "CIDSE submitted statements on the Millennium Development Goals, financing for development and the food price crisis at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 23 to 25 September 2008. The organization held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and the financial economic crisis at the United Nations Conference at the highest level on the world financial and economic crisis and its impact on development, held in New York from 24 to 26 June 2009. The organization also attended the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the WTO and UNCTAD, held in New York on 18 and 19 March 2010. CIDSE presented a statement on the theme “Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the face of global crisis” and participated in the official round table on supporting recovery and development efforts of developing countries with special needs at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development, held in New York on 23 and 24 March 2010. The organization provided input to the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service for the MDG+10 Summit in May 2010. CIDSE was a respondent at official round table 4 and a speaker at the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service seminar on the theme “Reforming finance for the Millennium Development Goals” at the informal interactive hearings of the General Assembly, held in New York on 14 and 15 June 2010. The organization also held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and human rights in development cooperation at the Development Cooperation Forum, held in New York on 29 June 2010. The organization held another side event on the financial crisis and the Millennium Development Goals at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 20 to 22 September 2010.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "8. CITYNET: Regional Network of Local Authorities for the Management of Human Settlements", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "CITYNET has been working closely with United Nations agencies, including the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Centre for Regional Development and the United Nations Millennium Campaign on various fields related to local governments and urban development.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization participated in the following meetings:", "2007", "• Global Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction (Kobe, Japan, 12 and 13 April; Geneva, 5-7 June)", "• UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on Urban Development (Gangwon, Republic of Korea, 3-5 May)", "• UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on Gender (Fukuoka, Japan, 25 and 26 June)", "• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Expert Group Meeting on Infrastructure (Bangkok, 11-13 June)", "• ESCAP meeting on good governance (Makati, Philippines, 15 November)", "2008", "• UNITAR Steering Committee of the International Training Centre for Local Authorities/Actors Network (Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 8 and 9 May)", "• UN-Habitat expert group meeting on urban development (Gangwon, Republic of Korea, 27 and 28 May)", "• UN-Habitat expert group meeting on sustainable cities in Asia (Manila, Philippines, 25-28 August)", "• UN-Habitat mid-term plan 2008-2013 (Nairobi, 7-9 October)", "• World Urban Forum IV (Nanjing, China, 3-6 November)", "2009", "• United Nations Millennium Campaign global retreat (Bangkok, 13-14 January)", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Conference on disaster risk reduction (New Delhi, 23-25 February)", "• Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 16-19 June)", "• ESCAP expert group meeting on flood resilient cities (Bangkok, 21-23 July)", "• ESCAP high-level panel on environment and development (Bangkok, 2‑4 December)", "2010", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction regional task force on disaster risk reduction (Kobe, Japan, 13 and 14 January)", "• ESCAP meeting of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network (Kitakyushu, Japan, 10 and 11 February)", "• International Strategy for Disaster Reduction forum on disaster risk reduction (Shanghai, China, 28-30 July)", "• UN-Habitat regional partners meeting on climate change impacts (Changwon, Republic of Korea, 15-17 September)", "• ESCAP ministerial conference on environment and development (Astana, 27 September)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization coordinated the following meetings with support from United Nations agencies:", "2007", "• Institute of Advanced Studies seminar on sanitation with the United Nations University (2 November)", "• Technical advisory service on the Millennium Development Goals with UNITAR/UN-Habitat (Makati, Philippines 18-21 November)", "2008", "Seminar on climate change and urban wetlands with UNITAR (Seoul, 10 and 11 September)", "2009", "• Publication on urban risk profiling on biogas with the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction city-to-city project (Danang, Viet Nam, 18-20 February)", "Annually", "Kuala Lumpur regional training centre training course with UNITAR", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The organization set up an office in Kathmandu from 2007 to 2008 and promoted local governments in South Asia that pursued the Millennium Development Goals.", "• The organization also published “Local authorities in the south and 8 ways to change the world” in 2007 and “A guideline on localizing the Millennium Development Goals and municipal poverty reduction strategy papers for the municipalities of Nepal” and “Ten ways of achieving the Millennium Development Goals in cities in Indonesia” in 2008.", "• With support from UN-Habitat, the organization pursued a city-to-city project from 2006 to 2008 that focused on localizing the Millennium Development Goals, and in 2007 organized leadership training and a workshop on localizing the Millennium Development Goals in Asian cities through innovative leadership and community empowerment in Kathmandu.", "• CITYNET organized the Japan forum on the theme “No excuses 2015: the Millennium Development Goals and us” in April 2008. It organizes the events for the Stand Up campaign every year. In 2009, the organization conducted a survey on the status of the implementation at the city level of the Millennium Development Goals in order to subsequently help to develop activities for the remaining years.", "• With support from UN-Habitat and ESCAP, CITYNET organized the regional workshop on putting safety first for the urban poor on the local agenda in 2010 in Marikina, Philippines.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "9. Earthjustice", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Earthjustice promotes human rights and the environment as fundamental aspects of sustainable development. It also focuses on climate change, reducing the impact of toxic materials and improving access to water and sanitation.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Human Rights Council. Earthjustice representatives attended all sessions of the Human Rights Council, where representatives worked with United Nations officials and delegates from governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote the link between human rights and the environment. Some examples of Earthjustice’s work at each session follow:", "2007", "• Fourth session. Supported a presentation by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, on the theme of operational guidelines on human rights and natural disasters (A/HRC/4/38/Add.1).", "• Fifth session. Organized meeting with the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights on the theme “The human rights challenge of the traffic of toxic wastes and products”.", "• Sixth session. Supported report of OHCHR on human rights obligations related to equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/6/3).", "2008", "• Seventh session. Supported adoption of Human Rights Council resolution 7/14 on the right to food.", "• Eighth session. Participated in an event organized with the Permanent Mission of the Maldives to the United Nations on human rights and climate change.", "• Ninth session. Participated in discussions with the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and other Council members on the adoption of resolution 9/1.", "2009", "• Tenth session. Supported report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons (A/HRC/10/13). Intervened in discussions with Council members and observers for adoption of resolution 10/4 on human rights and climate change.", "• Eleventh session. Delivered a statement at interactive panel on the theme of human rights and climate change. Organized a discussion on renewal of special procedure mandates, adoption of universal periodic review outcomes, and panel discussions in the Council.", "• Twelfth session/ Circulated proposal for panel discussion and participated with the Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations in discussions on the adoption of resolution 12/18 on adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic products and wastes on human rights.", "2010", "• Thirteenth session. Discussed with members and observers the application of opinion 9/2009 of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention regarding Japanese detention of environmental advocates.", "• Fourteenth session. Made a statement at interactive panel dialogue on the theme of toxic waste.", "• Fifteenth session. Participated in a discussion concerning report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights (A/HRC/15/22) and report of the Independent Expert on human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/15/31).", "The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "Earthjustice representatives attended all meetings of the Aarhus Convention Working Group of the Parties and Compliance Committee as well as meetings of the Aarhus Convention task forces on access to justice, public participation in decision-making and public participation in international forums. Representatives also participated in and made a statement on the work of the Compliance Committee at the Third Meeting of the Parties (11-13 June 2008) and participated in meetings of the London Protocol on Water and Health Compliance Committee (12 March and 24-25 September 2008; 25-26 February 2009; 26-27 January and 22-23 June 2010).", "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "Earthjustice representatives participated in the thirteenth Conference of the Parties (Bali, Indonesia, 3-15 December 2007); the Bonn Climate Change Conference (2-13 June 2009); the Barcelona Climate Change Conference (2-6 November 2009); the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009); and the sixteenth Conference of the Parties (Cancun, Mexico, 29 November-10 December 2010).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Earthjustice representatives participated in meetings to promote recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on human rights and the illicit movement of toxic wastes. Representatives also worked with the secretariat of the Convention on Hazardous Waste and OHCHR. Additionally, representatives made oral interventions at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) national committee meetings. Earthjustice representatives also participated in the fourth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention (4-8 May 2009) and the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (11-15 May 2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "All Earthjustice activities promote awareness of the links between ensuring environmental sustainability and eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "10. European Women’s Lobby", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "Founded in 1990, the European Women’s Lobby is the largest alliance of women’s non-governmental associations in the European Union. The European Women’s Lobby represents more than 2,500 organizations overall.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The mission of the organization is to work to achieve equality between women and men, to promote women’s rights in all spheres of public and private life, to work towards economic and social justice for all women in their diversity and to eliminate all forms of male violence against women. The Lobby works through democratic processes with its members for the mainstreaming and monitoring of gender equality and women’s rights perspective in all areas of European Union policy and for the achievement of parity democracy at all levels and in all areas.", "Significant changes in the organization", "From 2007 to 2010, the Lobby has expanded to include 30 national coordination organizations (in Cyprus, Poland, Romania and Slovenia), and added two more European-wide organizations. The Lobby can count on established, transparent and democratic decision-making and consultation processes and other participatory processes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization contributed to the United Nations Global Gender Equality Architecture Reform Campaign in favour of the creation of UN-Women. Non‑governmental organizations committed to women’s rights and gender equality have been advocating for the United Nations to reform its gender equality architecture for many years, which led to the creation of UN-Women in 2010. The Campaign was officially launched in March 2008 at the Commission on the Status of Women. The Lobby had been involved in the Campaign since its creation and was particularly active in the European working group for the Campaign, which the organization coordinated in 2009 and 2010 (see www.gearcampaign.org).", "The organization contributed to the Beijing+15 process as the Lobby participated in the yearly Commission on the Status of Women, including the Beijing+5 and the Beijing+10 special sessions. The 15-year review was an opportunity for the organization to voice its recommendations and concerns on behalf of its members across the European Union. The Lobby produced a full Beijing+15 Report on the activities of the European Union in the 12 areas of the Beijing Platform for Action (see www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124&lang=en).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Each year, the organization participated in and submitted written amendments to the Commission on the Status of Women, which were proposed to European delegations and widely distributed to delegates of non-governmental organizations. Each year, the organization connected with the current European Union presidency, coordinated the European non-governmental organization caucuses and actively participated in the Non-governmental Organization Linkage Caucus and Coordination Caucus.", "The Lobby organized sessions on the themes:", "• “Dispelling the generational myth and promoting participation: are the needs of girls and women so different?” (2 February 2007);", "• “Financing for women’s rights, a european perspective” (28 February 2008);", "• “Beijing to Brussels, an unfinished journey” (2 March 2010).", "The Lobby attended and spoke at sessions on the themes:", "• “Girls shaping the future”, organized by the Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations and UNIFEM (1 March 2007);", "• The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts on Security Council resolution 1325 (28 February 2008);", "• La CLEF on women in decision-making (2 March 2009);", "• “Transforming economic structures for equal and sustainable development”, organized by the Green Women of Sweden (7 March 2010).", "The organization participated in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Beijing+15 Regional Review Meeting and its forum for non-governmental organizations, held in Geneva (31 October 2009-3 November 2009). The organization:", "• Presented its recommendations during the general plenary session on the review of progress in the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action;", "• Submitted written amendments to the chairpersons’ conclusions of the meeting.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperated with United Nations bodies and representatives to participate in the following:", "• European consultation with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences (London, 11-13 January 2007)", "• UN.GIFT Forum to fight human trafficking (Vienna, 13-15 February 2008)", "• Co-organization with UNIFEM and the Women in Development (WIDE) Network of the event on the theme “Women and migration in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States” (Brussels, 4 September 2009) and the subsequent publication of a report", "• A session on the theme “A human rights approach to combating human trafficking: challenges and opportunities. Implementing the recommended principles and guidelines on human rights and human trafficking”, organized by OHCHR (Geneva, 27-28 May 2010)", "• Violence against Women Expert Group Meeting on good practices in national action plans on violence against women (Port of Spain, 13-15 September 2010)", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization regularly collaborates with organizations focusing on development issues whose mandate is to support the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, in particular from a women’s rights perspective.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "11. Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre is a cultural and scientific organization of civil and non-governmental character, autonomous and not for profit. It focuses on research and implementation of programs, projects and actions for environmental protection and its relationship with culture and society. The organization works with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba to educate people about the need to protect nature and heritage values. It collaborates with national and foreign institutions in the development of culture and science, promoting and supporting projects to preserve, among other things, the identity of the nation of Cuba. Its main programmes are geohistoric research, local sustainable development, sustainable consumption, heritage preservation, environmental education and biodiversity conservation, all supported by an editorial team.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Projects are intended to achieve sustainable development at all levels of society but include a specific emphasis on the local level. The organization implements projects to achieve food sovereignty that guarantees the staple food needs of communities. The organization’s geo-historic research supports the implementation of its cultural values and aims to preserve heritage — work that is strongly linked to UNESCO. The organization encourages a passion for science and research when working with young people and practices gender equity in all its actions to ensure adequate representation and training. It keeps strong relations with UNDP offices in Cuba and with others such as UNESCO, UNICEF and FAO. The organization has participated in multiple activities coordinated by UNEP, FAO and UNESCO, and has collaborated with the UNDP office in Havana. It has done preparatory and follow-up work in reference to different events hosted by the United Nations and works with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba, some of which already have consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, to forge concrete proposals for projects and actions at the national level.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2008", "• Sixteenth session of the Sustainable Development Commission (New York, 5-16 May)", "• UNEP Latin America and the Caribbean civil society summit in preparation for the tenth Global Civil Society Forum (Buenos Aires)", "• National workshop for the promotion of the sciences study, hosted by UNESCO (Cuba)", "• Exchange of experiences about public policies in urban agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean, hosted by UN-Habitat (Ecuador)", "• Preparation and implementation of a workshop for representatives of eight vulnerable communities (Esmeralda, Ecuador)", "• Technical workshop and round table on the theme “Challenges of climate change in Cuba: architecture and hurricanes, experiences of 2008”, co-hosted with UN-Habitat and the National Union of Architects and Engineers of Construction Architecture Society (Cuba, December)", "2009", "• Workshop to promote a dialogue and build alliances among non-governmental organizations in Cuba towards a better implementation of international projects, co-organized by the UNDP (Cuba, 23 February)", "• The People’s Forum, fifteenth Conference of the Parties (Copenhagen, December)", "2010", "• Application sent to become member with consultative status in the UNEP Governing Council", "• UNEP Latin America and the Caribbean civil society consultation (Cozumel, Mexico)", "• “Climate change and women”, co-hosted with UN-Habitat (Cuba)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been working in close cooperation with the UNDP regional office in Havana on the following projects:", "• “Digitalization of Antonio Núñez Jiménez archive”, funded by the UNESCO regional office and the Cuban national commission", "• “Adaptation to climate change and risk management developed by Cuban women”, funded by COSUDE and implemented with UN-Habitat", "• “Urban risk management, a strategy of adaptation to climate change”, funded by the Local Initiatives Fund of the Canadian Embassy in Cuba and implemented with UN-Habitat", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization focuses on the environmental education work that comprises two of the Millennium Development Goals focusing on care of the environment and education, such as sustainable consumption, geo-historic research, heritage preservation and local sustainable development. The general goal of the organization’s environmental education and biodiversity conservation programme is to contribute to the creation of an environmental culture in Cuban society, erected on sustainable bases and in harmony with the environment, with the purpose of favouring the conservation of biodiversity and fragile ecosystems.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "12. Geneva International Model United Nations", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Geneva International Model United Nations is an entirely student-run non‑governmental organization based in Geneva. The organization is also active in New York via its chapter in the United States.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s mandate is to promote the values and principles of the United Nations amongst young people, especially students, by organizing various educational events that familiarize students with the United Nations.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Important amendments to the constitution include the creation of an advisory board, permitting a better transfer of knowledge. The organization was accredited with the University of Geneva in 2010 and has developed a relationship with the city and state of Geneva, thus allowing for future collaboration and funding opportunities.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "All events organized by Geneva International Model United Nations relate to the agenda of the United Nations and may be grouped as follows: simulations, seminars and educational visits. During simulations, such as the annual conference, students learn about the workings of the United Nations by taking on the roles of diplomats and representatives of the United Nations Secretariat. Notable conferences have espoused the themes of humanitarian intervention (2009), human security (2010) and women and development (2011). The organization also held a simulation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for the Global Humanitarian Forum’s inaugural Youth Forum and the Model United Nations Society (2009), and semester-long simulations of General Assembly and Security Council sessions (2010-2011). The organization holds a variety of seminars which offer students the possibility to interact with their peers, United Nations officials, and the academic community. They give students the opportunity to express their opinions on issues regarding the United Nations. Previous events have included the annual commemoration of the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations on United Nations Day (2008, 2009, 2010), and a three-day conference on the expectations and propositions of young people on the occasion of the International Year of Youth (2011) on the theme “Youth perspectives: education in the twenty-first century”. The organization also arranges educational visits, where students observe and learn about the work of the United Nations in New York and Geneva (2009, 2010, 2011) and its agencies in the field in Lebanon (2009) and Kenya (2011).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "On the occasion of the International Year of Youth, the Geneva International Model United Nations is currently organizing a side event to present the outcome of the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council held in Geneva in July 2011. The event is entitled “Youth perspectives: education in the twenty-first century”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has cooperated with the United Nations on several events in its annual programme of work and on events hosted by the United Nations. The annual event commemorating the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations is organized in collaboration with the Non-governmental Organization Liaison Office and the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva. Other cooperative efforts include preparation and promotion of the second edition of the “Geneva lecture series: are human rights universal?” organized by UNITAR (2008). In 2009, the organization held a social side event for the Global Model United Nations project of the Department of Public Information. The organization also coordinated and collaborated with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and UNESCO for its study trip to Lebanon in 2009 and with UN-Habitat for its study trip on housing rights in Kenya in 2011.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has sought to raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals through its annual programme of events and has encouraged the exchange of opinions on goals particularly affecting young people. The simulation of the 2009 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change discussed environmental sustainability by presenting participants with national adaptation programme of action projects. The 2010 event commemorating the entry into force of the United Nations Charter dealt with youth unemployment, gender-related illiteracy and halting the spread of HIV/AIDS. Its 2011 event espoused the theme “Women and development: promoting a gender-balanced approach to development ethics”; and the 2011 Youth Perspectives conference addressed key aspects of education, in particular universal access, gender equality, citizenship and integration.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "13. Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida is a non-profit, non‑governmental organization working in Mexico.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization’s mission is to contribute to the recognition, respect and defence of reproductive rights, particularly abortion rights, within a human rights framework, upholding women’s free choice. The organization targets decision makers and public officials from the three branches of government as well as opinion leaders and the media.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization participated in the update of the National Diagnostic of the Human Rights Situation in Mexico, originally developed by OHCHR in 2003. The organization also participated in monitoring the election of new council members for the National Human Rights Commission, working jointly with the Senate Commission to develop basic transparency and citizen participation criteria such as public hearings. The organization was a member of the monitoring and evaluation body of the Mexico City human rights programme, and also participated in a seminar for Ministry of Health service providers, where a staff lawyer presented information on human rights and reproductive rights before an audience of more than 400 health care professionals. The group was the only organization specializing in women’s rights.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "Fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women", "2008", "Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women", "2009", "• Forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development", "• Partners in Action Conference (Berlin, 2-4 September)", "• Advances and key actions for the implementation of the International Conference on Population and Development Programme (Santiago, 7 and 8 October)", "2010", "• Ninety-eighth session of the Human Rights Committee (New York, 8 and 9 March)", "• Fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 1-12 March)", "• 2010 Women Deliver conference to advance Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals on improving maternal health (Washington, D.C., 7-9 June)", "• Global Health Council annual conference on global health, goals and metrics (Washington, D.C., 14-18 June)", "• World Youth Conference (Guanajuato, Mexico, 23-27 August)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization sent information to the Human Rights Council when Mexico was evaluated under the universal periodic review in 2009. The organization also provided information to the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health during a consultation with civil society organizations. The organization requested that the Special Rapporteur comment on violations by the Government of Mexico of women’s human rights stemming from State-level constitutional amendments (Guatemala City, 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization was a key actor in the process that led to the decriminalization of abortion in Mexico City in 2007. The organization has been involved in the institutionalization of safe abortion services and in training key personnel so that high-quality services are provided, representing a major contribution towards Goal 5. In 2008, the organization participated in an international initiative to build capacity for women’s health advocacy called the Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era regarding sexual and reproductive rights and health (in the millennium development agenda), which assesses and monitors the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals with a focus on sexual and reproductive health and rights policies.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "14. Hong Kong Council of Social Service", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "The Hong Kong Council of Social Service is an umbrella organization of more than 370 members that provide over 90 per cent of social welfare services through 3,000 service units throughout Hong Kong, China.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization represents non-governmental welfare agencies committed to sustaining and developing social welfare in Hong Kong. The Council aims to promote the development of social welfare together with its member agencies by enhancing accountability of social welfare service agencies; promoting improvement of social welfare services; facilitating agencies to better serve the community; advocating equality, justice, social integration and a caring society; and promoting the local welfare sector as a model of excellence in the international community.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has continuously worked with the United Nations system and its partners to promote international conventions in the region, supporting local non‑governmental organizations to meet social service needs in Hong Kong society.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Organization representatives attended:", "• Forty-fifth session of the Commission on Social Development (New York, 7-16 February 2007)", "• Third Internet Governance Forum (Hyderabad, India, 3-6 December 2008)", "• Forty-seventh session of the Commission for Social Development (New York, 4-13 February 2009)", "• Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Salvador, Brazil, 12-19 April 2010)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Co-hosted the “2010 Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: The Agenda” with the International Association of Schools of Social Work, the International Council on Social Welfare, the International Federation of Social Workers and seven other local hosts in Hong Kong. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS was invited to conduct a workshop promoting the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "• Contributed to the compilation of the third report of Hong Kong under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which has been submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "• Submitted a civil report compiling the views and concerns collected from welfare sectors and service users on the implementation of human rights treaties in Hong Kong.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Council has taken major actions regarding the following:", "Goal 1.", "• Commemorated the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty by holding a forum on the theme “From policy address to ways ahead for poverty alleviation” on 16 October 2008; a seminar on assisting students from low-income families in schools and a book launching ceremony on 16 October 2009; and a forum on the theme “Has policy effectively addressed the poverty problem?” on 15 October 2010.", "• Performed advocacy work on enhancing poverty alleviation in its annual submissions to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong from 2007 to 2010.", "• Submitted a proposal and paper to the former Commission on Poverty on establishment of the Child Development Fund in support of the long-term development of children from a disadvantaged background.", "• Conducted 12 research/consultancy studies and 9 seminars/forums on poverty issues from 2007 to 2010.", "• Partnered with corporations to coordinate the provision of recycled/refurbished computers and broadband service to poor families.", "Goal 3.", "Held a consultation meeting on the statistical profile on the situation of women and girls (Hong Kong, 7 October 2010).", "Goal 4.", "• Conducted a focus group and discussion forums on the theme “Child fatality review and child protection”, in June and July 2007", "• Presented a paper concerning the Batterer Intervention Programme and the child fatality review", "• Held a seminar on the pilot project of the child fatality review on 13 July 2007", "Goal 8.", "Organized, together with three international and seven local organizations, the 2010 Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development, held from 10 to 14 June 2010.", "Additional information", "The organization’s activities promoting human rights include promotion and advocacy work against racial discrimination and promotion on inclusion of persons with disabilities.", "15. International Network of Liberal Women", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "International Network of Liberal Women aims to promote the ideas of democracy worldwide, focusing on both national and international levels. It sees the equal representation of women and men in all decision-making processes as essential to this development. It further aims to attack all gender-discriminatory practices which impede women participating as full citizens in whatever form they appear, whether physical, civic, economic or legal. The organization strongly supports the aims of the United Nations and Economic and Social Council, and works to promote national adoption and implementation of the United Nations conventions designed to protect and advance women’s status worldwide.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization experienced an increase in the geographical distribution of its membership.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "An organization representative attended:", "2007", "• Seminar on women’s contribution to society (Barcelona, Spain, 26-27 January)", "• General Assembly of European Women’s Lobby (Borovets and Samokov, Bulgaria, 25-29 October)", "• Seminar on trafficking in human beings (Hamburg, Germany, 16 November)", "• Seminar on strengthening networks and combating human trafficking (Taiwan Province of China, 8 December)", "2008", "Meeting on the theme “A non-violent society, overcoming conflicts” and a round table on women in peace processes (Belfast, Northern Ireland, 17 May).", "2009", "• Meeting on human rights and democracy (Strasbourg, France, 25 January)", "• Round table on women and education for the twenty-first century (Cairo, 30 October)", "2010", "• Meeting on supporting democratic forces and promoting human rights (Berlin, 11 June)", "• Seminar on the theme “Africa yesterday, today and tomorrow” (Cape Town, South Africa, 13 November)", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization submitted the following written and/or oral statements:", "2007", "At the fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 26 February-9 March: “The elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl-child” and “Girls and boys lost to peace and forced to make war”.", "2008", "At the fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 25 February-7 March): “Women’s equal participation in conflict prevention, management and conflict resolution and in post-conflict peace-building” and “NGOs for the financing of gender equality”.", "2009", "At the fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2-13 March): “Equal participation of women and men in decision making processes at all levels”.", "2010", "At the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 1-12 March): “15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, especially on women in armed conflicts, education, health, violence, girl-child and participation in decision-making processes” and “Perception of civil society on the actual accomplishment of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "No information.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The activities of the organization focus mainly on social awareness campaigns on women human rights, gender equality, women in decision making, empowerment of women, education for all — especially women and girls — and adequate women’s health programs. Representatives assisted UNESCO Centre Netherlands, a financing centre of educational resources in Western Africa. In these centres in rural areas the Millennium Development Goals are brought to the attention of local people. Representatives of the organization took part in their respective home countries in Women’s Day (8 March) activities, programmes related to Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and Millennium Development Goal programmes and initiatives.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information." ]
E_C.2_2012_2_ADD.1
[ "NGO Committee", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February 2012 and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.AIESEC 3 International 2.Federation 4 of China's Women 3.Conference 7 Women's Panindia 4.Ankara 9 Foundation of Children with Leukemia 5.Centro 11 de Defensa de los Derechos Constitucionals de Armenia 6.Associación 13 de Confederaciones Asian de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Préstamo 7. CIDSE 158.CITYNET: 18 Regional Network Club for Local Human Settlements Administrators 9.Earthjustice 2110. Lobby 24 European Women 11. Fundación 26 Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre 12. Geneva 28 International Model United Nations 13. Elected 30 Information Group 14.Hong 32 Kong Council of Social Service 15. International 35 Network of Liberal Women", "1. AIESEC International", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "AIESEC International is the largest organization in the world led by students. It is dedicated to providing a platform for developing youth leadership and, over the past four years, has expanded to 11 more countries. The organization &apos; s data are as follows: 60,000 members; 15,000 leadership positions; 15,000 internships; 4,000 partners; 1,600 universities; 470 conferences; 110 countries and territories; and 60 years of experience.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The vision of this organization points to peace and the realization of the potential of humanity. It is apolitical, independent, non-profit, directed by recent students and graduates of higher education institutions and has a global scope.", "Important changes in the organization", "This organization recently proclaimed its mid-term objectives for 2015:", "Our growing physical and virtual reach makes us the most credible and diverse voice of youth. We are recognized in many areas as the benchmark partner for our ability to develop responsible and entrepreneurial leadership. Our collaborative environment enables each of our members to experience a high quality experience in AIESEC and to make a positive transgenerational impact on society.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization &apos; s national office in the Republic of Korea sent a representative to attend the United Nations Global Compact event in that country in November 2010. The organization was also present at the World Youth Summit held in León, Mexico, in July 2010. AIESEC International also disseminates United Nations information, such as competitions, events and special news, through its weekly newsletter, which reaches 60,000 affiliates in 110 countries and territories.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Unfortunately, over the past two years the organization has reduced its collaboration with the United Nations and United Nations bodies.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "AIESEC International works closely with the Department of Public Information and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat; the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF); the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "AIESEC has become a regional centre for internships in the field of administration, and has brought talent from various countries to important consulting firms. In Bahrain, it launched its first sustainability project in 2010, with the aim of presenting a comprehensive and well-researched approach to reducing carbon emissions. In 2007, 2008 and part of 2009, a total of 4,715 students participated in internships for the development of social programs, while in 2010 approximately 1,000 interns worked in the areas of corporate social responsibility and energy. Approximately 67 countries offered internships in sustainability and corporate social responsibility, while more than 200 non-governmental organizations, 140 companies, 90 educational institutions and 14 government institutions provided internships related to sustainability and corporate social responsibility.", "In 2007 and 2008, a total of 1,200 young people participated in educational internships offered by AIESEC; in 2009 and 2010, a total of 5,706 students conducted internships focusing on cultural education. Some 1,918 internships in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia offered cultural education, and 1,137 recent graduates in these same areas participated in education internships. During 2007, the organization carried out a project in collaboration with the Standard Chartered Bank with potential to reach 300,000 young adults, a demographic group significantly affected by HIV.", "Additional information", "During the 2010 AIESEC International Congress in India, this NGO organized the second World Youth and Business Forum for more than 600 delegates from 110 countries and territories at Hyderabad Indian School of Business. The discussions focused on three key themes: the development of youth innovation, labour mobility and diversity and business and environmental sustainability. A compilation of ideas was published in a special edition of the Wall Street Journal Europe (see www.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/press.html#pr6). Also during 2010, two major publications revealed the results of a survey of participants on environmental solutions (see ww.aiesec.org/cms/aiesec/AI/ press.html#pr1). The global annual reports of this organization are available at www.aiesec.org/ cms/aiesec/AI/partners/publications.html.", "2. China Women &apos; s Federation", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Important changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization encourages the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and other final documents, and the exchange of international experiences. It welcomed the International Forum on Women and Development and the Commemoration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women (Shanghai, China, 16-18 September 2010). Representatives of the Chinese Federation of Women attended the Asia-Pacific NGO Forum to Review Beijing +15 (Quezon, the Philippines, 22-25 October 2009) and the sixth regional round table on the Millennium Development Goals +10 and Beijing +15 (Danang, Vietnam, 20-22 April 2010).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• Representatives of the organization attended the fifty-first to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women, held in New York, submitted written statements and made presentations at the Asia-Pacific workshops. They also held a parallel event on “Economic and Financial Crisis from a Gender Perspective”.", "• Representatives of the organization attended the twenty-third general assembly of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (Geneva, 5-7 December 2007).", "• Representatives of the organization attended the seventh session of the Human Rights Council (Geneva, 17-21 March 2008) and the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council on the situation of human rights in China (Geneva, 5-12 February 2009).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation organized the International Conference on Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in Beijing from 20 to 22 April 2009, and the 2010 High-level Meeting on Child Rights Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region with UNICEF in Beijing from 4 to 6 November 2010. The organization also undertook advocacy projects with the United Nations system office in China on human development reports in the Asia-Pacific region (2010), women and HIV/AIDS (2010) and women and violence (2009, 2010). It worked with the United Nations Population Fund on gender equality, violence against women and the participation of men (2006-2010) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), which is currently part of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), on the elimination of discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (2007-2010). The Federation also worked with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on disaster relief and reconstruction projects for poor and vulnerable women in earthquake-affected areas (2008-2010), and with UNICEF on violence against children, child safety and trafficking prevention, gender equality and family education, and child protection in earthquake-affected areas (2006-2010). The organization also works with the International Labour Organization to Prevent the Trafficking of Young Women and Children for the Purpose of Labour Exploitation (2000-2012), and with UN-Women in the Empowerment of Women through Livestock-raising (2009-2011).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As of December 2010, the Federation microcredit project has issued loans worth 23.7 billion renminbi to help 540,000 women start their own businesses. Its charitable foundation has helped 10,355 children who were orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The Brote de Primavera project has raised 1 billion renminbi and has built over 1,000 Brote de Primavera schools, which have allowed more than 2 million girls to return to school and have provided vocational training to 400,000. His advisory project to help university graduates from China to create businesses has generated 160,000 internship opportunities and helped 90,000 women establish businesses. The organization has encouraged the drafters of the newly amended Organic Law of the Village Committees to include concepts such as the promotion of gender equality. The Federation also operates legal aid telephone services for women in more than 2,500 districts in China.", "The Health Express for Mothers project has distributed 1,087 vehicles in 27 provinces, benefiting 26 million people, to support government activities to reduce the maternal mortality rate. The Foundation has also received an allocation of funds from the Government of China to undertake free medical screenings for cervical and breast cancer among women in rural areas; by December 2010, more than 7 million women and 907,000 women had been tested for cervical cancer. The Federation &apos; s charitable foundation to help poor women affected by these two types of cancer has captured 30 million renminbi.", "The Cisternas para las Madres project has invested 600 million renminbi to build 125,000 water tanks and 1,400 small water supply projects, with 1.7 million people benefited in 24 provinces.", "Additional information", "The Foundation plans to hold an international forum on women and sustainable development in Beijing from 9 to 11 November 2011 to contribute to the upcoming Rio+20 Conference.", "3. Panindia Women's Conference", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The Panindia Women's Conference, one of the oldest volunteer organizations in the country, was founded in 1927 by Margaret Cousins. At the outset, the organization &apos; s main objective was women &apos; s education, but it has gradually addressed various social and economic issues related to women, including “purdha”, child marriage, divorce and women &apos; s right to property. The Conference has worked for years to promote women &apos; s security and social and economic rights. At the international level, the organization is a member of UNICEF, the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Status with the United Nations, the International Network on Sustainable Energy, the Global Renewable Energy Network, the ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy and the World Association for Energy Supply in the Villages, and is affiliated with the International Alliance of Women, the Association of Peaceful and Southeast Asian Women.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The objectives and purposes of the organization are:", "• Work for a society based on the principles of social justice, integrity and equality of rights and opportunities.", "• Ensure recognition of the rights inherent to all human beings to work and to meet basic vital needs such as food, clothing, education, social services and security, in the belief that they should not be determined by place of birth or gender, but by a planned social distribution.", "• Support the right of all citizens to enjoy basic rights and freedoms.", "• Opposing all separatist tendencies and fostering greater national integration and unity.", "• Actively work for the overall progress and well-being of women and children, and help women to avail themselves of the fundamental rights conferred upon them by the Indian Constitution.", "Important changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Over the past three years, the organization &apos; s offices throughout India have trained nearly 4,000 women who now run their own microenterprises, which has helped them generate income.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The representative of the organization in New York participated in the following meetings:", "• Centre for Social Research (13-23 July 2008)", "• World Congress on Renewable Energy (19-25 July 2008)", "• Regional Summit on Microcredit (Bali, Indonesia, 28-30 July 2008)", "• Meeting of the Steering Board of the International Alliance of Women (Netherlands, 4-9 October 2008)", "• Fourteenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Poznan, Poland, 1-12 December 2008)", "• Global NGO Forum (27-28 February 2010)", "• MASHAV International Workshop (Israel International Cooperation Centre on Violence against Women, in collaboration with UNESCO Gender Equality Division (16-27 May 2010)", "• Friendly visit of the Chinese Federation of Women (25-31 July 2010)", "• World Renewable Energy Congress (Abu Dhabi, 25-30 September 2010)", "• International Board of Directors of the International Alliance of Women (Johannesburg, South Africa, 22-28 November 2010)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In implementation of the programme on workers in the Bidi industry, which was launched with the help of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India, the NGO organized vocational training for employees in the bidi industry to train them to work in other occupations. Earlier, the Conference organized a project on sensitization and alternative vocations for workers in the bidi industry in seven States of India. The organization worked with the small grants programme developed by the South Asian Regional Energy Initiative of the United States Agency for International Development to fund self-help groups of women for livelihood and income generation, focusing on solar power initiatives in Dakshinpuri communities, Sangam Vihar, Delhi.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 1. The Conference administers vocational training and skills improvement centres and has trained approximately 8,650 women to create self-help groups, providing them with tools for microcredit projects and entrepreneurship.", "Goal 2. Ten of the local offices of the organization operate non-official schools that provide night literacy classes for working women, as well as teaching about 400 children.", "Goal 5. NGOs organized camps for mothers and children focusing on reproductive health, overall health, hygiene and sanitation education.", "Goal 7. The organization has partnered with approximately 100 schools across India to undertake 250 awareness programmes on environmental protection and water and waste sanitation, including the creation of herbaceous gardens.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "4. Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia is a Ankara-based non-governmental organization serving at the national level.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization aims to provide educational and emotional support, financial assistance and health services for children suffering from leukemia or chronic hematological disorders in order to help them deal with these life-threatening diseases. The foundation also promotes awareness and instruction at the international level on inherited and acquired hematological diseases, and establishes and administers research institutions. In June 2010, the organization founded the Aldea for Children with Leukemia in Ankara, which consists of laboratories dedicated to clinical research that could help prevent cancer and improve the treatment of leukemia. For families displaced because of the inability to receive treatment in their hometowns, the organization has 25 furnished houses in which families can be installed during the treatment of their child. For children who come to Ankara for follow-up exams, the foundation has built accommodation facilities that offer free hotel services. The organization has opened offices in Esmirna and in the Istanbul part in Anatolia so that patients living in these areas can easily access the services. He also founded the School for Children with Leukemia in November 2008. This private school, which follows the education programme of the Turkish Ministry of Education, offers free primary and preschool education. The organization also works to raise cancer awareness, as this disease is an obstacle to sustainable development. Thus, the Foundation began to conduct seminars in public and private primary, secondary and pre-school institutions to promote a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.", "Important changes in the organization", "The Foundation changed its name from Ankara Foundation of Children with Leukemia to LOSEV Foundation for Children with Leukemia. “Ankara” was removed from the name to avoid the impression that it was a local organization. It has also recently added provisions in its statutes to include support to adult cancer patients, to whom it will soon open its doors through the organization of informative and psychosocial seminars and the creation of a social space where adult patients can receive occupational therapy.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "After receiving special consultative status in 2007, the organization began to make short visits to the equivalents of neighbouring countries working for the same cause in order to share experiences and knowledge. These visits are expected to lead to concrete and fruitful collaborations in research, social and health services and cancer prevention.", "2010: Hospital Al Farabi de Almaty; Hospital Onco-Hematológico de Sofia; Fundación Germany para la Leukaemia de Bonn (Germany); Hospital La FE y ASPANION (Associación de padres de niños con cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana) de Valencia (Spain); Oncology Department of the University Hospital for Children Reina Fabiola de Brussels.", "2009: King Hussein Center against Cancer and King Hussein Foundation against Amman Cancer.", "2008: Together for Children with Budapest Tumors Foundation; Hospital Infantil Santa Ana in Vienna.", "2007: Clic Sargent, University College London Hospital and Procancer Research Fund London.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Foundation wishes to work with counterparts, and especially with the United Nations, to ensure that concrete measures are taken and solutions are being developed for the prevention of disease, and that the disadvantaged enjoy equal rights and access to treatment, as is the case in developed countries.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization remains in communication with the UNICEF office and United Nations representatives in Turkey in their field of expertise.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has supported and will continue to support economically disadvantaged cancer patients with financial aid to meet the resource needs of the disease. Thus, their work focuses on non-communicable diseases.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "5. Centre for the Defence of Constitutional Rights of Armenia", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Centre for the Defence of Constitutional Rights of Armenia is a non-governmental non-profit organization founded in June 1988 in Vanadzor, Armenia. The Centre is the country &apos; s main non-governmental organization for human rights education since 1996, and has implemented some 70 projects that have cost approximately $2 million in total.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The strategic plan for the period 2011-2015 was developed between May and December 2010 in the course of two workshops with the participation of members of the organization, partners, beneficiaries and volunteers. The Centre &apos; s vision of &quot; a world that lives with love and tolerance and where law and justice reigns &quot; and its strategic directions are intended to contribute to the rule of law, global justice and peace.", "Important changes in the organization", "In 2008, the organization became a member of the NGO-National Assembly Network and was elected to be part of the board of directors. In 2009, the Centre entered the Public Council and the human rights subcommission of its Civil Society Commission. From February to November 2010, the new Concept of the Armenian School of Human Rights was prepared and approved. In 2010, the Centre entered the Armenian National Platform of the Eastern European Commission Civil Society Forum.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Centre &apos; s contributions include:", "• The Armenian School of Human Rights, which organized four one-year advanced courses on human rights for human rights teachers, civic education, state and law and ethics in secondary schools in Armenia.", "• The Human Rights Library Network. The six human rights libraries have special sections related to the United Nations and have served as resource centres for human rights training, thus contributing to the Global Programme for Human Rights Education.", "• Publication of more than 80 articles, declarations and documents related to the United Nations between 2007 and 2010 in its periodicals Legal culture and Justice in order to publicize the activities of the United Nations. Some 2,300 copies were published and sent to educational institutions, libraries, State bodies and non-governmental organizations in all regions of Armenia.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Representatives of the Centre participated and worked in the planning committees of the Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference and the fifty-first and fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York. In 2009, the Centre, in collaboration with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan, organized a forum to coordinate stakeholders in human rights education in order to coordinate the preparation of suggestions for the second phase of the World Programme for Human Rights Education (2 July), and submitted a paper by the Minister for Foreign Affairs to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Centre cooperated in the development of the Human Rights Library Network and provided it with books on the United Nations. It also collaborated on joint projects with OHCHR and the Armenian offices of UNDP and UNICEF, and carried out joint activities and presentations with the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan. The organization also conducted human rights courses with UNESCO, UNDP and UNICEF at the United Nations Public Information Centre in Yerevan.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization undertook the following initiatives:", "• In July 2010, representatives of the organization distributed food bars and vitamin supplements to those in need, approximately 500 units per country, during humanitarian travel to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Kenya and Sierra Leone.", "• The Centre &apos; s Collaborative Secondary School taught 144 students and their educational youth clubs on human rights worked with 45 young people.", "• In April 2010, the main representative of the Centre organized teams and took them to Haiti.", "• In Kunya, Kenya, a representative of the Centre held briefings and healing sessions every day of the mission for approximately 20 child victims in secondary schools, emphasizing methods of action and prevention.", "• One representative worked with 100 women from the disadvantaged generation of Kenya and Sierra Leone to predispose them to give birth to healthier children and so that mothers and children could be less at risk.", "• Education sessions and workshops were held in the area of maternal health in Kenya and Sierra Leone in 2009, and in Haiti in 2010.", "• Six humanitarian missions were launched in Haiti and Kenya and elsewhere where humanitarian missions had already been dispatched. A humanitarian mission was also developed to establish partnerships for solar-powered cooking for two weeks in Kunya (August and September 2010).", "• The Centre coordinated the national actions of the Armenian coalition for the global education campaign, in collaboration with the United Nations Public Information Centre and UNESCO and UNICEF offices in Armenia.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "6. Association of Asian Confederations of Savings and Loans Cooperatives", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Association of Asian Confederations of Savings and Loans Cooperatives is the regional organization that represents savings and loan cooperatives and other similar financial institutions in Asia. The Association has provided essential assistance to its members to address development issues facing savings and loan cooperatives, such as poverty, gender equality, access to financial services and youth involvement.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The Association serves at the same time as a trade union and a development agency. Its project is the creation of a sustainable system of savings and loan cooperatives in Asia. Its mission is to promote and strengthen savings and loan cooperatives and other similar cooperative financial entities so that they can realize their potential as effective tools for the socio-economic development of people on the market. As a regional organization of savings and loan cooperatives, the organization performs representation, development, liaison and coordination functions on behalf of the movements of Asian savings and loan cooperatives. The Association ensures that savings and loan cooperatives are important in the communities they serve and that they continue to work towards their original goals.", "Important changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization constantly examines whether Asian savings and loan cooperatives adhere to its original mission to improve the well-being of the people by providing affordable financial services, especially for those who lack access to them. The innovation of the microfinance of savings and loan cooperatives, introduced by the organization in 1999, provides sustainable financial services to the poorest sector of the market: a national federation of partners can acquire the capacities and operational framework of the appropriate product, which will enable it to be offered to cooperatives belonging to the Association. Partnership entities located in countries where rural and urban poverty exists believe that this programme is a priority and useful for alleviating poverty. More than five million people with low incomes have accessed the affordable financial services of the savings and loan cooperatives supported by the organization. The innovation of microfinance of savings and loan cooperatives is an effective means of alleviating poverty by raising incomes and encouraging poor households to enter the market economy. The Association constantly motivates its partner federations and increases its ability to concentrate more on sustainable strategies in order to reach more people with low incomes.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "No room.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization works with the Regional Fisheries Resource Sustaining Programme (UN Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) to introduce the necessary training tools for its national microfinance consultants, which will enable them to train beneficiaries in the project countries. The Programme began its activities in September 2009 and is expected to be implemented for four years in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Some of the issues covered by the Programme are access to microfinance services and extremely limited complementary options and/or livelihood alternatives. The project aims to strengthen the capacity of participating fishing communities and the institutions that support them to improve their standard of living and sustainable management of fisheries resources.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In September 2009, the Association and the organizations that form part of it launched a campaign to reach one million more poor by the end of 2012 through the methodology of microfinance innovation for savings and loan cooperatives, in line with the International Year of Cooperatives. The organization coordinates and facilitates the poverty alleviation and microfinance programme in seven countries in South and Southeast Asia.", "Education programmes on microfinance innovation of savings and loan cooperatives foster the acquisition of financial knowledge, maternal health, business management, technical skills, good manners and proper conduct, first aid and any other issue that is deemed necessary to improve the living conditions of the poor. Indirectly, the programme helps to raise the educational level of the poor who attend it.", "Women account for 50 per cent of members of savings and loan cooperatives, but their percentage is not reflected in their participation in decision-making. The organization provides a platform for women leaders to discuss their issues and launch responses that have led to the allocation of seats to women in the board of savings and loan cooperatives and the establishment of an advisory committee for women.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "7. CIDSE", "General, 2007", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Important changes in the organization", "2007: General consultative status reclassification", "2008: Granted observer status to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "2009: Within its Strategic Framework 2010-2015, the “International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity” is called CIDSE", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization defends, promotes, creates policy documents and works with the media on financing for development; global governance; business and human rights; climate justice; food security, agriculture and trade; and the Millennium Development Goals. It has also created public awareness campaigns entitled “Make Aid Work” (2007) and “Climate Justice” (2009-2010).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "• 16 April: attended the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in New York", "• 23 and 24 October: made a statement entitled “De Monterrey a Doha” and held a side event under the title “Selection of issues on financing for development” at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development", "2008", "• 14 April: made a statement on innovative sources to finance sustainable development and held a side event at the special high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, WTO and UNCTAD held in New York", "• 20-25 April: attended the twelfth UNCTAD conference in Accra, and participated in a workshop on biofuels", "• 2-18 June: made oral and written statements on the mandate of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on business and human rights and held a side event on the human face of human rights and business at the eighth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 29 November-2 December: held a side event on fiscal justice and financing for development and participated in official round tables 3 and 4 at the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held in Doha", "2009", "• 22 September: presented a statement on climate justice and participated in the round-table discussion on adaptation technologies at the New York Climate Change Summit", "• 28 September-9 October: held side events on climate change at the Bangkok Climate Change Conference", "• 5 and 6 October 2009: attended the OHCHR consultation on how to operationalize the business and human rights framework, held in Geneva, and presented a paper prepared by John Ruggie", "• 2-6 November: held side events on climate change and emission reduction at the Conference on Climate Change held in Barcelona, Spain", "2010", "• 31 May-18 June: presented a statement on the work of John Ruggie at the fourteenth session of the Human Rights Council", "• 11 and 12 October: presented “Protection, respect and remedy: keys to the implementation and follow-up of the mandate” in the consultation of the Special Representative with civil society stakeholders", "2008-2010", "• He attended the Climate Change Conferences held in Bonn, Germany, from 2 to 12 June 2008; 29 March to 8 April 2009; 29 May to 3 June 2009 (he held a side event with Malawi and a discussion on adaptation technologies); from 10 to 14 August 2009; 9-11 April 2010; 31 May-11 June 2010 (presented a document on direct access); and", "• Attended the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held respectively in Poznan, Poland, from 1 to 12 December 2008 (the launch of the Climate Justice Campaign); Copenhagen, from 7 to 19 December 2009 (there were campaign events); and Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization supported the reform process of the FAO Committee on World Food Security in 2010.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "CIDSE presented statements on the Millennium Development Goals, financing for development and the food price crisis during the high-level plenary of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 23 to 25 September 2008. The organization held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and the economic and financial crisis at the United Nations Conference on the World Economic and Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Development, held at the highest level in New York from 24 to 26 June 2009. The organization also attended the high-level meeting with the Bretton Woods institutions, WTO and UNCTAD, held in New York on 18 and 19 March 2010. CIDSE presented a statement on &quot; Reaching the Millennium Development Goals to the global crisis &quot; and participated in the formal round table on support for recovery and development initiatives of developing countries with special needs at the High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on Financing for Development, held in New York on 23 and 24 March 2010. The organization provided information to the United Nations Liaison Service with Non-Governmental Organizations for the Millennium Development Goals Summit+10 in May 2010. CIDSE provided responses at the formal round table 4 and was a speaker at the United Nations Non-Governmental Organizations Liaison Service seminar on &quot; Financial reform for the Millennium Development Goals &quot; at the informal interactive sessions of the General Assembly, held in New York on 14 and 15 June 2010. The organization also held a side event on the Millennium Development Goals and human rights in development cooperation during the New York Development Cooperation Forum on 29 June 2010. The organization held another side event on the financial crisis and the Millennium Development Goals at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York from 20 to 22 September 2010.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "8. CITYNET: Regional Network Club of Local Human Settlements Administrators", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "No modifications.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No modifications.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No modifications.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "CITYNET has worked closely with United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Regional Development Centre and the United Nations Millennium Campaign. This collaboration focused on several areas related to local administration and urban development.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization participated in the following meetings:", "2007", "• Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Kobe, Japan, 12-13 April; Geneva, 5-7 June);", "• Meeting of the UN-Habitat Urban Development Expert Group (Gangwon, Republic of Korea, 3-5 May);", "• UN-Habitat Gender Expert Group Meeting (Fukuoka, Japan, 25-26 June);", "• Expert Group Meeting on Infrastructures of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (Bangkok, 11-13 June);", "• ESCAP meeting on good governance (Makati, Philippines, 15 November).", "2008", "• UNITAR Steering Committee of the Network of International Training Centres for Local Actors (Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America), 8 and 9 May);", "• Expert Group Meeting on Urban Development of UN-Habitat (Gangwon, Republic of Korea), 27 and 28 May);", "• UN-Habitat Expert Group Meeting on Sustainable Cities in Asia (Manila, Philippines, 25-28 August);", "• Medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013 of UN-Habitat (Nairobi, 7-9 October);", "• Fourth session of the World Urban Forum (Nanjing, China, from 3 to 6 November).", "2009", "• World Meeting of the United Nations Millennium Campaign (Bangkok, 13-14 January);", "• Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction under the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (New Delhi, 23-25 February);", "• Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 16-19 June);", "• ESCAP Group of Experts Meeting on City Preparedness in Floods (Bangkok, 21-23 July);", "• ESCAP High-level Panel on Environment and Development (Bangkok, 2-4 December).", "2010", "• Regional Task Force on Disaster Risk Reduction of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Kobe, Japan, 13-14 January);", "• ESCAP Kitakyushu Network Meeting (Kitakyushu, Japan), 10-11 February);", "• Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Shanghai, China, from 28 to 30 July);", "• Meeting on the Impact of Climate Change of UN-Habitat Regional Partners (Changwon, Republic of Korea, 15-17 September);", "• Ministerial Conference on the Environment and Development of ESCAP (Astana, 27 September).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization, with the support of United Nations agencies, coordinated the following meetings:", "2007", "• Seminar on Sanitation of the Institute for Advanced Studies in collaboration with the United Nations University (2 November);", "• Technical advisory services on the Millennium Development Goals in collaboration with UNITAR and UN-Habitat (Makati, Philippines, 18-21 November).", "2008", "Seminar on climate change and urban wetlands in collaboration with UNITAR (Seoul, 10 and 11 September).", "2009", "• Publication on the urban risk profiles of biogas in collaboration with the interurban project of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (Danang, Vietnam, 18-20 February).", "Annual", "Training course at the Kuala Lumpur regional training centre in collaboration with UNITAR.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• From 2007 to 2008, the organization established an office in Kathmandu and supported the local administrations of South Asia that were pursuing the Millennium Development Goals.", "• The organization also published “Local authorities in the south and 8 ways to change the world” in 2007 and “A guideline on localizing the Millennium Development Goals and municipal poverty reduction strategy papers for the municipalities of Nepal” and “Ten ways of achieving the Millennium Development Goals in cities in Indonesia” in 2008.", "• With the support of UN-Habitat, the organization carried out an inter-urban project between 2006 and 2008 focusing on the adaptation of the Millennium Development Goals to local conditions, and in 2007 organized a leadership training course and a workshop on the adaptation of the Millennium Development Goals to local conditions in Asian cities through innovative leadership and community empowerment in Kathmandu.", "• In April 2008, CITYNET organized in Japan a forum on the theme “Without excuses for 2015: the Millennium Development Goals and us.” Also, every year he organizes the activities of the campaign “Arise against poverty”. In 2009, the organization conducted a study on the status of implementation of the Millennium Development Goals in cities, in order to contribute through this analysis to the development of activities in the remaining years.", "• In 2010, with the support of UN-Habitat and ESCAP, CITYNET organized a regional workshop in Marikina (Philippines) on the incorporation in the planning of local administrations, as a matter of priority, of the security of the urban poor.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "9. Earthjustice", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "No modifications.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No modifications.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No modifications.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Earthjustice promotes human rights and the environment as key factors for sustainable development. It also focuses on climate change, reducing the impact of toxic materials and improving access to water and sanitation.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Human Rights Council. The representatives of Earthjustice participated in all sessions of the Human Rights Council, in which they collaborated with United Nations officials and delegates from governmental and non-governmental organizations to promote the interrelationship of human rights with the environment. Earthjustice inputs at different sessions include the following:", "2007", "• Fourth session. Support for a presentation by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons on operational guidelines on human rights and natural disasters (A/HRC/4/38/Add.1).", "• Fifth session. Organization of a meeting with the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects on the transfer and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the topic &quot; Human rights challenges of the transfer of toxic and dangerous products and wastes &quot; .", "• Sixth session. Support to the OHCHR report on the scope and content of relevant human rights obligations related to equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/6/3).", "2008", "• Seventh session. Support for the adoption of Human Rights Council resolution 7/14 on the right to food.", "• Eighth session. Participation in an activity organized by the Permanent Mission of Maldives to the United Nations on human rights and climate change.", "• Ninth session. Participation in discussions with the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and other members of the Council on the adoption of resolution 9/1.", "2009", "• Tenth session. Support for a report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons (A/HRC/10/13). Intervention in discussions with Council members and observers for the adoption of resolution 10/4 on human rights and climate change.", "• Eleventh session. Statement at an interactive panel discussion on human rights and climate change. Organization of a debate on the renewal of special procedures mandates, the adoption of the outcomes of universal periodic reviews and discussions in the Council.", "• Twelfth session. Dissemination of a proposal for discussion and participation, together with the Permanent Mission of Côte d’Ivoire to the United Nations, in the discussions on the adoption of resolution 12/18 on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights.", "2010", "• Thirteenth session. Discussion with members and observers on the implementation of Opinion No. 9/2009 of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention of Environmental Defenders by Japan.", "• Fourteenth session. Statement in an interactive dialogue on toxic wastes.", "• Fifteenth session. Participation in discussions on the report of the Special Rapporteur on the adverse effects of the transfer and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights (A/HRC/15/22) and the report of the independent expert on human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation (A/HRC/15/31).", "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "Earthjustice representatives attended all meetings of the Working Group of the Parties and the Compliance Committee of the Aarhus Convention, as well as meetings of the Aarhus Convention task forces on access to justice, public participation in decision-making and public participation in international forums. They also participated and made a statement on the work of the Compliance Committee at the third Meeting of the Parties to the Convention (from 11 to 13 June 2008) and participated in the meetings of the Compliance Committee of the London Protocol on Water and Health (12 March and 24-25 September 2008; 25 and 26 February 2009; 26 and 27 January and 22 and 23 June 2010).", "UN Framework Convention on Climate Change", "Earthjustice representatives participated in the Thirteenth Conference of the Parties (Bali, Indonesia, from 3 to 15 December 2007); the Bonn Climate Change Conference (from 2 to 13 June 2008); the Barcelona Climate Change Conference (from 2 to 6 November 2009); the Fifteenth Conference of the Parties (Copenhague, from 7 to 18 December 2009); and the Sixteenth Conference of the Parties (Cancun).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Representatives of Earthjustice participated in meetings to promote the Special Rapporteur &apos; s recommendations on the adverse effects of the movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights. They also worked with the Basel Convention secretariat on hazardous wastes and OHCHR. In addition, they made oral statements during the meetings of the national committee of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Earthjustice representatives also participated in the fourth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention (from 4 to 8 May 2009) and the second session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (from 11 to 15 May 2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "All Earthjustice activities promote awareness of the interrelationship of environmental sustainability and the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "10. European Women’s Lobby", "Special, 1995", "Introduction", "Founded in 1990, the European Women's Lobby is the largest alliance of non-governmental women's associations in the European Union. The European Women’s Lobby represents over 2,500 organizations in total.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization aims to work towards equality between women and men, the promotion of women &apos; s rights in all areas of public and private life, the search for economic and social justice for all women from respect for their diversity and the elimination of all forms of male violence against women. The Lobby operates through democratic processes among its members in order to incorporate and monitor gender equality and the perspective of women &apos; s rights in all European Union policy fields, as well as to achieve parity democracy in all areas and areas.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Between 2007 and 2010, the Lobby grew with the incorporation of 30 national coordinating organizations (from Cyprus, Slovenia, Poland and Romania) and two more pan-European organizations. The Lobby is based on stipulated, transparent and democratic decision-making processes and consultations and other forms of participation.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization collaborated with the United Nations Global Campaign to Reform the Structure for Gender Equality in support of the creation of UN-Women. Non-governmental organizations focused on women &apos; s rights and gender equality had for years called on the United Nations to reform the gender equality architecture, which eventually led to the creation of UN-Women in 2010. The campaign was officially launched in March 2008 at the Commission on the Status of Women. The Lobby participated in the campaign since its creation and remained particularly active within the European campaign working group, which the organization coordinated in 2009 and 2010 (see www.gearcampaign.org).", "The organization collaborated in the Beijing+15 process through the participation of the Lobby in the annual sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women, including the Beijing+5 and Beijing+10 special sessions. The 15-year review provided an opportunity for the organization to express its recommendations and concerns on behalf of its members of the European Union. The Lobby produced a full report on Beijing+15 and the activities of the European Union in the 12 areas of the Beijing Platform for Action (see www.womenlobby.org/spip.php?article124 fakelang=en).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization participated annually in the Commission on the Status of Women, which submitted written amendments that were transferred to European delegations and distributed widely among delegates of non-governmental organizations. Also on an annual basis, the organization contacted the European Union chairmanship, coordinated the groups of European non-governmental organizations and participated actively in the NGO liaison group and in the coordination group.", "The Lobby organized meetings on the following topics:", "• “Deny generational myth and promote participation: are the needs of girls and women so different?” (2 February 2007);", "• “Financing women’s rights: a European perspective” (28 February 2008);", "• “From Beijing to Brussels, a journey to conclude” (2 March 2010).", "The Lobby attended and participated in meetings on the following topics:", "• “Children shape the future”, organized by the Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations and UNIFEM (1 March 2007);", "• The World Association of Scouts and Security Council resolution 1325 (28 February 2008);", "• CLEF and women &apos; s participation in decision-making (2 March 2009);", "• “Transformation of economic structures for equitable and sustainable development”, organized by the Swedish Women’s Association Gröna kvinnor (7 March 2010).", "The organization participated in the Beijing+15 regional review meetings of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and its NGO forum, held in Geneva from 31 October to 3 November 2009. The organization presented:", "• Recommendations during the general plenary meeting to review progress in the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action;", "• Written amendments to the conclusions of the meeting drafted by the presidency.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperated with United Nations bodies and representatives during their participation in the following events:", "• Consultations of European actors with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences (London, 11-13 January 2007);", "• UN.GIFT Forum to Combat Trafficking in Persons (Vienna, 13-15 February 2008);", "• Organization, together with UNIFEM and the WIDE Network (Women in Development Europe), of a meeting on the theme “Women and migration in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States” (Brussels, 4 September 2009) and the subsequent publication of a report;", "• Meeting on the theme “A human rights-based approach to combating trafficking in persons: challenges and opportunities. Implementation of the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking in Persons, organized by OHCHR (Geneva, 27 and 28 May 2010);", "• Meeting of an expert group on good practices in national action plans on violence against women (Puerto España, 13-15 September 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization regularly collaborates with development organizations whose mandate is to contribute to the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly from the perspective of women &apos; s rights.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "11. Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez de la Naturaleza y el Hombre", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Antonio Núñez Jiménez Foundation of Nature and Man is a civil and non-governmental, autonomous and non-profit cultural and scientific organization. It focuses on research and implementation of environmental protection programmes, projects and actions and their relationship with culture and society. The organization collaborates with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba to educate society about the need to protect the nature and value of its heritage. It collaborates with national and foreign institutions in the development of culture and science, promoting and supporting projects to preserve, inter alia, the identity of the Cuban nation. Its main programmes focus on geohistoric research, sustainable local development, sustainable consumption, heritage conservation, environmental education and biodiversity conservation, all with the support of an editorial team.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No modifications.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No modifications.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Projects seek to achieve sustainable development at all levels of society, with a special emphasis on the local level. The organization undertakes projects to achieve food sovereignty and, thus, to ensure that the food needs of the communities are met. The geohistoric research of the organization complements the application of its cultural values and aspires to protect the heritage, in a deeply linked task to that of UNESCO. In her work with young people, the organization stimulates her passion for science and research. It also respects gender equality in all its activities to ensure adequate representation and training. It maintains a smooth relationship with UNDP offices in Cuba and other agencies such as FAO, UNESCO and UNICEF. The organization has participated in numerous activities coordinated by FAO, UNEP and UNESCO, and has collaborated with the UNDP office in Havana. It has undertaken preparation and follow-up work on various events organized by the United Nations and collaborates with other non-governmental organizations in Cuba, some of them in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, to develop concrete proposals for projects and actions at the national level.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2008", "• sixteenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (New York, 5-16 May);", "• UNEP Summit of Latin American and Caribbean Civil Society for the Tenth Civil Society Forum (Buenos Aires);", "• National workshop for the promotion of the study of science, organized by UNESCO (Cuba);", "• Exchange of experiences on public policies for urban agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean, organized by UN-Habitat (Ecuador);", "• Preparation and implementation of a workshop for representatives of eight vulnerable communities (Esmeralda, Ecuador));", "• Technical meeting and panel discussion on the theme “The challenges of climate change for Cuba: architecture and hurricanes, experiences of 2008”, organized together with UN-Habitat and the National Union of Architects and Engineers of the Construction of Cuba (Cuba, December).", "2009", "• Workshop for the promotion of dialogue and the establishment of partnerships between non-governmental organizations in Cuba for better implementation of international projects, organized together with UNDP (Cuba, 23 February);", "• 15th Conference of the Parties of the People’s Forum (Copenhague, Denmark).", "2010", "• Application for consultative status with the UNEP Governing Council;", "• UNEP consultation meeting with civil society in Latin America and the Caribbean (Cozumel, Mexico));", "• “Climate change and women”, organized together with UN-Habitat (Cuba).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been working closely with the UNDP regional office in Havana on the following projects:", "• Digitization of the archive Antonio Núñez Jiménez, funded by the regional office of UNESCO and the Cuban National Commission;", "• “Cuban women and adaptation to climate change and risk management”, funded by COSUDE and implemented by UN-Habitat;", "• “ Urban risk management, a climate change adaptation strategy”, funded by the fund for local initiatives of the Canadian Embassy in Cuba and implemented by UN-Habitat.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization undertakes environmental education work related to two Millennium Development Goals: environmental protection and education. Such work encompasses issues such as sustainable consumption, geo-historic research, heritage conservation, environmental education and sustainable local development. The overall objective of the organization &apos; s environmental education and biodiversity conservation programme is to contribute to the creation of environmental awareness in Cuban society, founded on sustainable bases and in harmony with the environment, in order to promote the conservation of biodiversity and vulnerable ecosystems.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "12. Geneva International Model United Nations", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Geneva International Model United Nations is a non-governmental organization based in Geneva governed exclusively by students. The organization also operates in New York through its section in the United States.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization &apos; s mandate is to promote the values and principles of the United Nations among young people, especially students, through the organization of various educational events that serve to familiarize students with the United Nations.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Important changes have been made in the organization &apos; s statutes, such as the establishment of a consultative council that will allow for better knowledge-sharing. The organization has been accredited since 2010 to the University of Geneva and has good relations with the city and canton of Geneva, which will provide opportunities for collaboration and funding in the future.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "All activities organized by Geneva International Model United Nations relate to the United Nations programme and are divided into simulations, seminars and educational visits. During simulations, such as the annual conference, students learn about the functioning of the United Nations by assuming the role of diplomats and representatives of the United Nations Secretariat. Among the most outstanding conferences, the topics of humanitarian intervention (2009), human security (2010) and women and development (2011) are to be cited. The organization also conducted a simulation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change during the first World Humanitarian Forum Youth Forum. It also organized the United Nations Models Association (2009) and one semester simulations of the sessions of the General Assembly and the Security Council (2010-2011). The organization holds various seminars that offer students the possibility of interacting with other partners, with United Nations officials and the academic community. They provide an opportunity for students to express their views on United Nations matters. Recent activities include the annual commemoration of the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Day (2008, 2009 and 2010) and a three-day conference on the expectations and proposals of young people for the International Year of Youth (2011), on the theme &quot; Youth perspectives: education in the twenty-first century &quot; . The organization also organizes educational visits in which students observe and learn from work at the United Nations in New York and Geneva (2009, 2010 and 2011) and their field representations, such as Lebanon (2009) and Kenya (2011).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "On the occasion of the International Year of Youth, Geneva International Model United Nations is organizing a parallel event (“The Perspectives of Youth: Education in the Twenty-first Century”), which will present the results of the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council held in Geneva in July 2011.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has cooperated with the United Nations in several activities of its annual programme of work and events organized by the United Nations. The annual commemoration of the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations is organized in collaboration with the Office of Protocol and Liaison with Non-Governmental Organizations and the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva. Other examples of cooperation included the preparation and promotion of the second edition of the Geneva conference series focusing on the theme “Are human rights universal?”, organized by UNITAR in 2008. In 2009, the organization held a social event parallel to the World ModelONU project of the Department of Public Information. The organization also coordinated and collaborated with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and UNESCO on its educational visit to Lebanon in 2009, and with UN-Habitat for the educational visit to Kenya in 2011, focusing on the right to housing.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has sought to promote awareness of the Millennium Development Goals through its annual programme of activities and has encouraged the exchange of views on the Goals that especially affect young people. The simulation of the 2009 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties discussed environmental sustainability through presentation to participants of national adaptation action programmes. In 2010, the commemoration of the entry into force of the Charter of the United Nations was devoted to youth unemployment, gender-based illiteracy and efforts to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2011, this event focused on the theme &quot; Women and development: promoting gender balance in development ethics &quot; , while the 2011 Youth Outlook conference addressed key aspects of education, including universal access, gender equality, citizenship and integration.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "13. Elected Reproduction Information Group", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Elected Reproduction Information Group is a non-governmental non-profit organization based in Mexico.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization &apos; s mission is to contribute to the recognition, promotion and protection of sexual and reproductive health and rights within the framework of human rights, in particular abortion, through a normative framework that guarantees women &apos; s free decision. The organization focuses on public officials and decision makers of the three branches of government, as well as opinion leaders and the media.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No modifications.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization participated in the update of the Diagnosis on the Situation of Human Rights in Mexico, initially developed by OHCHR in 2003. It also took part in monitoring the elections of the new members of the National Human Rights Commission Council and collaborated with the Senate Commission to develop basic mechanisms for citizen participation and transparency, such as public hearings. The organization was part of the monitoring and evaluation committee of the Human Rights Programme of the Federal District and participated in a seminar for service providers of the Ministry of Health, in which one of the jurists of the organization provided a briefing on human rights and reproductive rights to over 400 health professionals. The Group was the only organization specialized in women &apos; s rights.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "Fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women.", "2008", "Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women.", "2009", "• Forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development;", "• Partnership for Action Conference (Berlin, 2-4 September);", "• Key developments and actions for the implementation of the agenda of the International Conference on Population and Development (Santiago, 7 and 8 October).", "2010", "• 98th session of the Human Rights Committee (New York, 8 and 9 March);", "• Fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 1-12 March);", "• 2010 Women &apos; s Dan Vida Conference, focusing on progress on Millennium Development Goal 5, improving maternal health (Washington, D.C., 7-9 June);", "• Global Health Council annual conference on global health, goals and indicators (Washington, D.C., 14-18 June);", "• World Youth Conference (Guanajuato, Mexico, from 23 to 27 August).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization referred information to the Human Rights Council on the occasion of the universal periodic review of Mexico in 2009. It also transmitted information to the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health in the context of a process of consultation with civil society organizations. The organization requested the Special Rapporteur to address violations by the Government of Mexico of the human rights of women resulting from amendments to the Constitution of the State (Guatemala City, 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization was a fundamental part of the course of actions that led to the decriminalization of abortion in Mexico City in 2007. It also participated in the implementation of safe abortion services and in the training of basic staff for the provision of high-quality services, which represents a major contribution for Millennium Development Goal 5. In 2008, the organization participated in the International Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era, which promotes women &apos; s health advocacy, in particular sexual and reproductive health and rights (including the Millennium Development Programme). This initiative assesses and monitors the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals in terms of sexual and reproductive health and rights policies.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "14. Hong Kong Council of Social Service", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "The Hong Kong Council of Social Service is a coordinating organization with more than 370 members providing more than 90 per cent of social welfare services through more than 3,000 care units in Hong Kong, China.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization represents non-governmental social welfare agencies dedicated to providing and developing social welfare services in Hong Kong. It seeks to promote the development of social well-being together with its member agencies through: improving the accountability of social welfare agencies; promoting the improvement of social welfare services; working with agencies to achieve better service to the community; defending equality, justice, social integration and a conscious society; and promoting the local social welfare sector as a model of excellence for the international community.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No modifications.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is constantly working with the United Nations system and its partners to promote international conventions in the region and to help local non-governmental organizations meet the social services needs of Hong Kong society.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The representatives of the organization attended the following meetings:", "• Forty-fifth session of the Commission for Social Development (New York, 7-16 February 2007);", "• Third Global Internet Governance Forum (Hyderabad, India, 3-6 December 2008);", "• Forty-seventh session of the Commission for Social Development (New York, 4-13 February 2009);", "• Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Salvador, Brazil, 12-19 April 2010).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Organization of the 2010 Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: the programme, together with the International Association of Social Work Schools, the International Council for Social Welfare, the International Federation of Social Workers and seven other local organizations in Hong Kong. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS was invited to organize a workshop to promote the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women;", "• Contribution to the elaboration of the third report on Hong Kong of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;", "• Presentation of a compilation report on the views and concerns expressed by the welfare sector and service users regarding the implementation of human rights treaties in Hong Kong.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has carried out outstanding actions in the following fields:", "Goal", "• Commemoration of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty with a forum on the theme &quot; From policy-making to ways to alleviate poverty in the future &quot; (16 October 2008); a seminar on assistance to students from low-income families and presentation of a book (16 October 2009); and a forum on the theme &quot; Has legislation addressed the problem of poverty effectively? &quot; (15 October 2010);", "• Advocacy of improvement in poverty eradication in its annual presentations to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong between 2007 and 2010;", "• Presentation of a proposal and a study to the former Poverty Alleviation Commission on the establishment of a Child Development Fund to support the long-term development of children from disadvantaged sectors;", "• Conduct of 12 research or consultancy studies and 9 seminars or forums on poverty issues between 2007 and 2010;", "• Collaboration with companies to coordinate the distribution of recycled and refurbished computers and broadband connection services to poor families.", "Goal 3", "Conduct of an advisory meeting on the statistical profile of the situation of women and girls (Hong Kong, 7 October 2010).", "Goal", "• Organization of a panel of analysis and discussion forums on &quot; Review of child mortality and child protection &quot; (June and July 2007);", "• Presentation of a study on the programme of intervention against perpetrators of violence and the review of child mortality;", "• Organization of a workshop on the pilot project for the review of child mortality (13 July 2007).", "Goal 8", "Organization, together with three international and seven local organizations, of the Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development 2010, held from 10 to 14 June 2010.", "Additional information", "The organization &apos; s human rights promotion activities include advocacy and activism in combating racial discrimination and promoting the integration of persons with disabilities.", "15. International Network of Liberal Women", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "No modifications.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "International Network of Liberal Women aspires to promote democratic values around the world, acting both nationally and internationally. To that end, it considered it essential to have equal representation of women and men in all decision-making processes. It also seeks to eliminate all gender-based discrimination practices that prevent women from participating fully, regardless of their form (physical, social, economic or legal). The organization strongly supports the goals of the United Nations and the Economic and Social Council, and works to promote national adoption and implementation of United Nations conventions designed to protect women and improve their situation worldwide.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has recorded an increase in the geographical diversity of its members.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "A representative of the organization attended:", "2007", "• Seminar on the contribution of women to society (Barcelona, Spain, 26 and 27 January);", "• General Assembly of the European Women &apos; s Lobby (Borovets and Samokov (Bulgaria), 25-29 October);", "• Seminar on trafficking in persons (Hamburg, Germany, 16 November);", "• Seminar on strengthening networks and combating trafficking in persons (Chinese Province of Taiwan, 8 December).", "2008", "Meeting on &quot; A non-violent society, overcoming conflicts &quot; and round table on women in peace processes (Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), 17 May).", "2009", "• Meeting on human rights and democracy (Strasbourg, France, 25 January);", "• Round table on women and education for the twenty-first century (Cairo, 30 October).", "2010", "• Meeting on support for democratic movements and the promotion of human rights (Berlin, 11 June);", "• Seminar on &quot; Africa yesterday, today and tomorrow &quot; (Cape City, South Africa, 13 November).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization submitted the following written or oral statements:", "2007", "Fifty-first session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 26 February-9 March): “Elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child” and “Devoted children of peace and forced to fight.”", "2008", "Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, from 25 February to 7 March): “Equal participation of women in conflict prevention, management and resolution and in post-conflict peace-building” and “the work of non-governmental organizations in the financing of gender equality”.", "2009", "Fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2-13 March): “Equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes at all levels”.", "2010", "Fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, from 1 to 12 March): “Review after 15 years of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, especially with regard to women in armed conflict, education, health, violence, girls and participation in the process of decision-making”", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "No additional information.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization &apos; s activities focus primarily on social awareness-raising campaigns on women &apos; s human rights, gender equality, women &apos; s participation in decision-making processes, women &apos; s empowerment, universal education (especially for women and girls) and the establishment of adequate health programmes for women. The representatives of the organization collaborated with the Netherlands UNESCO Centre, which finances educational resources in West Africa. Efforts are being made to inform the local population about the Millennium Development Goals. The organization &apos; s representatives participated in the planned activities in their respective countries on the occasion of International Women &apos; s Day, in the proceedings relating to Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and in programmes and initiatives relating to the Millennium Development Goals.", "Additional information", "No additional information." ]
[ "Comité encargado de las organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Período ordinario de sesiones de 2012", "30 de enero a 8 de febrero y 17 de febrero de 2012", "Informes cuadrienales sobre el período 2007-2010 recibidos de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social y presentados por conducto del Secretario General en cumplimiento de la resolución 1996/31 del Consejo", "Nota del Secretario General", "Índice", "Página\n1. ActionAid 22.Join 4 Together \nSociety 3.Red 6 Informativa y Educativa de los pueblos Indígenas \nLiuravetlan 4. Legal 9 Service \nCoalition 5. Internacional 11 \nLiberal 6.Life 14 Ethics Educational \nAssociation 7.Alcaldes 16 por la \n Paz 8. Mbutu 17 Agriculture \nSociety 9. Instituto 19 de Estudios de la Mujer del \nMediterráneo 10.National 21 Council of Negro \nWomen 11. Sahara 23 for Life \nTrust 12.Misiones 24 \nSalesianas 13. Internacional 27 Socialista de \nMujeres 14.Special 29 Olympics \nInternational 15.Alianza 31 Siriaca \nUniversal", "1. ActionAid", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1991", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No se han registrado cambios.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "ActionAid pondrá en marcha una nueva estrategia que se aplicará de 2012 a 2016. La estructura de gobernanza en dos niveles adoptada para aplicar su misión y objetivos consta de una asamblea integrada por miembros afiliados y asociados encargados de la gobernanza estratégica de ActionAid y una junta internacional integrada por miembros independientes elegidos por la asamblea y encargados de la toma de decisiones y la supervisión efectivas de la secretaría.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "En 2010, la organización participó con éxito en la coalición Women Won’t Wait. Su liderazgo fue reconocido formalmente en la XVIII Conferencia Internacional sobre el SIDA titulada “Derechos aquí y ahora” celebrada en Viena del 18 al 23 de julio de 2010.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Participó/asistió", "• Foro mundial de la sociedad civil, celebrado en Doha los días 26 y 27 de noviembre de 2008 y Conferencia internacional de seguimiento sobre la financiación para el desarrollo encargada de examinar la aplicación del Consenso de Monterrey, celebrada del 29 de noviembre al 2 de diciembre de 2008", "• Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la crisis financiera y económica mundial y sus efectos en el desarrollo, celebrada en Nueva York en junio de 2009", "• Conferencia de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Cooperación Sur-Sur, celebrada en Nairobi del 1 al 3 de diciembre de 2009", "• Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, celebrada en Ginebra en mayo de 2010", "• Períodos de sesiones 53º, 54º y 55º de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, celebrados en Nueva York", "• Serie de sesiones de alto nivel del Consejo Económico y Social celebrada en Ginebra del 4 al 8 de julio de 2011, donde los representantes del equipo encargados de la educación internacional y del VIH/SIDA de la organización presentaron una declaración escrita", "Organizó", "La organización celebró tres acontecimientos paralelos sobre el trabajo asistencial no remunerado, los programas integrales de educación sexual y la violencia contra las niñas en la escuela.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "ActionAid continúa cooperando con órganos y organismos especializados de las Naciones Unidas en las esferas de la educación, la seguridad alimentaria y la soberanía, las emergencias y los conflictos, los derechos de la mujer y el VIH y el SIDA, llevando a cabo trabajos de investigación y contribuyendo a ellos. También realiza actividades humanitarias y proyectos operacionales financiados por donantes, trabajando con organismos independientes de las Naciones Unidas como el Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Democracia, el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, el Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola, el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos.", "ActionAid ha organizado actividades y actos conjuntos con organismos independientes de las Naciones Unidas, entre otros:", "• Iniciativa de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación de las Niñas. En colaboración con el Instituto de Educación de la Universidad de Londres, ActionAid prestó asistencia técnica y contribuyó a la investigación de productos y materiales relacionados con las Naciones Unidas.", "• Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH). En colaboración con Marie Stopes (subdivisión de Sierra Leona), ActionAid respondió al llamamiento del ACNUDH para que se le aportara información sobre prácticas óptimas y eficaces con el objetivo de adoptar un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos a fin de eliminar la mortalidad y la morbilidad maternas.", "• ONUSIDA. ActionAid gestiona el servicio de apoyo técnico de ONUSIDA para Asia Meridional, con base en Katmandú.", "• Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial. ActionAid, en colaboración con el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la gobernanza del Comité Internacional de Planificación para la Soberanía Alimentaria y Oxfam Internacional, presentó una propuesta durante el 36º período de sesiones del Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial, celebrado en Roma del 11 al 14 y el 16 de octubre de 2010, y colaboró estrechamente con el Consejo de Derechos Humanos interactuando con los candidatos a procedimientos especiales.", "• Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la educación.", "• Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la alimentación.", "• Relator Especial sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "En el período de sesiones de la Asamblea General, en septiembre de 2007, ActionAid lanzó una campaña quinquenal llamada HungerFREE centrada en el primer Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio. Desde entonces, ActionAid ha desarrollado diversos recursos, como el informe titulado Who’s really fighting hunger?, que se presentó el 14 de septiembre de 2010 en Nueva York antes de la Reunión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "Del 20 al 22 de septiembre de 2010, ActionAid participó en esa reunión, en calidad de representante de la sociedad civil en la mesa redonda 1.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "2. Join Together Society", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 2007", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos operados en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Join Together Society presta apoyo humanitario de manera activa en virtud de su compromiso de poner fin al hambre, las enfermedades y el analfabetismo en el mundo, y ofrece socorro de emergencia en la República Popular Democrática de Corea, la India, Indonesia, Filipinas y Sri Lanka.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Lamentablemente, la organización no ha podido participar en ninguna reunión de las Naciones Unidas entre 2007 y 2010.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "En cooperación con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, la organización envió ayuda alimentaria a Haití, bajo la coordinación de las fuerzas de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, en marzo de 2010. El total de la ayuda alimentaria ascendió a 45 toneladas de arroz, 4,5 toneladas de judías y 7.570 litros de aceite para cocinar.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Erradicar la pobreza extrema y el hambre", "República Popular Democrática de Corea (2007-2010). La organización proporcionó alimentos a la población vulnerable en las provincias de Hamkyung del Norte y Pyongan del Sur y suministró 150 toneladas de maíz, 100 toneladas de arroz, 3.290 toneladas de harina, 495 toneladas de fideos y 3,75 toneladas de patatas.", "India. Gracias al proyecto “banco de cabras”, la organización ha suministrado 518 cabras a 256 hogares en Dungeshwari desde 2009.", "Sri Lanka (2008-2010). En colaboración con la Fundación Sewalanka, la organización recuperó una presa agrícola y 28 pozos de agua potable y agrícolas en Anuradhapura. La organización también distribuyó semillas, fertilizante, pollos y vacas.", "Indonesia (2009). La organización envió 25.880 kg de arroz, 300 tiendas de campaña y 308 juegos de aparatos de cocina a 1.371 hogares de ocho zonas de Sumatra occidental afectadas por el terremoto.", "Lograr la enseñanza primaria universal", "República Popular Democrática de Corea (2009). La organización envió útiles escolares a 12 escuelas (55.020 cuadernos, 107.136 bolígrafos y 5.288 mochilas).", "India. La organización gestiona la Academia Sujata en Dungeshwari. En diciembre de 2010, alrededor de 869 niños habían terminado la escuela elemental en la academia.", "Filipinas. La organización construyó 13 escuelas en Midanao y suministró útiles escolares a 6.491 estudiantes.", "Camboya (2009-2010). La organización construyó siete escuelas y suministró útiles escolares a 1.034 estudiantes en Kouk Krasang, Kouk Rovieng, Thmor Teuk Dach y Pachon Thum tun Krah Ta Veaeng Leu.", "Indonesia (2009). La organización proporcionó 519 uniformes escolares, 700 mochilas y 1.307 juegos de útiles escolares a 1.260 estudiantes en Sumatra occidental después del terremoto.", "Haití (2010). La organización recuperó cinco escuelas en cinco aldeas en la zona de Leogane, destruida por el terremoto.", "Promover la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer", "India. La organización estableció una escuela elemental y en diciembre de 2010 ya había ofrecido educación gratuita a 50.869 estudiantes, incluidos 486 niños (el 55,9%) y 383 niñas (el 44,1%).", "Reducir la mortalidad infantil", "República Popular Democrática de Corea. La sociedad suministró alimentos nutritivos básicos (719.424 litros de leche de soja; 67 toneladas de leche en polvo; 25 toneladas de sopa de algas en polvo y 20 toneladas de alimentos nutritivos) a 53 orfanatos e instituciones para niños con discapacidad.", "India. Basándose en los parámetros de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el hospital Jivaka de Dungeswari llevó a cabo un estudio en 1.210 niños menores de 5 años y concluyó que el 14,4% tenían un peso inferior al normal. La organización proporcionó alimentos nutritivos a 764 niños con peso inferior al normal y el hospital Jivaka ha llevado a cabo una campaña de vacunaciones gratuitas contra la tuberculosis, la difteria, el tétanos, la tos ferina, el sarampión y la hepatitis A para niños menores de 1 año.", "Mejorar la salud materna", "India. Desde 2007, el hospital Jivaka se ha ocupado del programa educativo de planificación familiar para Dungeswari. Como parte del programa, 25 residentes se sometieron a una operación gratuita de planificación familiar el 22 de diciembre de 2009. Desde 2009, la organización ha proporcionado suplementos nutricionales a las madres y hierro a las mujeres embarazadas.", "Combatir el VIH/SIDA, la malaria y otras enfermedades", "India. La organización puso en marcha su proyecto de eliminación de la tuberculosis en Dungeswari en noviembre de 2001 y el hospital Javika adoptó el Programa Nacional Revisado para el Control de la Tuberculosis en junio de 2008. Desde entonces, la duración media del tratamiento médico se ha reducido de 21 a 6 meses.", "Garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente", "India. La organización construyó 33 pozos y bombas de agua manuales en Dungeswari.", "Filipinas. La organización construyó 12 pozos de agua potable en distintas localidades de Mindanao.", "Camboya. La organización construyó dos pozos en Kouk Krasang y Kouk Vieng.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "3. Red Informativa y Educativa de los pueblos Indígenas Liuravetlan", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "La Red Informativa y Educativa de los pueblos Indígenas Liuravetlan es una organización coordinadora que representa a más de 20 comunidades indígenas de Siberia y las zonas del norte y el lejano oriente de la Federación de Rusia.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización y principal línea de acción", "Los principales objetivos de la organización son mejorar las capacidades de esas comunidades indígenas para aumentar su participación activa y crear un mecanismo que les permita comunicarse con el mundo exterior y entre sí.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización hizo un seguimiento de todos los períodos de sesiones ordinarios y extraordinarios de la Asamblea General, los períodos de sesiones anuales del Consejo Económico y Social y sus órganos subsidiarios y de otros órganos que se ocupan de cuestiones indígenas. Durante las reuniones patrocinadas por las Naciones Unidas, los representantes de la organización presentaron 18 declaraciones escritas y orales, además de tres declaraciones conjuntas.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "• 60ª Conferencia Anual del Departamento de Información Pública para las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales", "• Audiencia interactiva oficiosa con representantes de la sociedad civil sobre el entendimiento entre religiones y culturas y la cooperación en aras de la paz (Nueva York, 4 y 5 de octubre)", "• Reunión oficiosa para debatir sobre los mecanismos más adecuados para continuar la labor del Grupo de Trabajo sobre Pueblos Indígenas (Ginebra, 6 y 7 de diciembre)", "La organización también celebró una serie de conferencias educativas para los representantes de las organizaciones de los pueblos indígenas, el mundo académico y los organismos de las Naciones Unidas, incluidas las siguientes actividades:", "• Un seminario titulado “Conocimientos tradicionales de los pueblos indígenas”, que tuvo lugar durante el sexto período de sesiones del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas", "• Un taller sobre conocimientos tradicionales, organizado durante la 60ª Conferencia Anual del Departamento de Información Pública para las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales", "2008", "La organización participó en el 73º período de sesiones del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial (Ginebra, 27 de julio a 15 de agosto).", "2009", "La organización participó en la Conferencia de Examen de Durban (Ginebra, 20 a 24 de abril). Junto con la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (OMPI), la organización elaboró y presentó un folleto titulado “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples”, durante el octavo período de sesiones del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas (Nueva York, 27 de mayo).", "2007 y 2010", "La organización participó en el componente lingüístico ruso del Programa de Becas para Indígenas celebrado en Moscú en octubre de 2007 y noviembre de 2010 y en Ginebra en noviembre de 2007 y de noviembre a diciembre de 2010.", "2007 a 2009", "La organización participó en los períodos de sesiones sexto, séptimo y octavo celebrados en Nueva York por el Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para las Cuestiones Indígenas.", "2008 a 2010", "La organización participó en los períodos de sesiones 13º, 14º y 17º del Comité Intergubernamental de la OMPI sobre Propiedad Intelectual y Recursos Genéticos, Conocimientos Tradicionales y Folclore, celebrado en Ginebra.", "2008 y 2010", "La organización participó en los períodos de sesiones primero y tercero del Mecanismo de expertos sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, celebrados en Ginebra.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "2008", "La organización colaboró con la OMPI para publicar el folleto titulado “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” en inglés y en ruso.", "2009", "Junto con el ACNUDH, la organización puso en marcha un proyecto sobre la traducción de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos a 10 lenguas indígenas de la Federación de Rusia (vepsio, karelio, nganasano, nenets, shoriano, evenko, altaiano, yakut, khakaso y tuviniano). La organización, en colaboración con la OMPI, también celebró un seminario internacional titulado “Conocimientos tradicionales de los pueblos indígenas: cuestiones de conservación y protección jurídica, aspectos internacionales y nacionales” para los representantes de las comunidades indígenas de Siberia y de las zonas del norte y el lejano oriente de la Federación de Rusia los días 22 y 23 de octubre.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización apoya los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio mediante la celebración de campañas jurídicas y seminarios educativos para los representantes de los pueblos indígenas sobre las disposiciones relativas a sus derechos de acceso a la tierra y los recursos naturales. Durante el período 2007-2010, la organización celebró 16 seminarios de tres semanas sobre capacitación jurídica y 32 seminarios sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la disposición relativa a los derechos de los pueblos indígenas a los recursos terrestres, hídricos y forestales.", "Información adicional", "No hay información adicional.", "4. Legal Service Coalition", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007", "Introducción", "Legal Service Coalition se dedica a la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos mediante la sensibilización del público; actividades de promoción a los niveles local, nacional e internacional; y el fortalecimiento de las organizaciones afiliadas.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "La organización elaboró y aprobó un nuevo plan estratégico cuadrienal para el período 2010-2013.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Durante los últimos cuatro años, la organización y sus organizaciones afiliadas se han centrado en la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos de los grupos marginados, especialmente las personas desplazadas (refugiados, repatriados, desplazados internos) y las personas pertenecientes a minorías nacionales. En Croacia se aprobó una nueva ley sobre asistencia jurídica gratuita en 2008 y seis de las nueve organizaciones actualmente afiliadas a la coalición se han inscrito como proveedores de asistencia jurídica gratuita en virtud de esa ley. Esas organizaciones han seguido proporcionando asistencia jurídica gratuita a todos los que la necesitan.", "Entre las principales cuestiones que tratan los proyectos más importantes de la coalición durante los últimos cuatro años cabe mencionar:", "• La función y las posibilidades de la tecnología moderna en la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos", "• La promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos", "• La promoción de los valores europeos contra el racismo y la xenofobia a los niveles local y regional", "• Los derechos de las minorías en el sudeste de Europa, incluido un plan de acción nacional para Croacia para el período 2007-2008", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2008", "• El Director Ejecutivo de la Coalición para la Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos de Osijek participó en la 61ª Conferencia Anual del Departamento de Información Pública para las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales, celebrada en París del 3 al 5 de septiembre.", "• La organización participó en una conferencia titulada “La reafirmación de los derechos humanos para todos: la Declaración Universal a los 60 años”, celebrada en París del 3 al 5 de septiembre y organizada por el Comité Ejecutivo de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, en colaboración con el Departamento de Información Pública, la UNESCO, el ACNUDH y Francia.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• La organización colaboró con la oficina de representación en Croacia de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), el Ministerio de Justicia de Croacia, el Centro de Derechos Humanos y Coalición para la Promoción y la Protección de los Derechos Humanos para organizar una conferencia internacional sobre el tema “Acceso a la justicia: un año de experiencia en la aplicación de la ley de asistencia jurídica gratuita”, celebrada en Zagreb el 26 de julio de 2010.", "• En abril de 2010, la organización formó parte de una coalición especial de organizaciones de la sociedad civil que participó en el examen periódico universal. La coalición especial celebró varias reuniones de trabajo para examinar en profundidad la situación y la protección de los derechos humanos en Croacia e informar al respecto. Su objetivo era denunciar las violaciones más flagrantes de los derechos humanos y formular recomendaciones sobre cómo se podría y debería mejorar la situación.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• La entidad organizó numerosos acontecimientos en varias ciudades de Croacia con ocasión del Día Mundial de los Refugiados, el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, el Día Internacional contra el Fascismo y el Antisemitismo y el Día de los Derechos Humanos.", "• La organización publicó importantes declaraciones en su sitio web oficial, en sus medios de difusión escritos y en sus emisiones en medios de difusión electrónicos locales y nacionales.", "• Representantes de la organización participaron en programas de televisión donde hablaron sobre los problemas a los que se enfrentan los refugiados y las minorías y sobre la situación general de los derechos humanos en Croacia.", "• Con ocasión del Día Mundial de los Refugiados de 2010, la organización puso en marcha medidas humanitarias para ayudar a los repatriados y refugiados en dos regiones de Croacia; sin embargo, solo una empresa respondió suministrando paquetes con chocolates y golosinas a las familias de repatriados con niños pequeños.", "Información adicional", "Desde abril de 2008, la organización es miembro del grupo de trabajo de la Confederación Europea de ONG de Emergencia y Desarrollo sobre cuestiones de ampliación, preadhesión y vecindad.", "5. Internacional Liberal", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter general en 1995", "Introducción", "Internacional Liberal es una federación mundial de partidos políticos liberales que actúa como foro internacional donde los partidos de gobierno y de la oposición se reúnen para intercambiar ideas y fomentar el diálogo, las consultas y la inspiración para crear, profundizar y consolidar la democracia (liberal).", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "Hans van Baleen, miembro del Parlamento Europeo, sucedió a Lord Alderdice como nuevo Presidente de la organización.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "• Realización de un taller sobre derechos humanos con el tema “Seguridad y derechos humanos” en Cancún (México), 30 de abril", "• Celebración de una conferencia sobre derechos humanos en Taipei (Provincia china de Taiwán), 26 a 29 de septiembre", "• Celebración de una conferencia sobre derechos humanos con el tema “Fortalecimiento de las redes y lucha contra la trata de personas” en Taipei, 7 a 10 de diciembre", "2008", "• Presentación de informes especiales sobre los niños soldados en el contexto del comité de derechos humanos de la organización en el 56º Congreso Internacional Liberal celebrado en Belfast (Irlanda del Norte), 15 a 17 de mayo", "• Aprobación de resoluciones sobre la situación mundial actual y sobre la prohibición de perseguir y discriminar a las personas por su orientación sexual, la libertad de expresión, el cambio climático, el precio de los alimentos, la superación de los conflictos y la crisis de población mundial durante el 56º Congreso Internacional Liberal celebrado en Belfast (Irlanda del Norte), 15 a 17 de mayo", "2009", "• Aprobación de resoluciones sobre cuestiones como la crisis humanitaria en Gaza, la violencia en la parte oriental de la República Democrática del Congo, el fin de la explotación y el abuso sexuales en el mundo y la importancia de los derechos humanos para la democracia, en la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo de la organización titulada “El impacto de la crisis económica mundial para la democracia y los derechos humanos” celebrada en Estrasburgo (Francia) el 25 de enero", "• Aprobación de resoluciones sobre los derechos de la mujer en el Afganistán y la situación en Kosovo y la República de Moldova, en la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo de la organización con el tema “Fortalecimiento del programa liberal”, celebrada en Vancouver (Canadá), del 1 al 3 de mayo", "• Aprobación de resoluciones sobre la situación mundial del momento y otras cuestiones nacionales y regionales durante el 57º Congreso Internacional Liberal, celebrado en El Cairo del 29 al 31 de octubre", "2010", "• Visita a Chisinau para examinar la situación de los derechos humanos en el país del 15 al 17 de febrero", "• Organización conjunta de la Cumbre de Ginebra sobre Recursos Humanos, Tolerancia y Democracia, celebrada en Ginebra los días 8 y 9 de marzo, con la colaboración de su organización de jóvenes, la Federación Internacional de las Juventudes Liberales", "• Celebración de una mesa redonda sobre el tema “Derechos humanos y participación de la mujer” en la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo de la organización, celebrada en Berlín del 11 al 13 de junio", "• Aprobación de resoluciones y promoción de la descentralización en África en la reunión del Comité Ejecutivo de la organización celebrada en Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica), los días 13 y 14 de noviembre", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "Reunión del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, Ginebra, 27 a 29 de marzo", "2008", "61ª Conferencia Anual del Departamento de Información Pública para las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales, París, 3 a 5 de septiembre", "2009", "• Cuarto período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Examen Periódico Universal, Ginebra, 2 a 13 de febrero", "• Décimo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, Ginebra, 2 a 27 de marzo", "• Reunión con el ACNUDH, Ginebra, 17 de junio", "• 12º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas, Ginebra, 14 de septiembre a 2 de octubre; se presentó una declaración escrita al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas", "• 62ª Conferencia anual del Departamento de Información Pública para las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales, México, D.F., 9 a 11 de septiembre", "2010", "• 13º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas, Ginebra, 10 de marzo", "• Período ordinario de sesiones del Comité del Consejo Económico y Social encargado de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, Nueva York, 4 de junio", "• Sesión de la Tercera Comisión de la Asamblea General durante el debate general, Nueva York, 28 de octubre", "Cooperación con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "2008-2009", "Reuniones del Secretario General de la organización con el Presidente de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, Srdjan Kerim", "2009-2010", "• Acreditación del Presidente Adjunto ante las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York", "• Acreditación del Vicepresidente del Comité de Derechos Humanos ante las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• La organización entregó su “Premio a la Libertad”, que se otorga cada año a personas que han contribuido notablemente a la promoción de la libertad y los derechos humanos", "• La organización publicó un libro titulado Defining Liberty: A Look at the First 25 Years of the Liberal International Prize for Freedom (2009), que recoge discursos de personas que han recibido el Premio a la Libertad entre 1985 y 2009", "• La organización publica periódicamente un boletín informativo especial sobre derechos humanos para concienciar acerca de las violaciones de los derechos humanos y promover la igualdad de derechos para todos. En 2008, la revista Liberal Matters dedicó un número a la transición democrática y los derechos humanos, coincidiendo con el sexagésimo aniversario de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos", "Información adicional", "Los partidos afiliados tienen representación en parlamentos y gobiernos de todo el mundo, lo cual permite a la organización influir directamente en la elaboración y aplicación de importantes políticas internacionales, así como en las actividades diplomáticas.", "6. Life Ethics Educational Association", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1999", "Introducción", "Life Ethics Educational Association es una organización no gubernamental con sede en Canadá cuyo objetivo es concienciar acerca de las cuestiones relativas al “derecho a la vida”, en particular antes de nacer y al final de la vida.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La organización tiene por objetivo defender al prenato, a los discapacitados, a los enfermos y a las personas de edad mediante el fomento del respeto de toda vida humana, desde la fertilización hasta la muerte natural, promoviendo y propiciando la comprensión y el conocimiento de las cuestiones biológicas, incluidas, entre otras, el desarrollo del feto, el aborto, las nuevas tecnologías reproductivas, la adopción, los cuidados paliativos, la eutanasia, el suicidio asistido por médicos, la experimentación con seres humanos, el síndrome post-aborto y la educación en castidad y abstinencia.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "El representante principal de la organización ha sido trasladado a Nueva York, lo que ha facilitado en gran medida su participación en las reuniones de las Naciones Unidas y el establecimiento de contactos con otras organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas por el Consejo Económico y Social.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Además de participar en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas, la organización se ha asociado con otras organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas por el Consejo Económico y Social para ayudar a organizar eventos para la comunidad más amplia de las Naciones Unidas. Los representantes de la organización también han intervenido en mesas redondas y actos paralelos organizados por otras organizaciones durante conferencias como la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer. El 15 de septiembre de 2010, la organización se asoció con otras organizaciones no gubernamentales, como Focus on the Family y MaterCare International y las Misiones Permanentes de Filipinas y Malawi ante las Naciones Unidas con el propósito de convocar a un grupo de expertos para debatir el quinto Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio y la salud materna.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "• Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, 26 de febrero a 9 de marzo", "• Comisión de Población y Desarrollo, 9 a 13 de abril", "2008", "• Comisión de Desarrollo Social, 6 a 15 de febrero", "• Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, 25 de febrero a 7 de marzo", "• Comisión de Población y Desarrollo, 7 a 11 de abril", "• Reunión de alto nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA, 8 a 10 de junio", "• Comisión de Desarrollo Social, 6 a 15 de febrero", "• Conferencia Las Mujeres Dan Vida, 18 a 20 de octubre de 2007", "2009", "• Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, 2 a 13 de marzo", "• Comisión de Población y Desarrollo, 30 de marzo a 3 de abril", "2010", "• Comisión de Desarrollo Social, 3 a 12 de febrero", "• Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer, 1 a 12 de marzo", "• Comisión de Población y Desarrollo, 12 a 16 de abril", "• Reunión de alto nivel sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, 20 a 22 de septiembre", "• Conferencia Mundial de la Juventud, 24 a 27 de agosto de 2010", "• Conferencia Las Mujeres Dan Vida, 7 a 9 de junio de 2010", "Como preparación para el Año Internacional de la Juventud, la organización ha trabajado activamente para informar a sus miembros más jóvenes en charlas y seminarios.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "No se aplica.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La asociación fue la anfitriona y organizadora de un acto celebrado en septiembre de 2010 sobre el quinto Objetivo, relativo a la mejora de la salud materna. La organización considera que es importante educar a los jóvenes sobre la labor de las Naciones Unidas, en concreto en lo relativo a los Objetivos segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto, mediante la organización de sesiones de capacitación y para sus voluntarios antes de participar en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas, para que puedan debatir e interactuar con otros representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales, personal de las Naciones Unidas y representantes de los países. Entre 2007 y 2010, la organización capacitó a más de 100 jóvenes voluntarios que a continuación participaron en conferencias de las Naciones Unidas en calidad de representantes.", "7. Alcaldes por la Paz", "Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1991", "Introducción", "En agosto de 1945, dos bombas atómicas destruyeron las ciudades de Hiroshima y Nagasaki y se cobraron cientos de miles de vidas. Más de 65 años después, muchos supervivientes continúan sufriendo las secuelas físicas y emocionales de la radiación. Para garantizar que la tragedia atómica no vuelva a repetirse en ningún otro lugar del planeta, Hiroshima y Nagasaki siempre han tratado de persuadir al mundo de que las armas nucleares son ilegales, inmorales y deben eliminarse totalmente. El 24 de junio de 1982, en el segundo período extraordinario de sesiones sobre desarme celebrado en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York, el entonces alcalde de Hiroshima Takeshi Araki anunció un programa para promover la solidaridad de las ciudades con la total eliminación de las armas nucleares, un plan para fomentar la solidaridad transnacional entre las ciudades con el fin de facilitar los esfuerzos colectivos para eliminar las armas nucleares. Los alcaldes de Hiroshima y Nagasaki emitieron un llamamiento conjunto a las ciudades del mundo para apoyar este programa. Alcaldes por la Paz está integrado por un conjunto de ciudades que han expresado formalmente su apoyo al programa que se describe más arriba. En marzo de 1990, Alcaldes por la Paz fue reconocida como organización no gubernamental por el Departamento de Información Pública.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Además de sensibilizar a la opinión pública sobre la abolición de las armas nucleares, Alcaldes por la Paz trabaja para aliviar las hambrunas y la pobreza, ayudar a los refugiados que huyen de los conflictos locales, apoyar los derechos humanos y proteger el medio ambiente, para contribuir de esa manera a alcanzar una paz mundial duradera. Alcaldes por la Paz se ha centrado recientemente en la eliminación total de las armas nucleares. Esas armas inhumanas e ilegales amenazan la propia existencia de los seres humanos. Desde 2003, la organización ha promovido su Visión 2020, una campaña de emergencia para prohibir las armas nucleares en al año 2020. Junto con ciudades, ciudadanos y organizaciones no gubernamentales en todo el mundo, Alcaldes por la Paz ha llevado a cabo numerosas actividades, la más reciente una petición para que comiencen sin demora las negociaciones para una convención relativa a las armas nucleares.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "Gracias a la promoción de su Campaña Visión 2020 y el objetivo de desarme para 2020, la organización ha pasado de 1.500 ciudades afiliadas en 2007 a casi 4.400 ciudades en 2010. Este crecimiento requiere un fortalecimiento de la red y de los métodos de comunicación entre sus miembros. El documento final aprobado en la Conferencia de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares (TNP), celebrada en mayo, mencionó la convención relativa a las armas nucleares por primera vez en la historia de la Conferencia. Sobre la base de este documento final, la organización celebró una conferencia en Hiroshima sobre la abolición total de las armas nucleares para 2020 y aprobó el Llamamiento de Hiroshima, nuevo conjunto de directrices para la campaña, como llamamiento para comenzar las negociaciones sobre la convención relativa a las armas nucleares.", "8. Mbutu Agriculture Society", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1999", "Introducción", "La Mbutu Agriculture Society fue fundada en 1993 como organización no gubernamental sin filiación política ni religiosa.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "La organización se ha expandido tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, con la cooperación del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), el Programa Mundial de Alimentos, Sustainability Education and Ecological Design International, el proyecto AWARE United Kingdom, la Organic Crop Improvement Association International, la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional y universidades nacionales, como la Ardhi University y el College of Education de la Universidad de Dar es Salam University.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "2009", "• La organización llevó a cabo un proyecto de conservación del uso de la tierra dirigido a horticultores y cultivadores de arroz a lo largo del río Ruvu en la división de Mlandizi, distrito de Kibaha, región de Pwani", "• La Sociedad llevó a cabo un proyecto sobre el control de la degradación de las tierras mediante la concienciación sobre el problema entre los agricultores que viven en las cuencas de los ríos Kilombero y Rumemo en el barrio de Ifakara, distrito de Kilombero, región de Morogoro (julio a octubre)", "• La organización llevó a cabo un proyecto centrado en prácticas de conservación acuática entre pequeños agricultores que cultivan arroz en el valle del río Ruvu, división de Mlandizi, distrito de Kibaha, región de Pwani", "2010", "La Sociedad llevó a cabo un proyecto de plantado de árboles a lo largo de la carretera de Nyerere en Dar es Salam (República Unida de Tanzanía)", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participó en la Quinta Conferencia Africana de Población, celebrada en Arusha (República Unida de Tanzanía) del 10 al 14 de diciembre de 2007.", "Cooperación con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "En 2008, el Director Ejecutivo de la Sociedad recibió una invitación de la Oficina del PNUD en la República Unida de Tanzanía para participar, con todos los gastos pagados, en la cumbre de Sullivan, celebrada en Arusha del 2 al 6 de mayo de 2008. En dicha cumbre participaron emprendedores e inversores africanos y americanos que operan en los sectores de las infraestructuras, el turismo y el medio ambiente, con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades de desarrollo de la República Unida de Tanzanía y de África, y de entrar en contacto con Asia como fuente de asociaciones estratégicas y de oportunidades de generación de inversiones.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Objetivo 6: Combatir el VIH/SIDA, la malaria y otras enfermedades", "La organización prestó apoyo a los jóvenes sin escolarizar con actividades educativas en materia de VIH/SIDA y salud reproductiva sexual con perspectiva de género:", "• Estableció 120 clubes de salud, 8 grupos teatrales y 15 concursos en diferentes contextos escolares en Tuangoma y Changombe (distrito de Temeke) y en el barrio de Mbamba Bay (distrito de Mbinga), en la región de Ruvuma", "• Seleccionó y formó a 120 jóvenes sin escolarizar para que se convirtieran en educadores de sus compañeros estudiantes y alumnos", "• Formó a 200 jóvenes sin escolarizar en aptitudes para la vida y educación sobre el VIH, que fueron instruidos por compañeros", "Asimismo, la organización formó a 36 trabajadoras sexuales, y les impartió conocimientos para mantener relaciones sexuales más seguras, por ejemplo utilizando condones, y también capacitó a 120 hombres en el fomento de aptitudes para la vida y el comportamiento sexual responsable en relaciones sexuales y familiares. La organización también solicitó fondos para comprar condones (12 cajas de envases) y distribuirlos a grupos de la comunidad.", "La organización seleccionó a 38 usuarios y adictos a las drogas y elaboró una estrategia para responder a la adicción. Once de ellos han abandonado ese hábito y están recibiendo terapia y rehabilitación.", "La organización colaboró con las comunidades de Tabaka y Kimara en actividades de saneamiento ambiental para reducir los lugares de cría de los mosquitos en la zona, de las que se beneficiaron un total de 200 hogares. La organización creó hojas informativas sobre la importancia de utilizar mosquiteras tratadas con insecticida y de acudir a los centros médicos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos.", "Información adicional", "En todas sus actividades entre 2008 y 2010, la organización desarrolló mejores prácticas en relación con la transparencia. La Sociedad es una fundación agrícola que cuenta con 74 miembros. Todos los miembros participan en la planificación, diseño y ejecución de los proyectos.", "9. Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer del Mediterráneo", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1987", "Introducción", "El ámbito geográfico del Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer del Mediterráneo abarca Grecia, el Mediterráneo, Europa, Asia y África.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "• Estudiar, analizar y mejorar la posición de la mujer en la familia y en la vida económica, social y pública", "• Aumentar la concienciación y estimular actuaciones que fomenten la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres en todos los ámbitos de la vida", "• Sensibilizar a las mujeres sobre problemas ecológicos y movilizarlas para preservar el medio ambiente y proteger la cuenca mediterránea frente a la contaminación", "• Asistir a las mujeres en la preservación de su patrimonio cultural y de los valores femeninos", "• Empoderar a las mujeres por medio de la educación para que ejerzan sus derechos en todos los ámbitos de la vida", "• Elaborar métodos y tomar la iniciativa para resolver conflictos y fomentar la paz en el Mediterráneo", "• Iniciar actividades para la promoción de la democracia y los derechos humanos", "• Apoyar campañas y programas nacionales, regionales e internacionales sobre cuestiones que causan gran preocupación, como el VIH/SIDA, las drogas, el alcoholismo, la violencia, el racismo, la xenofobia y la delincuencia juvenil", "Para lograr sus objetivos, la organización desarrolla su labor en varios ámbitos de responsabilidad:", "• El feminismo y la investigación orientada a la acción", "• Un programa de estudios de género", "• Seminarios, simposios, talleres, conferencias y reuniones sobre un gran número de cuestiones relacionadas, principalmente, con las mujeres y los jóvenes", "• Un programa de alternativas feministas para la promoción de la paz y la seguridad", "• Actividades relacionadas con la protección del medio ambiente", "• Proyectos de desarrollo para las mujeres en países en desarrollo", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "En mayo de 2009, la organización se convirtió en miembro de la Red de la Fundación Anna Lindh, que opera en los países del Mediterráneo y tiene por objetivo facilitar el diálogo intercultural en el Mediterráneo.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización realizó dos seminarios, en colaboración con el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, para promover la resolución 1235 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• En 2007, un miembro de la junta participó en el 15º período de sesiones dedicado a las políticas de la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas, celebrado en Nueva York del 30 de abril al 11 de mayo", "• En 2009, el mismo miembro de la junta participó en la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la crisis financiera y económica mundial y sus efectos en el desarrollo, que se celebró en Nueva York del 24 al 26 de junio. La Secretaria General de la Organización participó en el tercer período de sesiones de la Conferencia de los Estados partes de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción, celebrada en Doha del 9 al 15 de noviembre", "• En 2010, el mismo miembro de la junta participó en el 18º período de sesiones de la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible, celebrado en Nueva York del 3 al 14 de mayo. La Presidenta y la Tesorera de la organización participaron como observadoras en el quinto período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, celebrada en Viena del 18 al 22 de octubre", "Cooperación con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "Del 19 al 23 de febrero, la organización, en colaboración con la División de Apoyo Técnico del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA), organizó un taller de capacitación de cinco días de duración sobre el tema “Liderazgo, gestión, capacidad de comunicación y planificación de proyectos”, destinado a mujeres y hombres de 12 regiones de Indonesia. El UNFPA financió y organizó el taller, mientras que el Instituto organizó e impartió la formación, que tuvo lugar en Bali (Indonesia). El taller se centró en la resolución 1235 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Del 10 al 15 de junio, la organización, en el marco de la cooperación que mantiene con el UNFPA, organizó un taller de capacitación de cinco días de duración dirigido a mujeres iraquíes sobre el tema “Resolución de conflictos, capacidad de comunicación y gestión de la organización”, en Estambul (Turquía). El taller se centró en la resolución 1235 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Ninguna actividad que reseñar.", "10. National Council of Negro Women", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo general en 1995", "Introducción", "El National Council of Negro Women es un consejo de organizaciones nacionales de mujeres afroamericanas y de secciones de base comunitaria. Fundado en 1935, su misión es el liderazgo, el desarrollo y la defensa de las mujeres de ascendencia africana en su labor de apoyo a sus familias y comunidades.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Una representante de la organización contribuyó a organizar la 16ª conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales sobre el tema: “El cambio climático: cómo nos afecta a todos”. La representante trabajó en el comité de establecimiento de redes del comité de planificación para lograr que las organizaciones no gubernamentales colaboraran en cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climático. Además, cuatro de los miembros de la organización asistieron a la conferencia y, posteriormente, presentaron informes sobre los programas en reuniones locales de sus comunidades, en las que participaron unas 150 personas en cuatro contextos diferentes. Una representante de la organización distribuyó más de 500 copias de la revista Africa Renewal en la celebración en honor de las familias negras del National Council of Negro Women, en el marco del programa educativo de la división internacional de la organización, que tuvo lugar en el National Mall de Washington, D.C. Más de 500.000 personas participaron en este acto. Una representante de la organización trabajó en el comité de extensión para los medios de comunicación del comité de organizaciones no gubernamentales sobre la condición jurídica y social de la mujer, en Nueva York, para fomentar la conferencia y las actividades del día de consulta a las organizaciones no gubernamentales del 52º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer. Además, cinco miembros de la organización asistieron al período de sesiones. Una representante de la organización informó a los miembros sobre las actividades del programa y redactó artículos para el boletín informativo de la organización.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "En 2007, algunos miembros de la organización participaron en la 61ª conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales (Nueva York, 5 a 7 de septiembre).", "2008", "• 52º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sobre el tema “Financiación en favor de la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer” (Nueva York, 25 de febrero a 7 de marzo de 2008)", "• Período de sesiones de la Asociación pro Naciones Unidas de los Estados Unidos de América (UNA-USA) sobre el tema de las oportunidades para las cuestiones relacionadas con la mujer en las elecciones presidenciales de 2008 (Nueva York, 13 de marzo de 2008)", "• Reunión de la UNA-USA sobre la evaluación de la Convención sobre la prohibición del empleo de minas antipersonal en su décimo aniversario (Nueva York, 3 de abril de 2008)", "• Información actualizada sobre la labor de la Asamblea General: reunión con las organizaciones no gubernamentales a cargo de Srdjan Kerim, Presidente de la Asamblea General (10 de julio de 2008)", "Cooperación con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "2009", "• Una representante asistió a la jornada de consulta con las organizaciones no gubernamentales (Nueva York, 1 de marzo)", "• Una representante asistió al 53º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer (Nueva York, 2 a 13 de marzo)", "• Una representante asistió al acto de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sobre el tema “El impacto en las jóvenes y las mujeres de edad de la provisión de cuidados en relación con el VIH/SIDA” (Nueva York, 5 de marzo)", "• Una representante asistió al taller de la UNA-USA sobre el modo de abordar la carga que supone la provisión de cuidados y la brecha entre los géneros en el Plan de Emergencia del Presidente de los Estados Unidos de América para luchar contra el SIDA (Nueva York, 12 de marzo)", "• Una representante asistió al acto organizado por la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sobre el examen de la aplicación de la Declaración y la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing (1995) al cabo de 15 años y el documento final del vigésimo tercer período extraordinario de sesiones de la Asamblea General (Nueva York, 1 a 12 de marzo)", "2010", "Una representante participó en el acto conmemorativo del décimo aniversario de la resolución 1325 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad, relativa a la mujer, la paz y la seguridad 2000 (Nueva York, 25 a 29 de octubre).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización, en colaboración con Women in Law and Development y otras organizaciones de mujeres, proporcionó programas de acceso básico a la educación y las tecnologías para ayudar a las mujeres a establecer programas de alfabetización y crecimiento económico en Benin.", "11. Sahara for Life Trust", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 2007", "Introducción", "Sahara for Life Trust es una organización benéfica exenta de impuestos que goza de estatuto consultivo ante el Consejo Económico y Social y está certificada por el Centro para la Filantropía del Pakistán y acreditada por las comisiones de entidades benéficas del Canadá, el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y los Estados Unidos de América. El complejo médico Sughra Shafi, en Narowal (Pakistán), es un hospital general que cuenta con 250 camas y presta servicio a unos 10.000 pacientes externos al mes. La organización estableció un laboratorio equipado con la tecnología más moderna y con unos equipos totalmente informatizados y altamente automatizados, que cuenta con 50 franquicias en todo el país. La organización proporciona servicios de ambulancia 24 horas al día en “Hatcher”, en la autopista Lahore-Narowal. Por otra parte está estableciendo una escuela de medicina, ha creado un centro de investigación sobre terapias indígenas en el complejo médico y ha organizado la prestación de servicios por miembros del colegio de médicos y cirujanos del Pakistán. La organización trabaja en todo el Pakistán, especialmente en zonas rurales remotas como el distrito de Narowal. Asimismo, prestó apoyo en el Líbano durante la guerra y en Indonesia tras el tsunami de 2010.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Sahara for Life desea llegar a la población a la que nadie llega prestando servicios de atención a la salud, haciendo realidad la justicia distributiva a través de la educación y fomentando una revolución silenciosa mediante los servicios sociales.", "La misión de la organización es prestar servicios y facilidades a la población de las zonas rurales del Pakistán que no recibe prestaciones, está marginada y sufre privaciones, ofreciéndole servicios de salud y educación, así como proporcionar socorro y servicios de rehabilitación en respuesta a las calamidades naturales nacionales e internacionales. Sus objetivos y su finalidad son establecer y mantener hospitales, centros médicos, maternidades, centros de primeros auxilios e instituciones educativas para la población desfavorecida y desposeída del Pakistán.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "La organización ha gestionado proyectos por valor de 650 millones de rupias pakistaníes en zonas afectadas por las inundaciones en 2010 y 2011. Sahara for Life ha trabajado para lograr cambios positivos ampliando el alcance de su labor y extendiendo sus actividades a todas las zonas geográficas del país. Así, la organización ha conseguido mejoras en las siguientes actividades:", "• Indicadores de salud en el distrito de Narowal mediante servicios clínicos", "• Indicadores de alivio de la pobreza mediante la formación profesional en Tehsil Pasrur", "• Socorro y rehabilitación en relación con los terremotos, socorro en casos de inundación y actividades de rehabilitación", "• Actividades permanente de Investigación", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Tras el terremoto que sacudió el Pakistán en 2005, la organización recaudó 30 millones de rupias pakistaníes en donativos y proporcionó 3.200 refugios de fibra de vidrio. Con la ayuda del ejército del Pakistán y de los Estados Unidos, la organización transportó los refugios, los pacientes y los bienes de socorro a zonas aisladas por la nieve. La organización gestionó equipos médicos de cirujanos, médicos, traumatólogos y ginecólogos en Balakot y Chanari. También proporcionó 90 camiones cargados con comestibles, mantas, ropa de abrigo y tiendas.", "Durante la guerra de 2006 en el Líbano, la organización colaboró con el Ministerio de Salud para suministrar medicinas por valor de 20 millones de rupias pakistaníes.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participará en un foro de las Naciones Unidas que se celebrará en junio de 2011.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha trabajado en coordinación con la Cruz Roja, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia y el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados durante actividades de socorro por inundaciones.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización ha contribuido a la consecución del Objetivo 1 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, relativo a la erradicación de la pobreza, estableciendo centros de formación profesional y dando empleo a unas 1.000 personas. En materia de alfabetización y empoderamiento de la mujer (Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio 2 y 3), la organización ha establecido una escuela de enseñanza media en el distrito de Muzaffargarh, en la zona afectada por las inundaciones. Actualmente, la organización realiza actividades de supervisión en relación con el VIH/SIDA en el distrito de Pakpattan, Punjab (proyecto financiado por el proyecto de vigilancia del VIH/SIDA Canadá-Pakistán). El complejo médico Sughra Shafi ha atendido a alrededor de 1,5 millones de pacientes, haciendo especial hincapié en la salud maternoinfantil, la tuberculosis y la epidemiología (Objetivos 4, 5 y 6).", "12. Misiones Salesianas", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 2007", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No se han registrado cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización es miembro de una serie de organizaciones no gubernamentales, entre ellas el Comité de Organizaciones no Gubernamentales sobre Desarrollo Social y sus subcomités sobre la erradicación de la pobreza, el VIH/SIDA, las migraciones y la financiación para el desarrollo. La organización también forma parte del comité de planificación de la Conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y ha ejercido la presidencia del subcomité de nombramientos de la Conferencia.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha participado en las siguientes reuniones y períodos de sesiones:", "• Comisión sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible (Nueva York, 2007 a 2010)", "• Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para las Cuestiones Indígenas (Nueva York, 2007 a 2010)", "• Comité de Organizaciones no Gubernamentales sobre el VIH/SIDA (2008 a 2010)", "• Comité de Organizaciones no Gubernamentales sobre las Migraciones (2007 a 2011)", "• Día Internacional para la Erradicación de la Pobreza (Nueva York, 2007 a 2010)", "La organización ha patrocinado u organizado los siguientes actos paralelos:", "• “Educación y trabajo: una asociación de colaboración” (2008)", "• “Proteger los derechos humanos de los migrantes y sus familias”, para la Conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, celebrada en París en 2008", "• “El VIH/SIDA y la exclusión social: retos para los líderes religiosos” e “Integración social de las personas itinerantes” (2009)", "• “El amor importa: educación sobre el VIH/SIDA para niños y niñas en Sudáfrica” y “Hombres y mujeres, niños y niñas: en diálogo” (2009)", "• Acto paralelo en la 63ª conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, celebrada en Melbourne (Australia) en 2010", "• Acto paralelo en el 54º período de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer sobre el tema “Lagunas de la Plataforma de Beijing: los hijos de los migrantes” (2010)", "• Acto paralelo sobre el tema “Migraciones: una respuesta a la violencia” en la 63ª Conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, celebrada en Melbourne en 2010", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• Un cardenal salesiano intervino en la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio durante la reunión de la Asamblea General en Nueva York, el 25 de septiembre de 2008.", "• Un representante del refugio Don Bosco de Mumbai (India) presentó un informe sobre el estado del problema de las drogas y la labor en curso en la región de Asia Meridional durante el 51º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, celebrado en Viena del 10 al 14 de marzo de 2008. Antes del período de sesiones, se solicitó al refugio Don Bosco que actuara como organización regional rectora para escoger y coordinar a más de 100 organizaciones no gubernamentales invitadas al período de sesiones.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Erradicación de la pobreza", "• La red técnica Don Bosco tiene por objetivo capacitar e insertar laboralmente a 2 millones de jóvenes en la India antes de 2020", "• La escuela industrial salesiana de Copiago (Chile) se ha comprometido a colaborar en la educación técnica de estudiantes y en la generación de empleos", "• El hogar Don Bosco en Chiang Mai (Tailandia) funciona como centro de capacitación para adolescentes de las tribus y grupos étnicos que viven en las montañas de Tailandia", "• En los programas de formación profesional del centro para niños Don Bosco, en Addis Abeba, participan 90 escuelas agrícolas, que capacitan a jóvenes en tecnología agrícola moderna para mejorar las cosechas, lograr la seguridad alimentaria y generar ingresos", "Enseñanza primaria", "• La escuela de alfabetización Don Bosco en Andaung Cheng (Camboya) sirve de centro para los niños más pobres del país", "• El autobús-escuela móvil Don Bosco ayuda a los niños nómadas en Kurnool (India)", "• En Angola han empezado a impartirse cursos para el reciclaje y adiestramiento del profesorado y programas de alfabetización para niños", "• En 2008, se inauguró la primera de las diez escuelas rurales que está previsto construir cerca de Tonj, en el Sudán Meridional", "• En Ljubljana, un “Minibús Feliz” sale a buscar a los jóvenes sin escolarizar para darles una educación", "• Existen programas de alfabetización para la población de Condoto, Chocó (Colombia)", "Empoderamiento de la mujer", "• En 2010, la escuela técnica Don Bosco de Honiara inició un curso de carpintería para niñas", "• El proyecto de desarrollo de la mujer de Zway (Etiopía) ha puesto en marcha una cooperativa de bordado", "• En Pune (India), la organización ofrece actividades de microfinanciación y capacitación sobre aptitudes en grupo", "Reducción de la tasa de mortalidad materna", "El programa Yolia, en México, D.F., ofrece educación y refugio para niñas que han vivido en las calles. Dispone de servicios prenatales y posnatales.", "Lucha contra el VIH/SIDA", "Existen programas en Angola, Mozambique y el África Occidental francófona, así como en el Brasil, la India, el Perú y Sri Lanka.", "Sostenibilidad ambiental", "• La organización ofrece agua potable a las comunidades indígenas de los Xavantes y los Bororos en el Brasil", "• En Costa Rica, los estudiantes salesianos del Instituto Técnico Don Bosco ganaron un premio nacional por su proyecto para transformar la grasa del pollo y la lecitina en un material biocombustible para sustituir al gasóleo", "• El proyecto salesiano ACRE, en Irlanda, ofrece capacitación en horticultura y jardinería a jóvenes con necesidades educativas especiales", "13. Internacional Socialista de Mujeres", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1991", "Introducción", "La Internacional Socialista de Mujeres es una organización internacional de las organizaciones de mujeres de los partidos socialistas, socialdemócratas y laboristas afiliados a la Internacional Socialista. Actualmente cuenta con 149 organizaciones miembros en todo el mundo.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Las metas y objetivos de la organización son: fortalecer las relaciones entre sus organizaciones miembros; promover programas de acción para superar cualquier forma de discriminación en la sociedad, incluida cualquier desigualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres, y para trabajar por los derechos humanos en general; fomentar el desarrollo y la paz; promover entre las mujeres el conocimiento y la comprensión de las metas y tareas del socialismo democrático; y ampliar las relaciones entre sus miembros y otros grupos de mujeres de tendencia socialista que no sean miembros y que deseen cooperar.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "• La organización ha aprobado varias resoluciones en las que se insta a la celebración de una quinta Conferencia Mundial de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Mujer.", "• En marzo de 2007, la organización celebró una conferencia sobre las dimensiones de género de las migraciones internacionales en cooperación con la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. La organización está realizando una intensa labor para convencer a los Estados Miembros de que ratifiquen el Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• La organización participó en los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer celebrados en Nueva York en 2007, 2008, 2009 y 2010. En todas las ocasiones, organizó un acto paralelo en cooperación con la Misión Permanente de Grecia ante las Naciones Unidas.", "• La organización asistió a los períodos de sesiones 96º y 98º de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo en Ginebra.", "• La organización asistió a los períodos de sesiones 16º, 17º y 18º de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal en Viena.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• La organización cooperó con el Departamento de Información Pública, asistiendo a la 61ª conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, que se celebró en París en septiembre de 2008", "• La Internacional Socialista de Mujeres también asistió a la 62ª conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública y las organizaciones no gubernamentales celebrada en México, D.F., en septiembre de 2009", "• La organización cooperó con el Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra, asistiendo a sus períodos de sesiones 4º, 10º y 11º", "• En octubre de 2007, la Internacional Socialista de Mujeres organizó una conferencia para mujeres israelíes y palestinas en Tel Aviv, en apoyo de la resolución 1325 (1999) del Consejo de Seguridad sobre las mujeres, la paz y la seguridad", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• En marzo de 2009, la organización celebró un seminario en Buenos Aires sobre el tema “Hacia una democracia equilibrada en cuestiones de género”, en apoyo del Objetivo 3 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (Promover la igualdad entre los sexos y el empoderamiento de la mujer).", "• En junio de 2010, la organización celebró una conferencia en Andorra sobre el tema “Las políticas de igualdad entre los géneros: motor del desarrollo económico y social”, también en apoyo del Objetivo 3. La promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros es el principal objetivo de la Internacional Socialista de Mujeres.", "• Con respecto al Objetivo 6, la organización emitió un comunicado con ocasión de la XVIII Conferencia Internacional sobre el SIDA (Viena, 18 a 23 de julio de 2010), en el que instaba a los gobiernos, los servicios de salud y las organizaciones no gubernamentales a que concedieran una alta prioridad a las siguientes exigencias en relación con el VIH/SIDA: servicios de salud reproductiva accesibles para mujeres y niñas; acceso a pruebas, tratamiento, asesoramiento, atención y apoyo; y acceso a métodos de prevención, como los condones masculinos y femeninos.", "14. Special Olympics International", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1991", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "El importante aumento de la participación de atletas, principalmente del mundo en desarrollo, ha tenido una gran influencia e impacto en la visión de la organización. Este impacto ha permitido a Special Olympics canalizar inversiones adicionales y asistencia técnica, y fomentar asociaciones en todo el mundo en desarrollo mediante la infraestructura de sus oficinas regionales y sus programas nacionales.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Gracias al programa de atletas saludables de Special Olympics, más de 1 millón de niños y adultos con discapacidad intelectual se han beneficiado de chequeos médicos gratuitos. Estos chequeos incluyeron las disciplinas clínicas de visión, odontología, audición, terapia física, nutrición, medicina del deporte, medicina podiátrica y educación sobre la salud. También se ofrecen intervenciones médicas gratuitas a atletas de más de 110 países, incluidas gafas recetadas, audífonos adaptados, gafas protectoras adaptadas para la práctica del deporte, protectores bucales y una serie de controles de diagnóstico tales como pruebas de densidad ósea y controles cardíacos, entre otros. Las actividades en curso en el marco de este programa contribuyen directamente al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio relacionados con la salud infantil y revisten especial importancia para un colectivo tan marginado como el de las personas con discapacidad intelectual.", "De los atletas que participan en Special Olympics, más de 1,2 millones son mujeres, lo que ofrece a las niñas y a las mujeres la oportunidad no solo de participar en deportes, sino también de acceder, mediante el modelo de deporte para el desarrollo, a chequeos médicos gratuitos, redes de apoyo a la familia, actividades de desarrollo en la primera infancia, educación para la salud y desarrollo de las habilidades de liderazgo, entre otras cosas.", "Special Olympics International ha contribuido a crear una educación sobre las discapacidades sensible a las diferencias culturales para millones de niños sin discapacidad intelectual y a fomentar una mayor comprensión en relación con la naturaleza de la discapacidad intelectual, la importancia de la aceptación de las diferencias, las ventajas sociales de las comunidades inclusivas y el entusiasmo de colaborar con el movimiento de Special Olympics. Este Programa de estudios, que abarca desde la etapa preescolar hasta el 12º curso y se titula “Get into it”, continúa ofreciéndose en una serie de regiones y países, y pone de relieve la importancia de un entorno escolar inclusivo para los niños con discapacidad intelectual.", "Special Olympics International ha avanzado mucho en la promoción del Objetivo 8 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Mediante la plataforma oficial de asociación de Special Olympics, la organización ha colaborado con gobiernos, empresas, filántropos, el mundo del deporte y la sociedad civil en la defensa de una política y un futuro mejores para los niños y los adultos con discapacidad intelectual.", "Special Olympics ha participado activamente en la promoción a todos los niveles de la ratificación de la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Esta labor de promoción ha ido acompañada de la difusión de información que demuestra las estructuras de apoyo puestas en marcha por el movimiento de Special Olympics para contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en su conjunto.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "En el período de que se informa, Special Olympics International ha tenido el honor de participar en diversas actividades oficiales de las Naciones Unidas entre las que destacan las siguientes:", "• Participación ejecutiva en la celebración del 20º aniversario de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño", "• Participación ejecutiva y contribución a la publicación del UNICEF Estado Mundial de la Infancia 2009: Salud materna y neonatal", "• Presentaciones oficiales en la Oficina Regional del UNICEF para el Oriente Medio y África del Norte y en las reuniones del Equipo Regional de Administración de Europa Central y Oriental y de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes", "• Presentación principal en el taller sobre comunicaciones de la Oficina Regional del UNICEF para el Oriente Medio y África del Norte", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "Special Olympics International ha cooperado con una serie de órganos de las Naciones Unidas, entre ellos el UNICEF, el PNUD, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Deporte para el Desarrollo y la Paz, el Programa Mundial de Alimentos y multitud de oficinas nacionales y regionales de las Naciones Unidas en todo el mundo.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Special Olympics realizó importantes contribuciones a la labor de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente en relación con el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (véase el apartado “Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas”).", "15. Alianza Siriaca Universal", "Reconocida como entidad de carácter consultivo especial en 1999", "Introducción", "No ha habido cambios.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "No ha habido cambios.", "Cambios significativos en la organización", "La organización celebró elecciones a finales de 2008, en las que fueron elegidos sus nuevos Presidente, Vicepresidente y otras personas con funciones clave.", "Contribución de la organización a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "En 2007, la organización organizó una conferencia en el Parlamento Europeo sobre la cuestión del genocidio del pueblo arameo siriaco.", "2008", "• Febrero: la organización dictó una conferencia en Södertälje (Suecia)", "• Agosto a octubre: un asesor en materia de derechos humanos trabajo sobre la cuestión de los derechos de propiedad de Turquía en relación con el monasterio de San Gabriel (uno de los más antiguos del mundo)", "• 11 y 12 de octubre: elección de Johny Messo como Presidente de la organización y de Daniel Gabriel como Director para cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos humanos y las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales", "• Diciembre a enero: el Presidente y Michael Sawma se desplazaron a los Estados Unidos de América y el Canadá para reunirse con la comunidad siriaca y debatir la posición futura de la organización en las Naciones Unidas y en la Unión Europea", "2009", "En abril, el Presidente y el asesor en cuestiones de derechos humanos viajaron al sur de Turquía para visitar pueblos arameos (siriacos) y discutir cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos de propiedad. También dieron una conferencia para estudiantes turcos sobre la organización y los siriacos en la Universidad de Diyarbakir.", "2010", "• Mayo a noviembre: la organización participó en varias conferencias y se reunió con las comunidades arameas de Viena y Bélgica (mayo); Gotemburgo (Suecia) (agosto); Nueva Jersey, Bruselas, Suecia y Alemania (conferencias de junio a octubre); y Suiza (noviembre)", "• 25 de octubre: la organización participó en una sesión pública del Parlamento Europeo sobre los derechos humanos en Turquía, con motivo del informe presentado por la Comisión Europea", "• 15 a 17 de noviembre: el Presidente intervino en la conferencia del Parlamento Europeo sobre libertad religiosa, celebrada en Bruselas", "• Diciembre: la organización participó en una reunión en Washington, D.C., con el comité de los Estados Unidos sobre refugiados e inmigrantes en relación con la libertad religiosa de los siriacos en el Iraq", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "2007", "• 27 y 28 de noviembre: 50º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes, Viena", "• 29 y 30 de noviembre: 16º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Prevención del Delito y Justicia Penal, Viena", "• 10 a 14 de diciembre: 40º período de sesiones de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional", "2008 y 2009", "Mayo de 2008 y mayo de 2009: períodos de sesiones séptimo y octavo del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas, Nueva York.", "2009", "• 13 de noviembre: la organización intervino en el segundo período de sesiones del Foro sobre Cuestiones de las Minorías, Ginebra", "• Noviembre: la organización intervino en una sesión privada que se celebró en las Naciones Unidas en relación con las cuestiones siriacas arameas, incluidos aspectos relacionados con la cultura, los derechos humanos y la diáspora, Nueva York", "• Diciembre: la organización participó como observadora en las reuniones de los principales órganos normativos de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito", "• 10 de diciembre: la organización celebró el Día de los Derechos Humanos en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York, participando en las sesiones y en un acto especial sobre “Raza, pobreza y poder” con el Secretario General, Ban Ki-moon", "2010", "• 8 de marzo: la organización asistió al acto del Día Internacional de la Mujer en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas en Nueva York", "• Marzo: la Alianza Siriaca Universal asistió al 13º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en Ginebra, en la que realizó una declaración escrita y dos orales", "• Mayo: la Alianza asistió a la reunión en la que se analizó el informe del examen periódico universal de Turquía, que tuvo lugar en Ginebra", "• 19 a 30 de abril: la organización pronunció un discurso en el noveno período de sesiones del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas e hizo intervenciones en relación con los temas pertinentes del programa, Nueva York", "• 16 de julio: la organización intervino en el tercer período de sesiones del Mecanismo de expertos de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, Ginebra", "• Septiembre: la Alianza asistió al 15º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en el que realizó dos declaraciones orales, Ginebra", "• 18 de octubre: la organización asistió al quinto período de sesiones de la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional, Viena", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La Alianza ha colaborado con el Comité de Asia y el Grupo de la Juventud del Foro Permanente de las Naciones Unidas para las Cuestiones Indígenas en Nueva York. No obstante, dicha cooperación tuvo un alcance limitado, y actualmente la organización busca otros métodos para hacer oír su voz en el Foro.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "No se han adoptado iniciativas al respecto." ]
[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page\n1. ActionAid 22.Join 4 Together \nSociety 3. L’auravetl’an 6 Information and Education Network of Indigenous \nPeople 4. Legal 8 Service \nCoalition 5.Liberal 10 \nInternational 6.Life 13 Ethics Educational \nAssociation 7.Mayors 15 for \nPeace 8. Mbutu 16 Agriculture \nSociety 9. Mediterranean 18 Women’s Studies \nCentre 10.National 20 Council of Negro \nWomen 11. Sahara 22 for Life \nTrust 12.Salesian 24 \nMissions 13. Socialist 26 International \nWomen 14.Special 28 Olympics \nInternational 15. Syriac 30 Universal \nAlliance", "1. ActionAid", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "ActionAid will launch a new strategy to be implemented from 2012 to 2016. The two-tier governance structure adopted to implement its mission and objectives includes an assembly consisting of affiliate and associate members who are responsible for the strategic governance of ActionAid, and an international board consisting of independent members elected by the assembly and responsible for ongoing and effective decision-making and oversight of the secretariat.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In 2010, the organization successfully concluded involvement in the Women Won’t Wait coalition. Its leadership was formally recognized at the XVIII International AIDS Conference entitled “Rights Here, Right Now” hosted in Vienna from 18 to 23 July 2010.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Participated/attended", "• Doha Global Civil Society Forum, held in Doha on 26 and 27 November 2008, and the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held from 29 November to 2 December 2008", "• United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development in New York in June 2009", "• United Nations High-level Conference on South-South Cooperation in Nairobi from 1 to 3 December 2009", "• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva in May 2010", "• Fifty-third, fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York", "• Economic and Social Council high-level segment held in Geneva from 4 to 8 July 2011, where representatives of the organization’s international education team and HIV/AIDS team submitted a written statement", "Organized", "The organization held three parallel events on unpaid care work, comprehensive sexuality education and violence against girls in school.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "ActionAid continues to cooperate with United Nations bodies and specialized agencies in the fields of education, food security and sovereignty, emergencies and conflict, women’s rights and HIV and AIDS by preparing and contributing to research papers and studies and jointly sponsoring meetings. It also conducts humanitarian activities and donor-funded operational projects by working with independent United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Food Programme.", "ActionAid jointly hosted activities and events with independent United Nations agencies, including:", "• United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative. In collaboration with the Institute of Education, University of London, ActionAid provided technical assistance and research input into United Nations-related products and materials.", "• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In collaboration with Marie Stopes (Sierra Leone branch), ActionAid contributed to the call by OHCHR for input on good and effective practices in adopting a human rights-based approach to eliminating maternal mortality and morbidity.", "• UNAIDS. ActionAid manages the UNAIDS technical support facility for South Asia based in Kathmandu.", "• Committee on World Food Security. ActionAid, in collaboration with the Governance Working Group of the International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty and Oxfam International, submitted a proposal at the thirty-sixth session of the Committee on World Food Security held in Rome from 11 to 14 and 16 October 2010, and worked closely with the Human Rights Council by engaging with special procedure candidates.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to education.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to food.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "At the General Assembly session in September 2007, ActionAid launched a five-year campaign called HungerFREE that focuses on Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals. Since then ActionAid has developed various resources, including the report entitled “Who’s really fighting hunger?”, which was launched on 14 September 2010 in New York ahead of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals.", "From 20 to 22 September 2010, ActionAid participated in that meeting and participated as a representative of civil society at round table 1.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "2. Join Together Society", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Join Together Society has been actively providing humanitarian support in its commitment to ending world hunger, disease and illiteracy, and has been providing emergency relief in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Unfortunately, the Society was unable to participate in any meetings of the United Nations from 2007 to 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the Society provided food aid to Haiti under the coordination of United Nations peacekeeping forces in March 2010. The food aid totalled 45 tons of rice, 4.5 tons of beans and 7,570 litres of cooking oil.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2007-2010). The organization supplied foods to vulnerable people in North Hamkyung and South Pyongan provinces and provided 150 tons of corn, 100 tons of rice, 3,290 tons of flour, 495 tons of noodles and 3.75 tons of potatoes.", "India. Under the “goat bank” project, the organization has supplied 518 goats to 256 households in Dungeshwari since 2009.", "Sri Lanka (2008-2010). In collaboration with the Sewalanka Foundation, the organization restored an agricultural reservoir and 28 drinking and agricultural wells in Anuradhapura. The Society also distributed seeds, fertilizer, chickens and cows.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization provided 25,880 kg of rice, 300 tents and 308 sets of kitchen appliances to 1,371 households in eight areas of West Sumatra that suffered from an earthquake.", "Achieve universal primary education", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2009). The organization provided school supplies to 12 schools (55,020 notepads, 107,136 pens and 5,288 school bags).", "India. The Society has been running Sujata Academy in Dungeshwari. Some 869 children have completed elementary school education at the academy as at December 2010.", "Philippines. The organization built 13 schools in Midanao and provided school supplies to 6,491 students.", "Cambodia (2009-2010). The Society built seven schools and provided school supplies to 1,034 students in Kouk Krasang, Kouk Rovieng, Thmor Teuk Dach and Pachon Thum tun Krah Ta Veaeng Leu.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization provided 1,260 students with 519 school uniforms, 700 school bags, and 1,307 sets of school supplies in West Sumatra after an earthquake.", "Haiti (2010). The organization restored five schools in five villages in the area of Leogane, which had been destroyed by an earthquake.", "Promote gender equality and empower women", "India. The organization established an elementary school and provided free education to 50,869 students as at December 2010, including 486 boys (55.9 per cent) and 383 girls (44.1 per cent).", "Reduce child mortality rates", "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The society provided 53 orphanages and institutions for disabled children with basic nutritional foods (soy milk, 719,424 litres; powdered milk, 67 tons; powdered seaweed soup, 25 tons; nourishing food, 20 tons).", "India. Using standards set by the World Health Organization, Jivaka Hospital at Dungeswari conducted a survey of 1,210 children under age 5 and found that 14.4 per cent were underweight. The Society provided nutritious foods to 764 underweight children, and Jivaka Hospital has been providing free vaccinations against tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles and hepatitis A for infants.", "Improve maternal health", "India. Since 2007, Jivaka Hospital has provided the family planning education programme for Dungeswari. As part of the programme, 25 residents underwent a free family planning operation on 22 December 2009. Since 2009, the Society has been providing nutritional supplements to mothers and iron to pregnant women.", "Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "India. The organization first started its tuberculosis elimination project in Dungeswari in November 2001, and Javika Hospital adopted the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in June 2008. Since then, the average duration of medical treatment has been reduced from 21 months to 6 months.", "Ensure environmental sustainability", "India. The organization constructed 33 wells and hand-powered water pumps in Dungeswari.", "Philippines. The Society constructed 12 drinking wells throughout Mindanao.", "Cambodia. The Society constructed two wells in Kouk Krasang and Kouk Vieng.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "3. L’auravetl’an Information and Education Network of Indigenous People", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "L’auravetl’an Information and Education Network of Indigenous Peoples is a national umbrella organization that represents more than 20 indigenous communities of Siberia and the north and far east areas of the Russian Federation.", "Aims and purposes of the organization and its main course of action", "The main aims of the organization are to improve the abilities of these indigenous communities to participate more actively and to create a mechanism that lets indigenous communities communicate with the outer world and with each other.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization monitored all regular and special sessions of the General Assembly, annual sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies, and other bodies that focused on indigenous issues. During United Nations-sponsored meetings, organization representatives made 18 written and oral statements, as well as 3 joint statements.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• Sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference.", "• Informal interactive hearing with representatives of civil society on interreligious and intercultural understanding and cooperation for peace (New York, 4 and 5 October)", "• Informal meeting to discuss the most appropriate mechanisms to continue the work of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations (Geneva, 6 and 7 December)", "The organization also held a series of educational conferences aimed at representatives of indigenous peoples’ organizations, academia and United Nations agencies, including the following:", "• Seminar on the theme “Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples”, which took place during the sixth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues", "• Workshop on traditional knowledge, which was organized during the sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference.", "2008", "The organization participated in the seventy-third session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Geneva, 27 July to 15 August).", "2009", "The organization participated in the Durban Review Conference (Geneva, 20 to 24 April). Together with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the organization prepared and presented a booklet entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” at the eighth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 27 May).", "2007 and 2010", "The organization participated in the Russian linguistic component of the Indigenous Fellowship Programme held in Moscow in October 2007 and November 2010, and in Geneva in November 2007 and from November to December 2010.", "2007 to 2009", "The organization participated in the sixth, seventh and eighth sessions of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held in New York.", "2008 to 2010", "The organization participated in the thirteenth, fourteenth and seventeenth sessions of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore held in Geneva.", "2008 and 2010", "The organization participated in the first and third sessions of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples held in Geneva.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008", "The organization collaborated with WIPO to issue the booklet entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” in English and Russian.", "2009", "Together with OHCHR, the organization began implementation of a project on the translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into 10 indigenous languages of the Russian Federation (Veps, Karelian, Nganasan, Nenets, Shorian, Evenk, Altaian, Yakut, Khakas and Tuvinian). The organization, in collaboration with WIPO, also held an international seminar on the theme “Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples: issues of preservation and legal protection, international and national aspects” for representatives of indigenous communities of Siberia and the north and far east areas of the Russian Federation on 22 and 23 October.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals through legal campaigns and educational seminars for indigenous representatives on the provision of their rights to access land and natural resources. For the period 2007-2010, the organization held 16 three-week legal trainings and 32 seminars devoted to the issues of the provision of indigenous peoples’ rights to land, water and forest resources.", "Additional information", "There is no additional information.", "4. Legal Service Coalition", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Legal Service Coalition is dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights by raising public sensitivity; by advocating at local, national, and international levels; and by strengthening the Coalition member organizations.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Coalition produced and adopted a new quadrennial strategic plan for the period 2010-2013.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Over the past four years, the Coalition and its member organizations focused on the promotion and protection of human rights of marginalized groups, especially displaced persons (refugees, returnees, internally displaced persons) and persons belonging to national minorities. A new law on free legal aid was adopted in Croatia in 2008, and six out of the current nine member organizations of the Coalition registered as free legal aid providers in accordance with the law. They continued providing free legal aid to all those in need.", "The focus of the most important projects of the Coalition implemented in the past four years included:", "• Role and possibilities of modern technology in promoting and protecting human rights", "• Promotion and protection of human rights", "• Promotion of European values against racism and xenophobia at the local and regional levels", "• Minority rights in south-eastern Europe, including a national action plan for Croatia for the period from 2007-2008", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2008", "• The Executive Director of the Coalition for Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Osijek participated at the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris from 3 to 5 September.", "• The Coalition participated in a conference on the theme “Reaffirming human rights for all: the Universal Declaration at 60” held in Paris from 3 to 5 September, organized by the Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations, associated with the Department of Public Information, UNESCO, OHCHR and France.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization collaborated with the Representation Office in Croatia of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Croatian Ministry of Justice, the Centre for Human Rights and the Coalition for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights to organize an international conference on the theme “Access to justice: one year of experience in applying the law on free legal aid”, held in Zagreb on 26 July 2010.", "• In April 2010, the Coalition was part of an ad hoc coalition of civil society organizations that participated in the universal periodic review. The ad hoc coalition held several working meetings in order to thoroughly review and report on the state and protection of human rights in Croatia. Its goal was to highlight the most striking human rights violations and provide recommendations as to how the present situation could and should be improved.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The Coalition organized numerous events in several cities and towns in Croatia on the occasions of World Refugee Day, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, International Day against Fascism and Anti-Semitism, and Human Rights Day", "• The Coalition published relevant statements on its official website, in its printed media and in its broadcasts on local and national electronic media", "• Coalition representatives participated in television shows and spoke about problems facing refugees and minorities, and about the general state of human rights in Croatia", "• On the occasion of World Refugee Day 2010, the Coalition initiated humanitarian action to help returnees and refugees in two regions in Croatia; however, only one company responded and provided chocolate and candy packages for returnee families with small children", "Additional information", "Since April 2008, the Coalition has been a member of the European Non‑governmental Organization for Relief and Development working group on enlargement, pre-accession and neighbourhood issues.", "5. Liberal International", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "Liberal International is a world federation of liberal political parties that acts as an international forum where governing and opposition parties meet to exchange ideas and foster dialogue, consultation and inspiration for the creation, deepening and consolidation of (liberal) democracy.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Hans Van Baleen, Member of European Parliament, succeeded Lord Alderdice as the new President of the organization.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "• Conducted a human rights workshop on the theme of “Security and human rights” in Cancun, Mexico, 30 April", "• Held a human rights conference in Taipei, Taiwan Province of China, 26 to 29 September", "• Held a human rights conference on the theme of “Strengthening Networks and Combating Human Trafficking” in Taipei, 7 to 10 December", "2008", "• Presented special reports on child soldiers in the context of the organization’s human rights committee at the fifty-sixth Liberal International Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15 to 17 May", "• Adopted resolutions on the current global situation and on the prohibition of persecution and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, freedom of speech, climate change, food prices, overcoming conflict and the global population crisis at the fifty-sixth Liberal International Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15 to 17 May", "2009", "• Adopted resolutions on issues such as the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the violence in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending sexual exploitation and abuse in the world and the importance of human rights to democracy at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting on the theme “The impact of the global economic crisis on democracy and human rights”, held in Strasbourg, France, on 25 January", "• Adopted resolutions on the rights of women in Afghanistan and the situation in Kosovo and the Republic of Moldova at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting on the theme “Strengthening the liberal agenda” held in Vancouver, Canada, from 1 to 3 May", "• Adopted resolutions on the current global situation and other national and regional issues at the fifty-seventh Liberal International Congress, held in Cairo from 29 to 31 October", "2010", "• Visited Chisinau to review the human rights situation in the country from 15 to 17 February", "• Co-organized the Geneva Summit for Human Resources, Tolerance and Democracy, held in Geneva on 8 and 9 March, through its youth organization, the International Federation of Liberal Youth", "• Held a panel discussion on the theme “Human rights and women’s participation” at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting held in Berlin from 11 to 13 June", "• Adopted resolutions and promoted decentralization in Africa at the organization’s Executive Committee meeting held in Cape Town, South Africa, on 13 and 14 November", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "Human Rights Council meeting, Geneva, 27 to 29 March", "2008", "Sixty-first United Nations Department of Public Information Conference for Non‑governmental Organizations, Paris, 3 to 5 September", "2009", "• Fourth session of the Working Group of the Universal Periodic Review, Geneva, 2 to 13 February", "• Tenth session of the Human Rights Council, Geneva, 2 to 27 March", "• Meeting with OHCHR, Geneva, 17 June", "• Twelfth session of the UNHRC, Geneva, 14 September to 2 October; a written statement was submitted to UNHRC", "• Sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, Mexico City, 9 to 11 September", "2010", "• Thirteenth session of UNHRC, Geneva, 10 March", "• Regular session of the Committee on Non-governmental Organizations of the Economic and Social Council, New York, 4 June", "• General debate session of the Third Committee of the General Assembly, New York, 28 October", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008-2009", "Meetings of the organization’s Secretary-General with United Nations General Assembly President Srdjan Kerim", "2009-2010", "• Accreditation of Deputy President to the United Nations in New York", "• Accreditation of Human Rights Committee Deputy Chairman to the United Nations in Geneva", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Awarding of the organization’s “Prize for Freedom”, presented every year to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the promotion of freedom and human rights", "• The organization published a book entitled Defining Liberty: A Look at the First 25 Years of the Liberal International Prize for Freedom (2009), which includes speeches by Prize for Freedom laureates from 1985-2009", "• The organization issues a special human rights newsletter on a regular basis, raising awareness about human rights violations and promoting equal rights for all. One issue in 2008 of the magazine Liberal Matters was dedicated to democratic transition and human rights, coinciding with the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "Additional information", "Member parties are represented in parliaments and governments around the world, giving the organization the potential to directly impact the creation and implementation of important international policies, as well as diplomatic activities.", "6. Life Ethics Educational Association", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The Life Ethics Educational Association is a non-governmental organization based in Canada dedicated to raising public awareness of “right to life” issues, particularly before birth and at the end of life.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization seeks to advocate for the preborn, the disabled, the infirm and the elderly by promoting respect for all human life from fertilization to natural death by fostering and promoting public understanding in and knowledge of life issues, including, but not limited to, foetal development, abortion, new reproductive technologies, adoption, palliative care, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, human experimentation, post-abortion syndrome and chastity/abstinence education.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization’s main representative relocated to New York, which has greatly facilitated its ability to participate in United Nations meetings and make connections with other non-governmental organizations accredited by the Economic and Social Council.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In addition to participating at United Nations meetings, the organization has partnered with other non-governmental organizations accredited by the Economic and Social Council to help organize events for the broader United Nations community. The organization’s representatives have also spoken at panels and side events hosted by other organizations during conferences such as the Commission on the Status of Women. On 15 September 2010, the organization partnered with other non-governmental organizations, such as Focus on the Family and Matercare International, and the Permanent Missions of the Philippines and Malawi to the United Nations to convene a panel of experts to discuss Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals and maternal health.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 26 February to 9 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 9 to 13 April", "2008", "• Commission for Social Development, 6 to 15 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 25 February to 7 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 7 to 11 April", "• United Nations High-level Meeting on HIV/AIDS, 8 to 10 June", "• Commission for Social Development, 6 to 15 February", "• Women Deliver Conference, 18 to 20 October 2007", "2009", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 2 to 13 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 30 March to 3 April", "2010", "• Commission on Social Development, 3 to 12 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 1 to 12 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 12 to 16 April", "• High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, 20 to 22 September", "• World Youth Conference, 24 to 27 August 2010.", "• Women Deliver Conference, 7 to 9 June 2010", "In preparation for the United Nations Year of Youth, the organization has been actively working to inform its younger constituents through talks and seminars.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Not applicable.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Association was a host and organizer of an event in September 2010 regarding Goal 5 on improving maternal health. The organization believes it is important to educate young people on the work of the United Nations, particularly in regard to Goals 2, 3, 4 and 5, by organizing training sessions for its volunteers prior to participation in United Nations meetings so that they can actively discuss and engage with other representatives of non-governmental organizations, United Nations personnel and country representatives. From 2007 to 2010, the organization trained more than 100 young volunteers who then attended United Nations conferences as its representatives.", "7. Mayors for Peace", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "In August 1945, single atomic bombs destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and took hundreds of thousands of lives. Many survivors still suffer today, more than sixty-five years later, from the physical and emotional after-effects of radiation. To ensure that the atomic tragedy is never repeated anywhere on Earth, Hiroshima and Nagasaki have consistently sought to persuade the world that nuclear weapons are illegal, immoral and must be completely eliminated. On 24 June 1982, at the second special session on disarmament held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, then-mayor of Hiroshima Takeshi Araki announced a programme to promote the solidarity of cities towards the total abolition of nuclear weapons — a plan to build transnational solidarity among cities to facilitate collective efforts toward the elimination of nuclear weapons. The mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki issued a joint call to cities everywhere to support this programme. Mayors for Peace is a conference of cities that have formally expressed support for the programme described above. In March 1990, Mayors for Peace was registered as a non‑governmental organization with the Department of Public Information.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Mayors for Peace raises international public awareness on the abolition of nuclear weapons, but also works to alleviate starvation and poverty, assist refugees fleeing local conflict, support human rights and protect the environment so that it can contribute to the realization of lasting world peace. Mayors for Peace has been focusing recently on the total elimination of nuclear weapons. These inhumane, illegal weapons threaten the very existence of human beings. Since 2003, the organization has been promoting its 2020 Vision, an emergency campaign to ban nuclear weapons by 2020. Together with cities, citizens and non-governmental organizations around the world, Mayors for Peace has developed numerous activities, most recently a petition drive calling for the prompt commencement of negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.", "Significant changes in the organization", "By promoting the 2020 Vision Campaign and the disarmament goal of 2020, the organization has grown from 1,500 cities in 2007 to nearly 4,400 cities in 2010. This growth requires a strengthening of the network and the methods of communication among its member cities. The final document adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) held in May mentioned the nuclear weapons convention for the first time in the history of the conference. Based on this outcome, the organization held a conference in Hiroshima for the total abolition of nuclear weapons by 2020 and adopted the Hiroshima Appeal, a new set of campaign guidelines, including the appeal to start negotiations on the nuclear weapons convention.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The first resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations was about nuclear disarmament. Through our members, our staff and our allies in non‑governmental organization, the organization is spreading the word about nuclear disarmament to all corners of the globe.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization participated in preparatory committee meetings, held in 2007, 2008 and 2009, for the NPT Review Conference with a mayoral delegation of member mayors and allied partners. The organization also participated in the 2010 NPT Review Conference in New York with 89 representatives from 30 member cities in 10 countries. Mayors for Peace also attended the sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Mexico City in 2009. The organization’s staff attends numerous meetings at the United Nations in New York, Geneva and Vienna.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Mayors for Peace maintains close communication with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs and the Non-Governmental Committee on Disarmament, Peace and Security and does its best to coordinate all its activities with the Office. In July 2010, the organization brought a senior political affairs officer of the Office for Disarmament Affairs to Hiroshima to speak at the Hiroshima Conference. The organization’s 1 million petition forms with signatures calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons have been on display at United Nations Headquarters since March 2011.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Mayors for Peace is the fastest growing and possibly the largest international association of municipalities in the world. It is bringing cities together in partnership initially for the elimination of nuclear weapons, but ultimately the organization believes it is making a substantial contribution to the goal of global partnership.", "8. Mbutu Agriculture Society", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "Mbutu Agricultural Society was founded in January 1993 as a non-governmental, non-political and non-religious organization.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has expanded to national and international levels with the cooperation of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme, Sustainability Education and Ecological Design International, Project AWARE United Kingdom, the Organic Crop Improvement Association International, the United States Agency for International Development and local universities such as Ardhi University and Dar Es Salaam University College of Education.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2009", "• The organization conducted a project targeting land-use conservation for horticulture and paddy growers along Ruvu River at Mlandizi Division, Kibaha District, Pwani Region", "• The Society conducted a project on controlling land degradation by raising awareness of the problem to peasants living within the Kilombero and Rumemo river basins in Ifakara Ward, Kilombero District, Morogoro Region (July to October)", "• The organization conducted a project that focused on aquatic conservation practices among small farmers cultivating paddy within the Ruvu river valley, Mlandizi Division, Kibaha District, Pwani Region", "2010", "The Society conducted a tree-planting project along Nyerere road in Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization attended the Fifth African Population Conference held in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, from 10 to 14 December 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In 2008, the Chief Executive Officer of the Society received an invitation and full sponsorship from the UNDP United Republic of Tanzania office to attend the Sullivan Summit held in Arusha from 2 to 6 May 2008. The Summit brought together African and American entrepreneurs and investors in the infrastructure, tourism and environment sectors to meet the development needs of the United Republic of Tanzania and Africa, and reached out to Asia as a source of strategic partnerships and investment-generating opportunities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "Supported out-of-school youth in gender-sensitive sexual reproductive health and HIV/AIDS education:", "• Established 120 health clubs, 8 theatre groups and 15 competitions in different school settings at Tuangoma and Changombe (Temeke District) and Mbamba Bay Ward (Mbinga District) in Ruvuma Region", "• Identified and trained 120 out-of-school youths to become peer educators for their fellow students and pupils", "• Trained 200 out-of-school youths on life skills and HIV education using peer educators", "The organization educated 38 sex workers and imparted knowledge to negotiate safer sex, such as using condoms, and trained 120 men to promote life skills and responsible behaviour in sexual and family relations. The organization also solicited funds to buy 12 cartons of condoms and distribute them to groups within the community.", "The organization identified 36 drug users/abusers and developed a strategy on responding to the abuse. Eleven abusers have terminated their behaviour and are undergoing treatment therapy and rehabilitation.", "The organization worked with the communities of Tabata and Kimara on environmental sanitation within their surroundings to decrease breeding sites for mosquitoes, reaching a total of 200 households. The organization created fact-sheets on the importance of using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and going to the health unit for early diagnosis and treatment.", "Additional information", "In all its activities between 2008 and 2010 the organization developed best practices regarding transparency. The Society is a registered Agricultural Society Trust with 74 members. All members are involved in the planning, design and implementation of projects.", "9. Mediterranean Women’s Studies Centre", "Special, 1987", "Introduction", "Mediterranean Women’s Studies Centre geographical coverage: Greece, the Mediterranean, Europe, Asia, Africa.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "• To study, analyse and improve the position of women in the family and in economic, social and public life", "• To increase awareness and stimulate action that will promote equality between women and men in all areas of life", "• To sensitize women about ecological problems and mobilize them to protect the environment and save the Mediterranean basin from pollution", "• To assist women in preserving their cultural heritage and their women’s values", "• To empower women through education in order to exercise their rights in all areas of life", "• To develop methods and take initiative for conflict resolution and the promotion of peace in the Mediterranean", "• To initiate activities for the promotion of democracy and human rights", "• To support national, regional and international campaigns and programmes about issues of major concern such as HIV/AIDS, drugs, alcoholism, violence, racism, xenophobia and youth criminality", "To achieve its objectives the organization has developed various areas of responsibilities:", "• Feminist and action-oriented research", "• A gender studies programme", "• Seminars, symposia, workshops, conferences and meetings on a wide number of issues related mainly to women and youth", "• A programme of feminist alternatives for the promotion of peace and security", "• Activities related to the protection of the environment", "• Development projects for women in developing countries", "Significant changes in the organization", "In May 2009 the organization became a member of the Anna Lindh Foundation Network, which is active in Mediterranean countries and aims to facilitate intercultural dialogue in the Mediterranean.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization carried out two workshops in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund to promote Security Council Resolution 1235 (1999).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• In 2007, a board member attended the fifteenth policy session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 30 April to 11 May.", "• In 2009, the same board member attended the United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development held in New York from 24 to 26 June. The organization’s Secretary-General attended the third session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption held in Doha from 9 to 15 November.", "• In 2010, the same board member attended the eighteenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 3 to 14 May. The organization’s President and Treasurer attended as observers of the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, held in Vienna from 18 to 22 October.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "From 19 to 23 February, the organization, in collaboration with the Technical Support Division of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) carried out a five-day capacity-building training workshop on the theme “Leadership, management, communications skills and project planning” for women and men from 12 different regions of Indonesia. UNFPA funded and organized the workshop while the Centre organized and implemented the training, which was carried out in Bali, Indonesia. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "From 10 to 15 June, the organization, continuing its cooperation with UNFPA, carried out a five-day capacity-building training workshop for Iraqi women on the theme Conflict resolution, communication skills and organizational management” in Istanbul, Turkey. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No initiatives were taken.", "10. National Council of Negro Women", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "The National Council of Negro Women is a council of national African American women’s organizations and community-based sections. Founded in 1935, its mission is to lead, develop and advocate for women of African descent as they support their families and communities.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "A representative from the organization helped to organize the sixtieth Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference on the theme “Climate change: how it impacts us all”. The representative worked on the Planning Committee’s networking committee to get non-governmental organizations to work in partnership on climate change issues. In addition, four of the organization’s members attended the conference and subsequently presented reports on the programmes at their local community meetings, reaching approximately 150 persons in four different settings. An organization representative distributed more than 500 copies of Africa Renewal Magazine at the National Council of Negro Women Black Family Reunion Celebration at the organization’s International Division educational programme held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. More than 500,000 people attended this event. An organization representative worked on the media outreach committee of the New York NGO Committee on the Status of Women to promote conference and NGO Consultation Day activities for the fifty-second session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. In addition, five members of the organization attended the session. An organization representative presented reports on programme activities to members and submitted articles for the organization’s newsletter.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In 2007, members of the organization attended the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference (New York, 5 to 7 September).", "2008", "• Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women on the theme “Financing for gender equality and the empowerment of women” (New York, 25 February to 7 March 2008)", "• United Nation Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) session on the theme of opportunities in the 2008 presidential election for women’s issues (New York, 13 March 2008)", "• UNA-USA meeting on the theme of assessing the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention at its tenth anniversary (New York, 3 April 2008)", "• Update on the work of the General Assembly: non-governmental organization briefing, by Srdjan Kerim, President of the General Assembly (New York, 10 July 2008)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2009", "• Representative attended NGO Consultation Day (New York, 1 March)", "• Representative attended the fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2 to 13 March)", "• Representative attended the Commission on the Status of Women event on the theme “The impact of HIV/AIDS caregiving on girls and older women” (New York, 5 March)", "• Representative attended the UNA-USA workshop on the theme of addressing the caregiving burden and gender gaps in the emergency plan for AIDS relief put forth by the President of the United States (New York, 12 March)", "• Representative attended the event held by the Commission on the Status of Women on the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) (New York, 1 to 12 March)", "2010", "Representative participated in the event commemorating the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) on women, peace and security (New York, 25 to 29 October)", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization, in collaboration with Women in Law and Development and other women’s organizations, provided basic education and technology access programmes to help women establish literacy and economic growth programmes in Benin.", "11. Sahara for Life Trust", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Sahara for Life Trust is a tax-exempt charitable organization enjoying consultative status with the Economic and Social Affairs Council and is certified by the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy and accredited by charity commissions of Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. Sughra Shafi Medical Complex in Narowal, Pakistan, is a 250-bed general hospital that serves about 10,000 out-patients per month. The organization established a state-of-the-art lab with fully computerized, highly automated equipment that includes 50 franchises throughout the country. The organization provides 24-hour ambulance services at “HATCHER” on the Lahore Narowal Highway. The organization is in the process of establishing a medical college, and has already established a research centre for indigenous therapies at the medical complex and put in place the services of Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons doctors. The organization works throughout Pakistan, particularly in remote rural areas like District Narowal. The organization has provided support in Lebanon during war and in Indonesia after the tsunami in 2010.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Sahara envisions reaching the unreached by providing health-care services, realizing distributive justice through education, and promoting silent revolution through social services.", "The organization’s mission is to serve and facilitate the underserved, underprivileged and deprived population of the rural areas of Pakistan through the provision of health and education services, and to provide relief and rehabilitation services in response to national and international natural calamities. Its aims and purpose are to establish and maintain hospitals, medical centres, maternity homes, first aid centres and educational institutions for underprivileged and downtrodden people in Pakistan.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has managed about PRs.650 million in projects in flood-affected areas in 2010 and 2011. Sahara worked to bring a positive change through expansion in its scope of work and geographical extension in all areas of the country. Thus the organization succeeded in improving the following activities:", "• Health indicators in District Narowal through clinical services", "• Poverty alleviation indicators through vocational training in Tehsil Pasrur", "• Relief and rehabilitation in earthquake, flood relief and rehabilitation activities", "• Ongoing research", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "After the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, the organization collected PRs.30 million in donations and provided 3,200 fibreglass huts. With the help of the army of Pakistan and the United States, the organization transported the huts, patients and relief goods to snowbound areas. The organization managed medical teams of surgeons, physicians, orthopaedic surgeons and gynaecologists in Balakot and Chanari. The organization also provided 90 trucks loaded with eatables, blankets, warm clothes and tents.", "During the 2006 war in Lebanon, the organization worked with the health ministry to supply medicines valued at PRs.20 million.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization will participate in a United Nations forum to be held in June 2011.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been working in coordination with the Red Cross, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees during flood-relief activities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has contributed to Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals on poverty alleviation by establishing vocational training centres and providing jobs to about 1,000 people. In literacy and women empowerment (Millennium Development Goals 2 and 3), the organization has established a girl’s middle school in District Muzaffargarh in the flood-affected area. The organization is in the process of conducting HIV/AIDS surveillance in District Pakpattan, Punjab — a project funded by the Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS surveillance project. Sughra Shafi Medical Complex has treated some 1.5 million patients, focusing on maternal and child health, tuberculosis and epidemiology (Goals 4, 5 and 6).", "12. Salesian Missions", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is a member of a number of non-governmental organizations, including the NGO Committee for Social Development and its subcommittees on the eradication of poverty, HIV/AIDS, migration and financing for development. The organization is also on the planning committee of the Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, and has served as Chair of the Conference’s Nominations Subcommittee.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization has participated in the following meetings and sessions:", "• Commission on Sustainable Development (New York, 2007-2010)", "• United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 2007‑2010)", "• Non-Governmental Organizations Committee on HIV/AIDS (2008 to 2010)", "• Non-Governmental Organizations Committee on Migration (2007 to 2011)", "• International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (New York, 2007 to 2010)", "The organization has sponsored and/or organized the following side events:", "• “Education and work: a collaborative partnership” (2008)", "• “Protecting the human rights of migrants and their families” for the Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris in 2008", "• “HIV/AIDS and social exclusion: challenges for religious leaders” and “Social integration of peoples on the move” (2009)", "• “Love matters: HIV/AIDS education of boys and girls in South Africa” and “Men and women, boys and girls in Dialogue” (2009)", "• Side event at the sixty-third Department of Public Information/Non‑Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Melbourne, Australia, in 2010", "• Side event at the fifty-fourth Commission on the Status of Women on the theme “Gaps in the Beijing Platform: the children of migrants” (2010)", "• Side event on the theme “Migration: a response to violence” at the sixty-third Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Melbourne in 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• A Salesian Cardinal addressed the high-level event on the Millennium Development Goals during the meeting of the General Assembly in New York on 25 September 2008.", "• A representative from Shelter Don Bosco in Mumbai, India, gave a report on the state of the drugs problem and work in progress in the South Asia region to the fifty-first session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held in Vienna from 10 to 14 March 2008. Prior to the session, Shelter Don Bosco was asked to serve as a regional lead organization to choose and coordinate more than 100 non‑governmental organizations invited to the session.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradicate poverty", "• Don Bosco Tech Network seeks to provide training and job placement for 2 million young people in India by 2020", "• The Salesian Industrial School in Copiago, Chile, committed to collaborating in the technical education of students and the production of jobs", "• Don Bosco Home in Chiang Mai, Thailand, serves as a training centre for teenage boys from hill tribes and ethnic groups in Thailand", "• Vocational training programmes at Bosco Children Centre in Addis Ababa involve 90 agricultural schools, which train youth in modern farming technology to improve crop yields, achieve food security and generate income", "Primary education", "• Don Bosco Literacy School in Andaung Cheng, Cambodia, serves as a centre for the poorest children in the country", "• Don Bosco Travelling Bus School helps nomadic children in Kurnool, India", "• Courses for the re-qualification and education of teachers and literacy programmes for children were begun in Angola", "• In 2008, the first of a projected ten rural schools was opened near Tonj in Southern Sudan", "• In Ljubljana, a “Happy Minibus” seeks out youngsters not attending schools to provide an education for them", "• Literacy programmes serve the people of Condoto, Chocó, Colombia", "Empowerment of women", "• In 2010, Don Bosco Technical School in Honiara began a course in carpentry for girls", "• The Woman Development Project in Zway, Ethiopia, has opened an embroidery cooperative", "• In Pune, India, the organization offers microfinancing initiatives and skills-training groups", "Reduce maternal mortality ratio", "The Yolia programme in Mexico City provides education and shelter for girls who have lived on the streets. Pre- and post-natal services are available.", "Combat HIV/AIDS", "Programmes exist in Angola, Mozambique, and French-speaking western Africa as well as in Brazil, India, Peru and Sri Lanka.", "Environmental sustainability", "• The organization provides clean water for the indigenous communities of the Xavantes and the Bororos in Brazil", "• In Costa Rica, Salesian students at Don Bosco Technical Institute won a national prize for their project on transforming chicken fat and lecithin into a bio-combustible material to replace diesel fuel", "• The Salesian ACRE Project in Ireland trains young people with special educational needs in horticulture and gardening", "13. Socialist International Women", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "Socialist International Women is an international organization of the women’s organizations of the socialist, social democratic and labour parties affiliated with Socialist International. There are currently 149 member organizations in all parts of the world.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aims and objectives of the organization are to strengthen relations between its member organizations; to promote action programmes to overcome any discrimination in society, including any inequality between men and women and to work for human rights in general; to promote development and peace; to promote a knowledge and understanding among women of the aims and tasks of democratic socialism; and to extend relations between its members and other socialist-oriented women’s groups not in membership that desire cooperation.", "Significant changes in the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• The organization has adopted several resolutions calling for a fifth United Nations World Conference on Women.", "• In March 2007, the organization held a conference on the gender dimensions of international migration in cooperation with the International Organization of Migration. The organization works very hard to persuade member states to ratify the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• The organization attended the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. On each occasion it organized a parallel event in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations.", "• The organization attended the ninety-sixth and ninety-eighth sessions of the International Labour Conference in Geneva.", "• The organization attended the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization cooperated with the Department for Information by attending the sixty-first Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Paris in September 2008", "• Socialist International Women also attended the sixty-second Department of Public Information/Non-Governmental Organizations Conference, held in Mexico City in September 2009", "• The organization cooperated with the Human Rights Council in Geneva by attending its fourth, tenth and eleventh sessions", "• In October 2007, Socialist International Women organized a conference for Israeli and Palestinian women in Tel Aviv, Israel, in support of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) on women, peace and security", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• In March 2009 the organization held a seminar in Buenos Aires on the theme “Towards a gender-balanced democracy” in support of Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals (promote gender equality and empower women).", "• In June 2010 the organization held a conference in Andorra on the theme “Policies on gender equality — the driving force for social and economic development”, again in support of Goal 3. Promoting gender equality is the main goal of Socialist International Women.", "• With regard to Goal 6 the organization issued a statement on the occasion of the XVIII International AIDS Conference (Vienna, 18 to 23 July 2010) calling on governments, health services and non-governmental organizations to give high priority to the following demands concerning women and HIV/AIDS: accessible reproductive health services for women and girls; access to testing, treatment, counselling, care and support; and access to methods of prevention such as male and female condoms.", "14. Special Olympics International", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The significant increase in athlete participation, namely from the developing world, has had a strong influence and impact on the organization’s vision. This impact has helped Special Olympics channel additional investment, technical assistance and partnership development across the developing world through the Special Olympics Regional Office and National Program infrastructure.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Through the Special Olympics Healthy Athletes programme, over 1 million athlete health screenings have been provided free of charge for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. These screenings include the clinical disciplines of vision, dentistry, hearing, physical therapy, nutrition, sports medicine, podiatric medicine and health education. Health interventions are also provided free of charge to athletes from more than 110 countries, including free prescription eyeglasses, customized hearing aids, customized protective sports goggles, protective mouth guards and a variety of diagnostic screenings such as bone density, cardiac screenings and more. This programme’s ongoing efforts directly support the Millennium Development Goals related to child health and is especially important for a population as marginalized as those with intellectual disabilities.", "Over 1.2 million participating athletes of the Special Olympics are female, offering girls and women the opportunity to not only participate in sport but, through the Sport for Development model, offering girls and women access to free health screenings, family support networks, early childhood development activities, health education, leadership development skills and more.", "Special Olympics International has helped to create culturally sensitive disability education for millions of children without intellectual disabilities, to foster increased understanding regarding the nature of intellectual disability, the importance of acceptance of differences, the social benefits of inclusive communities and the excitement of working with the Special Olympics movement. This academic curriculum for kindergarten through grade 12, entitled “Get into it” continues to be offered in a variety of regions and countries, emphasizing the importance of inclusive school environments for children with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics International made great strides in promoting Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals. Through the official Special Olympics partnership platform, the organization has engaged governments, industry, philanthropy, sports and civil society in advocating for improved policies and a better future for children and adults with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics at all levels took an active role in advocating for the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This advocacy has come with the dissemination of information that demonstrates the support structures that the Special Olympics movement has put into place to contribute to the overall achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Special Olympics International has been honoured to participate in official United Nations activities throughout the reporting period, including:", "• Executive participation in the twentieth anniversary celebration of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "• Executive participation and contribution to the UNICEF publication State of the World’s Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health", "• Official presentations at the UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office (MENARO) and Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States Regional Management Team meetings", "• Keynote presentation at the UNICEF MENARO communications workshop", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Special Olympics International cooperated with a number of United Nations bodies, including UNICEF, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, the World Food Programme and a myriad of national and regional United Nations offices throughout the world.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Special Olympics made significant contributions to the work of the United Nations, particularly related to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (see “Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations” above).", "15. Syriac Universal Alliance", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "There have been no changes.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "There have been no changes.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization held elections in late 2008 which resulted in a new President, Vice-President and other individuals being elected into key roles.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "In 2007 the organization arranged a conference in the European Parliament regarding the issue of the genocide of Syriac Aramean people.", "2008", "• February: the organization presented a lecture in Sodertalje, Sweden", "• August to October: a Human Rights Adviser worked on the Turkey property rights issue relating to the Saint Gabriel Monastery (one of the oldest monasteries in the world)", "• 11 and 12 October: Election of Johny Messo to the Presidency of the organization and Daniel Gabriel to the Human Rights and United Nations Non‑Governmental Organizations Director position", "• December to January: the President and Michel Sawma travelled to the United States of America and Canada to meet Syriac people and discuss the future position of the organization at the United Nations and European Union", "2009", "In April, the President and the Human Rights Adviser travelled to the south of Turkey to visit Aramean (Syriac) villages and discuss property rights issues. They also presented a lecture at Diyarbakir University to Turkish students about the organization and Syriacs.", "2010", "• May to November: the organization participated in several lectures and met Aramean people in Vienna and Belgium (May); Goteborg, Sweden (August); New Jersey, Brussels, Sweden and Germany (conferences from June to October); and Switzerland (November)", "• 25 October: the organization participated in a European Parliament public hearing on human rights in Turkey in view of the progress report of the European Commission", "• 15 to 17 November: the President spoke at the European Parliament conference on religious freedom held in Brussels", "• December: the organization attended a meeting in Washington, D.C., with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants regarding religious freedom in Iraq for Syriacs.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007", "• 27 and 28 November: Fiftieth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Vienna", "• 29 and 30 November: Sixteenth session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Vienna", "• 10 to 14 December: Fortieth session of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "2008 to 2009", "May 2008 and May 2009: seventh and eighth sessions of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues‏, New York.", "2009", "• 13 November: the organization spoke at the second session of the Forum on Minority Issues, Geneva", "• November: the organization spoke at a private session at the United Nations regarding Syriac Aramean issues, including culture, human rights and diaspora issues, New York", "• December: the organization participated as observers during the meetings of the main policymaking organs of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "• 10 December: the organization celebrated Human Rights Day at the United Nations in New York, attending the sessions and a special event on “race, poverty and power”, with Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon", "2010", "• 8 March: the organization attended International Women’s Day at the United Nations, New York", "• March: Syriac Universal Alliance attended the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council and delivered one written and two oral statements at the session, Geneva", "• May: the Alliance attended the universal periodic review consideration of Turkey, Geneva", "• 19 to 30 April: the organization delivered a speech at the ninth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and submitted interventions for relevant agenda items, New York", "• 16 July: the organization spoke at the third session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva", "• September: the Alliance attended the fifteenth session of Human Rights Council and delivered two oral statements at the session, Geneva", "• 18 October: the organization attended the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Vienna", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Alliance has worked with the Asia Caucus and Youth Caucus at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York. That cooperation, however, was limited and the organization is now seeking other methods to get the its voice heard at the Forum.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No initiatives have been taken." ]
E_C.2_2012_2_ADD.2
[ "NGO Committee", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 received from non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and submitted through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page 1. ActionAid 22.Join 4 Together Society 3.Red 6 Information and Education of Indigenous Peoples Liuravetlan 4. Legal 9 Service Coalition 5. International Liberal 11 6.Life 14 Ethics Educational Association 7.Alcaldes 16 for Peace 8. Mbutu 17 Agriculture Society 9. Instituto 19 de Estudios de la Mujer del Mediterráneo 10.National 21 Council of Negro Women 11. Sahara 23 for Life Trust 12.Misiones 24 Salesianas 13. International 27 Women &apos; s Socialist 14.Special 29 Olympics International 15.", "1. ActionAid", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "ActionAid will launch a new strategy to be implemented from 2012 to 2016. The two-level governance structure adopted to implement its mission and objectives consists of an assembly consisting of affiliates and partners responsible for the strategic governance of ActionAid and an international board composed of independent members elected by the assembly and responsible for the effective decision-making and oversight of the secretariat.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In 2010, the organization successfully participated in the Women Won’t Wait coalition. His leadership was formally recognized at the XVIII International AIDS Conference entitled “Rights here and now” held in Vienna from 18 to 23 July 2010.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Participated / attended", "• Global Civil Society Forum, held in Doha on 26 and 27 November 2008 and Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held from 29 November to 2 December 2008", "• United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development, held in New York in June 2009", "• United Nations High-level Conference on South-South Cooperation, held in Nairobi from 1 to 3 December 2009", "• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, May 2010", "• Fifty-third, fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women, New York", "• High-level segment of the Economic and Social Council, held in Geneva from 4 to 8 July 2011, where the representatives of the organization &apos; s international education and HIV/AIDS team submitted a written statement", "Organization", "The organization held three parallel events on unpaid care work, comprehensive sexual education programmes and violence against girls at school.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "ActionAid continues to cooperate with United Nations bodies and specialized agencies in the areas of education, food security and sovereignty, emergencies and conflict, women &apos; s rights and HIV and AIDS, conducting research and contributing to them. It also undertakes humanitarian activities and donor-funded operational projects, working with independent United Nations agencies such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the United Nations Population Fund, the Food Programme and the United Nations Development Organization.", "ActionAid has organized joint activities and events with independent United Nations agencies, including:", "United Nations Girls &apos; Education Initiative. In collaboration with the University of London Institute of Education, ActionAid provided technical assistance and contributed to research on United Nations products and materials.", "• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In collaboration with Marie Stopes (Serra Leone branch), ActionAid responded to OHCHR &apos; s call for information on best and effective practices aimed at adopting a human rights-based approach to eliminating maternal mortality and morbidity.", "• UNAIDS. ActionAid manages the UNAIDS South Asia technical support service, based in Kathmandu.", "• Committee on World Food Security. ActionAid, in collaboration with the Working Group on Governance of the International Committee for Food Sovereignty Planning and Oxfam International, presented a proposal during the thirty-sixth session of the Committee on World Food Security, held in Rome from 11 to 14 and 16 October 2010, and worked closely with the Human Rights Council interacting with candidates for special procedures.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to education.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right to food.", "• Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "At the session of the General Assembly, in September 2007, ActionAid launched a five-year campaign called HungerFREE focusing on Millennium Development Goal 1. Since then, ActionAid has developed various resources, such as the report entitled Who’s really fighting hunger?, which was presented on 14 September 2010 in New York prior to the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals.", "From 20 to 22 September 2010, ActionAid participated in that meeting, as a civil society representative at round table 1.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "2. Join Together Society", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Join Together Society actively provides humanitarian support through its commitment to ending global hunger, disease and illiteracy, and provides emergency relief in the Democratic People &apos; s Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Unfortunately, the organization has not been able to participate in any United Nations meeting between 2007 and 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the organization sent food aid to Haiti, under the coordination of the United Nations peacekeeping forces, in March 2010. The total food aid amounted to 45 tons of rice, 4.5 tons of beans and 7.570 litres of cooking oil.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger", "Democratic People &apos; s Republic of Korea (2007-2010). The organization provided food to the vulnerable population in the provinces of North Hamkyung and South Pyongan and supplied 150 tons of corn, 100 tons of rice, 3,290 tons of flour, 495 tons of noodles and 3,75 tons of potatoes.", "India. Thanks to the “goatbank” project, the organization has supplied 518 goats to 256 homes in Dungeshwari since 2009.", "Sri Lanka (2008-2010). In collaboration with the Sewalanka Foundation, the organization recovered an agricultural dam and 28 drinking water and agricultural wells in Anuradhapura. The organization also distributed seeds, fertilizer, chickens and cows.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization sent 25,880 kg of rice, 300 tents and 308 games of kitchen appliances to 1,371 homes in eight areas of western Sumatra affected by the earthquake.", "Achieving universal primary education", "Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (2009). The organization sent school supplies to 12 schools (5,020 notebooks, 107,136 pens and 5,288 backpacks).", "India. The organization manages the Sujata Academy in Dungeshwari. In December 2010, about 869 children had completed elementary school at the academy.", "Philippines. The organization built 13 schools in Midanao and provided school supplies to 6,491 students.", "Cambodia (2009-2010). The organization built seven schools and provided school supplies to 1,034 students in Kouk Krasang, Kouk Rovieng, Thmor Teuk Dach and Pachon Thum Tun Krah Ta Veaeng Leu.", "Indonesia (2009). The organization provided 519 school uniforms, 700 backpacks and 1,307 school supplies to 1,260 students in Western Sumatra after the earthquake.", "Haiti (2010). The organization recovered five schools in five villages in the Leogane area, destroyed by the earthquake.", "Promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women", "India. The organization established an elementary school and in December 2010 it had already offered free education to 50,869 students, including 486 children (55.9 per cent) and 383 girls (44.1 per cent).", "Reduce child mortality", "Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The company provided basic nutritious food (719,424 litres of soy milk; 67 tons of powdered milk; 25 tons of powdered algae soup and 20 tons of nutritious food) to 53 orphanages and institutions for children with disabilities.", "India. Based on World Health Organization parameters, the Jivaka hospital in Dungeswari conducted a study in 1,210 children under 5 years of age and concluded that 14.4 per cent were underweight. The organization provided nutritious food to 764 children underweight and the Jivaka hospital has carried out a campaign of free vaccinations against tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, cough, measles and hepatitis A for children under the age of 1.", "Improve maternal health", "India. Since 2007, the Jivaka Hospital has been involved in the family planning education programme for Dungeswari. As part of the programme, 25 residents underwent a free family planning operation on 22 December 2009. Since 2009, the organization has provided nutritional supplements to mothers and iron to pregnant women.", "Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "India. The organization launched its tuberculosis elimination project in Dungeswari in November 2001 and Javika Hospital adopted the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in June 2008. Since then, the average duration of medical treatment has been reduced from 21 to 6 months.", "Ensure environmental sustainability", "India. The organization built 33 manual wells and water pumps in Dungeswari.", "Philippines. The organization built 12 drinking water wells in different locations in Mindanao.", "Cambodia. The organization built two wells in Kouk Krasang and Kouk Vieng.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "3. Information and Educational Network of Indigenous Peoples Liuravetlan", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "La Red Informativa y Educativa de los pueblos indígenas Liuravetlan es una organización coordinacióna que representa a más de 20 comunidades indígenas de Siberia y las zonas del norte y el próxima de la Federación deRussia.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization and main line of action", "The main objectives of the organization are to improve the capacities of these indigenous communities to increase their active participation and to create a mechanism that will enable them to communicate with the outside world and with each other.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization followed up on all regular and special sessions of the General Assembly, annual sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies and other bodies dealing with indigenous issues. During United Nations-sponsored meetings, the representatives of the organization made 18 written and oral statements, in addition to three joint statements.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "• 60th Annual Conference of the Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations", "• Informal interactive hearing with civil society representatives on interreligious and intercultural understanding and peace cooperation (New York, 4 and 5 October)", "• Informal meeting to discuss the most appropriate mechanisms to continue the work of the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples (Geneva, 6 and 7 December)", "The organization also held a series of educational conferences for representatives of indigenous peoples &apos; organizations, academia and United Nations agencies, including the following:", "• A seminar entitled &quot; Traditional indigenous peoples &apos; knowledge &quot; , held during the sixth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues", "• A workshop on traditional knowledge, organized during the 60th Annual Conference of the Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations", "2008", "The organization participated in the 73rd session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Geneva, 27 July-15 August).", "2009", "The organization participated in the Durban Review Conference (Geneva, 20-24 April). Together with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the organization produced and presented a brochure entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples”, during the eighth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 27 May).", "2007 and 2010", "The organization participated in the Russian language component of the Indigenous Fellowship Programme in Moscow in October 2007 and November 2010 and in Geneva in November 2007 and November-December 2010.", "2007-2009", "The organization participated in the sixth, seventh and eighth sessions held in New York by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.", "2008-2010", "The organization participated in the thirteenth, fourteenth and seventeenth sessions of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, held in Geneva.", "2008 and 2010", "The organization participated in the first and third sessions of the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, held in Geneva.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008", "The organization collaborated with WIPO to publish the brochure entitled “Traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples” in English and Russian.", "2009", "Together with OHCHR, the organization launched a project on the translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into 10 indigenous languages of the Russian Federation (vepsio, karelio, nganasano, nenets, shoriano, evenko, altaiano, yakut, khakaso and Tuviniano). The organization, in collaboration with WIPO, also held an international seminar entitled “Traditional Indigenous Peoples &apos; Issues of Conservation and Legal Protection, International and National Aspects” for representatives of the indigenous communities of Siberia and the northern and far-off areas of the Russian Federation on 22 and 23 October.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals through legal campaigns and educational seminars for indigenous peoples &apos; representatives on the provisions relating to their rights to access to land and natural resources. During the period 2007-2010, the organization held 16 three-week seminars on legal training and 32 seminars on issues related to the provision on the rights of indigenous peoples to land, water and forest resources.", "Additional information", "No additional information.", "4. Legal Service Coalition", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Legal Service Coalition is dedicated to the promotion and protection of human rights through public awareness; advocacy at the local, national and international levels; and the strengthening of affiliated organizations.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization developed and approved a new quadrennial strategic plan for the period 2010-2013.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Over the past four years, the organization and its affiliated organizations have focused on the promotion and protection of the human rights of marginalized groups, especially displaced persons (refugees, returnees, internally displaced persons) and persons belonging to national minorities. A new law on free legal aid was adopted in Croatia in 2008 and six of the nine organizations currently affiliated with the coalition have been registered as free legal aid providers under that law. These organizations have continued to provide free legal assistance to all those in need.", "Among the main issues addressed by the coalition &apos; s most important projects over the past four years are:", "• The role and potential of modern technology in the promotion and protection of human rights", "• Promotion and protection of human rights", "• Promoting European values against racism and xenophobia at the local and regional levels", "• The rights of minorities in South-East Europe, including a national plan of action for Croatia for the period 2007-2008", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2008", "• The Executive Director of the Osijek Coalition for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights participated in the 61st Annual Conference of the Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations, held in Paris from 3 to 5 September.", "• The organization participated in a conference entitled “Reaffirmation of human rights for all: the Universal Declaration at the age of 60”, held in Paris from 3 to 5 September and organized by the Executive Committee of NGOs, in collaboration with the Department of Public Information, UNESCO, OHCHR and France.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization collaborated with the representative office in Croatia of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Croatian Ministry of Justice, the Centre for Human Rights and the Coalition for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights to organize an international conference on &quot; Access to justice: a year of experience in the implementation of the law on free legal assistance &quot; , held in Zagreb on 26 July 2010.", "• In April 2010, the organization was part of a special coalition of civil society organizations that participated in the universal periodic review. The special coalition held several working meetings to examine and report on the situation and protection of human rights in Croatia. Its objective was to denounce the most flagrant violations of human rights and to make recommendations on how the situation could and should be improved.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The organization organized numerous events in several cities in Croatia on the occasion of World Refugee Day, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, International Day against Fascism and Anti-Semitism and Human Rights Day.", "• The organization published important statements on its official website, its written media and its broadcasts in local and national electronic media.", "• Representatives of the organization participated in television programmes where they discussed the problems faced by refugees and minorities and the general human rights situation in Croatia.", "• On the occasion of World Refugee Day 2010, the organization launched humanitarian measures to assist returnees and refugees in two regions of Croatia; however, only one company responded by supplying packages with chocolates and treats to families of returnees with young children.", "Additional information", "Since April 2008, the organization has been a member of the European Confederation of Emergency and Development NGOs working group on issues of expansion, pre-adhesion and neighbourhood.", "5. Liberal International", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "International Liberal is a global federation of liberal political parties that acts as an international forum where the parties of government and the opposition meet to exchange ideas and encourage dialogue, consultations and inspiration to create, deepen and consolidate democracy (liberal).", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Hans van Baleen, a member of the European Parliament, succeeded Lord Alderdice as the new president of the organization.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "• Conduct of a workshop on human rights under the theme “Security and human rights” in Cancun, Mexico, 30 April", "• Celebration of a human rights conference in Taipei, Taiwan Province of China, 26-29 September", "• Celebration of a conference on human rights under the theme “Strengthening networks and combating trafficking in persons” in Taipei, 7-10 December", "2008", "• Special reports on child soldiers in the context of the organization &apos; s human rights committee at the 56th International Liberal Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15-17 May", "• Adoption of resolutions on the current global situation and on the prohibition of the persecution and discrimination of individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation, freedom of expression, climate change, food prices, conflict overcoming and the global population crisis at the 56th International Liberal Congress held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 15-17 May", "2009", "• Adoption of resolutions on issues such as the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, violence in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending sexual exploitation and abuse in the world and the importance of human rights for democracy, at the meeting of the Executive Committee of the organization entitled “The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Democracy and Human Rights” held in Strasbourg, France, on 25 January", "• Adoption of resolutions on women &apos; s rights in Afghanistan and the situation in Kosovo and the Republic of Moldova, at the meeting of the Executive Committee of the organization entitled &quot; Strengthening the Liberal Agenda &quot; , held in Vancouver, Canada, from 1 to 3 May", "• Adoption of resolutions on the global situation of the time and other national and regional issues during the 57th International Liberal Congress, held in Cairo from 29 to 31 October", "2010", "• Visit to Chisinau to discuss the human rights situation in the country from 15 to 17 February", "• Joint Organization of the Geneva Summit on Human Resources, Tolerance and Democracy, held in Geneva on 8 and 9 March, with the collaboration of its youth organization, the International Federation of Liberal Youth", "• A panel discussion on &quot; Human rights and women &apos; s participation &quot; at the meeting of the Executive Committee of the organization, held in Berlin from 11 to 13 June", "• Adoption of resolutions and promotion of decentralization in Africa at the meeting of the Executive Committee of the organization held in Cape Town, South Africa, on 13 and 14 November", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "Human Rights Council Meeting, Geneva, 27-29 March", "2008", "61st Annual Conference of the Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations, Paris, 3-5 September", "2009", "• Fourth session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Geneva, 2-13 February", "• Tenth session of the Human Rights Council, Geneva, 2-27 March", "• Meeting with OHCHR, Geneva, 17 June", "• Twelfth session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva, 14 September-2 October; a written statement was submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Council", "• 62nd Annual Conference of the Department of Public Information for Non-Governmental Organizations, Mexico City, 9-11 September", "2010", "• Thirteenth session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva, 10 March", "• Regular session of the Economic and Social Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, New York, 4 June", "• Session of the Third Committee of the General Assembly during the general debate, New York, 28 October", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2008-2009", "Meetings of the Secretary-General of the organization with the President of the United Nations General Assembly, Srdjan Kerim", "2009-2010", "• Accreditation of the Deputy President to the United Nations in New York", "• Accreditation of the Vice-Chairman of the Human Rights Committee to the United Nations at Geneva", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• The organization delivered its “Premio a la Libertad”, which is granted every year to people who have contributed significantly to the promotion of freedom and human rights", "• The organization published a book entitled Defining Liberty: A Look at the First 25 Years of the Liberal International Prize for Freedom (2009), which includes speeches from people who have received the Freedom Prize between 1985 and 2009", "• The organization regularly publishes a special newsletter on human rights to raise awareness of human rights violations and promote equal rights for all. In 2008, Liberal Matters magazine devoted a number to democratic transition and human rights, coinciding with the sixtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "Additional information", "Affiliated parties have representation in parliaments and governments around the world, enabling the organization to directly influence the development and implementation of important international policies, as well as diplomatic activities.", "6. Life Ethics Educational Association", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "Life Ethics Educational Association is a non-governmental organization based in Canada whose objective is to raise awareness of issues relating to “right to life”, in particular before birth and at the end of life.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization aims to defend the prenate, the disabled, the sick and the elderly through the promotion of respect for all human life, from fertilization to natural death, promoting and fostering understanding and knowledge of biological issues, including, inter alia, the development of fetus, abortion, new reproductive technologies, adoption, palliative care, euthanasia, post-natal suicide, post-abortion education, and experimentation of human beings.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The principal representative of the organization has been transferred to New York, which has greatly facilitated his participation in United Nations meetings and the establishment of contacts with other non-governmental organizations recognized by the Economic and Social Council.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In addition to participating in United Nations meetings, the organization has partnered with other non-governmental organizations recognized by the Economic and Social Council to help organize events for the wider United Nations community. Representatives of the organization have also participated in round tables and side events organized by other organizations during conferences such as the Commission on the Status of Women. On 15 September 2010, the organization partnered with other non-governmental organizations, such as Focus on the Family and MaterCare International and the Permanent Missions of the Philippines and Malawi to the United Nations to convene an expert group to discuss Millennium Development Goal 5 and maternal health.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 26 February-9 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 9-13 April", "2008", "• Commission for Social Development, 6-15 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 25 February-7 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 7-11 April", "• United Nations High-level Meeting on HIV/AIDS, 8-10 June", "• Commission for Social Development, 6-15 February", "• Women Dan Vida Conference, 18-20 October 2007", "2009", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 2-13 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 30 March-3 April", "2010", "• Commission for Social Development, 3-12 February", "• Commission on the Status of Women, 1-12 March", "• Commission on Population and Development, 12-16 April", "• High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, 20-22 September", "• World Youth Conference, 24-27 August 2010", "• Women Dan Vida Conference, 7-9 June 2010", "In preparation for the International Year of Youth, the organization has worked actively to inform its younger members in talks and seminars.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Not applicable.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The association was the host and organizer of an event held in September 2010 on Goal 5 on improving maternal health. The organization believes it is important to educate young people on the work of the United Nations, in particular with regard to the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Goals, through the organization of training sessions and their volunteers before participating in United Nations meetings, so that they can discuss and interact with other representatives of non-governmental organizations, United Nations staff and country representatives. Between 2007 and 2010, the organization trained more than 100 young volunteers who then participated in United Nations conferences as representatives.", "7. Mayors for Peace", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "In August 1945, two atomic bombs destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. More than 65 years later, many survivors continue to suffer from the physical and emotional aftermath of radiation. To ensure that the atomic tragedy does not recur anywhere else on the planet, Hiroshima and Nagasaki have always tried to persuade the world that nuclear weapons are illegal, immoral and must be totally eliminated. On 24 June 1982, at the second special session on disarmament held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the then mayor of Hiroshima Takeshi Araki announced a programme to promote city solidarity with the total elimination of nuclear weapons, a plan to promote transnational solidarity among cities in order to facilitate collective efforts to eliminate nuclear weapons. The mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki issued a joint appeal to the cities of the world to support this programme. Mayors for Peace is composed of a group of cities that have formally expressed their support for the programme described above. In March 1990, Mayors for Peace was recognized as a non-governmental organization by the Department of Public Information.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "In addition to sensitizing public opinion on the abolition of nuclear weapons, Mayors for Peace works to alleviate famines and poverty, assist refugees fleeing local conflicts, support human rights and protect the environment, thereby contributing to lasting global peace. Mayors for Peace has recently focused on the total elimination of nuclear weapons. Such inhuman and illegal weapons threaten the very existence of human beings. Since 2003, the organization has promoted its Vision 2020, an emergency campaign to ban nuclear weapons by 2020. Together with cities, citizens and non-governmental organizations around the world, Mayors for Peace has carried out numerous activities, the most recent of which is a request for the early commencement of negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Through the promotion of its Vision 2020 Campaign and the disarmament target by 2020, the organization has moved from 1,500 affiliated cities in 2007 to nearly 4,400 cities in 2010. This growth requires strengthening the network and methods of communication among its members. The outcome document adopted at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), held in May, mentioned the first nuclear weapons convention in the history of the Conference. On the basis of this outcome document, the organization held a conference in Hiroshima on the total abolition of nuclear weapons by 2020 and adopted the Hiroshima Call, a new set of guidelines for the campaign, as an appeal to begin negotiations on the nuclear weapons convention.", "8. Mbutu Agriculture Society", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "The Mbutu Agriculture Society was founded in 1993 as a non-governmental organization without political or religious affiliation.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has expanded both nationally and internationally, with the cooperation of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Food Programme, Sustainability Education and Ecological Design International, the AWARE United Kingdom project, the Organic Crop Improvement Association International, the United States Agency for International Development and national universities, such as the Ardhi University and the College of Education of the University of Dar es Salam University.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2009", "• The organization carried out a land-use conservation project for rice horticulturers and growers along the Ruvu River in the division of Mlandizi, Kibaha district, Pwani region", "• The Society carried out a project on land degradation control by raising awareness of the problem among farmers living in the Kilombero and Rumemo river basins in the Ifakara neighbourhood, Kilombero district, Morogoro region (July-October)", "• The organization carried out a project focusing on water conservation practices among small farmers cultivating rice in the Ruvu River Valley, Mlandizi Division, Kibaha District, Pwani Region", "2010", "The Society carried out a tree planting project along the Nyerere road in Dar es Salam (United Republic of Tanzania)", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization participated in the Fifth African Population Conference, held in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, from 10 to 14 December 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In 2008, the Executive Director of the Society received an invitation from the UNDP Office in the United Republic of Tanzania to participate, with all the expenses paid, at the Sullivan summit, held at Arusha from 2 to 6 May 2008. The summit was attended by African and American entrepreneurs and investors operating in infrastructure, tourism and the environment, in order to meet the development needs of the United Republic of Tanzania and Africa, and to contact Asia as a source of strategic partnerships and investment generation opportunities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Target 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "The organization supported youth without schooling with HIV/AIDS education and gender-sensitive sexual reproductive health:", "• Established 120 health clubs, 8 theatre groups and 15 contests in different school contexts in Tuangoma and Changombe (Temeke district) and in the Mbamba Bay district (Mbinga district), Ruvuma region", "• She selected and trained 120 young people without schooling to become educators of her fellow students and students", "• It trained 200 young people without schooling in life skills and HIV education, who were educated by peers", "The organization also trained 36 sex workers, and provided them with knowledge to maintain safer sex, for example by using condoms, and also trained 120 men in building life skills and responsible sexual behaviour in sexual and family relationships. The organization also requested funds to purchase condoms (12 container boxes) and distribute them to community groups.", "The organization selected 38 users and drug addicts and developed a strategy to respond to addiction. Eleven of them have left that habit and are receiving therapy and rehabilitation.", "The organization collaborated with Tabaka and Kimara communities on environmental sanitation to reduce mosquito breeding sites in the area, with a total of 200 households benefiting. The organization created information sheets on the importance of using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and of attending medical centres for early diagnosis and treatment.", "Additional information", "In all its activities between 2008 and 2010, the organization developed best practices in relation to transparency. The Society is an agricultural foundation with 74 members. All members participate in project planning, design and implementation.", "9. Institute for Women &apos; s Studies of the Mediterranean", "Special, 1987", "Introduction", "The geographical area of the Mediterranean Institute for Women &apos; s Studies covers Greece, the Mediterranean, Europe, Asia and Africa.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "• Study, analyze and improve the position of women in the family and in economic, social and public life", "• Increase awareness and stimulate actions that promote equality between women and men in all spheres of life", "• Sensitize women to ecological problems and mobilize them to preserve the environment and protect the Mediterranean basin from pollution", "• Assist women in the preservation of their cultural heritage and feminine values", "• Empowering women through education to exercise their rights in all spheres of life", "• Develop methods and take the initiative to resolve conflicts and promote peace in the Mediterranean", "• Initiating activities for the promotion of democracy and human rights", "• Support national, regional and international campaigns and programmes on issues of great concern, such as HIV/AIDS, drugs, alcoholism, violence, racism, xenophobia and youth crime", "To achieve its objectives, the organization is working in a number of areas of responsibility:", "• Feminism and action-oriented research", "• A gender curriculum", "• Seminars, symposiums, workshops, conferences and meetings on a large number of issues related primarily to women and youth", "• A program of feminist alternatives for the promotion of peace and security", "• Activities related to environmental protection", "• Development projects for women in developing countries", "Significant changes in the organization", "In May 2009, the organization became a member of the Anna Lindh Foundation Network, which operates in the Mediterranean countries and aims to facilitate intercultural dialogue in the Mediterranean.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization conducted two seminars, in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund, to promote Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• In 2007, one board member participated in the fifteenth session on the policies of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 30 April to 11 May", "• In 2009, the same board member participated in the United Nations Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development, held in New York from 24 to 26 June. The Secretary-General of the Organization participated in the third session of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, held in Doha from 9 to 15 November", "• In 2010, the same board member participated in the eighteenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development, held in New York from 3 to 14 May. The Chairperson and the Treasurer of the organization participated as observers at the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, held at Vienna from 18 to 22 October", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "From 19 to 23 February, the organization, in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Technical Support Division, organized a five-day training workshop on &quot; Leadership, Management, Communication Capacity and Project Planning &quot; for women and men in 12 regions of Indonesia. UNFPA funded and organized the workshop, while the Institute organized and trained in Bali, Indonesia. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "From 10 to 15 June, the organization, in the framework of its cooperation with UNFPA, organized a five-day training workshop for Iraqi women on the theme &quot; Conflict resolution, communication capacity and organization management &quot; in Istanbul, Turkey. The workshop focused on Security Council resolution 1235 (1999).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No activity to review.", "10. National Council of Negro Women", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "The National Council of Negro Women is a council of national organizations of African American women and community-based sections. Founded in 1935, its mission is the leadership, development and advocacy of women of African descent in their work of supporting their families and communities.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "A representative of the organization helped organize the 16th conference of the Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations on the theme: “Climate change: how it affects us all.” The representative worked on the planning committee &apos; s networking committee to ensure that non-governmental organizations collaborated on climate change issues. In addition, four of the organization &apos; s members attended the conference and subsequently presented programme reports at local meetings of their communities, involving some 150 people in four different contexts. A representative of the organization distributed more than 500 copies of the magazine Africa Renewal in honor of the Black families of the National Council of Negro Women, within the framework of the educational program of the international division of the organization, which took place at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. More than 500,000 people participated in this event. A representative of the organization worked on the media outreach committee of the NGO Committee on the Status of Women in New York to promote the conference and day-to-day activities of non-governmental organizations at the fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women. In addition, five members of the organization attended the session. A representative of the organization briefed members on programme activities and drafted articles for the organization &apos; s newsletter.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "In 2007, some members of the organization participated in the 61st Conference of the Department of Public Information and NGOs (New York, 5-7 September).", "2008", "• Fifty-second session of the Commission on the Status of Women on the theme “Financing for gender equality and the empowerment of women” (New York, 25 February-7 March 2008)", "• United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA) session on opportunities for women issues in the 2008 presidential elections (New York, 13 March 2008)", "• UNA-USA Meeting on the Evaluation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use of Anti-Personnel Mines on its Tenth Anniversary (New York, 3 April 2008)", "• Update on the work of the General Assembly: meeting with non-governmental organizations by Mr. Kerim, President of the General Assembly (10 July 2008)", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "2009", "• One representative attended the consultation with non-governmental organizations (New York, 1 March)", "• One representative attended the fifty-third session of the Commission on the Status of Women (New York, 2-13 March)", "• One representative attended the event of the Commission on the Status of Women on the theme &quot; The impact on young women and older women of the provision of HIV/AIDS care &quot; (New York, 5 March)", "• One representative attended the UNA-USA workshop on how to address the burden of providing care and the gender gap in the President &apos; s Emergency Plan for AIDS (New York, 12 March)", "• One representative attended the event organized by the Commission on the Status of Women on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) at the end of 15 years and the outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (New York, 1-12 March)", "2010", "One representative participated in the commemorative event of the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) concerning women, peace and security 2000 (New York, 25-29 October).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization, in collaboration with Women in Law and Development and other women &apos; s organizations, provided basic education and technology programmes to help women establish literacy and economic growth programmes in Benin.", "11. Sahara for Life Trust", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Sahara for Life Trust is a tax-free charitable organization with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and is certified by the Pakistan Philanthropy Centre and accredited by the charities commissions of Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. The Sughra Shafi Medical Complex in Narowal (Pakistan) is a general hospital with 250 beds and provides service to some 10,000 patients outside the month. The organization established a laboratory equipped with the most modern technology and with fully computerized and highly automated equipment, which has 50 franchises throughout the country. The organization provides ambulance services 24 hours a day at “Hatcher” on the Lahore-Narowal motorway. On the other hand, it is establishing a medical school, has set up a research centre on indigenous therapies in the medical complex and has organized the provision of services by members of the Pakistani medical and surgeon school. The organization works throughout Pakistan, especially in remote rural areas such as the Narowal district. It also supported Lebanon during the war and in Indonesia following the 2010 tsunami.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "Sahara for Life wants to reach the population to which no one arrives by providing health care services, realizing distributive justice through education and fostering a silent revolution through social services.", "The organization &apos; s mission is to provide services and facilities to the rural population of Pakistan who are not benefited, marginalized and deprived, providing health and education services and providing relief and rehabilitation services in response to national and international natural calamities. Its objectives are to establish and maintain hospitals, medical centres, maternity homes, first aid centres and educational institutions for the disadvantaged and dispossessed population of Pakistan.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization has managed projects worth 650 million Pakistani rupees in flood-affected areas in 2010 and 2011. Sahara for Life has worked to achieve positive changes by broadening the scope of its work and extending its activities to all geographical areas of the country. Thus, the organization has achieved improvements in the following activities:", "• Health indicators in the Narowal district through clinical services", "• Poverty alleviation indicators through vocational training in Tehsil Pasrur", "• earthquake relief and rehabilitation, flood relief and rehabilitation", "• Permanent Research Activities", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Following Pakistan &apos; s earthquake in 2005, the organization raised 30 million Pakistani rupees in donations and provided 3,200 fiberglass shelters. With the help of the Pakistan army and the United States, the organization transported shelters, patients and relief goods to areas isolated by snow. The organization managed medical teams of surgeons, doctors, traumatologists and gynecologists in Balakot and Chanari. It also provided 90 trucks loaded with groceries, blankets, clothing and shops.", "During the 2006 war in Lebanon, the organization collaborated with the Ministry of Health to supply medicines worth 20 million Pakistani rupees.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization will participate in a United Nations forum in June 2011.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has worked in coordination with the Red Cross, the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees during flood relief activities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization has contributed to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 1 on poverty eradication by establishing vocational training centres and employing some 1,000 people. In the area of literacy and empowerment of women (Millennium Development Goals 2 and 3), the organization has established a secondary school in the Muzaffargarh district in the flood-affected area. The organization is currently monitoring HIV/AIDS in the Pakpattan district, Punjab (project funded by the Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Monitoring Project). The Sughra Shafi Medical Complex has treated about 1.5 million patients, with a special emphasis on maternal and child health, tuberculosis and epidemiology (Objectives 4, 5 and 6).", "12. Salesian missions", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization is a member of a number of non-governmental organizations, including the NGO Committee on Social Development and its subcommittees on poverty eradication, HIV/AIDS, migration and financing for development. The organization is also part of the planning committee of the Conference of the Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, and has chaired the subcommittee on appointments of the Conference.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization has participated in the following meetings and sessions:", "• Commission on Sustainable Development (New York, 2007-2010)", "• United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (New York, 2007-2010)", "• NGO Committee on HIV/AIDS (2008-2010)", "• Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations on Migration (2007 - 2011)", "• International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (New York, 2007-2010)", "The organization has sponsored or organized the following side events:", "• “Education and work: a partnership” (2008)", "• “Protecting the human rights of migrants and their families”, for the Conference of the Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, held in Paris in 2008", "• “HIV/AIDS and social exclusion: challenges for religious leaders” and “social integration of itinerant people” (2009)", "• “Love matters: education on HIV/AIDS for children in South Africa” and “Men and women, boys and girls: in dialogue” (2009)", "• Side event at the 63rd Conference of the Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, held in Melbourne, Australia, in 2010", "• Side event at the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women on the theme &quot; Beijing Platforms: the children of migrants &quot; (2010)", "• Side event on the theme “Migrations: a response to violence” at the 63rd Conference of the Department of Public Information and non-governmental organizations, held in Melbourne in 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• A Salesian cardinal spoke at the High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals at the General Assembly meeting in New York on 25 September 2008.", "• A representative of Don Bosco refuge in Mumbai, India, presented a report on the status of the drug problem and the ongoing work in the South Asian region during the fifty-first session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, held in Vienna from 10 to 14 March 2008. Prior to the session, Don Bosco was requested to act as a regional governing organization to select and coordinate more than 100 non-governmental organizations invited to the session.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Eradication of poverty", "• The Don Bosco technical network aims to train and insert 2 million young people into India by 2020", "• The Salesian industrial school in Copiago (Chile) has undertaken to collaborate in the technical education of students and in the generation of jobs", "• Don Bosco home in Chiang Mai (Thailand) operates as a training centre for adolescents from tribes and ethnic groups living in the mountains of Thailand", "• In the vocational training programmes of the Don Bosco children &apos; s centre in Addis Ababa, there are 90 agricultural schools, which train young people in modern agricultural technology to improve crops, achieve food security and generate income", "Primary education", "• The Don Bosco Literacy School in Andaung Cheng (Cambodia) serves as a centre for the poorest children in the country", "• The Don Bosco mobile bus-school helps nomadic children in Kurnool (India)", "• In Angola, courses for the recycling and training of teachers and literacy programmes for children have begun", "• In 2008, the first of the 10 rural schools planned to be built near Tonj in Southern Sudan was opened", "• In Ljubljana, a “Happy Minibus” goes out to find young people without schooling to give them an education", "• Literacy programmes exist for the population of Condoto, Chocó, Colombia", "Empowerment of women", "• In 2010, the Don Bosco technical school in Honiara started a carpentry course for girls", "• The Zway Women &apos; s Development Project (Ethiopia) has launched an embroidery cooperative", "• In Pune, India, the organization provides microfinance and group skills training", "Reduction of maternal mortality rate", "The Yolia program, in Mexico City, offers education and shelter for girls who have lived in the streets. It has prenatal and postnatal services.", "Combating HIV/AIDS", "There are programmes in Angola, Mozambique and Francophone West Africa, as well as in Brazil, India, Peru and Sri Lanka.", "Environmental sustainability", "• The organization offers clean water to the indigenous communities of Xavantes and Bororos in Brazil", "• In Costa Rica, the Salesian students of the Don Bosco Technical Institute won a national award for their project to transform chicken and lecithin fat into a biofuel material to replace diesel oil", "• The Salesian project ACRE in Ireland offers horticulture and gardening training for young people with special educational needs", "13. Socialist International", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "The Socialist International Women is an international organization of women's organizations of socialist, social-democratic and laborist parties affiliated with the Socialist International. It currently has 149 member organizations worldwide.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The goals and objectives of the organization are: to strengthen relations between its member organizations; to promote programmes of action to overcome any form of discrimination in society, including any inequality between men and women, and to work for human rights in general; to promote development and peace; to promote knowledge and understanding of the goals and tasks of democratic socialism among women; and to expand relations between their members and other groups of women of a socialist tendency who are not members and who wish to cooperate.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No change.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• The organization has adopted a number of resolutions calling for the holding of a fifth United Nations World Conference on Women.", "• In March 2007, the organization held a conference on the gender dimensions of international migration in cooperation with the International Organization for Migration. The organization is working intensively to convince Member States to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• The organization participated in the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women held in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. On all occasions, it organized a side event in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations.", "• The organization attended the 96th and 98th sessions of the International Labour Conference in Geneva.", "• The organization attended the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The organization cooperated with the Department of Public Information, attending the 61st Conference of the Department of Public Information and NGOs, held in Paris in September 2008", "• Women &apos; s Socialist International also attended the 62nd Conference of the Department of Public Information and NGOs held in Mexico City in September 2009", "• The organization cooperated with the Human Rights Council in Geneva, attending its fourth, tenth and eleventh sessions", "• In October 2007, the Socialist International Women organized a conference for Israeli and Palestinian women in Tel Aviv, in support of Security Council resolution 1325 (1999) on women, peace and security", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• In March 2009, the organization held a seminar in Buenos Aires on &quot; Towards a Balanced Democracy in Gender Issues &quot; in support of Millennium Development Goal 3 (Promoting gender equality and women &apos; s empowerment).", "• In June 2010, the organization held a conference in Andorra on the theme &quot; Gender equality policies: driving economic and social development &quot; , also in support of Goal 3. The promotion of gender equality is the main objective of the Socialist International Women.", "• With regard to Goal 6, the organization issued a communiqué on the occasion of the XVIII International Conference on AIDS (Vienna, 18-23 July 2010), urging Governments, health services and non-governmental organizations to accord high priority to the following HIV/AIDS requirements: reproductive health services accessible to women and girls; access to testing, treatment, counselling, care and support; and access to male prevention methods,", "14. Special Olympics International", "Special, 1991", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The important increase in the participation of athletes, mainly from the developing world, has had a great influence and impact on the vision of the organization. This impact has enabled Special Olympics to channel additional investment and technical assistance, and to build partnerships around the developing world through the infrastructure of their regional offices and their national programmes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Thanks to the Special Olympics healthy athletes program, more than 1 million children and adults with intellectual disabilities have benefited from free medical checks. These checks included clinical disciplines of vision, dentistry, hearing, physical therapy, nutrition, sports medicine, podiatric medicine and health education. Free medical interventions are also offered to athletes from more than 110 countries, including prescription glasses, adapted hearing aids, protective glasses adapted for the practice of sport, oral protectors and a series of diagnostic controls such as bone density tests and heart controls, among others. The ongoing activities under this programme contribute directly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals related to child health and are of particular importance to such a marginalized group as that of persons with intellectual disabilities.", "Of the athletes participating in Special Olympics, more than 1.2 million are women, which offers girls and women the opportunity not only to participate in sports, but also to access, through the sport for development model, free medical checks, family support networks, early childhood development activities, health education and leadership skills development, among other things.", "Special Olympics International has helped to create education on culturally sensitive disabilities for millions of children without intellectual disabilities and to foster greater understanding of the nature of intellectual disabilities, the importance of acceptance of differences, the social advantages of inclusive communities and the enthusiasm of working with the Special Olympics movement. This curriculum, which covers from preschool to twelfth grade and is entitled “Get into it”, continues to be offered in a number of regions and countries, and highlights the importance of an inclusive school environment for children with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics International has made great strides in promoting Millennium Development Goal 8. Through the official partnership platform of Special Olympics, the organization has collaborated with governments, companies, philanthropists, the world of sport and civil society in defending a better policy and future for children and adults with intellectual disabilities.", "Special Olympics has actively participated in the promotion at all levels of ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This advocacy work has been accompanied by the dissemination of information that demonstrates the support structures launched by the Special Olympics movement to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals as a whole.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "During the reporting period, Special Olympics International has had the honour to participate in various official United Nations activities, including the following:", "• Executive participation in the twentieth anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "• Executive participation and contribution to the publication of the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund 2009: Maternal and neonatal health", "• Official presentations at the UNICEF Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa and the meetings of the Regional Management Team of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States", "• Main presentation at the UNICEF Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa communications workshop", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Special Olympics International has cooperated with a number of United Nations bodies, including UNICEF, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, the World Food Programme and a multitude of United Nations national and regional offices worldwide.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Special Olympics made important contributions to the work of the United Nations, especially in relation to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (see the &quot; Organization &apos; s contribution to the work of the United Nations &quot; ).", "15. Universal Syrian Alliance", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "No change.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "No change.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization held elections at the end of 2008, in which its new President, Vice-President and other key persons were elected.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007", "In 2007, the organization organized a conference in the European Parliament on the issue of the genocide of the Syrian Aramaic people.", "2008", "• February: the organization held a conference in Södertälje (Sweden)", "• August-October: a human rights adviser works on the question of the property rights of Turkey in relation to the monastery of San Gabriel (one of the oldest in the world)", "• 11 and 12 October: election of Johny Messo as Chairman of the organization and Daniel Gabriel as Director for Human Rights Issues and the United Nations and Non-Governmental Organizations", "• December-January: President and Michael Sawma moved to the United States of America and Canada to meet with the Syrian community and discuss the future position of the organization in the United Nations and in the European Union", "2009", "In April, the President and the human rights adviser travelled south of Turkey to visit Aramaic (Syrian) peoples and discuss issues related to property rights. They also gave a lecture for Turkish students on the organization and the Syrians at the University of Diyarbakir.", "2010", "• May-November: the organization participated in several conferences and met with the Aramaic communities of Vienna and Belgium (May); Gothenburg (Sweden) (August); New Jersey, Brussels, Sweden and Germany (June-October conferences); and Switzerland (November)", "• October 25: the organization participated in a public meeting of the European Parliament on human rights in Turkey, on the occasion of the report submitted by the European Commission", "• 15-17 November: the President spoke at the European Parliament conference on religious freedom, held in Brussels", "• December: the organization participated in a meeting in Washington, D.C., with the United States Committee on Refugees and Immigrants on the Religious Freedom of Syrians in Iraq", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007", "• 27-28 November: fiftieth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Vienna", "• 29 and 30 November: sixteenth session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Vienna", "• 10-14 December: fortieth session of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "2008 and 2009", "May 2008 and May 2009: seventh and eighth sessions of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York.", "2009", "• 13 November: the organization intervened at the second session of the Forum on Minority Issues, Geneva", "• November: the organization participated in a private meeting held at the United Nations on Syrian Aramaic issues, including aspects related to culture, human rights and diaspora, New York", "• December: the organization participated as an observer in the meetings of the main policy bodies of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "• 10 December: the organization held Human Rights Day at United Nations Headquarters in New York, participating in meetings and a special event on “Race, Poverty and Power” with Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon", "2010", "• 8 March: the organization attended the International Women &apos; s Day event at United Nations Headquarters in New York", "• March: the Universal Syrian Alliance attended the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, in which it made a written statement and two oral statements", "• May: the Alliance attended the meeting at which the report of the universal periodic review of Turkey was analyzed, which took place in Geneva", "• 19-30 April: the organization delivered a speech at the ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and made interventions on relevant agenda items, New York", "• 16 July: the organization intervened at the third session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva", "• September: the Alliance attended the fifteenth session of the Human Rights Council, at which it made two oral statements, Geneva", "• 18 October: the organization attended the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Vienna", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Alliance has collaborated with the Asia Committee and the Youth Group of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York. However, such cooperation had limited scope, and the organization was currently looking for other methods to make its voice heard at the Forum.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "No initiatives have been taken." ]
[ "Comité encargado de las organizaciones no gubernamentales", "Período ordinario de sesiones de 2012", "30 de enero a 8 de febrero y 17 de febrero de 2012", "Informes cuadrienales sobre el período 2007-2010 recibidos de organizaciones no gubernamentales reconocidas como entidades consultivas por el Consejo Económico y Social y presentados por conducto del Secretario General en cumplimiento de la resolución 1996/31 del Consejo", "Nota del Secretario General", "Índice", "Página1.Federación 3 Internacional de Asociaciones de Ayuda Social, Ecológica y \nCultural 2. Fundación 4 \nHariri 3. Human 6 Appeal \nInternational 4. Human 8 Rights Congress for Bangladesh \nMinorities 5.Sistemas 10 de Información y Documentación de Derechos Humanos \nInternacional 6.Interact 11 \nWorldwide 7.Asociación 13 Internacional de Abogados y Juristas \nJudíos 8.Asociación 15 Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo \nSocial 9.Asociación 16 Internacional de \nAbogados 10. Unión 19 Católica Internacional de la \nPrensa 11. Centro 20 Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo \nSostenible 12. International 22 Eurasia Press \n Fund 13. Federación 24 Internacional de Trabajadores \nSociales 14. Movimiento 26 Internacional de \nReconciliación 15. Federación 28 Internacional de la \nVejez", "1. Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Ayuda Social, Ecológica y Cultural", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007)", "Introducción", "La Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Ayuda Social, Ecológica y Cultural es una organización no gubernamental (ONG), constituida como federación internacional de 30 asociaciones de 14 países de América Latina, Europa y América del Norte.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La organización promueve y difunde entre sus miembros (que son las asociaciones federadas) y entre toda la comunidad en general el desarrollo de los valores humanos de la solidaridad, la verdad, la espiritualidad, la tolerancia y la unidad; la asistencia social a los desvalidos; la ecología y la protección del medio ambiente; y la cultura en general.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha participado en el programa de “dinero por trabajo”, cofinanciado por el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Plan Nacional de Presidencia de la República Dominicana, y ha contribuido a su ampliación; en 2008 invitó al representante de las Naciones Unidas a pronunciar conferencias en la República Dominicana sobre la prevención del dengue, el agua potable y la prevención del VIH y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual; en relación con la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, prestó firme apoyo a la Cumbre de Copenhague, celebrada en diciembre de 2009, que marcaba la finalización de la 15ª Conferencia Mundial organizada por las Naciones Unidas para examinar el cambio climático (véase www.copmoving.org); del 7 al 14 de junio de 2010 organizó en la República Dominicana el Sexto Congreso Internacional de la Cultura por la Paz, en el que participaron 620 representantes procedentes de 14 países, que promovieron activamente la educación en valores que propicien la paz en apoyo de los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Representantes de la Federación asistieron a las reuniones sobre “Making combination vaccines more accessible”, celebrada en Nueva York el 29 de octubre de 2010, y “Can citizen action save the world?”, celebrada el 21 de octubre de 2010 en la Sede de las Naciones Unidas. Los representantes de la Federación también asistieron a través de transmisiones web a las siguientes reuniones: “Ranking is not enough: measuring university”, el 20 de octubre de 2010; “The role of entrepreneurship in the attainment and sustainability of the Millennium Development Goals”, el 15 de noviembre de 2010, y “Reforming the international monetary and financial architecture”, el 9 de diciembre de 2010.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "Participación en el Fórum Universal de las Culturas, Monterrey (México), 2007.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "a) Ejecución de programas especializados conocidos como centros de desarrollo y asistencia sociales, tres de ellos en la República Dominicana, 2004-2010; construcción y financiación de ocho comedores, mantenidos mediante las contribuciones de patrocinadores y las donaciones, que atienden anualmente a 2.000 niños, 1993-2010; prestación de atención médica y dental, vacunación y distribución de alimentos y ropa para personas que viven en la pobreza extrema, 1993-2010.", "b) Realización de campañas de educación y concienciación para prevenir el consumo de drogas, alcohol y tabaco y la violencia, 1977-2010, en cuyo marco se suministra material escolar a 2.000 niños al año, así como asistencia especial para los casos de problemas de aprendizaje, y se proporcionan partidas de nacimiento oficiales; realización de campañas de la alfabetización en los Estados Unidos, la República Dominicana y el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, 1992-2010; prestación de asistencia psicológica y jurídica a las mujeres y las niñas expuestas a la violencia y la fuerza; educación para padres en igualdad entre los géneros, 1992-2010; encuesta sobre la prevención de la violencia y la desigualdad entre los géneros, febrero a julio de 2009.", "c) Lucha contra el hambre y la malnutrición entre los niños; educación de los padres en medidas para prevenir las enfermedades y detectarlas, 1992-2010.", "d) Ayuda especial para casos de desastre, como la ayuda prestada a las víctimas del terremoto de Haití, 2010, y la ayuda a las víctimas de la tormenta tropical Noel en el barrio de Santa Rosa, Bani (República Dominicana), noviembre de 2007; campañas de prevención: hidrocefalia (1995-2010) y diabetes (2005-2010): donación de insulina y válvulas para la hidrocefalia en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, la República Dominicana y el Perú.", "e) Campañas ginecológicas entre las mujeres para prevenir las enfermedades y promover los controles prenatales durante el embarazo en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, 1995-2010, y la República Dominicana, 2004-2010; educación sobre nutrición saludable en 14 países, 1995-2010; educación sexual para adolescentes y adultos en 14 países, 1980-2010; campañas de control de los mosquitos para prevenir el dengue y la malaria en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y la República Dominicana, 2006-2010.", "2. Fundación Hariri", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003)", "Introducción", "La Fundación Hariri para el Desarrollo Humano Sostenible es una organización no gubernamental libanesa creada en 1979 por el Primer Ministro Rafik Hariri. Hasta la fecha, la Fundación ha ejecutado más de 200 proyectos en consonancia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, en colaboración con más de 90 asociados locales, regionales e internacionales.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La Fundación se dedica a movilizar recursos (humanos y de capital) y a promover la mancomunación de esfuerzos mediante un modelo de asociación y colaboración incluyente cuya finalidad es alcanzar una situación de desarrollo humano sostenible.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "En línea con el examen de los progresos en el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y a la luz de las recomendaciones de la Cumbre para el examen de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, la Fundación ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas relacionadas con: el papel de la sociedad civil en la supervisión de la realización de los Objetivos; la función de las políticas locales y las estrategias nacionales en el proceso de desarrollo; las consecuencias de la crisis cuádruple en la capacidad de los países miembros del Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo de cumplir sus obligaciones en materia de asistencia para el desarrollo y de preparar planes alternativos para financiar proyectos de desarrollo.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La Fundación contribuye a la labor de las Naciones Unidas y de sus órganos de diversas formas y a través de distintas iniciativas.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Reuniones de la Junta Consultiva del PNUD, El Cairo, 8 de septiembre de 2007; reuniones anuales de los embajadores de buena voluntad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), 3 de abril de 2007, 20 de mayo de 2008 y 24 de junio de 2010 en la sede de la UNESCO, París; Conferencia Regional de la UNESCO sobre una enseñanza de calidad para todos, 25 de agosto de 2008, París; Forum of Arab Parliamentarians for Education, 21 y 22 de julio de 2008, Beirut, organizado por la UNESCO en colaboración con la Organización Islámica para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, la Oficina Árabe de Educación para los Estados del Golfo y la Organización de la Liga Árabe para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La Fundación ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas en colaboración con algunos de los principales órganos de las Naciones Unidas, como la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia Occidental, el Banco Mundial y el PNUD. Proyecto ejecutado en colaboración con el Banco Mundial para preparar una guía del centro histórico de Saida, 2008; proyecto titulado “Achieving e-quality in the Lebanese ICT market”, ejecutado en colaboración con el Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer, 2004-2009; proyecto de desarrollo del sector del aceite de oliva en el Líbano meridional, ejecutado en colaboración con el Banco Mundial y el Consejo de Desarrollo y Reconstrucción, 2006-2008.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Puesta en marcha de una campaña en los medios de comunicación titulada “Khede Kasra” destinada a promover la sensibilización acerca de las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres en todo el país y entre las clases sociales.", "En el marco del proyecto “Youth mobilization and development in Beirut and its suburbs”, la Fundación ha colaborado con distintos socios en la rehabilitación de las infraestructuras físicas de dos barrios de chabolas de Beirut, buscando al mismo tiempo una solución a diversos problemas medioambientales, como el de los residuos procedentes de las carnicerías ilegales y el de los atascos en el alcantarillado.", "Información adicional", "La Fundación presentó al Comité encargado de las organizaciones no gubernamentales, en su período ordinario de sesiones de 2011, una solicitud de cambio de nombre. El nuevo nombre de la organización es Fundación Hariri para el Desarrollo Humano Sostenible. Como el presente informe corresponde al período 2007-2010, se ha mantenido el antiguo nombre de la organización, Fundación Hariri.", "3. Human Appeal International", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1991)", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha realizado diversos proyectos en los siguientes ámbitos:", "• El adelanto de la mujer: empoderamiento de las viudas mediante proyectos de microfinanciación y establecimiento de centros de educación y formación profesional", "• Macroeconomía y finanzas: la organización ha creado un fondo especial que presta servicios de microfinanciación en África y Asia del que, hasta la fecha, se han beneficiado más de 2.000 familias", "• Desarrollo social: la organización ha asignado un presupuesto especial a proyectos habitacionales y a la construcción de centros de nutrición y centros de educación y formación profesional a fin de que los niños, y en particular los huérfanos, puedan ejercer su derecho a la educación.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Los representantes de la organización asistieron a:", "• El 30º período de sesiones del Consejo de Gobernadores del Fondo Internacional para el Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA) (14 de febrero de 2007, Roma)", "• Los períodos de sesiones 31º y 32º del Consejo de Gobernadores del FIDA (13 y 14 de febrero de 2008 y 18 y 19 de febrero de 2009, respectivamente, Roma)", "• La consulta anual de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR) con las organizaciones no gubernamentales (25 a 27 de junio de 2008, Ginebra)", "• La consulta anual del ACNUR con las organizaciones no gubernamentales (29 de junio a 1 de julio de 2009, Ginebra)", "• Asimismo, la organización actuó como anfitriona de los directores de la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios y del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, participando en el seminario sobre asociación con los organismos de las Naciones Unidas que tuvo lugar durante la reunión anual de las oficinas sobre el terreno de la Organización celebrada en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos (27 de febrero de 2008).", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• Proyecto ejecutado en colaboración con el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) para mejorar la nutrición de lactantes y embarazadas en el Níger, 2010; proyecto ejecutado en colaboración con el UNICEF y el PMA sobre alimentación general de los lactantes en el Níger, 2010", "• Proyecto de transferencia de dinero en efectivo destinado a niños de 6 a 23 meses y ejecutado en colaboración con el PMA en el Níger (2010)", "• Proyecto de riego y desarrollo agrícola en Darfur (Sudán) (2010) ejecutado en colaboración con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO)", "• Suministro de semillas para el proyecto agrícola de Darfur, ejecutado en colaboración con la FAO, Darfur (Sudán) (2008 y 2010)", "• Acuerdo con el PMA y el ACNUR para suministrar alimentos a los campamentos de refugiados del Sudán oriental (2010)", "• Proyecto conjunto con la FAO para prestar apoyo a la vacunación y tratamiento de 15.000 animales en Darfur del Sur (Sudán) (2008)", "• Acuerdos tripartitos para la ejecución de subproyectos entre Human Appeal International y el ACNUR para la prestación de asistencia por parte de Human Appeal International en la administración de los campamentos de refugiados del Sudán oriental (2007-2010)", "• Proyecto de perforación de pozos de agua ejecutado en colaboración con el UNICEF en el Sudán (2008)", "• Proyecto ejecutado en colaboración con el PMA para mejorar la nutrición de los lactantes en el Níger (2007-2009).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• Suministro de ayudas en efectivo y enseres domésticos a miles de familias y huérfanos", "• Proyectos de vivienda y distribución de ropa a miles de refugiados en la India, Indonesia, el Iraq, Jordania, el Líbano, el Níger, el Senegal, Sri Lanka, el Sudán, el territorio palestino ocupado y el Yemen", "• Prestación de asistencia a 1.264 personas para la puesta en marcha de proyectos de microfinanciación; ayudas a 28.662 agricultores para que puedan cultivar sus tierras y ayudas económicas a 30 personas desempleadas", "• Distribución de alimentos y agua potable a miles de familias y huérfanos", "• Construcción y equipamiento de escuelas en Bosnia y Herzegovina, la India, el Iraq, Jordania, Kosovo, Kirguistán, el Níger, el Senegal, Somalia, el Sudán y el territorio palestino ocupado", "• Prestación de asistencia a 557 viudas en Bosnia y Herzegovina, el Iraq, Jordania, Kosovo, Kirguistán, el Líbano, el Senegal y el Sudán mediante la construcción de centros de formación y la puesta en marcha de proyectos generadores de ingresos", "• Vacunación contra el sarampión y apertura de seis centros de nutrición en el Níger", "• Prestación de atención médica durante el embarazo y el parto a 83.587 mujeres en el Sudán oriental", "• Realización de un programa de sensibilización sobre el VIH y de campañas de vacunación contra la malaria, y donación de equipo a personas discapacitadas en Bosnia y Herzegovina, la India, Indonesia, el Iraq, Jordania, Kosovo, Kirguistán, el Líbano, el Níger, el Senegal, Somalia, el Sudán, el territorio palestino ocupado y el Yemen.", "4. Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007)", "Introducción", "El Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities es una organización que promueve los derechos humanos y presta servicios humanitarios a las personas marginadas de Bangladesh.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "El objetivo del Congreso es colaborar con los gobiernos, las Naciones Unidas y otros organismos para poner fin a la xenofobia y a la marginación económica y cultural de las minorías y de otros grupos de población desfavorecidos de Bangladesh; contribuir a mejorar sus condiciones de vida y salvaguardar el goce de todos sus derechos, como se consagra en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "Desde 2009 el Congreso patrocina a estudiantes pertenecientes a grupos de población desfavorecidos para que cursen educación superior y alienta la investigación académica relacionada con los problemas de marginación sociopolítica y cultural de las minorías y de otros grupos de población desfavorecidos de Bangladesh.", "Desde su creación, el Congreso ha participado en numerosas actividades de las Naciones Unidas y colaborado con sus organizaciones asociadas, como el Bangladesh Hindu Buddha Christian Unity Council, en la presentación de declaraciones ante la Organización. Asimismo ha proporcionado representantes a órganos de las Naciones Unidas, como en el caso del titular del mandato especial de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH). A los fines de prestar asistencia al ACNUDH, el Congreso ha designado a Monorama Biswas para que actúe como titular de un mandato especial encargado de los afrodescendientes en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Además de las actividades indicadas anteriormente, el Congreso ha participado activamente en los períodos de sesiones de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer y llevó a cabo un período de sesiones paralelo al 53º período de sesiones de la Comisión. Durante este período de sesiones paralelo, se celebraron mesas redondas sobre la violencia contra las mujeres y las niñas pertenecientes a minorías en las que los participantes destacaron la necesidad de aprobar legislación internacional que sirva de base a los sistemas de justicia nacionales.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "Además, la organización ha participado en numerosas actividades de las Naciones Unidas en su calidad de miembro de otras organizaciones no gubernamentales de ámbito mundial:", "a) Es signataria del Código de conducta para el Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja para la prestación de servicios humanitarios durante las operaciones de socorro en casos de desastre y en otras circunstancias (OneWorld, 2009);", "b) Es socia de la Child Rights Information Network, promueve el fin a la violencia contra los niños y la adopción de recursos legales (2011);", "c) Es miembro de la Coalición de organizaciones no gubernamentales por la Corte Penal Internacional, que promueve la sensibilización acerca de la Corte y se esfuerza por lograr que Bangladesh, que es Estado parte, ratifique su Estatuto;", "d) Es miembro de la Oficina Internacional para la Paz y la Justicia (2006).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Las actividades y servicios básicos del Congreso coinciden con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas. Muchas de las actividades de la organización, como, por ejemplo, los servicios de promoción y rehabilitación para mujeres y niñas y los servicios humanitarios para los pobres y los marginados, coinciden directamente con las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "5. Sistemas de Información y Documentación de Derechos Humanos Internacional", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003)", "Introducción", "Sistemas de Información y Documentación de Derechos Humanos Internacional es una ONG internacional que ayuda a las organizaciones de derechos humanos a utilizar las tecnologías de la información y los métodos de documentación para maximizar el efecto de su labor de promoción de los derechos humanos. La organización desarrolla instrumentos y técnicas y proporciona a los activistas formación y apoyo en función de sus necesidades. Se trata también de una red informal, abierta y descentralizada de organizaciones de derechos humanos que desean aunar experiencias y mancomunar su creatividad para desarrollar unas normas e instrumentos comunes para la gestión de la información.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Nuestra visión es la de un mundo en que el poder de la información y la comunicación esté al servicio de los derechos humanos. Nuestra misión consiste en reforzar la capacidad de las organizaciones de derechos humanos de gestionar y transmitir la información, mejorando su eficacia y credibilidad. Nuestro objetivo es asegurar que las organizaciones de derechos humanos dispongan de los instrumentos, los conocimientos y los servicios de apoyo necesarios para utilizar con eficacia sus recursos de información.", "Nuestras actividades consisten en: a) desarrollar instrumentos y técnicas de vigilancia, gestión de la información y comunicación; b) poner esos instrumentos y técnicas a disposición de las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos; c) desarrollar la capacidad de la comunidad de derechos humanos de llegar a dominar esos instrumentos y técnicas y adaptarlos a sus necesidades específicas mediante la formación y otras actividades; d) ayudar a las organizaciones de derechos humanos a establecer y reforzar sus sistemas de información; e) mejorar las técnicas de promoción de los derechos humanos y presentación de informes; f) ampliar el alcance de la información sobre derechos humanos y la capacidad de establecer redes; y g) proporcionar un centro de excelencia sobre métodos y técnicas en apoyo de los derechos humanos.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "A lo largo de los años los objetivos y propósitos de la organización se han modificado en función de nuestra forma de entender el potencial y las necesidades de las organizaciones de derechos humanos en materia de gestión de la información y la documentación, de la evolución de la tecnología y de la evaluación de nuestros propios logros.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "En febrero de 2009 la organización celebró una conferencia con el título “Human Rights Council and International Criminal Court: the new challenges for human rights communications”. La finalidad de la conferencia era reflexionar sobre cómo pueden las ONG transmitir más eficazmente a esas instituciones la información acerca de los derechos humanos.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización participa regularmente en las reuniones de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, en particular en las relacionadas con los derechos humanos (Consejo de Derechos Humanos, examen periódico universal). En marzo de 2009 organizó un acto paralelo sobre el tema “Challenges for managing information on human rights”.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización celebra consultas periódicas con funcionarios del ACNUDH en Ginebra y con personal de las distintas oficinas del ACNUDH sobre el terreno, prestándoles asesoramiento y apoyo en materia de documentación y gestión de la información. En febrero de 2007, en colaboración con el ACNUDH y la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Nepal, impartió dos cursos de formación simultáneos: un cursillo de cinco días sobre vigilancia e investigación para diez agentes de protección pertenecientes a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Nepal, y un cursillo de cinco días sobre documentación de violaciones en el que participaron diez ONG de derechos humanos de Nepal. Los cursillos contaron con apoyo del ACNUDH y el PNUD. En febrero de 2008, a petición de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos en México y en el contexto de un proyecto sobre los derechos humanos de la mujer, la organización llevó a cabo un seminario para ONG sobre documentación de violaciones.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La organización apoya los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y ha puesto en marcha diversas iniciativas en la esfera de los derechos humanos en relación con el desarrollo de la capacidad y la creación de instrumentos.", "6. Interact Worldwide", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003)", "Introducción", "Interact Worldwide (Interact) se ocupa de la salud sexual y reproductiva de los derechos conexos a través de sus colaboradores locales de la sociedad civil en África, Asia y América Latina.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Interact es una ONG internacional de desarrollo con sede en el Reino Unido que cuenta con más de 30 años de experiencia en la prestación de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y la información sobre los derechos en ese ámbito en algunas de las comunidades más pobres del mundo. Interact está especializada en trabajar con sus socios locales aplicando un enfoque basado en los derechos que permite a los pobres y los marginados exigir como “derecho” unas condiciones básicas que les permitan vivir con dignidad y hacer realidad su salud sexual y reproductiva y los derechos conexos. Esa labor se centra en particular en las comunidades y personas más marginadas, las que con más frecuencia son víctimas de la estigmatización, la discriminación y los malos tratos y no pueden ejercer sus derechos. Aspiramos a un mundo en el que todas las personas puedan optar por igual de la salud sexual y reproductiva y el bienestar y ejercer sus derechos sexuales y reproductivos. Nuestra misión consiste en mejorar la salud sexual y reproductiva de los grupos marginados y en lograr que puedan ejercer los derechos conexos.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "El 1 de octubre de 2009 Interact se fusionó con Plan UK, pero sigue siendo una organización autónoma, con su propia junta directiva, que forma parte de la familia de Plan UK. La fusión permite a Interact ampliar su programa de salud y derechos sexuales y reproductivos a más países y desarrollar nuevos modelos de intervención que permitan que cada vez más jóvenes y adultos puedan llevar vidas más saludables. También asegura a la organización una mayor estabilidad financiera y apoyo estructural.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Nuestros programas han contribuido a promover la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de grupos vulnerables de África, Asia y América Latina mediante el desarrollo de la capacidad de nuestros colaboradores de la sociedad civil para que ejecuten programas sobre salud y derechos sexuales y reproductivos que incrementen la demanda de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y faciliten el acceso a esos servicios y el ejercicio de los derechos conexos. Nuestra política y nuestra labor de promoción, con nuestros socios en los países, en el Reino Unido, en Europa y a nivel mundial, se estructura en torno a las actividades de apoyo y promoción con miras a alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio relacionados con la salud. En particular, desarrollamos actividades de promoción a través de la red europea Countdown 2015, y actividades relacionadas con la salud a través de Action for Global Health, que es también una red intereuropea de promoción. Interact presta asistencia al Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) para que la salud sexual y reproductiva y los derechos correspondientes sigan ocupando un lugar destacado en el programa del Gobierno del Reino Unido.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Marzo de 2009: Interact presentó una comunicación escrita durante el 42º período de sesiones de la Comisión de Población y Desarrollo.", "Verano/otoño de 2009: un representante participó en los debates entre la sociedad civil y el Gobierno del Reino Unido sobre la formación de ONU-Mujeres.", "Junio a septiembre de 2010: representantes de la organización participaron en los debates e hicieron aportaciones al documento final de la Reunión plenaria de alto nivel del sexagésimo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, Nueva York, septiembre de 2010; asimismo, representantes de la organización formularon observaciones y contribuyeron a través de los cauces de la sociedad civil a la Estrategia Mundial de Salud de las Mujeres y los Niños, promovida por el Secretario General.", "Septiembre de 2010: representantes de la organización asistieron a la Reunión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General en Nueva York y organizaron una presentación en la sala de blogueros de la Fundación pro Naciones Unidas.", "Septiembre de 2010 hasta la actualidad: un representante ha colaborado en la aplicación de la Estrategia Mundial de Salud de las Mujeres y los Niños mediante, entre otras cosas, la celebración de debates entre la sociedad civil y el Gobierno del Reino Unido y la presentación de comentarios en el foro en línea “Every Woman, Every Child”.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "En mayo de 2007 el UNFPA concedió a Interact una subvención de 40.000 dólares para la ejecución del programa de promoción, “Strengthening linkages: new directions in sexual and reproductive health and rights and HIV and AIDS advocacy”. A principios de 2011 Interact recibió otra subvención del UNFPA para financiar las actividades de promoción de políticas dirigidas al Gobierno del Reino Unido.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Interact desempeña un papel esencial en dos redes de promoción intereuropeas: Action for Global Health y Countdown 2015 Europe. Como parte de esas redes, Interact ha colaborado con el Gobierno del Reino Unido, los donantes y la sociedad civil en la sensibilización acerca de la importancia de alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y de atender a las necesidades pendientes en materia de planificación familiar.", "7. Asociación Internacional de Abogados y Juristas Judíos", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1995)", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La Asociación Internacional de Abogados y Juristas Judíos, fundada en 1969, se esfuerza por promover los derechos humanos a nivel mundial y mantiene un firme compromiso con la agenda del pueblo judío. Lucha contra el racismo, la xenofobia, el antisemitismo, la negación del Holocausto y los ataques contra el Estado de Israel en el mundo. La organización está representada ante los principales órganos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas. La Asociación se creó en 1969 como asociación de abogados y juristas judíos. Su objetivo principal es promover el respeto de los derechos humanos y la igualdad.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "La organización ha contribuido a la defensa de los derechos humanos de las personas mediante:", "• La presentación de una refutación después de que el Consejo de Derechos Humanos presentara el informe del Relator Especial sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en los territorios palestinos ocupados desde 1967 (A/HRC/4/17) (marzo de 2007)", "• Publicación de una declaración que se presentó al sexto período extraordinario de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (enero de 2008)", "• Presentación de una declaración sobre el nombramiento por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de una comisión para investigar los sucesos relacionados con el conflicto de la Franja de Gaza (abril de 2009).", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "La Asociación ha participado en numerosos actos relacionados con las Naciones Unidas, a saber:", "• Reuniones con el Director Adjunto de la División de Extensión del Departamento de Información Pública (septiembre de 2009)", "• Subcomité para la eliminación de racismo del Comité de organizaciones no gubernamentales sobre los derechos humanos (diciembre de 2009)", "• Reuniones con el Secretario General Adjunto de Comunicaciones e Información Pública (enero de 2010)", "• Actos del Día Internacional de Conmemoración en memoria de las víctimas del Holocausto (27 de enero de 2010)", "• Redacción de una carta dirigida al Secretario General en 19 de septiembre de 2010 sobre una declaración ante la Asamblea General.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• La Asociación se dirigió al Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja con referencia a Gilad Shalit, soldado israelí prisionero de Hamas desde hace más de cinco años, y mantuvo contacto con las sociedades de la Cruz Roja de diez países distintos para interceder por él (junio de 2010).", "• La organización envió una carta y un informe a Christian Tomuschat, Presidente del Comité constituido por las Naciones Unidas para investigar la operación “Plomo Fundido” (agosto de 2010).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "La Asociación ha colaborado con otras asociaciones judías en la celebración de los siguientes actos:", "• Una conferencia celebrada en Washington, D.C., titulada: “Protecting human rights and democratic values in an age of terrorism” (marzo de 2007)", "• Una conferencia celebrada en Buenos Aires sobre el tema “Liderazgo responsable, problemas globales y soluciones locales” (mayo de 2007)", "• Se presentó una demanda judicial en nombre de seis personas que habían perdido a sus seres queridos en un atentado con coche-bomba ocurrido en Buenos Aires en 1994 (octubre de 2007)", "• Se emitió una opinión jurídica sobre la declaración de aceptación de la jurisdicción de la Corte Penal Internacional hecha por el Ministro de Justicia de la Autoridad Palestina, que se envió al Fiscal de la Corte (septiembre de 2009)", "• Seminario titulado “Democracy fights terror” impartido en la Universidad Hebrea para una delegación de ocho distinguidos jueces, fiscales y funcionarios públicos procedentes de Madrid (noviembre de 2009).", "8. Asociación Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo Social", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1947)", "Introducción", "La Asociación Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo Social es una asociación mundial de escuelas de trabajo social, otros programas educativos de trabajo social del sector terciario y educadores del ámbito del trabajo social.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Los miembros de la Asociación están unidos por su compromiso con la búsqueda permanente de la justicia social y el desarrollo social. En el desempeño de su misión, la Asociación promueve la cooperación, la colegialidad y la interdependencia entre sus miembros y con los demás.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "Ha aumentado el número de miembros de la Asociación en China.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Hemos seguido organizando mesas redondas de periodicidad mensual y participando en ellas.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "En su calidad de copresidenta del Comité de ONG sobre la migración, la Asociación organizó: un acto paralelo a las reuniones de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social; una actualización de los Días de la Sociedad Civil de 2010 del Foro Mundial sobre la Migración y el Desarrollo; una conferencia sobre los migrantes en Europa Oriental y una presentación del Grupo de Tareas sobre el tráfico en seres humanos; una declaración sobre el empoderamiento de las mujeres migrantes; un programa en colaboración con el Departamento de Información Pública para informar sobre el efecto de la migración en las familias de todo el mundo, en el marco de la celebración del Día Internacional de la Familia; y un programa para celebrar el Día Mundial de los Refugiados.", "La representante participó también en seminarios y conferencias organizados por la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) y el Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para Formación Profesional e Investigaciones. En el mes de abril, la representante pronunció una conferencia sobre adopciones internacionales como parte del proyecto de la OIM y el UNICEF, puesto en marcha recientemente, para estudiar las cuestiones interrelacionadas que afectan a los niños y la migración en todo el mundo. En el mes de mayo, colaboró en la planificación de la reunión informativa del Departamento de Información Pública.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "El 29 marzo se celebró por 27º año consecutivo el Día Mundial del Trabajo Social en las Naciones Unidas. Se adoptó como tema general “Trabajo social y asistencia social: compromiso de colaboración con las Naciones Unidas” para que coincidiera con el de la Conferencia conjunta mundial sobre trabajo social y desarrollo social que se celebraría en Hong Kong (China) en el mes de junio. Por lo tanto, los tres subtemas elegidos fueron “Retos vitales y actualización”, “Igualdad e inclusión social”, y “Medio ambiente sostenible”. Sobre la base de nuestras consultas previas y de los debates que se desarrollaron durante la Conferencia de junio, proponemos los siguientes temas como marco del primer proyecto de Agenda Global, que se desarrollará y articulará tras la celebración de nuevas consultas: desigualdades sociales y económicas dentro de los países y entre las regiones; y la reciente y persistente crisis económica y las modalidades elegidas por los dirigentes mundiales para hacerle frente (por ejemplo, utilizar recursos en apoyo de los sistemas financieros al tiempo que se recortan recursos destinados a asistencia social y desarrollo social).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Nuestra organización podría haber contribuido en mayor medida a la aplicación de los programas de las Naciones Unidas si no hubiera sido por los siguientes problemas: la información sobre las reuniones y conferencias internacionales es escasa y llega demasiado tarde, y la falta de fondos y la escasez de representantes (todos voluntarios) hacen que resulte muy difícil asistir a las reuniones internacionales.", "9. Asociación Internacional de Abogados", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1947)", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "2006 Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia – acceso a la justicia", "Gambia – situación del estado de derecho e independencia del poder judicial", "2007 Colombia – capacidad de las instituciones encargadas de dar reparación a las víctimas de violaciones graves de los derechos humanos", "República Bolivariana de Venezuela – independencia del poder judicial y la abogacía", "Pakistán – respuesta a un intento de cesar al Presidente del Tribunal Supremo", "Malawi – fortalecimiento de la Sociedad de Juristas de Malawi", "Uganda – independencia del poder judicial", "República Islámica del Irán – independencia de la abogacía y acceso a la justicia", "Zimbabwe – investigación sobre el papel de la policía en la administración de justicia", "Polonia – independencia del poder judicial y la abogacía", "2008 Sudáfrica – independencia del poder judicial", "Fiji – evaluación del estado de derecho", "Camerún – investigación sobre la tortura y las condiciones de detención", "Sri Lanka – independencia del poder judicial y la abogacía", "República Democrática del Congo – necesidades del sistema de justicia", "Pakistán – independencia del poder judicial", "Kenya – evaluación de las necesidades del sistema de justicia", "Brasil – asistencia técnica sobre la prisión preventiva", "Afganistán – establecimiento y mantenimiento de un colegio de abogados independiente", "2009 Zambia – formación jurídica continua", "Jamahiriya Árabe Libia – derechos humanos, prohibición y prevención de la tortura y vigilancia de los detenidos", "República Checa – derechos humanos internacionales para los iraquíes", "2010 República Democrática del Congo – prestación de asistencia al Colegio de Abogados de Lubumbashi sobre formación jurídica continua", "Liberia – examen del Colegio Nacional de Abogados de Liberia", "Brasil – estado de derecho y justicia penal", "Colombia – independencia de la abogacía y garantías procesales", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• Consejo de Derechos Humanos, 15º período de sesiones – reunión con el Experto Independiente sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en el Sudán", "• Consejo de Derechos Humanos, 16º período de sesiones – el Instituto de Derechos Humanos financió el viaje de abogados de Darfur", "• El Instituto de Derechos Humanos asistió al décimo período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Examen Periódico Universal", "• Consejo de Derechos Humanos, 11º período de sesiones – el Instituto de Derechos Humanos participó en los actos paralelos organizados por las ONG", "• Comité de Arbitraje de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: 54º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo II (Arbitraje y conciliación) de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (CNUDMI), Nueva York, febrero de 2011; 53º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo II (Arbitraje y conciliación) de la CNUDMI, Viena, octubre de 2010; y 43º período de sesiones de la CNUDMI, Nueva York, junio a julio de 2010", "• Comité de Proyectos Internacionales de Construcción de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: 18º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo I (Contratación pública) de la CNUDMI, Nueva York, abril de 2010", "• Sección sobre Insolvencia, Reestructuración de Deudas y Derechos de los Acreedores de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: 38º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo V (Régimen de la insolvencia) de la CNUDMI, Nueva York, abril de 2010: 39º período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo V (Régimen de la insolvencia) de la CNUDMI, Viena, diciembre de 2010; y 43º período de sesiones de la CNUDMI, Nueva York, junio de 2010", "• Comité de Derecho de las Tecnologías de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: Reunión de la Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Ginebra, mayo de 2009; Reunión multianual de expertos de la UNCTAD sobre políticas de desarrollo empresarial y fomento de la capacidad en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación, Ginebra, en enero de 2010", "• Sección de Derecho Mercantil y Legislación Aduanera de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: Reunión multianual de expertos de la UNCTAD sobre servicios, desarrollo y comercio: la dimensión normativa e institucional, marzo de 2010", "• Foro Regional Africano de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: Examen de la política de inversiones de Nigeria por la UNCTAD, Ginebra, mayo de 2009", "• Foro Regional Europeo de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados: Examen de la política de inversiones de Belarús por la UNCTAD, Ginebra, 2010", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• Estrategia anticorrupción para la abogacía: programa de la Asociación Internacional de Abogados en colaboración con la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito y la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos", "• Empresa y sociedad: Búsqueda de soluciones: iniciativa en el marco del mandato del Representante Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre la empresa y los derechos humanos", "• Los abogados como dirigentes: proyecto de vídeo realizado en colaboración con la Iniciativa del Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Unidas", "• Colaboración con la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito: organización de la primera asamblea general del Colegio de Abogados del Afganistán (2008)", "• Afganistán: participación en grupos de trabajo sobre el estado de derecho y el acceso a la justicia – colaboración con la Misión de Asistencia de las Naciones Unidas en el Afganistán", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Promoción del estado de derecho", "10. Unión Católica Internacional de la Prensa", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1951)", "Introducción", "Los últimos cuatro años han sido uno de los períodos más interesantes de la historia de la Unión. Se ha podido organizar gran número de actividades de formación permanente en línea con los objetivos de las Naciones Unidas y en colaboración con algunos de los órganos de la Organización. Anualmente han asistido a esas actividades unos 1.000 periodistas procedentes de distintas partes del mundo. Existe una demanda creciente de este tipo de programas. Como puede verse, todos los temas que se tratan en ellos coinciden con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio de las Naciones Unidas.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Los objetivos y propósitos de la Unión son:", "• Promover la reflexión y la investigación sobre la ética", "• Apoyar y coordinar las actividades de los miembros, haciendo hincapié en el compañerismo y la reciprocidad", "• Representar ante las instituciones y las organizaciones internacionales a un periodismo y una producción de los medios de comunicación de alto nivel", "• Organizar congresos para promover entre los miembros la colegialidad, el diálogo, el estudio y la reflexión sobre temas de actualidad, dar testimonio de los valores humanos en el periodismo y en todos los medios de comunicación y promover el intercambio de información y experiencias profesionales", "• Fomentar la presencia de profesionales en todos los sectores de la información y las comunicaciones y apoyar su actuación", "• Promover el desarrollo del periodismo y la producción de los medios de comunicación en todos los países desde un espíritu de solidaridad", "• Tomar todas las iniciativas posibles para promover la formación humana y cristiana de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, especialmente en la esfera de la ética", "• Promover y defender el derecho a la información y la libertad de opinión, especialmente prestando apoyo a los periodistas amenazados en el ejercicio de su profesión.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "• Es importante que el poder resida en el pueblo, a nivel de la comunidad, única forma de garantizar el bienestar de todos", "• Los poderosos son los responsables de males como la pobreza extrema y la malnutrición; la falta de justicia en el comercio, las actividades financieras y los servicios; y la corrupción y la dominación.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "• Organiza anualmente tres o cuatro programas que coinciden con los principios de las Naciones Unidas", "• Se encarga de concienciar a los pueblos y las naciones de las causas reales de los acontecimientos y las políticas con la ayuda de los periodistas y de otros expertos de los medios de comunicación", "• Promueve, defiende y apoya las libertades de prensa, información y expresión y la vida.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Nuestros periodistas asisten a reuniones en todo el mundo e informan sobre las políticas y las actividades de las Naciones Unidas.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La Unión organiza periódicamente actividades destinadas a los periodistas, en colaboración con órganos de las Naciones Unidas.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Como puede observarse, todos los temas del programa coinciden con los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "Información adicional", "Nos preocupa que en la última década las Naciones Unidas hayan perdido su papel político y se estén convirtiendo cada vez en mayor medida en una organización humanitaria. Por lo tanto, nos esforzamos por aprovechar nuestro prestigio como unión internacional de periodistas y expertos de los medios de comunicación para reunir a los gobernantes, los dirigentes religiosos y los dirigentes de la sociedad civil en nuestros seminarios, reuniones y actos a fin de que puedan ejercer mejor su función de promover el bienestar de toda la humanidad.", "11. Centro Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2003)", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "• Proyecto sobre patentes y energías limpias ejecutado conjuntamente con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y la Oficina Europea de Patentes", "• Proyecto conjunto del Centro Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible y la UNCTAD sobre derechos de propiedad intelectual y desarrollo sostenible", "• Proyecto sobre transferencia de tecnologías para mejorar la capacidad local de fabricación de medicamentos y vacunas, en colaboración con la UNCTAD y con el apoyo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)", "• Proyecto sobre seguridad alimentaria y medios de subsistencia, en colaboración con la FAO", "• Iniciativas sobre los países menos adelantados y labor preparatoria de la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados", "• Proyecto sobre recursos genéticos y sobre acceso y participación en los beneficios.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "El Centro está acreditado ante la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación (2007) y tiene condición de observador en el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (2010). El Centro ha desarrollado actividades paralelas durante varias de esas reuniones.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• Reunión sobre comercio, globalización y medio ambiente, organizada en colaboración con el PNUMA coincidiendo con el 24º período de sesiones del Consejo de Administración del Foro Ministerial Mundial sobre el Medio Ambiente, 5 a 9 de febrero de 2007, Nairobi", "• Fishing for sustainability: maintaining momentum for fisheries subsidies reform, organizado en colaboración con el PNUMA, el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza y Oceana durante el Cuarto Congreso Mundial de la Naturaleza de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, 6 de octubre de 2008, Barcelona (España)", "• Simposio sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, Ginebra, 2009, organizado por el Centro Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible y sus asociados, a saber, el PNUMA y la FAO, coincidiendo con la Reunión Ministerial de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, 30 de noviembre a 2 de diciembre de 2009, Ginebra", "• Diálogo de Ginebra sobre las oficinas de propiedad intelectual y el programa para el desarrollo de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual, 18 de septiembre de 2009, Ginebra", "• Consulta con el sector privado sobre el cambio climático y los derechos de propiedad intelectual, organizado conjuntamente con el PNUMA y la Oficina Europea de Patentes, 8 de mayo de 2009, Ginebra", "• Celebración en Ginebra del Día del Comercio y la Biodiversidad, organizado conjuntamente con el PNUMA y Río+20, 22 de abril de 2010, Ginebra.", "Publicaciones conjuntas con órganos de las Naciones Unidas:", "• Indicators for the Selection of Agricultural Special Products: Some Empirical Evidence, Nota informativa conjunta del Centro Internacional de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible y la FAO, 2007", "• Promoting Sustainable Land Management through Trade: Examining the Linkages between Trade, Livelihoods and Sustainable Land Management in Degraded Areas, documento de antecedentes conjunto del Centro de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible y el Mecanismo Mundial de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, 2007", "• Guidelines for the Examination of Pharmaceutical Patents: Developing a Public Health Perspective, por Carlos Correa, documento de trabajo conjunto de la UNCTAD y el Centro de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2007.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Habida cuenta de que el Centro tiene por misión el empoderamiento de las distintas partes que intervienen en la política comercial por medio de la información, el diálogo y el desarrollo de la capacidad a fin de influir en el sistema de comercio internacional de manera que promueva el objetivo del desarrollo sostenible, su labor en torno a la ayuda para el comercio contribuye al logro del Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio de acabar con la pobreza y el hambre, al igual que el programa sobre agricultura, cuya finalidad es promover la seguridad alimentaria, la equidad y la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente en el comercio agrícola. El proyecto sobre transferencia de tecnologías para el desarrollo de la capacidad local de fabricar medicamentos y vacunas, ejecutado en colaboración con la UNCTAD y con el apoyo de la OMS, contribuye al logro del Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio de luchar contra el VIH/SIDA. El objetivo de la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente es y ha sido el aspecto fundamental de varias de las iniciativas, programas, reuniones y publicaciones del Centro, incluidas todas las actividades de su Plataforma mundial sobre cambio climático, comercio y energía sostenible, y su Programa sobre medio ambiente y recursos naturales.", "12. International Eurasia Press Fund", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 2007)", "Introducción", "El International Eurasia Press Fund se creó en la era de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas. A la sazón, el país estaba sumido en el caos y en guerra con Armenia, como consecuencia de lo cual cerca de 1 millón de azerbaiyanos se vieron obligados a abandonar su lugar de origen y algunos aspectos del gobierno, como la difusión de información, sufrieron un colapso total. Antes de que Azerbaiyán se convirtiera en una república independiente, la práctica habitual era que toda la información tenía que pasar por el Kremlin, en Moscú, y, por lo tanto, existía un alto grado de censura. El Fondo se inscribió en el registro del Gobierno de Azerbaiyán como organización sin fines de lucro en septiembre de 1992.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "La finalidad de las actividades del Fondo es reunir información objetiva acerca de las regiones en las que existen conflictos armados y difundirlas, y estudiar y analizar los conflictos regionales en sus contextos histórico y político con miras a lograr su resolución pacífica. Una de las prioridades de las actividades del Fondo es la resolución pacífica del problema de Nagorno Karabaj.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "El Fondo ha articulado su estrategia de acción en torno a los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Por lo tanto, es la principal promotora de esos Objetivos de entre las organizaciones de la sociedad civil de Azerbaiyán.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "El propósito del Fondo es promover más activamente en los mandatos de las Naciones Unidas y transmitir a la Organización las mejores prácticas que se aplican en el país. A nivel nacional, el Fondo ha seguido promoviendo la labor de las Naciones Unidas entre las organizaciones no gubernamentales locales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. En particular, el Fondo considera prioritario promover la democracia en Azerbaiyán, sin tener necesariamente carácter político ni estar afiliado a ningún partido político. Las principales cuestiones que se contemplan en el plan de acción del Fondo son los derechos humanos, la igualdad entre los géneros y la promoción de los derechos de la mujer, la gobernanza y el desarrollo económico y social.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "En julio de 2007 el Fondo participó en el examen ministerial anual del Consejo Económico y Social. Asimismo, el Fondo tomó parte en la Feria de la Innovación", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "El Fondo y la oficina del Departamento de Información Pública en Azerbaiyán empezaron a colaborar en 2010. El objetivo principal era realizar varias reuniones en las distintas regiones de Azerbaiyán. Los debates se centrarían en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Para tal fin, en abril de 2010 el Fondo, junto con el Departamento de Información Pública, viajó a la aldea de Borsunlu, en Tartar, para informar sobre el riesgo que representan las minas y celebrar el Día Internacional de Información sobre el Peligro de las Minas y de Asistencia para las Actividades relativas a las Minas. El ACNUR y el Fondo han podido intercambiar información útil gracias a la realización de encuestas sobre las condiciones de vida y las normas sociales de los refugiados y los solicitantes de asilo en Azerbaiyán; se han realizado este tipo de encuestas entre los iraquíes (2008) y los chechenos (2010).", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "A lo largo de los años, el Fondo ha realizado diversas actividades en colaboración con distintas organizaciones con sede en Europa y en los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, ha participado en varias conferencias y congresos con el fin de intercambiar experiencias sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y de reforzar las asociaciones en favor del desarrollo en Azerbaiyán.", "Información adicional", "En su calidad de miembro del Instituto Internacional de la Prensa, el Fondo participa todos los años en el Congreso Mundial del Instituto Internacional de la Prensa y la Asamblea General; asimismo, formula propuestas y plantea cuestiones relacionadas con el desarrollo de unos medios de comunicación independientes en Azerbaiyán.", "13. Federación Internacional de Trabajadores Sociales", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1959)", "Introducción", "La Federación Internacional de Trabajadores Sociales es una federación mundial de organizaciones nacionales (sindicatos o asociaciones) de trabajadores sociales. La Federación se esfuerza por promover la justicia social, los derechos humanos y el desarrollo social a través del desarrollo del trabajo social, la difusión de las mejores prácticas y la cooperación internacional entre los trabajadores sociales y sus organizaciones profesionales.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "• Promover el trabajo social como profesión por medio de la cooperación y la acción a nivel internacional, en particular por lo que respecta a las normas profesionales, la formación, la ética y las condiciones laborales", "• Prestar apoyo a las asociaciones nacionales en la promoción de la participación de los trabajadores sociales en la planificación social y en la formulación de políticas sociales", "• Fomentar y facilitar los contactos entre trabajadores sociales de todos los países y propiciar los debates y el intercambio de ideas mediante la celebración de reuniones, las visitas de estudio, las investigaciones, el intercambio de publicaciones y otros medios de comunicación", "• Dar a conocer las opiniones de los miembros de la profesión a nivel internacional estableciendo relaciones con las organizaciones internacionales, gubernamentales o de voluntarios que desarrollan actividades en el ámbito de la asistencia social o que se ocupan de aspectos conexos, y colaborar en la planificación social, la adopción de medidas y los programas de asistencia social que patrocinan esas organizaciones.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "• Distribución a sus miembros y a otros de información acerca de las actividades y las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas a través del sitio web de la Federación y de su boletín de noticias", "• Compromiso con la protección y la promoción de los derechos humanos reforzado por la labor de la propia Comisión de derechos humanos de la Federación mediante el establecimiento de un nuevo sitio web interactivo que permite llevar a cabo un debate amplio de cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos humanos", "• Participación de representantes de la organización en los principales períodos de sesiones de las Naciones Unidas sobre cuestiones relacionadas con los derechos humanos, como los períodos de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos en Ginebra", "• Organización de la celebración del Día del Trabajo Social en Nueva York: 26ª y 27ª celebraciones anuales del Día del Trabajo Social, a las que asistieron los Administradores del PNUD y un delegado del UNFPA; 28º Día del Trabajo Social en cuyo marco pronunció un discurso el Oficial Superior de Asuntos Sociales de la División de Política Social y Desarrollo Social del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• La Federación envió una declaración oficial (E/CN.6/2011/NGO/8) como contribución a la labor de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer", "• La Federación presentó comentarios y observaciones al grupo de referencia del UNICEF sobre el Plan de seguimiento de la protección de la infancia acerca de la claridad conceptual del proyecto y sobre el instrumento de seguimiento y evaluación", "• La Federación está trabajando en un documento sobre los derechos humanos y la pobreza extrema cuya aprobación está prevista para 2012", "• La Federación ha presentado al Comité de los Derechos del Niño de las Naciones Unidas un documento que está siendo examinado por sus miembros", "• En su calidad de miembro del Comité de organizaciones no gubernamentales sobre estupefacientes, con sede en Viena, la Federación ha participado en varias de sus reuniones periódicas, así como en actos paralelos celebrados durante las reuniones de marzo de 2009 y 2010 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes", "• La Federación ha contribuido mediante un debate en la web al Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat)", "• La Federación ha participado en las reuniones trimestrales de la Campaña mundial a favor de la vida urbana que se celebran en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi", "• La Federación participó en el 22º período de sesiones del Consejo de Administración de ONU-Hábitat y presentó una declaración en la sesión plenaria, abril de 2009.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "La Federación colabora con las Naciones Unidas a través de una red de representantes con base en Ginebra, Nairobi (en ONU-Hábitat), Nueva York y Viena. Además, la Federación está representada ante el Grupo Consultivo de la OMS para la décima revisión de la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas de Salud Conexos.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• Publicación de documentos de política sobre temas como los servicios reproductivos transfronterizos, la globalización y el medio ambiente y la política internacional sobre el envejecimiento y las personas de edad y las personas desplazadas, que se distribuyen a las escuelas de trabajo social, las asociaciones nacionales, etc.", "• Organización de las Conferencias Mundiales sobre Trabajo Social y Desarrollo Social de la Federación, que se centran en diversos temas relacionados con las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas", "• Lanzamiento del Programa Mundial de Trabajo Social y Desarrollo Social en la Conferencia Mundial celebrada en Hong Kong (China) (organizada en 2010 conjuntamente con la Asociación Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo Social y el Consejo Internacional de Bienestar Social). El Programa se ocupa de los principales problemas de nuestras sociedades (véase www.globalsocialagenda.org). El Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales asistió a la presentación del Programa.", "14. Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter especial en 1979)", "Introducción", "El Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación es un movimiento internacional e interconfesional de mujeres y hombres comprometidos con la no violencia activa como forma de vida y como medio de transformación política, social y económica.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "El Movimiento se esfuerza por instaurar en el mundo una sociedad más pacífica, humana y justa promoviendo la cultura de la no violencia, el diálogo y la reconciliación. Sus actividades se llevan a cabo en colaboración con su red de miembros, los representantes de las Naciones Unidas y el personal internacional, y con su apoyo.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "El Movimiento apoya a las Naciones Unidas participando regularmente en las conferencias y reuniones de la Organización a través de sus representantes en Nueva York, Ginebra y Viena, e informando al respecto en sus publicaciones.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "• Período de sesiones anual de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer: Nueva York, marzo de 2007", "• Asistencia a las reuniones públicas del Comité Preparatorio de la Conferencia de las Partes de 2010 encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares y colaboración en la organización de un campamento juvenil sobre temas nucleares: Viena, abril-mayo de 2008", "• Participación en el séptimo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Ginebra, marzo; y presentación de una declaración sobre la situación de los objetores de conciencia al servicio militar", "• Asistencia al noveno período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Ginebra, septiembre de 2008; y presentación de una declaración sobre detenciones arbitrarias de objetores de conciencia en algunos países contraviniendo el artículo 22 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos", "• Participación en el décimo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Ginebra, marzo de 2009: y presentación de una declaración en relación con la labor del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la detención arbitraria", "• Asistencia al décimo período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y presentación de una declaración oral sobre la libertad religiosa: Ginebra, 2 a 27 de marzo de 2009", "• Participación en las reuniones del Comité Preparatorio de la Conferencia de 2010 de las Partes encargada del examen del Tratado sobre la no proliferación de las armas nucleares: Nueva York, 4 a 15 de mayo de 2009", "• Presentación de una declaración sobre la situación de los objetores de conciencia durante el 13º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Ginebra, septiembre", "• Asistencia a la celebración en las Naciones Unidas del Día Internacional de la No Violencia: Nueva York, 2 de octubre de 2010", "• Asistencia al Seminario regional relativo al tratado sobre el comercio de armas: febrero de 2010", "• Asistencia al 13º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y presentación de una declaración escrita sobre la libertad religiosa: Ginebra, 1 a 26 de marzo de 2010", "• Participación en el tercer período de sesiones del Grupo de Trabajo sobre poblaciones indígenas: Ginebra, 10 a 14 de julio de 2010", "• Asistencia al quinto período de sesiones del Comité Asesor del Consejo de Derechos Humanos: Ginebra, agosto de 2010; se hizo un llamamiento en favor de una declaración sobre el derecho de los pueblos a la paz", "• Representación en la reunión extraordinaria de la Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo: Nueva York, 19 de octubre de 2010", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "• El representante del Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación ante la UNESCO es miembro de las comisiones programáticas conjuntas de la UNESCO y el Comité de Enlace con las ONG sobre juventud y derechos humanos", "• En la 61ª Conferencia del Departamento de Información Pública de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones no gubernamentales sobre derechos humanos, el representante del Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación ante la UNESCO organizó un seminario acerca de respuestas basadas en la comunidad a los genocidios y los actos de violencia masiva: París, 3 a 5 de septiembre de 2008.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "• Participación del representante del Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación ante la UNESCO en el 181º período de sesiones del Comité de la Junta Ejecutiva sobre las organizaciones no gubernamentales en el que se evaluaron el proceso de revitalización de la asociación en favor de África, la igualdad entre los géneros y el diálogo intercultural: París, 9 a 10 de septiembre de 2009", "• En el marco de la celebración del 20º aniversario de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, el representante del Movimiento Internacional de Reconciliación ante la UNESCO formó parte del Comité directivo de las comisiones programáticas conjuntas de la UNESCO y el Comité de Enlace con las organizaciones no gubernamentales: París, noviembre de 2010.", "15. Federación Internacional de la Vejez", "(Reconocida como entidad consultiva de carácter general en 1995)", "Introducción", "La Federación Internacional de la Vejez es una organización no gubernamental integrada por personas de edad, ONG, gobiernos, instituciones académicas y empresas. La Federación se esfuerza por generar un cambio positivo a favor de las personas de edad a nivel mundial promoviendo la reunión, el análisis y la difusión de información sobre políticas y prácticas eficaces en relación con la vejez.", "Objetivos y propósitos de la organización", "Nuestro principal objetivo es promover el bienestar de las personas de edad en todo el mundo mediante la creación de foros de debate de ámbito mundial, el intercambio y la transferencia de conocimientos y el establecimiento de vínculos entre los distintos grupos interesados. Entre las actividades de la organización figuran la colaboración con órganos intergubernamentales en materia de desarrollo de políticas; la publicación y distribución de información relacionada con las políticas; la organización de reuniones a nivel mundial y regional; la realización de estudios sociales; y el fomento del intercambio de información y de experiencias entre las asociaciones de personas de edad acerca de las cuestiones y prioridades establecidas por las Naciones Unidas.", "Cambios importantes operados en la organización", "La sede de la Federación se trasladó de Montreal (Canadá) a Toronto en marzo de 2009. Se le ha concedido retroactivamente desde el 13 de abril de 2006 el estatuto de organización benéfica en virtud del párrafo 149 1) f) de la Ley del impuesto sobre la renta del Canadá. Por consiguiente, se han introducido modificaciones de menor importancia en sus cartas de patente y su reglamento.", "Contribución a la labor de las Naciones Unidas", "Se celebraron dos conferencias mundiales sobre los temas designados por las Naciones Unidas —Orientación prioritaria III del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento, sobre el envejecimiento y el diseño (4 a 7 de septiembre de 2008, Montreal), y sobre el cambio climático, centrándose en el envejecimiento con salud, la inclusión social y el cambio de las fuentes de recursos (3 a 6 de mayo de 2010, Melbourne). Se celebraron dos reuniones intergubernamentales privadas sobre los temas “Envejecer en el hogar” (3 de septiembre de 2008, Montreal) e “Inclusión social” (2 de mayo de 2010, Melbourne). En colaboración con HelpAge Asia Pacific, la Federación celebró una conferencia regional (1 y 2 de mayo de 2010, Melbourne) para promover los programas regionales relacionados con la vejez. Se celebraron reuniones regionales de la sociedad civil y representantes gubernamentales para intercambiar información y conocimientos y reforzar el entendimiento en Beijing (mayo de 2008); Estambul (diciembre de 2010); Hyderabad (India) (noviembre de 2007) y Akita (Japón) (octubre de 2009). Todos esos actos contaron con la participación de funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas que presentaron ponencias. Se celebraron reuniones sobre temas específicos para promover el programa de las Naciones Unidas, como por ejemplo, el Día mundial de toma de conciencia del abuso y maltrato en la vejez (16 de junio de 2009, Toronto), haciendo especial hincapié en las actividades intergeneracionales, que se llevaron a cabo en escuelas de enseñanza secundaria.", "Participación en reuniones de las Naciones Unidas", "Se presentaron declaraciones orales y escritas en los períodos de sesiones 45º a 48º de la Comisión de Desarrollo Social. En colaboración con la sociedad civil, la Federación contribuyó a la preparación de una declaración conjunta sobre el tema de los derechos de las personas de edad (2009). En 2009 y 2010 se celebraron períodos de sesiones paralelos. La Federación asistió a los períodos de sesiones 52º a 54º de la Comisión de la Condición Jurídica y Social de la Mujer y 12º y 13º del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (Ginebra); la Federación ha participado en todas las celebraciones anuales del Día Internacional de las Personas de Edad y en 2007 copresidió los actos.", "Cooperación con órganos de las Naciones Unidas", "El Secretario General de la Federación Internacional de la Vejez participó como panelista en la reunión del grupo de expertos del UNFPA sobre la forma de asegurar de un entorno propicio (Estambul, octubre de 2007); el Presidente de la Federación participó en la reunión del grupo de expertos sobre los derechos de las personas de edad (Bonn, mayo de 2009); el Director de Relaciones Internacionales de la Federación participó en la reunión del grupo de expertos sobre el proyecto relativo a los dispositivos médicos prioritarios (Ginebra, octubre de 2007). La Federación consiguió que una persona de edad figurara entre los expertos durante los actos del Día Internacional de las Personas con Discapacidad (2009). El Secretario General de la Federación colabora con el proyecto del UNFPA sobre la situación de las personas de edad en el mundo 2012 (2010 hasta la actualidad). La Federación colabora estrechamente con los centros de coordinación del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales sobre el envejecimiento y la discapacidad; y con las secretarías de la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad.", "Iniciativas adoptadas por la organización en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "Representantes de la Federación han hecho declaraciones públicas acerca de la importancia de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en diversas reuniones celebradas dentro y fuera de las Naciones Unidas, en particular sobre el papel de las personas de edad. En sus declaraciones ante la Comisión de Desarrollo Social, la Federación destacó la importancia de colaborar con las Naciones Unidas en el logro de los Objetivos.", "Información adicional", "Sigue aumentando el número de miembros a todos los niveles de gobierno como resultado directo de las reuniones bianuales de funcionarios públicos de categorías superiores, lo que reviste especial interés." ]
[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February, and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary‑General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.FederaciónInternacionalde 2 AsociacionesdeAyudaSocialEcológicay \nCultural \n2.HaririFoundation 3\n3.HumanAppealInternational 54.HumanRights 7 Congress \nforBangladeshMinorities 5.HumanRights 8 Information andDocumentation \nSystemsInternational \n6.InteractWorldwide 107.International 11 AssociationofJewish Lawyers and \nJurists 8.International 13 Associationof SchoolsofSocial \n Work 9.International 14 Bar \nAssociation 10.International 16 CatholicUnionof \nthePress 11.InternationalCentre 18 forTrade and Sustainable \nDevelopment 12.International 19 EurasiaPress \n Fund 13.InternationalFederationofSocial 21 \nWorkers \n14.InternationalFellowshipofReconciliation 23\n15.InternationalFederationonAgeing 25", "1. Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Ayuda Social Ecológica y Cultural", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Associations for Social, Ecological and Cultural Help is a non-governmental organization (NGO), incorporated as an international federation of 30 associations from 14 countries in Latin America, Europe and North America.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization promotes and spreads among its associated members (which are the federated associations), and among the whole community in general, the development of: human values of solidarity, truth, spirituality, tolerance and unity; social aid to the destitute; ecology and care for the environment; and culture in general.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Participated in and expanded the draft exchange of money for work; co-financed by the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Plan of the Presidency of the Dominican Republic; invited United Nations representative to give lectures in the Dominican Republic in 2008 on dengue prevention, drinking water and HIV and sexually transmitted illness prevention; in relation to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, gave strong support to the Copenhagen Summit, to mark the completion of the Fifteenth World Conference organized by the United Nations to discuss climate change in December 2009 (see www.copmoving.org); organized the Sixth Congress on the theme “The Culture for Peace”, 7 to 14 July 2010 in the Dominican Republic, with the participation of 620 representatives from 14 countries, which actively promoted education in values for peace to support United Nations goals.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives attended the meetings on the topics “Making combination vaccines more accessible”, New York, 29 October 2010, and “Can citizen action save the world?”, 21 October 2010, United Nations Headquarters. Representatives also attended the meetings through the following webcasts: “Ranking is not enough: measuring university”, 20 October 2010; “The role of entrepreneurship in the attainment and sustainability of the Millennium Development Goals”, 15 November 2010; “Reforming the international monetary and financial architecture”, 9 December 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Participation in the Universal Forum of Cultures, Monterrey, Mexico, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "(a) Carried out specialized programmes known as centres for social development and assistance, three of them in the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; construction and support of eight soup kitchens, maintained through sponsorships and donations, that annually benefit 2,000 children, 1993-2010; medical, dental, vaccination, food and clothing for people living in extreme poverty, 1993-2010.", "(b) Education and awareness campaigns to prevent drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse and violence, 1977-2010, provided 2,000 children each year with school supplies and special help for learning problems and provided them with official birth certification; conduct literacy campaigns in the United States, the Dominican Republic and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1992-2010; psychological and legal support for woman and girls exposed to violence and force; education in gender equality for parents, 1992-2010; inquiry into the prevention of violence and gender inequality, February-July 2009.", "(c) Fighting hunger and malnutrition among children; educating parents on precautionary measures to prevent and detect illness, 1992-2010.", "(d) Special aid in disasters, such as aid for earthquake victims in Haiti, 2010, and Helping the victims of Tropical Storm Noel in the neighbourhood of Santa Rosa, Bani, Dominican Republic, November 2007; prevention campaigns: hydrocephalus (1995-2010) and diabetes, 2005-2010: insulin and hydrocephalus valve donation in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the Dominican Republic and Peru.", "(e) Gynaecological campaigns among women to prevent illness and promote prenatal monitoring during pregnancy in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1995-2010 and the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; education in healthy nutrition in 14 countries, 1995-2010; sexual education for adolescents and adults in 14 countries, 1980-2010; mosquito control campaigns to prevent dengue fever and malaria in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Dominican Republic, 2006-2010.", "2. Hariri Foundation", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "The Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development is a Lebanese NGO that was established in 1979 by Premier Rafik Hariri. To date, the Foundation has implemented over 200 projects that are in line with the Millennium Development Goals, in partnership with more than 90 local, regional and international partners.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Foundation is dedicated to mobilizing resources (human and capital) and aggregating efforts through an all-inclusive partnership and collaboration model that aims at achieving a sustainable state of human development.", "Significant changes in the organization", "In line with the review of the progress achieved on the Millennium Development Goals, and in the light of the recommendations of the Millennium Development Goals Summit, the Foundation has started a number of initiatives that account for the following: the role of civil society in monitoring the implementation of the Goals; the role of local policies and national strategies in the development process; the implications of the quadruple crisis on the ability of Development Assistance Committee member countries to meet their development assistance obligations and create alternative schemes for financing development projects.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation contributes to the work of the United Nations and its bodies in various forms and initiatives.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "UNDP Advisory Board meetings, Cairo, 8 September 2007; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Goodwill Ambassadors’ Annual Meetings, 3 April 2007, 20 May 2008 and 24 June 2010 at UNESCO headquarters, Paris; UNESCO Regional Conference on Quality Education for All, 25 August 2008, Paris; Forum of Arab Parliamentarians for Education, 21  and 22 July 2008, Beirut, organized by UNESCO, in cooperation with the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Foundation has a number of initiatives ongoing with leading United Nations bodies such as the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the World Bank and UNDP. A project in collaboration with the World Bank aimed at developing a guidebook for the historic core of Saida, 2008; a project in collaboration with the United Nations Development Fund for Women entitled “Achieving e-quality in the Lebanese ICT market”, 2004-2009; a project in collaboration with the World Bank and the Council for Reconstruction and Development, aimed at developing the olive oil sector in southern Lebanon, 2006‑2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Launch of a media campaign, entitled “Khede Kasra” aimed at raising awareness on gender inequality around the country and across social classes.", "Under “Youth mobilization and development in Beirut and its suburbs”, the Foundation worked with different partners on the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure in two urban slums in Beirut, in conjunction with finding a solution for a number of environmental problems such as wastes coming out of the illegal butcheries and clogged sewers.", "Additional information", "The Foundation submitted a request for change of name to the Committee of NGOs at its 2011 regular session. The new name of the organization is Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development. Since the present report is being presented for the period 2007-2010, the name of the organization is being maintained as Hariri Foundation.", "3. Human Appeal International", "Special, 1991", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization launched several projects in the following areas:", "• The advancement of women: empowerment of widows through microfinance projects and by setting up educational and vocational training centres", "• Macroeconomics and finance: the organization established a special fund to provide microfinance services in Africa and Asia, and to date more than 2,000 families have benefited", "• Social development: the organization allocated a special budget for habitation projects, building nutrition centres and education and vocational training centres to enhance the enjoyment by children, especially orphans, of their right to education.", "Participation in the meetings of the United Nations", "Representatives attended:", "• The thirtieth session of the Governing Council of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (14 February 2007, Rome)", "• The thirty-first and thirty-second sessions of the Governing Council of IFAD (13 and 14 February 2008 and 18 and 19 February 2009, respectively, Rome)", "• The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) annual consultation with non-governmental organizations (25-27 June 2008, Geneva)", "• The UNHCR annual consultation with non-governmental organizations (29 June-1 July 2009, Geneva)", "• Hosted the Directors of the Office of Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in the United Arab Emirates, participating in the workshop on partnership with United Nations agencies during the annual meeting of the organization’s field offices in the United Arab Emirates (27 February 2008).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• A project in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) to provide nutrition to infants and pregnant women in the Niger, 2010; the project on blanket feeding for infants was implemented in collaboration with UNICEF and WFP in the Niger, 2010.", "• The cash transfer project for infants aged 6-23 months was implemented in collaboration with WFP in the Niger (2010).", "• Implemented an irrigation and agricultural project in Darfur, Sudan (2010), in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "• Providing seeds for the Darfur agricultural project was implemented in collaboration with FAO, Darfur, Sudan (2008 and 2010).", "• Agreement with WFP and UNHCR to provide nutrition to the refugees camps in Eastern Sudan (2010).", "• Joint Project with FAO in support of implementing vaccination and treatment of 15,000 animals in Southern Darfur, Sudan (2008).", "• Tripartite subproject agreements between Human Appeal International and UNHCR for Human Appeal International assistance in administering the refugees camps in Eastern Sudan (2007-2010).", "• Water well drilling project, in cooperation with UNICEF in the Sudan (2008).", "• Project in collaboration with WFP to provide nutrition to infants in the Niger (2007-2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Provided cash assistance and household items to thousands of families and orphans.", "• Housing project and distributed clothes to thousands of refugees in India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, the Sudan and Yemen.", "• Assisted 1,264 people in setting up microfinance projects; supported 28,662 farmers to cultivate their farms and offered financial support to 30 unemployed people.", "• Distributed foodstuffs and clean water sources to thousands of families and orphans.", "• Built and equipped schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia and the Sudan.", "• Assisted 557 widows in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Senegal and the Sudan, by building training centres and setting up income-generating projects.", "• Provided vaccinations against measles and established six nutrition centres in the Niger.", "• Provided medical care during pregnancy and delivery to 83,587 women in Eastern Sudan.", "• Conducted an HIV-awareness programme and vaccination against malaria campaigns, and donated equipment to disabled people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, the Niger, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Senegal, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen.", "4. Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities is a human rights advocacy and humanitarian services organization serving the marginalized people of Bangladesh.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Congress aims to work with Governments, the United Nations and other agencies to end xenophobia, and the socio-political and cultural deprivation of minorities and other marginalized people in Bangladesh; provide assistance to improve their living conditions and safeguard the full enjoyment of their rights as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "As from 2009, the Congress has been sponsoring students from marginalized populations to receive higher education and also encouraging academic research related to the socio-political and cultural deprivation issues of minorities and other marginalized people of Bangladesh.", "Since its inception, the Congress has participated in many United Nations activities and supported its partner organizations, for example, the Bangladesh Hindu Buddha Christian Unity Council, in presenting statements at the United Nations. The organization has also provided representatives at United Nations bodies, for example, the special mandate holder of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR). For the purpose of serving OHCHR, the Congress has nominated Monorama Biswas to work as special mandate holder for the people of African descent at the Human Rights Council.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In addition to the activities stated above, the Congress actively participated in the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and conducted a parallel session at the fifty-third session of the Commission. During the parallel session, the organization held panel discussions on violence against minority women and girls, in which panellists emphasized the need for international legislation to help to uphold justice at the national level.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In addition, the organization has participated in many activities of the United Nations through its membership in other global NGOs:", "(a) A signatory of the International Red Cross Code of Conduct for humanitarian services, including but not limited to disaster relief (Oneworld, 2009);", "(b) A partner of Children’s Rights Information Network to end violence against children and to enact legal remedies (2011);", "(c) A member of the NGO coalition for the International Criminal Court to raise awareness about the Court and secure ratification from the Bangladesh State Party;", "(d) Membership in International Peace Bureau for Peace and Justice (2006).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The core activities and services of the Congress are aligned with the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Many activities of the organization, including but not limited to advocacy and rehabilitation services for women and girls and humanitarian services for the poor and marginalized, directly meet the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals.", "5. Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems International", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems International is an international NGO helping human rights organizations to use information technologies and documentation methods to maximize the impact of their advocacy work. It develops tools and techniques, and provides advocates with customized training and support. It is also an informal, open and decentralized network of human rights organizations that wish to bring together their experiences and creativity to develop common standards and tools for information management.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Our vision: a world where the power of information and communication is harnessed in the service of human rights. Our mission: to strengthen the capacity of human rights organizations to manage and communicate information, enhancing their effectiveness and credibility. Goal: to ensure that human rights organizations have the tools, knowledge, skills and supporting services to use their information resources effectively.", "Our activities: (a) developing tools and techniques for monitoring, information management and communication; (b) providing these to human rights organizations and national human rights institutions; (c) building the capacity of the human rights community to master and adapt these tools and techniques to their specific needs through training and other activities; (d) supporting human rights organizations to set up and strengthen their information systems; (e) improving human rights advocacy and reporting techniques; (f) expanding human rights outreach and network capacity; and (g) providing a centre of excellence on methods and techniques for human rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The aims and purposes of the organization have been modified throughout the years, on the basis of our understanding of the potential and needs of human rights organizations with regard to information management and documentation, technological developments and our evaluation of our own achievements.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "In February 2009, the organization held a conference entitled “Human Rights Council and International Criminal Court: the new challenges for human rights communications”. The purpose of the conference was to reflect upon how information about human rights can be communicated more effectively by NGOs to those institutions.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization regularly participates in United Nations meetings in Geneva, in particular those related to human rights (Human Rights Council, universal periodic review). In March 2009, it organized a side event during the Human Rights Council, on the theme “Challenges for managing information on human rights”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization holds regular consultations with staff members of OHCHR in Geneva as well as with staff of various field offices of OHCHR, providing advice and support with regard to information management and documentation issues. In February 2007, in partnership with OHCHR and the Nepali Human Rights Commission, it delivered two simultaneous trainings: a five-day training on monitoring and fact-finding for 10 Nepali Human Rights Commission protection officers, and a five-day training on documenting violations, with participants from 10 Nepali human rights NGOs, supported by OHCHR and UNDP. In February 2008, at the request of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Mexico, in the context of a project on the human rights of women, the organization provided a workshop on documentation of violations to NGOs.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals and has taken various initiatives in the field of human rights, concerning capacity-building and tools development.", "6. Interact Worldwide", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "Interact Worldwide (Interact) has worked on sexual and reproductive health and rights through local civil society partners in Africa, Asia and Latin America.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Interact is an international development NGO based in the United Kingdom, with over 30 years of experience supporting sexual and reproductive health and rights information and services in some of the world’s poorest communities. Interact specializes in working with local partners through a rights-based approach that allows poor and marginalized people to demand as a “right” the basic conditions that allow them to live in dignity and realize their sexual and reproductive health and rights. Our work focuses specifically on the most marginalized communities and individuals, those who most commonly experience stigma, discrimination, abuse and denial of rights. Our vision is a world where all people are equally able to enjoy sexual and reproductive health and well-being and exercise their sexual and reproductive rights. Our mission is to improve the sexual and reproductive health of, and attainment of sexual and reproductive rights by, marginalized groups.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Interact merged with Plan UK on 1 October 2009 but remains an autonomous organization with its own Board of Trustees as part of the Plan UK family. The merger allows Interact to expand its sexual and reproductive health and rights programme to more countries and develop new business models to ensure that even more young people and adults can lead healthier lives. It also ensures greater financial stability and structural support for the organization.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Its programmes have contributed to the advancement of the sexual and reproductive health and rights of vulnerable groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This is achieved by developing the capacity of our civil society partners to deliver rights-based sexual and reproductive health and rights programmes that increase demand and facilitate access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and services. Our policy and advocacy work — with partners in-country, in the United Kingdom, Europe and globally — is structured around supporting and promoting the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals. We work specifically on advocacy through the Countdown 2015 European advocacy network, and health through Action for Global Health, also a cross-European advocacy network. Interact supports the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to keep sexual and reproductive health and rights high on the agenda of the United Kingdom Government.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "March 2009: Interact made a written submission to the forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development.", "Summer/autumn 2009: a representative took part in United Kingdom civil society and Government discussions on the formation of UN-Women.", "June-September 2010: representatives contributed to discussions and inputs on the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly summit on the Millennium Development Goals, New York, September 2010; representatives also commented and contributed through civil society channels to the Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health.", "September 2010: attended the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly in New York, and organized a presentation at the United Nations Foundation bloggers’ lounge.", "September 2010-present: a representative has contributed to the implementation of the Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, including through convening the United Kingdom civil society discussions with the United Kingdom Government and comments made to the online forum of “Every Woman, Every Child”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In May 2007, UNFPA awarded Interact a grant of $40,000 towards our advocacy programme, “Strengthening linkages: new directions in sexual and reproductive health and rights and HIV and AIDS advocacy”. Interact was awarded a further grant from UNFPA in early 2011 in order to support our policy and advocacy work towards the United Kingdom Government.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Interact plays a key role in two cross-European advocacy networks: Action for Global Health and Countdown 2015 Europe. As part of these networks, Interact has worked with the United Kingdom Government, donors and civil society to raise awareness of the importance of reaching the Millennium Development Goals as well as the importance of addressing the unmet need for family planning.", "7. International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists", "Special, 1995", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists was founded in 1969 and strives to advance human rights globally, and is committed to the agenda of the Jewish people. It works to combat racism, xenophobia, anti-semitism, Holocaust denial and worldwide attacks on the State of Israel. It is represented at the principal United Nations human rights organs. The Association was created in 1969 as a membership association of Jewish lawyers and jurists. Its principal purpose is to promote respect for human rights and equality.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has contributed to upholding the human rights of individuals through avenues such as:", "• The presentation of a counter-statement after the Human Rights Council presented the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/4/17) (March 2007)", "• Issued a statement that was submitted to the sixth special session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (January 2008)", "• Submitted a statement on the appointment of a Commission of Inquiry by the Human Rights Council with regard to the events of the conflict in the Gaza Strip (April 2009).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Association participated in numerous United Nations-related events, including:", "• Meetings with the Deputy Director of the Outreach Division, Department of Public Information (September 2009)", "• Subcommittee for the Elimination of Racism of the International NGO Committee on Human Rights (December 2009)", "• Meetings with the Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information (January 2010)", "• Holocaust Remembrance Day events (27 January 2010)", "• Drafted a letter to the Secretary-General on 19 September 2010 concerning a statement given in the General Assembly.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Addressed the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding Gilad Shalit, the captive Israeli soldier in the hands of Hamas for over five years, and approached the Red Cross chapters in 10 different countries on his behalf (June 2010).", "• Sent a letter and a report to Christian Tomuschat, Chair of the Committee appointed by the United Nations to investigate Operation “Cast Lead” (August 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Association collaborated with other Jewish associations to host the following events:", "• A conference in Washington, D.C., entitled: “Protecting human rights and democratic values in an age of terrorism” (March 2007)", "• A conference in Buenos Aires on the theme “Responsible leadership, global challenges and local solutions” (May 2007)", "• A civil law suit was filed on behalf of six individuals who lost their loved ones in the car bombing in Buenos Aires in 1994 (October 2007)", "• A legal opinion on the declaration of acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court made by the Minister of Justice of the Palestinian Authority was sent to the Prosecutor of the Court (September 2009)", "• Seminar entitled “Democracy fights terror” at the Hebrew University for a delegation of eight distinguished justices, prosecutors and Government officials from Madrid (November 2009).", "8. International Association of Schools of Social Work", "Special, 1947", "Introduction", "The International Association of Schools of Social Work is a worldwide association of schools of social work, other tertiary-level social work educational programmes, and social work educators.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Members of the Association are united in their obligation to the continued pursuit of social justice and social development. In carrying out its mission, the Association fosters cooperation, collegiality and interdependence among its members and with others.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Association has developed a larger membership in China.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "We have continued to organize and participate on panels on a monthly basis.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "As co-chair of the NGO Committee on Migration, the Association organized: a parallel event with the Commission for Social Development; an update of the 2010 Civil Society Days of the Global Forum on Migration and Development; a lecture on migrants in Eastern Europe and a presentation by the Task Force on Human Trafficking; a statement on the empowerment of migrant women; a programme in conjunction with the Department of Public Information briefing on the impact of migration on families around the world, in observance of the International Day of Families; as well as a programme to mark International Refugee Day.", "The representative also participated in seminars and conferences organized by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. In April, she gave a presentation on international adoptions of children, as part of a newly established project of IOM and UNICEF to study cross-cutting issues relating to children and migration around the world. In May, she contributed to the planning for the Department of Public Information briefing.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The twenty-seventh annual Social Work Day at the United Nations was held on 29 March. The overall theme, “Social work and social welfare: a commitment to partnership with the United Nations”, was planned to be consistent with the Tripartite Joint Meeting to be held in Hong Kong, China, in June. Accordingly, the three subthemes were “Life course challenges”, “equity and social inclusion”, and “sustainable environment”. On the basis of our previous consultations and the discussions during the Hong Kong conference, we propose the following areas as a framework for the first draft of the Global Agenda, to be developed and articulated following further consultation: social and economic inequalities within countries and between regions; and the recent and continuing economic crises and the modalities chosen by world leaders to deal with them (e.g., using resources to support the financial systems while cutting resources for social support and social development).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Our organization would have been able to contribute more to the implementation of United Nations programmes if not for the following problems: information about international meetings and conferences is scarce and arrives too late, while scarce funds and few representative staff (all volunteers) make attendance at international meetings very difficult.", "9. International Bar Association", "Special, 1947", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2006 Plurinational State of Bolivia — access to justice", "Gambia — status of rule of law and independence of judiciary", "2007 Colombia — capacity of institutions responsible for delivering remedy for victims of grave human rights violations", "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — independence of judiciary and legal profession", "Pakistan — response to an attempt to remove the Chief Justice", "Malawi — strengthened the Malawi Law Society", "Uganda — a judicial independence", "Islamic Republic of Iran — independence of legal profession and access to justice", "Zimbabwe — investigation on the role of police in the administration of justice", "Poland — independence of judiciary and legal profession", "2008 South Africa — judicial independence", "Fiji — assessment of rule of law", "Cameroon — investigation on torture and conditions of detention", "Sri Lanka — independence of the judiciary and the legal profession", "Democratic Republic of the Congo — needs of justice system", "Pakistan — judicial independence", "Kenya — needs assessment of justice system", "Brazil — technical assistance on pretrial detention", "Afghanistan — establishing and maintaining an independent bar association", "2009 Zambia — continuing legal education", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya — human rights, prohibition and monitoring of torture and of detainees", "Czech Republic — on international human rights for Iraqis", "2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo — assisted the Lubumbashi Bar on continuing legal education", "Liberia — review of Liberian National Bar Association", "Brazil — rule of law and criminal justice", "Colombia — independence of the legal profession and due process guarantees", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Human Rights Council, fifteenth session — meeting with the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Sudan", "• Human Rights Council, sixteenth session — Human Rights Institute brought Darfur lawyers", "• Human Rights Institute attended the tenth universal periodic review session", "• Human Rights Council, eleventh session — Human Rights Institute participated in NGO side events", "• International Bar Association Arbitration Committee: fifty-fourth session of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) New York, February 2011; fifty-third session of the UNCITRAL Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) Vienna, October 2010, and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York, June-July 2010", "• International Bar Association International Constructions Projects Committee: eighteenth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group I (Procurement), New York, April 2010", "• International Bar Association Section on Insolvency, Restructuring and Creditors Rights: attended thirty-eighth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group V (Insolvency Law), New York, April 2010; thirty-ninth session of the UNCITRAL Working Group V (Insolvency Law), Vienna, December 2010, and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York, June 2010", "• International Bar Association Technology Law Committee: UNCTAD meeting of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Geneva, May 2009; UNCTAD Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Enterprise Development Policies and Capacity-Building in Science, Technology and Innovation, Geneva, January 2010", "• International Bar Association Trade and Customs Law: UNCTAD Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Services, Development and Trade: the Regulatory and Institutional Dimension, March 2010", "• International Bar Association African Regional Forum: UNCTAD Investment Policy Review of Nigeria, Geneva, May 2009", "• International Bar Association European Regional Forum: UNCTAD Investment Policy Review of Belarus, Geneva, 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Anti-Corruption Strategy for Legal Profession: programme by the International Bar Association with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "• Business and Society Exploring Solutions: initiative under mandate of United Nations Special Representative on Business and Human Rights", "• Lawyers as Leaders: video project with the United Nations Global Compact", "• Collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: organization of the first General Assembly of the Afghan Bar (2008)", "• Afghanistan: participation in working groups on rule of law and access to justice — collaboration with the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Promotion of the rule of law", "10. International Catholic Union of the Press", "Special, 1951", "Introduction", "The past four years have been one of the most interesting periods in the history of the world union. A great number of ongoing formation events could be organized in line with the goals of the United Nations and in cooperation with United Nations bodies. Some 1,000 journalists in different parts of the world attended these events annually. There is a growing demand for these types of programmes. As can be seen from the themes of the programmes, they are all in line with the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aims and purposes of the Union are to:", "• Favour ethical reflection and research", "• Support and coordinate the activities of members, emphasizing fellowship and mutual exchange", "• Represent high-level and high-standard journalism and media production among international institutions and organizations", "• Organize congresses to stimulate collegiality, dialogue, study and reflection among members on timely themes, to witness to human values in journalism and in all the media and to foster the exchange of professional information and experience", "• Encourage the presence and support the action of professionals in the sectors of information and communication in all its forms", "• Promote the development of journalism and media production in all countries in a spirit of solidarity", "• Take all possible initiatives for the human and Christian formation of media professionals, especially in the field of ethics", "• Promote and defend the right to information and freedom of opinion, especially by supporting threatened journalists in the exercise of their profession.", "Significant changes in the organization", "• It is important that people at the grass-roots level have the power, otherwise the well-being of all can never be guaranteed.", "• Those that are responsible for evils such as extreme poverty and malnutrition; injustices in trade, currency and services; and corruption and domination are the powerful.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Organizes annually three or four programmes in line with the principles of the United Nations", "• Makes peoples and nations aware of the real causes of events and policies with the help of journalists and other media experts", "• Encourages, defends and sustains freedoms of the press, information, expression and life.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Several of our journalists attend the meetings worldwide and report on United Nations policies and events.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "We regularly organize events for journalists, in cooperation with United Nations bodies.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As can be seen from the themes of the programme, they are all in line with the Millennium Development Goals.", "Additional information", "We are quite concerned that the United Nations is losing its political role in the last decade and is becoming more and more a humanitarian agency. Therefore, we are trying our best with our prestigious position as a world union of journalists and media experts to bring together Government leaders, religious leaders and civil society leaders in our seminars, meetings and events so that they can better exercise their roles in promoting the well-being of the whole of humanity.", "11. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development", "Special, 2003", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Joint project on patents and clean energy with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Patent Office", "• Joint UNCTAD-International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development project on intellectual property rights and sustainable development", "• Project on technology transfer for local manufacturing capacity of drugs and vaccines, in collaboration with UNCTAD and the support of the World Health Organization (WHO)", "• Project on food security and livelihoods in collaboration with FAO", "• Initiative on least developed countries and work in preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries", "• Project on genetic resources and access and benefit-sharing.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Centre has gained accreditation to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2007) and observer status with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2010). It has held side events to a number of these meetings.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Meeting on trade, globalization and environment, organized in collaboration with UNEP, alongside the twenty-fourth session of the Governing Council of the Global Environment Ministerial Forum, 5-9 February 2007, Nairobi", "• Fishing for sustainability: maintaining momentum for fisheries subsidies reform, co-organized with UNEP, the World Wildlife Fund and Ocean, alongside the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Fourth World Conservation Congress, 6 October 2008, in Barcelona, Spain", "• Geneva Trade and Development Symposium 2009, organized by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and partners, including UNEP and FAO, alongside the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting, 30 November-2 December 2009, in Geneva", "• Geneva Dialogue on Intellectual Property Offices and the Implementation of the World Intellectual Property Organization Development, 18 September 2009, Geneva", "• Consultation with the private sector on climate change and intellectual property rights, co-organized with UNEP and the European Patent Office, 8 May 2009, Geneva", "• Geneva Trade and Biodiversity Day, co-organized with UNEP and Rio+20, 22 April 2010, Geneva", "Joint publications with United Nations bodies include:", "• Indicators for the Selection of Agricultural Special Products: Some Empirical Evidence, Joint International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development/FAO Information Note, 2007", "• Promoting Sustainable Land Management through Trade: Examining the Linkages between Trade, Livelihoods and Sustainable Land Management in Degraded Areas, Joint Background Paper of the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2007", "• Guidelines for the Examination of Pharmaceutical Patents: Developing a Public Health Perspective, by Carlos Correa, a joint UNCTAD-International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development working paper, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Given the Centre’s mission of empowering stakeholders in trade policy through information, dialogue and capacity-building, to influence the international trade system so that it advances the goal of sustainable development, its work on Aid for Trade contributes to meeting the Millennium Development Goal of ending poverty and hunger, as does the agriculture programme which seeks to promote food security, equity and environmental sustainability in agricultural trade. The project on technology transfer for local manufacturing capacity of drugs and vaccines, in collaboration with UNCTAD and with the support of WHO, is in support of the Millennium Development Goal of combating HIV/AIDS. The goal of environmental sustainability is and has been at the heart of a number of the Centre’s initiatives, programmes, meetings and publications, including all of the activities of its Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy, and its Programme on Environment and Natural Resources.", "12. International Eurasia Press Fund", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The International Eurasia Press Fund started during the era of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At that time, the country was in disarray and was at war with Armenia, with the consequence that close to a million Azerbaijanis were displaced from their homelands, and also some aspects of government collapsed — including the dissemination of information. Prior to Azerbaijan attaining the status of an independent republic, the standard practice was that all information passed through the Kremlin in Moscow, and thus there was high level of censorship. The Fund was registered with the Azerbaijani Government as a not-for-profit organization in September 1992.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The aim of the Fund’s activity is to collect objective information about regions of armed conflict and to distribute it as well as to study and analyse the regional conflicts in the historical, political and other contexts with the purpose of achieving their peaceful resolution. The peaceful solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem is a priority focus of the Fund’s activities.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Fund has strategized its actions around the Millennium Development Goals. As a consequence, the Fund is a champion of the Goals in Azerbaijan among civil society organizations.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Fund’s intention was to become more active in promoting United Nations mandates in Azerbaijan and also in sharing best practices from Azerbaijan with the United Nations. Nationally, the Fund has continued to promote the United Nations with local NGOs and civil society organizations. In particular, the Fund has made a priority the promotion of democracy in Azerbaijan, without necessarily being political or affiliating with any political party. Human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women’s rights, governance, economic and social development are the focus of the action plan of the Fund.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In July 2007, the Fund took part in the Economic and Social Council annual ministerial review. The Fund also participated in the Innovation Fair.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Fund and the Department of Public Information office in Azerbaijan began to work together in 2010. The focal point was to conduct several meetings in the regions of Azerbaijan. The topic of discussion would centre on the Millennium Development Goals. To this effect, in April 2010, the Fund, together with the Department of Public Information, took a trip to Borsunlu village, Tartar, in order to conduct mine risk education and to mark the International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action. UNHCR and the Fund have shared useful information through surveys of the living conditions and social standards of refugees and asylum-seekers in Azerbaijan; such surveys were on Iraqis (2008) and on Chechens (2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Over the years, the Fund has undertaken several activities in partnership with various organizations based in Europe and the United States. It has also participated in several conferences and congresses for the purpose of sharing experiences on the Millennium Development Goals and of strengthening partnerships for development in Azerbaijan.", "Additional information", "As a member of the International Press Institute, the Fund participates annually in the International Press Institute World Congress and the General Assembly; it also makes proposals and raises issues related to the development of independent media in Azerbaijan.", "13. International Federation of Social Workers", "Special, 1959", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Social Workers is a global federation of national organizations of social workers (unions or associations). It is striving for social justice, human rights and social development through the development of social work, best practices and international cooperation between social workers and their professional organizations.", "Aims and purposes of the Organization", "• To promote social work as a profession through cooperation and action on an international basis, especially as regards professional standards, training, ethics and working conditions", "• To support national associations in promoting the participation of social workers in social planning, and the formulation of social policies", "• To encourage and facilitate contacts between social workers of all countries and to provide media for discussion and exchange of ideas, through meetings, study visits, research, exchange of publications and other means of communication", "• To present the point of the profession on an international level by establishing relations with international organizations, governmental or voluntary, operating in, or interested in, the field of social welfare, and to assist in the carrying out of social planning, action and welfare programmes sponsored by such organizations.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "• Information to its membership and others about United Nations activities and initiatives, on the website and through the newsletter", "• Commitment to the protection and advancement of human rights strengthened by the work of its own Human Rights Commission in establishing a new interactive website for a broad discussion on human rights issues", "• Representatives participated in important United Nations sessions on human rights issues, such as the sessions of the Human Rights Council in Geneva", "• Organized Social Work Days in New York: twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh annual Social Work Days, attended by UNDP Administrators and a delegate from UNFPA; twenty-eighth annual Social Work Day, which featured a speech by the Senior Social Affairs Officer, Division of Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• The Federation submitted an official statement (E/CN.6/2011/NGO/8) as a contribution to the work of the Commission on the Status of Women", "• For the UNICEF reference group on Child Protection Mapping Plan, the Federation provided feedback on the conceptual clarity draft and on the mapping and assessment tool", "• Ongoing work on a document on human rights and extreme poverty, with a view to finalizing its adoption by 2012", "• At the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Federation has submitted a paper and is pursuing this with members of the Committee", "• As a member of the Vienna NGO Committee on Drugs, the Federation participated in several regular meetings, as well as in side events of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs meeting in March 2009 and 2010", "• Contributed by means of web-based discussions to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "• World Urban Campaign quarterly meetings held at the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "• Participated in the twenty-second session of the UN-Habitat Governing Council and issued a statement at the main plenary, April 2009.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation has cooperated with the United Nations through a network of representatives, based in Geneva, Nairobi (at UN-Habitat), New York and Vienna. Additionally, the Federation is represented at the WHO Advisory Group for the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Publication and distribution of international policy papers to schools of social work, national associations, and so forth in policy-related topics such as cross-border reproductive services, globalization and the environment and international policy on ageing and older adults and displaced persons", "• The organization of the Federation’s World Conferences for Social Work and Social Development, which focused on several topics related to United Nations initiatives", "• Launching of the Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development at the Joint World Conference in Hong Kong, China (organized in 2010 together with International Association of Schools of Social Work and International Council of Social Welfare). The agenda addresses the major challenges of our societies (see www.globalsocialagenda.org). The launch was attended by the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs.", "14. International Fellowship of Reconciliation", "Special, 1979", "Introduction", "International Fellowship of Reconciliation is an international, multi-faith movement of women and men committed to active non-violence as a way of life and as a means of political, social and economic transformation.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Fellowship works for a more peaceful, humane and just society in the world by promoting a culture of non-violence, dialogue and reconciliation. Its activities are conducted in cooperation and support with its network of members, United Nations representatives and international staff.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Fellowship supports the United Nations by participating regularly in conferences and meetings of the United Nations through its representatives in New York, Geneva and Vienna and reporting thereon in its publications.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "• Annual session of the Commission on the Status of Women: New York, March 2007", "• Attendance at public meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and co-organization of a youth camp on nuclear issues: Vienna, April-May 2008", "• Participated at the seventh session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March; and submitted a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors to military service", "• Attended the ninth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September 2008; and submitted a statement on arbitrary detention of conscientious objectors to military service in certain countries in contradiction to commentary 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", "• Participated at the tenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March 2009; and submitted a statement in relation to the working group on arbitrary detention", "• Attendance at the tenth session of the Human Rights Council and presentation of an oral statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 2-27 March 2009", "• Participation in the meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: New York, 4-15 May 2009", "• Presented a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors to military service at the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September", "• Attendance at the United Nations observance of the International Day of Non‑Violence: New York, 2 October 2010", "• Attended the Regional Seminar on the Arms Trade Treaty; February 2010", "• Attended the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council and submitted a written statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 1-26 March 2010", "• Participation at the third session of the Working Group on indigenous people: Geneva, 10-14 July 2010", "• Attendance at the fifth session of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee: Geneva, August 2010; an appeal was made for a declaration on the right to peace", "• Representation at a special meeting on the Convention on Cluster Munitions: New York, 19 October 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO has been working as a member in the Joint Programmatic Commissions of the UNESCO-NGO Liaison Committee on Youth and Human Rights", "• At the sixty-first United Nations Department of Public Information/NGO Conference on Human Rights, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO organized a workshop about community-based responses to genocide and mass violence: Paris, 3-5 September 2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Participation of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO in the 181st session of the Executive Board Committee on NGOs by evaluating the revitalization process of a stronger partnership for Africa, gender equality and intercultural dialogue: Paris, 9-10 September 2009", "• In observance of the twentieth anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation representative to UNESCO worked in the steering committee of the Joint Programmatic Commissions of the UNESCO-NGO Liaison Committee: Paris, November 2010.", "15. International Federation on Ageing", "General, 1995", "Introduction", "The International Federation on Ageing is an international non-governmental membership-based organization of older persons, NGOs, government, academia and industry. The Federation works to generate positive change for older people globally by stimulating, collecting, analysing, and disseminating information on effective age-related policies and practices.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Our main aim is to advance the well-being of older people globally through creating worldwide forums for discussion, knowledge exchange and transfer; and building connections between stakeholder groups. Actions include working with intergovernmental bodies on policy development; publishing and distributing policy-related information; organizing meetings on a global and regional basis; conducting social research; and promoting the exchange of information and experiences among associations of older people on the United Nations-designated priorities and issues.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Federation relocated its headquarters from Montreal, Canada, to Toronto in March 2009. Charitable status under paragraph 149 (1) (f) of the Canadian Income Tax Act was granted retrospectively from 13 April 2006. As a consequence, there were minor amendments to the Letters Patent and By-Laws.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Two global conferences were convened on United Nations-designated issues — Priority III of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, on ageing and design (4-7 September 2008, Montreal), and on climate for change, focusing on healthy ageing, social inclusion and resourcing change (3-6 May 2010, Melbourne). Two closed intergovernmental meetings were convened on the themes “Ageing in place” (3 September 2008, Montreal) and “Social inclusion” (2 May 2010, Melbourne). With HelpAge Asia Pacific, the Federation convened a regional conference (1 and 2 May 2010, Melbourne) to advance the regional agendas on ageing. Regional meetings of civil society and government representatives were convened to inform, exchange knowledge and strengthen understanding in Beijing, (May 2008); Istanbul (December 2010); Hyderabad, India (November 2007) and Akita, Japan (October 2009). United Nations officials made presentations at each event. Content-specific meetings were convened to advance the United Nations agenda, for example, World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (16 June 2009, Toronto) with the focus on intergenerational activities in secondary school settings.", "Participation in the meetings of the United Nations", "Oral and written statements were made at the forty-fifth to forty-eighth sessions of the Commission for Social Development. In collaboration with civil society, the Federation contributed to a joint statement on the theme of rights of older people (2009). Parallel side sessions were convened in 2009 and 2010. IFA was present at: the fifty-second to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Human Rights Council (Geneva); participated in all International Days of Older Persons and co-chaired the event in 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The International Federation on Ageing Secretary-General was a participant in and panellist at the UNFPA expert group meeting on ensuring an enabling environment (Istanbul, October 2007); the President of the Federation was a participant in the expert group meeting on the rights of older persons (Bonn, May 2009); the Federation’s Director for International Relations was a participant in the expert group meeting on the priority medical devices project (Geneva, October 2007). The Federation secured the panel placement of an older person for the International Day of Persons with Disabilities (2009); the Secretary-General of the Federation is collaborating with the UNFPA project on the state of the world’s older persons 2012 (2010-present). The Federation works closely with Department for Economic and Social Affairs focal points on ageing and disability; and with the secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Representatives made public statements on the importance of the Millennium Development Goals in various meetings within and outside the United Nations, particularly on the role of older persons. Federation statements to the Commission for Social Development stressed the importance of working in partnership with the United Nations towards the fulfilment of the Goals.", "Additional information", "Membership continues to grow with particular interest from all levels of Government as a direct result of the biannual Senior Government Officials meetings." ]
E_C.2_2012_2_ADD.3
[ "NGO Committee", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February and 17 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 received from non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and submitted through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1.Federation 3 International Social, Ecological and Cultural Aid Associations 2. Foundation 4 Hariri 3. Human 6 Appeal International 4. Human 8 Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities 5.Sistemas 10 de Información y documentación de Derechos Humanos Internacional 6.Interact 11 Worldwide 7.Associación 13 Internacional de Abogados y Juristas Jurists Jurists Jurists 8.Associación 15 Internacional de Escuelas de Trabajo Social 9.Asociación 16 Internacional de Abogados 10. Union 19 Catholic International Press 11. Centre 20 International Trade and Sustainable Development 12. International 22 Eurasia Press Fund 13. International Federation of Social Workers 14. 26 International Reconciliation Movement 15. International Federation of Older", "1. International Federation of Social, Ecological and Cultural Aid Associations", "(Special consultative status granted in 2007)", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Social, Ecological and Cultural Aid Associations is a non-governmental organization (NGO), constituted as an international federation of 30 associations from 14 countries in Latin America, Europe and North America.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The organization promotes and disseminates among its members (which are the federated associations) and among the entire community in general the development of the human values of solidarity, truth, spirituality, tolerance and unity; social assistance to the devalued; ecology and environmental protection; and culture in general.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has participated in the “work money” programme, co-financed by the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the National Plan for the Presidency of the Dominican Republic, and contributed to its expansion; in 2008 it invited the representative of the United Nations to launch conferences in the Dominican Republic on the prevention of dengue, drinking water and HIV prevention and sexually transmitted diseases;", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Federation representatives attended meetings on “Making combination vaccines more accessible”, held in New York on 29 October 2010, and “Can citizen action save the world?”, held on 21 October 2010 at United Nations Headquarters. Federation representatives also attended through webcasts to the following meetings: “Ranking is not enough: measuring university”, on 20 October 2010; “The role of entrepreneurship in the attainment and sustainability of the Millennium Development Goals”, on 15 November 2010, and “Reforming the international monetary and financial architecture”, on 9 December 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Participation in the Universal Forum of Cultures, Monterrey, Mexico, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "(a) Execution of specialized programmes known as development and social assistance centres, three of them in the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; construction and financing of eight dining rooms, maintained through the contributions of sponsors and donations, which serve 2,000 children annually, 1993-2010; provision of medical and dental care, vaccination and distribution of food and clothing for people living in extreme poverty, 1993-2010.", "(b) Conduct of education and awareness-raising campaigns to prevent drug, alcohol and tobacco use and violence, 1977-2010, in which school materials are provided to 2,000 children per year, as well as special assistance in cases of learning problems, and official birth certificates are provided; conduct of literacy campaigns in the United States, the Dominican Republic and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1992-2010; provision of psychological and legal assistance to women and girls exposed;", "(c) Combating hunger and malnutrition among children; education of parents in measures to prevent and detect diseases, 1992-2010.", "(d) Special disaster assistance, such as assistance to victims of the earthquake in Haiti, 2010, and assistance to victims of tropical storm Noel in Santa Rosa, Bani, Dominican Republic, November 2007; prevention campaigns: hydrocephalus (1995-2010) and diabetes (2005-2010): donation of insulin and hydrocephalus valves in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the Dominican Republic and Peru.", "(e) Gynaecological campaigns among women to prevent diseases and promote prenatal controls during pregnancy in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 1995-2010, and the Dominican Republic, 2004-2010; education on healthy nutrition in 14 countries, 1995-2010; sexual education for adolescents and adults in 14 countries, 1980-2010; mosquito control campaigns to prevent dengue and malaria in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Dominican Republic, 2006-2010.", "2. Hariri Foundation", "(Special consultative status granted in 2003)", "Introduction", "The Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development is a Lebanese non-governmental organization created in 1979 by Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. To date, the Foundation has implemented more than 200 projects in line with the Millennium Development Goals, in collaboration with more than 90 local, regional and international partners.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The Foundation is dedicated to mobilizing resources (human and capital) and promoting the pooling of efforts through an inclusive partnership and collaboration model aimed at achieving a sustainable human development situation.", "Significant changes in the organization", "In line with the review of progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and in the light of the recommendations of the Summit for the Review of the Millennium Development Goals, the Foundation has launched several initiatives related to: the role of civil society in monitoring the implementation of the Goals; the role of local policies and national strategies in the development process; the impact of the quadruple crisis on the capacity of member countries", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation contributes to the work of the United Nations and its bodies in various ways and through various initiatives.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Meetings of the UNDP Advisory Board, Cairo, 8 September 2007; annual meetings of the goodwill ambassadors of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 3 April 2007, 20 May 2008 and 24 June 2010 at UNESCO headquarters, Paris; UNESCO Regional Conference on Quality Education for All, 25 August 2008, Paris; Forum of Arab Parliamentarians for Education, 21 July 2008", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Foundation has launched several initiatives in collaboration with some of the major United Nations bodies, such as the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the World Bank and UNDP. Project implemented in collaboration with the World Bank to prepare a guide to the historic centre of Saida, 2008; project entitled “Achieving e-quality in the Lebanese ICT market”, implemented in collaboration with the United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2004-2009; olive oil sector development project in southern Lebanon, implemented in collaboration with the World Bank and the Development and Reconstruction Council, 2006-2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Launching a media campaign entitled “Khede Kasra” to promote awareness of gender inequalities throughout the country and among social classes.", "In the framework of the project “Youth mobilization and development in Beirut and its suburbs”, the Foundation has collaborated with different partners in the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructures of two slums in Beirut, while at the same time seeking a solution to various environmental problems, such as the residues from the illegal butchers and the jams in the sewer.", "Additional information", "The Foundation submitted to the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations at its 2011 regular session a request for change of name. The new name of the organization is Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Human Development. As the present report corresponds to the period 2007-2010, the former name of the organization, Hariri Foundation, has been maintained.", "3. Human Appeal International", "(Special consultative status granted in 1991)", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has carried out various projects in the following areas:", "• Advancement of women: empowerment of widows through microfinance projects and establishment of education and vocational training centres", "• Macroeconomy and Finance: the organization has created a special fund that provides microfinance services in Africa and Asia that has benefited more than 2,000 families to date.", "• Social development: the organization has allocated a special budget to housing projects and the construction of nutrition centres and vocational education and training centres so that children, and in particular orphans, can exercise their right to education.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The representatives of the organization attended:", "• The thirtieth session of the Governing Council of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (14 February 2007, Rome)", "• The thirty-first and thirty-second sessions of the IFAD Governing Council (13 and 14 February 2008 and 18 and 19 February 2009, respectively, Rome)", "• The annual consultation of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) with non-governmental organizations (25-27 June 2008, Geneva)", "• The annual consultation of UNHCR with non-governmental organizations (29 June-1 July 2009, Geneva)", "• The organization also hosted the directors of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) in the United Arab Emirates, participating in the seminar on partnership with United Nations agencies that took place during the annual meeting of the United Arab Emirates field offices (27 February 2008).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Project implemented in collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) to improve the nutrition of infants and pregnant women in the Niger, 2010; project implemented in collaboration with UNICEF and WFP on general feeding of infants in the Niger, 2010", "• Cash transfer project for children from 6 to 23 months and implemented in collaboration with WFP in Niger (2010)", "• Agricultural irrigation and development project in Darfur, Sudan (2010) implemented in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)", "• Seed supply for the Darfur agricultural project, implemented in collaboration with FAO, Darfur, Sudan (2008 and 2010)", "• Agreement with WFP and UNHCR to Provide Food to Eastern Sudan Refugee Camps (2010)", "• Joint project with FAO to support the vaccination and treatment of 15,000 animals in South Darfur, Sudan (2008)", "• Tripartite agreements for the implementation of subprojects between Human Appeal International and UNHCR for the provision of assistance by Human Appeal International in the administration of refugee camps in East Sudan (2007-2010)", "• Water well drilling project implemented in collaboration with UNICEF in the Sudan (2008)", "• Project implemented in collaboration with WFP to improve infant nutrition in Niger (2007-2009).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Provision of cash and household goods to thousands of families and orphans", "• Housing and clothing distribution projects for thousands of refugees in India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, the Niger, Senegal, Sri Lanka, the Sudan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Yemen", "• Provision of assistance to 1,264 people for the implementation of microfinance projects; assistance to 28,662 farmers to enable them to cultivate their land and economic aid to 30 unemployed persons", "• Distribution of food and drinking water to thousands of families and orphans", "• Construction and equipping of schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, the Niger, Senegal, Somalia, the Sudan and the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "• Provision of assistance to 557 widows in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Senegal and the Sudan through the construction of training centres and the implementation of income-generating projects", "• Measles vaccination and opening of six nutrition centres in Niger", "• Provision of medical care during pregnancy and childbirth to 83,587 women in eastern Sudan", "• Implementation of an HIV awareness programme and malaria vaccination campaigns and donation of equipment to disabled persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, the Niger, Senegal, Somalia, the Sudan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Yemen.", "4. Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities", "(Special consultative status granted in 2007)", "Introduction", "The Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities is an organization that promotes human rights and provides humanitarian services to marginalized persons in Bangladesh.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The purpose of the Congress is to work with Governments, the United Nations and other agencies to end xenophobia and the economic and cultural marginalization of minorities and other disadvantaged groups in Bangladesh; to contribute to improving their living conditions and safeguarding the enjoyment of all their rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Since 2009, the Congress has sponsored students from disadvantaged population groups for higher education and encourages academic research related to the problems of socio-political and cultural marginalization of minorities and other disadvantaged population groups in Bangladesh.", "Since its inception, Congress has participated in numerous United Nations activities and collaborated with its partner organizations, such as the Bangladesh Hindu Buddha Christian Unity Council, in presenting statements to the Organization. It has also provided representatives to United Nations bodies, as in the case of the special mandate holder of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). In order to assist OHCHR, the Congress has appointed Monorama Biswas to act as the holder of a special mandate for people of African descent in the Human Rights Council.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "In addition to the above activities, the Congress has actively participated in the sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and held a parallel session to the fifty-third session of the Commission. During this parallel session, round tables were held on violence against women and girls belonging to minorities, in which participants stressed the need to adopt international legislation that would inform national justice systems.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In addition, the organization has participated in numerous United Nations activities as a member of other global non-governmental organizations:", "(a) It is a signatory to the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross Movement for the Provision of Humanitarian Services during Disaster Relief and in other circumstances (OneWorld, 2009);", "(b) She is a partner of the Child Rights Information Network, promoting the end of violence against children and the adoption of legal remedies (2011);", "(c) He is a member of the Coalition of Non-Governmental Organizations for the International Criminal Court, which promotes awareness of the Court and strives to ensure that Bangladesh, which is a State party, ratifys its Statute;", "(d) He is a member of the International Office for Peace and Justice (2006).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The core activities and services of the Congress coincide with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Many of the organization &apos; s activities, such as advocacy and rehabilitation services for women and girls and humanitarian services for the poor and the marginalized, are directly aligned with the Millennium Development Goals.", "5. International Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems", "(Special consultative status granted in 2003)", "Introduction", "International Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems is an international NGO that helps human rights organizations to use information technologies and documentation methods to maximize the impact of their human rights promotion work. The organization develops tools and techniques and provides activists with training and support based on their needs. It is also an informal, open and decentralized network of human rights organizations that wish to pool experiences and pool their creativity to develop common standards and tools for information management.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "Our vision is that of a world in which the power of information and communication is at the service of human rights. Our mission is to strengthen the capacity of human rights organizations to manage and transmit information, improving its effectiveness and credibility. Our objective is to ensure that human rights organizations have the necessary tools, knowledge and support services to effectively utilize their information resources.", "Our activities consist of: (a) developing tools and techniques for monitoring, information management and communication; (b) making these tools and techniques available to human rights organizations and national human rights institutions; (c) developing the capacity of the human rights community to master these tools and techniques and adapt them to their specific needs through training and other activities; (d) assisting human rights organizations in the establishment and strengthening of their information systems; (e)", "Significant changes in the organization", "Over the years, the objectives and purposes of the organization have been changed according to our understanding of the potential and needs of human rights organizations in information and documentation management, the evolution of technology and the evaluation of our own achievements.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "In February 2009, the organization held a conference entitled “Human Rights Council and International Criminal Court: the new challenges for human rights communications”. The purpose of the conference was to reflect on how human rights information can be transmitted more effectively to NGOs.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization regularly participates in United Nations meetings in Geneva, in particular in human rights (Human Rights Council, universal periodic review). In March 2009, he organized a side event on the theme “Challenges for managing information on human rights”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization holds regular consultations with OHCHR staff in Geneva and staff from the various OHCHR field offices, providing them with advice and support on documentation and information management. In February 2007, in collaboration with OHCHR and the Nepal Human Rights Commission, it conducted two simultaneous training courses: a five-day workshop on monitoring and investigation for ten protection officers from the Nepal Human Rights Commission, and a five-day workshop on rape documentation involving 10 Nepal human rights NGOs. The workshops were supported by OHCHR and UNDP. In February 2008, at the request of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Mexico and in the context of a project on women &apos; s human rights, the organization held a seminar for NGOs on rape documentation.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization supports the Millennium Development Goals and has launched a number of human rights initiatives in capacity development and tool-building.", "6. Interact Worldwide", "(Special consultative status granted in 2003)", "Introduction", "Interact Worldwide (Interact) deals with sexual and reproductive health of related rights through its local civil society partners in Africa, Asia and Latin America.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "Interact is a UK-based international development NGO with over 30 years of experience in the provision of sexual and reproductive health services and rights information in some of the world &apos; s poorest communities. Interact is specialized in working with its local partners by applying a rights-based approach that allows the poor and the marginalized to demand as “right” basic conditions that enable them to live with dignity and realize their sexual and reproductive health and related rights. This work focuses particularly on the most marginalized communities and individuals, who are most often victims of stigmatization, discrimination and ill-treatment and cannot exercise their rights. We aspire to a world in which everyone can choose equal sexual and reproductive health and well-being and exercise their sexual and reproductive rights. Our mission is to improve the sexual and reproductive health of marginalized groups and to enable them to exercise related rights.", "Significant changes in the organization", "On October 1, 2009, Interact merged with Plan UK, but remains an autonomous organization, with its own board of directors, which is part of Plan UK's family. The merger allows Interact to expand its sexual and reproductive health and rights programme to more countries and develop new intervention models that allow more and more young people and adults to lead healthier lives. It also assures the organization of greater financial stability and structural support.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Our programmes have helped to promote the sexual and reproductive health and rights of vulnerable groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America by building the capacity of our civil society partners to implement programmes on sexual and reproductive health and rights that increase the demand for sexual and reproductive health services and facilitate access to such services and the exercise of related rights. Our policy and advocacy work, with our country partners, in the United Kingdom, in Europe and globally, is structured around support and advocacy efforts to achieve the health-related Millennium Development Goals. In particular, we develop promotional activities through the European Countdown 2015, and health-related activities through Action for Global Health, which is also an inter-European advocacy network. Interact assists the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in ensuring that sexual and reproductive health and related rights continue to be prominent in the United Kingdom Government programme.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "March 2009: Interact submitted a written submission during the forty-second session of the Commission on Population and Development.", "Summer 2009: one representative participated in the discussions between civil society and the Government of the United Kingdom on the training of UN-Women.", "June-September 2010: representatives of the organization participated in the discussions and contributed to the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, New York, September 2010; and representatives of the organization made comments and contributed through the channels of civil society to the Global Strategy for Women and Children &apos; s Health, promoted by the Secretary-General.", "September 2010: representatives of the organization attended the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly in New York and organized a presentation in the United Nations Foundation Bloggers Room.", "September 2010 to the present day: a representative has collaborated in the implementation of the Global Strategy for Women &apos; s and Children &apos; s Health through, inter alia, the holding of discussions between civil society and the Government of the United Kingdom and the presentation of comments in the online forum “Every Woman, Every Child”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In May 2007, UNFPA granted Interact a $40,000 grant for the implementation of the advocacy programme, “Strengthening linkages: new directions in sexual and reproductive health and rights and HIV and AIDS advocacy.” In early 2011 Interact received another UNFPA grant to finance policy advocacy activities to the Government of the United Kingdom.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Interact plays an essential role in two inter-European advocacy networks: Action for Global Health and Countdown 2015 Europe. As part of these networks, Interact has collaborated with the Government of the United Kingdom, donors and civil society to raise awareness of the importance of achieving the Millennium Development Goals and to meet outstanding family planning needs.", "7. International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists", "(Special consultative status granted in 1995)", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, founded in 1969, strives to promote human rights worldwide and maintains a strong commitment to the agenda of the Jewish people. Combating racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, Holocaust denial and attacks against the State of Israel in the world. The organization is represented at the main United Nations human rights bodies. The Association was established in 1969 as an association of Jewish lawyers and jurists. Its main objective is to promote respect for human rights and equality.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has contributed to the defence of human rights by:", "• The presentation of a rebuttal after the Human Rights Council submitted the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 (A/HRC/4/17) (March 2007)", "• Publication of a statement to the sixth special session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (January 2008)", "• Presentation of a statement on the appointment by the Human Rights Council of a commission to investigate developments related to the Gaza Strip conflict (April 2009).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Association has participated in numerous events related to the United Nations:", "• Meetings with the Deputy Director of the Outreach Division of the Department of Public Information (September 2009)", "• Committee on Human Rights (December 2009)", "• Meetings with the Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information (January 2010)", "• International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust (27 January 2010)", "• Drafting a letter addressed to the Secretary-General in 19 September 2010 on a statement to the General Assembly.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The Association addressed the International Committee of the Red Cross with reference to Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier prisoner of Hamas for more than five years, and maintained contact with Red Cross societies in ten different countries to intercede for him (June 2010).", "• The organization sent a letter and a report to Christian Tomuschat, Chairman of the Committee constituted by the United Nations to investigate Operation Cast Lead (August 2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Association has collaborated with other Jewish associations in holding the following acts:", "• A conference held in Washington, D.C., entitled “Protecting human rights and democratic values in an age of terrorism” (March 2007)", "• A conference held in Buenos Aires on the theme “Responsible vision, global problems and local solutions” (May 2007)", "• A lawsuit was filed on behalf of six persons who had lost their loved ones in a car bombing in Buenos Aires in 1994 (October 2007)", "• A legal opinion was issued on the declaration of acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court by the Minister of Justice of the Palestinian Authority, which was sent to the Prosecutor of the Court (September 2009)", "• Seminar entitled “Democracy fights terror” at the Hebrew University for a delegation of eight distinguished judges, prosecutors and public officials from Madrid (November 2009).", "8. International Association of Social Work Schools", "(Special consultative status granted in 1947)", "Introduction", "The International Association of Social Work Schools is a global association of social work schools, other educational programmes for social work in the tertiary sector and educators in the field of social work.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The members of the Association are united by their commitment to the permanent pursuit of social justice and social development. In carrying out its mission, the Association promotes cooperation, collegiality and interdependence between its members and others.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The membership of the Association in China has increased.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "We have continued to organize monthly round tables and participate in them.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "In its capacity as co-chair of the NGO Committee on Migration, the Association organized: a parallel event to the meetings of the Commission for Social Development; an update of the 2010 Civil Society Days of the Global Forum on Migration and Development; a conference on migrants in Eastern Europe and a presentation of the Task Force on Trafficking in Humans; a declaration on the empowerment of migrant women; a programme in collaboration with the Department of Public Information to report on the effect of the Family", "The representative also participated in seminars and conferences organized by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. In April, the representative delivered a conference on international adoptions as part of the IOM/UNICEF project, recently launched, to discuss interrelated issues affecting children and migration around the world. In May, he collaborated in planning the Department of Public Information briefing.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The World Day of Social Work at the United Nations was held for 27th consecutive year on 29 March. It was adopted as a general theme “Social work and social assistance: partnership with the United Nations” to coincide with that of the Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development to be held in Hong Kong, China, in June. Therefore, the three chosen sub-themes were “vital and updating challenges”, “Equality and social inclusion”, and “Sustainable environment”. On the basis of our prior consultations and the discussions that took place during the June Conference, we propose the following themes as a framework for the first draft Global Agenda, which will be developed and articulated following further consultations: social and economic inequalities within countries and between regions; and the recent and persistent economic crisis and the modalities chosen by world leaders to address it (e.g., using resources in support of financial systems while cutting resources).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Our organization could have contributed more to the implementation of United Nations programmes if it had not been for the following problems: information on international meetings and conferences is scarce and is too late, and the lack of funds and the shortage of representatives (all volunteers) make it very difficult to attend international meetings.", "9. International Bar Association", "(Special consultative status granted in 1947)", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "2006 Plurinational State of Bolivia – Access to Justice", "Gambia - status of the rule of law and independence of the judiciary", "2007 Colombia – the capacity of institutions responsible for redressing victims of serious human rights violations", "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela – independence of the judiciary and the legal profession", "Pakistan – response to an attempt to stop the President of the Supreme Court", "Malawi – Strengthening the Society of Jurists of Malawi", "Uganda – independence of the judiciary", "Islamic Republic of Iran – independence of advocacy and access to justice", "Zimbabwe – research on the role of the police in the administration of justice", "Poland – independence of the judiciary and the legal profession", "2008 South Africa – independence of the judiciary", "Fiji – assessment of the rule of law", "Cameroon – investigation into torture and detention conditions", "Sri Lanka – independence of the judiciary and the legal profession", "Democratic Republic of the Congo - needs of the justice system", "Pakistan – independence of the judiciary", "Kenya - needs assessment of the justice system", "Brazil – technical assistance on pretrial detention", "Afghanistan – Establishment and Maintenance of an Independent Bar Association", "2009 Zambia – continuous legal training", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - human rights, prohibition and prevention of torture and monitoring of detainees", "Czech Republic – International Human Rights for Iraqis", "2010 Democratic Republic of the Congo – providing assistance to the Lubumbashi Bar Association on continuing legal training", "Liberia – examination of the Liberia National Bar Association", "Brazil – rule of law and criminal justice", "Colombia – independence of the legal profession and due process", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• Human Rights Council, fifteenth session - meeting with the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in the Sudan", "• Human Rights Council, sixteenth session – the Institute for Human Rights financed the journey of lawyers from Darfur", "• The Institute for Human Rights attended the tenth session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review", "• Human Rights Council, eleventh session – Human Rights Institute participated in the parallel events organized by NGOs", "• International Bar Association Arbitration Committee: fifty-fourth session of Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), New York, February 2011; fifty-third session of Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) of UNCITRAL, Vienna, October 2010; and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York, June-July 2010", "• International Construction Projects Committee of the International Bar Association: eighteenth session of Working Group I (Public recruitment) of UNCITRAL, New York, April 2010", "• Section on Insolvency, Debt Restructuring and Advocate Rights of the International Bar Association: thirty-eighth session of Working Group V (Insolvency Law) of UNCITRAL, New York, April 2010: thirty-ninth session of Working Group V (Insolvency Law) of UNCITRAL, Vienna, December 2010; and forty-third session of UNCITRAL, New York,", "• International Bar Association Technology Law Committee: Meeting of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Geneva, May 2009; Multi-year UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Business Development Policy and Capacity Building in Science, Technology and Innovation, Geneva, January 2010", "• International Bar Association Trade Law and Customs Law Section: Multi-year UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Services, Development and Trade: the Policy and Institutional Dimension, March 2010", "• African Regional Forum of the International Bar Association: Review of Nigeria &apos; s Investment Policy by UNCTAD, Geneva, May 2009", "• European Regional Forum of the International Bar Association: Review of the Investment Policy of Belarus by UNCTAD, Geneva, 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Anti-corruption strategy for advocacy: International Bar Association programme in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "• Company and society: Search for solutions: initiative within the framework of the mandate of the United Nations Special Representative on Business and Human Rights", "• Lawyers as leaders: video project in collaboration with the United Nations Global Compact Initiative", "• Collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: organization of the first general assembly of the Afghanistan Bar Association (2008)", "• Afghanistan: participation in working groups on the rule of law and access to justice – collaboration with the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Promotion of the rule of law", "10. International Catholic Press Union", "(Special consultative status granted in 1951)", "Introduction", "The last four years have been one of the most interesting periods in the history of the Union. A large number of ongoing training activities have been organized in line with the objectives of the United Nations and in collaboration with some of the Organization &apos; s bodies. Around 1,000 journalists from different parts of the world have been present annually. There is a growing demand for such programmes. As can be seen, all the topics covered in them coincide with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The objectives and purposes of the Union are:", "• Promote reflection and research on ethics", "• Support and coordinate the activities of members, with emphasis on fellowship and reciprocity", "• Representing high-level media journalism and production before international institutions and organizations", "• Organize congresses to promote collegiality, dialogue, study and reflection among members on topical issues, testify to human values in journalism and in all media and promote the exchange of information and professional experiences", "• Promote the presence of professionals in all sectors of information and communications and support their performance", "• Promote the development of journalism and the production of media in all countries in a spirit of solidarity", "• Take all possible initiatives to promote the human and Christian formation of media professionals, especially in the field of ethics", "• Promote and defend the right to information and freedom of opinion, especially by supporting journalists threatened in the exercise of their profession.", "Significant changes in the organization", "• It is important that power resides in the people, at the community level, the only way to ensure the well-being of all", "• The powerful are responsible for evils such as extreme poverty and malnutrition; lack of justice in trade, financial activities and services; and corruption and domination.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "• Organizes three or four programmes annually that match the principles of the United Nations", "• It is responsible for raising awareness among peoples and nations of the real causes of events and policies with the help of journalists and other media experts", "• It promotes, defends and supports freedom of the press, information and expression and life.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Our journalists attend meetings around the world and report on United Nations policies and activities.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Union regularly organizes activities for journalists, in collaboration with United Nations bodies.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "As can be seen, all agenda items coincide with the Millennium Development Goals.", "Additional information", "We are concerned that in the last decade the United Nations has lost its political role and is becoming increasingly a humanitarian organization. We therefore strive to take advantage of our prestige as an international union of journalists and media experts to bring together the rulers, religious leaders and civil society leaders in our seminars, meetings and events so that they can better exercise their role in promoting the well-being of all humanity.", "11. International Trade and Sustainable Development Centre", "(Special consultative status granted in 2003)", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "• Patent and Clean Energy Project jointly implemented with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the European Patent Office", "• Joint project of the International Trade and Sustainable Development Centre and UNCTAD on intellectual property rights and sustainable development", "• Project on the transfer of technologies to improve local capacity for the manufacture of medicines and vaccines, in collaboration with UNCTAD and with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO)", "• Food security and livelihood project, in collaboration with FAO", "• Initiatives on least developed countries and preparatory work for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "• Project on genetic resources and on access and benefit-sharing.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Centre is accredited to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2007) and has observer status with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2010). The Centre has conducted parallel activities during several of these meetings.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Meeting on Trade, Globalization and the Environment, organized in collaboration with UNEP, coinciding with the twenty-fourth session of the Governing Council of the Global Ministerial Environment Forum, 5-9 February 2007, Nairobi", "• Fishing for sustainability: maintaining momentum for fisheries subsidies reform, organized in collaboration with UNEP, the Global Fund for Nature and Oceana during the Fourth World Conservation Congress of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 6 October 2008, Barcelona, Spain", "• Symposium on Trade and Development, Geneva, 2009, organized by the International Trade and Sustainable Development Centre and its partners, namely, UNEP and FAO, coinciding with the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting, 30 November-2 December 2009, Geneva", "• Geneva Dialogue on Intellectual Property Offices and the World Intellectual Property Organization Development Programme, 18 September 2009, Geneva", "• Consultation with the private sector on climate change and intellectual property rights, jointly organized with UNEP and the European Patent Office, 8 May 2009, Geneva", "• Geneva Trade and Biodiversity Day, organized jointly with UNEP and Rio+20, 22 April 2010, Geneva.", "Joint publications with United Nations bodies:", "• Indicators for the Selection of Agricultural Special Products: Some Empirical Evidence, Joint Information Note by the International Trade and Sustainable Development Centre and FAO, 2007", "• Promoting Sustainable Land Management through Trade: Examining the Linkages between Trade, Livelihoods and Sustainable Land Management in Degraded Areas, joint background paper of the Trade and Sustainable Development Centre and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Global Mechanism, 2007", "• Guidelines for the Examination of Pharmaceutical Patents: Developing a Public Health Perspective, by Carlos Correa, joint working paper of UNCTAD and the Trade and Sustainable Development Centre, 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In view of the mission of the Centre to empower the various parties involved in trade policy through information, dialogue and capacity-building to influence the international trading system so as to promote the goal of sustainable development, its work on aid for trade contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of ending poverty and hunger, as well as the programme on agriculture, which aims to promote equity and environmental security. The project on the transfer of technologies for local capacity to manufacture medicines and vaccines, implemented in collaboration with UNCTAD and supported by WHO, contributes to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal to combat HIV/AIDS. The goal of environmental sustainability is and has been the key aspect of several of the Centre &apos; s initiatives, programmes, meetings and publications, including all activities of its Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy, and its Environment and Natural Resources Programme.", "12. International Eurasia Press Fund", "(Special consultative status granted in 2007)", "Introduction", "The International Eurasia Press Fund was created in the era of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At that time, the country was plunged into chaos and war with Armenia, as a result of which about 1 million Azerbaijanis were forced to leave their place of origin and some aspects of the government, such as the spread of information, suffered a complete collapse. Before Azerbaijan became an independent republic, the usual practice was that all information had to go through the Kremlin in Moscow, and therefore there was a high degree of censorship. The Fund was registered with the Government of Azerbaijan as a non-profit organization in September 1992.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The purpose of the Fund &apos; s activities is to gather objective information about and disseminate regions in which armed conflicts exist and to study and analyse regional conflicts in their historical and political contexts with a view to achieving their peaceful resolution. One of the priorities of the Fund &apos; s activities is the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno Karabakh problem.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Fund has articulated its strategy of action on the Millennium Development Goals. It is therefore the main promoter of these Goals from among civil society organizations in Azerbaijan.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The purpose of the Fund is to promote more actively in the mandates of the United Nations and to convey to the Organization the best practices in the country. At the national level, the Fund has continued to promote the work of the United Nations between local NGOs and civil society organizations. In particular, the Fund considers it a priority to promote democracy in Azerbaijan, without necessarily being political or affiliated with any political party. The main issues covered by the Fund &apos; s plan of action are human rights, gender equality and the promotion of women &apos; s rights, governance and economic and social development.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "In July 2007, the Fund participated in the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council. The Fund also took part in the Innovation Fair", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Fund and the Office of the Department of Public Information in Azerbaijan started working in 2010. The main objective was to hold several meetings in the different regions of Azerbaijan. The discussions would focus on the Millennium Development Goals. To that end, in April 2010, the Fund, together with the Department of Public Information, travelled to the village of Borsunlu in Tartar to report on the risk posed by mines and to celebrate the International Day of Information on Mine Hazard and Assistance for Mine Action. UNHCR and the Fund have been able to exchange useful information through surveys on the living conditions and social standards of refugees and asylum-seekers in Azerbaijan; such surveys have been conducted between Iraqis (2008) and Chechens (2010).", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Over the years, the Fund has carried out various activities in collaboration with various organizations based in Europe and the United States. It has also participated in several conferences and congresses to exchange experiences on the Millennium Development Goals and to strengthen development partnerships in Azerbaijan.", "Additional information", "As a member of the International Press Institute, the Fund participates every year in the World Congress of the International Press Institute and the General Assembly; it also makes proposals and raises issues related to the development of independent media in Azerbaijan.", "13. International Federation of Social Workers", "(Special consultative status granted in 1959)", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Social Workers is a global federation of national organizations (unions or associations) of social workers. The Federation strives to promote social justice, human rights and social development through the development of social work, the dissemination of best practices and international cooperation among social workers and their professional organizations.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "• Promoting social work as a profession through international cooperation and action, in particular with regard to professional standards, training, ethics and working conditions", "• Support national partnerships in promoting the participation of social workers in social planning and social policy development", "• Promote and facilitate contacts among social workers in all countries and facilitate discussions and exchange of ideas through meetings, study visits, research, the exchange of publications and other media", "• To raise awareness of the views of members of the profession at the international level by establishing relations with international, governmental or voluntary organizations active in the field of social assistance or dealing with related aspects, and to collaborate in social planning, action and social assistance programmes sponsored by those organizations.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "• Distribution to members and others of information on United Nations activities and initiatives through the Federation website and its newsletter", "• Commitment to the protection and promotion of human rights strengthened by the work of the Federation Human Rights Commission itself through the establishment of a new interactive website that allows for a comprehensive discussion of human rights issues", "• Participation of representatives of the organization at major United Nations sessions on human rights issues, such as sessions of the Human Rights Council at Geneva", "• Organization of Social Work Day in New York: 26th and 27th annual Social Work Day celebrations attended by UNDP Administrators and one UNFPA delegate; 28th Social Work Day in which a speech was delivered by the Senior Social Affairs Officer of the Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• The Federation sent an official statement (E/CN.6/2011/NGO/8) as a contribution to the work of the Commission on the Status of Women", "• The Federation provided comments and comments to the UNICEF reference group on the Child Protection Monitoring Plan on the conceptual clarity of the project and on the monitoring and evaluation tool", "• The Federation is working on a document on human rights and extreme poverty to be adopted in 2012", "• The Federation has submitted to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child a document that is being considered by its members", "• As a member of the Vienna-based NGO Committee on Narcotic Drugs, the Federation has participated in several of its regular meetings, as well as in side events held during the March 2009 and 2010 meetings of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "• The Federation has contributed through a web debate to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "• The Federation has participated in the quarterly meetings of the Global Campaign for Urban Life held at the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "• The Federation participated in the twenty-second session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat and presented a statement at the plenary meeting, April 2009.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation works with the United Nations through a network of representatives based in Geneva, Nairobi (at UN-Habitat), New York and Vienna. In addition, the Federation is represented at the WHO Consultative Group for the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Publication of policy documents on such topics as cross-border reproductive services, globalization and the environment and international policy on ageing and older persons and displaced persons, which are distributed to social work schools, national associations, etc.", "• Organization of the World Conferences on Social Work and Social Development of the Federation, focusing on various topics related to United Nations initiatives", "• Launch of the World Programme for Social Work and Social Development at the World Conference held in Hong Kong, China (co-organized in 2010 with the International Association of Social Work Schools and the International Council for Social Welfare). The Programme deals with the main problems of our societies (see www.globalsocialagenda.org). The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs attended the presentation of the Programme.", "14. International Reconciliation Movement", "(Special consultative status granted in 1979)", "Introduction", "The International Reconciliation Movement is an international and interfaith movement of women and men committed to active non-violence as a way of life and as a means of political, social and economic transformation.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "The Movement strives to establish a more peaceful, humane and just society in the world by promoting the culture of non-violence, dialogue and reconciliation. Its activities are carried out in collaboration with its network of members, representatives of the United Nations and international staff, and with its support.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Movement supports the United Nations by regularly participating in the conferences and meetings of the Organization through its representatives in New York, Geneva and Vienna, and by reporting thereon in its publications.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "• Annual session of the Commission on the Status of Women: New York, March 2007", "• Assistance to the public meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and collaboration in the organization of a youth camp on nuclear issues: Vienna, April-May 2008", "• Participation in the seventh session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March; and presentation of a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors to military service", "• Assistance to the ninth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September 2008; and presentation of a declaration on arbitrary arrests of conscientious objectors in some countries contrary to article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", "• Participation in the tenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, March 2009: and presentation of a statement on the work of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention", "• Assistance to the tenth session of the Human Rights Council and presentation of an oral statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 2-27 March 2009", "• Participation in the meetings of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: New York, 4-15 May 2009", "• Presentation of a statement on the situation of conscientious objectors during the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, September", "• Assistance to the United Nations International Day of Non-Violence: New York, 2 October 2010", "• Assistance to the regional seminar on the arms trade treaty: February 2010", "• Assistance to the thirteenth session of the Human Rights Council and submission of a written statement on religious freedom: Geneva, 1-26 March 2010", "• Participation in the third session of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations: Geneva, 10-14 July 2010", "• Assistance to the fifth session of the Advisory Committee of the Human Rights Council: Geneva, August 2010; appeal was made for a declaration on the right of peoples to peace", "• Representation at the extraordinary meeting of the Convention on Cluster Munitions: New York, 19 October 2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• The representative of the International Reconciliation Movement to UNESCO is a member of the joint programme commissions of UNESCO and the NGO Liaison Committee on Youth and Human Rights", "• At the 61st Conference of the United Nations Department of Public Information and NGOs on human rights, the representative of the International Reconciliation Movement to UNESCO organized a seminar on community-based responses to genocide and mass violence: Paris, 3-5 September 2008.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Participation of the representative of the International Reconciliation Movement to UNESCO at the eighteenth session of the Executive Board Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations assessing the process of revitalizing the partnership for Africa, gender equality and intercultural dialogue: Paris, 9-10 September 2009", "• As part of the twentieth anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the representative of the International Reconciliation Movement to UNESCO was a member of the Steering Committee of the Joint Programme Commissions of UNESCO and the NGO Liaison Committee: Paris, November 2010.", "15. International Federation of Older Persons", "(General consultative status granted in 1995)", "Introduction", "The International Federation of Older Persons is a non-governmental organization composed of older persons, NGOs, governments, academic institutions and businesses. The Federation strives to generate positive change for older people worldwide by promoting the collection, analysis and dissemination of information on effective old-age policies and practices.", "Objectives and purposes of the organization", "Our main objective is to promote the well-being of older persons around the world through the creation of global discussion forums, the exchange and transfer of knowledge and the establishment of linkages among the various stakeholders. The organization &apos; s activities include collaboration with intergovernmental bodies on policy development; the publication and distribution of policy-related information; the organization of meetings at the global and regional levels; the conduct of social studies; and the promotion of information-sharing and experience among older persons &apos; associations on the issues and priorities established by the United Nations.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Federation headquarters moved from Montreal, Canada, to Toronto in March 2009. It has been granted retroactively since 13 April 2006 the status of charity under paragraph 149 (1) (f) of the Canada Income Tax Act. Accordingly, minor modifications have been made in their patent letters and rules of procedure.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Two global conferences were held on the themes designated by the United Nations — Priority guidance III of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, on ageing and design (4-7 September 2008, Montreal), and on climate change, focusing on ageing with health, social inclusion and resource change (3-6 May 2010, Melbourne). Two private intergovernmental meetings were held on &quot; Aging in the Home &quot; (3 September 2008, Montreal) and &quot; Social inclusion &quot; (2 May 2010, Melbourne). In collaboration with HelpAge Asia Pacific, the Federation held a regional conference (1 and 2 May 2010, Melbourne) to promote regional programmes related to old age. Regional civil society meetings and government representatives were held to exchange information and knowledge and strengthen understanding in Beijing (May 2008); Istanbul (December 2010); Hyderabad (India) (November 2007) and Akita (Japan) (October 2009). All such acts were attended by United Nations officials who presented papers. Meetings were held on specific topics to promote the United Nations agenda, such as the World Day to Awareness of Old Age Abuse and Abuse (16 June 2009, Toronto), with particular emphasis on intergenerational activities, which were carried out in secondary schools.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Oral and written statements were made at the forty-fifth to forty-eighth sessions of the Commission for Social Development. In collaboration with civil society, the Federation contributed to the preparation of a joint declaration on the subject of the rights of older persons (2009). Side sessions were held in 2009 and 2010. The Federation attended the fifty-second to fifty-fourth sessions of the Commission on the Status of Women and the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Human Rights Council (Geneva); the Federation has participated in all annual celebrations of the International Day of Older Persons and co-chaired the events in 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Secretary-General of the International Federation of Older Persons participated as a panellist in the UNFPA expert group meeting on how to ensure an enabling environment (Stambul, October 2007); the President of the Federation participated in the expert group meeting on the rights of older persons (Bonn, May 2009); the Director of International Relations of the Federation participated in the expert group meeting on the project on priority medical devices (Ginebra, October 2007). The Federation succeeded in establishing an older person among the experts during the International Day of Persons with Disabilities (2009). The Secretary-General of the Federation collaborates with the UNFPA project on the situation of older persons in the world 2012 (2010 to present). The Federation works closely with the focal points of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs on ageing and disability; and with the secretariats of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Representatives of the Federation have made public statements on the importance of the Millennium Development Goals at various meetings held within and outside the United Nations, in particular on the role of older persons. In its statements to the Commission for Social Development, the Federation stressed the importance of working with the United Nations to achieve the Goals.", "Additional information", "The number of members at all levels of government continues to increase as a direct result of biannual meetings of senior civil servants, which is of particular interest." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 c) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: situaciones de derechos humanos e informes de relatores y representantes especiales", "Situación de los derechos humanos en Myanmar", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "Este informe se presenta en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 30 de la resolución 65/241 de la Asamblea General y abarca el período comprendido entre el 26 de agosto de 2010 y el 4 de agosto de 2011. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, se cumplieron las etapas que quedaban de la guía política impulsada por el Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo, a saber: las elecciones generales se celebraron el 7 de noviembre de 2010, el nuevo Parlamento se reunió en enero de 2011 y el Consejo traspasó el poder al nuevo Gobierno el 30 de marzo de 2011. En el proceso, el Consejo fue oficialmente disuelto. El 13 de noviembre de 2010, una semana después de las elecciones, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi fue liberada después de siete años de arresto domiciliario.", "I. Introducción", "1. Este informe se presenta en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el párrafo 30 de la resolución 65/241 de la Asamblea General, en el que la Asamblea pidió al Secretario General que siguiera interponiendo sus buenos oficios y prosiguiera las conversaciones acerca de la situación de los derechos humanos, la transición hacia la democracia y el proceso de reconciliación nacional con el Gobierno y el pueblo de Myanmar y ofreciera asistencia técnica al Gobierno a este respecto, y que informara a la Asamblea en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones y al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de los progresos realizados en la aplicación de la resolución. El informe abarca el período comprendido entre el 26 de agosto de 2010 y el 4 de agosto de 2011. El Relator Especial sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en Myanmar publicó informes separados en septiembre de 2010 (A/65/368) y en marzo de 2011 (A/HRC/16/59).", "2. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, se cumplieron las etapas que quedaban de la guía política impulsada por el Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo, a saber: las elecciones generales se celebraron el 7 de noviembre de 2010, el nuevo Parlamento se reunió en enero de 2011 y el Consejo traspasó el poder al nuevo Gobierno de Myanmar, encabezado por el Presidente Thein Sein, el 30 de marzo de 2011. En el proceso, el Consejo fue oficialmente disuelto y su Presidente, el General en Jefe Than Shwe, y Vicepresidente, el Vicegeneral en Jefe Maung Aye, dimitieron oficialmente de sus cargos públicos. El 13 de noviembre de 2010, una semana después de las elecciones, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi fue liberada después de siete años de arresto domiciliario.", "3. En el mismo período, me reuní con el entonces Primer Ministro Thein Sein, en octubre de 2010 en Hanói, durante la tercera cumbre celebrada entre la Asociación de Naciones de Asia Sudoriental (ASEAN) y las Naciones Unidas y con el ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Nyan Win, en septiembre de 2010 en Nueva York durante el sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. También hablé directamente con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi inmediatamente después del levantamiento de su arresto domiciliario. Mi Asesor Especial, Vijay Nambiar, visitó dos veces Myanmar invitado por el Gobierno, los días 27 y 28 de noviembre de 2010, después de las elecciones y el levantamiento del arresto domiciliario de Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, y del 11 al 13 de mayo de 2011, después de la investidura del nuevo Gobierno.", "4. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, seguí colaborando constantemente con los Estados Miembros interesados, entre otros medios convocando tres reuniones del Grupo de Amigos del Secretario General sobre Myanmar, en septiembre y diciembre de 2010 y en junio de 2011. Además de las consultas en las capitales, mi Asesor Especial informó al Presidente de la Asamblea General, el Grupo de Amigos y el Consejo de Seguridad sobre cada una de sus visitas a Myanmar. Con la investidura del nuevo Gobierno, mis buenos oficios continuaron en el contexto de la renovada colaboración bilateral de alto nivel entre Myanmar y las principales partes interesadas internacionales.", "II. Principales acontecimientos", "Elecciones", "5. Para septiembre de 2010, la Comisión Electoral de la Unión ya había inscrito a 42 partidos políticos para participar en las elecciones previstas para el 7 de noviembre de 2010, entre ellos 5 de los 10 partidos existentes que impugnaban las elecciones de 1990. El 14 de septiembre de 2010, la Comisión declaró “nulos de pleno derecho” 10 partidos de acuerdo con la legislación electoral, entre ellos la Liga Nacional para la Democracia y otros 4 partidos existentes, por no renovar su inscripción. Para los otros 37 partidos, la Comisión publicó directrices sobre cómo solicitar el voto.", "6. Fuera de dos partidos oficialistas (el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión, presidido por el Primer Ministro Thein Sein, y el Partido de la Unidad Nacional) y los dos principales partidos de la oposición (la Fuerza Democrática Nacional y el Partido Democrático), la mayoría de los partidos eran de carácter étnico y representaban a una gran diversidad de grupos de intereses, tanto en plano local como nacional. Dentro del plazo prescrito, la capacidad organizativa y financiera de los partidos determinó sus estrategias para solicitar el voto. De unos 3.300 candidatos en total, el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión y el Partido de la Unidad Nacional fueron los que presentaron el mayor número (1.100 y 990, respectivamente, en todas las circunscripciones), mientras que otros partidos presentaron muchos menos y solo en algunas circunscripciones.", "7. El 7 de noviembre se celebraron simultáneamente tres elecciones: a la Asamblea del Pueblo (cámara baja) y la Asamblea de Nacionalidades (cámara alta) de la Asamblea de la Unión y a 14 asambleas legislativas estatales y regionales. Al igual que en 1990, las elecciones se organizaron conforme a la regla de la mayoría simple. Para el 17 de noviembre se había publicado oficialmente el escrutinio. Para el 7 de diciembre la Comisión había anunciado que la tasa de participación había sido del 77% de los 29 millones de votantes inscriptos en el padrón electoral de Myanmar.", "8. Con el 58% de todos los votos emitidos, el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión obtuvo casi el 77% (883 escaños) del total de 1.154 escaños sujetos a elección en todas las asambleas, entre ellos, el 77% (129 escaños) en la Asamblea de Nacionalidades y el 79% (259 escaños) en la Asamblea del Pueblo. Dado que el 25% de los escaños de cada asamblea estaba reservado a las fuerzas armadas (Tatmadaw), el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión y el bloque militar obtuvieron una mayoría abrumadora. Los escaños restantes de las asambleas legislativas nacionales se dividieron entre 16 partidos políticos y candidatos independientes, entre ellos el Partido de la Unidad Nacional, la Fuerza Democrática Nacional, el Partido Democrático de las Nacionalidades Shan, el Partido Progresista Nacional de Rakhine, el Partido de Toda la Región Mon por la Democracia y el Partido Progresista de Chin.", "9. En las 14 asambleas legislativas estatales y regionales, los partidos étnicos obtuvieron relativamente mejores resultados que los partidos nacionales de la oposición. Si bien el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión obtuvo casi todos los escaños sujetos a elección en la mayoría de las regiones centrales, en las zonas étnicas obtuvo porcentajes importantes, pero solo consiguió la mayoría en el estado de Kayah, mientras que los partidos étnicos obtuvieron hasta el 30% de los escaños en los estados de Chin y Rakhine.", "10. Según informaciones independientes, el día de las votaciones fue en general pacífico y sin incidentes a pesar de las irregularidades. Parece ser que la mayoría de los votantes pudo depositar su cédula de votación libremente y que el recuento en las mesas electorales se realizó en la mayoría de los casos delante de los representantes de los partidos y el público. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, hubo numerosas denuncias de infracciones, intimidaciones y coacciones durante todo el proceso, lo que vino a añadirse a las preocupaciones acerca del marco electoral restrictivo que excluyó en la práctica del proceso a interesados decisivos y limitó las libertades fundamentales de expresión, reunión y asociación, además del acceso no equitativo a los recursos del Estado, las restricciones impuestas a los medios de difusión, la falta de formación de los votantes y las importantes limitaciones impuestas a los candidatos y los partidos para competir en igualdad de condiciones.", "11. Algunas de las preocupaciones más graves giraban en torno al abuso del proceso de votación por anticipado, con arreglo al cual parece ser que durante el recuento de los votos cambiaron los resultados definitivos en detrimento de los candidatos de la oposición y en favor del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión. Como consecuencia, se calcula que el voto por anticipado supuso hasta el 10% de los votos en todo el país. De acuerdo con fuentes oficiales, esto solo afectó a 4 escaños, pero según fuentes independientes, el voto por anticipado puede haber cambiado los resultados de hasta 64 escaños.", "12. El 8 de noviembre, la Presidencia de la ASEAN emitió una declaración en la que acogió con satisfacción las elecciones como un importante paso adelante en la aplicación de la guía de Myanmar para alcanzar la democracia y alentó al país a acelerar el proceso de reconciliación nacional y democratización y a continuar colaborando con la ASEAN y las Naciones Unidas en ese proceso.", "13. El mismo día, emití una declaración en la que hacía notar que las elecciones se habían celebrado en condiciones que no eran suficientemente inclusivas, participatorias ni transparentes y destaqué la responsabilidad de las autoridades de Myanmar de convertir las elecciones en un nuevo punto de partida para una transición política digna de crédito poniendo en libertad a los presos políticos y levantando las restricciones impuestas a Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Insté también a que el proceso de constitución de nuevas instituciones de gobierno fuese de amplia base e inclusivo y pedí un diálogo al respecto entre todas las partes interesadas. Destaqué que la comunidad internacional esperaba obtener mayores seguridades de que el proceso en curso terminaría verdaderamente con el statu quo.", "14. En junio y julio de 2011, varios partidos políticos anunciaron su intención de presentar candidatos a las elecciones parlamentarias parciales previstas para noviembre de ese año. El Grupo de Amigos del Partido Democrático, entre los que se cuentan la Fuerza Democrática Nacional y el Partido Democrático de las Nacionalidades Shan, anunció planes para presentar candidatos en 40 circunscripciones, mientras que el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión anunció que se presentaría en las 45 circunscripciones. Durante el mismo período, se presentaron solicitudes para inscribir nuevos partidos políticos. El 20 de julio, la Comisión Electoral permitió la inscripción del Partido Democrático Popular, con lo que el número total de partidos políticos oficialmente inscritos ascendió a 38.", "Levantamiento del arresto domiciliario de Daw Aung San Suu Kyi", "15. El 13 de noviembre de 2010 se levantó el arresto domiciliario de Daw Aung San Suu Kyi mediante un decreto del Presidente del Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo, el General en Jefe Than Shwe. En una declaración, celebré ese levantamiento, haciendo notar que la dignidad y la valentía de Daw Aung San Suu Kyi frente a la injusticia eran una inspiración para muchas personas en todo el mundo, y lamenté profundamente que hubiera sido efectivamente excluida de participar en las elecciones. Dejé claro que no se le debía imponer ninguna restricción más e insté de nuevo a las autoridades a dejar en libertad a todos los presos políticos que aún quedaban.", "16. El 22 de noviembre, el Tribunal Supremo de Nay Pyi Taw desestimó un recurso interpuesto por la Liga Nacional para la Democracia contra su disolución en virtud del comunicado de la Comisión Electoral.", "Constitución del Gobierno", "17. El 31 de enero se abrió el primer período de sesiones de la Asamblea de la Unión y entró en vigor la Constitución de 2008. Shwe Mann, que anteriormente había ocupado el tercer puesto en el escalafón del Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo, fue elegido Presidente de la Asamblea del Pueblo, y el ex Ministro de Cultura, Khin Aung Myint, fue elegido Presidente de la Asamblea de las Nacionalidades, en virtud de cuyo cargo es también el Presidente de la Asamblea de la Unión. Todos los cargos de presidente y vicepresidente fueron al Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión.", "18. El 4 de febrero, el Colegio Electoral Presidencial (compuesto por todos los miembros de la Asamblea de la Unión) eligió como Presidente al ex Primer Ministro del Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo, Thein Sein; como primer Vicepresidente al ex Primer Secretario del Consejo, Tin Aung Myint Oo; y como segundo Vicepresidente a una destacada figura étnica shan, Mauk Kham. Los tres son representantes electos del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión. Por conducto de una declaración, hice notar que la reunión del Parlamento y la elección de la Presidencia representaban una oportunidad importante para que Myanmar terminase con el statu quo.", "19. El 30 de marzo, el Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo fue oficialmente disuelto después de traspasar el poder al nuevo Gobierno. El General en Jefe Than Shwe y el Vicegeneral en Jefe Maung Aye dimitieron oficialmente de sus cargos públicos. Por conducto de una declaración, tomé nota del traspaso de poderes al nuevo Gobierno y destaqué que las autoridades de Myanmar tenían la oportunidad y la obligación para con su pueblo de demostrar que con ese cambio se empezaría a poner fin de modo sustantivo y verdadero a los casi 50 años de gobierno militar directo. Insté también a las autoridades a entablar un diálogo ampliamente inclusivo sobre las reformas necesarias para un sistema de gobierno digno de crédito y efectivo.", "20. Aunque nominalmente está compuesto por civiles, el nuevo Gobierno está dominado por oficiales militares recientemente retirados. De 30 ministros, hay 3 oficiales militares en ejercicio nombrados por el Comandante en Jefe para carteras de seguridad; 10 ministros y 5 viceministros del Gobierno anterior; 4 oficiales militares superiores recientemente retirados nombrados para ministerios técnicos; y 8 tecnócratas nombrados por primera vez, entre ellos 3 de formación militar pero con amplia experiencia en su cartera, como el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Wunna Maung Lwin.", "21. También se introdujeron nuevas estructuras legislativas y ejecutivas en cada una de las siete regiones y los siete estados. Dentro de los estados concernidos, se trazaron seis zonas autoadministradas para determinados grupos étnicos. Todos los ministros principales locales, nombrados por el Presidente, eran del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión, excepto en el estado de Kayin, a cuyo frente está un legislador militar. Dentro de las administraciones locales, fueron nombrados para carteras sociales y otras carteras políticos de la oposición étnica. En junio y julio se remodelaron las administraciones locales para reajustar las carteras ministeriales en los planos central y local.", "22. Entre los cambios dentro de la cúpula militar cabe citar el nombramiento del nuevo Comandante en Jefe, el General Min Aung Hlaing. La abolición de los comités de políticas supraministeriales controlados por el ejército y la introducción de administraciones locales fueron algunos de los cambios que reflejaban una restricción potencial de la función de los militares en la gobernanza, en consonancia con la Constitución. Las fuerzas armadas no están directamente representadas en la Comisión Financiera, que establece el presupuesto militar, aunque hay informaciones de que el Comandante en Jefe controla un “fondo especial” sin supervisión pública.", "23. Durante su primer período de sesiones, celebrado del 31 de enero al 30 de marzo, la cámara alta y la cámara baja se ocuparon de los nombramientos para los principales cargos del poder ejecutivo y judicial y de cuestiones y propuestas sustantivas. Por primera vez, los ministros del Gobierno comparecieron ante el Parlamento para responder a preguntas. Los medios de difusión oficiales informaron sobre los debates parlamentarios, incluso sobre temas delicados que no se habían debatido abiertamente antes, como los derechos de tenencia de tierras, la censura, la legislación sobre el servicio militar obligatorio, la contratación de minorías étnicas para la administración pública, la educación en idiomas de minorías étnicas, los traslados de población, la cuestión de una cesación del fuego en el estado de Kayin, la cuestión de la amnistía para los presos políticos shan, las tarjetas de identificación para los musulmanes residentes en el norte del estado de Rakhine y los monopolios del sector privado.", "24. De acuerdo con la Constitución, el Parlamento formó varias comisiones, como la Comisión de Proyectos de Ley, la Comisión de Cuentas Públicas, la Comisión de Derechos y la Comisión de Examen de las Garantías, Compromisos y Promesas del Gobierno. Los miembros de la oposición constituyen un tercio de todas las comisiones, e incluso uno de ellos es presidente de una comisión, mientras que los demás miembros pertenecen al Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión. No se incluyó a ningún miembro nombrado por los militares. El 1 de agosto se anunció oficialmente que el segundo período ordinario de sesiones del Parlamento daría comienzo el 22 de agosto de 2011.", "Programa de reformas", "25. En sus discursos inaugurales al Parlamento el 30 de marzo, a los miembros del Gobierno el 31 de marzo y al Comité Central para el Progreso de las Zonas Fronterizas y las Razas Nacionales el 23 de abril, el Presidente Thein Sein expuso a grandes rasgos los indicadores iniciales de la dirección normativa del nuevo Gobierno en las principales esferas prioritarias durante los cinco años de su mandato. Era la primera vez en la historia reciente que el Gobierno exponía un programa público de políticas y una evaluación de muchos de los problemas a los que se enfrentaba el país.", "26. Apartándose del discurso oficial anterior, el Presidente reconoció explícitamente que había muchas personas y organizaciones ilegales dentro y fuera de la nación que no aceptaban la guía política ni la Constitución. El Presidente destacó que sin unidad nacional, el país en el que cohabitaban más de 100 razas nacionales no podía gozar de paz ni estabilidad, que eran fundamentales para constituir una nación desarrollada. Al tiempo que advirtió contra cualquier actuación que se situara fuera del marco constitucional, trató de convencer a los grupos étnicos de la buena voluntad del Gobierno y de que colaborasen con “las fuerzas políticas de buen corazón” en pro de la paz, la estabilidad y el desarrollo, en particular manteniendo abierta la “puerta de la paz” y animando a quienes mantenían opiniones diferentes a presentarse a las elecciones.", "27. Entre otros temas y prioridades normativos importantes en los que el Presidente prometió reformas cabe citar los siguientes: la adopción de una economía de mercado abierta, la mejora de las condiciones socioeconómicas y la reducción de las disparidades entre las zonas rurales y urbanas; la protección de los derechos sociales y económicos; el desarrollo de infraestructuras y la prestación de servicios básicos, también en las zonas étnicas; la mejora de los estándares de salud y educación; la protección de los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales; el respeto del estado de derecho y un poder judicial independiente y transparente; el respeto de la función de los medios de difusión; la buena gobernanza y el escrutinio público de los órganos ejecutivos y legislativos; la creación de capacidad institucional y el desarrollo de los recursos humanos; un gobierno “limpio”, responsable, que haya de rendir cuentas e inclusivo; y la descentralización.", "28. En concreto, el Presidente anunció un programa de reformas legislativas en 10 puntos dirigido a: garantizar la conformidad de las leyes en vigor con la Constitución; salvaguardar los derechos fundamentales; aumentar los sueldos del personal de servicios y las pensiones; salvaguardar los derechos de los agricultores; crear puestos de trabajo y salvaguardar los derechos laborales; revisar la atención de la salud pública y la seguridad social; elevar los niveles de educación y salud; enmendar la legislación sobre el periodismo; promover la conservación del medio ambiente; y mejorar las medidas de respuesta en caso de desastre natural.", "Diálogo y reconciliación nacionales", "29. En una declaración retransmitida al Foro Económico Mundial en Davos (Suiza) el 28 de enero, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi recalcó la necesidad de reconciliación nacional, estabilidad política y crecimiento económico fundado en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos como requisitos básicos de la buena gobernanza. Instó a que las inversiones en Myanmar hicieran hincapié en el respeto del derecho, los factores ambientales y sociales, los derechos laborales y la creación de empleo. Pidió políticas económicas ligadas al desarrollo humano y la creación de capacidad; innovación y diversificación de las inversiones en tecnología e infraestructuras; oportunidades empresariales y de microcrédito para luchar contra la pobreza; medidas de prevención de la salud; un desarrollo ambiental y socialmente responsable; y reformas jurídicas y estado de derecho.", "30. El 8 de febrero, la Liga Nacional para la Democracia publicó un examen de las sanciones contra Myanmar en el que se llegaba a las conclusiones siguientes: las condiciones económicas no se veían afectadas por las sanciones de forma apreciable; el mejor modo de eliminar las sanciones sería ocuparse efectivamente de las violaciones de los derechos humanos y la falta de prácticas democráticas; mientras tanto, las dificultades económicas de la población se aliviarían si las inversiones extranjeras observasen directrices encaminadas a conservar el medio ambiente, proteger los derechos laborales y promover la sociedad civil. El partido pidió también conversaciones con los Estados Miembros concernidos para alcanzar un acuerdo sobre cuándo, cómo y en qué circunstancias se podrían modificar las sanciones, señalando que sería beneficioso un estudio sobre los efectos de las sanciones realizado por profesionales respetados.", "31. El 11 de marzo, el Grupo de Amigos del Partido Democrático, constituido por los 10 partidos políticos democráticos y étnicos con representación parlamentaria más importantes, publicó una carta abierta en la que pedía a la comunidad internacional que reconociese los avances políticos en Myanmar, como la creación de un espacio político nuevo, la transición a una nueva generación de dirigentes y la elección de partidos políticos. Observando que, aunque no eran la causa fundamental de la pobreza, las sanciones contra Myanmar afectaban a sectores de gran densidad de mano de obra, impedían crear puestos de trabajo y privaban a la sociedad de los beneficios de una mayor inversión extranjera, el Grupo pidió que se levantasen las sanciones y aumentasen la financiación y la asistencia de los donantes para la gobernanza y la reforma socioeconómica mediante el asesoramiento y la cooperación en el turismo, el comercio y las inversiones.", "32. El 27 de marzo, la Liga Nacional para la Democracia emitió una declaración en la que instaba a las autoridades a crear condiciones políticas imparciales poniendo en libertad a todos los presos políticos y entablando de inmediato un diálogo políticamente significativo para eliminar los malentendidos entre las fuerzas democráticas y el Tatmadaw.", "33. El 25 de abril, la Liga Nacional para la Democracia emitió una declaración en la que celebraba el compromiso del Presidente con el estado de derecho. Refiriéndose a casos concretos que contravenían principios judiciales, en la declaración se instaba a que se publicasen nuevas directrices para establecer el estado de derecho, por ejemplo mediante el respeto de las garantías procesales y el juicio imparcial en la administración de justicia.", "34. El 16 de mayo se anunció que el Presidente Thein Sein había concedido una amnistía por motivos humanitarios y en consideración a las familias de los reclusos, conmutando las condenas a muerte por cadena perpetua y acortando un año otras penas de prisión. Como consecuencia, se informó de que habían sido puestos en libertad más de 100 presos políticos, entre ellos 23 miembros de la Liga Nacional para la Democracia, de los 2.000 presos políticos que se calcula que están detenidos.", "35. En una carta abierta de fecha 20 de mayo, los 10 partidos políticos que forman el Grupo de Amigos del Partido Democrático celebraron la amnistía como un gesto de buena voluntad, pero afirmaron que no era suficiente para contribuir verdaderamente a la reconciliación nacional, al no aplicarse a los presos políticos que cumplían condenas largas. Observando que la transición de Myanmar bajo un Gobierno elegido exigía forjar confianza entre las fuerzas políticas como medida decisiva para instalar el cambio democrático, el Grupo pidió la liberación de los presos políticos y el retorno de los disidentes exiliados.", "36. El 28 de junio, el Ministerio del Interior advirtió a Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y al Presidente de la Liga Nacional para la Democracia, Aung Shwe, que, puesto que el partido había sido oficialmente disuelto, sus actividades eran ilegales y no debían proseguir, ya que podían dañar la paz, la estabilidad y el estado de derecho y podían crear más dificultades para la reconciliación nacional. El Ministerio informó de que, para participar en cuestiones sociales, se había de presentar una solicitud para constituir una organización social. Los medios de difusión estatales advirtieron de modo similar al partido que pusiese fin a sus actividades para evitar consecuencias innecesarias, señalando que sus dirigentes tenían derecho a constituir un partido político y deberían presentarse a las elecciones como un partido legal. También se advirtió de los problemas de seguridad que plantearía cualquier visita que planease Daw Aung San Suu Kyi fuera de Yangon, pero se señaló que no se le impediría viajar.", "37. El 29 de junio, la Liga Nacional para la Democracia respondió públicamente que seguía siendo un partido político legalmente inscrito que no infringía la Constitución de 2008 y que por ello no podía disolverse ni aceptar las desestimaciones de los tribunales de sus recursos en la materia. Por mor del interés común en la reconciliación nacional, el partido solicitaba una reunión con el Ministro del Interior para analizar el establecimiento del estado de derecho.", "38. Del 4 al 7 de julio, Daw Aun San Suu Kyi viajó sin problema a Bagan y los alrededores en un viaje privado de cuatro días, siendo la primera vez que viajaba fuera de Yangon desde el incidente de Depayin en mayo de 2003.", "39. En un avance alentador, el 19 de julio, a invitación del Gobierno, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi asistió por primera vez en nueve años a las ceremonias oficiales con ocasión del “Día de los mártires” en Yangon. Separadamente, ella y la Liga Nacional para la Democracia encabezaron la marcha pública más grande desde las manifestaciones que tuvieron lugar en 2007. El partido reiteró su compromiso con la resolución de los problemas políticos por medios políticos y e instó a las autoridades a crear condiciones políticas imparciales mediante un diálogo significativo y la liberación de los presos políticos.", "40. El 25 de julio se celebró una reunión por invitación del Gobierno entre el Ministro de Bienestar Social, Aung Kyi, y Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, lo que supuso las primeras conversaciones entre ella y el Gobierno desde el levantamiento de su arresto domiciliario. En una declaración conjunta, ambos dijeron que la reunión era positiva, expresaron satisfacción con los resultados y acordaron reunirse de nuevo a su debido tiempo. Analizaron las posibilidades de cooperación en beneficio del pueblo, en particular con respecto a cuestiones relacionadas con el estado de derecho y la erradicación de los malentendidos. Por conducto de una declaración, acogí con beneplácito y alenté los intentos por forjar una comprensión mutua mediante un diálogo genuino. Reiteré además mi llamamiento a que el Gobierno considerase la posibilidad de tomar pronto medidas para la liberación de presos políticos.", "41. Durante el período a que se refiere el informe, continuaron las tensiones con grupos étnicos armados que habían aceptado la cesación del fuego y otros que no la habían aceptado, como las fuerzas kachin, karen, shan y wa. Las tensiones más graves se produjeron en los enfrentamientos armados que comenzaron el 9 de junio en el estado de Kachin y el norte del estado de Shan entre el Tatmadaw y el Ejército para la Independencia de Kachin, con el riesgo de intensificación hasta convertirse en violencia a gran escala y lucha abierta por primera vez desde la firma del acuerdo de cesación del fuego en 1994. Hay informaciones de que el conflicto produjo bajas en los dos bandos y violaciones de los derechos humanos, el desplazamiento de población civil y la destrucción de infraestructuras.", "42. El 24 de junio, el Presidente de la Asamblea del Pueblo informó de que las escaramuzas entre el Tatmadaw y el Ejército para la Independencia de Kachin habían causado el pánico localmente y en todo el país, pero que una actuación coordinada había hecho posible dominar la situación y, como consecuencia, se habían restablecido casi plenamente la paz y la estabilidad en la región. Desde que estallaron las luchas, aparentemente se habían celebrado varias rondas de negociaciones en las que habían participado autoridades centrales y locales y representantes del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión, el Ejército para la Independencia de Kachin y la Organización para la Independencia de Kachin. En una carta abierta de fecha 28 de julio, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi pidió que se resolvieran todas las tensiones en las que interviniesen grupos étnicos armados mediante negociaciones políticas en interés de la unidad nacional y expresó su apoyó a las gestiones que se estaban haciendo al efecto.", "43. Desde el 21 de junio, la Oficina del Coordinador Residente de las Naciones Unidas se ha reunido con representantes del Ministerio de Bienestar Social, Ayuda y Reasentamiento para expresar preocupación por la situación humanitaria en el estado de Kachin, especialmente para los civiles, pedir y compartir información sobre los presuntos desplazamientos de población y otras preocupaciones, solicitar acceso para realizar evaluaciones de la situación humanitaria y prestar asistencia, y discutir las distintas opciones para los corredores humanitarios y el tránsito seguro.", "Mecanismos de derechos humanos", "44. El 27 de enero de 2011, Myanmar se sometió a su primer examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. De las 180 recomendaciones formuladas en el curso del examen, Myanmar rechazó 70, aceptó 64 y aceptó estudiar otras 46.", "45. El 7 de marzo, el Relator Especial presentó su cuarto informe (A/HRC/16/59) al Consejo de Derechos Humanos. El 25 de marzo, el Consejo aprobó la resolución 16/24, en la que, entre otras cosas, lamentó que no se hubiera autorizado ninguna visita del Relator Especial desde febrero de 2010 y prorrogó su mandato por un año. El Consejo manifestó también su enérgico apoyo a la misión de buenos oficios y pidió al Gobierno que cooperara plenamente con mi Asesor Especial y el Relator Especial. El 22 de julio, el Relator Especial fue invitado a visitar Myanmar en agosto.", "46. El 1 y 2 de julio, por primera vez en seis años se permitió al Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja retomar las visitas para inspeccionar las condiciones de las cárceles en tres localidades diferentes.", "Desarrollo socioeconómico", "47. El 27 de junio, el Gobierno y la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP) organizaron conjuntamente en Nay Pyi Taw el Tercer Foro de Asociados para el Desarrollo. Inaugurada por el Vicepresidente Mauk Kham y copresidida por la Secretaria Ejecutiva de la CESPAP y el Ministro de Planificación Nacional y Desarrollo Económico, la conferencia, de amplia base, se centró en las políticas para reanimar la economía del arroz de Myanmar por ser la parte más importante del sector agrícola, que afecta al 70% de la población. Los encargados de la formulación de políticas públicas entablaron un diálogo con representantes de la sociedad civil, el sector privado y expertos locales e internacionales. Se recomendaron propuestas para que el Gobierno las consolidara como planes de acción. El Foro tomó como base el Segundo Foro de Asociados para el Desarrollo, celebrado en 2009, y un taller nacional sobre el alivio de la pobreza y el desarrollo rural, celebrado en mayo de 2010. La Secretaria Ejecutiva de la CESPAP se reunió con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi al terminar el Foro.", "III. Contenido y resultado de las conversaciones", "48. En una reunión con los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de la ASEAN celebrada el 24 de septiembre en Nueva York, puse de relieve la necesidad decisiva de unas elecciones libres, limpias e inclusivas para promover la estabilidad y el desarrollo de Myanmar. Destaqué que no satisfacer esas expectativas podía menoscabar la credibilidad del proceso, lo que podía empañar los principios y valores colectivos de la Asociación. Pedí a los Estados miembros de la ASEAN que alentasen a Myanmar a colaborar más estrechamente con mis buenos oficios.", "49. En mi reunión con el ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores Nyan Win el 26 de septiembre en Nueva York, destaqué que no era demasiado tarde para que el Gobierno hiciese gestos de buena voluntad que aumentaran la credibilidad de las elecciones, entre otras cosas concediendo el derecho de voto a Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y liberando al mayor número de presos políticos posible. El Ministro sugirió que la situación política cambiaría por completo después de las elecciones. Destaqué la necesidad de que ese Gobierno y el que le sucediese continuaran colaborando activamente con mis buenos oficios y mi Asesor Especial.", "50. En la tercera cumbre entre la ASEAN y las Naciones Unidas celebrada el 29 de octubre en Hanói, informé a los dirigentes de la Asociación sobre mis buenos oficios, destacando la necesidad de una transición democrática y una reconciliación nacional dignas de crédito, lo que incluía unas elecciones libres, limpias e inclusivas. En mi reunión bilateral con el Primer Ministro Thein Sein el 30 de octubre, manifesté que las Naciones Unidas y la comunidad internacional no estaban satisfechas con las disposiciones para las elecciones y reiteré mi llamamiento para que se pusiera en libertad a los detenidos políticos, entre ellos Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, antes de las elecciones. Además de una votación convincente, destaqué la importancia de unos resultados electorales transparentes y un proceso inclusivo de formación de gobierno. El Primer Ministro confirmó que el General en Jefe Than Shwe y el Vicegeneral en Jefe Maung Aye no impugnarían las elecciones. Indicó que se continuarían concediendo amnistías. Destacando que el nuevo Gobierno continuaría cooperando con mis buenos oficios, pidió una colaboración internacional más estrecha con Myanmar en las esferas socioeconómica y política.", "51. En mi conversación telefónica del 18 de noviembre con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, estuvimos de acuerdo en la necesidad de que se liberase a todos los presos políticos con carácter prioritario. Le dije a Daw Aung San Suu Kyi que el espíritu de reconciliación de sus declaraciones y llamamientos al diálogo y al compromiso después del levantamiento de su arresto domiciliario me alentaban y que continuaría animando a todas las partes a colaborar en interés del país. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expresó su agradecimiento por la importante función de las Naciones Unidas en Myanmar y por mis gestiones continuas en su favor. Expresó apoyo a una pronta visita de mi Asesor Especial y su deseo de colaborar estrechamente. Reiteré mi compromiso de continuar defendiendo la causa de los derechos humanos, la paz y la democracia en Myanmar.", "52. Los días 27 y 28 de noviembre, mi Asesor Especial visitó Myanmar invitado por el Gobierno, lo que supuso la primera colaboración directa de Myanmar con mis buenos oficios desde mi visita de julio de 2009. Por primera vez, las Naciones Unidas tuvieron más flexibilidad para organizar su programa. Mi Asesor Especial se reunió con el ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Nyan Win, funcionarios superiores de los Ministerios de Planificación y Asuntos Fronterizos, la Comisión Electoral y el Secretario General del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión, Htay Oo. Por primera vez, mi Asesor Especial se reunió con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y miembros del Comité Ejecutivo Central de la Liga Nacional para la Democracia en su residencia. Se reunió también en los locales de las Naciones Unidas con representantes de los partidos políticos que habían obtenido escaños en las elecciones y con dirigentes de la sociedad civil.", "53. En respuesta a las preocupaciones corroboradas por los partidos políticos y la sociedad civil con respecto a las elecciones, el Gobierno y la Comisión Electoral señalaron que no se había presentado ninguna denuncia oficial y que la legislación electoral había incluido procedimientos para presentarlas. Destacaron que no había ninguna prohibición para inscribir nuevos partidos políticos. Con independencia de las denuncias oficiales, mi Asesor Especial subrayó que no ocuparse con rapidez y transparencia de los problemas electorales arrojaría dudas sobre la credibilidad del proceso. Destacó también la necesidad de establecer una buena práctica electoral, a comenzar por las elecciones parciales.", "54. Con respecto al proceso político general, mi Asesor Especial puso de relieve que las fuerzas políticas que habían decidido no participar en las elecciones no deberían quedar excluidas del diálogo si se quería que la transición saliera adelante, destacando que continuarían formando una parte decisiva del paisaje político. Puso de relieve que, una vez celebradas las elecciones, había aún más razones que antes para el diálogo y la reconciliación y las autoridades deberían encontrarse en mejor posición para abrirse a quienes eran críticos con ellas. Todos los interlocutores aceptaban la necesidad de seguir haciendo todo lo posible para la reconciliación nacional pero diferían en sus expectativas y en el camino a seguir.", "55. Los interlocutores del Gobierno, así como el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión y el Partido de la Unidad Nacional, expresaron confianza en que se continuase aplicando la guía política, destacando que todos los partidos tenían la oportunidad de participar en las elecciones y que la reconciliación nacional debía continuar avanzando dentro del marco establecido de la Constitución. Pidieron a la comunidad internacional que reconociese los avances logrados en ese contexto, por ejemplo levantando las sanciones. Aunque las autoridades siguieron sin comprometerse a nada, no rechazaron los llamamientos categóricos al diálogo, un proceso inclusivo de formación de gobierno y la liberación de los presos políticos.", "56. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expresó su determinación de seguir trabajando por la reconciliación nacional basada en el diálogo, señalando que una parodia de democracia era peor que una dictadura declarada. Expresó su deseo de escuchar distintas opiniones para hacerse una idea más clara de la situación poselectoral. Dejó clara su disposición a responder a las gestiones significativas de las autoridades de colaborar con ella y la Liga Nacional para la Democracia. En cuanto a su posición sobre las sanciones, se limitó a afirmar la necesidad de una evaluación detenida de sus efectos, sin dar más detalles. Expresó su esperanza de que mis buenos oficios y el Asesor Especial se empleasen a fondo en promover el diálogo político, los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho. Indicó también su interés en colaborar estrechamente con el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y otros asociados.", "57. A pesar de su decepción y frustración con las elecciones, los representantes de los partidos políticos democráticos y étnicos consideraban su posicionamiento en el proceso como una plataforma legítima desde la que aprovechar las ventajas que habían obtenido sacando el máximo partido a lo que describían como “nuevo espacio político” dentro del nuevo marco constitucional. Si bien eran conscientes de las dificultades a las que seguirían enfrentándose dada su limitada representación, apuntaron a la posible cooperación y colaboración entre ellos y con otros, incluido el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión.", "58. Todos los interlocutores destacaron la necesidad de satisfacer las necesidades de desarrollo y humanitarias del país y su esperanza de que las Naciones Unidas aumentasen su función al respecto. Según las autoridades y el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión, Myanmar necesitaba desarrollarse económicamente para garantizar la estabilidad y las prácticas democráticas. El ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores reiteró el compromiso de Myanmar de cooperar con las Naciones Unidas en los planos técnico y normativo y pidió una mayor asistencia de los donantes. Destacando que Myanmar era el único país en el que el PNUD no operaba un programa normal para el país debido a las restricciones impuestas por su Junta Ejecutiva, el Gobierno pidió explícitamente el levantamiento de esas restricciones. Dio seguridades de resolver los problemas relacionados con el acceso y la concesión de visados en tiempo oportuno para los organismos de las Naciones Unidas.", "59. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi celebró el contacto e interacción que estaba manteniendo con el Coordinador Residente de las Naciones Unidas y manifestó su compromiso de colaborar con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en particular sobre las limitaciones normativas y operacionales que afectaban a las actividades humanitarias y de desarrollo. En consonancia con sus programas de campaña, la mayoría de los partidos políticos apuntó a las cuestiones socioeconómicas como actividades prioritarias para satisfacer las necesidades de sus electores. Los dirigentes de la sociedad civil defendieron ardorosamente que todas las partes interesadas cambiasen la confrontación política por la mejora de la economía política del país. En su opinión, la experiencia de la sociedad civil desde el ciclón Nargis en 2008 mostraba que con frecuencia los avances se producían gracias a la colaboración constructiva dentro de los marcos establecidos. Destacaron que era necesaria una interpretación más matizada de las oportunidades existentes de resolver los problemas del país como parte de un programa más amplio de liberalización. De modo similar, expertos independientes veían nuevas oportunidades de resolver problemas de gestión económica esenciales en toda transición democrática, entre ellos un proceso legislativo y presupuestario más transparente.", "60. Antes de regresar a Myanmar, mi Asesor Especial se reunió el 10 de mayo en Yakarta con el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Gobierno de Indonesia y Presidente de la ASEAN, Marty Natalegawa, para analizar el resultado de la 18ª cumbre de la Asociación, celebrada en esa ciudad los días 7 y 8 de mayo, en la que se había examinado una propuesta para que Myanmar asumiese la presidencia de la ASEAN en 2014. Mi Asesor Especial fue informado de que, a la espera de la visita prevista de la Presidencia de la ASEAN a Myanmar, la decisión oficial sobre la propuesta se había pospuesto hasta la 19ª cumbre de la Asociación, que se ha de celebrar los días 17 y 18 de noviembre de 2011.", "61. Del 11 al 13 de mayo, mi Asesor Especial visitó de nuevo Myanmar invitado por el nuevo Gobierno por primera vez desde su investidura. En Nay Pyi Taw, fue recibido por el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Wunna Maung Lwin, y se reunió con los Ministros de Interior, Bienestar Social, y Planificación y Desarrollo Nacionales, y con funcionarios superiores de los Ministerios de Comercio, Salud y Educación. Se reunió igualmente con los asesores presidenciales para asuntos políticos, jurídicos y económicos recientemente nombrados. También fue recibido por el Vicepresidente de la Asamblea del Pueblo y por el Secretario General del Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión. En Yangon, se reunió de nuevo con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y miembros del Comité Ejecutivo Central de la Liga Nacional para la Democracia, así como con representantes de la sociedad civil y de partidos políticos de la oposición y étnicos con representación parlamentaria. Visitó también Bago para reunirse con el Ministro Principal y ex Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Nyan Win.", "62. En todas sus reuniones, mi Asesor Especial puso de relieve la importancia de que el nuevo Gobierno tomase la iniciativa de adoptar medidas concretas para poner en práctica las reformas anunciadas por el Presidente Thein Sein. Destacó que lograr la confianza interna e internacional en que Myanmar estaba cambiando dependería tanto del liderazgo y las políticas como de colmar las expectativas de la población. Advirtió que cuanto más tiempo llevase aplicar las reformas prometidas, mayor sería la frustración.", "63. Mi Asesor Especial puso de relieve que la liberación de los presos políticos seguía siendo la medida más importante que podría generar mayor confianza en las actuaciones del Gobierno, observando que era una demanda esencial de todas las fuerzas políticas democráticas y étnicas, dentro y fuera del proceso. Aunque las autoridades continuaban negando la existencia de presos políticos, mi Asesor Especial recibió indicaciones de que se estaba examinando la cuestión de la amnistía como uno de los asuntos que el Presidente tenía entre sus atribuciones decidir. Esto se confirmó con la amnistía anunciada el 16 de mayo, después de la visita.", "64. Con respecto al proceso político, mi Asesor Especial instó al Gobierno a abrirse lo más ampliamente posible a todas las partes interesadas, incluidas las que no están representadas en el Parlamento. Apuntó la experiencia de las Naciones Unidas en otros contextos de transición, que demostraba que el éxito de cualquier reforma dependía en gran medida del grado de apoyo en toda la sociedad. Reiteró que al haber concluido las etapas de la guía política, el nuevo Gobierno debería hallarse en situación de colaborar con sus críticos, incluso mediante una capacidad dedicada a promover un diálogo de amplia base. En respuesta, los interlocutores del Gobierno reconocieron la necesidad de abrirse más a toda la sociedad en general, expresando apertura a diferentes puntos de vista e ideas. Su postura, sin embargo, era que el Parlamento ofrecía unas condiciones de igualdad legítimas para el debate y las negociaciones transparentes entre los representantes electos. El Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores destacó que la puerta seguía abierta para todos los que deseasen participar en el proceso político por conducto de las elecciones. Las autoridades reconocieron también la necesidad de encontrar soluciones pacíficas con los grupos étnicos armados. Con referencia a Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, los interlocutores del Gobierno apuntaron que su liberación era incondicional y dieron a entender que estaban esperando a ver cómo respondía al programa de reformas del Presidente.", "65. Con respecto al proceso electoral, mi Asesor Especial instó a las autoridades a aprender la lección de las deficiencias de las elecciones de 2010 para aumentar la credibilidad de cualquier votación en el futuro. Señaló que las elecciones parciales presentaban una primera oportunidad de lograr un proceso más inclusivo, participatorio y transparente. Las autoridades apuntaron que el Parlamento había nombrado a una nueva Comisión Electoral.", "66. Con respecto a los derechos humanos, mi Asesor Especial instó al Gobierno a cooperar activamente con los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, como el Relator Especial, para ocuparse de las preocupaciones que aún perduran sobre las denuncias de violaciones de los derechos humanos que se siguen produciendo y para reforzar la capacidad de gobernanza, entre otras cosas en cuanto a la capacitación, la reforma institucional y el estado de derecho. Los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores y del Interior señalaron que la respuesta internacional al examen periódico universal de Myanmar era alentadora y dieron seguridades de que el Gobierno estaba en proceso de aplicar las recomendaciones formuladas como parte del examen.", "67. Con respecto a la asistencia humanitaria y para el desarrollo, mi Asesor Especial destacó la necesidad de que Myanmar respondiese a las propuestas de la comunidad de donantes y aprovechase las actividades de la CESPAP, el PNUD y otros asociados. Las autoridades aceptaron colaborar más estrechamente con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en particular en las esferas de la salud, la educación y la creación de capacidad. Al mismo tiempo, destacaron la necesidad de que se resolviesen tres problemas concretos relacionados con el “tratamiento injusto” mediante: a) el levantamiento de las sanciones unilaterales contra Myanmar; b) el aumento de la asistencia para el desarrollo; y c) el levantamiento de las restricciones aplicadas al programa para Myanmar del PNUD.", "68. Mi Asesor Especial observó además que el compromiso de reforma del Gobierno ofrecía una oportunidad de mejorar el entendimiento mutuo entre Myanmar y la comunidad internacional, lo que era particularmente pertinente en el contexto de la propuesta de Myanmar de asumir la presidencia de la ASEAN en 2014. Alentó a las autoridades a abrirse a la comunidad internacional y colaborar más abierta y regularmente con mis buenos oficios. A ese fin, cursó una invitación en mi nombre al Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores para que se reuniese con el Grupo de Amigos en Nueva York y renovó una oferta para que hubiese una presencia política discreta en Myanmar en apoyo de la misión de buenos oficios.", "69. Los interlocutores del Gobierno y el Partido de la Solidaridad y el Desarrollo de la Unión pusieron de relieve que Myanmar estaba apenas empezando su transición política y que su nuevo marco descentralizado todavía se estaba organizando. Aunque no se comprometieron con ninguna de las sugerencias, destacaron la determinación del Gobierno de acelerar la transición y aplicar reformas. Dejaron claro que esperaban un mayor reconocimiento internacional por haber cumplido sistemáticamente todas las etapas de la guía política, destacando que había llegado el momento de que la comunidad internacional reconsiderase su estrategia para con Myanmar de un modo más constructivo. Al mismo tiempo, reconocieron las expectativas de las Naciones Unidas y la comunidad internacional de ver avances en los principales problemas pendientes.", "70. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi manifestó que ella y la Liga Nacional para la Democracia no deseaban adoptar una actitud negativa, pero que seguían siendo sumamente cautas hasta que se hubiera demostrado un cambio satisfactorio. Tal y como ella evaluaba la situación, no había cambiado profundamente, porque el Gobierno estaba buscando la legitimidad mediante símbolos y no mediante acciones. Haciendo notar que los tres poderes del Estado estaban controlados por el mismo partido político, expresó preocupación por la propensión del Gobierno a ocupar el espacio político excluyendo a otros. Destacó que no había ningún motivo para seguir posponiendo la liberación de los presos políticos o la aplicación de las reformas necesarias. Observó que cualquier avance positivo habría de ser comparado con los problemas pendientes, entre ellos el hecho de que el Relator Especial aún no hubiese vuelto a ser invitado a Myanmar. Reiteró su disposición a responder a cualquier verdadero intento del Gobierno de colaborar con ella y la Liga Nacional para la Democracia.", "71. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y miembros del Comité Ejecutivo Central de la Liga Nacional para la Democracia hicieron notar que habían agotado los recursos jurídicos contra la disolución oficial de su partido, pero que tratarían de mantener su existencia por conducto del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Hicieron constar que suscribían la última resolución del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre Myanmar. Indicaron que el partido no estaba preparado en la actualidad para secundar la participación en las elecciones dentro del marco en vigor. Expresaron satisfacción, sin embargo, por la ampliación de la red y las actividades sociales del partido y pidieron la cooperación de las autoridades a ese respecto. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi celebró una vez más el contacto y la interacción que estaba manteniendo con el sistema de las Naciones Unidas, en particular en relación con las limitaciones que afectaban a las actividades humanitarias y de desarrollo. Reiteró su agradecimiento por mis buenos oficios y su esperanza de que mi Asesor Especial se implicase plenamente.", "72. La mayoría de los partidos políticos y organizaciones de la sociedad civil adoptaban una cauta actitud de “esperar y ver” con respecto a la capacidad del Gobierno de llevar a cabo las reformas, pero acogían con beneplácito el programa del Presidente y advirtieron que no se debía juzgar al nuevo Gobierno demasiado pronto. Para ellos era importantísima la disposición del Gobierno a escuchar distintas opiniones, entre otros medios nombrando a asesores independientes. Compartían la opinión de que, mientras que en el sistema anterior fundamentalmente solo había un centro de poder, las elecciones habían abierto un espacio político nuevo para que influyeran en la gobernanza múltiples agentes, partidos, instituciones y programas. Expresaron su determinación de contribuir a las reformas.", "73. Si bien compartían experiencias ambivalentes de procedimientos parlamentarios, los partidos políticos se sentían hasta cierto punto empoderados por sus actividades políticas. La mayoría pedía una amnistía para los presos políticos y algunos pedían también que se acogiera de vuelta a la colectividad de expatriados de Myanmar. Algunos proponían que el Gobierno organizase una “convención de la Unión” como plataforma de amplia base para hacer frente a los problemas nacionales. Varios partidos étnicos consideraban que la descentralización era decisiva para poner fin al conflicto armado, al tiempo que destacaban la necesidad urgente de resolver los problemas pendientes en las zonas fronterizas. La mayoría hizo constar su postura de que los problemas socioeconómicos se habían convertido en tareas prioritarias para el electorado, repitiendo los llamamientos del Gobierno a que se prestara una mayor asistencia para el desarrollo y se levantasen las sanciones.", "74. Los dirigentes de la sociedad civil acogían con beneplácito lo que describían como “nueva gobernanza” en virtud de la cual las autoridades establecían puntos de referencia para la consolidación del Estado y los “agentes del cambio” tenían un marco y un espacio en los que trabajar. Observando que las reformas podían posibilitar que participasen en la reconciliación más partes interesadas, consideraban que su función consistía en facilitar las relaciones entre las comunidades y el Gobierno. Apuntaron algunos cambios positivos recientes, entre los que cabía citar: el levantamiento de los puestos de control militares en algunas zonas; la relajación de las restricciones impuestas a los medios de difusión y la censura; el traspaso de las licencias de importación y exportación a la autoridad civil; la nueva legislación sobre inversiones y sobre medio ambiente; la supresión de los monopolios comerciales; la elaboración de una estrategia para reducir la pobreza; y las consultas del Gobierno con las empresas y la sociedad civil.", "75. Del 27 al 30 de junio, como seguimiento de la visita de mi Asesor Especial y durante el Tercer Foro de Asociados para el Desarrollo, la Oficina de mi Asesor Especial tuvo oportunidad por primera vez de trabajar con diversos interlocutores nacionales en Nay Pyi Taw y Yangon, entre ellos asesores presidenciales y representantes de la sociedad civil.", "76. El 29 de julio, hablé por teléfono con el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Wunna Maung Lwin. El 27 de julio, mi Asesor Especial habló por teléfono con Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. El objetivo de las llamadas era expresar las expectativas de las Naciones Unidas de que, sobre la base de los últimos avances, se intensificasen las medidas para resolver las cuestiones pendientes, como la liberación de los presos políticos y el diálogo y la reconciliación nacionales, en consonancia con los objetivos declarados del programa de reformas.", "IV. Observaciones", "77. Después de casi 50 años de gobierno militar y 20 años después de las elecciones más recientes, la finalización de todas las etapas de la guía política impulsada por el Consejo Estatal de Paz y Desarrollo concede nuevas oportunidades para un discurso nacional y un desarrollo político más inclusivos. El traspaso de poderes del Consejo al nuevo Gobierno, la dimisión del General en Jefe Than Shwe y el levantamiento del arresto domiciliario de Daw Aung San Suu Kyi ofrecen nuevas perspectivas para que Myanmar emprenda la senda del progreso y mejore la posición que ocupa en el plano regional y mundial. Contemplados en el contexto de un conflicto y un estancamiento político que duraban décadas, las Naciones Unidas reconocen la importancia de esos avances.", "78. El Presidente Thein Sein declaró que había llegado el momento de que Myanmar se acompasara con los cambios mundiales y que no había tiempo que perder. Myanmar continúa teniendo las mismas tareas acuciantes que ha tenido durante mucho tiempo: los problemas políticos, sociales, económicos, humanitarios y de derechos humanos del país siguen siendo graves, profundos y de larga data. Por ello, celebro que el Presidente Thein Sein reconociese la necesidad de que Myanmar emprendiera reformas políticas y económicas de amplio alcance y se comprometiese a hacerlo de un modo que reforzara la unidad nacional.", "79. Los compromisos declarados del Gobierno parecen conectarse más estrechamente con las necesidades y esperanzas del pueblo de Myanmar y corresponder más claramente a las preocupaciones y expectativas de la comunidad internacional que en el pasado. Creo que esto puede servir de base para una cooperación más efectiva en la consecución de los objetivos del mandato que me encargó la Asamblea General, lo que es tanto más importante si se desea que Myanmar deje de ser percibido como un país en crisis perpetua y retome el lugar que le corresponde como miembro respetado y responsable de la comunidad internacional. La verdadera prueba, sin embargo, reside en que el Gobierno cumpla sus compromisos en tiempo oportuno. Las Naciones Unidas desearían ver a Myanmar salir airoso de ese empeño.", "80. A pesar de que las elecciones fueron imperfectas y controladas y de que su credibilidad podía haber sido mayor si se hubieran aceptado las sugerencias de las Naciones Unidas, la participación de los partidos políticos y los votantes demostró que estaban dispuestos a aprovechar la primera oportunidad de disponer de un espacio político en 20 años. No obstante la decepción y la frustración de muchos con el proceso y su resultado, permitió retomar la actividad política legal, que había estado prohibida o restringida durante casi cinco decenios. En cualquier contexto de transición, la reanudación de la vida política es una condición previa para una reconciliación de amplia base en la sociedad. La multiplicidad de voces y la pluralidad de agentes y agendas que han surgido indican la complejidad del entorno político de Myanmar.", "81. Como demostró el apoyo desbordante que saludó a su largamente esperada liberación, el atractivo perdurable que sigue ejerciendo Daw Aung San Suu Kyi y los ideales que representa continúan siendo una realidad política. Me infunde estímulo que a ella y a sus seguidores se les haya permitido participar en actividades públicas, como reunirse con delegaciones extranjeras visitantes y viajar fuera de Yangon. Espero que continúen pudiendo disfrutar de esas libertades sin restricciones. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi es una figura importante dentro y fuera de Myanmar y su bienestar es objeto de atención internacional. Toda limitación de movimientos que se le imponga o amenaza a su seguridad causaría grave preocupación y enviaría la señal equivocada.", "82. Que los presos políticos continúen detenidos sigue preocupando profundamente a las Naciones Unidas y a la comunidad internacional. No está en consonancia con los compromisos del Gobierno y las actuaciones iniciales en pro de una mayor apertura y respeto de las libertades fundamentales y el estado de derecho. También es contraproducente para promover la paz y el diálogo sociales. La detención de todos los presos políticos que quedan continuará eclipsando y menoscabando cualquier confianza en las actuaciones del Gobierno. En último término, será una pérdida para Myanmar, puesto que el país necesita el talento de toda su población para forjar un futuro mejor.", "83. Preocupan igualmente las tensiones y conflictos armados que se están produciendo con algunos grupos étnicos armados. En consonancia con los esfuerzos desplegados a lo largo de años por mantener los acuerdos de cesación del fuego y con el compromiso del Presidente Thein Sein de mantener abierta la “puerta de la paz”, se necesita que todas las partes adopten urgentemente medidas para evitar la escalada de las tensiones y negociar soluciones duraderas para los problemas políticos y de seguridad pendientes como parte de un proceso de reconciliación nacional más amplio. No hacerlo no solo afectaría a las comunidades en cuestión, sino que también podría retrasar el proceso de reforma, incluidas las perspectivas de que las nuevas estructuras políticas se ocupen legítimamente de las aspiraciones étnicas. Myanmar no puede permitirse que haya obstáculos para la paz y la unidad que son necesarias para su estabilidad y desarrollo.", "84. Aunque sería demasiado pronto para juzgar la naturaleza y amplitud del viraje político en Myanmar, son claros varios cambios. Después de dos decenios de una formulación cerrada de las políticas, esos cambios pueden y deben permitir procesos más informados y transparentes, de más amplia base y más responsables para orientar cualquier reforma de la gobernanza y transición democrática. En esos procesos, la relación entre las autoridades militares y civiles será fundamental para terminar verdaderamente con el statu quo.", "85. La cuestión para todas las partes interesadas es cómo aprovechar las oportunidades dentro del orden político actual para promover la reconciliación nacional. Que los acontecimientos recientes conduzcan a una mayor apertura e inclusión dependerá de cómo decidan colaborar entre sí todas las partes. El interés nacional exige que todas ofrezcan y acepten colaborar de un modo conciliatorio. Aprovechar al máximo el limitado espacio disponible es decisivo. En último término, el Gobierno tiene una obligación de conseguir el apoyo más amplio posible para las reformas abriéndose a todas las fuerzas políticas, incluidas las que no están representadas en el Parlamento. A la vista de la situación actual, espero continuar intensificando la interposición de mis buenos oficios.", "86. Que el nuevo Gobierno tenga la capacidad, la voluntad y el apoyo para llevar a cabo su programa de reformas aún está por verse. La comunidad internacional, en particular los países de la región y de la ASEAN, tienen un interés en que las reformas salgan adelante. El reto colectivo es que el proceso actual logre transformarse en una transición digna de crédito que pueda contribuir a la estabilidad y el desarrollo del país. La promesa de reformas ofrece una oportunidad para mejorar el entendimiento mutuo entre Myanmar y la comunidad internacional. Estoy dispuesto a estudiar con Myanmar y las partes interesadas, incluidos los donantes y los asociados para el desarrollo, cómo pueden alentar y apoyar reformas efectivas en interés del pueblo de Myanmar la comunidad internacional y el sistema de las Naciones Unidas." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives", "Situation of human rights in Myanmar", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241 and covers the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. During the reporting period, the remaining steps of the political road map led by the State Peace and Development Council were implemented, namely, the holding of general elections on 7 November 2010; the convening of the new Parliament in January 2011; and the transfer of power from the Council to the new Government on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved. On 13 November 2010, one week after the election, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to provide his good offices and pursue his discussions on the situation of human rights, the transition to democracy and the national reconciliation process with the Government and people of Myanmar; to offer technical assistance to the Government in that regard; and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as well as to the Human Rights Council, on the progress made in the implementation of the resolution. The report covers the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. Separate reports by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar were issued in September 2010 (A/65/368) and in March 2011 (A/HRC/16/59).", "2. During the reporting period, the remaining steps of the political road map led by the State Peace and Development Council were implemented, namely, general elections were held on 7 November 2010; the new Parliament was convened in January 2011; and the Council transferred power to the new Government of Myanmar, headed by President Thein Sein, on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved and the Chair of the Council, Senior General Than Shwe, and Vice-Chair, Vice-Senior General Maung Aye, officially resigned from their formal positions of power. On 13 November 2010, one week after the election, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "3. During the same period, I met with then-Prime Minister Thein Sein in Hanoi in October 2010, on the margins of the third ASEAN-United Nations summit, and with former Minister for Foreign Affairs Nyan Win in New York in September 2010, on the margins of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. I also spoke directly with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi immediately following her release. My Special Adviser, Vijay Nambiar, visited Myanmar twice at the invitation of the Government, on 27 and 28 November 2010, following the election and release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and from 11 to 13 May 2011, following the establishment of the new Government.", "4. During the reporting period, I remained continuously engaged with interested Member States, including by convening three meetings of the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General on Myanmar, in September and December 2010 and in June 2011. In addition to consultations in capitals, my Special Adviser briefed the President of the General Assembly, the Group of Friends and the Security Council on each of his visits to Myanmar. With the establishment of the new Government, my good offices continued in the context of renewed high-level bilateral engagement between Myanmar and key international stakeholders.", "II. Key developments", "Elections", "5. By September 2010, 42 political parties had been registered with the Union Election Commission to participate in the elections scheduled for 7 November 2010, including 5 out of 10 existing parties that contested the 1990 election. On 14 September 2010, the Commission declared 10 parties “null and void” in accordance with election laws, including the National League for Democracy and four other existing parties, for not renewing their registration. The Commission issued canvassing guidelines for the remaining 37 parties.", "6. Besides two establishment parties — the Union Solidarity and Development Party, headed by Prime Minister Thein Sein, and the National Unity Party — and two main opposition parties — the National Democratic Force and the Democratic Party — the majority of the parties were ethnic-denominated and represented a wide range of constituencies locally and nationally. Within the prescribed time frame, the organizational and financial capacity of the parties informed their canvassing strategies. Out of some 3,300 candidates, the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National Unity Party fielded the largest number (1,100 and 990, respectively, across all constituencies), whereas other parties fielded much smaller numbers and only in some constituencies.", "7. On 7 November, three elections were held simultaneously: for the People’s Assembly (lower house) and the Nationalities Assembly (upper house) of the Union Assembly, and for 14 state and regional legislatures. As in 1990, the elections were organized on a first-past-the-post basis. By 17 November, the ballot count was officially published. By 7 December, the Commission announced that voter turnout was 77 per cent of Myanmar’s 29 million eligible voters.", "8. With 58 per cent of the total votes cast, the Union Solidarity and Development Party gained nearly 77 per cent (883 seats) of the total 1,154 elected seats in all assemblies, including 77 per cent (129 seats) in the Nationalities Assembly and 79 per cent (259 seats) in the People’s Assembly. With 25 per cent of the seats in each assembly reserved for the military (Tatmadaw), the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the military bloc held an overwhelming majority. The remaining seats in the national legislatures were divided among 16 political parties and independents, including the National Unity Party, National Democratic Force, Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, Rakhine National Progressive Party, All Mon Region Democracy Party and Chin Progressive Party.", "9. In the 14 state and regional legislatures, ethnic parties fared relatively better than national opposition parties. While the Union Solidarity and Development Party won almost all elected seats in most central regions, in ethnic areas the party won sizeable blocs but had a majority only in Kayah State, with ethnic parties winning up to 30 per cent of seats in Chin and Rakhine States.", "10. According to independent reports, polling day was generally peaceful and orderly despite irregularities. Indications are that most voters were able to cast their ballot freely and the counting in polling stations was held in most cases in front of party representatives and members of the public. At the same time, however, there were numerous reports of infringements, intimidation and coercion throughout the process. That added to concerns about the restrictive electoral framework that effectively excluded key stakeholders from the process and limited fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly and association, in addition to unequal access to State resources, media restrictions, lack of voter education, and significant constraints on candidates and parties to contest on a level playing field.", "11. Some of the most serious concerns revolved around abuse of the advance voting process that appears to have swung final results away from opposition candidates to the Union Solidarity and Development Party during the vote counting. As a result, advance ballots are estimated to have represented up to 10 per cent of votes nationwide. While official sources claim that only 4 seats were affected, independent sources reported that advance votes may have changed the outcome for as many as 64 seats.", "12. On 8 November, the Chair of ASEAN issued a statement welcoming the elections as a significant step forward in the implementation of Myanmar’s road map towards democracy, encouraging Myanmar to accelerate the process of national reconciliation and democratization, and to continue to work with ASEAN and the United Nations in that process.", "13. On the same day, I issued a statement noting that the election was held in conditions that were insufficiently inclusive, participatory and transparent, and stressed the responsibility of the Myanmar authorities to turn the election into a new start for a credible political transition by releasing political prisoners and lifting restrictions on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. I also urged that the process of forming new institutions of government be broad-based and inclusive, and called for dialogue among all stakeholders in that regard. I stressed that the international community was looking for greater assurances that the process under way would mark a genuine departure from the status quo.", "14. In June and July of 2011, several political parties announced their intention to field candidates for parliamentary by-elections scheduled for November 2011. The Group of Democratic Party Friends, including the National Democratic Force and Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, announced plans to field candidates for 40 constituencies, while the Union Solidarity and Development Party announced it would contest all 45 constituencies. During the same period, applications were submitted for the registration of new political parties. On 20 July, the Election Commission permitted the registration of the People’s Democratic Party, bringing the total number of officially registered political parties to 38.", "Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi", "15. On 13 November 2010, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest by executive order of the Chair of the State Peace and Development Council, Senior General Than Shwe. In a statement, I welcomed the release, noting that her dignity and courage in the face of injustice was an inspiration to many people around the world, and expressed deep regret that she had effectively been excluded from participating in the elections. I made clear that no further restrictions should be placed on her, and again urged the authorities to release all remaining political prisoners.", "16. On 22 November, the Supreme Court in Nay Pyi Taw rejected an appeal lodged by the National League for Democracy against its dissolution pursuant to the announcement by the Election Commission.", "Government formation", "17. On 31 January, the first session of the Union Assembly was convened, bringing the 2008 Constitution into force. Former third-ranking member of the State Peace and Development Council, Shwe Mann, was elected as Speaker of the People’s Assembly, and former Minister for Culture, Khin Aung Myint, as Speaker of the Nationalities Assembly, in which position he also serves as Speaker of the Union Assembly. All speaker and deputy speaker positions went to the Union Solidarity and Development Party.", "18. On 4 February, the Presidential Electoral College (comprising all members of the Union Assembly) elected former State Peace and Development Council Prime Minister, Thein Sein, as President, with former Council Secretary-1, Tin Aung Myint Oo, as first Vice-President, and prominent ethnic Shan figure, Mauk Kham, as second Vice-President. All three are elected representatives of the Union Solidarity and Development Party. Through a statement, I noted that the convening of Parliament and election of the Presidency represented an important opportunity for Myanmar to move away from the status quo.", "19. On 30 March, the State Peace and Development Council was officially dissolved upon transferring power to the new Government. Senior General Than Shwe and Vice-Senior General Maung Aye officially retired from their formal positions. Through a statement, I took note of the transfer of power to the new Government, and stressed that the Myanmar authorities had an opportunity and an obligation to their people to demonstrate that this change would mark the beginning of a substantive and genuine move away from almost 50 years of direct military rule. I also urged the authorities to engage in a broadly inclusive dialogue on the necessary reforms for a credible and effective system of government.", "20. Although nominally civilian, the new Government is dominated by recently retired military officers. Out of 30 ministers, there are 3 serving military officers appointed by the Commander-in-Chief to security portfolios; 10 ministers and 5 deputy ministers from the previous cabinet; 4 recently-retired senior military officers appointed to technical ministries; and 8 newly appointed technocrats, including 3 with a military background but also extensive experience in their portfolio, such as the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin.", "21. New legislative and executive structures were also introduced in each of the seven regions and seven states. Within the states concerned, six self-administered areas were delineated for certain ethnic groups. All local chief ministers, appointed by the President, were from the Union Solidarity and Development Party, except in Kayin State, which is headed by a military legislator. Within local governments, ethnic opposition politicians were appointed to social and other portfolios. In June and July, local governments were reshuffled to realign ministerial portfolios at the central and local levels.", "22. Changes within the military leadership included the new Commander-in-Chief, General Min Aung Hlaing. The abolition of army-controlled supra-ministerial policy committees and the introduction of local governments were among the changes reflecting a potential curtailment of the military’s role in governance, consistent with the Constitution. The military is not directly represented on the Financial Commission, which sets the military budget, although the Commander-in-Chief reportedly controls a “special fund” without public oversight.", "23. During their first session, held from 31 January to 30 March, both the upper and lower houses dealt with nominations to key executive and judicial posts and with substantive questions and proposals. For the first time, Government ministers appeared before Parliament to answer questions. Parliamentary debates were reported in the official media, including on sensitive topics not openly discussed before, such as land tenure rights, censorship, compulsory military service legislation, civil service recruitment of ethnic minorities, ethnic minority language education, population relocations, the question of a ceasefire in Kayin State, the question of amnesty for Shan political prisoners, identification cards for Muslim residents of Northern Rakhine State and private sector monopolies.", "24. In accordance with the Constitution, Parliament formed various committees, such as the Bill Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, the Rights Committee and the Government Guarantees, Pledges and Undertakings Vetting Committee. Opposition members make up one third of the membership of all of the committees, including as Chair of one committee, while the rest are from the Union Solidarity and Development Party. No military appointees were included. On 1 August, an official announcement was made that the second regular session of Parliament would be convened on 22 August 2011.", "Reform agenda", "25. In his inaugural speeches to Parliament on 30 March, to members of Government on 31 March, and to the Central Committee for Progress of Border Areas and National Races on 23 April, President Thein Sein outlined initial indicators of the new Government’s policy direction in key priority areas during his five-year term. It was the first time in recent history that the Government had set out a public policy agenda and assessment of many of the problems facing the country.", "26. In a departure from previous official discourse, the President explicitly recognized that there were many individuals and unlawful organizations inside and outside the nation that did not accept the road map and the Constitution. The President stressed that without national unity, the country where more than 100 national races lived together, could not enjoy peace and stability, which was essential for building a developed nation. While warning against any actions taken outside the constitutional framework, he undertook to convince ethnic groups of the Government’s goodwill and to work together with “good-hearted political forces” for peace, stability and development, including by keeping the “peace door” open and welcoming those who held different views to stand for elections.", "27. Other key policy themes and priorities on which the President promised reforms included the adoption of an open market economy, improvement of socio-economic conditions and reduction of gaps between rural and urban areas; the protection of social and economic rights; the development of infrastructure and the delivery of basic services, including in ethnic areas; the improvement of health and education standards; the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms; respect for the rule of law and an independent and transparent judiciary; respect for the role of the media; good governance and public scrutiny of executive and legislative bodies; institutional capacity-building and human resource development; “clean”, responsible, accountable and inclusive government; and decentralization.", "28. Specifically, the President announced a 10-point legislative reform agenda aimed at: ensuring the conformity of existing laws with the Constitution; safeguarding fundamental rights; increasing salaries of service personnel and pensions; safeguarding the rights of farmers; creating jobs and safeguarding labour rights; overhauling public health care and social security; raising education and health standards; amending journalism laws; promoting environmental conservation; and enhancing natural disaster response.", "National dialogue and reconciliation", "29. In a statement broadcast to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on 28 January, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi underscored the need for national reconciliation, political stability and economic growth grounded in human resource development, as basic requirements of good governance. She called for investments in Myanmar to put a premium on respect for the law, environmental and social factors, labour rights and job creation. She called for economic policies linked to human development and capacity-building; innovation and diversification of investments in technology and infrastructure; entrepreneurial and microcredit opportunities to fight poverty; health prevention measures; environmentally and socially responsible development; and legal reform and the rule of law.", "30. On 8 February, the National League for Democracy issued a review of sanctions against Myanmar, which concluded that economic conditions were not affected by sanctions to any notable degree; that the best way to remove sanctions would be to deal effectively with violations of human rights and the lack of democratic practices; and that, meanwhile, the economic hardships of the people would be ameliorated if foreign investments observed guidelines aimed at conserving the environment, protecting labour rights and promoting civil society. The party also called for discussions with concerned Member States to reach an agreement on when, how and under what circumstances sanctions might be modified, noting that a study by respected professionals on the effects of sanctions would be useful.", "31. On 11 March, the Group of Democratic Party Friends, formed by the 10 largest democratic and ethnic political parties in Parliament, issued an open letter calling on the international community to recognize Myanmar’s political developments, including the creation of new political space, the transition to a new generation of leaders and the election of political parties. Noting that sanctions against Myanmar, while not the prime cause of poverty, hit labour-intensive sectors, prevented job creation and denied society the benefits of increased foreign investment, the Group called for the lifting of sanctions and for increased donor funding and assistance for governance and socio-economic reform through advice and cooperation in tourism, trade and investment.", "32. On 27 March, the National League for Democracy issued a statement urging the authorities to create fair political conditions by releasing all political prisoners and engaging immediately in politically meaningful dialogue to eliminate misunderstandings between democratic forces and the Tatmadaw.", "33. On 25 April, the National League for Democracy issued a statement welcoming the President’s commitment to the rule of law. Referring to individual cases contravening judicial principles, the statement called for further guidelines to be issued in order to establish the rule of law, including through due process and fair trial in the administration of justice.", "34. On 16 May, it was announced that President Thein Sein had granted an amnesty on humanitarian grounds and out of consideration for the families of the inmates by commuting death sentences to life sentences, and commuting other prison terms by one year. As a result, more than 100 political prisoners, including 23 members of the National League for Democracy, were reported to have been released out of an estimated 2,000 political prisoners in detention.", "35. In an open letter dated 20 May, the 10 political parties forming the Group of Democratic Party Friends welcomed the amnesty as a goodwill gesture, but stated that it fell too short to contribute meaningfully to national reconciliation, as it did not apply to political prisoners serving lengthy sentences. Noting that Myanmar’s transition under an elected Government required the building of trust among political forces as a crucial step to install democratic change, the Group called for the release of political prisoners and the return of exiled dissidents.", "36. On 28 June, the Ministry of Home Affairs warned Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the Chair of the National League for Democracy, Aung Shwe, that since the party had been officially dissolved, its activities were illegal and should stop as they could harm peace, stability and the rule of law and could create more difficulties for national reconciliation. The Ministry informed that, in order to engage in social affairs, an application should be made to form a social organization. State media similarly warned the party to stop its activities in order to avert unnecessary consequences, noting that its leaders had the right to form a political party and should try to stand for elections as a legal party. It also warned of security concerns around any planned visits by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi outside Yangon, but noted that she would not be restricted from travelling.", "37. On 29 June, the National League for Democracy publicly responded that it remained a legally registered political party that did not infringe the 2008 Constitution and that it therefore could neither dissolve nor accept court rejections of its appeals on the matter. Out of common interest in national reconciliation, the party requested a meeting with the Minister for Home Affairs to discuss the establishment of the rule of law.", "38. From 4 to 7 July, Daw Aun San Suu Kyi travelled without incident to Bagan and surrounding areas on a four-day private trip in what was the first time she had travelled outside Yangon since the Depayin incident of May 2003.", "39. In an encouraging development, on 19 July, at the Government’s invitation, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi attended for the first time in nine years official ceremonies on the occasion of “Martyrs Day” in Yangon. Separately, she and the National League for Democracy led the largest public march since the demonstrations that took place in 2007. The party reiterated its commitment to solving political problems through political means and called upon the authorities to create fair political conditions through meaningful dialogue and the release of political prisoners.", "40. On 25 July, a meeting was held at the invitation of the Government between the Minister for Social Welfare, Aung Kyi, and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, marking the first talks between her and the Government since her release. In a joint statement, both said that the meeting was positive, expressed satisfaction with the results and agreed to meet again at an appropriate time. They discussed possibilities for cooperation for the benefit of the people, including matters relating to the rule of law and the eradication of misunderstandings. Through a statement, I welcomed and encouraged the efforts to build mutual understanding through genuine dialogue. I further reiterated my call for the Government to consider early action for the release of political prisoners.", "41. During the reporting period, tensions continued with both ceasefire and non‑ceasefire armed ethnic groups, including Kachin, Karen, Shan and Wa forces. The most serious tensions involved armed clashes starting on 9 June in Kachin and Northern Shan states between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army, with the risk of an escalation into large-scale violence and open fighting for the first time since the signing of a ceasefire agreement in 1994. The conflict reportedly resulted in casualties on both sides, as well as human rights violations, displacement of civilian population and the destruction of infrastructure.", "42. On 24 June, the Speaker of the People’s Assembly reported that skirmishes between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army had caused panic locally and nationally, but that coordinated efforts had made it possible to bring the situation under control and, as a result, peace and stability in the region had been almost fully restored. Since the outbreak of fighting, several rounds of negotiations were reported to have been held, involving central and local authorities and representatives of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the Kachin Independence Army and the Kachin Independence Organization. In an open letter dated 28 July, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi called for any tensions involving armed ethnic groups to be resolved through political negotiations in the interest of national unity and expressed her support for ongoing efforts to that end.", "43. Since 21 June, the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator has met with representatives of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement to express concern about the humanitarian situation in Kachin State, especially for civilians, to request and share information on reported population displacements and other concerns, to request access to perform humanitarian assessments and deliver assistance, and to discuss humanitarian corridors and safe passage options.", "Human rights mechanisms", "44. On 27 January 2011, Myanmar underwent its first universal periodic review by the Human Rights Council. Out of 180 recommendations made during the course of the review, Myanmar rejected 70, accepted 64 and agreed to study a further 46.", "45. On 7 March, the Special Rapporteur submitted his fourth report (A/HRC/16/59) to the Human Rights Council. On 25 March, the Council adopted resolution 16/24, in which, inter alia, the Council expressed regret that no visit of the Special Rapporteur had been allowed since February 2010 and extended his mandate by one year. The Council also expressed its strong support for the good offices mission, and called on the Government to ensure full cooperation with my Special Adviser and the Special Rapporteur. On 22 July, the Special Rapporteur was invited to visit Myanmar in August.", "46. On 1 and 2 July, for the first time in six years, the International Committee of the Red Cross was permitted to resume visits to inspect prison conditions in three different localities.", "Socio-economic development", "47. On 27 June, the Government and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) jointly organized the Third Development Partnership Forum in Nay Pyi Taw. Opened by Vice-President Mauk Kham and co-chaired by the Executive Secretary of ESCAP and the Minister for National Planning and Economic Development, the broad-based conference focused on policies for reviving Myanmar’s rice economy as the most critical part of the agricultural sector, affecting 70 per cent of the population. Government policymakers engaged in dialogue with representatives of civil society, the private sector and local and international experts. Proposals were recommended for consolidation by the Government as action plans. The Forum built on the Second Development Partnership Forum, held in 2009, and on a national workshop on poverty alleviation and rural development, held in May 2010. The Executive Secretary of ESCAP met with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at the conclusion of the Forum.", "III. Content and outcome of discussions", "48. In a meeting with the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of ASEAN, held in New York on 24 September, I emphasized the critical need for free, fair and inclusive elections in order to advance stability and development in Myanmar. I stressed that failure to meet those expectations could undermine the credibility of the process, which could reflect on the collective values and principles of ASEAN. I called on ASEAN member States to encourage Myanmar to engage more closely with my good offices.", "49. In my meeting with former Minister for Foreign Affairs Nyan Win in New York on 26 September, I stressed that it was not too late for the Government to make goodwill gestures to enhance the credibility of the elections, including by allowing Daw Aung San Suu Kyi the right to vote and by releasing as many political prisoners as possible. The Minister suggested that the political situation would be totally changed after the elections. I stressed the need for the Government and its successor to continue to engage actively with my good offices and Special Adviser.", "50. At the third ASEAN-United Nations summit in Hanoi on 29 October, I briefed ASEAN leaders on my good offices, stressing the need for a credible democratic transition and national reconciliation, including free, fair and inclusive elections. In my bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Thein Sein on 30 October, I stated that the United Nations and the international community were not satisfied with arrangements for elections and reiterated my call for release of political detainees, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, prior to elections. In addition to a credible ballot, I stressed the importance of transparent election results and an inclusive process of government formation. The Prime Minister confirmed that Senior General Than Shwe and Vice-Senior General Maung Aye would not contest the elections. He indicated that amnesties would continue to be granted. Stressing that the new Government would continue to cooperate with my good offices, he called for closer international engagement with Myanmar in the socio-economic and political fields.", "51. In my telephone discussion with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on 18 November, we agreed on the need for all political prisoners to be released as a matter of priority. I told Daw Aung San Suu Kyi that I was encouraged by the spirit of reconciliation from her statements and appeals for dialogue and compromise following her release, and that I would continue to encourage all parties to work together in the national interest. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed her appreciation for the important role of the United Nations in Myanmar, and for my continuous efforts on her behalf. She expressed support for an early visit by my Special Adviser and her desire to engage closely. I reiterated my commitment to continue to uphold the cause of human rights, peace and democracy in Myanmar.", "52. From 27 to 28 November, my Special Adviser visited Myanmar at the invitation of the Government. This marked the first direct engagement in Myanmar with my good offices since my visit in July 2009. For the first time, the United Nations had more flexibility to organize its programme. My Special Adviser met with the former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win, senior officials from the Ministries of Planning and Border Affairs, the Election Commission, and the Union Solidarity and Development Party Secretary General, Htay Oo. For the first time, my Special Adviser met Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy at her residence. He also met on United Nations premises with representatives of the political parties that had won seats in the elections and with civil society leaders.", "53. In response to the concerns corroborated by the political parties and civil society regarding the elections, the Government and the Election Commission noted that no official complaints had been filed and that electoral laws had included procedures for filing such complaints. They stressed that there was no ban on the registration of new political parties. Irrespective of formal complaints, my Special Adviser underlined that failure to address electoral concerns quickly and transparently would leave the credibility of the process in doubt. He also stressed the need to establish good electoral practice, starting with by-elections.", "54. With regard to the broader political process, my Special Adviser emphasized that the political forces that had decided not to participate in the election should not be excluded from dialogue if any transition were to succeed, stressing that they would continue to form a critical part of the political landscape. With the elections over, he emphasized that the case for dialogue and reconciliation was even stronger than before and that the authorities should be in a better position to reach out to their critics. Interlocutors all accepted the need for continued efforts at national reconciliation but differed in their expectations and on the way forward.", "55. Government interlocutors, as well as the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National Unity Party, expressed confidence in the continued implementation of the road map, stressing that all parties had the opportunity to participate in the elections and that national reconciliation should continue to unfold within the established framework of the Constitution. They called on the international community to recognize the progress made in that context, including through the removal of sanctions. Although the authorities remained non-committal, they did not reject outright calls for dialogue, an inclusive process of government formation, and the release of political prisoners.", "56. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed her determination to continue to work for national reconciliation based on dialogue, noting that a parody of democracy was worse than an outright dictatorship. She expressed her desire to listen to various views in order to form a more complete picture of the post-election situation. She made clear her readiness to respond to meaningful efforts by the authorities to engage with her and the National League for Democracy. She did not elaborate on her position regarding sanctions beyond stating the need for a detailed assessment of their impact. She conveyed her expectation that my good offices and the Special Adviser be fully engaged in promoting political dialogue, human rights and the rule of law. She also indicated her interest in engaging closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners.", "57. Despite their disappointment and frustration with the election, representatives of democratic and ethnic political parties viewed their toehold in the process as a legitimate platform from which to build on the gains they had made by maximizing what they described as “new political space” within the new constitutional framework. While conscious of the challenges they would continue to face given their limited representation, they pointed to potential cooperation and engagement among themselves and with others, including the Union Solidarity and Development Party.", "58. All interlocutors stressed the need to address the development and humanitarian needs of the country and their expectation of an increased role for the United Nations in that regard. According to the authorities and Union Solidarity and Development Party, Myanmar needed to develop economically in order to ensure stability and democratic practices. The former Minister for Foreign Affairs reiterated Myanmar’s commitment to cooperate with the United Nations at the technical and policy levels and called for greater donor assistance. Stressing that Myanmar was the only country where UNDP did not operate a normal country programme owing to restrictions imposed by its Executive Board, the Government explicitly called for the lifting of such restrictions. It gave assurances to resolve access and timely visa issuance for United Nations agencies.", "59. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi welcomed her ongoing contact and interaction with the United Nations Resident Coordinator and expressed her commitment to work with the United Nations system, including on policy and operational constraints affecting humanitarian and developments activities. Consistent with their campaign platforms, most political parties identified socio-economic questions as priority agendas to address the needs of their constituencies. Civil society leaders made a strong case for all stakeholders to shift from political confrontation towards improving the country’s political economy. In their view, the experience of civil society since Cyclone Nargis in 2008 showed that progress often took place via constructive engagement within existing frameworks. They stressed the need for a more nuanced understanding of existing opportunities to address the country’s problems as part of a broader agenda of liberalization. Similarly, independent experts saw new opportunities for addressing issues of economic management as essential to any democratic transition, including a more transparent legislative and budgetary process.", "60. Prior to returning to Myanmar, my Special Adviser met in Jakarta on 10 May with Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Government of Indonesia and Chair of ASEAN, Marty Natalegawa, to discuss the outcome of the 18th ASEAN summit, held there on 7 and 8 May, at which a proposal for Myanmar to assume the ASEAN Chair in 2014 had been considered. My Special Adviser was informed that a formal decision on the proposal had been deferred to the 19th ASEAN summit, scheduled to be held on 17 and 18 November 2011, pending a planned visit by the Chair of ASEAN to Myanmar.", "61. From 11 to 13 May, my Special Adviser visited Myanmar again at the invitation of the new Government for the first time since its installation. In Nay Pyi Taw, he was received by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin, and met the Ministers for Home Affairs, Social Welfare, and National Planning and Development, as well as senior officials from the Ministries of Commerce, Health and Education. He met with newly appointed presidential advisers for political, legal and economic affairs. He was also received by the Deputy Speaker of the People’s Assembly, and by the Secretary-General of the Union Solidarity and Development Party. In Yangon, he met again with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy , as well as representatives of opposition and ethnic political parties in Parliament and civil society. He also visited Bago to meet with Chief Minister and former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win.", "62. In all of his meetings, my Special Adviser emphasized the importance for the new Government to be proactive in taking concrete steps to implement the reforms announced by President Thein Sein. He stressed that gaining domestic and international confidence that Myanmar was changing would be as much a factor of leadership and policies as delivering on people’s expectations. He cautioned that the longer it took to implement promised reforms, the greater the frustration.", "63. My Special Adviser emphasized that the release of political prisoners remained the single most important step that could generate greater confidence in the Government’s efforts, noting that it was a key demand of all democratic and ethnic political forces inside and outside the process. Although the authorities continued to deny the existence of political prisoners, my Special Adviser received indications that the question of amnesty was under consideration as a matter falling within the powers of the President to decide. This was confirmed by the amnesty announced on 16 May following the visit.", "64. With regard to the political process, my Special Adviser urged the Government to reach out as broadly as possible to all stakeholders, including those not represented in Parliament. He pointed to the experience of the United Nations in other transitional contexts, which showed that the success of any reform depended in large part on the degree of support across society. He reiterated that with the completion of the road map, the new Government should be in a position to engage with its critics, including through a dedicated capacity to promote broad-based dialogue. In response, Government interlocutors recognized the need for greater outreach with society at large, expressing openness to different viewpoints and ideas. Their position, however, was that Parliament offered a legitimate level playing field for transparent debate and negotiation among elected representatives. The Minister for Foreign Affairs stressed that the door remained open for all those wishing to participate in the political process through elections. The authorities also recognized the necessity to work out peaceful solutions with armed ethnic groups. With reference to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Government interlocutors pointed to the fact that her release was unconditional and suggested that they were waiting to see how she would respond to the President’s reform agenda.", "65. With regard to the electoral process, my Special Adviser urged the authorities to learn lessons from the shortcomings of the 2010 elections in order to enhance the credibility of any future ballots. He noted that the by-elections presented a first opportunity to ensure a more inclusive, participatory and transparent process. The authorities pointed to the fact that Parliament had appointed a new Electoral Commission.", "66. With regard to human rights, my Special Adviser urged the Government to cooperate actively with United Nations human rights mechanisms, including the Special Rapporteur, in order to address outstanding concerns about ongoing reports of human rights violations as well as to strengthen governance capacity, including training, institutional reform, and the rule of law. The Ministers for Foreign and Home Affairs both noted that the international response to Myanmar’s universal periodic review was encouraging, and gave assurances that the Government was in the process of implementing recommendations made as part of the review.", "67. With regard to humanitarian and development assistance, my Special Adviser stressed the need for Myanmar to respond to overtures by the donor community and to build on the efforts of ESCAP, UNDP and other partners. The authorities agreed to collaborate more closely with the United Nations system, including in the areas of health, education and capacity-building. At the same time, they stressed the need to address three specific concerns regarding “unfair treatment” by: (a) lifting unilateral sanctions against Myanmar; (b) increasing development assistance; and (c) lifting restrictions on the UNDP country programme.", "68. My Special Adviser further observed that the Government’s commitment to reform offered an opportunity for enhancing mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community, which was particularly relevant in the context of Myanmar’s proposal to assume the Chair of ASEAN in 2014. He encouraged the authorities to reach out to the international community and to engage more openly and regularly with my good offices. To that end, he extended on my behalf an invitation to the Minister for Foreign Affairs to meet with the Group of Friends in New York and renewed an offer to have a discreet political presence in Myanmar in support of the good offices mission.", "69. Interlocutors from the Government and the Union Solidarity and Development Party emphasized that Myanmar was only at the beginning of its political transition and that its new decentralized framework was still in the process of being organized. While non-committal to any suggestions, they stressed the Government’s determination to accelerate the transition and implement reforms. They made clear their expectation of greater international recognition for having completed the road map in an orderly manner, stressing that the time had come for the international community to reconsider its approach towards Myanmar in a more constructive way. At the same time, they recognized the expectations of the United Nations and the international community to see forward movement on key outstanding concerns.", "70. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stated that she and the National League for Democracy did not want to take a negative attitude, but that they remained extremely cautious until there was evidence of meaningful change. In her assessment, the situation had not changed profoundly because the Government was driving for legitimacy through symbols rather than actions. Noting that all three branches of the Government were controlled by the same political party, she expressed concern at the Government’s propensity to fill the political space to the exclusion of others. She stressed that there was no reason for further delaying the release of political prisoners or implementing overdue reforms. She observed that any positive developments should be measured against outstanding concerns, including the fact that the Special Rapporteur had not yet been invited back to Myanmar. She reiterated her readiness to respond to any genuine effort by the Government to engage with her and the National League for Democracy.", "71. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy noted that they had exhausted legal appeals against the official dissolution of their party, but that they would seek to maintain its existence through the Human Rights Council. They registered their endorsement of the latest resolution of the Human Rights Council on Myanmar. They indicated that the party was not currently prepared to endorse participation in elections within the existing framework. They expressed satisfaction, however, at the expansion of the party’s social network and activities, and called for cooperation from the authorities in that regard. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi again welcomed her ongoing contact and interaction with the United Nations system, including on the restrictions affecting humanitarian and development activities. She reiterated her appreciation for my good offices and her expectation that my Special Adviser would be fully engaged.", "72. Most political parties and civil society organizations took a cautious “wait and see” attitude towards the Government’s capacity to deliver reforms, but welcomed the President’s agenda and cautioned that the new Government should not be judged too soon. Of greatest significance to them was the Government’s openness to hear different opinions, including through the appointment of independent advisers. They shared the view that, whereas the previous system essentially had one focal point of power, the elections had opened new political space for multiple actors, parties, institutions and agendas to influence governance. They expressed their determination to contribute to reforms.", "73. While political parties shared mixed experiences of parliamentary procedures, they expressed a sense of empowerment to engage in political activity. Most called for amnesty for political prisoners, with some also calling for Myanmar’s expatriate community to be welcomed back. Some suggested that the Government organize a “union convention” as a broad-based platform for addressing national challenges. Several ethnic parties saw decentralization as key to ending armed conflict, while stressing the urgent need to tackle outstanding challenges in border areas. Most registered their position that socio-economic issues had become priority agendas for the electorate, echoing the Government’s calls for greater development assistance and the lifting of sanctions.", "74. Civil society leaders welcomed what they described as “new governance”, whereby authorities set benchmarks for state-building, and “agents of change” had a framework and space to work in. Noting that reforms could enable more stakeholders to partake in reconciliation, they saw their role as facilitating relations between communities and the Government. They pointed to recent positive changes, including the lifting of military checkpoints in some areas; the relaxation of media restrictions and censorship; the transfer of import-export licensing to civilian authority; new investment and environmental laws; the abolition of trade monopolies; the development of a poverty-reduction strategy; and Government consultations with business and civil society.", "75. From 27 to 30 June, as a follow-up to my Special Adviser’s visit and on the margins of the Third Development Partnership Forum, the Office of my Special Adviser for the first time had the opportunity to engage at the working level with a range of domestic interlocutors in Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon, including presidential advisers and civil society representatives.", "76. On 29 July, I spoke by telephone with the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin. On 27 July, my Special Adviser spoke by telephone with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The calls were intended to convey the expectations of the United Nations that, in building on recent developments, efforts should be intensified in order to address outstanding issues, including the release of political prisoners, national dialogue and reconciliation, consistent with the stated objectives of the reform agenda.", "IV. Observations", "77. After almost 50 years of military rule, and 20 years after the most recent elections, the completion of the road map spearheaded by the State Peace and Development Council affords new opportunities for a more inclusive national discourse and political development. The transfer of power from the Council to the new Government, the resignation of Senior General Than Shwe and the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi offer new prospects for Myanmar to embark on the path of progress and improve its standing regionally and globally. Against the backdrop of a decades-long conflict and political deadlock, the United Nations recognizes the significance of such developments.", "78. President Thein Sein declared that the time had come for Myanmar to catch up with the changing world and that there was no time to waste. Myanmar continues to face the same challenges it has faced for too long: the country’s human rights, political, social, economic and humanitarian problems remain serious, deep-seated and long-standing. I therefore welcome President Thein Sein’s recognition of the need for Myanmar to undertake wide-ranging political and economic reforms, and his commitment to do so in a way that would strengthen national unity.", "79. The Government’s stated commitments appear to resonate more closely with the needs and hopes of the people of Myanmar and correspond more closely to the concerns and expectations of the international community than in the past. I believe that this can provide the basis for more effective cooperation in implementing the objectives of the mandate entrusted to me by the General Assembly. That is all the more important if Myanmar is to overcome perceptions of it as a country in perpetual crisis and to resume its rightful place as a respected and responsible member of the international community. The real test, however, lies in the timely implementation of the Government’s commitments. The United Nations would like to see Myanmar succeed in that endeavour.", "80. Despite the flawed and controlled nature of the elections, the credibility of which could have been enhanced had the suggestions of the United Nations been taken, the participation of the political parties and voters signalled their readiness to take advantage of the first window of political space in 20 years. Notwithstanding the disappointment and frustration of many at the process and its outcome, it allowed for a resumption of legal political activity, which had been either banned or restricted for almost five decades. In any transitional context, the resumption of political life is a prerequisite for broad-based societal reconciliation. The multiplicity of voices and plurality of actors and agendas that have emerged are indicative of the complexity of the political environment in Myanmar.", "81. As shown by the outpouring of support upon her long-awaited release, the enduring appeal of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ideals she represents remain a political reality. I am encouraged that she and her followers have been allowed to engage in public activities, including meeting visiting foreign delegations and travel outside Yangon. I expect that they will continue to be able to exercise such freedoms without restrictions. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stands as an important figure within and beyond Myanmar, and her welfare and well-being are the subject of international attention. Any restrictions on her movements or threats to her security would cause serious concern and send the wrong signal.", "82. The continued detention of political prisoners remains of deepest concern to the United Nations and the international community. It is inconsistent with the Government’s commitments and initial efforts towards greater openness and respect for fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. It is also counterproductive to fostering social peace and dialogue. The detention of all remaining political prisoners will continue to overshadow and undermine any confidence in the Government’s efforts. Ultimately, it would be a loss for Myanmar, since the country needs the talent of all of its people to build a better future.", "83. Of equal concern are ongoing tensions and armed conflict with some armed ethnic groups. In line with the efforts over the years to uphold ceasefire agreements and with President Thein Sein’s commitment to keep the “peace door” open, urgent efforts are needed by all sides to avoid the escalation of tensions and to negotiate durable solutions to outstanding political and security concerns as part of a broader national reconciliation process. Failure to do so would not only affect the communities concerned, but could also hold back the process of reform, including prospects for ethnic aspirations to be legitimately addressed within the new political structures. Myanmar cannot afford for there to be impediments to the peace and unity that are needed for its stability and development.", "84. While it would be premature to assess the nature and extent of political change in Myanmar, various shifts are apparent. After two decades of closed policymaking, such shifts can and should allow for more informed, broad-based, transparent and accountable processes to guide any governance reform and democratic transition. In such processes, the relationship between military and civilian authorities will be central to any genuine departure from the status quo.", "85. The question for all stakeholders is how to use opportunities within the current dispensation to advance national reconciliation. Whether recent developments can lead to greater openness and inclusiveness will depend on how all parties choose to work with each other. It is in the national interest that all extend and accept conciliatory engagement. Maximizing the limited space available is critical. Ultimately, the Government has a responsibility to ensure the broadest possible support for reforms by reaching out to all political forces, including those not represented in Parliament. In the light of the current environment, I look forward to intensifying the engagement of my good offices on an ongoing basis.", "86. Whether the new Government has the capacity, willingness and support to deliver on its reform agenda remains to be seen. The international community, particularly regional and ASEAN countries, have a stake in the success of reform. The collective challenge is to enable the current process to result in a credible transition that can contribute to the country’s stability and development. The promise of reforms offers a chance for better mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community. I stand ready to explore with Myanmar and interested stakeholders, including donors and development partners, how the international community and the United Nations system may be able to encourage and support effective reforms in the interest of the people of Myanmar." ]
A_66_267
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights situations and reports of special rapporteurs and representatives", "Situation of human rights in Myanmar", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241, covering the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. During the reporting period, the remaining stages of the political guide led by the State Peace and Development Council were met: the general elections were held on 7 November 2010, the new Parliament met in January 2011 and the Council handed over power to the new Government on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved. On 13 November 2010, one week after the elections, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 30 of General Assembly resolution 65/241, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue his good offices and to continue discussions on the situation of human rights, the transition to democracy and the process of national reconciliation with the Government and people of Myanmar and to provide technical assistance to the Government in this regard, and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The report covers the period from 26 August 2010 to 4 August 2011. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar issued separate reports in September 2010 (A/65/368) and in March 2011 (A/HRC/16/59).", "2. During the reporting period, the remaining stages of the political guide led by the State Peace and Development Council were met: the general elections were held on 7 November 2010, the new Parliament met in January 2011 and the Council handed over power to the new Government of Myanmar, headed by President Thein Sein on 30 March 2011. In the process, the Council was officially dissolved and its President, General Than Shwe, and Vice-President, Deputy-general-Maung Aye, officially resigned from their public office. On 13 November 2010, one week after the elections, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was released after seven years of house arrest.", "3. At the same time, I met with then Prime Minister Thein Sein in October 2010 in Hanoi during the third summit between the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United Nations and the former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win, in September 2010 in New York during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. I also spoke directly with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi immediately after the lifting of his house arrest. My Special Adviser, Vijay Nambiar, twice visited Myanmar invited by the Government on 27 and 28 November 2010, after the elections and the lifting of the house arrest of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and from 11 to 13 May 2011, after the inauguration of the new Government.", "4. During the reporting period, I continued to work constantly with interested Member States, including by convening three meetings of the Secretary-General &apos; s Group of Friends on Myanmar, in September and December 2010 and in June 2011. In addition to consultations in the capitals, my Special Adviser briefed the President of the General Assembly, the Group of Friends and the Security Council on each of his visits to Myanmar. With the inauguration of the new Government, my good offices continued in the context of renewed high-level bilateral collaboration between Myanmar and major international stakeholders.", "II. Main developments", "Elections", "5. By September 2010, the Union Electoral Commission had already registered 42 political parties to participate in the elections scheduled for 7 November 2010, including 5 of the 10 existing parties that challenged the 1990 elections. On 14 September 2010, the Commission declared “ours of full law” 10 parties in accordance with electoral law, including the National League for Democracy and 4 other existing parties, for not renewing their registration. For the other 37 parties, the Commission issued guidelines on how to request a vote.", "6. Outside of two official parties (the Union Party for Solidarity and Development, chaired by Prime Minister Thein Sein, and the National Unity Party) and the two main opposition parties (the National Democratic Force and the Democratic Party), the majority of the parties were ethnic and represented a wide range of interest groups, both locally and nationally. Within the prescribed period, the organizational and financial capacity of the parties determined their strategies to request the vote. Of some 3,300 candidates in total, the Party of Solidarity and Development of the Union and the Party of National Unity were those who presented the largest number (1,100 and 990 respectively in all constituencies), while other parties presented many fewer and only in some constituencies.", "7. On 7 November, three elections were held simultaneously: the Assembly of the People (lower chamber) and the Assembly of Nationalities (high chamber) of the Assembly of the Union and 14 state and regional legislative assemblies. As in 1990, the elections were organized according to the rule of the simple majority. By 17 November, scrutiny had been officially published. By 7 December, the Commission had announced that the participation rate had been 77% of the 29 million voters registered in the Myanmar electoral roll.", "8. With 58% of all the votes cast, the Union's Solidarity and Development Party obtained almost 77% (883 seats) of the total 1,154 seats subject to election in all assemblies, including 77% (129 seats) in the Nationality Assembly and 79% (259 seats) in the People's Assembly. Since 25 per cent of the seats in each assembly were reserved for the armed forces (Tatmadaw), the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the military bloc obtained an overwhelming majority. The remaining seats of the national legislative assemblies were divided between 16 political parties and independent candidates, including the National Unity Party, the National Democratic Force, the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, the Rakhine National Progressive Party, the Mon Region Party for Democracy and the Chin Progressive Party.", "9. In the 14 state and regional legislative assemblies, ethnic parties obtained relatively better results than national opposition parties. While the Union &apos; s Solidarity and Development Party obtained almost all seats subject to election in most central regions, in the ethnic areas it obtained significant percentages, but only the majority in Kayah State, while ethnic parties obtained up to 30 per cent of seats in the Chin and Rakhine States.", "10. According to independent information, the voting day was generally peaceful and without incident despite irregularities. It seems that most voters were able to deposit their ballot papers freely and that the count at the polling stations was held in most cases in front of the representatives of the parties and the public. At the same time, however, there were numerous allegations of violations, intimidation and coercion throughout the process, which added to concerns about the restrictive electoral framework that excluded decisive stakeholders in the practice of the process and limited fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly and association, in addition to non-equitable access to State resources, restrictions imposed on the media, lack of voter training and significant restrictions imposed on candidates and parties.", "11. Some of the most serious concerns revolved around the abuse of the voting process in advance, according to which it appears that during the count of votes the final results changed to the detriment of the opposition candidates and in favour of the Union's Solidarity and Development Party. As a result, it is estimated that the vote in advance amounted to up to 10 per cent of the votes throughout the country. According to official sources, this only affected 4 seats, but according to independent sources, the vote in advance may have changed the results of up to 64 seats.", "12. On 8 November, the ASEAN Presidency issued a statement welcoming the elections as an important step forward in the implementation of the Myanmar road map to democracy and encouraged the country to accelerate the process of national reconciliation and democratization and to continue to work with ASEAN and the United Nations in that process.", "13. On the same day, I issued a statement noting that the elections had been held in conditions that were not sufficiently inclusive, participatory or transparent and stressed the responsibility of the Myanmar authorities to turn the elections into a new starting point for a credible political transition by freeing political prisoners and lifting the restrictions imposed on Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. I also urged that the process of establishing new government institutions be broad-based and inclusive and called for a dialogue on this issue among all stakeholders. I stressed that the international community expected to gain greater assurance that the current process would truly end with the status quo.", "14. In June and July 2011, several political parties announced their intention to submit candidates for the partial parliamentary elections scheduled for November 2011. The Group of Friends of the Democratic Party, including the National Democratic Force and the Democratic Party of the Shan Nationalities, announced plans to present candidates in 40 constituencies, while the Party of Solidarity and Development of the Union announced that it would be presented in the 45 constituencies. During the same period, applications were made to register new political parties. On 20 July, the Electoral Commission allowed the registration of the Popular Democratic Party, bringing the total number of officially registered political parties to 38.", "Uprising of the house arrest of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi", "15. On 13 November 2010, the house arrest of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was lifted by a decree of the President of the State Peace and Development Council, General Than Shwe. In a statement, I celebrated that uprising, noting that the dignity and courage of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in the face of injustice were an inspiration for many people around the world, and I deeply regretted that it had been effectively excluded from participating in the elections. I made it clear that he should not be subjected to any further restrictions and urged the authorities to release all remaining political prisoners.", "16. On 22 November, the Supreme Court of Nay Pyi Taw dismissed an appeal filed by the National League for Democracy against its dissolution under the communiqué of the Electoral Commission.", "Constitution of the Government", "17. The first session of the Union Assembly was opened on 31 January and the 2008 Constitution entered into force. Shwe Mann, who had previously held the third seat on the Scale of the State Peace and Development Council, was elected President of the People &apos; s Assembly, and the former Minister of Culture, Khin Aung Myint, was elected President of the Nationality Assembly, under whose position is also the President of the Union Assembly. All the posts of president and vice president went to the Party of Solidarity and Development of the Union.", "18. On 4 February, the Presidential Electoral College (composed by all members of the Union Assembly) elected as President the former Prime Minister of the State Council for Peace and Development, Thein Sein; as the first Vice-President to the former Prime Secretary of the Council, Tin Aung Myint Oo; and as the second Vice-President to a prominent ethnic Shan, Mauk Kham. The three are elected representatives of the Union's Solidarity and Development Party. Through a statement, I noted that the meeting of Parliament and the election of the Presidency represented an important opportunity for Myanmar to end the status quo.", "19. On 30 March, the State Peace and Development Council was officially dissolved after transferring power to the new Government. Chief General Than Shwe and Deputy General Maung Aye officially resigned from their public office. Through a statement, I took note of the transfer of powers to the new Government and stressed that the Myanmar authorities had the opportunity and obligation to their people to demonstrate that with that change it would begin to put an end in a substantive and true way to the nearly 50 years of direct military rule. I also urged the authorities to engage in a broadly inclusive dialogue on reforms necessary for a credible and effective system of government.", "20. Although nominally composed of civilians, the new Government is dominated by recently retired military officers. Of 30 ministers, there are 3 active military officers appointed by the Commander-in-Chief for security portfolios; 10 ministers and 5 deputy ministers of the former Government; 4 newly retired senior military officers appointed for technical ministries; and 8 technocrats appointed for the first time, including 3 military training but with extensive experience in their portfolio, such as the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin.", "21. New legislative and executive structures were also introduced in each of the seven regions and seven states. Within the states concerned, six self-administered areas were identified for certain ethnic groups. All the local chief ministers, appointed by the President, were from the Union's Solidarity and Development Party, except in the state of Kayin, to whose head is a military legislator. Within the local administrations, they were appointed for social portfolios and other political portfolios of ethnic opposition. In June and July, local administrations were refurbished to realign ministerial portfolios at the central and local levels.", "22. The changes within the military leadership include the appointment of the new Commander-in-Chief, General Min Aung Hlaing. The abolition of the military-controlled supra-ministerial policy committees and the introduction of local administrations were some of the changes that reflected a potential restriction on the role of the military in governance, in line with the Constitution. The armed forces are not directly represented in the Financial Commission, which establishes the military budget, although there are reports that the Commander-in-Chief controls a “special fund” without public oversight.", "23. During its first session, held from 31 January to 30 March, the High Chamber and the Lower Chamber were responsible for appointments to the main posts of the executive and judicial branches and substantive issues and proposals. For the first time, Government ministers appeared before Parliament to answer questions. The official media reported on parliamentary debates, including on sensitive issues that had not been openly discussed before, such as land tenure rights, censorship, compulsory military service legislation, recruitment of ethnic minorities for the public administration, education in ethnic minority languages, population transfers, the issue of a ceasefire in Kayin State, the issue of amnesty for the northern political prisoners, Muslims &apos; private monopolies &apos; identification,", "24. In accordance with the Constitution, the Parliament formed a number of commissions, such as the Bills Commission, the Public Accounts Commission, the Rights Commission and the Government &apos; s Committee for the Review of Guarantees, Commitments and Promises. The members of the opposition constitute a third of all the commissions, and even one of them is chairman of a commission, while the other members belong to the Party of Solidarity and Development of the Union. No member named by the military was included. On 1 August, it was officially announced that the second regular session of Parliament would begin on 22 August 2011.", "Reform programme", "25. In his opening remarks to Parliament on 30 March, the members of the Government on 31 March and the Central Committee for the Advancement of Border Areas and National Races on 23 April, President Thein Sein outlined the initial indicators of the new Government &apos; s policy direction in the main priority areas during the five years of his mandate. It was the first time in recent history that the Government presented a public policy programme and an assessment of many of the problems facing the country.", "26. Apart from the previous official speech, the President explicitly recognized that there were many illegal individuals and organizations within and outside the nation that did not accept the political guide or the Constitution. The President stressed that without national unity, the country in which more than 100 national races cohabited could not enjoy peace or stability, which were essential to constitute a developed nation. While warning against any action that was outside the constitutional framework, he sought to convince ethnic groups of the Government &apos; s goodwill and to collaborate with “good-hearted political forces” for peace, stability and development, in particular by keeping open the “peace gate” and encouraging those who held different opinions to stand for election.", "27. Other important policy issues and priorities in which the President promised reforms include the following: the adoption of an open market economy, the improvement of socio-economic conditions and the reduction of disparities between rural and urban areas; the protection of social and economic rights; the development of infrastructures and the provision of basic services, also in ethnic areas; the improvement of health and education standards; the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; respect for", "28. Specifically, the President announced a 10-point legislative reform programme aimed at: ensuring compliance with the laws in force with the Constitution; safeguarding fundamental rights; increasing the salaries of service and pension staff; safeguarding the rights of farmers; creating jobs and safeguarding labour rights; reviewing public health care and social security; raising levels of education and health; amending legislation on journalism; promoting the preservation of the environment of disaster;", "National dialogue and reconciliation", "29. In a statement forwarded to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, on 28 January, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi stressed the need for national reconciliation, political stability and economic growth based on human resource development as the basic requirements of good governance. It urged that investments in Myanmar emphasize respect for law, environmental and social factors, labour rights and job creation. It called for economic policies related to human development and capacity-building; innovation and diversification of investments in technology and infrastructure; business and microcredit opportunities to combat poverty; health prevention measures; environmentally and socially responsible development; and legal reforms and the rule of law.", "30. On 8 February, the National League for Democracy published a review of sanctions against Myanmar, which included the following conclusions: economic conditions were not significantly affected by sanctions; the best way to eliminate sanctions would be to effectively address violations of human rights and the lack of democratic practices; in the meantime, the economic difficulties of the population would be alleviated if foreign investment observed guidelines for preserving the environment, protecting civil society. The party also called for discussions with the Member States concerned to reach agreement on when, how and under what circumstances sanctions could be modified, noting that a study on the impact of sanctions by respected professionals would be beneficial.", "31. On 11 March, the Group of Friends of the Democratic Party, made up of the 10 most important democratic and ethnic political parties with parliamentary representation, issued an open letter calling on the international community to recognize political developments in Myanmar, such as the creation of a new political space, the transition to a new generation of leaders and the election of political parties. Noting that, while not the root cause of poverty, sanctions against Myanmar affected labour-intensive sectors, prevented the creation of jobs and deprived society of the benefits of increased foreign investment, the Group called for the lifting of sanctions and increased donor funding and assistance for governance and socio-economic reform through advice and cooperation in tourism, trade and investment.", "32. On 27 March, the National League for Democracy issued a statement urging the authorities to create impartial political conditions by freeing all political prisoners and immediately initiating a politically significant dialogue to eliminate misunderstandings between the democratic forces and the Tatmadaw.", "33. On 25 April, the National League for Democracy issued a statement welcoming the President &apos; s commitment to the rule of law. Referring to specific cases that contravened judicial principles, the declaration called for the publication of new guidelines for the establishment of the rule of law, for example by respecting due process and fair trial in the administration of justice.", "34. On 16 May, it was announced that President Thein Sein had granted an amnesty for humanitarian reasons and in consideration to the families of prisoners, commuting death sentences to life imprisonment and a year shortening other prison sentences. As a result, it was reported that more than 100 political prisoners, including 23 members of the National League for Democracy, had been released from the 2,000 political prisoners estimated to be detained.", "35. In an open letter dated 20 May, the 10 political parties that form the Group of Friends of the Democratic Party celebrated amnesty as a gesture of goodwill, but stated that it was not enough to truly contribute to national reconciliation, as it did not apply to long-term political prisoners. Noting that Myanmar &apos; s transition under an elected Government required building confidence among political forces as a decisive step in installing democratic change, the Group called for the release of political prisoners and the return of exiled dissidents.", "36. On 28 June, the Ministry of the Interior warned Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the President of the National League for Democracy, Aung Shwe, that since the party had been officially dissolved, its activities were illegal and should not continue, as they could damage peace, stability and the rule of law and could create more difficulties for national reconciliation. The Ministry reported that, in order to participate in social matters, a request should be made to form a social organization. The State media warned similarly to the party that would end its activities to avoid unnecessary consequences, noting that its leaders had the right to form a political party and should stand for election as a legal party. It was also warned of the security problems that would pose any visit that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi planned outside Yangon, but it was noted that he would not be prevented from travelling.", "37. On 29 June, the National League for Democracy publicly responded that it was still a legally registered political party that did not violate the 2008 Constitution, and that it was therefore unable to dissolve or accept the court &apos; s dismissals of its resources in that regard. In the absence of common interest in national reconciliation, the party requested a meeting with the Minister of the Interior to discuss the establishment of the rule of law.", "38. From 4 to 7 July, Daw Aun San Suu Kyi travelled safely to Bagan and the surrounding area on a four-day private journey, the first time he traveled outside Yangon since the Depayin incident in May 2003.", "39. In an encouraging development, on 19 July, at the invitation of the Government, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi first attended official ceremonies in Yangon for the first time in nine years. Separately, she and the National League for Democracy led the largest public march since the demonstrations in 2007. The party reiterated its commitment to resolving political problems through political means and urged the authorities to create impartial political conditions through meaningful dialogue and the release of political prisoners.", "40. On 25 July, a meeting was held at the invitation of the Government between the Minister of Social Welfare, Aung Kyi, and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, which involved the first talks between her and the Government since the lifting of her house arrest. In a joint statement, both said the meeting was positive, expressed satisfaction with the results and agreed to meet again in due course. They analysed the possibilities of cooperation for the benefit of the people, particularly with regard to matters relating to the rule of law and the eradication of misunderstandings. Through a statement, I welcomed and encouraged efforts to build mutual understanding through genuine dialogue. I would also like to reiterate my call for the Government to consider soon taking steps to release political prisoners.", "41. During the reporting period, tensions continued with armed ethnic groups that had accepted the ceasefire and others that had not accepted it, such as kachin, karen, shan and wa forces. The most serious tensions occurred in the armed clashes that began on 9 June in the state of Kachin and northern Shan between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army, with the risk of escalation to become large-scale violence and open struggle for the first time since the signing of the ceasefire agreement in 1994. There are reports that the conflict resulted in casualties on both sides and violations of human rights, displacement of civilians and destruction of infrastructure.", "42. On 24 June, the President of the People &apos; s Assembly reported that the skirmishes between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army had caused panic locally and throughout the country, but that coordinated action had made it possible to dominate the situation and, as a result, peace and stability in the region had almost been restored. Since the fighting erupted, several rounds of negotiations had apparently been held in which central and local authorities and representatives of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the Kachin Independence Army and the Kachin Independence Organization had participated. In an open letter dated 28 July, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi called for the resolution of all tensions involving armed ethnic groups through political negotiations in the interests of national unity and expressed support for the efforts being made to that effect.", "43. Since 21 June, the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator has met with representatives of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Aid and Resettlement to express concern about the humanitarian situation in the state of Kachin, especially for civilians, to request and share information on alleged population displacements and other concerns, to seek access to assessments of the humanitarian situation and to provide assistance, and to discuss options for humanitarian corridors and safe transit.", "Human rights mechanisms", "44. On 27 January 2011, Myanmar submitted its first universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. Of the 180 recommendations made during the review, Myanmar rejected 70, accepted 64 and agreed to consider 46 others.", "45. On 7 March, the Special Rapporteur submitted his fourth report (A/HRC/16/59) to the Human Rights Council. On 25 March, the Council adopted resolution 16/24, in which, inter alia, it regretted that no visit by the Special Rapporteur had been authorized since February 2010 and extended its mandate for one year. The Council also expressed its strong support for the good offices mission and requested the Government to cooperate fully with my Special Adviser and the Special Rapporteur. On 22 July, the Special Rapporteur was invited to visit Myanmar in August.", "46. On 1 and 2 July, for the first time in six years the International Committee of the Red Cross was allowed to resume visits to inspect prison conditions in three different locations.", "Socio-economic development", "47. On 27 June, the Government and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) jointly organized the Third Partners for Development in Nay Pyi Taw. Inaugurated by Vice-President Mauk Kham and co-chaired by the Executive Secretary of ESCAP and the Minister of National Planning and Economic Development, the broad-based conference focused on policies to revive the rice economy of Myanmar as the most important part of the agricultural sector, which affects 70 per cent of the population. Public policymakers engaged in a dialogue with representatives of civil society, the private sector and local and international experts. Proposals were recommended for consolidation by the Government as action plans. The Forum built on the Second Partners for Development Forum, held in 2009, and a national workshop on poverty alleviation and rural development, held in May 2010. The Executive Secretary of ESCAP met with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at the end of the Forum.", "III. Content and outcome of the talks", "48. At a meeting with the ASEAN Foreign Ministers held on 24 September in New York, I emphasized the critical need for free, fair and inclusive elections to promote stability and development in Myanmar. I stressed that not meeting those expectations could undermine the credibility of the process, which could tarnish the collective principles and values of the Association. I asked ASEAN member States to encourage Myanmar to work more closely with my good offices.", "49. At my meeting with former Minister for Foreign Affairs Nyan Win on 26 September in New York, I stressed that it was not too late for the Government to make goodwill gestures that would increase the credibility of the elections, including by granting the right to vote to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and freeing as many political prisoners as possible. The Minister suggested that the political situation would change completely after the elections. I stressed the need for that Government and its successor to continue to cooperate actively with my good offices and my Special Adviser.", "50. At the third ASEAN-United Nations summit in Hanoi on 29 October, I briefed the leaders of the Association on my good offices, stressing the need for a democratic transition and credible national reconciliation, including free, fair and inclusive elections. At my bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Thein Sein on 30 October, I stated that the United Nations and the international community were not satisfied with the provisions for the elections and I reiterated my call for the release of political detainees, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, before the elections. In addition to a compelling vote, I highlighted the importance of transparent electoral results and an inclusive process of government formation. The Prime Minister confirmed that General Than Shwe and Deputy General Maung Aye would not contest the elections. He indicated that amnesties would continue to be granted. Stressing that the new Government would continue to cooperate with my good offices, it called for closer international collaboration with Myanmar in the socio-economic and political spheres.", "51. In my November 18 telephone conversation with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, we agreed on the need to release all political prisoners on a priority basis. I told Daw Aung San Suu Kyi that the spirit of reconciliation of his statements and calls for dialogue and commitment after the lifting of his house arrest encouraged me and would continue to encourage all parties to collaborate in the country &apos; s interest. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed appreciation for the important role of the United Nations in Myanmar and for my continued efforts in his favour. He expressed support for a prompt visit by my Special Adviser and his desire to work closely. I reiterate my commitment to continue to defend the cause of human rights, peace and democracy in Myanmar.", "52. On 27 and 28 November, my Special Adviser visited Myanmar invited by the Government, which was the first direct collaboration of Myanmar with my good offices since my visit in July 2009. For the first time, the United Nations had more flexibility in organizing its agenda. My Special Adviser met with the former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win, senior officials of the Ministries of Planning and Border Affairs, the Electoral Commission and the Secretary-General of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, Htay Oo. For the first time, my Special Adviser met with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy at their residence. He also met at United Nations premises with representatives of political parties who had obtained seats in the elections and with civil society leaders.", "53. In response to the concerns corroborated by political parties and civil society regarding elections, the Government and the Electoral Commission noted that no formal complaints had been filed and that electoral legislation had included procedures for filing them. They stressed that there was no prohibition to register new political parties. Regardless of official complaints, my Special Adviser stressed that not dealing quickly and transparently with electoral problems would cast doubts on the credibility of the process. He also stressed the need to establish good electoral practice, to begin with partial elections.", "54. With regard to the overall political process, my Special Adviser emphasized that the political forces that had decided not to participate in the elections should not be excluded from the dialogue if the transition was to proceed, stressing that they would continue to be a decisive part of the political landscape. He emphasized that, once the elections were held, there were even more reasons than before for dialogue and reconciliation, and the authorities should find themselves in a better position to open up those who were critical of them. All interlocutors accepted the need to continue to do everything possible for national reconciliation but differed in their expectations and the way forward.", "55. The Government &apos; s interlocutors, as well as the Union Solidarity and Development Party and the National Unity Party, expressed confidence that the political guide would continue to be implemented, stressing that all parties had the opportunity to participate in the elections and that national reconciliation should continue to advance within the established framework of the Constitution. They called on the international community to recognize progress in that context, for example by lifting sanctions. Although the authorities continued to commit to nothing, they did not reject categorical calls for dialogue, an inclusive process of government formation and the release of political prisoners.", "56. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi expressed his determination to continue working for national reconciliation based on dialogue, noting that a parody of democracy was worse than a declared dictatorship. He expressed his desire to listen to different opinions to make a clearer picture of the post-electoral situation. He made clear his willingness to respond to the significant efforts of the authorities to collaborate with it and the National League for Democracy. As to its position on sanctions, it merely affirmed the need for a careful assessment of its effects, without further details. He hoped that my good offices and the Special Adviser would be fully utilized in promoting political dialogue, human rights and the rule of law. It also indicated its interest in working closely with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners.", "57. Despite their disappointment and frustration with the elections, the representatives of democratic and ethnic political parties considered their position in the process as a legitimate platform from which to take advantage of the advantages they had gained by making the most of what they described as “new political space” within the new constitutional framework. While they were aware of the difficulties they would continue to face given their limited representation, they pointed to the possible cooperation and collaboration between them and others, including the Union Party for Solidarity and Development.", "58. All interlocutors stressed the need to meet the country &apos; s development and humanitarian needs and their hope that the United Nations would increase its role in that regard. According to the authorities and the Union Solidarity and Development Party, Myanmar needed to develop economically to ensure stability and democratic practices. The former Minister for Foreign Affairs reiterated Myanmar &apos; s commitment to cooperate with the United Nations at the technical and policy levels and called for increased donor assistance. Stressing that Myanmar was the only country in which UNDP did not operate a normal country programme owing to the restrictions imposed by its Executive Board, the Government explicitly called for the lifting of such restrictions. It provided assurances of resolving problems related to visa access and granting in time for United Nations agencies.", "59. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi welcomed the contact and interaction with the United Nations Resident Coordinator and expressed its commitment to working with the United Nations system, in particular on policy and operational constraints affecting humanitarian and development activities. In line with their campaign programmes, most political parties targeted socio-economic issues as priority activities to meet the needs of their constituents. The leaders of civil society strongly advocated that all stakeholders change political confrontation for the improvement of the country &apos; s political economy. In his view, the experience of civil society since Cyclone Nargis in 2008 showed that progress was often made through constructive collaboration within established frameworks. They stressed the need for a more nuanced interpretation of existing opportunities to resolve the country &apos; s problems as part of a broader liberalization agenda. Similarly, independent experts saw new opportunities for solving essential economic management problems in any democratic transition, including a more transparent legislative and budgetary process.", "60. Before returning to Myanmar, my Special Adviser met in Jakarta on 10 May with the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Government of Indonesia and the President of ASEAN, Marty Natalegawa, to discuss the outcome of the 18th Summit of the Association, held in that city on 7 and 8 May, which had considered a proposal for Myanmar to assume the presidency of ASEAN in 2014. My Special Adviser was informed that, pending the expected visit of the ASEAN Presidency to Myanmar, the formal decision on the proposal had been postponed to the nineteenth Summit of the Association, to be held on 17 and 18 November 2011.", "61. From 11 to 13 May, my Special Adviser visited again Myanmar invited by the new Government for the first time since his inauguration. In Nay Pyi Taw, he was received by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wunna Maung Lwin, and met with the Ministers of the Interior, Social Welfare, and National Planning and Development, and senior officials of the Ministries of Trade, Health and Education. He also met with the newly appointed presidential advisers for political, legal and economic affairs. It was also received by the Vice-President of the People &apos; s Assembly and by the Secretary-General of the Union Solidarity and Development Party. In Yangon, he met again with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy, as well as representatives of civil society and opposition and ethnic political parties with parliamentary representation. He also visited Bago to meet with the Chief Minister and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nyan Win.", "62. At all its meetings, my Special Adviser emphasized the importance of the new Government taking the initiative to take concrete steps to implement the reforms announced by President Thein Sein. He stressed that achieving the internal and international confidence in which Myanmar was changing would depend both on leadership and policy and on meeting people &apos; s expectations. He warned that the longer the promised reforms have been implemented, the greater the frustration.", "63. My Special Adviser emphasized that the release of political prisoners remained the most important step that could generate greater confidence in the Government &apos; s actions, noting that it was an essential demand for all democratic and ethnic political forces, both within and outside the process. Although the authorities continued to deny the existence of political prisoners, my Special Adviser received indications that the issue of amnesty was being considered as one of the issues that the President had among his powers to decide. This was confirmed with the amnesty announced on May 16, after the visit.", "64. With regard to the political process, my Special Adviser urged the Government to open itself as widely as possible to all stakeholders, including those not represented in Parliament. He noted the experience of the United Nations in other transitional contexts, which showed that the success of any reform depended largely on the level of support throughout society. He reiterated that, having completed the stages of the political guide, the new Government should be in a position to collaborate with its critics, including through a capacity to promote a broad-based dialogue. In response, the Government &apos; s interlocutors recognized the need to open more to the entire society in general, expressing openness to different views and ideas. Its position, however, was that Parliament provided a legitimate equality for the transparent debate and negotiations between elected representatives. The Minister for Foreign Affairs stressed that the door was still open for all who wished to participate in the political process through the elections. The authorities also recognized the need to find peaceful solutions to armed ethnic groups. With reference to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the Government &apos; s interlocutors pointed out that his release was unconditional and suggested that they were waiting to see how he responded to the President &apos; s reform programme.", "65. With regard to the electoral process, my Special Adviser urged the authorities to learn the lesson of the shortcomings of the 2010 elections to increase the credibility of any future ballot. He noted that partial elections presented a first opportunity to achieve a more inclusive, participatory and transparent process. The authorities pointed out that the Parliament had appointed a new Electoral Commission.", "66. With regard to human rights, my Special Adviser urged the Government to cooperate actively with the United Nations human rights mechanisms, such as the Special Rapporteur, to address the remaining concerns regarding the continuing allegations of human rights violations and to strengthen governance capacity, including training, institutional reform and the rule of law. The Ministers for Foreign Affairs and the Interior noted that the international response to the Myanmar universal periodic review was encouraging and assured that the Government was in the process of implementing the recommendations made as part of the review.", "67. With regard to humanitarian and development assistance, my Special Adviser stressed the need for Myanmar to respond to the proposals of the donor community and to take advantage of the activities of ESCAP, UNDP and other partners. The authorities agreed to work more closely with the United Nations system, in particular in the areas of health, education and capacity-building. At the same time, they stressed the need to resolve three specific issues related to “unjust treatment” by: (a) lifting unilateral sanctions against Myanmar; (b) increasing development assistance; and (c) lifting restrictions on the UNDP Myanmar programme.", "68. My Special Adviser further noted that the Government &apos; s reform commitment offered an opportunity to improve mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community, which was particularly relevant in the context of the Myanmar proposal to assume the ASEAN presidency in 2014. He encouraged the authorities to open themselves to the international community and to collaborate more openly and regularly with my good offices. To that end, he extended an invitation on my behalf to the Minister for Foreign Affairs to meet with the Group of Friends in New York and renewed an offer for a discrete political presence in Myanmar in support of the good offices mission.", "69. The interlocutors of the Government and the Union Solidarity and Development Party emphasized that Myanmar was just beginning its political transition and that its new decentralized framework was still being organized. Although they did not commit to any of the suggestions, they stressed the Government &apos; s determination to accelerate the transition and implement reforms. They made it clear that they hoped for greater international recognition for the systematic completion of all stages of the political guide, noting that the time had come for the international community to reconsider its strategy for Myanmar in a more constructive manner. At the same time, they recognized the expectations of the United Nations and the international community to see progress in the major remaining challenges.", "70. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi said that she and the National League for Democracy did not wish to adopt a negative attitude, but remained extremely cautious until a satisfactory change had been demonstrated. As she assessed the situation, it had not changed deeply, because the Government was seeking legitimacy through symbols and not through actions. Noting that the three branches of the State were controlled by the same political party, he expressed concern about the Government &apos; s tendency to occupy political space by excluding others. He stressed that there was no reason to continue to postpone the release of political prisoners or the implementation of the necessary reforms. He noted that any positive progress would be compared to the outstanding problems, including the fact that the Special Rapporteur had not yet been invited back to Myanmar. He reiterated his willingness to respond to any real attempt by the Government to collaborate with it and the National League for Democracy.", "71. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the Central Executive Committee of the National League for Democracy noted that they had exhausted legal remedies against the official dissolution of their party, but would try to maintain their existence through the Human Rights Council. They noted that they subscribed to the last resolution of the Human Rights Council on Myanmar. They indicated that the party was not currently prepared to match participation in the elections within the current framework. They expressed satisfaction, however, at the expansion of the party &apos; s social network and activities and called for the cooperation of the authorities in that regard. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi once again welcomed the ongoing contact and interaction with the United Nations system, in particular with regard to constraints affecting humanitarian and development activities. He reiterated his appreciation for my good offices and his hope that my Special Adviser would be fully involved.", "72. Most political parties and civil society organizations took a cautious attitude of “waiting and seeing” regarding the Government’s ability to carry out the reforms, but welcomed the President’s agenda and cautioned that the new Government should not be judged too soon. The Government &apos; s willingness to hear different views was very important for them, including by appointing independent advisers. They shared the view that, while in the former system there was only one power centre, the elections had opened a new political space to influence multi-stakeholder governance, parties, institutions and programmes. They expressed their determination to contribute to the reforms.", "73. While they shared ambivalent experiences of parliamentary procedures, political parties felt to some extent empowered by their political activities. The majority called for an amnesty for political prisoners and some also called for the return of Myanmar &apos; s expatriate collectivity. Some suggested that the Government organize a “Union Convention” as a broad-based platform to address national problems. Several ethnic parties believed that decentralization was crucial to ending the armed conflict, while stressing the urgent need to resolve the remaining problems in border areas. The majority noted their position that socio-economic problems had become priority tasks for the electorate, repeating the Government &apos; s calls for greater development assistance and lifting sanctions.", "74. The leaders of civil society welcomed what they described as “new governance” whereby the authorities established benchmarks for the consolidation of the State and “change agents” had a framework and space to work in. Noting that reforms could enable more stakeholders to engage in reconciliation, they felt that their role was to facilitate relations between communities and the Government. Some recent positive changes were noted, including: the lifting of military checkpoints in some areas; the relaxation of restrictions on the media and censorship; the transfer of import and export licences to civil authority; new investment and environment legislation; the elimination of commercial monopolies; the development of a poverty reduction strategy; and Government consultations with companies and civil society.", "75. From 27 to 30 June, as a follow-up to the visit of my Special Adviser and during the Third Partners for Development Forum, the Office of my Special Adviser had the first opportunity to work with various national partners in Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon, including presidential advisers and civil society representatives.", "76. On 29 July, I spoke on the telephone with Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin. On 27 July, my Special Adviser spoke on the telephone with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. The objective of the calls was to express the expectations of the United Nations that, on the basis of recent developments, efforts to resolve outstanding issues, such as the release of political prisoners and national dialogue and reconciliation, in line with the stated objectives of the reform agenda.", "IV. Comments", "77. After nearly 50 years of military rule and 20 years after the most recent elections, the completion of all stages of the political guide led by the State Peace and Development Council gives new opportunities for more inclusive national discourse and political development. The transfer of powers of the Council to the new Government, the resignation of the General in Chief Than Shwe and the lifting of the house arrest of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi offer new prospects for Myanmar to take the path of progress and improve its position at the regional and global levels. Contemplated in the context of conflict and political stagnation that lasted decades, the United Nations recognizes the importance of such progress.", "78. President Thein Sein stated that the time had come for Myanmar to come along with global changes and that there was no time to lose. Myanmar continues to have the same pressing tasks it has had for a long time: the country &apos; s political, social, economic, humanitarian and human rights problems remain serious, profound and long-standing. I therefore welcome President Thein Sein &apos; s recognition of the need for Myanmar to undertake far-reaching political and economic reforms and to commit itself to doing so in a manner that would strengthen national unity.", "79. The Government &apos; s stated commitments seem to be more closely linked to the needs and hopes of the people of Myanmar and more clearly correspond to the concerns and expectations of the international community than in the past. I believe that this can serve as a basis for more effective cooperation in the achievement of the objectives of the mandate entrusted to me by the General Assembly, which is all the more important if it is hoped that Myanmar will cease to be perceived as a country in perpetual crisis and resume its place as a respected and responsible member of the international community. The true evidence, however, lies in the Government &apos; s fulfilment of its commitments in a timely manner. The United Nations would like to see Myanmar go astray from that endeavour.", "80. Although the elections were imperfect and controlled and their credibility could have been greater if United Nations suggestions had been accepted, the participation of political parties and voters demonstrated their willingness to take advantage of the first opportunity to have a political space in 20 years. Notwithstanding the disappointment and frustration of many with the process and its outcome, it was possible to resume legal political activity, which had been banned or restricted for almost five decades. In any context of transition, the resumption of political life is a precondition for broad-based reconciliation in society. The multiplicity of voices and the plurality of emerging actors and agendas indicate the complexity of the political environment in Myanmar.", "81. As demonstrated by the overwhelming support he greeted in his long-awaited liberation, the lasting attractiveness that continues to exert Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ideals he represents remain a political reality. I am encouraged that she and her followers have been allowed to participate in public activities, such as meeting with foreign visiting delegations and travelling outside Yangon. I hope you will continue to enjoy those freedoms without restrictions. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is an important figure within and outside Myanmar and its well-being is the subject of international attention. Any limitation of movements imposed or threatened by security would cause serious concern and send the wrong signal.", "82. The continued detention of political prisoners continues to be of deep concern to the United Nations and the international community. It is not in line with the Government &apos; s commitments and initial actions for greater openness and respect for fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. It is also counterproductive to promote social peace and dialogue. The detention of all remaining political prisoners will continue to eclipse and undermine any confidence in the Government &apos; s proceedings. Ultimately, it will be a loss to Myanmar, as the country needs the talent of its entire population to forge a better future.", "83. The tensions and armed conflicts that are taking place with some armed ethnic groups are equally concerned. In line with the efforts made over the years to maintain the ceasefire agreements and with President Thein Sein &apos; s commitment to keep the “peace gate” open, it is necessary for all parties to take urgent steps to avoid escalating tensions and negotiate durable solutions to the remaining political and security challenges as part of a wider national reconciliation process. Not only would it affect the communities concerned, but it could also delay the reform process, including the prospects for the new political structures to legitimately address ethnic aspirations. Myanmar cannot afford to have obstacles to peace and unity that are necessary for its stability and development.", "84. Although it would be too early to judge the nature and extent of the political shift in Myanmar, several changes are clear. After two decades of closed policy formulation, these changes can and must allow more informed and transparent, more broad-based and more responsible processes to guide any reform of democratic governance and transition. In these processes, the relationship between the military and civilian authorities will be fundamental in order to truly end the status quo.", "85. The issue for all stakeholders is how to take advantage of opportunities within the current political order to promote national reconciliation. That recent developments lead to greater openness and inclusion will depend on how all parties decide to collaborate. The national interest requires that all offer and accept to collaborate in a conciliatory manner. Making the most of the limited available space is decisive. Ultimately, the Government has an obligation to achieve the widest possible support for reforms by opening up all political forces, including those not represented in Parliament. In the light of the current situation, I hope to continue to intensify the interposition of my good offices.", "86. That the new Government has the capacity, will and support to carry out its reform agenda is still to be seen. The international community, in particular the countries of the region and ASEAN, had an interest in the reform moving forward. The collective challenge is that the current process will become a credible transition that can contribute to the stability and development of the country. The promise of reforms provides an opportunity to improve mutual understanding between Myanmar and the international community. I am prepared to study with Myanmar and stakeholders, including donors and development partners, how they can encourage and support effective reforms in the interests of the people of Myanmar by the international community and the United Nations system." ]
[ "Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011", "Nueva York, 6 a 9 de septiembre de 2011", "Tema 5 del programa provisional", "Seguimiento de la reunión de la Junta de Coordinación del ONUSIDA", "Informe sobre la aplicación de las decisiones y recomendaciones de la Junta de Coordinación del Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA", "Resumen", "De conformidad con los debates celebrados en el segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2010 de la Junta Ejecutiva, el presente informe se centra en determinados resultados obtenidos por el PNUD y el UNFPA en la lucha contra el VIH, y proporciona información actualizada sobre las decisiones y recomendaciones de importancia para el UNFPA y el PNUD que se adoptaron en las reuniones 27^(a) y 28^(a) de la Junta de Coordinación del Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA, celebradas en diciembre de 2010 y junio de 2011, respectivamente.", "El informe contiene elementos para una decisión.", "Índice", "Capítulo Párrafos\tPágina\nI.Contexto 4II. Resultados 5 del PNUD y el \nUNFPA III. Decisiones 16 y recomendaciones de la Junta de Coordinación del ONUSIDA que revisten importancia para el PNUD y el \nUNFPA IV. El 22 camino \nfuturo V. Elementos 24 para una \ndecisión \nAnexo 25", "Lista de siglas", "DOMP Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz", "CAO Comunidad del África Oriental", "GIZ Organismo Alemán de Cooperación Internacional (conocido anteriormente como Organismo alemán de cooperación técnica, GTZ)", "ODM Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio", "SADC Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo", "ONUSIDA Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA", "I. Contexto", "1. Treinta años después del brote de la epidemia del VIH, la respuesta mundial al SIDA se encuentra en una encrucijada. A partir de los períodos extraordinarios de sesiones de la Asamblea General celebrados en 2001 y 2006 se han logrado importantes avances en la lucha contra el SIDA, en particular en lo que respecta al aumento de los recursos, la adopción de marcos normativos nacionales más sólidos, la ampliación del acceso a los servicios de tratamiento y de prevención, y el logro de un consenso amplio en relación con los principios que rigen la adopción de medidas eficaces a nivel de países. Además, el examen de las principales tendencias revela que existen oportunidades clave, incluidas la posibilidad de contar con mejores herramientas para medir la incidencia del VIH; una mejor información estratégica; e impulso favorable a la elaboración de nuevas estrategias de prevención, tratamiento, atención y apoyo en relación con el VIH. Al mismo tiempo, las tendencias políticas y económicas a más largo plazo apuntan a la reducción de los recursos, la fragmentación y falta de especificidad de las respuestas, la existencia de grandes disparidades en el acceso al tratamiento, la debilidad de los sistemas y la perpetuación de las injusticias sociales.", "2. En la reunión de alto nivel de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas sobre el SIDA, celebrada en junio de 2011, los Estados Miembros aprobaron una nueva Declaración Política sobre el VIH/SIDA: intensificación de nuestro esfuerzo para eliminar el VIH/SIDA, en la que se trazaron metas nuevas y ambiciosas para responder al VIH. Esa declaración establece el programa futuro de respuesta al SIDA y proporciona una hoja de ruta para eliminar la epidemia. La aprobación de una nueva resolución del Consejo de Seguridad sobre el SIDA, a saber, la resolución 1983 (2011), en la que se aborda la relación entre la violencia contra las mujeres y el VIH en las situaciones de conflicto y posteriores a los conflictos, es otra medida importante para lograr la estabilidad social y la seguridad nacional, que la epidemia del SIDA podría poner en peligro.", "3. En junio de 2003, las Juntas Ejecutivas del PNUD/UNFPA, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos (PMA) celebraron una reunión conjunta para examinar las recomendaciones formuladas en la primera evaluación quinquenal del ONUSIDA, contenidas en el documento UNAIDS/PCB(13)/02.2. En esa reunión se examinaron las consecuencias de esas recomendaciones para el PNUD, el UNFPA, el UNICEF y el PMA, y se abordaron cuestiones operacionales y de gobernanza del ONUSIDA. Como resultado de ese examen, las Juntas Ejecutivas acordaron incluir un tema permanente en sus programas en relación con el seguimiento de las decisiones y recomendaciones de la Junta de Coordinación del Programa conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA).", "4. En el presente informe, elaborado conjuntamente por el PNUD y el UNFPA, se reseñan los resultados alcanzados en la lucha contra el VIH y se proporciona información actualizada sobre la aplicación de las decisiones adoptadas y las recomendaciones formuladas en las reuniones 27ª y 28ª de la Junta de Coordinación, celebradas en diciembre de 2010 y junio de 2011, respectivamente. Entre las principales cuestiones examinadas en esas reuniones, que revisten importancia particular para el PNUD y el UNFPA, cabe mencionar las siguientes: la estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA; el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA; y los avances en la realización de la segunda evaluación independiente.", "II. Resultados del PNUD y el UNFPA", "5. En la 27 ª reunión de la Junta de Coordinación se aprobó oficialmente la nueva Estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA: llegar a cero, en la que se presenta un programa de transformación de la respuesta mundial. Las tres direcciones estratégicas nuevas del ONUSIDA son: a) revolucionar la prevención del VIH; b) impulsar la próxima generación del tratamiento, la atención y el apoyo; y c) promover los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros. Cada una de esas direcciones estratégicas es fundamental, y todas son interdependientes. Para hacer realidad la visión a largo plazo ONUSIDA, se han establecido diez objetivos a mediano plazo[1]. Esos objetivos, tomados de las esferas prioritarias del marco de resultados del ONUSIDA, apuntan a lograr progresos concretos donde se necesiten y mejorar el enfoque estratégico del programa conjunto. En el anexo de este documento figura la estrategia en breve del ONUSIDA, que sirvió de base para la nueva declaración política sobre el VIH/SIDA, aprobada por la Asamblea General en la sesión de alto nivel sobre el SIDA, celebrada en junio de 2011.", "6. A continuación se presentan algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de los resultados generados por las contribuciones del PNUD y UNFPA al desarrollo, en cada una de las tres direcciones de la estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA, así como las dificultades y las medidas para solucionarlas.", "7. Desde 2008, casi 70 oficinas del PNUD en los países han ejecutado programas vinculados a los cuatro productos del plan estratégico del PNUD relacionados con el VIH, y se estima que otros 30 países ejecutan actividades de lucha contra el SIDA como parte de otros programas temáticos o interdisciplinarios. El examen de las pruebas y los informes de las evaluaciones independientes de las oficinas en los países demuestra que se han obtenido resultados importantes en la lucha contra el VIH. En particular, las pruebas demuestran que se han adoptado enfoques que han logrado fomentar la capacidad de las instituciones locales y promover la igualdad entre los géneros, la participación de múltiples interesados, la cooperación Sur-Sur y la colaboración con los organismos de las Naciones Unidas. Además, de las evaluaciones se desprende que se ha realizado una labor interdisciplinaria digna de destacar, lo que indica que algunos de los resultados más importantes en la lucha contra el VIH se han logrado en las esferas en que existen vínculos con otras esferas temáticas.", "8. Teniendo en cuenta que alrededor del 80% de las infecciones por VIH se transmite por vía sexual o está asociado con el embarazo, el parto y la lactancia materna, el UNFPA ha puesto en marcha una estrategia que prioriza la asignación y el uso de los recursos de su presupuesto y plan de trabajo unificado para fomentar la capacidad del Fondo dedicada específicamente al VIH a los niveles de países y subregional. Esta estrategia de fomento de la capacidad para aumentar el apoyo del UNFPA a las iniciativas de los países para prevenir el VIH se puso en marcha en 2006. En un examen llevado a cabo en 2008 se llegó a la conclusión de que el alcance, la intensidad y la calidad de la contribución del UNFPA a la prevención del VIH habían sufrido un cambio muy positivo. En 2011, la estrategia se está examinando para asegurar que tenga un enfoque integrado que permita intensificar de manera más eficiente la labor que realiza el Fondo con los países a fin de vincular las respuestas al VIH a programas más amplios de desarrollo, derechos humanos y humanitarios, así como a la salud sexual y reproductiva.", "Revolucionar la prevención del VIH", "9. El PNUD ayudó a 21 países y a dos regiones a integrar el VIH en los planes y los procesos nacionales y sectoriales de desarrollo, los documentos de estrategia de lucha contra la pobreza y los planes para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). El Southern Africa Institute for Environmental Assessment, con el apoyo del PNUD, ha elaborado un informe de examen de los proyectos legislativos que integran las cuestiones sociales y de salud (en particular el VIH y las cuestiones de género) en las evaluaciones del impacto ambiental en las regiones de África meridional y oriental. Los países asociados son: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sudáfrica, Uganda y Zambia. Las evaluaciones del impacto ambiental son una plataforma práctica mediante la cual es posible comprender y encarar mejor el impacto social (VIH y cuestiones de género) de los proyectos de inversión aplicando un enfoque multisectorial de manera sostenible. La puesta en marcha de este proyecto ha fortalecido la colaboración entre los ministerios. En todos los países se están detectando y comprendiendo mejor los vínculos que existen entre las cuestiones de género, el VIH y los proyectos de inversión.", "10. En este período, se proporcionó apoyo financiero y en la recaudación de fondos, y se prestó asistencia técnica y orientación normativa sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, las personas transgénero y los profesionales del sexo a más de 37 países. Aprovechando la labor iniciada en 2009, el PNUD siguió prestando apoyo normativo a los programas en la Argentina, Burkina Faso, el Togo, Lesotho, Fiji, Filipinas y Ucrania sobre información estratégica para los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y las personas transgénero, la protección de sus derechos humanos, y el fortalecimiento de la capacidad y la creación de asociaciones para ampliar los servicios dirigidos a estos grupos. Estos programas han permitido incrementar las iniciativas nacionales dirigidas a satisfacer las necesidades de estas poblaciones generalmente desatendidas. Por ejemplo, en la actualidad, un componente concreto del programa nacional de lucha contra el VIH en Filipinas se centra en los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y las personas transgénero.", "11. Para dar respuesta a las necesidades de salud sexual y reproductiva de los hombres y las mujeres, el UNFPA sigue ampliando el acceso a los preservativos masculinos y femeninos, y promoviendo su uso correcto y sistemático. En 2010, la Iniciativa mundial sobre preservativos se amplió a 74 países, de 55 en 2008, y cada vez se va acercando más a su objetivo de llegar a 100 países. El UNFPA sigue siendo uno de los principales proveedores a los países de ingresos bajos de condones masculinos y femeninos (68 millones y 14 millones, respectivamente, en 2009). En la subregión del Caribe se ensayó sobre el terreno un marco de generación de la demanda de preservativos, a partir del cual Belice, Suriname y Santa Lucía elaboraron estrategias de generación de la demanda de preservativos. En cuatro países de alta prevalencia del SIDA de África meridional, a saber, Botswana, Lesotho, Sudáfrica y Swazilandia, también se concluyeron iniciativas de generación de dicha demanda. En 2011, el UNFPA intensificó sus esfuerzos para alcanzar la meta del ONUSIDA de aumentar en un 50% el uso de preservativos entre los jóvenes, y esta seguirá siendo una prioridad programática.", "12. A fin de ampliar el acceso de los jóvenes a los servicios de pruebas del VIH en Sudáfrica, el UNFPA estableció una asociación con LoveLife y Soul City para apoyar una campaña nacional de asesoramiento y realización de pruebas del VIH dirigida a los niños de 12 a 14 años, que llegó a 8.445.000 niños. En Barbados y Kazajstán, se realizaron actividades de promoción entre los encargados de formular políticas con objeto de eliminar los obstáculos jurídicos que impedían que los menores de 18 años accedieran a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva sin consentimiento de los padres. En Belice, el apoyo prestado por el UNFPA a la Asociación Cristiana de Mujeres Jóvenes para crear un centro orientado a las adolescentes ha mejorado en gran medida el acceso a la información sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva y el uso de preservativos.", "13. A nivel mundial, el UNFPA siguió reforzando la colaboración, ampliando la base de pruebas, apoyando el desarrollo de la capacidad, y prestando asistencia técnica para apoyar el acceso de los adolescentes al conjunto integral servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y educación sexual dirigidos a ellos. La meta para 2011 con respecto al porcentaje de países cuyos planes de estudios secundarios abarcan temas de salud sexual y reproductiva y prevención del VIH en la vida cotidiana y teniendo en cuenta las cuestiones de género, ya se sobrepasó en 2010. Ejemplos de resultados obtenidos con el apoyo prestado por el UNFPA son Nepal, donde en el plan gubernamental para el sector de la salud se incluyó la prestación de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva para los adolescentes y los jóvenes, y Viet Nam, donde se elaboraron directrices nacionales sobre salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes para los jóvenes que no asistían a la escuela. En Colombia y Mozambique, los programas apoyados por el UNFPA dejaron atrás la etapa en que eran programas apoyados por donantes y pasaron a ser programas gubernamentales. En la República Árabe Siria y Egipto, el UNFPA apoyó la educación sexual mediante enfoques que tenían en cuenta la cultura.", "14. En la actualidad, el UNFPA y sus asociados están colaborando para crear una red de expertos regionales y nacionales que permita responder a las solicitudes de capacitación y asistencia técnica en materia de educación sexual. Como primera medida a esos efectos, se examinó la situación existente, para evaluar el contenido, la calidad y el método de impartición de los programas actuales de educación sexual en las escuelas de 10 países de África oriental y meridional, a fin de orientar las revisiones futuras de los planes de estudio. Los resultados de ese examen se incluyeron en un taller organizado conjuntamente por el UNFPA, el UNICEF, la UNESCO y la Universidad de KwaZulu-Natal, que contribuyó a fomentar la capacidad, de elaboración y aplicación de programas eficaces de educación sexual y prevención de VIH entre los jóvenes en el ámbito escolar, de 70 especialistas en elaboración de programas de estudio de los Ministerios de Educación, y de los funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas encargados de las cuestiones relativas a los jóvenes, de 10 países de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Sudáfrica, Swazilandia, Uganda, Zambia y Zimbabwe). Como resultado de esta iniciativa, y aplicando una metodología de capacitación participativa, se está elaborando un manual de capacitación regional sobre educación sexual, que se utilizará para crear una masa crítica de educadores competentes especializados en educación sexual.", "15. Las pruebas recientes que demuestran que el VIH es la principal causa de muerte entre las mujeres en edad reproductiva hacen necesario reforzar el conocimiento de la interconexión que existe entre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio tercero, cuarto, quinto y sexto, y realizar esfuerzos concertados para apoyar la integración del VIH y la salud sexual y reproductiva. Hasta la fecha, se ha prestado apoyo a 25 países en la elaboración y aplicación de planes nacionales de integración de la salud sexual y reproductiva, y varios países han informado de que han mejorado los vínculos entre los programas sobre el VIH y las medidas para prevenir la violencia por motivos de género. Se prestó apoyo técnico a 61 países para ampliar los programas de prevención de la transmisión maternoinfantil e integrar los servicios en este ámbito, en el que la planificación familiar ofrece un punto de partida. Al respecto, las oficinas del UNFPA han informado de que el 70% de los países han incluido la planificación familiar en los análisis de la situación, y el 49% le han asignado un presupuesto en sus planes nacionales.", "16. Quedan por encarar algunos problemas clave que repercutirán en el logro de los objetivos trazados en la estrategia del ONUSIDA. En 2010, se obtuvieron nuevas pruebas de los beneficios que reporta la ampliación del tratamiento, lo que demuestra no solo la necesidad de acelerar la expansión del acceso al tratamiento, sino también de vincular la prevención y el tratamiento del VIH con la planificación estratégica, la prestación de servicios y la evaluación del impacto. Para ello, será preciso reforzar la medición y reunión de datos, cualitativos y cuantitativos, sobre la prevención en general. Es necesario utilizar el “tratamiento preventivo” en combinación con otras opciones de prevención del VIH; el tratamiento preventivo no sustituye, sino que refuerza el conjunto de medidas de prevención.", "17. En cuanto a la integración, en muchos países sigue siendo difícil vincular el VIH con la salud sexual y reproductiva. A menudo, el interés se centra en la integración de los servicios y se presta menos atención a las cuestiones de derechos humanos y estructurales más amplias. Las deficiencias de los sistemas logísticos y de suministro también obstaculizan la prestación de servicios eficaces. Por ejemplo, las interrupciones del suministro de productos clave (medicamentos antirretrovirales y para el tratamientos de las enfermedades oportunistas, kits de pruebas del VIH, preservativos y otros) impiden responder de forma eficaz y ponen de relieve la necesidad de seguir reforzando los sistemas nacionales y subnacionales de gestión de las adquisiciones y el suministro. Por otra parte, las metas relacionadas con la eliminación de la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH y con el acceso universal no se alcanzarán a menos que los países y las comunidades lleguen a los miembros más marginados de la sociedad y atiendan sus necesidades. Es necesario prestar un mayor apoyo político, un apoyo técnico más centrado y servicios más integrados para lograr que se amplíen los programas en los países donde se siguen registrando pocos progresos. Un enfoque amplio, con procedimientos prácticos estandarizados, complementado con pruebas sobre los beneficios que reviste la integración, es fundamental para convencer a los interesados de que deben ampliar los programas.", "18. Es necesario que la información preventiva y los programas de prevención formen parte de un conjunto ininterrumpido de programas adecuados para cada edad y contexto, en cuya elaboración se cuente con la participación y las aportaciones de los jóvenes, entre otras cosas, en materia de educación sexual, a fin de mejorar los resultados de las medidas sanitarias dirigidas a los jóvenes. La eliminación de las barreras normativas y jurídicas que impiden prestar servicios ajustados a las necesidades de los jóvenes para que estos no estén excluidos, reduce el riesgo de exposición al VIH. La adopción de metas cuantificables (por ejemplo, en relación con el conocimiento pleno, la realización de pruebas de VIH y el uso de preservativos entre los jóvenes) en los países prioritarios ayudará a que se asuma una mayor responsabilidad y se ejerza una mayor influencia en la reducción del nivel de nuevas infecciones.", "Impulsar la próxima generación del tratamiento, la atención y el apoyo", "19. Como uno de los receptores principales de las donaciones del Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, en 2010, el PNUD ayudó a fomentar la capacidad nacional para ejecutar programas en gran escala de lucha contra el VIH, la tuberculosis y la malaria en 29 países. El apoyo al fomento de la capacidad de los interesados nacionales ha sido una prioridad fundamental, por lo que, en colaboración con los países asociados, se han elaborado planes oficiales de fomento de la capacidad para todas las nuevas donaciones administradas por el PNUD. Entre 2003 y 2010, el PNUD ha actuado como receptor principal en un total de 37 países. En 12 de ellos, la función de receptor principal se transfirió a una entidad nacional, como resultado de los logros alcanzado en el fomento de la capacidad. A pesar de que a menudo el PNUD actúa como receptor principal en los países que tienen los mayores niveles de riesgo, su desempeño en relación con el uso de las donaciones es significativamente superior a la media. Desde 2003, el PNUD ha realizado actividades de divulgación comunitaria sobre la prevención del VIH, la tuberculosis y la malaria que han llegado a 28 millones de personas. Se ha proporcionado asesoramiento y se han realizado pruebas de VIH a casi 4,8 millones de personas. Además, se han proporcionado medicamentos antirretrovirales a 213.000 personas seropositivas[2]. Los programas ejecutados han permitido detectar y tratar 700.000 casos de tuberculosis, distribuir 11 millones de mosquiteros, y atender 26 millones de casos de malaria.", "20. En este período el UNFPA también apoyó la formulación de las directrices para encarar los problemas atinentes a los jóvenes y los profesionales del sexo, que se utilizarían en la elaboración de propuestas relacionadas con el VIH para la décima ronda del Fondo Mundial. Además, prestó apoyo técnico, entre otras cosas mediante consultas y misiones técnicas conjuntas, a 20 países para prevenir la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH, a Sudáfrica, Swazilandia y Zambia para integrar la salud sexual y reproductiva y el VIH.", "21. El PNUD ayudó a 17 países y a dos regiones a fomentar la capacidad para adoptar políticas y leyes favorables al comercio y la salud. Por ejemplo, en Ucrania, el Gobierno recibió apoyo del PNUD para incorporar en la legislación nacional las flexibilidades previstas en el Acuerdo sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio. Si esas flexibilidades se adoptaran, el costo de los medicamentos antirretrovirales y de otros tipos podría reducirse considerablemente. Además, en el caso de Ucrania, la adopción de esas flexibilidades permitiría utilizar más medicamentos genéricos, lo que, en algunos casos, podría significar ahorros de más del 90% de los costes, y permitiría proporcionar tratamiento a muchas más personas. En la República Unida de Tanzanía, el PNUD, en colaboración con la sociedad civil y el Organismo Alemán de Cooperación Internacional (GIZ), organizó dos reuniones sobre la promulgación de leyes de lucha contra la falsificación de productos en la Comunidad de África Oriental (CAO), organización que abarca a Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda y la República Unida de Tanzanía. Representantes gubernamentales, parlamentarios, académicos y miembros de la sociedad civil de todos los países miembros de la CAO asistieron a las reuniones, que promovieron la conciencia sobre los efectos para la salud pública de las leyes de lucha contra la falsificación. Como resultado de esos encuentros, la secretaría de la CAO aprobó las propuestas del PNUD dirigidas a modificar el proyecto de ley de la CAO de lucha contra la falsificación, de manera que tenga en cuenta las preocupaciones de salud pública, lo que permitirá que los países miembros de la CAO puedan seguir utilizando los medicamentos genéricos, que representan el 90% del total de medicamentos que se consume en la región.", "22. Combatir la pobreza y la exclusión social es fundamental para eliminar la vulnerabilidad al SIDA. De ahí que la comunidad mundial haya reconocido que lo que se necesita no es un enfoque de la protección social que se centre exclusivamente en el SIDA, sino uno que tenga en cuenta el SIDA. En la India, en 2010, el PNUD apoyó la creación, ampliación y reforma en varios estados de numerosos programas de protección social que tenían en cuenta el VIH, y que permitieron atender a más de 77.000 personas en un plazo de seis meses. El fundamento analítico de esos programas se sentó en 2006, en un estudio sobre los efectos socioeconómicos del VIH, que demostró que el virus repercutía negativamente en el empleo, los ingresos, los ahorros y la asistencia escolar de los hogares afectados. A modo de seguimiento, el PNUD puso en práctica una estrategia polifacética de promoción y asistencia técnica en la que participaron la Organización Nacional de Lucha contra el SIDA, los órganos estatales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, incluidas las redes de personas que vivían con el VIH. Gracias a ello, en el estado de Rajastán, se reformó el plan de pensiones para las viudas, a fin de que las mujeres que hubieran enviudado a causa del VIH tuvieran derecho a percibir una pensión mensual independientemente de su edad. En la actualidad, otros estados de la India están siguiendo ese ejemplo. En 2010, en los estados en que se modificaron los planes de pensiones, unas 23.000 mujeres se beneficiaron de esa reforma. Además, cada vez más estados están cubriendo los gastos de transporte para el tratamiento del VIH. En un semestre, en 2010, más de 31.000 personas se beneficiaron de este programa. También se han realizado otras reformas dignas de destacar, por ejemplo, en algunos estados las personas con VIH tienen actualmente acceso a alimentos, vivienda y atención médica subvencionados, prestaciones que antes se reservaban para las personas que vivían por debajo del umbral de la pobreza. Por otra parte, el Ministerio de Trabajo ha eliminado una cláusula que excluía a los afectados por el VIH de los planes del seguro médico para los trabajadores del sector no estructurado.", "23. Muchos países no tienen programas nacionales de protección social, y en el caso de los que sí los tienen es necesario examinar en detalle cómo hacer que las leyes, las políticas y los programas tengan más en cuenta las necesidades de las personas afectadas por el VIH y que viven con el virus. El acceso a los servicios es limitado para muchas personas debido a las condiciones generalizadas de pobreza, junto con el estigma y la discriminación. Aunque en algunos lugares existe una continuidad asistencial entre los centros de tratamiento del VIH y las organizaciones comunitarias, en realidad esto es muy difícil de asegurar debido a una variedad de factores, incluida la falta de voluntad política y de recursos, de capacidad de los grupos comunitarios, y de entendimiento entre dichos grupos y los trabajadores de la salud.", "24. Si bien el sector de la salud debe estar en el centro de las medidas de ampliación del tratamiento, la atención y el apoyo, muchos países todavía no están influyendo estratégicamente en los ministerios competentes, ni coordinando con ellos. Además de la función antes descrita que desempeñan las políticas de protección comercial y social, otros colaboradores clave para ampliar la atención y el apoyo pueden ser los ministerios de la mujer o de género, que atienden la función desproporcionada que desempeñan las mujeres en el cuidado de otros, y los ministerios del interior o de asuntos internos, que ayudan a facilitar el acceso de los grupos marginados a los servicios.", "Promoción de los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros", "25. En las rondas sexta y séptima de propuestas para subvenciones relacionadas con el VIH, el PNUD, junto con la Secretaría del ONUSIDA y el Fondo Mundial, publicó un examen del acceso a los programas de justicia, que influyó favorablemente en la inclusión de un objetivo concreto y un plan operacional sobre derechos humanos y equidad en la nueva estrategia del Fondo Mundial.", "26. En junio de 2010, el PNUD, en nombre del sistema del ONUSIDA, creó la Comisión Mundial sobre el VIH y la ley, que tiene por objeto elaborar recomendaciones basadas en pruebas y en los derechos humanos que ayuden a los países a crear y a mantener entornos jurídicos favorables para responder de forma eficaz al VIH. Los debates y las medidas de seguimiento surgidas de los diálogos celebrados por la Comisión en las seis regiones en 2011 fundamentarán y fortalecerán aún más la labor del PNUD en esta esfera tan importante. El objetivo de esos diálogos regionales es generar un debate normativo, con miras a abordar los problemas jurídicos y de derechos humanos críticos relacionados con el VIH en las regiones. Los diálogos regionales contribuirán a las deliberaciones de la Comisión aportando informes y contribuciones basadas en pruebas, y promoviendo la participación de los legisladores, los encargados de formular políticas y los miembros de la comunidad. Además, los diálogos regionales contribuirán a aumentar el conocimiento, el compromiso, y la participación en las regiones con respecto a las medidas necesarias para lograr un cambio real en las cuestiones relativas a los derechos humanos y la legislación, que pueda contribuir a mejorar la vida y la salud de las personas. Existe una estrecha relación entre la labor relativa a las cuestiones de género que realizan el PNUD y la Comisión Mundial sobre el VIH y la ley. Una de las esferas principales que investiga la Comisión es la de las leyes que sustentan o mitigan la violencia y la discriminación que sufren las mujeres.", "27. En la 27^(a) reunión de la Junta de Coordinación se publicó un informe sobre la aplicación del marco de acción y la Agenda del ONUSIDA para la acción acelerada de los países para abordar la problemática de las mujeres, las niñas, la igualdad de género y el VIH. En la 28^(a) reunión se siguieron examinando los aspectos relacionados con las cuestiones de género de las respuestas al SIDA. La Agenda del ONUSIDA, publicada en marzo de 2010, ha logrado resultados considerables: 55 países han creado agendas de las mujeres y las niñas, y 45 países ya están informando sobre la realización de actividades relacionadas directamente con la Agenda. En 2010, se asignó un total de 6,1 millones de dólares a esta iniciativa, incluidos 4,5 millones de dólares de apoyo a los países.", "28. Los miembros de la Junta de Coordinación acogieron con beneplácito el informe y dijeron que el plan operacional proporcionaba una oportunidad única para asegurar que las respuestas nacionales satisficieran las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas. En particular, la Junta de Coordinación acogió con beneplácito las iniciativas del ONUSIDA para incorporar en su estrategia 2011-2015 políticas y programas integrales de educación sexual, así como las medidas adoptadas por el ONUSIDA para vencer los obstáculos relacionados con el género que frenaban la participación en los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y lucha contra el VIH. Se instó a registrar mayores progresos, y se hicieron llamamientos a demostrar un mayor liderazgo en las cuestiones relacionadas con las mujeres, las niñas y el VIH/SIDA, y a hacer corresponder la retórica política con recursos suficientes.", "29. En cumplimiento de sus responsabilidades con respecto a la Agenda del ONUSIDA para la acción acelerada de los países para abordar la problemática de las mujeres, las niñas, la igualdad de género y el VIH, el PNUD realizó actividades de fomento de la capacidad de liderazgo de las mujeres que viven con el VIH en 23 países de seis regiones, lo que aumentó la colaboración entre las organizaciones y las redes de mujeres seropositivas y otros interesados nacionales clave. Además, en 14 países se reforzó la capacidad de las redes nacionales de mujeres que viven con el VIH para participar de forma más eficaz en los procesos de promoción del acceso universal y de los ODM, y de presentación de informes al respecto.", "30. Como parte de sus responsabilidades con respecto a la campaña “Unidos para poner fin a la violencia contra las mujeres” y a la Agenda para las mujeres y las niñas, el UNFPA apoyó a 42 países en la elaboración, aplicación o evaluación de programas de prevención, tratamiento, atención y apoyo, destinados concretamente a empoderar a las mujeres y las niñas, y ayudó a 26 países a elaborar y a aplicar políticas relacionadas con el VIH, dirigidas específicamente a combatir a la violencia por motivos de género, y otras medidas encaminadas a promover la igualdad entre los géneros. En la Dirección de Asuntos de la Mujer de Jamaica, se creó una oficina de atención a los asuntos relacionados con los hombres para gestionar las intervenciones necesarias. Esta iniciativa ha aumentado la movilización de los hombres jamaicanos en la promoción y ejecución de programas para combatir la violencia por motivos de género, y ha incrementado su participación en las actividades dirigidas a promover la igualdad y los derechos de las mujeres. En casi 80 países se ha prestado apoyo a las redes de personas que viven con el VIH, haciendo hincapié en las mujeres que viven con ese virus.", "31. A finales de 2010, el UNFPA encabezó la labor del grupo interinstitucional sobre la igualdad entre los géneros y el VIH, dirigida a crear capacidad en 16 países de tres regiones para elaborar y ejecutar, junto con los hombres y los niños, estrategias para abordar las normas sociales que rigen las cuestiones de género, la violencia, y las relaciones sexuales. El UNFPA apoyó la celebración de un taller para 92 participantes de 30 países sobre la colaboración con los hombres para prevenir el VIH/SIDA y responder a esa epidemia, lo que trajo como resultado la elaboración de un marco regional para África sobre la colaboración con los hombres y los niños para promover la perspectiva de género y la salud reproductiva (incluida la atención al VIH/SIDA). Si bien se reconoce que es importante colaborar con los hombres y los niños para lograr la igualdad entre los géneros, sigue siendo difícil lograr que los hombres y los niños participen como asociados, tanto con este objetivo como con el objetivo de velar por su propia salud sexual y reproductiva.", "32. El PNUD ha dirigido en 10 países una iniciativa interinstitucional en favor del acceso universal inmediato para las mujeres y las niñas. El UNFPA participa en esa iniciativa, que busca ayudar a los países a alcanzar la igualdad entre los géneros en la respuesta nacional al VIH, y entre cuyos logros se cuentan: la integración, en el nuevo marco estratégico nacional de lucha contra el SIDA en Zambia (2011-2015), de un claro componente de género y del compromiso de encarar la violencia por motivos de género; y la creación en el Consejo Nacional de Zambia, de un nuevo puesto de asesor para las cuestiones de género encargado de integrar las cuestiones de género en la respuesta nacional al SIDA.", "33. Las principales dificultades para aplicar este marco de acción son: la necesidad de lograr compromisos políticos y financieros a largo plazo en favor de las mujeres, las niñas y el VIH; la necesidad de fortalecer los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva y vincularlos con el VIH; las altas tasas de violencia por motivos de género; y la necesidad de aumentar la participación de los hombres. El fomento de la capacidad es fundamental para el éxito y la sostenibilidad de este marco. Además, la experiencia hasta la fecha demuestra que es necesario disponer de mejores pruebas y sistemas de seguimiento.", "34. Se observó que ONU-Mujeres puede proporcionar una oportunidad de fortalecer el compromiso del sistema de la Naciones Unidas con las cuestiones antes mencionadas. En su reunión de marzo de 2011, el Comité de Organizaciones Copatrocinadoras acogió con beneplácito el interés de ONU-Mujeres de unirse al Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA y estuvo de acuerdo en que iniciara el proceso de solicitud oficial, de conformidad con los criterios y los procedimientos acordados por la Junta de Coordinación en 2004 (UNAIDS/PCB (15)/04.8). Mientras tanto, el Programa Conjunto sigue centrándose en las mujeres y las niñas, y promoviendo los derechos de la mujer y la igualdad entre los géneros.", "35. En la elaboración del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas, el ONUSIDA se aseguró de que se incorporaran las medidas, los indicadores y las asignaciones presupuestarias clave para seguir avanzando en la aplicación del programa de acción, incluidos, entre otros, los servicios de lucha contra el SIDA y de salud sexual y reproductiva. Los Estados Miembros pidieron que se siguiera supervisando la aplicación, en coordinación con ellos mismos y con la participación de las mujeres que viven con el VIH y la sociedad civil, y que se informara a la Junta de Coordinación en el contexto del marco unificado. Además, pidieron que en diciembre de 2012 se realizara un examen de mitad de período del programa.", "36. Se pidió al ONUSIDA que colaborara con los interesados nacionales para documentar los modelos de mejores prácticas de colaboración entre el SIDA y los movimientos de mujeres para satisfacer las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas en relación con el VIH. La Junta de Coordinación también pidió al ONUSIDA que colaborara con los principales interesados para promover y facilitar una mejor vinculación entre la salud sexual y reproductiva, los derechos humanos y el VIH, y alentó a reforzar las alianzas con las redes que colaboran con los hombres y los niños, y con las mujeres y las niñas, en las cuestiones relacionadas con el VIH y la igualdad entre los géneros.", "37. En 2011, el UNFPA y el PNUD han ayudado a más de 50 países a mejorar la protección de los derechos humanos y el acceso a los servicios para los profesionales del sexo y sus clientes, los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y las personas transgénero. Las iniciativas a esos efectos han aumentado la coordinación y armonización entre las redes de profesionales del sexo y las organizaciones que atienden las cuestiones del VIH y la prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, la salud sexual y reproductiva, y los vínculos entre la salud sexual y reproductiva, la violencia por motivos de género y los derechos humanos. El UNFPA y la Red de Profesionales del Sexo de Asia y el Pacífico, junto con sus asociados, organizaron la primera consulta regional de Asia y el Pacífico sobre el VIH y el trabajo sexual, auspiciada por el Gobierno Real de Tailandia, con la participación de Camboya, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Myanmar, el Pakistán, Papua Nueva Guinea y Tailandia. Como resultado de esas consultas se elaboraron ocho proyectos de planes de acción nacionales sobre del VIH y el trabajo sexual, se estableció un programa regional para responder a la epidemia del VIH entre los profesionales del sexo y sus clientes en 2010-2013; se fortaleció la capacidad técnica de la secretaría de la Red mediante la contratación de un director a tiempo completo y un oficial normativo, y se iniciaron un diálogo regional entre los gobiernos y diálogos nacionales entre los gobiernos y los profesionales del sexo.", "38. Los problemas relativos a las poblaciones clave frenan el logro de progresos. Los datos demuestran que la mayoría de los países sigue asignando recursos insuficientes a los programas dirigidos a esas poblaciones. El estigma, la discriminación y la homofobia persisten, así como la falta de compromiso político. En algunos países, la debilidad de la sociedad civil impide que se adopten medidas para atender las necesidades de las poblaciones clave en relación con el VIH. La falta de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos hace que los marcos teóricos relacionados con las cuestiones de género, la sexualidad y la identidad sean débiles, lo que impide que las necesidades y los comportamientos se comprendan bien, y lleva a que se elaboren programas ineficaces. Además, problemas de distintas índoles pueden minar la eficacia de las respuestas y las iniciativas de colaboración con las poblaciones clave, como por ejemplo, el tratamiento farmacológico obligatorio o la tipificación del trabajo sexual y de las relaciones con personas del mismo sexo. Los recientes cambios normativos en relación con un liderazgo político más eficaz y la asignación de recursos con fines más concretos han contribuido a ampliar el acceso de las poblaciones clave a servicios basados en pruebas, y han demostrado que es posible avanzar. Es preciso crear un ambiente favorable para que las poblaciones clave participen en la planificación, ejecución y evaluación de las estrategias y los programas que repercuten en sus vidas. Para que la atención a las necesidades de las poblaciones clave sea eficaz es necesario aplicar un enfoque integral, que incluya la adopción de medidas de lucha contra la estigmatización y la colaboración con los organismos policiales y otros interesados para abordar los problemas en su dimensión más amplia.", "39. En la 27ª reunión de la Junta de Coordinación se examinaron las cuestiones relacionadas con el SIDA, la seguridad y la respuesta humanitaria. Con arreglo a la división del trabajo del ONUSIDA, el UNFPA y el PNUD han colaborado con los asociados para atender los problemas del VIH/SIDA en las situaciones humanitarias. La necesidad de ampliar esta labor y fortalecer los programas de lucha contra el VIH y la violencia sexual en las situaciones de conflicto se reconoció con la aprobación, en junio de 2011, de la resolución 1983 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad[3].", "40. En el marco de esa resolución, el PNUD y el UNFPA, en colaboración con el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz (DOMP), la Secretaría del ONUSIDA y los copatrocinadores, se apoyará en las iniciativas anteriores y seguirá reforzando la labor en curso en los ámbitos siguientes:", "• La integración de las intervenciones en relación con las cuestiones de género y el VIH en los programas de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración. Los programas conjuntos han beneficiado a los hombres y a las mujeres excombatientes, a las mujeres asociadas con las fuerzas armadas, y a las comunidades de acogida en los procesos de reintegración en las Comoras, Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia, Liberia, Nepal, la República Democrática del Congo, el Sudán, Sierra Leona y Sudán del Sur.", "• El suministro anual de productos esenciales de salud reproductiva a todas las poblaciones y los campamentos de refugiados administrados por el ACNUR en unos 25 países (según acuerdo entre el UNFPA y el ACNUR).", "• El adiestramiento de los miembros de los servicios nacionales uniformados con anterioridad a su despliegue en las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, y la colaboración con el DOMP en las iniciativas de capacitación de los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz en cuestiones relacionadas con el VIH y la violencia por motivos de género.", "• La colaboración con los organismos competentes para establecer o fortalecer los programas de las comunidades de acogida en materia de prevención de la violencia sexual y el VIH en situaciones de conflicto y posteriores a los conflictos.", "41. La aprobación de la resolución 1983 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad demuestra la decisión de los Estados Miembros al más alto nivel de combatir el VIH/SIDA en el contexto humanitario, y crea nuevas oportunidades para que el UNFPA y el PNUD mantengan y amplíen los programas y las asociaciones. Como se señaló en el informe sobre la aplicación de la resolución 1308 (2000): On the Frontline: A review of programmes that address HIV among international peacekeepers and uniformed services 2005-2010 (En la primera línea: reseña de los programas de lucha contra el VIH entre los efectivos internacionales de mantenimiento de la paz y los servicios uniformados 2005-2010), el panorama cambiante de las amenazas a la paz y la seguridad internacionales y las pruebas crecientes de la relación que existe entre el SIDA y la seguridad han creado nuevos problemas y oportunidades para fortalecer aún más las medidas y contribuir a las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas dirigidas a prevenir los conflictos y consolidar la paz. En breve, los agentes clave (la secretaría del ONUSIDA, el DOMP, el PNUD, el UNFPA y la Oficina contra la Droga y el Delito) celebrarán debates a fin de establecer una división clara de las responsabilidades y determinar los plazos concretos para aplicar la resolución 1983 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad.", "III. Decisiones y recomendaciones de la Junta de Coordinación del ONUSIDA que revisten importancia para el PNUD y el UNFPA", "Estrategia del ONUSIDA", "42. En su 27ª reunión, la Junta de Coordinación aprobó oficialmente la nueva Estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA: llegar a cero, que proporciona un programa de transformación de la respuesta mundial y busca aumentar la atención y mejorar la eficacia con el fin de reducir drásticamente el número de nuevas infecciones, ampliar el acceso al tratamiento, y combatir el estigma y la discriminación. Su objetivo es facilitar las alianzas estratégicas, apoyar el control por los países, promover la participación de las economías emergentes, facilitar la cooperación Sur-Sur y triangular, e impulsar un nuevo enfoque de financiación de la respuesta al VIH. La estrategia hace hincapié en la responsabilidad mutua en relación con la respuesta, la ampliación de la participación, el fortalecimiento de los sistemas comunitarios, y la promoción del activismo, y refleja la transición del apoyo técnico a corto plazo a la creación de una capacidad duradera y de naciones resilientes, así como la multiplicación de los esfuerzos para vincular la respuesta al SIDA con las iniciativas más amplias de salud y desarrollo.", "43. Los Estados Miembros insistieron en que se alentara a todos los copatrocinadores a vincular sus estrategias con la nueva estrategia del ONUSIDA, siguiendo la labor emprendida por la OMS, el PMA, la OIT y la UNESCO, que ya han revisado sus estrategias y políticas de lucha contra el VIH para vincularlas con la estrategia del ONUSIDA. El UNFPA tiene previsto establecer esa vinculación en el próximo examen de su orientación estratégica sobre el VIH/SIDA, y está tomando en cuenta el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA en el seguimiento del examen de mitad de período de su plan estratégico y en la revisión del marco de resultados de desarrollo concomitante. La nueva estrategia del ONUSIDA también servirá de base para la elaboración del próximo plan estratégico del UNFPA para 2014-2017. En 2012 y 2013, el PNUD actualizará su estrategia institucional actual sobre el SIDA para que refleje la nueva estrategia del ONUSIDA. Además, la nueva estrategia del ONUSIDA servirá de fundamento para incorporar la labor relativa al VIH y al SIDA en el nuevo plan estratégico del PNUD para 2014 y los años posteriores.", "44. Un problema que cabe mencionar es la reducción del apoyo internacional al VIH, junto con la existencia de otras necesidades que compiten por los recursos y una población creciente de personas que viven con el VIH, lo que crea una gran tensión para responder al VIH y pone en peligro la sostenibilidad de los avances logrados en los últimos tiempos. Además, la marcada dependencia de muchos países del apoyo externo puede hacer peligrar las respuestas nacionales. Diez años después de la aprobación de las metas con plazos determinados, establecidas en la Declaración de compromiso en la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA de 2001, las limitaciones de recursos humanos y capacidad institucional existentes en las esferas técnica y de gestión siguen socavando las respuestas nacionales. La financiación de la respuesta al VIH es una responsabilidad compartida que exige el apoyo continuo de los donantes internacionales, una mayor asignación de recursos y el compromiso político de los gobiernos nacionales, un liderazgo más fuerte de las economías emergentes y el sector privado, y una atención programática más centrada en mejorar la eficacia y maximizar el impacto.", "Marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas 2012-2015", "45. La estrategia del ONUSIDA se ejecutará mediante diversos mecanismos, incluidos el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas 2012-2015 y una división del trabajo revisada del ONUSIDA. El marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA es el tema principal del programa de la 28ª reunión de la Junta de Coordinación, en sustitución de la sesión temática. El marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA está estructurado en torno a la estrategia del ONUSIDA, y sus 10 funciones y objetivos estratégicos buscan contribuir al logro de la visión a largo plazo del ONUSIDA de cero nuevas infecciones por el VIH, cero muertes relacionadas con el SIDA, y cero discriminación.", "46. En el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA se describen los resultados, los productos y los entregables del Programa Conjunto, la asignación de recursos a esos efectos, por regiones geográficas, y la forma en que se supervisarán los progresos. Como tal, el marco unificado presenta la estructura general de resultados del Programa Conjunto, en la que se incorporan puntos de referencia y resultados claramente definidos, se determinan las contribuciones de cada copatrocinador, y se centra la atención concretamente en los avances registrados por los países.", "47. El marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA tiene tres componentes:", "a) Un plan de actividades que proporciona un marco para captar las contribuciones del Programa Conjunto en apoyo de la ejecución de la estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA. En el plan de actividades se describen el fundamento, los objetivos y los resultados esperados del Programa Conjunto. Los copatrocinadores y la secretaría del ONUSIDA elaborarán planes de trabajo anuales para la aplicación en detalle del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas, lo que fortalecerá los vínculos con los procesos de planificación y los marcos de resultados de los copatrocinadores. Dada la naturaleza cambiante de la epidemia y la necesidad de una mayor atención, el ONUSIDA se centrará en la programación e intensificará sus actividades en los 20 o más (20+) países señalados en la estrategia del ONUSIDA (véase el cuadro 1).", "Cuadro 1", "Reseña de 20+ países", "• Brasil Se abordaría(n): • Camboya • Camerún • China • Etiopía • Federaciónde Rusia • India • Kenya • Malawi • Mozambique • Myanmar • Nigeria • RepúblicaDemocráticadel Congo • RepúblicaUnidade Tanzanía • Sudáfrica • Tailandia • Ucrania • Uganda • Zambia \n • Zimbabwe \n\t– Más del 70% de las nuevas infecciones por el VIHen todo el mundo\n\t– Más del 80% del déficit mundial en materia detratamiento antirretroviral para los adultos quereúnen las condiciones para recibirlo\n\t– Más del 75% del déficit mundial en cuanto aprevención de la transmisión vertical del VIH\n\t– Más del 95% de la carga mundial de latuberculosis asociada al VIH\n\t– Las grandes epidemias del VIH impulsadas por elconsumo de drogas inyectables (se estima que más dela mitad de los 20 países de ingresos medios ybajos tienen una población de usuarios de drogasinyectables superiores a las 100.000 personas y unaprevalencia estimada del VIH superior al 10% en esegrupo de población)\n\t– Las leyes que afectan a la respuesta del VIH,incluidas las restricciones para viajar que seaplican a las personas seropositivas (14 de estospaíses cuentan con tres o más de estas leyes)\n Se impulsaría la eficacia de la ayuda: \n\t– Al mejorar la aplicación de más de 5.100 millonesde dólares de los Estados Unidos en forma de ayudasactivas para el VIH del Fondo mundial de luchacontra el SIDA, la tuberculosis y la malaria\n\t– Al aprovechar la financiación del Plan deemergencia del Presidente de los Estados Unidospara el alivio del SIDA (que supuso más de 7.400millones de dólares entre 2007 y 2009)\n Participarían: \n\t– Los cinco países del grupo BRICS (Brasil, laFederación de Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica)", "Nota : Estos países cumplen con tres de los cinco criterios que se señalan a continuación, de acuerdo con fuentes de información independientes: 1) >1% de las nuevas infecciones por el VIH; 2) >1% del déficit mundial en materia de terapia antirretroviral para adultos (recuento de células CD4 > 350/ml); 3) >1% de la carga mundial de la tuberculosis asociada al VIH; 4) una población estimada de usuarios de drogas inyectables superior a 100.000 personas y una prevalencia estimada del VIH superior al 10% en este grupo de población; y 5) la existencia de leyes que impiden disfrutar del acceso universal a los grupos marginados, incluidos los profesionales del sexo, los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, las personas transgénero, y los usuarios de drogas inyectables.", "b) Un marco de resultados y rendición de cuentas que medirá los logros del Programa Conjunto y establecerá un vínculo claro entre las inversiones y los resultados. El marco de resultados y rendición de cuentas asegurará que se rinda cuentas por el logro de los resultados programáticos y el uso óptimo de los recursos. La Junta de Coordinación pidió que el Programa Conjunto siguiera fortaleciendo el marco mediante la celebración de un proceso de consultas con todos los interesados. Los resultados de ese proceso se informarán a la Junta de Coordinación en su 29ª reunión. En consecuencia, el PNUD y el UNFPA, en su calidad de miembros del Grupo de Trabajo sobre evaluación de los copatrocinadores y del Grupo de Referencia Encargado de la Supervisión y Evaluación del ONUSIDA, deberán, entre otras cosas, examinar y perfeccionar los indicadores. Todos los años se presentará información a la Junta de Coordinación sobre el cumplimiento del marco, incluida información, apoyada con indicadores, sobre los recursos y la participación de la sociedad civil.", "c) Un presupuesto básico para movilizar las contribuciones de los copatrocinadores y financiar las actividades de la secretaría del ONUSIDA en 2012-2013 a fin de traducir los objetivos de la estrategia del ONUSIDA en acciones y resultados. La Junta de Coordinación aprobó un presupuesto básico de 485 millones de dólares para 2012-2013, lo que significa que se mantiene el mismo nivel de presupuesto que en 2010-2011 y en 2008-2009. Esto representa una reducción en términos reales, y pone de manifiesto que el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas sigue siendo un instrumento movilizador y complementario, y que se deben seguir desplegando esfuerzos para asegurar el uso óptimo de los recursos. Un total de 164 millones de dólares se destinarán a los 10 copatrocinadores, y 320 millones de dólares, a la secretaría del ONUSIDA. La asignación de recursos del presupuesto básico a los copatrocinadores tiene por objeto complementar otros recursos presupuestarios que deben recaudar los copatrocinadores para llevar a cabo la labor relacionada con el SIDA. En los próximos dos bienios, el objetivo es aumentar al 70% el porcentaje de los recursos básicos del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas que se invierte en los niveles regional y de países, a fin de maximizar el efecto del total de recursos de los copatrocinadores y de la secretaría del ONUSIDA que se dedican a responder al SIDA.", "Cuadro 2 Asignación actual y prevista de recursos básicos del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas", "[]", "48. El marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas del ONUSIDA vincula todos los elementos del plan de actividades, el marco de resultados y rendición de cuentas y el presupuesto para crear una cadena de resultados que apoye el logro de la estrategia 2011-2015 del ONUSIDA. En el cuadro que figura a continuación se resumen el plan de actividades, el marco de resultados y rendición de cuentas y el presupuesto, así como los vínculos que existen entre ellos. El apoyo y la orientación de la Junta Ejecutiva del PNUD/UNFPA/UNOPS en la alineación de las revisiones de los respectivos planes del PNUD y el UNFPA con el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas facilitarán esa alineación.", "Cuadro 3 Vínculos entre los diferentes elementos del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas", "[]", "Informe sobre la aplicación de la segunda evaluación independiente", "49. En la segunda evaluación independiente del Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA se pidió que el ONUSIDA elaborara una nueva misión, visión y estrategia, y un marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Además, el ONUSIDA revisó su división del trabajo para mejorar la eficiencia y la eficacia, aprovechar los mandatos y recursos respectivos, y promover la responsabilidad mutua en los planos mundial, regional y nacional. La división del trabajo determina las funciones y responsabilidades que corresponden a cada uno de los 10 copatrocinadores del ONUSIDA como organizadores y asociados en cada esfera. La Secretaría del ONUSIDA no organizará ninguna de las 15 esferas de la división del trabajo, sino que facilitará y promoverá la coordinación y cohesión en materia de promoción, información estratégica, colaboración, responsabilidad mutua y movilización de recursos básicos para lograr resultados en todas las esferas.", "50. Con arreglo a la división del trabajo revisada, el PNUD se desempeña como organizador en la esfera prioritaria de atención a los derechos humanos y al entorno jurídico, y es organismo asociado, junto con el UNFPA, en las tareas relacionadas con las mujeres y las niñas y las poblaciones de mayor riesgo[4]. Además, el UNFPA es organismo asociado, junto con el Banco Mundial, en las tareas para reducir la transmisión sexual del VIH, y, junto con el UNICEF, en las relacionadas con los jóvenes. Las labores de organizador y organismo asociado del PNUD están bien alineadas con las esferas de resultados de su plan estratégico, y con su mandato más amplio en relación con la reducción de la pobreza, el fomento de la gobernanza, la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros, la prevención de las crisis y la contribución a la recuperación posterior. Del mismo modo, las funciones de organismo asociado del UNFPA se corresponden plenamente con su mandato y con la atención que se presta en su plan estratégico al acceso universal a la salud sexual y reproductiva, los derechos reproductivos, las mujeres y la igualdad entre los géneros, los jóvenes y las poblaciones marginadas y excluidas.", "51. En general, con la adopción de la división del trabajo revisada es posible mejorar considerablemente el desempeño y el impacto colectivos del ONUSIDA. El aumento del número de programas de apoyo y equipos conjuntos de las Naciones Unidas podría mejorar la coherencia, la coordinación y la eficacia de las iniciativas de las Naciones Unidas a nivel de países. Las iniciativas más amplias para aplicar las recomendaciones de la segunda evaluación independiente también generarán cambios en todo el ONUSIDA, entre otras cosas, en el nuevo formato cuatrienal del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Algunos donantes han venido indagando sobre la posibilidad de que se introduzcan cambios en la división del trabajo si ONU-Mujeres se une al Programa Conjunto. Se espera que los trámites al respecto se realicen a su debido tiempo. No obstante, los organismos ya están colaborando en estrecha unión con ONU-Mujeres en diversas cuestiones y, en los casos en que ONU-Mujeres se encuentre presente a nivel de países, se le incluye en los debates y en la adopción de decisiones sobre la adaptación de la división del trabajo en los países atendiendo a las circunstancias y necesidades locales, y teniendo en cuenta las ventajas comparativas de todos los asociados.", "52. La finalización de la estrategia de apoyo técnico se había aplazado para la 27ª reunión de la Junta de Coordinación. En esa estrategia se describen las actividades clave que debe realizar el Programa Conjunto para incrementar el apoyo técnico y fortalecer el mercado global de dicho apoyo. Además, se hace un marcado hincapié en la eficacia del apoyo técnico y en su prestación rentable mediante sistemas armonizados que abarquen la rendición de cuentas. En particular, el ONUSIDA centrará sus iniciativas de apoyo técnico en la transferencia de conocimientos a largo plazo y el fomento de la capacidad a los niveles nacional y regional, así como en la alineación de las estructuras y los mecanismos diversos de apoyo técnico en el contexto del programa conjunto.", "53. Los miembros de la Junta de Coordinación pidieron que se proporcionara información adicional sobre los planes de apoyo técnico. Se acordó incluir en el programa de la 29ª reunión de la Junta de Coordinación un tema sustantivo dedicado a examinar el estado del fomento sostenible de la capacidad y la prestación de apoyo técnico, y seguir examinando la estrategia de apoyo técnico del ONUSIDA. En relación con la estrategia de apoyo técnico para fomentar la capacidad, se reiteró la necesidad de contar con una estrategia de asociación clara centrada en la sociedad civil y en las personas que viven con el VIH, como se indicó en la segunda evaluación independiente. En los próximos seis meses, en colaboración con asociados de la sociedad civil, se seguirá trabajando en la elaboración de esa estrategia y en el establecimiento de los indicadores del marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas. Al respecto, será preciso, entre otras cosas, asegurar una comprensión clara de las expectativas y los objetivos de cada posible asociado, como principio para una colaboración eficaz, y velar por que esas expectativas y esos objetivos se correspondan con los objetivos estratégicos del ONUSIDA y las prioridades de los programas nacionales. Además, la experiencia reciente demuestra la voluntad de muchas empresas multinacionales de colaborar con las organizaciones no gubernamentales en el desarrollo social para fortalecer los programas de responsabilidad social de las empresas, y explorar oportunidades de colaborar con empresas más pequeñas del sector privado en relación con el VIH.", "54. Por último, se informó a la Junta de Coordinación de que, tras celebrar extensas consultas y realizar un examen exhaustivo con respecto a los beneficios y los costos, se había determinado que la mejor opción para la secretaría del ONUSIDA era pasar a un sistema administrativo único, en el marco del reglamento de la OMS. Con anterioridad, la secretaría utilizaba los sistemas administrativos de la OMS y del PNUD en la sede y los países, respectivamente. En lo sucesivo, todo el personal del ONUSIDA estará sujeto al mismo conjunto de normas del personal y conectado a la misma plataforma electrónica. Los costos asociados con la transición a un sistema administrativo único se absorberán en el componente de secretaría del presupuesto y plan de trabajo unificado. Se espera que un sistema administrativo único permita que la secretaría del ONUSIDA gane en gran medida en eficiencia y evite la duplicación.", "IV. El camino futuro", "55. A la luz del contexto en que realiza su labor, el PNUD está ajustando los programas de lucha contra el VIH para responder a los problemas detectados y aumentar los éxitos. En primer lugar, reconociendo el valor de la vinculación de las medidas de lucha contra el VIH con las actividades de desarrollo más generales, el PNUD dará prioridad a la ejecución de programas multitemáticos para combatir el VIH, y a cuestiones fundamentales como la promoción de la igualdad entre los géneros, el acceso a la justicia y el empoderamiento económico. Para ello será necesario elaborar estrategias y planes de trabajo interdisciplinarios y proporcionar orientaciones prácticas en materia de programación. En segundo lugar, aunque se está avanzando debidamente en el fomento de la capacidad de las entidades nacionales para que asuman la aplicación de las donaciones del Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el VIH, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria, el PNUD aumentará considerablemente la atención que presta al fomento de la capacidad a más largo plazo. En el futuro, las evaluaciones y los planes de desarrollo de la capacidad, preparados en colaboración con los interesados nacionales, serán un componente integral de todos los nuevos programas del Fondo Mundial gestionados por el PNUD. En tercer lugar, tomando como base la evaluación de los ODM, que demuestra los beneficios que reporta vincular la lucha contra el VIH con las estrategias de salud, el PNUD tratará de promover la eficacia en función de los costos impulsando el aprovechamiento de los programas de lucha contra el VIH que existen y que han tenido éxito, para promover los ODM de salud más amplios. A ese fin, se deberá aprovechar la experiencia existente en la aplicación en gran escala, el fomento de la capacidad y la promoción de la gobernanza para acelerar el progreso en la consecución de los ODM. Por último, será preciso asegurar que los resultados de las evaluaciones se tomen en cuenta más sistemáticamente en la adopción de decisiones de programación, y que las iniciativas satisfactorias de lucha contra el VIH se mantengan y se amplíen o se transfieran a los asociados en los casos en que el PNUD dé por terminado su apoyo.", "56. Habida cuenta de que las dos causas fundamentales de muerte de mujeres en edad reproductiva a nivel mundial son las complicaciones relacionadas con el embarazo y el parto, y el VIH/SIDA, y dado que, en 2008, la mortalidad materna en todo el mundo se habría reducido en un 6%, de no haber sido por el VIH, el UNFPA seguirá tratando de reducir la mortalidad materna, lo que requerirá fortalecer los mecanismos que vinculan activamente las iniciativas dirigidas a reducir dicha mortalidad con las que buscan responder a la epidemia del SIDA; fomentar una mayor colaboración y enfoques integrados, elaborar programas basados en pruebas y que promuevan los derechos; e incluir a la salud materna en un proceso continuo de atención que integre una amplia gama de intervenciones que repercutan en los resultados en ese ámbito, incluidos los relacionados con la lucha contra el VIH. El UNFPA seguirá apoyando los esfuerzos para promover la participación activa de las mujeres y las niñas en todas las etapas de las respuestas nacionales al VIH a fin de asegurarse de que sus necesidades y derechos se atiendan y supervisen debidamente, y de que tengan acceso a un conjunto esencial de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de calidad y sean tratadas con dignidad y respeto, sin violencia, coacción, estigma ni discriminación. A partir de las pruebas que indican las medidas que logran prevenir la infección por el VIH en los adolescentes y los jóvenes, el UNFPA apoyará intervenciones integrales de lucha contra el VIH y fomento de la salud sexual y reproductiva para los jóvenes, que incluyan: el retraso del inicio de las relaciones sexuales; la abstinencia sexual; el uso correcto y sistemático de condones masculinos y femeninos; la circuncisión masculina efectuada por especialistas médicos, la reducción de las múltiples parejas sexuales concurrentes, y la comunicación eficaz para el cambio social y conductual.", "57. El UNFPA seguirá apoyando el mejoramiento de la programación integral nacional, regional y mundial sobre el uso de los preservativos para incrementar la demanda de condones masculinos y femeninos y el acceso a ellos. Además, ayudará a los gobiernos a elaborar estrategias que atiendan específicamente las necesidades de salud sexual y reproductiva de los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, los profesionales del sexo y las personas transgénero teniendo en cuenta los contextos epidemiológicos y nacionales. Por último, reconociendo que, sin una prevención primaria eficaz del VIH entre las mujeres en edad reproductiva, y sin la prevención de los embarazos no deseados entre las mujeres que viven con el VIH, el objetivo de eliminar las nuevas infecciones en niños no se podrá lograr, y que la prevención primaria eficaz en las mujeres embarazadas y la reducción de las tasas de embarazos no deseados, junto con la lactancia materna limitada para las mujeres que viven con el VIH representarían una posible reducción del 19% de la transmisión maternoinfantil del VIH, el UNFPA apoyará los esfuerzos para garantizar que los derechos humanos, incluidos los derechos reproductivos de las mujeres y las niñas, en particular de las que viven con el VIH, se protejan como un elemento no negociable de todos los programas de lucha contra el VIH y de salud en el mundo.", "58. A pesar de la firme decisión del sistema de las Naciones Unidas de apoyar las respuestas nacionales al VIH, los problemas subyacentes indicados en el presente informe, en particular los relacionados con la disponibilidad de recursos financieros y, más importante aún para las Naciones Unidas, con la capacidad de recursos humanos en todos los niveles, seguirán entorpeciendo el logro de resultados institucionales y de progresos nacionales en la consecución de las metas establecidas en las declaraciones políticas, la estrategia del ONUSIDA y el marco unificado de presupuesto, resultados y rendición de cuentas.", "V. Elementos para una decisión", "59. La Junta Ejecutiva tal vez desee tomar nota del presente informe y recomendar que en las estrategias y políticas respectivas de lucha contra el VIH y los nuevos planes estratégicos respectivos para 2014-2017 del PNUD y el UNFPA se establezcan vínculos concretos con la estrategia del ONUSIDA.", "Anexo", "[]", "[1] Los objetivos son: 1) reducir a la mitad la transmisión sexual del VIH, también entre los jóvenes, los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, y en el contexto del comercio sexual; 2) acabar con la transmisión vertical del VIH y reducir a la mitad las muertes maternas relacionadas con el SIDA; 3) evitar que se produzcan nuevas infecciones por el VIH entre los usuarios de drogas; 4) proporcionar acceso universal a la terapia antirretroviral a las personas seropositivas que reúnen las condiciones para recibirla; 5) reducir a la mitad el número de muertes a causa de la tuberculosis entre las personas que viven con el VIH; 6) garantizar que todas las estrategias nacionales de protección social contemplen las necesidades de las personas seropositivas y los hogares afectados por el VIH, y que esas personas y hogares tengan acceso a servicios básicos de atención y apoyo; 7) reducir a la mitad el número de países que aplican leyes y prácticas punitivas en torno a la transmisión del VIH, el comercio sexual, el uso de drogas o la homosexualidad; 8) eliminar las restricciones de entrada, estancia y residencia relacionadas con el VIH en la mitad de los países que las aplican; 9) garantizar que al menos la mitad de las respuestas nacionales al VIH atiendan las necesidades específicas relacionadas con el VIH de mujeres y niñas; 10) inculcar la tolerancia cero de la violencia de género.", "[2] Las cifras sobre el tratamiento del VIH representan el número de personas que actualmente recibe tratamiento antirretroviral gracias a donaciones activas.", "[3] Entre otras cuestiones, esa resolución: “Alienta a que, según proceda, se incorpore la prevención, el tratamiento, la atención y el apoyo en relación con el VIH, incluidos programas de pruebas y asesoramiento de carácter voluntario y confidencial, en la ejecución de las tareas encomendadas a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, incluida la asistencia a las instituciones nacionales, la reforma del sector de la seguridad y los procesos de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración; así como la necesidad de garantizar que dicha prevención, tratamiento, atención y apoyo continúen durante la transición a otras configuraciones de la presencia de las Naciones Unidas y con posterioridad a ella”. Además, en la resolución se reconoce que: “siguen haciendo falta medidas internacionales urgentes y coordinadas para frenar las repercusiones de la epidemia del VIH en las situaciones de conflicto y posteriores a un conflicto”, y se proporcionan directrices de ejecución para las Naciones Unidas y los Estados Miembros.", "[4] El PNUD es el organizador de las tareas dirigidas a “eliminar las leyes, las políticas y las prácticas punitivas, así como el estigma y la discriminación que obstaculizan las respuestas al SIDA”, y es organismo asociado, junto con el UNFPA, en las dirigidas a “responder a las necesidades relacionas con el VIH de las mujeres y las niñas y acabar con la violencia sexual y basada en cuestiones de género” y a “capacitar a los hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, los profesionales del sexo y las personas transgénero para que se protejan de la infección por el VIH y puedan disfrutar de acceso completo a la terapia antirretroviral”." ]
[ "United Nations DP/2011/40-DP/FPA/2011/12", "[]", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 5 of the provisional agenda", "Follow-up to UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board Meeting", "Report on the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the Programme Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "Summary", "As per discussions at the Executive Board’s second regular session 2010, the present report focuses on selected results of UNDP and UNFPA in addressing HIV and provides an update on the decisions and recommendationsrelevant to UNFPA and UNDP from the 27^(th) and 28^(th)meetings of the Programme Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS held in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.", "Elements for a decision are contained in the present report.", "Contents", "I. Context 4", "II. UNDP and UNFPA results 4", "III. UNAIDS PCB decisions and recommendations of note for UNDP and UNFPA 12", "IV. The way forward 16", "V. Elements for a decision 17", "Annex 18", "List of acronyms", "APNSW Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers", "ASRH Adolescent sexual and reproductive health", "CCO Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations", "CEWG Cosponsor Evaluation Working Group", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "EAC East African Community", "EIAs Environmental impact assessments", "GBV Gender-based violence", "GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation", "(previously known as the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, GTZ)", "HCT HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign", "MDG Millennium Development Goal", "MERG Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group", "MSM Men having sex with men", "PCB Programme Coordinating Board", "PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission", "PRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers", "SADC Southern African Development Community", "SIE Second independent evaluation", "SRH Sexual and reproductive health", "TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights", "UBRAF Unified budget, resultsand accountability framework", "UBW Unified budget and workplan", "UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "YWCA Young Women’s Christian Association", "I. Context", "1. Thirty years into the HIV epidemic, the global AIDS response stands at a crossroads. Important progress has been made in the fight against AIDS since the 2001 and 2006 United Nations General Assembly special sessions — particularly in terms of greater resources, stronger national policy frameworks, wider access to treatment and prevention services and broad consensus on the principles of effective country-level action. The review of major trends also highlights key opportunities, including improved tools to measure HIV incidence, superior strategic information, and momentum in the development of new strategies for HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. At the same time, a review of longer-term political and economic trends points towards flattening resources, fragmented and generic responses, severe gaps in treatment access, weak systemsand perpetuation of social injustices.", "2. At the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on AIDS in June 2011, Member States adopted a new Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS: Intensifying our Efforts to Eliminate HIV/AIDS, which sets bold new targets in responding to HIV. This declaration sets the agenda for the future of the AIDS response and provides a roadmap for ending the epidemic. The adoption of a new Security Council resolution on AIDS,i.e., resolution 1983 (2011), which addresses the link between violence against women and HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings, is another significant step in ensuring social stability and national security which could be jeopardized by the AIDS epidemic.", "3. In June 2003, the Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP) held a joint meeting to address the recommendations of the first five-year evaluation of UNAIDS, contained in document UNAIDS/PCB(13)/02.2. The joint meeting discussed the implications of the evaluation recommendations for UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, and addressed UNAIDS operational and governance issues. As a result, members of the Executive Boards agreed that a regular item should be placed on the agendas of the Executive Boards concerning follow-up to the decisions and recommendations of theProgramme Coordinating Board (PCB)of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).", "4. The present report, prepared jointly by UNDP and UNFPA, provides an overview of results achieved in addressing HIV. It also provides an update on the decisions and recommendations from the 27^(th) and 28^(th) PCB meetings, held in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively. Key issues addressed during those meetings that were of particular relevance to UNDP and UNFPA included:the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015; the UNAIDS unified budget, resultsand accountability framework (UBRAF); and progress on the implementation of the second independent evaluation (SIE).", "II. UNDP and UNFPA results", "5. The 27^(th) meeting of the PCB officially adopted the new UNAIDS 2011-2015 Strategy: Getting to Zero, which presents a transformative agenda for the global response. The three new strategic directions for UNAIDS are: (a) revolutionizing HIV prevention; (b) catalysing the next phase of treatment, care and support; and (c) advancing human rights and gender equality. Each of these strategic directions is critical, and all are interdependent. Ten medium-term goals[1] towards the long-term UNAIDS vision have been established. Evolved from the priority areas of the UNAIDS outcome framework, these goals aim to drive concrete progress where it is needed and enable the joint programme to improve its strategic focus. The annex provides the new UNAIDS strategy at a glance. The strategy formed the basis for the new political declaration on HIV/AIDS adopted at the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on AIDS in June 2011.", "6. Below are some illustrative examples of the results generated by UNDP and UNFPA contributions to development, under each of the three strategic directions of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015, as well as challenges and steps to address them.", "7. Since 2008, nearly 70 UNDP country offices have implemented programmes linked to the four HIV outcomes of the UNDP strategic plan, and an additional 30 countries are estimated to implement HIV activities as part of other thematic or cross-practice programmes. Analysis of independent evaluative evidence and reporting from country offices outlines significant results in addressing HIV. In particular, the evidence highlights successful approaches in building the capacity of local institutions, advancing gender equality, and promoting multi-stakeholder engagement, South-South cooperation and collaboration with United Nations agencies. The evaluations point to noteworthy cross-practice work, indicating that some of the strongest HIV results have been achieved where there are linkages to other thematic areas.", "8. Given that about 80 percent of HIV infections are transmitted sexually or are associated with pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, UNFPA has implemented a strategy that prioritized the allocation and use of its unified budget and workplan (UBW) resources towards building the Fund’s dedicated HIV capacity at country and subregional levels. This capacity-building strategy to enhance its support to countries’ HIV-prevention efforts was launched in 2006.A review in 2008 concluded that the scope, intensity and quality of the UNFPA contribution to HIV prevention have undergone a significant positive shift. In 2011, the strategy is under review to ensure an integrated approach to more efficiently intensify the Fund’s work with countries to link HIV responses to broader development, human rights and humanitarian programming and to sexual and reproductive health (SRH).", "Revolutionizing HIV prevention", "9. UNDP supported 21 countries and two regions for mainstreaming HIV into national and sector development plans and processes, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and Millennium Development Goal (MDG) plans. A draft legislative review report on integrating health and social issues (particularly HIV and gender) into environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in the Southern and East Africa regions has been produced by the Southern Africa Institute for Environmental Assessment and supported by UNDP. Partnering countries include: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. EIAs are a practical platform through which the social impacts (HIV and gender) associated with capital projects can be better understood and addressed through a multisectoral approach in a sustainable manner. The initiation of this project has led to strengthened collaboration across ministries. In all countries, links between gender, HIV and capital projects are being identified and better understood.", "10. Technical assistance and policy guidance on men having sex with men (MSM), transgender people and sex work, as well as funding and fund-raising support was provided to over 37 countries. Building on work initiated in 2009, UNDP continued to provide advisory support to programmes in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Togo, Lesotho, Fiji, Philippines and Ukraine on strategic information for MSM and transgender people, human rights protection and strengthening capacity and partnerships for scaling up services for MSM and transgender people. These programmes have resulted in scaling up national efforts to address the needs of these typically underserved populations – for example, in the Philippines there is now a specific component in the national HIV programme focusing on MSM and transgender people.", "11. Addressing the SRH needs of men and women, UNFPA continues to intensify access to male and female condoms and promote their correct and consistent use. The Global Condom Initiative was expanded to 74 countries in 2010, up from 55 countries in 2008 and moving closer to its 100 country target. UNFPA continues to be one of the largest suppliers of male and female condoms to low-income countries (68 million and 14 million, respectively, in 2009). A condom demand-generation framework was field-tested in the Caribbeansubregion resulting in the drafting of condom demand-generation strategies in Belize, Suriname and St. Lucia. Condom demand-generation initiatives were also completed in four high-prevalence countries in Southern Africa, namely,Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland.In 2011, UNFPA intensified efforts towards achieving the UNAIDS targets of increasing condom use among young people by 50 per cent and this will continue to be a programmatic priority.", "12. To scale up HIV testing for young people in South Africa, UNFPA forged a partnership with LoveLife and Soul City, to support a national HIV Counselling and Testing Campaign (HCT) for 12-14 year olds reaching 8,445,000 young people. In Barbados and Kazakhstan, advocacy with policymakers was undertaken to remove the legal barriers that prevent youth below the age of 18 from accessing SRH services without parental consent. In Belize, UNFPA support to the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) to establish a youth-friendly space for young girls has significantly improved access to counselling, SRH information and condom use.", "13. Globally, UNFPA continued to strengthen partnerships, build the evidence base, support capacity development and provide technical assistance to support young people’s access to the comprehensive package of adolescent SRH services and sexuality education. The 2011 target for proportion of countries with secondary school curricula including gender-sensitive life skills-based SRH and HIV prevention has already been surpassed in 2010. Examples of results from UNFPA support include Nepal where adolescent and youth SRH was included in the Government’s health-sector implementation plan; and Viet Nam where national adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) guidelines were developed for out-of-school youth. In Colombia and Mozambique, UNFPA-supported programmes made the important switch from being donor-supported to government-owned. In the Syrian Arab Republic and Egypt, UNFPA supported sexuality education through culturallysensitive approaches.", "14. Currently, UNFPA and partners are working to establish a network of regional and national experts to respond to training and technical assistance requests in sexuality education. As a first step, a situational analysis was carried out to assess the content, quality and the method of delivery of the current school-based sexuality education programmes in 10 East and Southern African countries so as to guide future curriculum revisions. The results fed into a workshop co-organized by UNFPA, UNICEF, UNESCO, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal which built the capacity of 70 curriculum-development specialists from the Ministries of Education and United Nations staff responsible for youth from 10 Southern African Development Community(SADC) countries (Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) to design and implement effective sexuality education and HIV prevention among young people in the educational settings. As a result, a regional training manual on sexuality education, using participatory training methodology, is being developed and will be used to create a critical mass of competent sexuality educators.", "15. Recent evidence showing HIV as the leading cause of death in women of reproductive age demands strengthened awareness of the interconnection of MDGs 3, 4, 5 and 6 and concerted efforts to support the integration of HIV and SRH. To date, 25 countries have been supported to develop and implement national plans to integrate SRH and countries have reported improved linkages between HIV programmes and efforts to prevent gender-based violence (GBV). Technical support was provided to 61 countries to scale up programmes to implement prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and service integration – family planning provides a solid entry point with UNFPA offices reporting that 70 per cent of the countries had included family planning in situation analyses, and 49 per cent had allocated a budget for it in their national plans.", "16. Key challenges remain and will impact reaching the UNAIDS strategy goals. In 2010, more evidence emerged of the prevention benefits resulting from scaled-up treatment. These findings underscored not only the need to accelerate the expansion of treatment access, but also the critical need to link HIV prevention and treatment at the levels of strategic planning, service delivery, and impact evaluation. This will require stronger measurement and data gathering on prevention as a whole, both qualitative and quantitative. ‘Treatmentforprevention’ needs to be used in combination with other HIV-prevention options as it is an enhancement of the HIV-prevention package and not a replacement.", "17. On the issue of integration, linkages between HIV and SRH continue to be challenging in many countries. Often the focus is on service-level integration with less attention paid to the wider structural and human rights issues. Ineffective logistical and supply systems are also obstacles to effective service delivery. For example, interruptions in the supplies of key commodities (antiretroviral medicines, regimens for opportunistic illnesses, HIV testing kits, condoms, etc.) impede effective responses and underscore the need for further strengthening of national and subnational systems for procurement and supply management. As regards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and universal access goals, these will not be attained unless countries and communities reach the most marginalized members of society and serve their needs. Greater political support, focused technical support and more integrated services are required to ensure programmes are scaledup in countries where progress continues to lag. A comprehensive approach, with practical standardized procedures supplemented with evidence on the benefits of integration, is critical in convincing stakeholders to scale up programmes.", "18. Prevention information and programming need to be delivered through a continuum of age- and context-appropriate programmes, for which the design has seen young peoples’ participation and inputs, including sexuality education as a useful means of improving health outcomes for young people. Removing policy and legal barriers to youth-friendly services so that young people are not excluded reduces their risk of exposure to HIV. Working towards measurable targets (for example, on comprehensive knowledge, HIV testing and condom use in young people) in priority countries will help to build greater accountability and leverage for results in reducing new infections.", "Catalysing the next phase of treatment, care and support", "19. As a Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malariaprincipal recipient, UNDP helped to develop country capacity to effectively implement large-scale HIV, tuberculosisand malaria programmes in 29 countries in 2010. Capacity development support for national stakeholders has been a key priority, with formal capacity development plans being prepared for all new grants managed by UNDP, in collaboration with country partners. UNDP has served as a principal recipient in a total of 37 countries between 2003 and 2010. In 12 of these countries, the principal recipient role was handed over to a national entity, reflecting achievements in capacity development. Despite often serving as principal recipient in country contexts with the highest levels of risk, UNDP grant performance is significantly above average. Since 2003, UNDP contributed to providing community outreach for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria prevention to 28 million people. HIV counselling and testing was provided for nearly 4.8 million people, in addition to antiretroviral treatment for 213,000 people living with HIV.[2]Programmes also resulted in detection and treatment of 700,000 cases of tuberculosis, distribution of 11 million bed nets, and treatment of 26 million malaria cases.", "20. UNFPA supported the development of specific guidance for addressing issues relevant to youth and sex workers for use in preparing Round 10 Global Fund HIV proposals.It provided technical support to South Africa, Swaziland and Zambiato integrate SRH and HIV; and to 20 countries for PMTCT of HIV, including consultation and joint technical missions.", "21. UNDP supported 17 countries and two regions to build capacity for adoption of enabling trade and health policies and legislation. In Ukraine, for example, the Government was supported by UNDP to incorporateTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) flexibilities into their national legislation. If these are adopted, there could be a substantial reduction in the costs of antiretroviralsand other medicines. Also, in the case of Ukraine, if the TRIPS flexibilities are adopted, more generics could be used, which in some cases could account for over 90 per cent cost savings thereby allowing many more people to be put on treatment. In the United Republic of Tanzania, UNDP, in partnership with civil society and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) organized two meetings on the proliferation of anti-counterfeiting legislation in the East African Community (EAC) – covering Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The meetings were attended by government representatives, Members of Parliament, scholars and civil society from all EAC countries and raised awareness on the public health implications of anti-counterfeit legislation. They resulted in the adoption by the EAC Secretariat of UNDP proposals to amend the draft EAC anti-counterfeiting bill in a public health-sensitive fashion. This will guarantee the continued use of generic medicines in the EAC countries which account for 90 per cent of all medicines consumed in the region.", "22. Poverty and exclusion are key aspects to address when tackling vulnerability to AIDS. This has led the global community to recognize that we need not an AIDS-exclusive but an AIDS-sensitive approach to social protection. In India, UNDP supported the creation, expansion and reform of multiple HIV-sensitive social protection programmes in several states, reaching over 77,000 people in a six-month period in 2010. The analytical foundation for these programmes was laid out in 2006 with a socio-economic impact study, which showed considerable negative impacts of HIV on employment, income, savings and school attendance in affected households. In follow-up, UNDP launched a multipronged strategy of advocacy and technical support involving the National AIDS Control Organization, state offices and civil society organizations, including networks of people living with HIV. As a result, in the State of Rajasthan, the widow-pension scheme was reformed so that women widowed by HIV would be eligible to receive a monthly pension irrespective of age. Other states in India are now following suit. Across all states with modified pension schemes, approximately 23,000 women benefited from this change in 2010. Moreover, states have been increasingly covering transportation costs for HIV treatment. In six months in 2010, over 31,000 people benefited from the programme. Other notable reforms include states where people with HIV now have access to subsidized food, housing and health care – all of which were previously restricted to those below the poverty line. The Ministry of Labour has also removed an HIV-exclusion clause from special health insurance schemes for informal workers.", "23. Many countries do not have national social protection programmes and for those that do there needs to be a thorough review of how to make laws, policies and programmes more sensitive to the needs of those affected by and living with HIV. Access to services is restricted for many due to general conditions of poverty, combined with stigma and discrimination. Although in some settings there exists a continuum of care between HIV-treatment sites and community-based organizations, in reality this is very difficult to ensure due to a variety of factors including lack of political will and resources, lack of capacity of community groups, and a lack of understanding between community groups and health-care workers.", "24. While the health sector must be at the centre of treatment, care and support scale-up efforts, many countries are still not strategically leveraging and coordinating with the relevant ministries. In addition to the role of trade and social protection policies as described above, other key contributors to scalingup care and support can include ministries of women or gender, which address the disproportionate role of women as caregivers, and ministries of the interior or home affairs, which help to facilitate access to services for marginalized groups.", "Advancing human rights and gender equality", "25. UNDP, together with the UNAIDS Secretariat and the Global Fund, published an analysis of access to justice programming in Rounds 6 and 7 HIV proposals and grants, which successfully influenced inclusion of a specific objective and operational plan on human rights and equity in the new Global Fund strategy.", "26. In June 2010, UNDP launched the Global Commission on HIV and the Law on behalf of the UNAIDS family. The Commission’s aim is to develop evidence-informed and human rights-based recommendations which will support countries to create and maintain enabling legal environments for effective HIV responses. The discussions and follow-up actions identified through the Commission’s regional dialogues across six regions, held in 2011, will further inform and strengthen UNDP work in this important area. The aim of the regional dialogues is to generate policy dialogue, with a view to giving voice to the critical HIV-related human rights and legal issues in the region. The regional dialogues will inform the deliberations of the commission through submissions and evidence-informed inputs and by engaging policy and lawmakers, law enforcement and community perspectives. The regional dialogues will also contribute to enhancing awareness, engagement and ownership within regions on the actions that are required to effect real change on issues of human rights and law that can support improvements in people's lives and health. There are close links between the gender work of UNDP and the Global Commission on HIV and the Law. One of the three main areas the Commission is investigating concerns laws which sustain or mitigate violence and discrimination lived by women.", "27. A progress report on the implementation of the action framework and the UNAIDS Agenda for Accelerated Country Action for Women, Girls, Gender Equality and HIV was presented to the 27^(th) PCB. The 28^(th) PCB meeting further discussed gender sensitivity of AIDS responses. Launched in March 2010, the initiative has achieved considerable results: 55 countries have launched the agenda for women and girls, with 45 countries already reporting on activities directly related to the agenda. A total of $6.1 million has been allocated towards the initiative in 2010, including $4.5 million in country support.", "28. PCB members welcomed the progress report and cited the operational plan as a unique opportunity to ensure that national responses meet the needs of women and girls. The PCB specifically welcomed efforts by UNAIDS to incorporate comprehensive sexuality education policies and programmes in its 2011-2015 strategy, as well as UNAIDS efforts to address male gender-related obstacles to HIV and SRH services. Further progress was urged, and calls were made for broader leadership on women, girls and HIV, with political rhetoric matched by sufficient resources.", "29. Following up on UNDP responsibilities within the UNAIDSAgenda for Accelerated Country Action for Women, Girls, Gender Equality and HIV, leadership capacity development for women living with HIV was undertaken in 23 countries across six regions, resulting in increased partnerships between HIV-positive women’s organizations/networks and other key national stakeholders. In addition, the capacity of national networks of women living with HIV has been strengthened to more effectively engage in universal access processes/reporting and MDG reporting/advocacy in 14 countries.", "30. Integrating responsibilities for the UNiTE Campaign and the Agenda for Women and Girls, UNFPA supported 42 countries to design, implement or evaluate prevention, treatment, care and support programmes specifically intended to empower women and girls; and 26 countries to develop and/or implement HIV-related policies that specifically address GBV and other actions promoting gender equality. In Jamaica, a Men’s Desk was created to manage requisite interventions at the Bureau of Women’s Affairs which has increased mobilization of Jamaican men in the advocacy and implementation of programmes to reduce GBV and improved male involvement in securing equality and rights of women. Networks of people living with HIV were supported in nearly 80 countries with an emphasis on women living with HIV.", "31. At the end of 2010, UNFPA led the work of the inter-agency working group on gender equality and HIV to build the capacity of 16 countries across three regions to jointly develop and operationalize, with men and boys, strategies addressing social norms around gender, violence, and sexual relationships. UNFPA supported the “Working with men for HIV/AIDS prevention and response” workshop for 92 participants from 30 countries that resulted in the development of an Africa regional framework on working with men and boys for the promotion of gender and reproductive health (to include HIV/AIDS). Although the importance of engaging men and boys to move towards gender equality is recognized, the challenge remains to engage them as partners towards this end as well as for their own sexual and reproductive health.", "32. UNDP has led an inter-agency initiative, which includes UNFPA, called ‘Universal Access for Women and Girls Now!’ in 10 countries to support countries to address gender equality in national HIV responses. An example of success includes the integration of a clear gender component and commitment to address GBV in Zambia’s new National AIDS Strategic Framework (2011-2015) andthe creation of a new gender adviser post in the Zambia National Council to ensure ongoing integration of gender into the national AIDS response.", "33. Key challenges for implementation of the action framework include: the need for long-term political and financial commitments for women, girls and HIV; the need to strengthen SRH services and link them to HIV; high rates of GBV; and the need to increase the engagement of men. Capacity development is central to the success and sustainability of this agenda. Furthermore, experience to date underscores the need for better evidence and improved monitoring systems.", "34. It was noted that UN-Women represents a potential opportunity to strengthen the United Nations system’s engagement on the above-mentioned issues. At its March 2011 meeting, the Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations (CCO) welcomed the interest of UN-Women to join the Joint United NationsProgramme on HIV/AIDS and agreed to the initiation of the formal application process for UN-Women in accordance with criteria and process agreed by the PCB in 2004 (UNAIDS/PCB(15)/04.8). In the meantime, the joint programme continues to focus on women and girls and to promote women’s rights and gender equality.", "35. During the development of the UBRAF, UNAIDS ensured that key actions, indicators and budgetary allocations pertinent to continued progress in implementing the action agenda were reflected, including but not limited to the integration of HIV and SRH services. Member States requested that further monitoring be carried out in coordination with Member States, and with the participation of women living with HIV and civil society and that it be reported to the PCB through the UBRAF. They also requested a midterm review of the agenda in December 2012.", "36. UNAIDS was asked to partner with national stakeholders to document models of best practice of collaboration between the AIDS and women’s movements in addressing the HIV-related needs of women and girls. The PCB also requested UNAIDS to collaborate with key stakeholders to promote and facilitate improved linkages between SRH, human rights and HIV and encouraged further partnership with networks that work on HIV and gender-equality issues with men and boys as well as women and girls.", "37. In 2011, UNFPA and UNDP supported over 50 countries to enhance human-rights protection and service access for sex workers and their clients, MSM and transgender people. These efforts have increased coordination and harmonization among sex worker networks and organizations focused on HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention, SRH and the links between SRH, GBV and human rights. UNFPA and the Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW), together with partners, organized the first Asia Pacific regional consultation on HIV and sex work, hosted by the Royal Thai Government, with participation from Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and Thailand.The consultation resulted in the development of eight draft country-level action plans on HIV and sex work; the setting of a regional agenda for responding to the HIV epidemic among sex workers and their clients for implementation during2010-2013; strengthened technical capacity of the APNSW Secretariat through the employment of a full-time director and a policy officer; and the establishment of regional dialogue between the governments and national-level dialogue between the government and sex workers.", "38. Issues surrounding key populations hamper progress. Data shows that most countries continue to allocate inadequate resources to programmes for key populations. Stigma, discrimination and homophobia continue to persist, coupled with inadequate political commitment. In some countries the effects of having weak civil societies impede efforts to address the HIV-related needs of key populations. A lack of both quantitative and qualitative data means theoretical frameworks around gender, sexuality and identity are weak, leading to superficial understandings of needs and behaviours which in turn result in ineffective programmes. Furthermore, effective responses and efforts to work in partnership with key populations can be hindered by a range of situations, for example, compulsory drug treatment, or the criminalization of sex work and same-sex relations. Recent policy changes linked to more effective political leadership and more targeted resource allocations have helped to expand access to evidence-informed services for key populations, and demonstrate that progress is possible. A supportive environment must be created for key populations to participate in the planning, delivery and evaluation of strategies and programmes that affect their lives. Effective attention to the needs of key populations also requires a holistic approach, including anti-stigma efforts and work with law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders to address macrolevel issues.", "39. The 27^(th) PCB meeting discussed AIDS, security and humanitarian responses. Under the UNAIDS Division of Labour, UNFPA and UNDP have been working jointly with partners on addressing HIV/AIDS in humanitarian situations. The need to scale up this work and strengthen programmes that address HIV and sexual violence in conflict settings was recognized through the adoption in June 2011 ofSecurity Council resolution 1983 (2011)[3].", "40. Under the framework of the above-mentioned Security Council resolution, UNDP and UNFPA, in collaboration with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), UNAIDS Secretariat and cosponsors, will build on past initiatives and continue to strengthen ongoing work such as:", "demobilization and reintegration programmes. Joint programmes have reached male and female ex-combatants, as well as women associated with armed forces and receiving communities during reintegration processes in Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Liberia, Nepal, Sudan, Sierra Leone and South Sudan.", "to all refugee populations and camp settings managed by UNHCR in approximately 25 countries per year (as per an agreement between UNFPA and UNHCR).", "peacekeeping missions and partnership with DPKO on training initiatives for peacekeepers on HIV and GBV.", "programmes for host communities on prevention of sexual violence and HIV in conflict and post-conflict settings.", "41. The adoption of Security Council resolution 1983 (2011) shows high-level commitment from Member States for combating HIV/AIDS in humanitarian contexts and presents new opportunities for UNFPA and UNDP to sustain/expand programmes and partnerships. As pointed out in the progress report on implementation of Security Council resolution 1308 (2000), On the Frontline: A review of programmes that address HIV among international peacekeepers and uniformed services 2005-2010“… the changing landscape of threats to international, peace and security and the evolving evidence on the relationship between AIDS and security have created new challenges and opportunities to further strengthen these actions and contribute to United Nationsefforts to prevent conflict and build peace”.Discussions between the key actors (UNAIDS Secretariat, DPKO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC) will soon take place to determine a clear division of responsibilities and timelines in order to implement Security Council resolution 1983 (2011).", "III. UNAIDS PCB decisions and recommendations of note for UNDP and UNFPA", "UNAIDS strategy", "42. The 27^(th) meeting of the PCB officially adopted the new UNAIDS 2011-2015 Strategy: Getting to Zero, which presents a transformative agenda for the global response. The strategy aims to increase focus and improve efficiency in order to radically reduce the number of new infections, expand treatment access and reduce stigma and discrimination. It is intended to facilitate strategic partnerships, support country ownership, engage emerging economies, facilitate South-South and triangular cooperation, and usher in a new approach to financing the response. The strategy emphasizes mutual accountability in the response, improving broad ownership, strengthening community systems, and promoting activism. It reflects the transition from short-term technical support to the development of lasting capacity and resilient nations, as well as enhanced efforts to link the AIDS response with broader health and development efforts.", "43. Member States emphasized that all cosponsors were encouraged to link their strategies to the new UNAIDS strategy. This continues as a work in progress with WHO, WFP, ILO and UNESCO having already revised their HIV strategies and policies to make specific links to the UNAIDS strategy. UNFPA is set to do this with an upcoming revision of its strategic guidance on HIV and is taking the UNAIDS UBRAF into consideration within the follow-up to the midterm review of its strategic plan and revision of the accompanying development results framework.The new UNAIDS strategy will also inform the next UNFPA strategic plan, 2014-2017. UNDP will update its current corporate strategy on AIDS to reflect the new UNAIDS strategy, for 2012 and 2013. In addition, the new UNAIDS strategy will inform the incorporation of HIV and AIDS work in the new UNDP strategic plan for 2014 and beyond.", "44. One challenge of note is the flattening international support for HIV combined with competing needs and a growing population of people living with HIV placing significant pressure on the HIV response and threatening the sustainability of recent gains. In addition, the heavy dependence of many countries on external support potentially places national responses in jeopardy. Ten years after the adoption of the time-bound targets in the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, human resource and institutional capacity constraints exist in technical and managerial areas, which continue to undermine national responses. Funding the response to HIV is a shared responsibilitythat demands continued support from international donors, greater allocations and political commitment from domestic governments, stronger leadership from emerging economies and the private sector, and intensified programmatic focus on improving efficiency and maximizing impact.", "Unified budget, results and accountability framework 2012-2015", "45. The UNAIDS strategy will be implemented through various mechanisms, including the 2012-2015 UBRAF and a revised UNAIDS Division of Labour. The UBRAF was the main item on the agenda of the 28^(th) meeting of the PCB replacing the thematic session. The UBRAF is structured around the UNAIDS strategy, its 10 strategic goals and strategic functions aim to contribute to achieving the UNAIDS long-term vision of zero new HIV infections, zero AIDS-related deaths, and zero discrimination.", "46. The UBRAF describes outcomes, outputs and deliverables for the joint programme, the allocation of resources against these with geographical reference, and how progress will be monitored. As such, it presents the comprehensive results architecture for the joint programme, incorporating clearly defined baselines and outcomes, identifying each cosponsor’s contributions, and specifically focusing on country progress.", "47. The UBRAF is composed of three components:", "(a) A business plan that provides a framework to capture the contributions of the joint programme to support the operationalization of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015.The business plan describes the rationale, objectives and expected results of the joint programme. Cosponsors and the UNAIDS Secretariat will develop annual rolling workplans for the detailed implementation of the UBRAF, strengthening linkages to the planning processes and results frameworks of the cosponsors. Given the changing nature of the epidemic and the need for greater focus, UNAIDS will concentrate its efforts both programmaticallyand through intensifying efforts in 20+ countries identified in the UNAIDS strategy (see figure 1).", "Figure 1: Overview of 20+ countries", "[]", "(b) A results and accountability framework that will measure the achievements of the joint programme and provide a clear link between investments and results.Theresults and accountability framework will ensure accountability in both programmatic results and in delivering value for money. The PCB requested the joint programme to further strengthen the framework through a consultative process with all constituencies, the results of which will be reported to the 29^(th) PCB meeting. Implications for UNDP and UNFPA include review and refinement of indicators as members of the Cosponsor Evaluation Working Group (CEWG) and the UNAIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (MERG). Implementation of the framework will be reported to the PCB annually, including information, supported with indicators,on resourcing and engagement of civil society.", "(c) A core budget to catalyse the contributions of the cosponsors and fund the UNAIDS Secretariat in 2012-2013 to translate the goals of UNAIDS strategy into action and results.The PCB approved the core budget of $485 million for 2012-2013, which means the budget remains at the same level as in 2010-2011 and 2008-2009. This represents a decline in real terms and highlights the continued catalytic and leveraging nature of the UBRAF and efforts to ensure value for money. An amount of $164 million goes towards the 10 UNAIDS cosponsors and $320 million to the UNAIDS Secretariat. Core budget allocations to cosponsors are intended to leverage other budgets to be raised by cosponsors for AIDS-related work. Over the next two bienniums, the aim is to increase the amount of core UBRAF resources spent at regional and country level to 70 per cent to maximize the impact of all cosponsor and UNAIDS Secretariat resources dedicated to the AIDS response.", "Figure 2: Current and target allocation of core UBRAF resources", "[]", "48. The UBRAF links all elements of the business plan, the results and accountability framework and the budget to produce a chain of results to support the achievement of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015. The figure below summarizes the business plan, results and accountability framework, and budget, and the links between them. The support and guidance of the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board in aligning the respective UNDP and UNFPA strategic plan revisions with the UBRAF will ease the alignment challenges.", "Figure 3: Links between the different elements of the UBRAF", "[]", "Progress report on implementation of the second independent evaluation", "49. The second independent evaluation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS called for the development of a new UNAIDS mission, vision, strategy and unified budget, results and accountability framework. In addition, the joint programme revised the UNAIDS Division of Labour to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, leverage respective mandates and resources, and promote mutual accountability at global, regional and country levels. The Division of Labour identifies convening and partnership roles and responsibilities for each of the 10 UNAIDS cosponsors. The UNAIDS Secretariat is not convening any of the 15 Division of Labour areas, but will facilitate and promote coordination and cohesion in advocacy, strategic information, partnership, mutual accountability, and the mobilization of core resources to achieve results in all the areas.", "50. Under the revised Division of Labour, UNDP is assigned as a convenoronthe priority area addressing human rights and the legal environment, and as a co-convenor with UNFPA on women and girls and most-at-risk populations.[4]Furthermore, UNFPA is co-convening with the World Bank on sexual transmissionof HIV and with UNICEF on young people. The convening and partnership roles designated to UNDP are well aligned to the outcome areas of its strategic plan, and the broader mandate of UNDP in poverty reduction, governance, gender equality and crisis prevention and recovery. Similarly, the co-convening roles for UNFPA are fully aligned with its mandate and its strategic plan focus on universal access to sexual and reproductive health, reproductive rights, women and gender equality, young people and the focus on reaching marginalized and excluded populations.", "51. Overall, there are opportunities to significantly improve UNAIDS collective performance and impact as a result of the adoption of the revised Division of Labour. The increase in the number of joint United Nations teams and joint programmes of support offers the potential to improve the coherence, coordination and effectiveness of United Nations efforts at country level. The broader effort to implement recommendations of the SIE will also lead to changes across UNAIDS, not least in the new and four-year format of the UBRAF. While queries have been posed by some donors regarding potential changes to the Division of Labour under the assumption that UN-Women would be joining the joint programme,it is expected that formalities will take place in due course. However, agencies are already working closely with UN-Women on various issues and, where present at country level, UN-Women is included in the discussions and decisions on the process of adapting the Division of Labour at country level based on local circumstances and needs, taking into account the comparative advantages of all partners.", "52. The finalization of the technical-support strategy had been deferred to the 27^(th) PCB meeting. The technical-support strategy outlines key actions by the joint programme for scaling up technical support and strengthening the overall technical support marketplace. Enhanced emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of technical support and on the cost-effective delivery of such support through harmonized and accountable systems. In particular, UNAIDS will focus its technicalsupport efforts on long-term skills transfer and capacity development at national and regional levels, and on aligning differing technicalsupport architectures and mechanisms within the joint programme.", "53. PCB members requested additional details on plans for technical support. It was agreed to include a substantive agenda item reviewing and analysing the state of sustainable capacity development and technical support in the joint programme and to undertake further discussion of the UNAIDS technical-support strategy at the 29^(th) meeting of the PCB. Linked to the technical-support strategy in terms of capacity development was the reiteration of the need for a distinct partnership strategy focused on civil society and people living with HIV as noted in the SIE. Work will continue on its codification, along with identification of UBRAF indicators, over the next six months in collaboration with civil society partners. Challenges include ensuring a clear understanding of the expectations and objectives of each potential partner as a principle of effective partnership and ensuring that these expectations and objectives are aligned with UNAIDS strategic goals and national programme priorities. Furthermore, recent experience highlights the willingness of many multinational companies to partner on social development work with NGOs to strengthen corporate social responsibility programmes and explore opportunities to work with smaller private sector enterprises on HIV.", "54. Finally, the PCB was informed that, following extensive consultation and a thorough review of pertinent benefits and costs, it had been determined that the best option for the UNAIDS Secretariat was to move to a single administrative system within the framework of WHO regulations and rules. Previously, the Secretariat used the WHO and UNDP administrative systems, respectively, at headquarters level and country level. All UNAIDS staff will now be subject to the same set of staff rules and connected to the same electronic platform. Costs associated with moving to a single administrative system will be absorbed within the Secretariat component of the unified budget and workplan. It is anticipated that a single administrative system will enable the UNAIDS Secretariat to achieve important efficiencies and avoid duplication.", "IV. The way forward", "55. In view of the context, UNDP is adjusting HIV programming to respond to the identified challenges and scale up successes. First, recognizing the value of linking action on HIV and broader development efforts, UNDP will prioritize implementation of cross-thematic programmes that address HIV together with key priorities such as advancing gender equality, access to justice, and economic empowerment. This will involve development of cross-practice strategies and joint workplans, as well as operationalization of practical programming guidance. Secondly, while good progress is being made in developing the capacity of national entities to take over implementation of Global Fund, HIV, tuberculosis and malaria grants, UNDP will significantly scale up attention to longer-term capacity development. Moving forward, capacity development assessments and plans prepared in collaboration with national stakeholders will be an integral component for all new Global Fund programmes managed by UNDP. Thirdly, building on the MDG assessment, which points to the benefits of linking HIV and health strategies, UNDP will look to promote cost-effectiveness by leveraging existing successful HIV programming for broader health MDGs. This will include drawing on experience in supporting large-scale implementation, capacity development and governance to accelerate MDG progress. Finally, it will be important to ensure that evaluations more consistently inform programming decisions, and that successful HIV initiatives are either sustained and scaledup, or handed over to partners in cases where UNDP terminates support.", "56. In light of the reality that thetwotop causes of death in women of reproductive age globally are complications related to pregnancy and childbearing and HIV/AIDS, and given the fact that maternal mortality worldwide would have been lower by about 6 per cent in 2008 in the absence of HIV, UNFPA will continue its efforts to reduce maternal mortality. This will include strengthening mechanisms that actively link efforts to reduce maternal mortality with those that respond to the AIDS epidemic; fostering greater collaboration and integrated approaches and developing evidence-informed and rights-based programmes; and placing maternal health within a continuum of care that integrates a comprehensive range of interventions to impact maternal health outcomes, including those related to HIV. UNFPA will continue to support efforts for the meaningful engagement of women and girlsat every stage of national HIV responses to ensure that their needs and rights are well addressed and monitored; and that they have access to an essential package of quality SRH services and are treated with dignity and respect, free of violence, coercion, stigma and discrimination. Based on the evidence of what works to prevent HIV infections in adolescents and young people, UNFPA will support comprehensive HIV and SRH interventions for young people inclusive of: delaying sexual debut; abstaining from sex; correct and consistent use of male and female condoms; medical male circumcision; reduction of multiple concurrent sexual partners; and effective communication for social and behavioural change.", "57. UNFPA will continue to support the improvement of national, regional and global comprehensive condom programming to increase access to and demand for male and female condoms. UNFPA will support governments to develop strategies that specifically address the sexual and reproductive health needs of MSM, sex workers and transgender people based on epidemiological and national contexts. Finally, recognizing that without effective primary prevention of HIV among women of reproductive age and prevention of unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV, the goal to eliminate new infections in children cannot be achieved, and that effective primary prevention in pregnant women, lowering rates of unintended pregnancies along with limited breastfeeding for women living with HIV would account for 19 per cent of potential reduction in mother-to-child transmission of HIV, UNFPA will support efforts to ensure that human rights, including the reproductive rights of all women and girls – in particular those living with HIV – are protected as a non-negotiable element of all HIV and global health programmes.", "58. Notwithstanding the solid commitment within the United Nations system to support national responses to HIV, underlying issues already noted in the present report, especially those related to availability of financial and, more importantly for the United Nations, human resource capacities at all levels, will continue to challenge agency results and national progress towards targets set forth in the political declarations, the UNAIDS strategy and the UBRAF.", "V. Elements for a decision", "59. The Executive Board may wish to take note of the present report and recommend making specific links to the UNAIDS strategy in the respective UNDP and UNFPA HIV strategies and policies, as well as in the respective new UNDP and UNFPA strategic plans to be developed for 2014-2017.", "[]Annex", "[1] The goals are (1) sexual transmission of HIV reduced by half, including among young people, men who have sex with men and transmission in the context of sex work; (2) vertical transmission of HIV eliminated and AIDS-related maternal mortality reduced by half; (3) all new HIV infections prevented among people who use drugs; (4) universal access to antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV who are eligible for treatment; (5) tuberculosis deaths among people living with HIV reduced by half; (6) people living with HIV and households affected by HIV are addressed in all national social protection strategies and have access to essential care and support; (7) countries with punitive laws and practices around HIV transmission, sex work, drug use or homosexuality that block effective responses reduced by half; (8) HIV-related restrictions on entry, stay and residence eliminated in half of the countries that have such restrictions; (9) HIV-specific needs of women and girls are addressed in at least half of all national HIV responses; (10) zero tolerance for gender-based violence.", "[2] HIV treatment figure represents current number of people on antiretroviral treatment for active grants.", "[3] The resolution, among other provisions, “Encourages the incorporation, as appropriate, of HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support, including voluntary and confidential counselling and testing programmes in the implementation of mandated tasks of peacekeeping operations, including assistance to national institutions, to security sector reform (SSR) and to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) processes; and the need to ensure the continuation of such prevention, treatment, care and support during and after transitions to other configurations of United Nations presence”. This resolution not only recognizes that “coordinated international action continues to be required to curb the impact of the HIV epidemic in conflict and post-conflict situations” but also provides directives for the United Nations and Member States on implementation.", "[4] UNDP convenes on “remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that block effective responses to AIDS”, and co-convenes with UNFPA on “meet the HIV needs of women and girls and stop sexual and gender-based violence” and “empower men who have sex with men, sex workers and transgender people to protect themselves from HIV infection and to fully access antiretroviral therapy”." ]
DP_2011_40
[ "Second regular session 2011", "New York, 6-9 September 2011", "Item 5 of the provisional agenda", "Follow-up to the UNAIDS Coordination Board meeting", "Report on the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "Summary", "In accordance with the discussions at the second regular session of 2010 of the Executive Board, the present report focuses on selected results achieved by UNDP and UNFPA in the fight against HIV, and provides updated information on decisions and recommendations of relevance to UNFPA and UNDP that were adopted at the 27^(a) and 28^(a) meetings of the United Nations Joint Programme Coordination Board on HIV/AIDS, held in December 2011, respectively.", "The report contains elements for a decision.", "Contents", "Chapter Paragraphs Page I.Context 4II. UNDP and UNFPA III results. Decisions 16 and recommendations of the UNAIDS Coordination Board of relevance to UNDP and UNFPA IV. The 22 Future Way V. Elements 24 for a Decision Annex 25", "List of acronyms", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "CAO East African Community", "GIZ German International Cooperation Agency (formerly known as the German Technical Cooperation Agency, GTZ)", "MDG Millennium Development Goals", "SADC Southern African Development Community", "UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "I. Context", "1. Thirty years after the outbreak of the HIV epidemic, the global AIDS response is at a crossroads. Since the special sessions of the General Assembly in 2001 and 2006, significant progress has been made in the fight against AIDS, in particular with regard to increased resources, the adoption of stronger national policy frameworks, the expansion of access to treatment and prevention services, and the achievement of a broad consensus on the principles governing effective action at the country level. In addition, the review of major trends reveals that there are key opportunities, including the possibility of better tools to measure HIV incidence; better strategic information; and a favourable impetus for the development of new HIV prevention, treatment, care and support strategies. At the same time, longer-term political and economic trends point to resource reduction, fragmentation and lack of specificity of responses, wide disparities in access to treatment, system weakness and perpetuation of social injustices.", "2. At the high-level meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on AIDS in June 2011, Member States adopted a new Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS: intensification of our efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS, which identified new and ambitious targets to respond to HIV. This statement sets out the future AIDS response programme and provides a road map to eliminate the epidemic. The adoption of a new Security Council resolution on AIDS, namely resolution 1983 (2011), which addresses the relationship between violence against women and HIV in conflict and post-conflict situations, is another important step towards achieving social stability and national security, which the AIDS epidemic could jeopardize.", "3. In June 2003, the Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme (WFP) held a joint meeting to review the recommendations made in the first five-year evaluation of UNAIDS, contained in document UNAIDS/PCB(13)/02.2. The meeting discussed the implications of those recommendations for UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, and addressed UNAIDS operational and governance issues. As a result of that review, the Executive Boards agreed to include a standing item in their programmes on follow-up to the decisions and recommendations of the Coordinating Board of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).", "4. The present report, prepared jointly by UNDP and UNFPA, outlines the results achieved in the fight against HIV and provides an update on the implementation of the decisions taken and recommendations made at the 27th and 28th meetings of the Coordinating Board, held in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively. Key issues discussed at these meetings, which are of particular importance to UNDP and UNFPA, include: UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015; the UNAIDS unified budget framework, results and accountability; and progress in implementing the second independent evaluation.", "II. UNDP/UNFPA results", "5. The new UNAIDS Strategy 2011-2015 was formally adopted at the 27th meeting of the Coordination Board: reaching zero, presenting a global response transformation programme. The three new strategic directions of UNAIDS are: (a) revolutionizing HIV prevention; (b) promoting the next generation of treatment, care and support; and (c) promoting human rights and gender equality. Each of these strategic directions is fundamental, and all are interdependent. In order to realize the long-term vision of UNAIDS, 10 medium-term objectives have been established[1]. These objectives, taken from the priority areas of the UNAIDS results framework, aim to achieve concrete progress where needed and to improve the strategic approach of the joint programme. The annex to this document contains the short strategy of UNAIDS, which provided the basis for the new policy statement on HIV/AIDS, adopted by the General Assembly at the high-level meeting on AIDS in June 2011.", "6. Below are some illustrative examples of the results generated by UNDP and UNFPA contributions to development, in each of the three directions of the UNAIDS 2011-2015 strategy, as well as the difficulties and measures to address them.", "7. Since 2008, nearly 70 UNDP country offices have implemented programmes linked to the four UNDP HIV-related strategic plan outputs, with an estimated 30 other countries implementing AIDS activities as part of other thematic or interdisciplinary programmes. The review of the tests and reports of independent evaluations of country offices shows that significant results have been achieved in the fight against HIV. In particular, evidence shows that approaches have been adopted that have been successful in building the capacity of local institutions and promoting gender equality, multi-stakeholder participation, South-South cooperation and collaboration with United Nations agencies. In addition, evaluations show that interdisciplinary work has been undertaken to highlight, indicating that some of the most important results in the fight against HIV have been achieved in areas where links exist with other thematic areas.", "8. Taking into account that about 80 per cent of HIV infections are sexually transmitted or associated with pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, UNFPA has launched a strategy that prioritizes the allocation and use of resources from its consolidated budget and workplan to build the capacity of the HIV-specific Fund at the country and subregional levels. This capacity-building strategy to increase UNFPA support for country initiatives to prevent HIV was launched in 2006. A 2008 review concluded that the scope, intensity and quality of UNFPA contribution to HIV prevention had undergone a very positive change. In 2011, the strategy is being reviewed to ensure that it has an integrated approach that allows for a more efficient intensification of the Fund &apos; s work with countries to link HIV responses to broader development, human rights and humanitarian programmes, as well as to sexual and reproductive health.", "Revolution of HIV prevention", "9. UNDP helped 21 countries and two regions integrate HIV into national and sectoral development plans and processes, poverty reduction strategy papers and MDG plans. The Southern Africa Institute for Environmental Assessment, supported by UNDP, has prepared a review report on the legislative projects that integrate social and health issues (including HIV and gender issues) in environmental impact assessments in the regions of southern and eastern Africa. Associated countries are: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia. Environmental impact assessments are a practical platform through which the social impact (HIV and gender) of investment projects can be better understood and addressed through a sustainable multisectoral approach. The implementation of this project has strengthened collaboration among ministries. Gender, HIV and investment projects are being better identified and understood in all countries.", "10. During this period, financial support and fund-raising were provided, and technical assistance and policy guidance were provided on men who have sex with men, transgender persons and sex professionals to more than 37 countries. Building on the work undertaken in 2009, UNDP continued to provide policy support to programmes in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Togo, Lesotho, Fiji, the Philippines and Ukraine on strategic information for men who have sex with men and transgender persons, the protection of their human rights, and the strengthening of capacity and partnerships to expand services for these groups. These programmes have increased national efforts to meet the needs of these generally neglected populations. For example, at present, a specific component of the national HIV programme in the Philippines focuses on men who have sex with men and transgender people.", "11. In response to the sexual and reproductive health needs of men and women, UNFPA continues to expand access to male and female condoms and to promote their correct and systematic use. In 2010, the Global Condom Initiative expanded to 74 countries, 55 in 2008, and is increasingly approaching its goal of reaching 100 countries. UNFPA remains one of the main providers to low-income male and female condom countries (68 million and 14 million, respectively, in 2009). In the Caribbean subregion, a condom demand-generation framework was tested on the ground, from which Belize, Suriname and Saint Lucia developed strategies to generate condom demand. In four countries with high AIDS prevalence in southern Africa, namely Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland, demand-generation initiatives were also completed. In 2011, UNFPA intensified its efforts to achieve the UNAIDS target of increasing condom use among young people by 50 per cent, and this will remain a programmatic priority.", "12. In order to expand young people &apos; s access to HIV testing services in South Africa, UNFPA established a partnership with LoveLife and Soul City to support a national HIV counselling and testing campaign for children aged 12 to 14, reaching 8,445,000 children. In Barbados and Kazakhstan, promotional activities were carried out among policymakers to remove legal barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health services without parental consent. In Belize, UNFPA support for the Christian Youth Women Association to create a adolescent-oriented centre has greatly improved access to sexual and reproductive health information and condom use.", "13. At the global level, UNFPA continued to strengthen collaboration, broadening the evidence base, supporting capacity development, and providing technical assistance to support adolescents &apos; access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health and sexual education services targeted at them. The 2011 target for the percentage of countries whose secondary school curricula cover sexual and reproductive health and HIV prevention issues in everyday life and taking into account gender issues was already overtaken in 2010. Examples of results obtained with UNFPA support are Nepal, where the Government Health Sector Plan included the provision of sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents and youth, and Viet Nam, where national guidelines on adolescent sexual and reproductive health were developed for young people who did not attend school. In Colombia and Mozambique, UNFPA-supported programmes left behind the stage of donor-supported programmes and became government programmes. In the Syrian Arab Republic and Egypt, UNFPA supported sexual education through culture-sensitive approaches.", "14. Currently, UNFPA and its partners are working to establish a network of regional and national experts to respond to requests for training and technical assistance in the area of sexual education. As a first step to that end, the existing situation was reviewed to assess the content, quality and method of delivery of current sexual education programmes in schools in 10 countries in East and South Africa, in order to guide future revisions of the curricula. The results of this review were included in a workshop jointly organized by UNFPA, UNICEF, UNESCO and KwaZulu-Natal University, which contributed to capacity-building, the development and implementation of effective programmes for sexual education and HIV prevention among young people in the school field, of 70 specialists in the development of curricula of the Ministries of Education, and of United Nations officials dealing with youth issues, of South Africa, of 10 countries. As a result of this initiative, and using a participatory training methodology, a regional training manual on sexual education is being developed, which will be used to create a critical mass of competent educators specialized in sexual education.", "15. Recent evidence showing that HIV is the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age requires strengthening knowledge of the interconnection between the Millennium Development Goals 3, 4, 5 and 6 and making concerted efforts to support the integration of HIV and sexual and reproductive health. To date, support has been provided to 25 countries in the development and implementation of national plans for the integration of sexual and reproductive health, and several countries have reported improved linkages between HIV programmes and measures to prevent gender-based violence. Technical support was provided to 61 countries to expand maternal and child transmission prevention programmes and to integrate services in this area, where family planning provides a starting point. In this regard, UNFPA offices have reported that 70 per cent of countries have included family planning in situational analysis, and 49 per cent have allocated a budget to UNFPA in their national plans.", "16. Key challenges remain to be addressed in achieving the goals set out in the UNAIDS strategy. In 2010, new evidence was obtained of the benefits of expanding treatment, which demonstrates not only the need to accelerate the expansion of access to treatment, but also to link HIV prevention and treatment with strategic planning, service delivery and impact assessment. To this end, the measurement and collection of qualitative and quantitative data on prevention in general will need to be strengthened. It is necessary to use “preventive treatment” in combination with other HIV prevention options; preventive treatment does not replace, but reinforces the set of prevention measures.", "17. In terms of integration, it remains difficult in many countries to link HIV to sexual and reproductive health. Often, the focus is on integrating services and less attention is paid to broader human and structural issues. Deficiencies in logistics and supply systems also impede the provision of effective services. For example, interruptions in the supply of key products (antiretroviral medicines and treatment of opportunistic diseases, HIV testing kits, condoms and others) prevent effective response and highlight the need to further strengthen national and subnational procurement and supply management systems. Furthermore, targets related to the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and universal access will not be achieved unless countries and communities reach the most marginalized members of society and meet their needs. Increased political support, more focused technical support and more integrated services are needed to ensure that programmes are expanded in countries where little progress continues. A comprehensive approach, with standardized practical procedures, complemented by evidence on the benefits of integration, is essential to convince stakeholders to expand programmes.", "18. Preventive information and prevention programmes need to be part of an uninterrupted set of programmes suitable for each age and context, in which young people &apos; s participation and inputs, inter alia, in the area of sexual education, are developed in order to improve the outcomes of youth-oriented health measures. The elimination of regulatory and legal barriers that prevent the provision of services tailored to the needs of young people so that they are not excluded reduces the risk of HIV exposure. The adoption of quantifiable targets (e.g., with regard to full knowledge, HIV testing and the use of condoms among young people) in priority countries will help to assume greater responsibility and exert greater influence on reducing the level of new infections.", "Drive the next generation of treatment, care and support", "19. As one of the main recipients of the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria donations in 2010, UNDP helped build national capacity to implement large-scale programmes to combat HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in 29 countries. Support for capacity-building of national stakeholders has been a key priority, and, in collaboration with partner countries, formal capacity-building plans have been developed for all new UNDP-managed donations. Between 2003 and 2010, UNDP has acted as the main recipient in a total of 37 countries. In 12 of them, the primary recipient function was transferred to a national entity as a result of the achievements in capacity-building. Although UNDP often acts as a primary recipient in countries with the highest risk levels, its performance in relation to the use of donations is significantly higher than the average. Since 2003, UNDP has conducted community outreach activities on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria prevention that have reached 28 million people. Counseling and HIV testing has been provided to nearly 4.8 million people. In addition, antiretroviral drugs have been provided to 213,000 HIV-positive persons[2]. The programmes implemented have identified and dealt with 700,000 cases of tuberculosis, distributed 11 million mosquito nets, and treated 26 million cases of malaria.", "20. During this period, UNFPA also supported the development of guidelines to address the challenges facing young people and sex workers, which would be used in the development of HIV-related proposals for the tenth round of the Global Fund. In addition, it provided technical support, including through joint consultations and technical missions, to 20 countries to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, to South Africa, Swaziland and Zambia to integrate sexual and reproductive health and HIV.", "21. UNDP helped 17 countries and two regions to build capacity to adopt trade and health-friendly policies and laws. For example, in Ukraine, the Government received support from UNDP to incorporate into national legislation the flexibilities provided for in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. If these flexibilities were adopted, the cost of antiretroviral and other medicines could be significantly reduced. In addition, in the case of Ukraine, the adoption of such flexibilities would allow for the use of more generic medicines, which, in some cases, could mean savings of more than 90 per cent of costs, and would provide treatment to many more people. In the United Republic of Tanzania, UNDP, in collaboration with civil society and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), organized two meetings on the enactment of counterfeiting laws in the East African Community (OEC), an organization covering Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Government representatives, parliamentarians, academics and members of civil society from all CAO member countries attended the meetings, which promoted awareness of the impact on public health of counterfeiting laws. As a result of these meetings, the CAO secretariat approved the UNDP proposals aimed at amending the CAO Bill to Combat Counterfeiting, so that it takes into account public health concerns, which will allow the member countries of CAO to continue to use generic drugs, which account for 90 per cent of the total number of medicines consumed in the region.", "22. Combating poverty and social exclusion is critical to eliminating vulnerability to AIDS. Hence, the global community has recognized that what is needed is not a social protection approach that focuses exclusively on AIDS, but one that takes into account AIDS. In India, in 2010, UNDP supported the creation, expansion and reform in several states of numerous HIV-sensitive social protection programmes, which enabled more than 77,000 people to attend within six months. The analytical basis for these programmes was set in 2006 in a study on the socio-economic effects of HIV, which showed that the virus had a negative impact on the employment, income, savings and school attendance of affected households. As a follow-up, UNDP implemented a multifaceted advocacy and technical assistance strategy involving the National AIDS Organization, State bodies and civil society organizations, including networks of people living with HIV. As a result, in Rajasthan State, the widows &apos; pension scheme was reformed so that women who had been widowed by HIV were entitled to a monthly pension regardless of their age. At present, other states of India are following this example. In 2010, some 23,000 women benefited from this reform in the pension schemes. In addition, more and more states are covering transportation costs for HIV treatment. In a semester, in 2010, more than 31,000 people benefited from this programme. Other reforms have also been carried out to highlight, for example, in some states people with HIV currently have access to subsidized food, housing and health care, benefits previously reserved for people living below the poverty line. Furthermore, the Ministry of Labour has eliminated a clause that excluded those affected by HIV from health insurance schemes for informal workers.", "23. Many countries do not have national social protection programmes, and where they do, it is necessary to examine in detail how to make laws, policies and programmes more responsive to the needs of people affected by HIV and living with the virus. Access to services is limited for many people due to widespread conditions of poverty, along with stigma and discrimination. While in some places, there is a humanitarian continuity between HIV treatment centres and community organizations, this is actually very difficult to ensure because of a variety of factors, including the lack of political will and resources, the capacity of community groups, and the understanding between such groups and health workers.", "24. While the health sector must be at the centre of measures to expand treatment, care and support, many countries are not yet strategically influenced or coordinated with the relevant ministries. In addition to the above-described role of trade and social protection policies, other key partners in expanding care and support can be women &apos; s or gender ministries, which serve the disproportionate role of women in the care of others, and ministries of the interior or internal affairs, which help facilitate access by marginalized groups to services.", "Promotion of human rights and gender equality", "25. In rounds 6 and 7 of proposals for HIV-related subsidies, UNDP, together with the UNAIDS Secretariat and the Global Fund, published a review of access to justice programmes, which had a positive impact on the inclusion of a specific goal and operational plan on human rights and equity in the new Global Fund strategy.", "26. In June 2010, UNDP, on behalf of the UNAIDS system, established the Global Commission on HIV and Law, which aims to develop evidence-based and human rights recommendations that will help countries to create and maintain favourable legal environments to respond effectively to HIV. The discussions and follow-up actions arising from the dialogues held by the Commission in the six regions in 2011 will further inform and strengthen the work of UNDP in this important area. The objective of these regional dialogues is to generate a policy debate, with a view to addressing critical legal and human rights issues related to HIV in the regions. Regional dialogues will contribute to the Commission &apos; s deliberations by providing evidence-based reports and contributions, and by promoting the participation of legislators, policymakers and community members. In addition, regional dialogues will contribute to increasing knowledge, commitment, and participation in the regions with regard to the measures necessary for real change in human rights and legislation issues, which can contribute to improving the lives and health of individuals. There is a close link between the gender work of UNDP and the Global Commission on HIV and the Law. One of the main areas under investigation by the Commission is that of laws that support or mitigate the violence and discrimination suffered by women.", "27. A report on the implementation of the UNAIDS Action Framework and Agenda for the Accelerated Country Action was published at the 27^(a) meeting of the Coordinating Board to address the issue of women, girls, gender equality and HIV. The 28^(a) meeting continued to examine gender aspects of AIDS responses. The UNAIDS Agenda, published in March 2010, has achieved considerable results: 55 countries have created agendas for women and girls, and 45 countries are already reporting on activities directly related to the Agenda. In 2010, a total of $6.1 million was allocated to this initiative, including $4.5 million in support of countries.", "28. The members of the Coordinating Board welcomed the report and said that the operational plan provided a unique opportunity to ensure that national responses met the needs of women and girls. In particular, the Coordination Board welcomed the efforts of UNAIDS to mainstream comprehensive sexual education policies and programmes into its 2011-2015 strategy, as well as the actions taken by UNAIDS to overcome gender-related barriers that impeded participation in sexual and reproductive health and HIV-related services. Increased progress was urged, and calls were made to demonstrate greater leadership on women, girls and HIV/AIDS issues, and to match political rhetoric with adequate resources.", "29. In fulfilling its responsibilities with regard to the UNAIDS Country Accelerated Action Agenda to address the issue of women, girls, gender equality and HIV, UNDP carried out capacity-building activities for women living with HIV in 23 countries in six regions, increasing collaboration between organizations and networks of HIV-positive women and other key national stakeholders. In addition, 14 countries strengthened the capacity of national networks of women living with HIV to participate more effectively in and report on universal access and MDG processes.", "30. As part of its responsibilities with regard to the &quot; Units to End Violence against Women &quot; and the Agenda for Women and Girls, UNFPA supported 42 countries in the development, implementation or evaluation of prevention, treatment, care and support programmes specifically aimed at empowering women and girls, and helped 26 countries to develop and implement HIV-related policies specifically aimed at combating gender-based violence, In the Jamaica Bureau for Women &apos; s Affairs, a Men &apos; s Affairs Office was established to manage the necessary interventions. This initiative has increased the mobilization of Jamaican men in the promotion and implementation of programmes to combat gender-based violence, and has increased their participation in efforts to promote equality and the rights of women. In nearly 80 countries, support has been provided to networks of people living with HIV, with an emphasis on women living with HIV.", "31. At the end of 2010, UNFPA led the work of the inter-agency group on gender equality and HIV to build capacity in 16 countries in three regions to develop and implement, together with men and boys, strategies to address the social norms governing gender, violence, and sexual relations. UNFPA supported the holding of a workshop for 92 participants from 30 countries on collaboration with men to prevent and respond to HIV/AIDS, resulting in the development of a regional framework for Africa on collaboration with men and boys to promote gender and reproductive health (including HIV/AIDS). While it is recognized that it is important to work with men and boys to achieve gender equality, it remains difficult to engage men and boys as partners, both with this goal and with the goal of ensuring their own sexual and reproductive health.", "32. UNDP has led an inter-agency initiative in 10 countries to promote immediate universal access for women and girls. UNFPA participates in this initiative, which seeks to assist countries in achieving gender equality in the national response to HIV, and among those achievements: the integration, in the new national strategic framework for the fight against AIDS in Zambia (2011-2015), of a clear gender component and the commitment to address gender-based violence; and the establishment of a new national AIDS advisory post in the Zambia National Council.", "33. The main difficulties in implementing this framework are: the need to achieve long-term political and financial commitments for women, girls and HIV; the need to strengthen sexual and reproductive health services and link them to HIV; high rates of gender-based violence; and the need to increase the participation of men. Capacity-building is critical to the success and sustainability of this framework. In addition, experience to date demonstrates that better testing and tracking systems are needed.", "34. It was noted that UN-Women can provide an opportunity to strengthen the commitment of the United Nations system to the above-mentioned issues. At its March 2011 meeting, the Committee of Co-sponsoring Organizations welcomed the interest of UN-Women in joining the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and agreed to initiate the formal application process, in accordance with the criteria and procedures agreed by the Coordinating Board in 2004 (UNAIDS/PCB (15)/04.8). Meanwhile, the Joint Programme continues to focus on women and girls and to promote women &apos; s rights and gender equality.", "35. In developing the unified budget, results and accountability framework, UNAIDS ensured that key budgetary measures, indicators and allocations are incorporated to further progress in the implementation of the programme of action, including, inter alia, AIDS and sexual and reproductive health services. Member States called for continued monitoring of implementation, in coordination with themselves and with the participation of women living with HIV and civil society, and for the Coordination Board to be informed in the context of the unified framework. They also called for a midterm review of the programme in December 2012.", "36. UNAIDS was requested to work with national stakeholders to document models of best practices in collaboration between AIDS and women &apos; s movements to meet the needs of women and girls in relation to HIV. The Coordination Board also requested UNAIDS to work with key stakeholders to promote and facilitate better linkages between sexual and reproductive health, human rights and HIV, and encouraged strengthened partnerships with networks that collaborate with men and boys, and with women and girls on HIV and gender equality issues.", "37. In 2011, UNFPA and UNDP have helped more than 50 countries improve human rights protection and access to services for sex professionals and their clients, men who have sex with men and transgender people. Efforts to this end have increased coordination and harmonization between sex-professional networks and organizations dealing with HIV issues and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections, sexual and reproductive health, and the links between sexual and reproductive health, gender-based violence and human rights. UNFPA and the Asia-Pacific Sex Professionals Network, together with their partners, organized the first Asia-Pacific regional consultation on HIV and sexual work, sponsored by the Royal Government of Thailand, with the participation of Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and Thailand. As a result of these consultations, eight draft national action plans on HIV and sexual work were developed, a regional programme was established to respond to the HIV epidemic between sex workers and their clients in 2010-2013; the technical capacity of the Network secretariat was strengthened through the recruitment of a full-time director and a policy officer; and a regional dialogue between Governments and national dialogues between Governments and sex workers was initiated.", "38. Problems relating to key populations slow progress. Data show that most countries continue to allocate insufficient resources to programmes targeted at these populations. Stigma, discrimination and homophobia persist, as well as lack of political commitment. In some countries, the weakness of civil society prevents measures to address the needs of key populations in relation to HIV. The lack of quantitative and qualitative data makes the theoretical frameworks related to gender, sexuality and identity weak, preventing needs and behaviour from being well understood and leading to the development of ineffective programmes. In addition, problems of different kinds may undermine the effectiveness of responses and collaborative initiatives with key populations, such as mandatory pharmacological treatment or the criminalization of sex work and same-sex relationships. Recent policy changes in relation to more effective political leadership and the allocation of resources for more specific purposes have contributed to broadening the access of key populations to evidence-based services, and have shown that progress is possible. A favourable environment is needed for key populations to participate in the planning, implementation and evaluation of strategies and programmes that impact their lives. A comprehensive approach, including measures to combat stigmatization and collaboration with law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders, is needed to ensure that the needs of key populations are effective in addressing the challenges in their broader dimension.", "39. The twenty-seventh meeting of the Coordinating Board discussed issues related to AIDS, security and humanitarian response. Under the UNAIDS division of labour, UNFPA and UNDP have collaborated with partners to address HIV/AIDS issues in humanitarian situations. The need to expand this work and strengthen programmes to combat HIV and sexual violence in conflict situations was recognized with the adoption in June 2011 of Security Council resolution 1983 (2011).[3]", "40. Within the framework of that resolution, UNDP and UNFPA, in collaboration with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DOMP), the UNAIDS Secretariat and co-sponsors, will be supported in previous initiatives and will continue to strengthen ongoing work in the following areas:", "• Integrating gender and HIV interventions into disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes. Joint programmes have benefited ex-combatants, women associated with the armed forces, and host communities in reintegration processes in the Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia, Liberia, Nepal, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Sudan, Sierra Leone and South Sudan.", "• The annual supply of essential reproductive health products to all UNHCR-administered refugee populations and camps in some 25 countries (according to UNFPA-UNHCR agreement).", "• Training of members of uniformed national services prior to deployment in peacekeeping missions, and collaboration with DPKO in training of peacekeeping personnel on HIV and gender-based violence issues.", "• Collaboration with relevant agencies to establish or strengthen host community programmes on the prevention of sexual violence and HIV in conflict and post-conflict situations.", "41. The adoption of Security Council resolution 1983 (2011) demonstrates the decision of Member States at the highest level to combat HIV/AIDS in the humanitarian context, and creates new opportunities for UNFPA and UNDP to maintain and expand programmes and partnerships. As noted in the report on the implementation of resolution 1308 (2000): On the Frontline: A review of programmes that address HIV among international peacekeepers and uniformed services 2005-2010 (On the front line: a review of programmes to combat HIV among international peacekeepers and uniformed services 2005-2010), the changing landscape of threats to international peace and security and the growing evidence of the relationship between AIDS and security still created. Key actors (the UNAIDS secretariat, DPKO, UNDP, UNFPA and the Office on Drugs and Crime) will shortly hold discussions to establish a clear division of responsibilities and to identify specific timelines for implementing Security Council resolution 1983 (2011).", "III. Decisions and recommendations of the UNAIDS Coordination Board of relevance to UNDP and UNFPA", "UNAIDS Strategy", "42. At its twenty-seventh meeting, the Coordination Board officially approved the new UNAIDS Strategy 2011-2015: reaching zero, which provides a global response transformation programme and seeks to increase attention and improve effectiveness in order to drastically reduce the number of new infections, expand access to treatment, and combat stigma and discrimination. Its objective is to facilitate strategic partnerships, support country control, promote the participation of emerging economies, facilitate South-South and triangular cooperation, and promote a new approach to financing HIV response. The strategy emphasizes mutual accountability for response, broadening participation, strengthening community systems, and promoting activism, and reflects the transition from short-term technical support to durable capacity-building and resilient nations, as well as the multiplication of efforts to link AIDS response to broader health and development initiatives.", "43. Member States stressed that all co-sponsors should be encouraged to link their strategies to the new UNAIDS strategy, following the work undertaken by WHO, WFP, ILO and UNESCO, which have already reviewed their HIV strategies and policies to link them to the UNAIDS strategy. UNFPA plans to establish this link in the next review of its strategic guidance on HIV/AIDS, and is taking into account the UNAIDS consolidated budget, results and accountability framework in the follow-up to the mid-term review of its strategic plan and in the revision of the concomitant development results framework. The new UNAIDS strategy will also serve as a basis for the development of the next UNFPA strategic plan, 2014-2017. In 2012 and 2013, UNDP will update its current institutional strategy on AIDS to reflect the new UNAIDS strategy. In addition, the new UNAIDS strategy will provide the basis for mainstreaming HIV and AIDS work into the new UNDP strategic plan for 2014 and beyond.", "44. One problem to mention is the reduction of international support for HIV, together with the existence of other competing needs for resources and a growing population of people living with HIV, which creates a high strain to respond to HIV and threatens the sustainability of the progress made in recent times. Moreover, the strong dependence of many countries on external support can jeopardize national responses. Ten years after the adoption of the time-bound targets set out in the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, human resources constraints and institutional capacity in the technical and management areas continue to undermine national responses. Funding for the HIV response is a shared responsibility that requires continued support from international donors, increased resource allocation and political commitment from national governments, stronger leadership from emerging economies and the private sector, and more focused programmatic attention on improving effectiveness and maximizing impact.", "Unified budget framework, results and accountability 2012-2015", "45. The UNAIDS strategy will be implemented through various mechanisms, including the unified budget framework, results and accountability 2012-2015 and a revised UNAIDS division of labour. The UNAIDS consolidated budget, results and accountability framework is the main theme of the agenda of the twenty-eighth meeting of the Coordination Board, replacing the thematic session. The UNAIDS unified budget, results and accountability framework is structured around the UNAIDS strategy, and its 10 strategic roles and objectives seek to contribute to the achievement of the UNAIDS long-term vision of zero new HIV infections, zero AIDS-related deaths, and zero discrimination.", "46. The UNAIDS consolidated budget, results and accountability framework outlines the outcomes, outputs and deliverables of the Joint Programme, the allocation of resources for this purpose by geographical regions, and how progress will be monitored. As such, the unified framework presents the overall results structure of the Joint Programme, which incorporates clearly defined benchmarks and results, determines the contributions of each co-sponsor, and focuses specifically on country progress.", "47. The UNAIDS consolidated budget, results and accountability framework has three components:", "(a) A business plan that provides a framework to capture the contributions of the Joint Programme in support of the implementation of the UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015. The business plan describes the basis, objectives and expected outcomes of the Joint Programme. Co-sponsors and the UNAIDS secretariat will develop annual workplans for the detailed implementation of the unified budget framework, results and accountability, which will strengthen linkages with the planning processes and results frameworks of co-sponsors. Given the changing nature of the epidemic and the need for increased attention, UNAIDS will focus on programming and intensify its activities in the 20 or more (20+) countries identified in the UNAIDS strategy (see table 1).", "Table 1", "Review of 20+ countries", "• Brazil It would be addressed (n): • Cambodia • Cameroon • China • Ethiopia • Russian Federation • India • Kenya • Malawi • Mozambique • Myanmar • Nigeria • RepublicDemocratic Congo • RepublicUnidade Tanzania • South Africa • Thailand • Ukraine • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe – Over 70 per cent of new HIV infections worldwide – Over 80 per cent of the global deficit in the area of antiretroviral treatment for adults seeking conditions Over 75 per cent of the global deficit in the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV - Over 95 per cent of the global burden of HIV-associated latuberculosis - The large HIV epidemics driven by injecting drug consumption (more than half of the 20 middle-income and low-income countries are estimated to have a population of drug users over 100,000 people and an estimated HIV prevalence of more than 10 per cent) The laws affecting the response of HIV, including travel restrictions that apply to HIV-positive persons (14 of these countries have three or more of these laws) Aid effectiveness would be boosted: – By improving the implementation of more than US$ 5.1 billion in HIV aid from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Taking advantage of the funding of the United States President &apos; s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (which amounted to more than US$ 7,400 million between 2007 and 2009)", "Note: These countries meet three of the following five criteria, according to independent sources of information: (1)  per cent of new HIV infections; (2) OPS1 per cent of the global deficit in antiretroviral therapy for adults (CD4 cells count 350/ml); (3)  per cent of the global burden of HIV-associated tuberculosis; 4) an estimated population of drug users over 10 per cent", "(b) A results and accountability framework that will measure the achievements of the Joint Programme and establish a clear link between investments and results. The results and accountability framework will ensure accountability for programmatic results and the optimal use of resources. The Coordination Board requested that the Joint Programme continue to strengthen the framework through a consultative process with all stakeholders. The results of this process will be reported to the Coordinating Board at its twenty-ninth meeting. Accordingly, UNDP and UNFPA, as members of the Co-sponsors &apos; Evaluation Working Group and the UNAIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group, should, inter alia, review and refine indicators. Information will be provided to the Coordination Board on the implementation of the framework, including information, supported by indicators, on resources and the participation of civil society.", "(c) A core budget to mobilize the contributions of co-sponsors and fund the activities of the UNAIDS secretariat in 2012-2013 to translate the objectives of the UNAIDS strategy into actions and results. The Coordination Board approved a core budget of $485 million for 2012-2013, which means that the same level of budget remains as in 2010-2011 and 2008-2009. This represents a reduction in real terms, and shows that the unified budget, results and accountability framework remains a mobilizing and complementary tool, and that efforts must continue to be made to ensure the optimal use of resources. A total of $164 million will be allocated to the $10 co-sponsors and $320 million to the UNAIDS secretariat. The allocation of core budget resources to co-sponsors is intended to complement other budgetary resources to be raised by co-sponsors to carry out AIDS work. In the next two bienniums, the objective is to increase to 70 per cent of the core resources of the unified budget, results and accountability framework that is invested at the regional and country levels in order to maximize the impact of the total resources of the co-sponsors and the UNAIDS secretariat engaged in AIDS response.", "Table 2 Current and projected allocation of core resources for the consolidated budget, results and accountability framework", "[]", "48. The UNAIDS unified budget, results and accountability framework links all elements of the business plan, the results and accountability framework and the budget to create a results chain that supports the achievement of UNAIDS strategy 2011-2015. The following table summarizes the business plan, the results and accountability framework and the budget, as well as the links between them. The support and guidance of the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board in aligning the revisions to the respective UNDP/UNFPA plans with the unified budget framework, results and accountability will facilitate this alignment.", "Table 3 Linkages between the different elements of the unified budget, results and accountability framework", "[]", "Implementation report of the second independent evaluation", "49. The second independent evaluation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS called for UNAIDS to develop a new mission, vision and strategy, and a unified budget, results and accountability framework. In addition, UNAIDS revised its division of labour to improve efficiency and effectiveness, leverage respective mandates and resources, and promote mutual accountability at the global, regional and national levels. The division of labour determines the roles and responsibilities of each of the 10 UNAIDS co-sponsors as organizers and partners in each area. The UNAIDS Secretariat will not organize any of the 15 areas of the division of labour, but will facilitate and promote coordination and cohesion in advocacy, strategic information, collaboration, mutual responsibility and mobilization of core resources to achieve results in all areas.", "50. Under the revised division of labour, UNDP is an organizer in the priority area of human rights and the legal environment, and is a partner agency, together with UNFPA, in the tasks related to women and girls and populations at higher risk.[4] In addition, UNFPA is a partner, together with the World Bank, in efforts to reduce sexual transmission of HIV, and, together with UNICEF, in youth-related activities. The work of UNDP organizer and partner agency is well aligned with the results areas of its strategic plan, and with its broader mandate on poverty reduction, governance development, gender equality promotion, crisis prevention and subsequent recovery. Similarly, the functions of UNFPA partner agency are fully within its mandate and with the attention given in its strategic plan to universal access to sexual and reproductive health, reproductive rights, women and gender equality, youth and marginalized and excluded populations.", "51. Overall, the adoption of the revised division of labour makes it possible to significantly improve the collective performance and impact of UNAIDS. The increase in the number of United Nations joint support programmes and teams could improve the coherence, coordination and effectiveness of United Nations initiatives at the country level. The broader initiatives to implement the recommendations of the second independent evaluation will also generate changes across UNAIDS, including in the new four-year format of the unified budget, results and accountability framework. Some donors have been investigating the possibility of changes in the division of labour if UN-Women joins the Joint Programme. Procedures are expected to take place in due course. However, agencies are already working closely with UN-Women on a number of issues and, where UN-Women is present at the country level, it is included in discussions and decision-making on the adaptation of the division of labour in countries in line with local circumstances and needs, and taking into account the comparative advantages of all partners.", "52. The completion of the technical support strategy had been postponed to the twenty-seventh meeting of the Coordination Board. This strategy describes the key activities to be carried out by the Joint Programme to increase technical support and strengthen the global market for such support. In addition, a strong emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of technical support and its cost-effective delivery through harmonized accountability systems. In particular, UNAIDS will focus its technical support initiatives on long-term knowledge transfer and capacity-building at the national and regional levels, as well as on aligning various technical support structures and mechanisms in the context of the joint programme.", "53. The members of the Coordinating Board requested additional information on technical support plans. It was agreed to include in the agenda of the twenty-ninth meeting of the Coordination Board a substantive item devoted to reviewing the status of sustainable capacity-building and technical support, and to continue to review the UNAIDS technical support strategy. With regard to the technical support strategy for capacity-building, the need for a clear partnership strategy focused on civil society and people living with HIV was reiterated, as indicated in the second independent evaluation. In the next six months, in collaboration with civil society partners, efforts will continue to be made to develop this strategy and to establish the indicators of the unified budget framework, results and accountability. In this regard, it will be necessary, inter alia, to ensure a clear understanding of the expectations and objectives of each potential partner, as a principle for effective collaboration, and to ensure that these expectations and objectives are consistent with the strategic objectives of UNAIDS and the priorities of national programmes. In addition, recent experience demonstrates the willingness of many multinational companies to collaborate with non-governmental organizations in social development to strengthen corporate social responsibility programmes, and to explore opportunities to collaborate with smaller private sector enterprises on HIV.", "54. Finally, the Coordination Board was informed that, following extensive consultations and a thorough review of benefits and costs, it had been determined that the best option for the UNAIDS secretariat was to move to a single administrative system, within the framework of the WHO regulations. Prior to that, the secretariat used the administrative systems of WHO and UNDP at headquarters and countries, respectively. All UNAIDS staff will then be subject to the same set of staff rules and connected to the same electronic platform. The costs associated with the transition to a single administrative system will be absorbed into the secretariat component of the consolidated budget and workplan. A single administrative system is expected to enable the UNAIDS secretariat to make a significant contribution to efficiency and avoid duplication.", "IV. The Future Way", "55. In the light of the context of its work, UNDP is adjusting HIV programmes to respond to identified problems and increase successes. First, recognizing the value of linking HIV measures to broader development activities, UNDP will prioritize the implementation of multi-thematic programmes to combat HIV, and key issues such as the promotion of gender equality, access to justice and economic empowerment. This will require the development of interdisciplinary strategies and workplans and the provision of practical programming guidance. Secondly, while adequate progress is being made in building the capacity of national entities to assume the implementation of grants from the Global Fund to Combat HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNDP will significantly increase its focus on longer-term capacity-building. Future evaluations and capacity-building plans, prepared in collaboration with national stakeholders, will be an integral component of all new UNDP-managed Global Fund programmes. Thirdly, on the basis of the MDG assessment, which demonstrates the benefits of linking HIV to health strategies, UNDP will seek to promote cost-effectiveness by driving the development of existing and successful HIV programmes to promote the wider MDGs. To that end, the existing experience in large-scale implementation, capacity-building and the promotion of governance should be harnessed to accelerate progress in achieving the MDGs. Finally, it will be necessary to ensure that the results of the evaluations are taken more systematically into account in programming decisions, and that successful initiatives to combat HIV are maintained and expanded or transferred to partners where UNDP terminates its support.", "56. In view of the fact that the two root causes of the death of women of reproductive age at the global level are complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and HIV/AIDS, and since, in 2008, maternal mortality worldwide would have been reduced by 6 per cent, if it had not been for HIV, UNFPA will continue to seek to reduce maternal mortality, which will require strengthening mechanisms that actively link efforts to reduce HIV-related outcomes, UNFPA will continue to support efforts to promote the active participation of women and girls at all stages of national HIV responses to ensure that their needs and rights are adequately addressed and monitored, and that they have access to an essential set of quality sexual and reproductive health services and are treated with dignity and respect, without violence, coercion, stigma and discrimination. Based on the evidence indicating measures to prevent HIV infection in adolescents and young people, UNFPA will support comprehensive HIV interventions and the promotion of sexual and reproductive health for young people, including: the delay in sexual intercourse; sexual abstinence; the correct and systematic use of male and female condoms; male circumcision by medical specialists, the reduction of multiple concurrent and effective sexual intercourse.", "57. UNFPA will continue to support the improvement of national, regional and global comprehensive programming on the use of condoms to increase the demand for and access to male and female condoms. In addition, it will assist Governments in developing strategies that specifically address the sexual and reproductive health needs of men who have sex with men, sex workers and transgender persons, taking into account the epidemiological and national contexts. Finally, recognizing that, without effective primary prevention of HIV among women of reproductive age, and without the prevention of unwanted pregnancies among women living with HIV, the goal of eliminating new infections in children cannot be achieved, and that effective primary prevention in pregnant women and the reduction of the rates of unwanted pregnancies, together with limited breastfeeding for women living with HIV would be a possible maternal reduction of 19 per cent", "58. Despite the strong decision of the United Nations system to support national responses to HIV, the underlying challenges identified in the present report, in particular those related to the availability of financial resources and, more importantly to the United Nations, with human resources capacity at all levels, will continue to impede the achievement of institutional results and national progress in achieving the goals set out in policy statements, the UNAIDS strategy and the unified budget framework,", "V. Elements for a decision", "59. The Executive Board may wish to take note of the present report and recommend that the respective HIV strategies and policies and new strategic plans for 2014-2017 of UNDP and UNFPA establish specific links with the UNAIDS strategy.", "Annex", "[]", "[1] Targets include: (1) halving the sexual transmission of HIV, also among young people, men who have sex with men, and in the context of sex trade; (2) ending the vertical transmission of HIV and halving the maternal deaths associated with AIDS; (3) preventing new HIV infections among drug users; (4) providing universal access to antirecultive therapy for HIV-positive persons", "[2] HIV treatment figures represent the number of people currently receiving antiretroviral treatment through active donations.", "[3] Among other issues, this resolution: &quot; Encourages the incorporation, as appropriate, of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, including voluntary and confidential testing and advisory programmes, in the implementation of the tasks entrusted to peacekeeping operations, including assistance to national institutions, security sector reform and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes, as well as the need to ensure that such prevention, follow-up and follow-up, In addition, the resolution recognizes that: “ urgent and coordinated international measures continue to be needed to curb the impact of the HIV epidemic in conflict and post-conflict situations”, and implementation guidelines are provided for the United Nations and Member States.", "[4] UNDP is the organizer of tasks aimed at “eliminating laws, policies and punitive practices, as well as stigma and discrimination that hinder AIDS responses”, and is a partner agency, together with UNFPA, to “respond to the HIV-related needs of women and girls and to end sexual and gender-based violence” and to “train men who have sex with men”" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "* A/66/150.", "La tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General el informe provisional preparado por el Relator Especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, Juan E. Méndez, de conformidad con la resolución 65/205 de la Asamblea General.", "Informe provisional del Relator Especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes", "Resumen", "En el presente informe, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 65/205 de la Asamblea General, el Relator Especial aborda cuestiones que suscitan especial preocupación y algunos acontecimientos recientes en el contexto de su mandato.", "El Relator Especial señala a la atención de la Asamblea General su evaluación de que la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento se practica en la mayoría de los Estados. El Relator Especial estima que, cuando las condiciones físicas y la prisión en régimen de aislamiento causan un dolor o sufrimiento mental y físico, cuando es utilizado como un castigo, durante la prisión preventiva, por tiempo indefinido o prolongado, a los menores o a personas con discapacidad mental, ello puede equivaler a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, e incluso a la tortura. Además, la utilización del régimen de aislamiento aumenta el riesgo de que algunos actos de tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes no se detecten ni denuncien.", "En el informe se destacan algunos principios generales para ayudar a los Estados a reevaluar y reducir al mínimo su uso y, en algunos casos, eliminar la práctica de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento. Esa práctica solo se debe utilizar en circunstancias muy excepcionales, como último recurso y durante el menor tiempo posible. El Relator Especial destaca asimismo la necesidad de garantías procesales mínimas, internas y externas, para garantizar que todas las personas privadas de libertad sean tratadas humanamente y con respeto de la dignidad inherente de la persona humana.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 4II.Actividades 4 relacionadas con el \nmandato III. La 7 reclusión en régimen de \naislamiento A.Panorama 7 general de la labor realizada por el \nmandato B.Historia 8 y práctica actual de la reclusión en régimen de \naislamiento \nC.Definición 9D. Marco 9 \njurídico E.Fundamentos 13 de los Estados para utilizar la reclusión en régimen de \naislamiento F.Condiciones 14 del régimen de \naislamiento G.Régimen 17 de aislamiento prolongado o \nindefinido H.Efectos 19 psicológicos y fisiológicos del régimen de \naislamiento I.Efectos 19 latentes del régimen de \naislamiento J.Personas 20 \nvulnerables K.¿Cuándo 21 el régimen de aislamiento equivale a la tortura u otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o \ndegradantes? IV.Conclusiones 23 y \nrecomendaciones \nAnexo Efectos 28 del régimende \naislamiento", "I. Introducción", "1. Este informe, presentado para dar cumplimiento al párrafo 39 de la resolución 65/205 de la Asamblea General, es el 13º presentado a la Asamblea por el Relator Especial sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes. Es el primer informe presentado por el actual titular del mandato.", "2. El Relator Especial desea señalar a la atención de la Asamblea su informe presentado al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/52), en el que expuso su visión, sus métodos de trabajo y las prioridades de su mandato como Relator Especial.", "II. Actividades relacionadas con el mandato", "3. A continuación se ofrece un resumen de las actividades llevadas a cabo por el Relator Especial en cumplimiento de su mandato desde la presentación de su informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/52 y Add.1 a 6).", "Comunicaciones relativas a violaciones de los derechos humanos", "4. En el período comprendido entre el 1 de diciembre de 2010 y el 1 de julio de 2011, el Relator Especial envió 20 cartas de denuncia de torturas a 18 gobiernos, y efectuó 95 llamamientos urgentes, dirigidos a 48 gobiernos, en favor de personas que podían correr el riesgo de sufrir torturas u otras formas de malos tratos. En el mismo período se recibieron 82 respuestas.", "Visitas a países", "5. Con respecto a las misiones de determinación de hechos, una visita prevista a Kirguistán para mayo de 2011 se aplazó a petición del Gobierno, debido a la evolución de la situación política. Mediante una carta de fecha 28 de julio de 2011, el Gobierno de la República de Kirguistán propuso una visita al país para la segunda mitad de agosto de 2011. El Relator Especial acoge con satisfacción esta invitación; sin embargo, debido a la poca antelación, a la fecha de presentación de este informe está examinando con el Gobierno otras posibles fechas. Ha aceptado una invitación del Gobierno del Iraq para visitar el país en octubre de 2011. También ha sido invitado a visitar Bahrein y está examinando las posibles fechas con el Gobierno. Además de las solicitudes de visita pendientes (véase el documento A/HRC/16/52, párr. 6), el Relator Especial ha solicitado realizar una visita a Marruecos con respecto al Sáhara Occidental.", "6. El Relator Especial realizó una visita a Túnez los días 15 a 22 de mayo de 2011. Compartió sus conclusiones preliminares con el Gobierno provisional y emitió un comunicado de prensa el 22 de mayo, expresando su agradecimiento al Gobierno por la plena cooperación que le había brindado. Señaló que el Gobierno había emprendido una serie de medidas positivas para asegurar la rendición de cuentas y las reformas a largo plazo. No obstante, el Relator Especial considera que una actitud de “esperar y ver” en previsión de la elección de la Asamblea Constituyente puede estar obstaculizando la posibilidad de adoptar medidas audaces y decididas para hacer justicia por los abusos pasados y recientes. El Relator Especial destacó que se deberían garantizar las investigaciones penales rápidas, eficaces e independientes contra los presuntos autores de torturas y malos tratos, y que se deberían poner en marcha programas administrativos que presten servicios de reparación y compensación a las víctimas de violaciones pasadas y recientes. El informe sobre la misión a Túnez se presentará al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 19º período de sesiones, en marzo de 2012.", "Principales comunicados de prensa", "7. El Relator Especial emitió los comunicados de prensa siguientes (muchos de ellos se emitieron conjuntamente con otros titulares de mandatos):", "• El 31 de diciembre de 2010, en el que se expresó honda preocupación por las desapariciones forzadas o involuntarias, detenciones arbitrarias, ejecuciones extrajudiciales, sumarias o arbitrarias, y actos de violencia sexual que podrían haber ocurrido o estar ocurriendo en Côte d'Ivoire en relación con las elecciones presidenciales.", "• El 14 de enero de 2011, en el que se instó al Gobierno de Túnez a controlar el uso de la fuerza contra manifestaciones pacíficas, después de que al menos 21 muertes fueran confirmadas oficialmente.", "• El 3 de febrero de 2011, relativa a los desórdenes públicos registrados en Belarús, Egipto y Túnez, así como la presunta aplicación de torturas o tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes en relación con la supresión de manifestaciones pacíficas.", "• El 17 de febrero, en la que se instó al Gobierno de transición en Egipto a que llevara a cabo una investigación independiente para indagar sobre violaciones de los derechos humanos durante la revolución registrada en ese país, que incluyera la facultad de comunicar los nombres y las pruebas a las autoridades competentes para su enjuiciamiento.", "• El 18 de febrero, en el que se instó a los Gobiernos de Bahrein y la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia a que garantizasen el derecho a la protesta pacífica y pusieran fin de inmediato al uso excesivo y letal de la fuerza.", "• El 22 de febrero, sobre la situación de los defensores de los derechos humanos en el que se expresaron serias preocupaciones por las violaciones manifiestas de los derechos humanos que se estaban cometiendo en la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia.", "• El 3 de marzo de 2011, en el que se condenó la violenta represión contra manifestantes en el Yemen, y se instó al Gobierno a poner fin al uso excesivo de la fuerza como medio para hacer cesar las protestas en curso.", "• El 22 de marzo, en el que se expresó preocupación acerca del aumento de casos de graves violaciones de los derechos humanos en la capital de Bahrein.", "• El 1 de abril de 2011, en el que se expresó preocupación por las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos en Côte d'Ivoire, con inclusión de desapariciones forzadas, ejecuciones extrajudiciales, ejecución y maltrato de niños y violencia sexual, que podían constituir crímenes internacionales, y se expresó el pleno apoyo del Relator Especial y otros titulares de mandatos a la resolución 1975 (2011) del Consejo de Seguridad.", "• El 11 de abril y el 12 de julio, en los que se expresó frustración por el hecho de que, a pesar de sus reiteradas solicitudes de visitar al soldado primero Bradley E. Manning, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América no otorgó al Relator Especial el acceso no controlado al detenido. La cuestión del acceso irrestricto va más allá de este caso y abarca la cuestión de si el Relator Especial puede llevar a cabo entrevistas privadas y no controladas con detenidos en el caso de realizar una visita a los Estados Unidos.", "• El 15 de abril, en el que se denunció el creciente número de víctimas mortales y la brutal represión contra manifestantes pacíficos, periodistas y defensores de los derechos humanos en la República Árabe Siria, pese a las promesas del Gobierno de introducir reformas y de celebrar consultas para poner fin a 48 años de estado de emergencia.", "• El 1 de julio de 2011, en el que se instó al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos a que detuviera la ejecución prevista de Humberto Leal García en Texas.", "Puntos destacados de ponencias, consultas y cursos de capacitación", "8. Los días 8 y 9 de febrero de 2011, el Relator Especial participó en una reunión patrocinada por Amnistía Internacional en Londres para examinar el tema “La elaboración de mejores prácticas internacionales para las investigaciones sobre torturas”. El Relator Especial también formuló una exposición ante el Grupo de todos los partidos representados en el Parlamento sobre entrega extrajudicial.", "9. El 22 de febrero, formuló una declaración en la 63ª reunión anual de la American Academy of Forensic Sciences sobre el tema “Marco y mecanismos internacionales para la documentación de las condiciones de detención, tortura y malos tratos”.", "10. El 28 de febrero, el Relator Especial se reunió con funcionarios de alto nivel del Departamento de Estado y del Departamento de Defensa de los Estados Unidos de América, en Washington, D.C., y nuevamente con el Departamento de Defensa el 22 de abril, para examinar cuestiones de interés mutuo.", "11. Los días 6 a 10 de marzo de 2011, el Relator Especial asistió en Ginebra al 16º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y se reunió con los Embajadores del Iraq, Kirguistán, México, Tailandia y los Estados Unidos. También se reunió con todos los grupos regionales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, excepto con el Grupo de los Estados de África, ya que lamentablemente esta reunión no se pudo programar.", "12. Los días 16 y 17 de marzo, el Relator Especial participó en Washington, D.C., en una reunión con el Presidente del Comité contra la Tortura, el Vicepresidente del Subcomité para la Prevención de la Tortura y otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, el Relator sobre los derechos de las personas privadas de libertad de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, un representante del Comité Europeo para la Prevención de la Tortura y el Relator Especial sobre las personas detenidas de la Comisión Africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos. La reunión fue organizada conjuntamente por el Washington College of Law de la American University y la Asociación para la Prevención de la Tortura, con el objeto de examinar las maneras de fortalecer las relaciones de trabajo de esos mecanismos.", "13. Los días 18 a 20 de marzo, el Relator Especial formuló dos exposiciones ante la reunión general anual y la conmemoración del 50º aniversario de la Sección de los Estados Unidos de Amnistía Internacional, en San Francisco.", "14. El 1 de junio de 2011, fue el orador principal en un acto realizado en Washington, D.C., organizado por varios grupos religiosos sobre el tema “La responsabilidad de hoy previene la tortura de mañana”.", "15. Los días 15 a 17 de junio, el Relator Especial presidió, con el apoyo del Gobierno de los Países Bajos, una consulta regional sobre la tortura para las Américas, en Santiago (Chile). La consulta regional fue organizada conjuntamente con la Asociación para la prevención de la tortura, el Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Corporación Humanas-Centro Regional de Derechos Humanos y Justicia de Género y Conectas Direitos Humanos, y constituyó una oportunidad para que los Gobiernos, las instituciones nacionales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil de 12 países examinaran el seguimiento de las recomendaciones de visitas a países y fortalecieran los mecanismos locales y regionales de protección contra la tortura y los malos tratos.", "16. El 20 de junio, el Relator Especial se reunió en Santiago con el Director General de Política Exterior del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile.", "17. Del 27 de junio al 1 de julio, el Relator Especial participó en la 18ª reunión anual de Relatores Especiales, celebrada en Ginebra. También se reunió con representantes de los Gobiernos de los Estados Unidos de América, la Federación de Rusia, el Iraq, Kirguistán, los Países Bajos y Túnez.", "18. El 7 de julio de 2011, se reunió en Brasilia con el Ministro de Derechos Humanos del Gobierno del Brasil.", "III. La reclusión en régimen de aislamiento", "A. Panorama general de la labor realizada por el mandato", "19. En su primer informe como Relator Especial (A/HRC/16/52, párr. 70), el autor reconoció que “la cuestión de si ... la reclusión prolongada en régimen de aislamiento” constituye de por sí un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante “ha suscitado muchos debates y discusiones en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos”, y consideró que “la comunidad internacional en su conjunto sacaría gran provecho de un examen racional y desapasionado” de estas cuestiones.", "20. El Relator Especial ha recibido denuncias de que el régimen de aislamiento se utiliza en algunos países en el contexto de detenciones administrativas por razones de seguridad nacional o como método para luchar contra la delincuencia organizada, y también en centros de inmigración. El Relator Especial llevó a cabo este estudio porque constató que la práctica del régimen de aislamiento tenía un carácter mundial y era objeto de amplios abusos. En particular, el aislamiento social y la privación sensorial que imponen algunos Estados, en ciertas circunstancias equivalen a un trato cruel, inhumano y degradante e incluso a la tortura.", "21. Los predecesores del Relator Especial han observado que puede considerarse que el aislamiento prolongado constituye por sí mismo un caso de malos tratos o tortura (E/CN.4/1999/61, párr. 394 y E/CN.4/2003/68, párr. 26 m)).", "22. La Declaración de Estambul sobre el empleo y los efectos de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento se adjuntó como anexo al informe provisional de 2008 del anterior Relator Especial a la Asamblea General (A/63/175, anexo). En el informe se llegó a la conclusión de que “el aislamiento prolongado de los reclusos puede considerarse trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, y en algunos casos tortura ... [E]l régimen de aislamiento debería utilizarse lo menos posible, en casos muy excepcionales, por un período de tiempo también lo más breve posible y solo como último recurso. Con independencia de las circunstancias concretas de su aplicación, es preciso intentar aumentar los contactos sociales de los reclusos: contacto entre los reclusos y el personal de prisiones, actividades sociales con otros presos, mayor número de visitas y acceso a servicios de salud mental” (A/63/175, párrs. 77 y 83).", "B. Historia y práctica actual de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento", "23. La historia de la utilización del régimen de aislamiento de los detenidos está bien documentada. La práctica se remonta a la década de 1820 en los Estados Unidos de América, cuando se creía que el aislamiento de los presos ayudaría a su rehabilitación. En este régimen, los reclusos pasaban todo el día en soledad, principalmente dentro de sus celdas, incluso para trabajar, con el objeto de que reflexionaran sobre sus transgresiones, ajenos a influencias externas negativas. A partir de la década de 1830, algunos países de Europa y de América del Sur adoptaron esta práctica (A/63/175, párr. 81). Hay que reconocer que hace 200 años este modelo era una forma social y moralmente progresista en materia de penas, ya que hacía hincapié en la rehabilitación y trataba de sustituir la pena de muerte, la amputación de extremidades y otras penas que entonces prevalecían.", "24. Los países de todo el mundo siguieron aplicando ampliamente la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento (véase A/63/175, párr. 78). En algunos países, se considera que las prisiones de máxima seguridad para imponer un régimen de aislamiento son una práctica normal, y no “excepcional”, en los casos de los reclusos considerados problemáticos. Por ejemplo, se estima que en los Estados Unidos entre 20.000 y 25.000 personas están recluidos en régimen de aislamiento[1]. Otro ejemplo es la amplia utilización del régimen de aislamiento en relación con la prisión preventiva, que durante muchos años ha sido parte integrante de la práctica carcelaria escandinava[2]. Algún tipo de aislamiento de la población penitenciaria general se utiliza casi en todas partes como castigo por violaciones de la disciplina carcelaria. Muchos Estados utilizan actualmente el régimen de aislamiento de forma más habitual y durante períodos más largos. Por ejemplo, en el Brasil, la Ley 10.792, de 2003, que modificó la “Ley de ejecución de las penas”, prevé un régimen disciplinario “diferenciado” de detención en una celda individual por un plazo de hasta 360 días, sin perjuicio de prórrogas de igual duración por nuevas infracciones y hasta un máximo de la sexta parte de la pena de prisión. En 2010, la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) estableció un programa de prevención de la conducta violenta en sus cárceles, que consiste en el aislamiento durante un período mínimo de nueve meses (los primeros tres meses en aislamiento total), un plazo que —según los supervisores de prisiones— se prorroga frecuentemente.", "C. Definición", "25. No hay ninguna definición universalmente aceptada de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento. En la Declaración de Estambul sobre el empleo y los efectos de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento se define este régimen como el aislamiento físico de una persona en su celda, de 22 a 24 horas al día. En muchas jurisdicciones, se permite a los reclusos que están en régimen de aislamiento salir de sus celdas durante una hora para hacer ejercicios en solitario. El contacto con otras personas suele reducirse al mínimo. La reducción de los estímulos no solo es cuantitativa, sino también cualitativa. Los estímulos disponibles y los contactos sociales ocasionales pocas veces se eligen libremente, suelen ser monótonos y raramente se producen en un clima de empatía.", "26. La reclusión en régimen de aislamiento es conocida en inglés mediante varios términos, como “segregation”, “isolation”[3], “separation”, “cellular”[4], “lockdown”, “Supermax”, “the hole” o “Secure Housing Unit (SHU)”[5], pero todos estos términos pueden involucrar diferentes factores. A los fines del presente informe, el Relator Especial define la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento como el aislamiento físico y social de personas que permanecen encerradas en sus celdas entre 22 y 24 horas al día. Reviste especial preocupación para el Relator Especial el régimen de aislamiento prolongado, que él define como todo período de aislamiento que supere los 15 días. El Relator Especial es consciente del carácter arbitrario de la determinación de un momento en el que un régimen que ya es perjudicial se convierte en prolongado y, por tanto, en una sanción que produce un dolor inaceptable. El Relator Especial ha llegado a la conclusión de que el plazo de 15 días es el límite entre el “régimen de aislamiento” y el “régimen de aislamiento prolongado” porque en ese punto, según la bibliografía consultada, algunos de los efectos psicológicos nocivos del aislamiento pueden ser irreversibles[6].", "D. Marco jurídico", "27. Los órganos internacionales y regionales de derechos humanos han adoptado diferentes enfoques para tratar las condiciones subyacentes del aislamiento social y físico de los detenidos, y para determinar si esas prácticas constituyen tortura o un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante. Por ejemplo, mientras que el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos se ha ocupado regularmente de los regímenes de aislamiento, el Comité de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas y la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos han tratado más ampliamente el fenómeno conexo de la detención en régimen de incomunicación. A los fines del presente informe, el Relator Especial destacará solamente la labor de los órganos universales y regionales de derechos humanos sobre la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento.", "1. En el plano internacional", "Asamblea General", "28. En 1990, la Asamblea General aprobó la resolución 45/111 sobre los principios básicos para el tratamiento de los reclusos. En el Principio 7 se expresa que se alentará la abolición o restricción del uso del aislamiento en celda de castigo como sanción disciplinaria.", "29. Ese mismo año, la Asamblea General adoptó la resolución 45/113 sobre las Reglas de las Naciones Unidas para la protección de los menores privados de libertad. En el párrafo 67 la Asamblea estableció: “Estarán estrictamente prohibidas todas las medidas disciplinarias que constituyan un trato cruel, inhumano o degradante, incluid[a]s ... las penas de aislamiento ... así como cualquier otra sanción que pueda poner en peligro la salud física o mental del menor”.", "Órganos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados", "30. El Comité de Derechos Humanos, en el párrafo 6 de su Observación general núm. 20, señala que el confinamiento solitario prolongado de la persona detenida o presa puede equivaler a actos prohibidos por el artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos[7]. En sus observaciones finales sobre Rwanda, el Comité de Derechos Humanos recomendó que el “Estado parte debería poner fin a la pena de aislamiento ...” (CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, párr. 14).", "31. El Comité contra la Tortura reconoció los efectos nocivos, tanto físicos como mentales, del régimen de aislamiento prolongado, y expresó su preocupación acerca de su uso, incluso como medida preventiva, durante la detención previa al juicio, y también como medida disciplinaria. El Comité recomendó la abrogación de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento, en particular durante la prisión preventiva, o que, cuando menos, esta medida esté regulada estricta y expresamente por ley (duración máxima, etc.) y se aplique bajo supervisión judicial, y se use solo en circunstancias excepcionales, como cuando se ve amenazada la seguridad de personas o bienes (A/63/175, párr. 80). El Comité recomendó que los menores de 18 años no deben ser sometidos al régimen de aislamiento (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, párr. 8).", "32. El Subcomité para la Prevención de la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes recordó que el aislamiento prolongado puede constituir un acto de tortura u otro trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante y recomendó que el aislamiento no se utilice contra menores ni contra personas con discapacidad mental (CAT/OP/PRY/1, párr. 185). El Subcomité también recomendó que el médico de la penitenciaría visite todos los días a los reclusos que se encuentran en aislamiento, en el entendimiento de que dichas visitas deben ser en interés de la salud del recluso. Además, los reclusos que se encuentren en aislamiento durante más de 12 horas deben tener acceso al aire libre durante al menos una hora diaria (CAT/OP/PRY/1, párr. 184). Teniendo en cuenta la situación que supone el régimen de aislamiento, el Subcomité recomendó que se instalaran camas y colchones adecuados a disposición de todos los reclusos, incluidos los detenidos en régimen de aislamiento (CAT/OP/HND/1, párr. 227 a) y CAT/OP/PRY/1, párr. 280).", "33. El Comité de los Derechos del Niño, en su Observación general núm. 10 (2007), destacó que “deben prohibirse terminantemente las medidas disciplinarias que infrinjan el artículo 37 de la Convención [sobre los Derechos del Niño], en particular ... las penas de aislamiento o de celda solitaria, así como cualquier otra sanción que pueda poner en peligro la salud física o mental o el bienestar del menor” (CRC/C/GC/10, párr. 89). Además, el Comité ha instado a los Estados partes a prohibir y abolir el uso del régimen de aislamiento contra los niños (CRC/C/15/Add.151, párr. 41; CRC/C/15/Add.220, párr. 45 d); y CRC/C/15/Add.232, párr. 36 a)).", "2. En el plano regional", "Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos", "34. En su evaluación de los casos de reclusión en régimen de aislamiento, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos considera las razones dadas por el Estado para la imposición de un régimen de aislamiento social y físico. El Tribunal ha constatado violaciones del artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de los Derechos Humanos cuando los Estados no ofrecen una justificación, basada en motivos de seguridad, para la utilización del régimen de aislamiento[8]. En los casos de régimen de aislamiento prolongado, el Tribunal ha sostenido que la justificación del régimen de aislamiento se debe explicar a la persona afectada, y la justificación debe ser cada vez más detallada y convincente a medida que el régimen se prolonga[9].", "35. En su jurisprudencia, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos hace hincapié en que durante la aplicación de un régimen de aislamiento deben existir ciertas garantías procesales, por ejemplo, el seguimiento del bienestar físico del recluso⁹, especialmente cuando dicha persona no tiene buena salud[10], y también debe haber acceso a una revisión judicial[11].", "36. El nivel de aislamiento impuesto a una persona es esencial, según el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos para determinar si un caso de aislamiento físico y mental constituye tortura o un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante. La prohibición absoluta y prolongada de visitas procedentes del exterior de la prisión causa un sufrimiento que excede claramente el nivel inevitable inherente a la detención[12]. Sin embargo, cuando la persona puede recibir visitas y escribir cartas[13], tener acceso a la televisión, libros y periódicos, y tener contacto regular con el personal de la cárcel[14] o la visita de religiosos o de abogados de manera periódica[15] el aislamiento es “parcial” y no se alcanza el umbral mínimo de gravedad, que el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos considera necesario para constatar una violación del artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos. No obstante, el Tribunal ha destacado que el régimen de aislamiento, incluso cuando es solo parcial, no se puede imponer a un recluso de manera indefinida[16].", "Sistema interamericano de derechos humanos", "37. La jurisprudencia sobre el régimen de aislamiento en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos es más concluyente que la de los órganos examinados precedentemente. Desde sus primeras sentencias, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha señalado que algunos elementos de un régimen penitenciario y ciertas condiciones de detención física constituyen en sí mismos un trato cruel e inhumano y, por tanto, violan el artículo 5 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, que reconoce el derecho a la integridad de la persona. Por ejemplo, la Corte sostuvo que “el aislamiento prolongado y la incomunicación coactiva a los que se ve sometida la víctima representan, por sí mismos, formas de tratamiento cruel e inhumano, lesivas de la libertad psíquica y moral de la persona y del derecho de todo detenido del respeto debido a la dignidad inherente al ser humano”[17]. La Corte también ha abordado las condiciones físicas de la detención y ha sostenido que “el aislamiento en celda reducida, sin ventilación ni luz natural ... [y] las restricciones al régimen de visitas ... constituyen formas de tratos crueles, inhumanos o degradantes”[18].", "1. Además, la Corte también reconoció que el régimen de aislamiento causa un sufrimiento psicológico y físico que puede contribuir a un trato constitutivo de tortura. En al menos un caso, la Corte ha identificado las condiciones físicas del régimen de aislamiento, que incluye el confinamiento en “una celda reducida, sin ventilación ni luz natural” y un régimen penitenciario en el que el detenido debía permanecer en la celda “23 horas y media ... [y] solo podía recibir una vez al mes la visita de sus familiares directos, sin contacto físico entre él y la visita”, y llegó a la conclusión de que, cuando a ello se añaden otras formas de agresión física y psicológica, puede tratarse de un caso de tortura física y psicológica[19].", "2. En su análisis del régimen de aislamiento, la Corte observó que, incluso cuando se utiliza en circunstancias excepcionales, deben respetarse las garantías procesales. Por ejemplo, “el Estado está obligado a asegurar al detenido el ejercicio de las garantías mínimas e inderogables establecidas en la Convención y, concretamente, el derecho a cuestionar la legalidad de la detención y la garantía del acceso, durante su aislamiento, a una defensa efectiva”[20]. De modo análogo, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha sostenido sistemáticamente que todas las formas de procedimientos disciplinarios aplicados a las personas detenidas deben regirse por las normas del debido proceso y deben dar oportunidad de solicitar la revisión judicial[21].", "E. Fundamentos de los Estados para utilizar la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento", "3. Las justificaciones ofrecidas por los Estados para aplicar el régimen de aislamiento pueden clasificarse en cinco categorías generales:", "a) Castigar a una persona (como parte de una pena impuesta judicialmente o como parte de un régimen disciplinario);", "b) Proteger a personas vulnerables;", "c) Facilitar el tratamiento en prisión de algunas personas;", "d) Proteger o promover la seguridad nacional;", "e) Facilitar las investigaciones previas a la acusación o al juicio.", "41. La imposición del régimen de aislamiento como parte de una pena impuesta a una persona por sentencia judicial a menudo se presenta en casos de delitos especialmente atroces o de delitos contra el Estado[22]. Por ejemplo, en algunos Estados de Europa central, las personas condenadas a la pena capital o a prisión perpetua cumplen su condena en régimen de aislamiento (A/64/215, párr. 53). En otros Estados, como Mongolia, la pena de muerte puede ser conmutada por cadena perpetua en régimen de aislamiento (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, párr. 47). El uso del régimen de aislamiento como medida disciplinaria en las cárceles también está bien documentado, y es probable que la razón más habitual para justificar la aplicación de este régimen es que consiste en una forma de castigo²². Las medidas disciplinarias por lo general se usan para castigar la violación de una norma de la prisión. Por ejemplo, en Nigeria los detenidos son castigados con el aislamiento de hasta tres días por infracciones disciplinarias (A/HRC/7/3/Add.4, apéndice I, párr. 113). De modo análogo, en la prisión de Abepura, en Indonesia, se aplica un régimen de aislamiento de hasta ocho días como medida disciplinaria para quienes violan las normas de la prisión (A/HRC/7/3/Add.7, apéndice I, párr. 37).", "42. El régimen de aislamiento se utiliza también para separar a personas vulnerables, incluidos los menores, las personas con discapacidad y las personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans, para su propia protección. Pueden ser puestos en régimen de aislamiento a petición propia o por decisión de los funcionarios penitenciarios[23].", "43. Los funcionarios estatales también utilizan el régimen de aislamiento como instrumento para gestionar las poblaciones de algunas prisiones. Algunas personas consideradas peligrosas, como los miembros de bandas, o que presentan un alto riesgo de fuga, pueden ser puestos en régimen de aislamiento²³. De modo similar, las personas que se considera que pueden ser objeto de lesiones, como los delincuentes sexuales, los informantes o los ex funcionarios penitenciarios o agentes de policía, a menudo son autorizados, o incluso alentados a elegir el régimen de aislamiento de forma voluntaria para protegerse de otros reclusos[24]. Los reclusos también pueden ser colocados en algún tipo de régimen de aislamiento por razones de gestión penitenciaria antes, durante o después del transporte hacia o desde las celdas y los centros de detención[25]. Mientras que la duración del aislamiento, cuando se utiliza como instrumento de gestión penitenciaria, puede variar considerablemente, cabe notar que el motivo de su imposición es pragmático y no punitivo.", "44. Las personas sospechosas de ser terroristas o de poner en peligro la seguridad nacional a menudo son sometidas también al régimen de aislamiento. Por ejemplo, en Guinea Ecuatorial, una sección de la cárcel de Black Beach está constituida por celdas individuales que se utilizan para poner en régimen de aislamiento a presos de “alta seguridad” (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, apéndice I). El régimen de aislamiento también se puede utilizar como una técnica de interrogatorio coercitivo, y a menudo forma parte integrante de la desaparición forzada o de la detención en régimen de incomunicación (A/63/175, anexo). Como se señaló en la categoría a) del párrafo 40 supra, la seguridad nacional también se utiliza como la principal razón para imponer el régimen de aislamiento como consecuencia de una sentencia judicial. Por ejemplo, en China una mujer condenada por facilitar ilícitamente información o secretos de Estado a entidades ajenas a China fue, según se informa, mantenida en régimen de aislamiento durante dos años de su condena a ocho años de prisión (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6, apéndice 2, párr. 26).", "45. Los Estados también utilizan el régimen de aislamiento para aislar a algunas personas durante la detención previa a la acusación o al juicio. En algunos Estados, por ejemplo Dinamarca, el mantenimiento de personas en régimen de aislamiento es una característica habitual de la prisión preventiva (A/63/175, párr. 78 i)). Las finalidades del uso del régimen de aislamiento en la detención previa a la acusación y al juicio varían considerablemente, e incluyen la prevención de la mezcla de detenidos para evitar la desmoralización y la colusión, así como la aplicación de presión sobre los detenidos para conseguir su cooperación u obtener una confesión[26].", "F. Condiciones del régimen de aislamiento", "46. La administración penitenciaria y las condiciones en que viven los reclusos se rigen por los reglamentos penitenciarios y la legislación nacionales, y también por las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Las normas fundamentales que son vinculantes por estar basadas en tratados o por formar parte del derecho internacional consuetudinario están complementadas e interpretadas por las Reglas mínimas de las Naciones Unidas para el tratamiento de los reclusos, aprobadas en 1957 por el Consejo Económico y Social. Aunque no son directamente vinculantes, estas Reglas son ampliamente aceptadas como las normas universales aplicables al tratamiento humano de los presos.", "47. Las condiciones particulares que se aplican a los detenidos en régimen de aislamiento varían entre las distintas instituciones y jurisdicciones. No obstante, la mayoría presenta algunas condiciones físicas y no físicas (o un régimen carcelario) comunes.", "1. Condiciones físicas", "48. Las principales condiciones físicas de los regimenes de aislamiento son el tamaño de la celda, la existencia de ventanas y de luz, y el acceso a las instalaciones sanitarias para la higiene personal. En la práctica, las celdas de aislamiento suelen compartir algunas características comunes: la ubicación en una parte separada o remota de la cárcel; ventanas pequeñas o cubiertas parcialmente; aire estancado; aspecto austero y colores apagados; muebles fabricados con tableros duros u otros materiales a prueba de manipulación y atornillados al suelo, y espacios o patios pequeños y precarios destinados a hacer ejercicios (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, párr. 47). En algunas jurisdicciones, los reclusos sometidos a un régimen de aislamiento están sujetados con grilletes y otros medios de limitación de los movimientos (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, párr. 76 f)).", "49. No hay ningún instrumento universal que especifique un tamaño mínimo aceptable para las celdas, aunque algunas jurisdicciones nacionales y regionales han dictado normas sobre este asunto en algunas ocasiones. Según el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, que se pronunció en el caso Ramírez Sánchez c. Francia, una celda de 6,84 metros cuadrados es “suficientemente grande” para su uso por una única persona[27]. El Tribunal no explicó por qué esa medida podía considerarse suficiente; el Relator Especial se permite respetuosamente disentir, especialmente si la celda única también debe incluir, como mínimo, un inodoro e instalaciones de aseo, una cama y un escritorio.", "50. La existencia de ventanas y de luz es también de vital importancia para un tratamiento adecuado de los reclusos en régimen de aislamiento. En virtud de la regla 11 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos, debe haber luz suficiente para que el recluso pueda leer y trabajar, y una ventana dispuesta de manera que pueda entrar aire fresco, haya o no ventilación artificial. Sin embargo, la práctica de los Estados demuestra que esta norma a menudo no se cumple. Por ejemplo, en Georgia se comprobó que las ventanas de las celdas de aislamiento tenían planchas de acero soldadas a las barras exteriores, lo que limitaba la luz y la ventilación (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, párr. 47). En Israel, las celdas de aislamiento a menudo tienen como única fuente de luz tubos fluorescentes, y no disponen de ninguna fuente de aire fresco[28].", "51. Las reglas 12 y 13 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos estipulan que los centros de detención deben disponer de instalaciones sanitarias suficientes para la higiene personal del recluso. Por consiguiente, las celdas de aislamiento deben tener un lavabo en el interior de la celda[29]. En su informe de 2006 sobre Grecia, el Comité Europeo para la Prevención de la Tortura y de las Penas o Tratos Inhumanos o Degradantes observó que las celdas de aislamiento de la cárcel de Komotini no cumplían la regla mínima necesaria en materia de instalaciones sanitarias porque los detenidos eran obligados a usar el inodoro como lavabo[30]. En la celda de aislamiento también deben tenerse en cuenta otros factores ambientales, como la temperatura, el nivel de ruido, la intimidad y materiales muelles para el mobiliario.", "2. Régimen penitenciario", "52. Los principales aspectos de un régimen penitenciario útiles para una evaluación de las condiciones del régimen de aislamiento incluyen el acceso a ejercicios al aire libre y su programación, el acceso a contactos humanos significativos dentro de la cárcel, y al contacto con el mundo exterior. De conformidad con la regla 21 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos, el recluso que no se ocupe de un trabajo al aire libre deberá disponer, si el tiempo lo permite, de una hora al día por lo menos de ejercicio físico adecuado al aire libre. De modo similar, el Comité Europeo para la Prevención de la Tortura y de las Penas o Tratos Inhumanos o Degradantes hace hincapié en que todos los reclusos, sin excepción alguna, deben disponer de una hora al día para realizar ejercicios al aire libre[31]. No obstante, la práctica de los Estados indica que esas normas no siempre se respetan. Por ejemplo, en Jordania a un detenido se le permite salir de su celda de aislamiento solo una hora por semana (A/HRC/4/33/Add.3, apéndice, párr. 21). En el caso Poltrotsky c. Ucrania, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos resolvió que la falta de oportunidad para realizar ejercicios al aire libre, sumada a la falta de acceso a la luz natural, constituye una violación del artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de los Derechos Humanos[32].", "53. El acceso a un contacto humano significativo dentro de la prisión y el contacto con el mundo exterior también son esenciales para la salud psicológica de los detenidos en régimen de aislamiento, especialmente los que están en esa situación durante períodos prolongados. Dentro de la cárcel, este contacto puede realizarse con profesionales de la salud, guardias de prisiones u otros presos. El contacto con el mundo exterior puede incluir visitas, correspondencia y llamadas telefónicas de un abogado, familiares y amigos, y el acceso a material de lectura, televisión o radio. El artículo 17 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos concede a los reclusos el derecho al contacto con la familia y a la correspondencia. Además, las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos establece una serie de estímulos externos en varios de sus artículos: 21, sobre ejercicios físicos y deportes; 37 a 39, sobre contacto con el mundo exterior; 40, sobre acceso a una biblioteca; 41 y 42, sobre religión; 71 a 76, sobre trabajo; 77 y 78, sobre instrucción y recreo; y 79 a 81, sobre relaciones sociales y ayuda pospenitenciaria.", "3. Aislamiento social", "54. El régimen de aislamiento reduce los contactos sociales significativos a un mínimo absoluto. El nivel de estímulo social que resulta de ello no es suficiente para que la persona conserve un estado razonable de salud mental[33].", "55. Las investigaciones muestran que, cuando están privados de un nivel suficiente de estímulo social, las personas se convierten pronto en individuos incapaces de mantener un adecuado estado de alerta y atención a su entorno. De hecho, incluso unos pocos días en régimen de aislamiento hacen que la actividad cerebral de una persona adquiera una pauta anormal característica del estupor y el delirio[34]. Los avances realizados en las nuevas tecnologías han hecho posible realizar. una supervisión indirecta y mantener a las personas bajo estrecha vigilancia sin casi ninguna interacción humana. El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha reconocido que “el régimen de incomunicación completa, junto con el aislamiento social total, pueden destruir la personalidad y constituyen una forma de trato inhumano que no se justifica por las necesidades de la seguridad o cualquier otro motivo”[35].", "56. Según el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, los Estados también deberían adoptar medidas para reducir los efectos negativos de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento[36]. Cuando los efectos nocivos del régimen de aislamiento en una persona determinada se desconocen, ese régimen no debe continuar[37]. Es importante analizar las condiciones del régimen de aislamiento porque cuando dichas condiciones son adecuadas, el Tribunal considera improbable que se alcance el umbral mínimo de severidad que permita constatar una infracción del artículo 3[38]. El examen habitual a cargo de los médicos puede ser un factor para determinar que no haya habido una violación del artículo 3[39].", "G. Régimen de aislamiento prolongado o indefinido", "57. La aplicación del régimen de aislamiento prolongado o indefinido ha aumentado en varias jurisdicciones, especialmente en el contexto de la “guerra contra el terrorismo” y las “amenazas a la seguridad nacional”. Las personas sometidas a cualquiera de estas prácticas están en cierto sentido en una prisión dentro de una prisión, y, por tanto, sufren una forma extrema de ansiedad y exclusión, que claramente van más allá de una pena de prisión normal. Debido a su aislamiento, los presos recluidos en un régimen de aislamiento prolongado o indefinido pueden fácilmente quedar al margen de la vigilancia del poder judicial y, por consiguiente, la protección de sus derechos a menudo resulta difícil, incluso en Estados que respetan firmemente el estado de derecho[40].", "58. Cuando un Estado no cumple las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos durante un breve período de reclusión en régimen de aislamiento, puede ser discutible si sus efectos negativos equivalen a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, o incluso a la tortura. No obstante, cuanta más prolongada sea la duración del régimen de aislamiento o mayor la incertidumbre acerca de la duración, mayor será el riesgo de causar un daño grave o irreparable al recluso, que podría constituir un trato o castigo cruel, inhumano o degradante, o incluso un caso de tortura.", "59. El sentimiento de incertidumbre cuando no se es informado de la duración del régimen de aislamiento aumenta el dolor y el sufrimiento de las personas sometidas a ese régimen. En algunos casos, las personas pueden ser mantenidas aisladas indefinidamente durante la prisión preventiva, lo que puede constituir un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, o incluso un caso de tortura (CAT/C/DNK/CO/5, párr. 14).", "60. La mayoría de los estudios no especifican el período a partir del cual el régimen de aislamiento se considerará prolongado. Si el plazo es indefinido, los reclusos pueden ser mantenidos en régimen de aislamiento desde unas pocas semanas hasta muchos años. Por ejemplo, en Kazajstán una persona puede ser recluida en régimen de aislamiento durante más de dos meses (A/HRC/13/39/Add.3, párr. 117). Algunos detenidos han estado en régimen de aislamiento durante años, sin cargos ni juicio, y en centros de detención secretos donde el aislamiento se utiliza como parte integrante de las prácticas de interrogatorio[41]. En un informe conjunto sobre los detenidos en la Bahía de Guantánamo, los expertos constataron que, aunque el período máximo permitido para el régimen de aislamiento era de 30 días, algunos detenidos eran puestos nuevamente en régimen de aislamiento después de breves interrupciones, hasta un total de 18 meses (E/CN.4/2006/120, párr. 53).", "61. No existe ninguna norma internacional que establezca una duración máxima total del régimen de aislamiento. En A. B. c. Rusia, el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sostuvo que la detención de una persona en régimen de aislamiento durante tres años constituía una violación del artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos[42]. Por el contrario, en los Estados Unidos de América se ha informado de que dos reclusos han estado en régimen de aislamiento en una cárcel de Louisiana durante 40 años después del fracaso de los recursos judiciales interpuestos para modificar las condiciones de su aislamiento[43]. Como se explicó en el párrafo 26 supra, el Relator Especial considera que el régimen de aislamiento que exceda de 15 días es prolongado.", "H. Efectos psicológicos y fisiológicos del régimen de aislamiento", "62. Los efectos negativos en la salud pueden producirse después de solo unos pocos días de régimen de aislamiento, y los riesgos para la salud aumentan con cada día que se pase en esas condiciones. Los expertos que han examinado los efectos del régimen de aislamiento han constatado tres elementos comunes que están intrínsecamente presentes en ese régimen: el aislamiento social, una estimulación ambiental mínima y una “oportunidad mínima de interacción social”[44]. Las investigaciones muestran asimismo que el régimen de aislamiento parece causar “trastornos psicóticos”, un síndrome que se ha denominado “psicosis de prisión”[45]. Los síntomas pueden incluir ansiedad, depresión, ira, trastornos cognitivos, distorsiones de la percepción, paranoia y psicosis y lesiones autoinfligidas (véase en el anexo una lista completa de los síntomas).", "63. Algunas personas experimentan síntomas moderados, mientras que otras sufren un “grave empeoramiento de una enfermedad mental ya existente o la aparición de una enfermedad mental que no se había observado antes”[46]. De todos modos, un número importante de personas experimentarán graves problemas de salud, con independencia de las condiciones específicas, del tiempo y el lugar y la existencia o no de factores personales preexistentes.", "I. Efectos latentes del régimen de aislamiento", "64. Existe una falta de investigaciones sobre los efectos latentes del régimen de aislamiento. Si bien sus efectos agudos generalmente desaparecen después de finalizado el período de aislamiento, algunos de los efectos negativos en la salud son de largo plazo. La estimulación mínima experimentada durante el régimen de aislamiento puede dar lugar a una disminución de la actividad cerebral en algunas personas solo después de siete días. Un estudio constató que hasta un período de siete días, la disminución de la actividad cerebral es reversible, pero si la privación supera este período, puede suceder que no sea reversible[47].", "65. Los estudios han constatado la existencia de alteraciones del sueño, depresión, ansiedad, fobias, dependencia emocional, confusión y problemas de memoria y concentración mucho después de terminado el régimen de aislamiento. Además, los cambios de personalidad duraderos a menudo hacen que las personas mantenidas en régimen de aislamiento resulten socialmente disminuidas y retraídas, vagamente enojadas y temerosas cuando se ven obligadas a interactuar socialmente[48]. La intolerancia a la interacción social después de un período de régimen de aislamiento es una incapacidad que a menudo impide que las personas se readapten con éxito a la vida dentro de la población carcelaria y limita enormemente su capacidad para reintegrarse a la sociedad cuando salen de la prisión[49].", "J. Personas vulnerables", "1. Menores", "66. Los órganos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados recomiendan sistemáticamente que los delincuentes juveniles, niños o menores no sean sometidos a un régimen de aislamiento (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, párr. 8; CAT/OP/PRY/1, párr. 185; CRC/C/15/Add.151, párr. 41; y CRC/C/15/Add.232, párr. 36 a)). Los menores a menudo son sometidos a un régimen de aislamiento como medida disciplinaria o para separarlos de la población carcelaria adulta, ya que las normas internacionales de derechos humanos prohíben la mezcla de menores y adultos en las cárceles[50]. Lamentablemente, el régimen de aislamiento como forma de castigo aplicado a los menores detenidos ha prevalecido en algunos Estados, como Jamaica (A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, párr. 211), Paraguay (A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, apéndice I, párr. 46) y Papua Nueva Guinea (A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, apéndice). En lo tocante a las medidas disciplinarias, en un informe se ha señalado que el régimen de aislamiento no disminuye la violencia entre los menores delincuentes detenidos en una prisión para menores[51].", "2. Personas con discapacidad", "67. Las personas con discapacidad son mantenidas en régimen de aislamiento en algunas jurisdicciones como sustituto de una atención médica o psiquiátrica adecuada o debido a la falta de otras opciones de acogida institucional. Estas personas no representan necesariamente un peligro para otros ni para sí mismos, pero son vulnerables a los abusos y a menudo son consideradas como una perturbación para otros reclusos y para el personal penitenciario[52].", "68. Las investigaciones han mostrado que, con respecto a las personas con discapacidad mental, el régimen de aislamiento a menudo produce un severo agravamiento de una enfermedad mental previamente existente[53]. Los reclusos afectados por trastornos mentales se deterioran notablemente en un régimen de aislamiento[54]. Los efectos negativos del régimen de aislamiento son especialmente importantes para las personas que padecen graves problemas de salud mental, que habitualmente se caracterizan por síntomas psicóticos y/o importantes impedimentos funcionales[55]. Algunos cometen actos extremos, como infligirse lesiones a sí mismos o incluso el suicidio⁵⁴.", "3. Lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans", "69. Las personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y trans a menudo son sometidas a un régimen de aislamiento como forma de “custodia protectora”[56]. Aunque la segregación de esas personas pueda ser necesaria para su seguridad, su situación de lesbianas, gays, bisexuales o trans no justifica limitaciones a su régimen social, por ejemplo, el acceso a la recreación, los materiales de lectura, la asistencia de un abogado o la de un médico.", "K. ¿Cuándo el régimen de aislamiento equivale a la tortura u otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes?", "70. Debido a la ausencia de testigos, el régimen de aislamiento aumenta el riesgo de actos de tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes. Dados sus graves efectos negativos para la salud, la utilización del régimen de aislamiento puede por sí misma equivaler a los actos prohibidos por el artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, por constituir una tortura según se define en el artículo 1 de la Convención contra la Tortura, o bien un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, según se define en el artículo 16 de dicha Convención.", "71. La evaluación de si la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento equivale a la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes debe tener en cuenta todas las circunstancias pertinentes, analizando cada caso individualmente. Esas circunstancias incluyen la finalidad de aplicar el régimen de aislamiento, sus condiciones, duración y efectos y, por supuesto, las condiciones subjetivas de cada víctima que la hacen más o menos vulnerables a esos efectos. En esta sección del informe, se examinan algunas circunstancias en las que la utilización del régimen de aislamiento constituye tortura y otro trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante.", "72. El régimen de aislamiento, cuando se lo utiliza con fines de castigo, no puede justificarse por ninguna razón, precisamente porque inflige dolores y sufrimientos mentales graves que van más allá de todo castigo razonable por la comisión de un delito y, por tanto, constituye un acto definido en el artículo 1 o el artículo 16 de la Convención contra la Tortura y una violación del artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. Esto se aplica también a las situaciones en las que el régimen de aislamiento se impone como consecuencia de una infracción de la disciplina penitenciaria, siempre que el dolor y el sufrimiento experimentado por la víctima alcance la severidad necesaria.", "73. Si bien la segregación física y social puede ser necesaria en algunas circunstancias durante las investigaciones penales, la práctica del régimen de aislamiento durante la prisión preventiva crea de hecho una situación en la que la presión psicológica puede influir en los detenidos para que hagan confesiones o declaraciones contra otras personas, lo que socava la integridad de la investigación. Cuando el régimen de aislamiento se utiliza intencionalmente durante la prisión preventiva como una técnica para obtener información o una confesión, equivale a la tortura, según se define en el artículo 1, o a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante previstos en el artículo 16 de la Convención contra la Tortura, y a una violación del artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos.", "74. Cuando las condiciones físicas del régimen de aislamiento son tan deficientes, y el régimen tan estricto que dan lugar a un grave dolor o sufrimiento mental o físico de las personas sometidas al régimen de aislamiento, esas condiciones equivalen a la tortura o al trato cruel e inhumano, según se define en los artículos 1 y 16 de la Convención, y constituye una violación del artículo 7 del Pacto.", "75. El uso del régimen de aislamiento solo puede aceptarse en circunstancias excepcionales, en las que su duración debe ser tan breve como sea posible, y durante un plazo que se anuncie y comunique debidamente. Dados los efectos perjudiciales del régimen de aislamiento indefinido, su posible uso para obtener información o una confesión durante la prisión preventiva, y el hecho de que esa incertidumbre impide la interposición de recursos para impugnar la medida, el Relator Especial considera que la imposición de un régimen de aislamiento por tiempo indefinido viola las debidas garantías procesales de la persona procesada (artículo 9 del Pacto, artículos 1 o 16 de la Convención y artículo 7 del Pacto).", "76. El Relator Especial sostiene que el aislamiento es contrario a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 3 del artículo 10 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, en el que se expresa: “El régimen penitenciario consistirá en un tratamiento cuya finalidad esencial será la reforma y la readaptación social de los penados” (resolución 2200 (XXI), anexo, de la Asamblea General). Los períodos prolongados de aislamiento no ayudan a la rehabilitación o resocialización de los detenidos (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, párr. 48). Los efectos psicológicos y fisiológicos negativos, agudos y latentes, del régimen de aislamiento prolongado constituyen un grave dolor o sufrimiento mental. Por ello, el Relator Especial coincide con la posición adoptada respecto del Pacto en la Observación general núm. 20, en el sentido de que el régimen de aislamiento prolongado equivale a actos prohibidos por el artículo 7 del Pacto y, en consecuencia, a un acto definido en el artículo 1 o en el artículo 16 de la Convención. Por esas razones, el Relator Especial reitera que, en su opinión, toda imposición de un régimen de aislamiento que exceda de 15 días constituye una tortura, o bien un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante, en función de las circunstancias. Exhorta a la comunidad internacional a que exprese su acuerdo con esa norma e imponga una prohibición absoluta de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento que exceda de 15 días consecutivos.", "77. En lo que respecta a los menores, en la Declaración de los Derechos del Niño y en el Preámbulo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño se establece que, dada su falta de madurez física y mental, los menores necesitan una protección y un cuidado especiales, incluida la debida protección jurídica. En el artículo 19 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (resolución 44/25 de la Asamblea General) se requiere a los Estados partes que adopten “todas las medidas legislativas, administrativas, sociales y educativas apropiadas para proteger al niño contra toda forma de perjuicio o abuso físico o mental ...”. En su Observación general núm. 8, el Comité de los Derechos del Niño expresó: “No hay ninguna ambigüedad: la expresión 'toda forma de perjuicio o abuso físico o mental' no deja espacio para ningún grado de violencia legalizada contra los niños” (CRC/C/GC/8, párr. 18). En el párrafo 67 de las Reglas de las Naciones Unidas para la protección de los menores privados de libertad, adoptadas por la Asamblea General en su resolución 45/113, de 14 de diciembre de 1990, se expresa: “Estarán estrictamente prohibidas todas las medidas disciplinarias que constituyan un trato cruel, inhumano o degradante, incluidos ... las penas de aislamiento ... así como cualquier otra sanción que pueda poner en peligro la salud física o mental del menor” (véase también CRC/C/GC/10, párr. 89). Por ello, el Relator Especial sostiene que la imposición del régimen de aislamiento a menores, cualquiera sea su duración, es un trato cruel, inhumano o degradante y viola el artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y el artículo 16 de la Convención contra la Tortura.", "78. El derecho de las personas con discapacidad mental a ser tratadas humanamente y con el respeto debido a la dignidad inherente al ser humano, garantizado en el artículo 10 del Pacto, se debe interpretar a la luz de los Principios para la protección de los enfermos mentales y para el mejoramiento de la atención de la salud mental, adoptados por la Asamblea General (resolución 46/119, anexo) el 17 de diciembre de 1991. Dada su capacidad mental disminuida y el hecho de que el régimen de aislamiento a menudo genera un severo agravamiento de una enfermedad mental ya existente, el Relator Especial cree que la imposición de ese régimen, cualquiera sea su duración, a personas que padecen discapacidad mental, constituye un trato cruel, inhumano o degradante y vulnera el artículo 7 del Pacto y el artículo 16 de la Convención.", "IV. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "Conclusiones", "79. El Relator Especial subraya que la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento es una medida severa que puede causar graves efectos negativos, psicológicos y fisiológicos a las personas, cualesquiera sean sus condiciones particulares. El Relator Especial considera que el régimen de aislamiento es contrario a uno de los objetivos esenciales del sistema penitenciario, que consiste en rehabilitar a los delincuentes y facilitar su reinserción en la sociedad. El Relator Especial define como régimen de aislamiento prolongado todo período de aislamiento superior a 15 días.", "80. Según sea la razón específica de su aplicación, las condiciones, la duración, los efectos y otras circunstancias, el régimen de aislamiento puede equivaler a una violación del artículo 7 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y a un acto definido en el artículo 1 o en el artículo 16 de la Convención contra la Tortura. Además, el uso del régimen de aislamiento aumenta el riesgo de que no se detecten ni denuncien actos de tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes.", "81. Teniendo en cuenta el grave dolor o sufrimiento mental que el régimen de aislamiento puede causar cuando se utiliza como castigo, durante la prisión preventiva, de forma indefinida o prolongada, a menores o a personas con discapacidad, puede equivaler a la tortura o a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante. El Relator Especial considera que, cuando las condiciones físicas y la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento no respetan la dignidad inherente de la persona humana y causan un grave dolor o sufrimiento mental y físico, ello equivale a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante.", "Recomendaciones", "82. El Relator Especial exhorta a los Estados a que respeten y protejan los derechos de las personas privadas de libertad, manteniendo al mismo tiempo la seguridad y el orden en los centros de detención. Recomienda que los Estados lleven a cabo revisiones periódicas del sistema de reclusión en régimen de aislamiento. En este contexto, el Relator Especial reitera que los Estados deben tener en cuenta la Declaración de Estambul sobre el empleo y los efectos de la reclusión en régimen de aislamiento como un instrumento útil en los esfuerzos encaminados a promover y respetar la protección de los derechos de los detenidos.", "83. El Relator Especial exhorta a los Estados a que garanticen que todas las personas privadas de libertad sean tratadas humanamente y con el debido respeto a la dignidad inherente de la persona humana, según lo establecido en el párrafo 1 del artículo 10 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. El Relator Especial se remite a las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos y recomienda que los Estados aumenten el nivel de contacto psicológico y social significativo de los detenidos en régimen de aislamiento.", "84. El Relator Especial insta a los Estados a prohibir la aplicación del régimen de aislamiento como castigo, ya sea mediante una sentencia judicial o como medida disciplinaria. Recomienda que los Estados elaboren y apliquen sanciones disciplinarias alternativas para evitar la aplicación del régimen de aislamiento.", "85. Los Estados deberían adoptar las medidas necesarias para poner fin a la práctica del régimen de aislamiento durante la prisión preventiva. La aplicación del régimen de aislamiento constituye una técnica de extorsión durante la prisión preventiva, que se debe abolir. Los Estados deben adoptar medidas efectivas durante la prisión preventiva para mejorar la eficacia de las investigaciones e introducir medidas de control alternativas para segregar a las personas, proteger las investigaciones en curso y evitar la colusión entre los detenidos.", "86. Los Estados deberían abolir la aplicación del régimen de aislamiento a los menores y las personas con discapacidad mental. En lo tocante a las medidas disciplinarias aplicables a los menores, el Relator Especial recomienda que los Estados adopten otras medidas distintas del régimen de aislamiento. En cuanto a la aplicación de este régimen a personas con discapacidad mental, el Relator Especial insiste en que la segregación física de esas personas puede ser necesaria en algunos casos para su propia seguridad, pero que el régimen de aislamiento se debe prohibir estrictamente.", "87. La reclusión en régimen de aislamiento por tiempo indefinido se debe abolir.", "88. Resulta claro que el régimen de aislamiento de corto plazo puede equivaler a la tortura o a un trato o pena cruel, inhumano o degradante; no obstante, puede ser un mecanismo legítimo en otras circunstancias, siempre que se adopten garantías adecuadas. En opinión del Relator Especial, el régimen de aislamiento que exceda de 15 días se debe prohibir de forma absoluta.", "89. El Relator Especial reitera que el régimen de aislamiento solo se debe aplicar en circunstancias muy excepcionales, como último recurso y durante el menor tiempo posible. Destaca que, cuando el régimen de aislamiento se utiliza en circunstancias excepcionales, se deben adoptar garantías procesales mínimas. Estas garantías reducen las posibilidades de que el régimen de aislamiento sea arbitrario o excesivo, como sucede en el caso del aislamiento prolongado o por tiempo indefinido. Estas medidas de garantía son especialmente importantes en los casos de detención en los que las garantías procesales a menudo son limitadas, como sucede en la detención administrativa de inmigrantes. Las garantías procesales mínimas deben interpretarse de forma que brinden la mayor protección posible de los derechos de los detenidos. En este contexto, el Relator Especial insta a los Estados a que apliquen los siguientes principios y garantías procesales.", "Principios rectores", "90. Durante todo el período de detención, las condiciones físicas y el régimen penitenciario de aislamiento, y en particular su duración, deben guardar proporción con la gravedad de la infracción penal o disciplinaria por la que se impone el régimen de aislamiento.", "91. Las condiciones físicas y el régimen penitenciario de aislamiento se deben imponer solo como último recurso, cuando otras medidas menos restrictivas no puedan lograr las metas disciplinarias establecidas.", "92. El régimen de aislamiento nunca se debe aplicar ni autorizar su continuación, excepto cuando se pueda determinar positivamente que no causará un daño o sufrimiento grave, sea físico o mental, dando lugar a los actos definidos en el artículo 1 o el artículo 16 de la Convención contra la Tortura.", "93. Todas las evaluaciones y decisiones adoptadas con respecto a la imposición del régimen de aislamiento deben quedar claramente documentadas y estar fácilmente disponibles para la persona detenida y su abogado. Esto incluye la identidad y el cargo del funcionario que impone el régimen de aislamiento, la fuente de sus facultades legales para hacerlo, una declaración que explique la justificación de la imposición de esta medida, su duración, las razones por las que se ha determinado que el régimen de aislamiento es adecuado, teniendo en cuenta el estado de salud física y mental del detenido, las razones por las que se ha determinado que el régimen de aislamiento guarda proporción con la infracción, informes sobre el examen periódico de la justificación del régimen de aislamiento y evaluaciones médicas de la salud física y mental de la persona detenida.", "Garantías internas", "94. Desde el momento en que se aplica el régimen de aislamiento y durante todas las etapas de su examen y decisiones de prórroga o de terminación, la justificación y la duración del régimen de aislamiento se debe registrar y poner en conocimiento de la persona detenida. Además, el detenido debe ser informado de lo que debe hacer para que se ponga fin al régimen de aislamiento. De conformidad con la regla 35 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos, la persona detenida debe recibir esta información en un lenguaje sencillo que entienda. Esta información también se debe facilitar al representante legal de la persona detenida.", "95. Debe existir un sistema documentado del examen periódico de la justificación del régimen de aislamiento. La revisión se debe llevar a cabo de buena fe y debe estar a cargo de un órgano independiente. Toda modificación de los factores que han justificado la imposición del régimen de aislamiento debe dar lugar de inmediato a la revisión del régimen de aislamiento de la persona detenida. Todos los procesos de revisión se deben documentar.", "96. Se debe dar a las personas detenidas en régimen de aislamiento una auténtica oportunidad para impugnar tanto la naturaleza de su aislamiento como su justificación subyacente, mediante un procedimiento administrativo de revisión. Al comienzo de la imposición del régimen de aislamiento, se debe informar a los detenidos de su presunta infracción penal o disciplinaria por la que se aplica el régimen de aislamiento y se le debe dar inmediatamente la oportunidad de impugnar las razones de su detención. Tras la imposición del régimen de aislamiento, los detenidos deben tener oportunidad de presentar una queja a las autoridades de la prisión mediante un sistema de quejas internas o administrativas.", "97. No deberá haber limitaciones a las peticiones o quejas, como la de presentar pruebas del sufrimiento mental, emocional o físico. Los funcionarios de las cárceles deben tener la obligación de tratar todas las solicitudes o quejas con prontitud, informando a la persona detenida de los resultados. Todas las conclusiones del procedimiento administrativo interno deberán ser recurribles mediante procesos judiciales.", "Garantías externas", "98. Las personas detenidas en régimen de aislamiento deben tener verdaderas oportunidades de impugnar tanto la naturaleza de su aislamiento como su justificación subyacente ante los tribunales. Esto exige el derecho de apelar todas las decisiones definitivas de las autoridades carcelarias y órganos administrativos ante un órgano judicial independiente facultado para revisar tanto la legalidad de la naturaleza del aislamiento como su justificación subyacente. Posteriormente, las personas detenidas deben tener oportunidad de apelar esas decisiones ante la máxima autoridad del Estado y, después de agotar los recursos internos, deben tener oportunidad de solicitar su revisión ante órganos regionales o universales de derechos humanos.", "99. Las personas deben tener libre acceso a un abogado competente durante todo el período en que estén recluidas en régimen de aislamiento. Cuando sea necesario para facilitar la comunicación completa y abierta entre un detenido y su abogado, se deben proporcionar los servicios de un intérprete.", "100. Debe haber un sistema documentado de supervisión y examen periódico de las condiciones físicas y mentales del detenido a cargo de personal médico calificado, al comienzo del régimen de aislamiento y también diariamente durante todo el período en que el detenido permanezca en ese régimen, según lo exige la regla 32, párrafo 3 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos. El personal médico encargado de la supervisión de los detenidos debe tener una formación especializada en evaluación psicológica y/o debe contar con el apoyo de especialistas en psicología. Además, el personal médico debe ser independiente y responsable ante una autoridad ajena a la administración penitenciaria. Preferentemente, debe pertenecer al sistema nacional general de salud. Todo deterioro de la condición mental o física del detenido debe dar lugar a la presunción de que las condiciones de aislamiento son excesivas, por lo que se debe proceder inmediatamente a una revisión de la medida.", "101. El personal médico debe asimismo inspeccionar las condiciones físicas en que se encuentra el detenido en régimen de aislamiento, de conformidad con la regla 26 de las Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos. Se debe tener en cuenta en particular el nivel de higiene y limpieza de las instalaciones y del recluso, la calefacción, la iluminación y la ventilación de la celda, la provisión de ropas y de ropa de cama adecuadas, un suministro adecuado de alimentos y de agua, y la observancia de las reglas relativas a los ejercicios físicos.", "Anexo", "Efectos del régimen de aislamiento", "En las personas sometidas a reclusión en régimen de aislamiento pueden presentarse numerosos síntomas, tanto durante el período de aislamiento como después de terminado el mismo. La siguiente lista, elaborada por el Dr. Sharon Shalev[57] muestra una variedad de síntomas posibles.", "Ansiedad, que abarca desde sentimientos de tensión hasta ataques de pánico intensos", "• Bajo nivel de estrés persistente", "• Irritabilidad o inquietud", "• Miedo a una muerte inminente", "• Ataques de pánico", "Depresión, que abarca desde un estado de ánimo bajo hasta la depresión clínica", "• Monotonía emocional; pérdida de la capacidad de tener “sentimientos”", "• Cambios de humor", "• Desesperanza", "• Aislamiento social; pérdida del inicio de actividad o de ideas; apatía; letargo", "• Depresión severa", "Ira, desde la irritabilidad hasta una intensa rabia", "• Irritabilidad y hostilidad", "• Control deficiente de los impulsos", "• Explosiones de violencia física y verbal contra los demás, contra sí mismo o contra objetos", "• Ira no provocada, que a veces se manifiesta en forma de rabia", "Alteraciones cognitivas, que abarcan desde la falta de concentración hasta el estado de confusión", "• Escasa capacidad de atención", "• Falta de concentración", "• Mala memoria", "• Procesos de pensamiento confusos; desorientación", "Distorsiones de la percepción, que van desde la hipersensibilidad hasta las alucinaciones", "• Hipersensibilidad a los sonidos y los olores", "• Distorsiones de las sensaciones (por ejemplo, sensación de que las paredes se cierran)", "• Desorientación en el tiempo y en el espacio", "• Despersonalización; pérdida de la comprensión", "• Alucinaciones que afectan a los cinco sentidos (por ejemplo, ver alucinaciones de objetos o personas que aparecen en la celda, u oír voces cuando nadie está hablando realmente)", "Paranoia y psicosis, que abarcan desde pensamientos obsesivos hasta la psicosis propiamente dicha", "• Pensamientos recurrentes y persistentes (cavilaciones excesivas), a menudo de carácter violento y vengativo (por ejemplo, contra el personal de la prisión)", "• Ideas paranoides, a menudo de carácter persecutorio", "• Episodios o estados psicóticos: depresión psicótica, esquizofrenia", "Autolesiones, agresiones autoinfligidas", "• Mutilaciones y cortes", "• Intentos de suicidio", "[1] Alexandra Naday, Joshua D. Freilich y Jeff Mellow, “The Elusive Data on Supermax Confinement”, The Prison Journal, vol. 88, núm. 1, pág. 69 (2008).", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), pág. 441.", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner y Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, núm. 1, págs. 104 a 108 (2010).", "[4] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (Londres, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), pág. 1.", "[5] Ken Strutin, “Solitary Confinement”, LLRX.com, publicado el 10 de agosto de 2010.", "[6] Craig Haney, “Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency”, vol. 49, núm. 1, págs. 124 a 156.", "[7] Comité de Derechos Humanos, Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, Observación general núm. 20 (A/47/40, anexo VI.A), artículo 7 (Prohibición de la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes), 10 de marzo de 1992.", "[8] Iorgov c. Bulgaria, solicitud núm. 40653/98, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 84 (2004); G.. B. c. Bulgaria, solicitud núm. 42346/98, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 85 (2004).", "[9] A. B. c. Rusia, solicitud núm. 1439/06, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 108 (2010).", "[10] Palushi c. Austria, solicitud núm. 27900/04, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párrs. 72 y 73 (2009).", "[11] A. B. c. Rusia, párr. 111.", "[12] Onoufriou c. Chipre, solicitud núm. 24407/04, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 80 (2010).", "[13] Ocalan c. Turquía, solicitud núm. 46221/99, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 196 (2005).", "[14] Rohde c. Dinamarca, solicitud núm. 69332/01, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 97 (2005).", "[15] Ramírez Sánchez c. Francia, solicitud núm. 59450/00, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párrs. 105, 106 y 135 (2006).", "[16] Ibid., párr. 145.", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez c. Honduras, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, serie C, núm. 4, párr. 156 (1988).", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo c. Perú, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, serie C, núm. 33, párr. 58 (1997).", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides c. Perú, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, serie C, núm. 69, párrs. 62 y 104 (2000).", "[20] Suárez-Rosero c. Ecuador, Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, serie C, núm. 35, párrs. 51 a 56 (1997).", "[21] Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en México (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100), párr. 254 (2008).", "[22] Shalev, op. cit., pág. 25.", "[23] Shalev, op. cit., págs. 25 y 26.", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement of the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, vol. 8 (2008), pág. 52.", "[25] Shalev, op. cit., pág. 26.", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, pág. 41.", "[27] Ramírez Sánchez c. Francia, solicitud núm. 59450/00, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 102 (2006).", "[28] Solitary Confinement of Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons, proyecto conjunto de Adalah, Al Mezan (Gaza) y Médicos en Pro de los Derechos Humanos (Israel, junio de 2011).", "[29] Shalev, op. cit., pág. 42.", "[30] Comité del Consejo de Europa para la Prevención de la Tortura, informe al Gobierno de Grecia sobre la visita llevada a cabo a Grecia por el Comité Europeo para la Prevención de la Tortura y de las Penas o Tratos Inhumanos o Degradantes, 20 de diciembre de 2006 (CPT/Inf (2006)), pág. 41.", "[31] Consejo de Europa, “Normas del CPT” (CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 - Rev. 2010), secc. II, párr. 48.", "[32] Poltrotsky c. Ucrania, pág. 146, (Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, 2003-V).", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34, pág. 449 (2006).", "[34] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 22 (2006), pág. 325.", "[35] Ilascu y otros c. Moldova y Rusia, solicitud núm. 48787/99, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (2004), párr. 432.", "[36] Mathew c. Países Bajos, solicitud núm. 24919/03, párr. 202.", "[37] G .B. c. Bulgaria, párr. 85.", "[38] Valasinas c. Lituania, solicitud núm. 44558/98, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 112 (2001); Ocalan c. Turquía, párr. 193.", "[39] Rohde c. Dinamarca, párr. 97.", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, pág. 1.", "[41] Shalev, op. cit., pág. 2.", "[42] A. B. c. Rusia, solicitud núm. 1439/06, Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, párr. 135 (2010).", "[43] “USA: The Cruel and Inhumane Treatment of Albert Woodfox and Herman Wallace”, Amnistía Internacional (2001).", "[44] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement” (1993), pág. 1.", "[45] Ibid., pág. 8.", "[46] Ibid., pág. 2.", "[47] Ibid., pág. 20.", "[48] Shalev, op. cit., págs. 13 y 22.", "[49] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, págs. 332 y 333.", "[50] Artículo 37 c), Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño; artículo 8 d), Reglas mínimas para el tratamiento de los reclusos.", "[51] Robert Wildeboer, “The Impact of Solitary Confinement in a Youth Prison”, Inside and Out, (Chicago, 2010).", "[52] Shalev, op. cit., pág. 26.", "[53] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”; Shalev, op. cit., pág. 10.", "[54] American Civil Liberties Union, “Abuse of the Human Rights of Prisoners in the United States: Solitary Confinement” (2011).", "[55] Jeffrey L. Metzner y Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, núm. 1, págs. 104 a 108 (2010).", "[56] Heartland Alliance National Immigrant Justice Center, carta dirigida al Relator Especial sobre la tortura, de fecha 16 de junio de 2011.", "[57] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (Londres, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), págs. 15 a 17; véase también Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), pág. 441." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/205.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Summary", "In the present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/205, the Special Rapporteur addresses issues of special concern and recent developments in the context of his mandate.", "The Special Rapporteur draws the attention of the General Assembly to his assessment that solitary confinement is practised in a majority of States. He finds that where the physical conditions and the prison regime of solitary confinement cause severe mental and physical pain or suffering, when used as a punishment, during pre-trial detention, indefinitely, prolonged, on juveniles or persons with mental disabilities, it can amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and even torture. In addition, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment will go undetected and unchallenged.", "The report highlights a number of general principles to help to guide States to re-evaluate and minimize its use and, in certain cases, abolish the practice of solitary confinement. The practice should be used only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort, for as short a time as possible. He further emphasizes the need for minimum procedural safeguards, internal and external, to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 related to the \nmandate III.Solitary 7 \nconfinement A.Overview 7 of work undertaken by the \nmandate B.History 7 and current practice of solitary \nconfinement \nC.Definition 8D. Legal 9 \nframework E.States’ 12 rationale for the use of solitary \nconfinement F.Conditions 14 of solitary \nconfinement G. Prolonged 16 or indefinite solitary \nconfinement H. Psychological 17 and physiological effects of solitary \nconfinement I.Latent 18 effects of solitary \nconfinement J.Vulnerable 18 \nindividuals K.When 19 solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or \npunishment IV.Conclusions 21 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Effectsof 26 solitary \nconfinement", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, submitted pursuant to paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 65/205, is the thirteenth submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It is the first report submitted by the present mandate holder.", "2. The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw attention to his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), in which he outlined his vision, working methods and priorities for his tenure as Special Rapporteur.", "II. Activities related to the mandate", "3. Below is a summary of the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur pursuant to the mandate since the submission of his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52 and Add.1-6).", "Communications concerning human rights violations", "4. During the period from 1 December 2010 to 1 July 2011, he sent 20 letters of allegations of torture to 18 Governments, and 95 urgent appeals on behalf of persons who might be at risk of torture or other forms of ill-treatment to 48 Governments. In the same period 82 responses were received.", "Country visits", "5. With respect to fact-finding missions, an anticipated country visit to Kyrgyzstan for May 2011 was postponed, at the request of the Government, owing to ongoing political developments. By letter dated 28 July 2011, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic proposed a country visit for the second half of August 2011. The Special Rapporteur welcomes this invitation; however, because of the short notice, he is discussing potential dates with the Government at the time of submitting the present report. He has accepted an invitation from the Government of Iraq to visit the country in October 2011. He has also been invited to visit Bahrain and is discussing dates with the Government. In addition to the pending country visit requests (see A/HRC/16/52, para. 6) the Special Rapporteur has requested a visit to Morocco with respect to Western Sahara.", "6. The Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Tunisia from 15 to 22 May 2011. He shared his preliminary findings with the interim Government and issued a press statement on 22 May expressing his appreciation to the Government for the full cooperation extended to him. He noted that the Government had undertaken a series of positive steps towards ensuring accountability and long-term reforms. However, he is of the view that a “wait and see attitude” in anticipation of the Constituent Assembly election may be hampering the possibility of delivering bold and aggressive steps in restoring justice for past and recent abuses. The Special Rapporteur stressed that swift, effective and independent criminal investigations against alleged perpetrators of torture and ill-treatment should be ensured and administrative programmes should be launched offering redress and reparation services to victims of past and recent violations. The report of the mission to Tunisia will be presented to the Human Rights Council at its nineteenth session in March 2012.", "Key press statements", "7. The Special Rapporteur issued the following press statements (many were joint statements with other mandate holders):", "• On 31 December 2010 — expressing serious concern that enforced or involuntary disappearances, arbitrary detentions, extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and acts of sexual violence may have occurred or may still be occurring in Côte d’Ivoire in relation to the presidential elections.", "• On 14 January 2011 — urging the Government of Tunisia to control the use of force against peaceful demonstrations, after at least 21 deaths were officially confirmed.", "• On 3 February 2011 — on public unrest in Belarus, Egypt and Tunisia and the alleged infliction of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in connection with suppression of peaceful demonstrations.", "• On 17 February — urging the transitional Government in Egypt to establish an independent inquiry to investigate human rights violations during the revolution in that country, with the powers to transmit names and evidence for prosecution to the relevant authorities.", "• On 18 February — urging the Governments of Bahrain and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to guarantee the right to peaceful protest and immediately cease the use of excessive and lethal force.", "• On 22 February — on the situation of human rights defenders expressing serious concerns about gross violations of human rights that were being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "• On 3 March 2011 — condemning the violent crackdown on protesters in Yemen, and urging the Government to stop the excessive use of force as a means to end ongoing protests.", "• On 22 March — expressing concerns about increased incidents of serious human rights violations in the capital of Bahrain.", "• On 1 April 2011 — expressing concerns about serious human rights violations in Côte d’Ivoire, including enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, killing and maiming of children, and sexual violence which may amount to international crimes, and expressed the full support of the Special Rapporteur and other mandate holders for Security Council resolution 1975 (2011).", "• On 11 April and 12 July — expressing frustration that despite his repeated requests to visit Private First Class Bradley E. Manning, the Government of the United States of America has not granted him unmonitored access to the detainee. The question of unfettered access goes beyond this case and touches on whether the Special Rapporteur would be able to conduct private and unmonitored interviews with detainees if he were to conduct a country visit to the United States.", "• On 15 April — denouncing the rising death toll and brutal crackdown on peaceful protesters, journalists and human rights defenders in the Syrian Arab Republic despite the Government’s promises of reforms and consultations to end the 48-year-old emergency rule.", "• On 1 July 2011 — urging the Government of the United States to stop the scheduled execution of Humberto Leal García in Texas.", "Highlights of key presentations/consultations/training courses", "8. From 8 to 9 February 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a meeting sponsored by Amnesty International in London to discuss “Developing International Best Practice for Inquiries and Investigations into Torture”. He also spoke at the All Party Parliamentary Group on Extraordinary Rendition.", "9. On 22 February, he delivered a statement to the American Academy of Forensic Sciences at its 63rd annual meeting on “International framework and mechanisms for documenting conditions of detention, torture and ill-treatment”.", "10. On 28 February, he met with high-ranking officials from the Department of State and the Department of Defense of the United States of America in Washington, D.C., and again with the Department of Defense on 22 April to discuss issues of mutual concern.", "11. From 6 to 10 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur was in Geneva for the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council and met with the Ambassadors of Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Thailand and the United States. He also met with all the Human Rights Council regional groups except for the Africa Group, which unfortunately could not be scheduled.", "12. On 16 and 17 March, in Washington, D.C., he participated in a meeting with the Chair of the Committee against Torture, the Vice-Chair of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a representative of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the Special Rapporteur on Detained Persons of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The meeting was organized jointly by the Washington College of Law of American University and the Association for the Prevention of Torture to discuss ways to strengthen the working relations of those mechanisms.", "13. From 18 to 20 March, the Special Rapporteur made two presentations to the annual General Meeting and the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the United States Section of Amnesty International in San Francisco.", "14. On 1 June 2011, he was the keynote speaker at an event in Washington, D.C., organized by several faith-based groups and entitled “Accountability Today: Preventing Torture Tomorrow”.", "15. From 15 to 17 June, the Special Rapporteur chaired, with the support of the Government of the Netherlands, a regional consultation on torture for the Americas in Santiago, Chile. The regional consultation was organized in partnership with the Association for the Prevention of Torture, the Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Corporación Humanas — Centro Regional de Derechos Humanos y Justicia de Género and Conectas Direitos Humanos, and was an opportunity for governments, national institutions and organizations of civil society from 12 countries to discuss follow-up to recommendations of country visits and to strengthen local and regional protection mechanisms against torture and ill-treatment.", "16. On 20 June, he met with the Director General for Foreign Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, in Santiago.", "17. From 27 June to 1 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the eighteenth annual meeting of Special Rapporteurs in Geneva. He also met with representatives of the Governments of Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, the Russian Federation, Tunisia and the United States of America.", "18. On 7 July 2011, he met in Brasilia with the Minister for Human Rights in the Government of Brazil.", "III. Solitary confinement", "A. Overview of work undertaken by the mandate", "19. In his first report as Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/52, para. 70), he recognized that “the question as to whether ... prolonged solitary confinement” constituted “per se cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has given rise to much debate and discussion in the Human Rights Council”, and believed that “the international community as a whole would greatly benefit from a dispassionate and rational discussion of the issues”.", "20. The Special Rapporteur has received complaints that solitary confinement is used in some countries in the context of administrative detention for national security or as a method to fight organized crime, as well as in immigration detention. He undertook this study because he found the practice of solitary confinement to be global in nature and subject to widespread abuse. In particular, the social isolation and sensory deprivation that is imposed by some States does, in some circumstances, amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and even torture.", "21. The Special Rapporteur’s predecessors have noted that prolonged solitary confinement may itself amount to prohibited ill-treatment or torture (E/CN.4/1999/61, para. 394, and E/CN.4/2003/68, para. 26 (m)).", "22. The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement was annexed to the former Special Rapporteur’s 2008 interim report to the General Assembly (A/63/175, annex). The report concluded that “prolonged isolation of detainees may amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and, in certain instances, may amount to torture. ... [T]he use of solitary confinement should be kept to a minimum, used in very exceptional cases, for as short a time as possible, and only as a last resort. Regardless of the specific circumstances of its use, effort is required to raise the level of social contacts for prisoners: prisoner-prison staff contact, allowing access to social activities with other prisoners, allowing more visits and providing access to mental health services” (A/63/175, paras. 77 and 83).", "B. History and current practice of solitary confinement", "23. The history of the use of solitary confinement on detainees has been well documented. The practice can be traced to the 1820s in the United States of America, where it was believed that isolation of prisoners would aid in their rehabilitation. Under this model prisoners spent their entire day alone, mostly within the confines of their cells, including for work, in order to reflect on their transgressions away from negative external influences. Beginning in the 1830s, European and South American countries adopted this practice (A/63/175, para. 81). It must be recognized that 200 years ago this model was a socially and morally progressive way to deal with punishment, as it emphasized rehabilitation and attempted to substitute for the death penalty, limb amputations and other penalties then prevalent.", "24. States around the world continue to use solitary confinement extensively (see A/63/175, para. 78). In some countries, the use of Super Maximum Security Prisons to impose solitary confinement as a normal, rather than an “exceptional”, practice for inmates is considered problematic. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that between 20,000 and 25,000 individuals are being held in isolation.[1] Another example is the extensive use of solitary confinement in relation to pretrial detention, which for many years has been an integral part of the Scandinavian prison practice.[2] Some form of isolation from the general prison population is used almost everywhere as punishment for breaches of prison discipline. Many States now use solitary confinement more routinely and for longer durations. For example, in Brazil, Law 10792 of 2003, amending the existing “Law of Penal Execution”, contemplates a “differentiated” disciplinary regime in an individual cell for up to 360 days, without prejudice to extensions of similar length for new offences and up to one sixth of the prison term. In 2010, the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina instituted a Programme of Prevention of Violent Behaviour in its prisons which consists of isolation for a minimum of nine months (the initial three months in full isolation), a term that — according to prison monitors — is frequently extended.", "C. Definition", "25. There is no universally agreed upon definition of solitary confinement. The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement defines solitary confinement as the physical isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. In many jurisdictions, prisoners held in solitary confinement are allowed out of their cells for one hour of solitary exercise a day. Meaningful contact with other people is typically reduced to a minimum. The reduction in stimuli is not only quantitative but also qualitative. The available stimuli and the occasional social contacts are seldom freely chosen, generally monotonous, and often not empathetic.", "26. Solitary confinement is also known as “segregation”, “isolation”,[3] “separation”, “cellular”,[4] “lockdown”, “Supermax”, “the hole” or “Secure Housing Unit (SHU)”,[5] but all these terms can involve different factors. For the purposes of this report, the Special Rapporteur defines solitary confinement as the physical and social isolation of individuals who are confined to their cells for 22 to 24 hours a day. Of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur is prolonged solitary confinement, which he defines as any period of solitary confinement in excess of 15 days. He is aware of the arbitrary nature of the effort to establish a moment in time which an already harmful regime becomes prolonged and therefore unacceptably painful. He concludes that 15 days is the limit between “solitary confinement” and “prolonged solitary confinement” because at that point, according to the literature surveyed, some of the harmful psychological effects of isolation can become irreversible.[6]", "D. Legal framework", "27. International and regional human rights bodies have taken different approaches to address the underlying conditions of social and physical isolation of detainees, and whether such practices constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. For example, while the European Court of Human Rights has confronted solitary confinement regimes with regularity, the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have most extensively addressed the related phenomenon of incommunicado detention. For the purposes of this report, the Special Rapporteur will highlight the work of universal and regional human rights bodies on solitary confinement only.", "1. International level", "General Assembly", "28. In 1990, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/111, the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners. Principle 7 states that efforts to abolish solitary confinement as a punishment, or to restrict its use, should be undertaken and encouraged.", "29. In the same year, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/113, the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. In paragraph 67 the Assembly asserted that “All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including ... solitary confinement or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned”.", "United Nations treaty bodies", "30. The Human Rights Committee, in paragraph 6 of its General Comment No. 20, noted that prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person might amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] In its concluding observations on Rwanda, the Human Rights Committee recommended that “The State party should put an end to the sentence of solitary confinement ...” (CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, para. 14).", "31. The Committee against Torture has recognized the harmful physical and mental effects of prolonged solitary confinement and has expressed concern about its use, including as a preventive measure during pretrial detention, as well as a disciplinary measure. The Committee has recommended that the use of solitary confinement be abolished, particularly during pretrial detention, or at least that it should be strictly and specifically regulated by law (maximum duration, etc.) and exercised under judicial supervision, and used only in exceptional circumstances, such as when the safety of persons or property is involved (A/63/175, para. 80). The Committee has recommended that persons under the age of 18 should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8).", "32. The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment has pointed out that prolonged solitary confinement may amount to an act of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and recommended that solitary confinement should not be used in the case of minors or the mentally disabled (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185). The Subcommittee has also recommended that a medical officer should visit prisoners held in solitary confinement every day, on the understanding that such visits should be in the interests of the prisoners’ health. Furthermore, prisoners held in solitary confinement for more than 12 hours should have access to fresh air for at least one hour each day (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 184). In view of the condition of solitary confinement, the Subcommittee has pointed out that beds and proper mattresses should be made available to all inmates, including prisoners held in solitary confinement (CAT/OP/HND/1, para. 227 (a), and CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 280).", "33. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its General Comment No. 10 (2007), emphasized that “disciplinary measures in violation of article 37 [of the Convention on the Rights of the Child] must be strictly forbidden, including ... closed or solitary confinement, or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health or well-being of the child concerned” (CRC/C/GC/10, para. 89). Moreover, the Committee has urged States parties to prohibit and abolish the use of solitary confinement against children (CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; CRC/C/15/Add.220, para. 45 (d); and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)).", "2. Regional level", "European Court of Human Rights", "34. In its evaluation of cases of solitary confinement, the European Court of Human Rights considers the rationale given by the State for the imposition of social and physical isolation. The Court has found violations of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights where States do not provide a security-based justification for the use of solitary confinement.[8] In circumstances of prolonged solitary confinement, the Court has held that the justification for solitary confinement must be explained to the individual and the justification must be “increasingly detailed and compelling” as time goes on.[9]", "35. Through its jurisprudence, the European Court of Human Rights emphasizes that certain procedural safeguards must be in place during the imposition of solitary confinement, for example, monitoring a prisoner’s physical well-being,⁹ particularly where the individual is not in good health[10] and having access to judicial review.[11]", "36. The level of isolation imposed on an individual is essential to the European Court of Human Rights’ assessment of whether instances of physical and mental isolation constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. A prolonged absolute prohibition of visits from individuals from outside the prison causes suffering “clearly exceeding the unavoidable level inherent in detention”.[12] However, where the individual can receive visitors and write letters,[13] have access to television, books and newspapers and regular contact with prison staff[14] or visit with clergy or lawyers on a regular basis,[15] isolation is “partial”, and the minimum threshold of severity — which the European Court of Human Rights considers necessary to find a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights — is not met. Nevertheless, the Court has emphasized that solitary confinement, even where the isolation is only partial, cannot be imposed on a prisoner indefinitely.[16]", "Inter-American System on Human Rights", "37. The jurisprudence on solitary confinement within the Inter-American System on Human Rights is more conclusive than within the bodies discussed above. Since its earliest judgments, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has found that certain elements of a prison regime and certain physical prison conditions in themselves constitute cruel and inhuman treatment, and therefore violate article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which recognizes the right to the integrity of the person. For example, the Court held that “prolonged isolation and deprivation of communication are in themselves cruel and inhuman treatment, harmful to the psychological and moral integrity of the person and a violation of the right of any detainee to respect for his inherent dignity as a human being”.[17] The Court has additionally addressed physical conditions of detention, asserting that “isolation in a small cell, without ventilation or natural light, ... [and] restriction of visiting rights ..., constitute forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment”.[18]", "38. The Court has additionally recognized that solitary confinement results in psychological and physical suffering that may contribute to treatment that constitutes torture. In at least one case, the Court has identified the physical conditions of solitary confinement, including “a small cell with no ventilation or natural light”, and a prison regime where a detained individual “is held for 23 and a half hours a day ..., [and] permitted to see his relatives only once a month, but could have no physical contact with them”, when coupled with other forms of physical and psychological aggression, in sum may constitute physical and psychological torture.[19]", "39. In its analysis of solitary confinement, the Court has noted that even when used in exceptional circumstances, procedural safeguards must be in place. For example, “the State is obliged to ensure that the detainee enjoys the minimum and non-derogable guarantees established in the [American] Convention and, specifically, the right to question the lawfulness of the detention and the guarantee of access to effective defense during his incarceration”.[20] Similarly, the Inter‑American Commission on Human Rights has consistently held that all forms of disciplinary action taken against detained persons must comport with the norms of due process and provide opportunity for judicial review.[21]", "E. States’ rationale for the use of solitary confinement", "40. The justifications provided by States for the use of solitary confinement fall into five general categories:", "(a) To punish an individual (as part of the judicially imposed sentence or as part of a disciplinary regime);", "(b) To protect vulnerable individuals;", "(c) To facilitate prison management of certain individuals;", "(d) To protect or promote national security;", "(e) To facilitate pre-charge or pretrial investigations.", "41. The imposition of solitary confinement as a part of an individual’s judicially imposed sentence often arises in circumstances of particularly egregious crimes or crimes against the State.[22] For instance, in some central European States, individuals convicted and sentenced to capital punishment and to life imprisonment serve their time in solitary confinement (A/64/215, para. 53). In other States, such as in Mongolia, death sentences may be commuted to life sentences spent in solitary confinement (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 47). The use of solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure within prisons is also well documented and is likely the most pervasive rationale for the use of solitary confinement as a form of punishment.²² Disciplinary measures usually involve the violation of a prison rule. For instance, in Nigeria detainees are punished with solitary confinement of up to three days for disciplinary offences (A/HRC/7/3/Add.4, appendix I, para. 113). Similarly, in the Abepura Prison in Indonesia, solitary confinement for up to eight days is used as a disciplinary measure for persons who violate prison rules (A/HRC/7/3/Add.7, appendix I, para. 37).", "42. Solitary confinement is also used to separate vulnerable individuals, including juveniles, persons with disabilities, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, for their own protection. They may be placed in solitary confinement at their own request or at the discretion of prison officials.[23]", "43. State officials also use solitary confinement as a tool to manage certain prison populations. Individuals determined to be dangerous, such as gang members, or at high risk of escape may be placed in solitary confinement.²³ Similarly, individuals determined to be at risk of injury, such as sex offenders, informants, and former correctional or law enforcement officers, are often allowed, or encouraged, to choose voluntary solitary confinement in order to protect themselves from fellow inmates.[24] Prisoners may also be placed in some form of solitary confinement in the interests of prison management before, during or after transportation to and from cells and detention facilities.[25] While the duration of solitary confinement when used as a management tool may vary considerably, it is notable that the motivation for its imposition is pragmatic rather than punitive.", "44. Individuals determined to be terrorist suspects or national security risks are often subjected to solitary confinement as well. For instance, in Equatorial Guinea a section of the Black Beach Prison consisting of single cells is used for solitary confinement of high security prisoners (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, appendix I). Solitary confinement can be also used as a coercive interrogation technique, and is often an integral part of enforced disappearance or incommunicado detention (A/63/175, annex). As noted within category (a) in paragraph 40 above, national security also serves as a primary reason for the imposition of solitary confinement as a result of a judicial sentence. For example, in China an individual sentenced for “unlawfully supplying State secrets or intelligence to entities outside China” was allegedly held in solitary confinement for two years of her eight-year sentence (E/CN.4/2006/6/ Add.6, appendix 2, para. 26).", "45. States also use solitary confinement to isolate individuals during pre-charge or pretrial detention. In some States, such as Denmark, holding individuals in solitary confinement is a regular feature of pretrial detention (A/63/175, para. 78 (i)). The purposes for the use of solitary confinement in pre-charge and pretrial detention vary widely, and include preventing the intermingling of detainees to avoid demoralization and collusion, and to apply pressure on detainees to elicit cooperation or extract a confession.[26]", "F. Conditions of solitary confinement", "46. The administration of prisons and the conditions in which prisoners are held is governed by prison regulations and national laws, as well as by international human rights law. Fundamental norms that are binding by virtue of being treaty-based or part of customary international law are supplemented and interpreted through the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted by the Economic and Social Council in 1957. Although not directly binding, the Standard Minimum Rules are widely accepted as the universal norm for the humane treatment of prisoners.", "47. The particular conditions in which detainees are held in solitary confinement vary between institutions and jurisdictions. Most, however, have a number of physical and non-physical conditions (or a prison regime) in common.", "1. Physical conditions", "48. The principal physical conditions relevant to solitary confinement are cell size, presence of windows and light, and access to sanitary fixtures for personal hygiene. In practice, solitary confinement cells typically share some common features, including: location in a separate or remote part of the prison; small, or partially covered windows; sealed air quality; stark appearance and dull colours; toughened cardboard or other tamperproof furniture bolted to the floor; and small and barren exercise cages or yards (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In some jurisdictions, prisoners in solitary confinement are held in leg irons and subjected to other physical restraints (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, para. 76 (f)).", "49. There is no universal instrument that specifies a minimum acceptable cell size, although domestic and regional jurisdictions have sometimes ruled on the matter. According to the European Court of Human Rights in Ramírez Sanchez v. France, a cell measuring 6.84 square metres is “large enough” for single occupancy.[27] The Court did not elaborate on why such measures could be considered adequate; the Special Rapporteur respectfully begs to differ, especially if the single cell should also contain, at a minimum, toilet and washing facilities, bedding and a desk.", "50. The presence of windows and light is also of critical importance to the adequate treatment of detainees in solitary confinement. Under rule 11 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, there should be sufficient light to enable the detainee to work or read, and windows so constructed as to allow airflow whether or not artificial ventilation is provided. However, State practice reveals that this standard is often not met. For example, in Georgia, window-openings in solitary confinement cells were found to have steel sheets welded to the outside bars, which restricted light and ventilation (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In Israel, solitary confinement cells are often lit with fluorescent bulbs as their only source of light, and they have no source of fresh air.[28]", "51. Rules 12 and 13 of the Standard Minimum Rules stipulate that detention facilities should provide sufficient sanitary fixtures to allow for the personal hygiene of the detainee. Therefore, cells used for solitary confinement should contain a lavatory and wash-basin within the cell.[29] In its 2006 report on Greece, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment observed that isolation cells in the Komotini Prison failed to meet the necessary minimum standard for sanitary fixtures because detainees were forced to use the toilet for a wash-basin as well.[30] Other environmental factors, such as temperature, noise level, privacy, and soft materials for cell furnishings may also be implicated in the solitary confinement setting.", "2. Prison regime", "52. The principal aspects of a prison regime relevant to an assessment of the conditions of solitary confinement include access to outdoor exercise and programming, access to meaningful human contact within the prison, and contact with the outside world. In accordance with rule 21 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, every prisoner who is not employed in outdoor work shall have at least one hour of suitable exercise in the open air daily if the weather permits. Similarly, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture emphasizes that all prisoners without exception should be afforded the opportunity to have one hour of open-air exercise per day.[31] However, State practice indicates that these standards are not always observed. In Jordan, for example, a detainee was allowed outside of his solitary confinement cell for only one hour per week (A/HRC/4/33/Add.3, appendix, para. 21). In Poltrotsky v. Ukraine, the European Court of Human Rights found that a lack of opportunity for outdoor exercise, coupled with a lack of access to natural light, constitutes a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[32]", "53. Access to meaningful human contact within the prison and contact with the outside world are also essential to the psychological health of detainees held in solitary confinement, especially those held for prolonged periods of time. Within prisons this contact could be with health professionals, prison guards or other prisoners. Contact with the outside world could include visits, mail, and phone calls from legal counsel, family and friends, and access to reading material, television or radio. Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights grants prisoners the right to family and correspondence. Additionally, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners provide for various external stimuli (articles 21 on exercise and sport; 37-39 on contact with the outside world; 40 on books; 41 and 42 on religion; 71-76 on work; 77 and 78 on education and recreation; and 79-81 on social relations and after-care).", "3. Social isolation", "54. Solitary confinement reduces meaningful social contact to an absolute minimum. The level of social stimulus that results is insufficient for the individual to remain in a reasonable state of mental health.[33]", "55. Research shows that deprived of a sufficient level of social stimulation, individuals soon become incapable of maintaining an adequate state of alertness and attention to their environment. Indeed, even a few days of solitary confinement will shift an individual’s brain activity towards an abnormal pattern characteristic of stupor and delirium.[34] Advancements in new technologies have made it possible to achieve indirect supervision and keep individuals under close surveillance with almost no human interaction. The European Court of Human Rights has recognized that “complete sensory isolation, coupled with total social isolation, can destroy the personality and constitutes a form of inhuman treatment which cannot be justified by the requirements of security or any other reason”.[35]", "56. According to the European Court of Human Rights, States should also take steps to reduce the negative impact of solitary confinement.[36] Where the damaging effects of solitary confinement on a particular individual are known, the regime cannot continue.[37] The conditions of confinement are relevant in this respect, because where conditions are beyond reproach, the Court considers it unlikely that the minimum threshold of severity to find a violation of article 3 will be reached.[38] Routine examination by doctors can be a factor in determining that there was no violation of article 3.[39]", "G. Prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement", "57. The use of prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement has increased in various jurisdictions, especially in the context of the “war on terror” and “a threat to national security”. Individuals subjected to either of these practices are in a sense in a prison within a prison and thus suffer an extreme form of anxiety and exclusion, which clearly supersede normal imprisonment. Owing to their isolation, prisoners held in prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement can easily slip out of sight of justice, and safeguarding their rights is therefore often difficult, even in States where there is a strong adherence to rule of law.[40]", "58. When a State fails to uphold the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners during a short period of time of solitary confinement, there may be some debate on whether the adverse effects amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or torture. However, the longer the duration of solitary confinement or the greater the uncertainty regarding the length of time, the greater the risk of serious and irreparable harm to the inmate that may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or even torture.", "59. The feeling of uncertainty when not informed of the length of solitary confinement exacerbates the pain and suffering of the individuals who are subjected to it. In some instances, individuals may be held indefinitely during pretrial detention, increasing the risk of other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or torture (CAT/C/DNK/CO/5, para. 14).", "60. Most studies fail to specify the length of time after which solitary confinement becomes prolonged. While the term may be undefined, detainees can be held in solitary confinement from a few weeks to many years. For example, in Kazakhstan, individuals can be held in solitary confinement for more than two months (A/HRC/13/39/Add.3, para. 117). Some detainees have been held in solitary confinement facilities for years, without any charge and without trial, and in secret detention centres where isolation is used as an integral part of interrogation practices.[41] In a joint report on the situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay, experts found that although 30 days of isolation was the maximum period permissible, some detainees were returned to isolation after very short breaks over a period of up to 18 months (E/CN.4/2006/120, para. 53).", "61. There is no international standard for the permitted maximum overall duration of solitary confinement. In A.B. v. Russia, the European Court of Human Rights held that detaining an individual in solitary confinement for three years constituted a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.[42] By contrast, in the United States of America, it is reported that two prisoners have been held in solitary confinement in a Louisiana prison for 40 years after failed attempts at judicial appeal of the conditions of their confinement.[43] As explained in paragraph 26 above, the Special Rapporteur finds that solitary confinement exceeding 15 days is prolonged.", "H. Psychological and physiological effects of solitary confinement", "62. Negative health effects can occur after only a few days in solitary confinement, and the health risks rise with each additional day spent in such conditions. Experts who have examined the impact of solitary confinement have found three common elements that are inherently present in solitary confinement — social isolation, minimal environmental stimulation and “minimal opportunity for social interaction”.[44] Research further shows that solitary confinement appears to cause “psychotic disturbances,” a syndrome that has been described as “prison psychoses”.[45] Symptoms can include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, paranoia and psychosis and self-harm (see annex for a comprehensive list of symptoms).", "63. Some individuals experience discrete symptoms while others experience a “severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition or the appearance of a mental illness where none had been observed before”.[46] Still, a significant number of individuals will experience serious health problems regardless of the specific conditions, regardless of time and place, and regardless of pre-existing personal factors.", "I. Latent effects of solitary confinement", "64. There is a lack of research into the latent effects of solitary confinement. While the acute effects of solitary confinement generally recede after the period of solitary confinement ends, some of the negative health effects are long term. The minimal stimulation experienced during solitary confinement can lead to a decline in brain activity in individuals after seven days. One study found that “up to seven days, the [brain activity] decline is reversible, but if deprived over a long period this may not be the case”.[47]", "65. Studies have found continued sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, phobias, emotional dependence, confusion, impaired memory and concentration long after the release from isolation. Additionally, lasting personality changes often leave individuals formerly held in solitary confinement socially impoverished and withdrawn, subtly angry and fearful when forced into social interaction.[48] Intolerance of social interaction after a period of solitary confinement is a handicap that often prevents individuals from successfully readjusting to life within the broader prison population and severely impairs their capacity to reintegrate into society when released from imprisonment.[49]", "J. Vulnerable individuals", "1. Juveniles", "66. United Nations treaty bodies consistently recommend that juvenile offenders, children or minors should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8; CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185; CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)). Juveniles are often held in solitary confinement either as a disciplinary measure, or to separate them from the adult inmate population, as international human rights law prohibits the intermingling of juvenile and adult prison populations.[50] Regrettably, solitary confinement as a form of punishment of juvenile detainees has been prevalent in States such as Jamaica (A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, para. 211), Paraguay (A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, appendix I, para. 46) and Papua New Guinea (A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, appendix). In regard to disciplinary measures, a report has indicated that solitary confinement does not reduce violence among juvenile offenders detained in the youth prison.[51]", "2. Persons with disabilities", "67. Persons with disabilities are held in solitary confinement in some jurisdictions as a substitute for proper medical or psychiatric care or owing to the lack of other institutional housing options. These individuals may not necessarily pose danger to others or to themselves, but they are vulnerable to abuse and often regarded as a disturbance to other prisoners and prison staff.[52]", "68. Research has shown that with respect to mental disabilities, solitary confinement often results in severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition.[53] Prisoners with mental health issues deteriorate dramatically in isolation.[54] The adverse effects of solitary confinement are especially significant for persons with serious mental health problems which are usually characterized by psychotic symptoms and/or significant functional impairments.[55] Some engage in extreme acts of self-mutilation and even suicide.⁵⁴", "3. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender", "69. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals are often subjected to solitary confinement as a form of “protective custody”.[56] Although segregation of such individuals may be necessary for their safety, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender status does not justify limitations on their social regime, e.g., access to recreation, reading materials, legal counsel or medical doctors.", "K. When solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "70. Because of the absence of witnesses, solitary confinement increases the risk of acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Given its severe adverse health effects, the use of solitary confinement itself can amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention against Torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment as defined in article 16 of the Convention.", "71. The assessment of whether solitary confinement amounts to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment should take into consideration all relevant circumstances on a case-by-case basis. These circumstances include the purpose of the application of solitary confinement, the conditions, length and effects of the treatment and, of course, the subjective conditions of each victim that make him or her more or less vulnerable to those effects. In this section, the report discusses a few circumstances where the use of solitary confinement constitutes torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "72. Solitary confinement, when used for the purpose of punishment, cannot be justified for any reason, precisely because it imposes severe mental pain and suffering beyond any reasonable retribution for criminal behaviour and thus constitutes an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture, and a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This applies as well to situations in which solitary confinement is imposed as a result of a breach of prison discipline, as long as the pain and suffering experienced by the victim reaches the necessary severity.", "73. While physical and social segregation may be necessary in some circumstances during criminal investigations, the practice of solitary confinement during pretrial detention creates a de facto situation of psychological pressure which can influence detainees to make confessions or statements against others and undermines the integrity of the investigation. When solitary confinement is used intentionally during pretrial detention as a technique for the purpose of obtaining information or a confession, it amounts to torture as defined in article 1 or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under article 16 of the Convention against Torture, and to a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "74. Where the physical conditions of solitary confinement are so poor and the regime so strict that they lead to severe mental and physical pain or suffering of individuals who are subjected to the confinement, the conditions of solitary confinement amount to torture or to cruel and inhuman treatment as defined in articles 1 and 16 of the Convention, and constitute a breach of article 7 of the Covenant.", "75. The use of solitary confinement can be accepted only in exceptional circumstances where its duration must be as short as possible and for a definite term that is properly announced and communicated. Given the harmful effects of indefinite solitary confinement, its potential use to extract information or confession during pretrial detention, and the fact that uncertainty prevents the use of remedies to challenge it, the Special Rapporteur finds that indefinite imposition of solitary confinement violates the right to due process of the concerned individual (article 9 of the Covenant, articles 1 or 16 of the Convention, and article 7 of the Covenant).", "76. The Special Rapporteur asserts that social isolation is contrary to article 10, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states that “The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation” (General Assembly resolution 2200 (XXI), annex). Long periods of isolation do not aid the rehabilitation or re-socialization of detainees (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 48). The adverse acute and latent psychological and physiological effects of prolonged solitary confinement constitute severe mental pain or suffering. Thus the Special Rapporteur concurs with the position taken by the Committee against Torture in its General Comment No. 20 that prolonged solitary confinement amounts to acts prohibited by article 7 of the Covenant, and consequently to an act as defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention. For these reasons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in his view, any imposition of solitary confinement beyond 15 days constitutes torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, depending on the circumstances. He calls on the international community to agree to such a standard and to impose an absolute prohibition on solitary confinement exceeding 15 consecutive days.", "77. With respect to juveniles, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of the Child state that, given their physical and mental immaturity, juveniles need special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection. Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (General Assembly resolution 44/25) requires States Parties to “take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence …” In its General Comment No. 8, the Committee on the Rights of the Child indicated that “There is no ambiguity: ‘all forms of physical or mental violence’ does not leave room for any level of legalized violence against children” (CRC/C/GC/8, para. 18). Paragraph 67 of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990, states that “All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including ... solitary confinement or any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned” (see also CRC/C/GC/10, para. 89). Thus the Special Rapporteur holds the view that the imposition of solitary confinement, of any duration, on juveniles is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "78. The right of persons with mental disabilities to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity guaranteed under article 10 of the Covenant should be interpreted in light of the Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care, adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1991 (resolution 46/119, annex). Given their diminished mental capacity and that solitary confinement often results in severe exacerbation of a previously existing mental condition, the Special Rapporteur believes that its imposition, of any duration, on persons with mental disabilities is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the Covenant and article 16 of the Convention.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. The Special Rapporteur stresses that solitary confinement is a harsh measure which may cause serious psychological and physiological adverse effects on individuals regardless of their specific conditions. He finds solitary confinement to be contrary to one of the essential aims of the penitentiary system, which is to rehabilitate offenders and facilitate their reintegration into society. The Special Rapporteur defines prolonged solitary confinement as any period of solitary confinement in excess of 15 days.", "80. Depending on the specific reason for its application, conditions, length, effects and other circumstances, solitary confinement can amount to a breach of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and to an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture. In addition, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment will go undetected and unchallenged.", "81. Considering the severe mental pain or suffering solitary confinement may cause when used as a punishment, during pretrial detention, indefinitely or for a prolonged period, for juveniles or persons with mental disabilities, it can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that where the physical conditions and the prison regime of solitary confinement fail to respect the inherent dignity of the human person and cause severe mental and physical pain or suffering, it amounts to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "Recommendations", "82. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to respect and protect the rights of persons deprived of liberty while maintaining security and order in places of detention. He recommends that States conduct regular reviews of the system of solitary confinement. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should refer to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement as a useful tool in efforts to promote the respect and protection of the rights of detainees.", "83. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person as protected by article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Special Rapporteur refers to the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and recommends that States increase the level of psychological, meaningful social contact for detainees while in solitary confinement.", "84. The Special Rapporteur urges States to prohibit the imposition of solitary confinement as punishment — either as a part of a judicially imposed sentence or a disciplinary measure. He recommends that States develop and implement alternative disciplinary sanctions to avoid the use of solitary confinement.", "85. States should take necessary steps to put an end to the practice of solitary confinement in pretrial detention. The use of solitary confinement as an extortion technique during pretrial detention should be abolished. States should adopt effective measures at the pretrial stage to improve the efficiency of investigation and introduce alternative control measures in order to segregate individuals, protect ongoing investigations, and avoid detainee collusion.", "86. States should abolish the use of solitary confinement for juveniles and persons with mental disabilities. Regarding disciplinary measures for juveniles, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States should take other measures that do not involve the use of solitary confinement. In regard to the use of solitary confinement for persons with mental disabilities, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that physical segregation of such persons may be necessary in some cases for their own safety, but solitary confinement should be strictly prohibited.", "87. Indefinite solitary confinement should be abolished.", "88. It is clear that short-term solitary confinement can amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; it can, however, be a legitimate device in other circumstances, provided that adequate safeguards are in place. In the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, prolonged solitary confinement, in excess of 15 days, should be subject to an absolute prohibition.", "89. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that solitary confinement should be used only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort, for as short a time as possible. He emphasizes that when solitary confinement is used in exceptional circumstances, minimum procedural safeguards must be followed. These safeguards reduce the chances that the use of solitary confinement will be arbitrary or excessive, as in the case of prolonged or indefinite confinement. They are all the more important in circumstances of detention where due process protections are often limited, as in administrative immigration detention. Minimum procedural safeguards should be interpreted in a manner that provides the greatest possible protection of the rights of detained individuals. In this context, the Special Rapporteur urges States to apply the following guiding principles and procedural safeguards.", "Guiding principles", "90. Throughout the period of detention, the physical conditions and prison regime of the solitary confinement, and in particular the duration of confinement, must be proportional to the severity of the criminal or disciplinary infraction for which solitary confinement is imposed.", "91. The physical conditions and prison regime of solitary confinement must be imposed only as a last resort where less restrictive measures could not achieve the intended disciplinary goals.", "92. Solitary confinement must never be imposed or allowed to continue except where there is an affirmative determination that it will not result in severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, giving rise to acts as defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "93. All assessments and decisions taken with respect to the imposition of solitary confinement must be clearly documented and readily available to the detained persons and their legal counsel. This includes the identity and title of the authority imposing solitary confinement, the source of his or her legal attributes to impose it, a statement of underlying justification for its imposition, its duration, the reasons for which solitary confinement is determined to be appropriate in accordance with the detained person’s mental and physical health, the reasons for which solitary confinement is determined to be proportional to the infraction, reports from regular review of the justification for solitary confinement, and medical assessments of the detained person’s mental and physical health.", "Internal safeguards", "94. From the moment that solitary confinement is imposed, through all stages of its review and decisions of extension or termination, the justification and duration of the solitary confinement should be recorded and made known to the detained person. Additionally, the detained person should be informed of what he or she must do to be removed from solitary confinement. In accordance with rule 35 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the detained person must receive this information in plain language that he or she understands. This information must additionally be provided to any legal representative of the detained person.", "95. A documented system of regular review of the justification for the imposition of solitary confinement should be in place. The review should be conducted in good faith and carried out by an independent body. Any change in the factors that justified the imposition of solitary confinement should immediately trigger a review of the detained person’s solitary confinement. All review processes must be documented.", "96. Persons held in solitary confinement must be provided with a genuine opportunity to challenge both the nature of their confinement and its underlying justification through a process of administrative review. At the outset of the imposition of solitary confinement, detained persons must be informed of their alleged criminal or disciplinary infraction for which solitary confinement is being imposed and must immediately have an opportunity to challenge the reasons for their detention. Following the imposition of solitary confinement, detained persons must have the opportunity to file a complaint to prison management through an internal or administrative complaints system.", "97. There shall be no limitations imposed on the request or complaint, such as requiring evidence of both mental or emotional suffering and physical suffering. Prison officials have an obligation to address all requests or complaints promptly, informing the detained person of the outcome. All internal administrative findings must be subject to external appeal through judicial processes.", "External safeguards", "98. Detained persons held in solitary confinement must be afforded genuine opportunities to challenge both the nature of their confinement and its underlying justification through the courts of law. This requires a right to appeal all final decisions by prison authorities and administrative bodies to an independent judicial body empowered to review both the legality of the nature of the confinement and its underlying justification. Thereafter, detained persons must have the opportunity to appeal these judgements to the highest authority in the State and, after exhaustion of domestic remedies, seek review by regional or universal human rights bodies.", "99. Individuals must have free access to competent legal counsel throughout the period in which they are held in solitary confinement. Where necessary to facilitate complete and open communication between a detainee and his or her legal counsel, access to an interpreter must be provided.", "100. There should be a documented system of regular monitoring and review of the inmate’s physical and mental condition by qualified medical personnel, both at the initiation of solitary confinement and on a daily basis throughout the period in which the detained person remains in solitary confinement, as required by rule 32, paragraph 3, of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Medical personnel monitoring detained persons should have specialized training in psychological assessment and/or the support of specialists in psychology. Additionally, medical personnel must be independent and accountable to an authority outside of the prison administration. Preferably, they should belong to the general national health structure. Any deterioration of the inmate’s mental or physical condition should trigger a presumption that the conditions of confinement are excessive and activate an immediate review.", "101. Medical personnel should additionally inspect the physical conditions of the inmate’s confinement in accordance with article 26 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Relevant considerations include the level of hygiene and cleanliness of the facility and the inmate, heating, lighting and ventilation of the cell, suitability of clothing and bedding, adequate supply of food and water and observance of the rules concerning physical exercise.", "Annex", "Effects of solitary confinement", "^(a) Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), pp. 15-17; also Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441.", "Many symptoms may present themselves in individuals held in solitary confinement, both concurrent with their solitary confinement and after the period of solitary confinement has terminated. The following list prepared by Dr. Sharon Shalev^(a) demonstrates a range of possible symptoms.", "Anxiety, ranging from feelings of tension to full-blown panic attacks", "• Persistent low level of stress", "• Irritability or anxiousness", "• Fear of impending death", "• Panic attacks", "Depression, varying from low mood to clinical depression", "• Emotional flatness/blunting — loss of ability to have any “feelings”", "• Mood swings", "• Hopelessness", "• Social withdrawal; loss of initiation of activity or ideas; apathy; lethargy", "• Major depression", "Anger, ranging from irritability to full-blown rage", "• Irritability and hostility", "• Poor impulse control", "• Outbursts of physical and verbal violence against others, self and objects", "• Unprovoked anger, sometimes manifested as rage", "Cognitive disturbances, ranging from lack of concentration to confused state", "• Short attention span", "• Poor concentration", "• Poor memory", "• Confused thought processes; disorientation", "Perceptual distortions, ranging from hypersensitivity to hallucinations", "• Hypersensitivity to noises and smells", "• Distortions of sensation (e.g., walls closing in)", "• Disorientation in time and space", "• Depersonalization/derealization", "• Hallucinations affecting all five senses (e.g., hallucinations of objects or people appearing in the cell, or hearing voices when no one is actually speaking)", "Paranoia and psychosis, ranging from obsessional thoughts to full-blown psychosis", "• Recurrent and persistent thoughts (ruminations), often of a violent and vengeful character (e.g., directed against prison staff)", "• Paranoid ideas — often persecutory", "• Psychotic episodes or states: psychotic depression, schizophrenia", "Self-harm, self-directed aggression", "• Self-mutilation and cutting", "• Suicide attempts", "[1] Alexandra Naday, Joshua D. Freilich and Jeff Mellow, “The Elusive Data on Supermax Confinement”, The Prison Journal, vol. 88, issue 1, p. 69 (2008).", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441.", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D., and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[4] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), p. 1.", "[5] Ken Strutin, “Solitary Confinement”, LLRX.com, published on 10 August 2010.", "[6] Craig Haney, “Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency”, vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 124-156.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment No. 20 (A/47/40, annex VI.A), article 7 (Prohibition of torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), 10 March 1992.", "[8] Iorgov v. Bulgaria, Application No. 40653/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 84 (2004); G.B. v. Bulgaria, Application No. 42346/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 85 (2004).", "[9] A.B. v. Russia, Application No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 108 (2010).", "[10] Palushi v. Austria, Application No. 27900/04, European Court of Human Rights, paras. 72 and 73 (2009).", "[11] A.B. v. Russia, para. 111.", "[12] Onoufriou v. Cyprus, Application No. 24407/04, European Court of Human Rights, para. 80 (2010).", "[13] Ocalan v. Turkey, Application No. 46221/99, European Court of Human Rights, para. 196 (2005).", "[14] Rohde v. Denmark, Application No. 69332/01, European Court of Human Rights, para. 97 (2005).", "[15] Ramírez Sanchez v. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, paras. 105, 106 and 135 (2006).", "[16] Ibid., para. 145.", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 4, para. 156 (1988).", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 33, para. 58 (1997).", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides v. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 69, paras. 62 and 104 (2000).", "[20] Suárez-Rosero v. Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 35, paras. 51-56 (1997).", "[21] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Mexico (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100), para. 254 (2008).", "[22] Shalev, op. cit., p. 25.", "[23] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 25 and 26.", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, vol. 18 (2008), p. 56.", "[25] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 41.", "[27] Ramírez Sanchez v. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, para. 102 (2006).", "[28] Solitary Confinement of Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons, Joint Project of Adalah, Al Mezan (Gaza) and Physicians for Human Rights (Israel, June 2011).", "[29] Shalev, op. cit., p. 42.", "[30] Council of Europe, Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 20 December 2006 (CPT/Inf (2006)), p. 41.", "[31] Council of Europe, “CPT Standards” (CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 — Rev. 2010), sect. II, para. 48.", "[32] Poltrotsky v. Ukraine, p. 146 (European Court of Human Rights, 2006-V).", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 449.", "[34] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 22 (2006), p. 325.", "[35] Ilaşcu and others v. Moldova and Russia, Application No. 48787/99, European Court of Human Rights (2004), para. 432.", "[36] Mathew v. Netherlands, Application No. 24919/03, para. 202.", "[37] G.B. v. Bulgaria, para. 85.", "[38] Valasinas v. Lithuania, Application No. 44558/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 112 (2001); Ocalan v. Turkey, para. 193.", "[39] Rohde v. Denmark, para. 97.", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 1.", "[41] Shalev, op. cit., p. 2.", "[42] A.B. v. Russia, Application No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 135 (2010).", "[43] “USA: The Cruel and Inhumane Treatment of Albert Woodfox and Herman Wallace”, Amnesty International (2001).", "[44] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement” (1993), p. 1.", "[45] Ibid., p. 8.", "[46] Ibid., p. 2.", "[47] Ibid., p. 20.", "[48] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 13 and 22.", "[49] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, pp. 332 and 333.", "[50] Article 37(c), Convention on the Rights of the Child; article 8(d), United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.", "[51] Robert Wildeboer, “The Impact of Solitary Confinement in a Youth Prison”, Inside and Out (Chicago, 2010).", "[52] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[53] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”; Shalev, op. cit., p. 10.", "[54] American Civil Liberties Union, “Abuse of the Human Rights of Prisoners in the United States: Solitary Confinement” (2011).", "[55] Jeffrey L. Metzner, M.D., and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[56] Heartland Alliance National Immigrant Justice Center, letter to the Special Rapporteur on torture dated 16 June 2011." ]
A_66_268
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "* A/66/150.", "Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/205.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "Summary", "In the present report, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/205, the Special Rapporteur addresses issues of particular concern and recent developments in the context of his mandate.", "The Special Rapporteur draws the attention of the General Assembly to its assessment that solitary confinement is practised in most States. The Special Rapporteur considers that when physical conditions and in solitary confinement cause mental and physical pain or suffering, when used as a punishment, during pretrial detention, for indefinite or prolonged time, for minors or persons with mental disabilities, this may amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and even torture. Furthermore, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that some acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are not detected or denounced.", "The report highlights some general principles to help States re-evaluate and minimize their use and, in some cases, eliminate the practice of solitary confinement. Such practice should be used only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort and for the shortest possible time. The Special Rapporteur also stresses the need for minimum, internal and external procedural safeguards to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated humanly and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 4II.Activities 4 related to mandate III. 7 solitary confinement A.Panorama 7 general of the work carried out by mandate B.History 8 and current practice of solitary confinement C.Definition 9D. Framework 9 Legal E.Fundaments 13 of the States to use solitary confinement F.Conditions 14 of the solitary confinement regime G.Régimen 17 of prolonged or indefinite isolation H. Effects 19 psychological and physiological of the solitary confinement regime I. Effects 19 latent of the J.Personas 20 Vulnerable K regime. When 21 is the regime of isolation equivalent to inhuman or other cruel treatment or punishment, IV. Conclusions 23 and recommendations Annex Effects 28 of the isolation regime", "I. Introduction", "1. This report, submitted to implement paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 65/205, is the thirteenth submitted to the Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It is the first report submitted by the current mandate holder.", "2. The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of the Assembly to his report submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), in which he outlined his vision, working methods and priorities for his mandate as Special Rapporteur.", "II. Mandate activities", "3. The following is a summary of the activities undertaken by the Special Rapporteur in fulfilment of his mandate since his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52 and Add.1-6).", "Communications concerning human rights violations", "4. During the period from 1 December 2010 to 1 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur sent 20 letters of allegations of torture to 18 Governments, and made 95 urgent appeals to 48 Governments for persons at risk of torture or other forms of ill-treatment. In the same period, 82 responses were received.", "Country visits", "5. With regard to fact-finding missions, a planned visit to Kyrgyzstan in May 2011 was postponed at the request of the Government, owing to developments in the political situation. By a letter dated 28 July 2011, the Government of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan proposed a country visit for the second half of August 2011. The Special Rapporteur welcomes this invitation; however, due to the short notice, at the date of submission of this report, he is considering other possible dates with the Government. It has accepted an invitation from the Government of Iraq to visit the country in October 2011. He has also been invited to visit Bahrain and is considering possible dates with the Government. In addition to outstanding requests for visits (see A/HRC/16/52, para. 6), the Special Rapporteur has requested a visit to Morocco with regard to Western Sahara.", "6. The Special Rapporteur visited Tunisia on 15-22 May 2011. It shared its preliminary conclusions with the interim Government and issued a press release on 22 May, expressing its appreciation to the Government for its full cooperation. He noted that the Government had undertaken a number of positive measures to ensure accountability and long-term reforms. However, the Special Rapporteur considers that an attitude of “waiting and seeing” in anticipation of the election of the Constituent Assembly may be hindering the possibility of taking bold and determined measures to do justice for past and recent abuses. The Special Rapporteur stressed that prompt, effective and independent criminal investigations against alleged perpetrators of torture and ill-treatment should be ensured, and that administrative programmes should be implemented to provide redress and compensation to victims of past and recent violations. The report on the mission to Tunisia will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its nineteenth session in March 2012.", "Main press releases", "7. The Special Rapporteur issued the following press releases (many of them were issued jointly with other mandate holders):", "• On 31 December 2010, in which deep concern was expressed for enforced or involuntary disappearances, arbitrary arrests, extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and acts of sexual violence that might have occurred or are occurring in Côte d'Ivoire in connection with the presidential elections.", "• On 14 January 2011, in which the Government of Tunisia was urged to control the use of force against peaceful demonstrations, after at least 21 deaths were officially confirmed.", "• On 3 February 2011, concerning public disorders in Belarus, Egypt and Tunisia, as well as the alleged application of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in connection with the suppression of peaceful demonstrations.", "• On 17 February, in which the Transitional Government in Egypt was urged to conduct an independent investigation to investigate human rights violations during the revolution in that country, including the power to communicate names and evidence to the competent authorities for prosecution.", "• On 18 February, in which the Governments of Bahrain and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were urged to guarantee the right to peaceful protest and immediately cease the excessive and lethal use of force.", "• On 22 February, on the situation of human rights defenders expressing serious concerns about the gross violations of human rights being committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "• On 3 March 2011, in which the violent repression against demonstrators in Yemen was condemned, and the Government was urged to end the excessive use of force as a means of halting ongoing protests.", "• On 22 March, in which concern was expressed about the increase in cases of serious human rights violations in the capital of Bahrain.", "• El 1 de abril de 2011, en el que se expresó preocupación por las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos en Côte d'Ivoire, incluyendo de Disappearances forzadas, ejecuciones extrajudiciales, ejecución y malos de niños y violencia sexual, que puedan constitute international crimes, y se expresó el plena apoyo del Relator Especial y otros titulares de mandato a la resolución 1975 (2011) del Consejo.", "• El 11 de abril y el 12 de julio, en los que se expresó frustración por el hecho de que, a pesar de sus reiteradas peticiones de visitar al Soldier Primero Bradley E. Manning, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América no o Grantgó al Relator Especial el acceso uncontrolled al detenido. The question of unrestricted access goes beyond this case and covers the question of whether the Special Rapporteur can conduct private and uncontrolled interviews with detainees in the event of a visit to the United States.", "• On 15 April, which denounced the growing number of fatalities and the brutal repression against peaceful protesters, journalists and human rights defenders in the Syrian Arab Republic, despite the Government &apos; s promises to introduce reforms and to hold consultations to end 48 years of emergency.", "• On 1 July 2011, in which the United States Government was urged to stop the planned execution of Humberto Leal García in Texas.", "Highlights of presentations, consultations and training courses", "8. On 8 and 9 February 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a meeting sponsored by Amnesty International in London to discuss the theme “The development of best international practices for investigations into torture”. The Special Rapporteur also made a presentation to the Group of All Parties represented in Parliament on extrajudicial surrender.", "9. On 22 February, he made a statement at the 63rd annual meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences on the theme “Marco and international mechanisms for the documentation of conditions of detention, torture and ill-treatment”.", "10. On 28 February, the Special Rapporteur met with senior officials from the Department of State and the United States Department of Defence in Washington, D.C., and again with the Department of Defence on 22 April to discuss issues of mutual concern.", "11. On 6-10 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur attended the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva and met with the Ambassadors of Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Thailand and the United States. He also met with all regional groups of the Human Rights Council, except with the African Group, as this meeting was unfortunately not scheduled.", "12. On 16 and 17 March, the Special Rapporteur participated in Washington, D.C., in a meeting with the Chairman of the Committee against Torture, the Vice-Chairman of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Rapporteur on the rights of persons deprived of their liberty of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a representative of the European Committee on the Prevention of Torture and the Special Rapporteur on persons detained by the African Commission on Human Rights. The meeting was organized jointly by the Washington College of Law of the American University and the Association for the Prevention of Torture to discuss ways of strengthening the working relationships of those mechanisms.", "13. On 18-20 March, the Special Rapporteur made two presentations at the annual general meeting and the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Amnesty International's United States Section in San Francisco.", "14. On 1 June 2011, he was the main speaker at an event held in Washington, D.C., organized by several religious groups on the theme “Today’s responsibility prevents tomorrow’s torture.”", "15. On 15-17 June, the Special Rapporteur chaired, with the support of the Government of the Netherlands, a regional consultation on torture for the Americas in Santiago, Chile. The regional consultation was organized jointly with the Association for the Prevention of Torture, the Centre for Legal and Social Studies, the Human Corporation, the Regional Centre for Human Rights and Gender Justice and Human Diretic Connections, and provided an opportunity for Governments, national institutions and civil society organizations in 12 countries to discuss the follow-up to the recommendations of country visits and to strengthen local and regional protection mechanisms against torture and ill-treatment.", "16. On 20 June, the Special Rapporteur met in Santiago with the Director General of Foreign Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile.", "17. From 27 June to 1 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the eighteenth annual meeting of Special Rapporteurs, held in Geneva. He also met with representatives of the Governments of the United States of America, the Russian Federation, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands and Tunisia.", "18. On 7 July 2011, he met in Brasilia with the Minister of Human Rights of the Government of Brazil.", "III. Insulation detention", "A. Overview of the work of the mandate", "19. In his first report as Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/52, para. 70), the author acknowledged that “the question of whether ... prolonged solitary confinement” alone constitutes cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment “has raised many discussions and discussions in the Human Rights Council”, and considered that “the international community as a whole would benefit from a rational and dispassionate review” of these issues.", "20. The Special Rapporteur has received allegations that solitary confinement is used in some countries in the context of administrative detention for reasons of national security or as a method of combating organized crime, and also in immigration centres. The Special Rapporteur carried out this study because he found that the practice of solitary confinement was global in nature and was subjected to extensive abuses. In particular, social isolation and sensory deprivation imposed by some States amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and even torture.", "21. The Special Rapporteur &apos; s predecessors have noted that prolonged isolation may be considered as a case of ill-treatment or torture (E/CN.4/1999/61, para. 394 and E/CN.4/2003/68, para. 26 (m)).", "22. The Istanbul Declaration on the Use and Effects of Insulation Detention was annexed to the 2008 interim report of the previous Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly (A/63/175, annex). The report concluded that “the prolonged isolation of prisoners may be considered cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and in some cases torture ... [E] solitary confinement should be used as little as possible, in very exceptional cases, for a period of time as soon as possible and only as a last resort. Regardless of the specific circumstances of their implementation, efforts must be made to increase the social contacts of prisoners: contact between prisoners and prison staff, social activities with other prisoners, increased visits and access to mental health services” (A/63/175, paras. 77 and 83).", "B. Current history and practice of solitary confinement", "23. The history of the use of solitary confinement for detainees is well documented. The practice dates back to the 1820s in the United States of America, when it was believed that the isolation of prisoners would help their rehabilitation. In this regime, prisoners spent all day in solitude, mainly inside their cells, even to work, in order to reflect on their transgressions, alien to negative external influences. Since the 1830s, some countries in Europe and South America adopted this practice (A/63/175, para. 81). It must be recognized that 200 years ago this model was a socially and morally progressive form of punishment, as it emphasized rehabilitation and tried to replace the death penalty, amputation of limbs and other penalties that then prevailed.", "24. Countries around the world continued to widely apply solitary confinement (see A/63/175, para. 78). In some countries, maximum-security prisons for solitary confinement are considered to be a normal, non-exceptional practice in cases of prisoners considered problematic. For example, it is estimated that in the United States between 20,000 and 25,000 persons are in solitary confinement[1]. Another example is the widespread use of solitary confinement in relation to pretrial detention, which has been an integral part of Scandinavian prison practice for many years.[2] Some kind of isolation of the general prison population is used almost everywhere as punishment for violations of prison discipline. Many States currently use solitary confinement more frequently and for longer periods. For example, in Brazil, Act No. 10.792 of 2003 amending the &quot; Enforcement of Sentences Act &quot; provides for a “differentiated” disciplinary regime of detention in an individual cell for up to 360 days, without prejudice to extensions of the same duration for new offences and up to a maximum of the sixth part of the prison sentence. In 2010, the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) established a programme for the prevention of violent behaviour in its prisons, which consists of isolation for a minimum period of nine months (the first three months in total isolation), a period that, according to prison supervisors, is frequently extended.", "C. Definition", "25. There is no universally accepted definition of solitary confinement. The Istanbul Declaration on the Use and Effects of Insulation Detention defines this regime as the physical isolation of a person in his cell from 22 to 24 hours a day. In many jurisdictions, prisoners in solitary confinement are allowed to leave their cells for an hour to do solo exercises. Contact with others is usually reduced to a minimum. The reduction of stimuli is not only quantitative, but also qualitative. Available stimuli and occasional social contacts are rarely chosen freely, are usually monotonous and rarely occur in a climate of empathy.", "26. Insulation detention is known in English by various terms, such as “segregation”, “isolation”[3], “separation”, “cellular”[4], “lockdown”, “Supermax”, “the hole” or “Secure Housing Unit (SHU)”[5], but all these terms may involve different factors. For the purposes of the present report, the Special Rapporteur defines solitary confinement as the physical and social isolation of persons who remain in their cells between 22 and 24 hours a day. The Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned about the prolonged isolation regime, which he defines as any isolation period exceeding 15 days. The Special Rapporteur is aware of the arbitrary nature of the determination of a time when a regime that is already harmful becomes prolonged and, therefore, a sanction that causes unacceptable pain. The Special Rapporteur has concluded that the 15-day period is the limit between the “insulation regime” and the “prolonged isolation regime” because, according to the bibliography consulted, some of the harmful psychological effects of isolation can be irreversible.[6]", "D. Legal framework", "27. International and regional human rights bodies have adopted different approaches to addressing the underlying conditions of the social and physical isolation of detainees, and to determine whether such practices constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. For example, while the European Court of Human Rights has regularly dealt with solitary confinement, the United Nations Human Rights Committee and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have more extensively addressed the related phenomenon of incommunicado detention. For the purposes of the present report, the Special Rapporteur will highlight only the work of universal and regional human rights bodies on solitary confinement.", "1. International", "General Assembly", "28. In 1990, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/111 on the basic principles for the treatment of prisoners. Principle 7 states that the abolition or restriction of the use of solitary confinement in a punishment cell will be encouraged as a disciplinary sanction.", "29. That same year, the General Assembly adopted resolution 45/113 on the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. In paragraph 67, the Assembly stated: “All disciplinary measures that constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly prohibited, including solitary confinement ... as well as any other sanction that may endanger the physical or mental health of the minor”.", "United Nations treaty bodies", "30. The Human Rights Committee, in paragraph 6 of its general comment No. 20, notes that the prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person may amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[7] In its concluding observations on Rwanda, the Human Rights Committee recommended that the “State party should put an end to solitary confinement ...” (CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, para. 14).", "31. The Committee against Torture recognized the harmful effects, both physical and mental, of the prolonged solitary confinement regime, and expressed concern about its use, including as a preventive measure, during pre-trial detention and also as a disciplinary measure. The Committee recommended the abrogation of solitary confinement, in particular during pretrial detention, or that, at least, this measure is strictly and expressly regulated by law (maximum duration, etc.) and is subject to judicial supervision, and is used only in exceptional circumstances, such as when the security of persons or property is threatened (A/63/175, para. 80). The Committee recommended that persons under the age of 18 should not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8).", "32. The Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment recalled that prolonged isolation may constitute an act of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and recommended that isolation should not be used against minors or persons with mental disabilities (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185). The Subcommittee also recommended that the penitentiary doctor visit prisoners in solitary confinement every day, on the understanding that such visits should be in the interest of the prisoner &apos; s health. In addition, prisoners in solitary confinement for more than 12 hours must have open air access for at least one hour a day (CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 184). Taking into account the situation of solitary confinement, the Subcommittee recommended that appropriate beds and mattresses be installed at the disposal of all prisoners, including insulation detainees (CAT/OP/HND/1, para. 227 (a) and CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 280).", "33. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in its general comment No. 10 (2007) stressed that “disciplinary measures that violate article 37 of the Convention [on the Rights of the Child], in particular ... solitary confinement or solitary confinement, as well as any other sanction that may endanger the physical or mental health or well-being of the minor, should be strictly prohibited” (CRC/C/GC/10, para. 89). Furthermore, the Committee has urged States parties to prohibit and abolish the use of solitary confinement against children (CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; CRC/C/15/Add.220, para. 45 (d); and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)).", "2. Regional level", "European Court of Human Rights", "34. In its assessment of cases of solitary confinement, the European Court of Human Rights considers the reasons given by the State for the imposition of a social and physical isolation regime. The Court has found violations of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights when States do not provide a security-based justification for the use of solitary confinement[8]. In cases of prolonged solitary confinement, the Tribunal has argued that the justification for solitary confinement should be explained to the person concerned, and justification should be increasingly detailed and compelling as the regime is extended.[9]", "35. In its jurisprudence, the European Court of Human Rights emphasizes that in the course of the application of solitary confinement there must be certain procedural guarantees, for example, the monitoring of the physical well-being of the prisoner,9 especially when the person does not have good health[10], and there must also be access to a judicial review[11].", "36. The level of isolation imposed on a person is essential, according to the European Court of Human Rights, to determine whether a case of physical and mental isolation constitutes torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The absolute and prolonged prohibition of visits from outside the prison causes suffering that clearly exceeds the inevitable level of detention.[12] However, when the person may receive visits and write letters[13], have access to television, books and newspapers, and have regular contact with prison staff[14] or the visit of religious or lawyers on a regular basis[15] isolation is “partial” and the minimum threshold of gravity is not reached, which the European Court of Human Rights considers necessary to find a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, the Court has emphasized that solitary confinement, even when it is only partial, cannot be imposed on an indefinite prisoner[16].", "Inter-American System of Human Rights", "37. The case law on solitary confinement in the inter-American human rights system is more conclusive than that of the bodies discussed above. Since its first rulings, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has pointed out that some elements of a prison regime and certain conditions of physical detention constitute themselves cruel and inhumane treatment and therefore violate article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which recognizes the right to the integrity of the person. For example, the Court held that “prolonged isolation and coercive incommunicado detention to which the victim is subjected represent, by themselves, forms of cruel and inhuman treatment that are harmful to the person &apos; s mental and moral freedom and the right of any detainee to respect for the inherent dignity of the human person”[17]. The Court has also addressed the physical conditions of detention and has argued that “insulation in a reduced cell, without ventilation or natural light ... [and] restrictions on the visiting regime ... constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.”[18]", "1. In addition, the Court also recognized that solitary confinement causes psychological and physical suffering that can contribute to constitutive treatment of torture. In at least one case, the Court has identified the physical conditions of the solitary confinement regime, which includes the confinement in “a reduced cell, without ventilation or natural light” and a prison regime in which the detainee should remain in the cell “23 and a half hours ... [and] could only receive once a month the visit of his direct relatives, without physical contact between him and the visit”, and concluded that, when to do so, a physical and psychological assault can be added.", "2. In its analysis of solitary confinement, the Court noted that, even when used in exceptional circumstances, due process must be respected. For example, “the State is obliged to assure the detainee of the minimum and inderogable guarantees set out in the Convention and, in particular, the right to question the legality of detention and the guarantee of access, during his isolation, to an effective defence”[20]. Similarly, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has consistently held that all forms of disciplinary procedures applied to detained persons should be governed by the rules of due process and should give an opportunity to request judicial review.[21]", "E. Basics of States to use solitary confinement", "3. The justifications offered by States for the application of solitary confinement can be classified into five general categories:", "(a) Punishment of a person (as part of a sentence imposed by the courts or as part of a disciplinary regime);", "(b) Protecting vulnerable persons;", "(c) Facilitate the treatment of some persons in prison;", "(d) Protect or promote national security;", "(e) Facilitate pre-trial or trial investigations.", "41. The imposition of solitary confinement as part of a sentence imposed on a person by court judgement is often presented in cases of particularly heinous crimes or crimes against the State.[22] For example, in some Central European States, persons sentenced to death or life imprisonment serve their sentence in isolation (A/64/215, para. 53). In other States, such as Mongolia, the death penalty may be commuted to life imprisonment in isolation (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 47). The use of solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure in prisons is also well documented, and it is likely that the most common reason to justify the application of this regime is that it consists of a form of punishment22. Disciplinary measures are usually used to punish the violation of a prison rule. For example, in Nigeria, detainees are punished with the isolation of up to three days for disciplinary offences (A/HRC/7/3/Add.4, appendix I, para. 113). Similarly, in the Abepura prison in Indonesia, a solitary confinement regime of up to eight days is applied as a disciplinary measure for those who violate prison rules (A/HRC/7/3/Add.7, appendix I, para. 37).", "42. The isolation regime is also used to separate vulnerable persons, including minors, persons with disabilities and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, for their own protection. They may be placed in solitary confinement at their own request or by a decision of prison officials.[23]", "43. State officials also use solitary confinement as a tool for managing populations in some prisons. Some people who are considered dangerous, such as gang members, or who have a high risk of escape, may be placed in isolation.23 Similarly, persons who are considered to be injured, such as sexual offenders, informants or former prison officials or police officers, are often authorized, or even encouraged to choose solitary confinement on a voluntary basis to protect themselves from other prisoners.[24] Prisoners may also be placed in some type of solitary confinement for reasons of prison management before, during or after transport to or from cells and detention facilities.[25] While the length of solitary confinement, when used as a prison management tool, may vary considerably, it should be noted that the reason for its imposition is pragmatic and non-punitive.", "44. Persons suspected of being terrorists or endangering national security are often also subject to solitary confinement. For example, in Equatorial Guinea, a section of Black Beach Prison is composed of individual cells used to put in solitary confinement “high security” prisoners (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, appendix I). The solitary confinement can also be used as a coercive interrogation technique, and is often an integral part of enforced disappearance or incommunicado detention (A/63/175, annex). As noted in paragraph 40 (a) above, national security is also used as the main reason for imposing solitary confinement as a result of a court ruling. For example, in China a woman convicted of illegally providing information or State secrets to entities outside China was reportedly kept in solitary confinement for two years of her sentence to eight years &apos; imprisonment (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6, appendix 2, para. 26).", "45. States also use solitary confinement to isolate some persons during pre-trial detention or trial. In some States, for example Denmark, the maintenance of persons in solitary confinement is a common feature of pretrial detention (A/63/175, para. 78 (i)). The purposes of the use of solitary confinement in pre-trial and pre-trial detention vary considerably, and include the prevention of the mix of detainees to avoid demoralization and collusion, as well as the application of pressure on detainees to obtain cooperation or a confession.[26]", "F. Conditions of solitary confinement", "46. The prison administration and the conditions in which prisoners live are governed by prison regulations and national legislation, and also by international human rights standards. The fundamental rules that are binding on the basis of treaties or on the basis of customary international law are complemented and interpreted by the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted in 1957 by the Economic and Social Council. Although they are not directly binding, these Rules are widely accepted as the universal rules applicable to the human treatment of prisoners.", "47. The particular conditions that apply to persons in solitary confinement vary between different institutions and jurisdictions. However, the majority have some common physical and non-physical conditions (or a prison regime).", "1. Physical conditions", "48. The main physical conditions of the isolation regimens are the size of the cell, the existence of windows and light, and the access to the sanitary facilities for personal hygiene. In practice, insulation cells often share some common features: the location in a separate or remote part of the prison; small or partially covered windows; stagnant air; austere look and off colors; furniture made of hard boards or other materials that are manipulated and screwed to the floor, and small and precarious spaces or patios intended for exercises (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In some jurisdictions, prisoners subject to solitary confinement are subject to shackles and other means of movement limitation (A/HRC/13/39/Add.4, para. 76 (f)).", "49. There is no universal instrument that specifies a minimum size acceptable to cells, although some national and regional jurisdictions have issued regulations on this matter on some occasions. According to the European Court of Human Rights, which was delivered in the case of Ramírez Sánchez v. France, a 6.84 square meter cell is “sufficiently large” for use by a single person.[27] The Court did not explain why such a measure could be considered sufficient; the Special Rapporteur would respectfully dissent, especially if the single cell should also include at least one toilet and toilet facilities, one bed and a desk.", "50. The existence of windows and light is also of vital importance for the proper treatment of prisoners in solitary confinement. Under rule 11 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, there must be sufficient light for the prisoner to read and work, and a window arranged so that fresh air, whether or not artificial ventilation can enter. However, State practice shows that this rule is often not enforced. For example, in Georgia it was found that the windows of the isolation cells had welded steel plates to the outer bars, which limited light and ventilation (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.3, para. 47). In Israel, insulation cells often have as the only source of light fluorescent tubes, and do not have any fresh air source[28].", "51. Rules 12 and 13 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners stipulate that detention centres should have adequate health facilities for the personal hygiene of the prisoner. Therefore, insulation cells must have a sink inside the cell.[29] In its 2006 report on Greece, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment noted that the isolation cells in Komotini Prison did not comply with the minimum standard for health facilities because detainees were forced to use the toilet as a sink.[30] Other environmental factors such as temperature, noise level, intimacy and spring materials for furniture should also be taken into account in the isolation cell.", "2. Prison system", "52. The main aspects of a prison regime useful for an assessment of the conditions of solitary confinement include access to outdoor exercises and their programming, access to significant human contacts within the prison, and contact with the outside world. In accordance with rule 21 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, a prisoner who does not engage in outdoor work must, if the time permits, have at least one hour per day adequate physical exercise in the open air. Similarly, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment emphasizes that all prisoners, without any exception, must have one hour a day to perform outdoor exercises.[31] However, State practice indicates that these standards are not always respected. For example, in Jordan a detainee is allowed to leave his isolation cell only one hour per week (A/HRC/4/33/Add.3, appendix, para. 21). In the case of Poltrotsky c. Ukraine, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the lack of opportunity for outdoor exercises, coupled with the lack of access to natural light, constitutes a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights[32].", "53. Access to meaningful human contact within the prison and contact with the outside world are also essential for the psychological health of detainees in solitary confinement, especially those in that situation for extended periods. Within the prison, this contact can be made with health professionals, prison guards or other prisoners. Contact with the outside world may include visits, correspondence and telephone calls from a lawyer, family and friends, and access to reading, television or radio material. Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights grants prisoners the right to contact the family and correspondence. Furthermore, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners establishes a number of external stimuli in several of its articles: 21 on physical exercises and sports; 37-39 on contact with the outside world; 40 on access to a library; 41-42 on religion; 71-76 on work; 77-78 on instruction and recreation; and 79-81 on social relations and post-penitentiary aid.", "3. Social isolation", "54. The isolation regime reduces significant social contacts to an absolute minimum. The level of social stimulus resulting from this is not sufficient for the person to maintain a reasonable state of mental health.[33]", "55. Research shows that, when they are deprived of a sufficient level of social stimulus, people soon become incapable of maintaining an adequate state of alertness and attention to their environment. In fact, even a few days in solitary confinement make a person's brain activity acquire an abnormal pattern characteristic of stupor and delirium.[34] Progress in new technologies has made it possible to achieve. indirect monitoring and keeping people under close surveillance without almost any human interaction. The European Court of Human Rights has recognized that “the complete incommunicado regime, together with total social isolation, can destroy the personality and constitute a form of inhumane treatment that is not justified by the needs of security or any other reason”[35].", "56. According to the European Court of Human Rights, States should also take measures to reduce the negative effects of solitary confinement.[36] When the harmful effects of solitary confinement on a particular person are unknown, such a regime should not continue[37]. It is important to analyse the conditions of solitary confinement because when such conditions are adequate, the Court finds it unlikely that the minimum threshold of severity can be reached to establish a violation of article 3[38]. The usual medical examination may be a factor in determining that there has been no violation of article 3[39].", "G. Prolonged or indefinite isolation regime", "57. The implementation of the prolonged or indefinite isolation regime has increased in several jurisdictions, especially in the context of the “war on terrorism” and “threats to national security”. Persons subjected to any of these practices are in some sense in a prison within a prison, and therefore suffer an extreme form of anxiety and exclusion, which clearly go beyond a normal prison sentence. Owing to their isolation, prisoners held in prolonged or indefinite solitary confinement could easily be left out of the supervision of the judiciary and, therefore, the protection of their rights was often difficult, even in States that firmly respected the rule of law.[40]", "58. When a State fails to comply with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners for a short period of solitary confinement, it can be discussed if its negative effects amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or even torture. However, the longer the duration of solitary confinement or the greater the uncertainty about the duration, the greater the risk of causing serious or irreparable harm to the prisoner, which could constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or even a case of torture.", "59. The sense of uncertainty when the duration of solitary confinement is not reported increases the pain and suffering of persons under that regime. In some cases, persons may be kept in isolation indefinitely during pretrial detention, which may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or even a case of torture (CAT/C/DNK/CO/5, para. 14).", "60. Most studies do not specify the period from which the isolation regime will be considered prolonged. If the term is indefinite, prisoners may be kept in solitary confinement from a few weeks to many years. For example, in Kazakhstan a person may be held in isolation for more than two months (A/HRC/13/39/Add.3, para. 117). Some detainees have been in solitary confinement for years, without charge or trial, and in secret detention centres where isolation is used as an integral part of interrogation practices[41]. In a joint report on detainees in Guantanamo Bay, experts noted that, although the maximum period allowed for solitary confinement was 30 days, some detainees were once again placed in solitary confinement after short interruptions, up to a total of 18 months (E/CN.4/2006/120, para. 53).", "61. There is no international norm that establishes a full maximum duration of solitary confinement. In A. B. v. Russia, the European Court of Human Rights held that the detention of a person in solitary confinement for three years constituted a violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights[42]. On the contrary, in the United States of America it has been reported that two prisoners have been in solitary confinement in a Louisiana prison for 40 years after the failure of judicial remedies to modify the conditions of their isolation.[43] As explained in paragraph 26 above, the Special Rapporteur considers that solitary confinement exceeding 15 days is prolonged.", "H. Psychological and physiological effects of solitary confinement", "62. Negative health effects can occur after only a few days of solitary confinement, and health risks increase with every day that passes in such conditions. Experts who have examined the effects of solitary confinement have found three common elements that are inherently present in this regime: social isolation, minimal environmental stimulation and a “minimum opportunity for social interaction”[44]. Research also shows that solitary confinement appears to cause “psychotic disorders”, a syndrome called “prison psychosis”.[45] Symptoms may include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disorders, perception distortions, paranoia, and psychosis, and self-inflicted lesions (see annex for a complete list of symptoms).", "63. Some people experience moderate symptoms, while others suffer from a “greater deterioration of an existing mental illness or the emergence of a mental illness that had not been observed before.”[46] However, a significant number of people will experience serious health problems, regardless of specific conditions, time and place and the existence or non-existent personal factors.", "I. Latent effects of solitary confinement", "64. There is a lack of research on the latent effects of solitary confinement. While their acute effects generally disappear after the end of the insulation period, some of the negative health effects are long-term. The minimal stimulation experienced during solitary confinement can result in a decrease in brain activity in some people only after seven days. A study found that up to a period of seven days, the decrease in brain activity is reversible, but if the deprivation exceeds this period, it may not be reversible.[47]", "65. Studies have found the existence of sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety, phobias, emotional dependency, confusion, and memory and concentration problems long after the isolation regime is over. In addition, long-lasting personality changes often make people in solitary confinement socially diminished and withdrawn, vaguely angry and fearful when they are forced to interact socially.[48] Intolerance to social interaction after a period of solitary confinement is an inability that often prevents people from successfully rehabilitating life within the prison population and severely limits their ability to reintegrate into society when they leave the prison.[49]", "J. Vulnerable persons", "1. Minors", "66. The United Nations treaty bodies consistently recommend that juvenile offenders, children or juveniles not be subjected to solitary confinement (CAT/C/MAC/CO/4, para. 8; CAT/OP/PRY/1, para. 185; CRC/C/15/Add.151, para. 41; and CRC/C/15/Add.232, para. 36 (a)). Children are often subjected to solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure or to separate them from the adult prison population, as international human rights standards prohibit the mixing of minors and adults in prisons.[50] Unfortunately, solitary confinement as a form of punishment for detained minors has prevailed in some States, such as Jamaica (A/HRC/16/52/Add.3, para. 211), Paraguay (A/HRC/7/3/Add.3, appendix I, para. 46) and Papua New Guinea (A/HRC/16/52/Add.5, appendix). With regard to disciplinary measures, a report had noted that the solitary confinement did not reduce violence among juvenile offenders detained in a juvenile prison.[51]", "2. Persons with disabilities", "67. Persons with disabilities are kept in isolation in some jurisdictions as a substitute for adequate medical or psychiatric care or because of the lack of other institutional care options. These people do not necessarily pose a danger to others or to themselves, but they are vulnerable to abuse and are often regarded as a disruption to other prisoners and to prison staff.[52]", "68. Research has shown that, with regard to persons with mental disabilities, isolation often results in a severe aggravation of a previously existing mental illness[53]. Prisoners affected by mental disorders deteriorate significantly in solitary confinement.[54] The negative effects of solitary confinement are especially important for people with severe mental health problems, which are usually characterized by psychotic symptoms and/or major functional impediments.[55] Some commit extreme acts, such as harming themselves or even suicide.54", "3. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender", "69. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people are often subjected to solitary confinement as a form of “protective crime”.[56] Although segregation of such persons may be necessary for their safety, their situation of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender does not justify limitations to their social regime, for example, access to recreation, reading materials, assistance from a lawyer or a doctor.", "K. When does solitary confinement amount to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment?", "70. Owing to the absence of witnesses, solitary confinement increases the risk of acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Given its serious adverse health effects, the use of solitary confinement may in itself amount to acts prohibited by article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as torture is defined in article 1 of the Convention against Torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as defined in article 16 of the Convention.", "71. The assessment of whether solitary confinement is tantamount to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment should take into account all relevant circumstances, by analysing each case individually. These circumstances include the purpose of applying solitary confinement, its conditions, duration and effects and, of course, the subjective conditions of each victim that make it more or less vulnerable to such effects. This section of the report examines some circumstances in which the use of solitary confinement constitutes torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "72. The solitary confinement, when used for the purpose of punishment, cannot be justified for any reason, precisely because it inflicts severe mental pains and suffering that go beyond any reasonable punishment for the commission of an offence and therefore constitutes an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture and a violation of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This also applies to situations in which solitary confinement is imposed as a result of a violation of prison discipline, provided that the pain and suffering experienced by the victim reaches the necessary severity.", "73. While physical and social segregation may be necessary in some circumstances during criminal investigations, the practice of solitary confinement during pretrial detention actually creates a situation in which psychological pressure may influence detainees to make confessions or statements against others, which undermines the integrity of the investigation. Where solitary confinement is intentionally used during pre-trial detention as a technique for obtaining information or confession, it amounts to torture, as defined in article 1, or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment provided for in article 16 of the Convention against Torture, and to a violation of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "74. Where the physical conditions of solitary confinement are so deficient, and the strict regime which give rise to severe mental or physical pain or suffering of persons subject to solitary confinement, such conditions amount to torture or cruel and inhuman treatment, as defined in articles 1 and 16 of the Convention, and constitute a violation of article 7 of the Covenant.", "75. The use of solitary confinement can only be accepted in exceptional circumstances, in which its duration must be as short as possible, and for a period of time that is duly announced and communicated. Given the adverse effects of the indefinite solitary confinement regime, its possible use to obtain information or confession during pre-trial detention, and the fact that this uncertainty prevents the filing of remedies to challenge the measure, the Special Rapporteur considers that the imposition of an indefinite solitary confinement regime violates the procedural due process of the person being prosecuted (article 9 of the Covenant, articles 1 or 16 of the Convention and article 7 of the Covenant).", "76. The Special Rapporteur submits that isolation is contrary to article 10, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states: “The prison system shall consist of a treatment whose essential purpose will be the reform and social rehabilitation of the sentenced” (General Assembly resolution 2200 (XXI), annex). Protracted periods of isolation do not help rehabilitation or resocialization of detainees (E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.4, para. 48). The negative, acute and latent psychological and physiological effects of prolonged solitary confinement constitute a severe pain or mental suffering. The Special Rapporteur therefore concurs with the position taken on the Covenant in general comment No. 20, in the sense that prolonged solitary confinement amounts to acts prohibited by article 7 of the Covenant and, consequently, to an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention. For these reasons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in his view, any imposition of solitary confinement exceeding 15 days constitutes torture, or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, depending on the circumstances. It calls upon the international community to express its agreement with that rule and to impose an absolute ban on solitary confinement that exceeds 15 consecutive days.", "77. With regard to minors, the Declaration on the Rights of the Child and the Preamble to the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that, given their lack of physical and mental maturity, minors need special protection and care, including due legal protection. Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (General Assembly resolution 44/25) requires States parties to take “all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child against any form of physical or mental harm or abuse ...”. In its general comment No. 8, the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated: “There is no ambiguity: the term ‘all forms of physical or mental harm or abuse’ leaves no room for any degree of legalized violence against children” (CRC/C/GC/8, para. 18). Paragraph 67 of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990, states: “All disciplinary measures that constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, including ... solitary confinement ... and any other sanction that may endanger the physical or mental health of the minor” (see also CRC/C/GC). The Special Rapporteur therefore contends that the imposition of solitary confinement on minors, whatever their duration, is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "78. The right of persons with mental disabilities to be treated humanly and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human being, guaranteed in article 10 of the Covenant, should be interpreted in the light of the Principles for the Protection of Mentally Sick Persons and for the Improvement of Mental Health Care adopted by the General Assembly (resolution 46/119, annex) on 17 December 1991. Given his diminished mental capacity and the fact that solitary confinement often results in a severe aggravation of an existing mental illness, the Special Rapporteur believes that the imposition of such a regime, whatever its duration, on persons with mental disabilities constitutes cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and violates article 7 of the Covenant and article 16 of the Convention.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that solitary confinement is a severe measure that can cause serious negative, psychological and physiological effects on individuals, regardless of their particular conditions. The Special Rapporteur considers that solitary confinement is contrary to one of the essential objectives of the prison system, which is to rehabilitate offenders and facilitate their reintegration into society. The Special Rapporteur defines as a prolonged solitary confinement any period of isolation more than 15 days.", "80. Depending on the specific reason for its application, conditions, duration, effects and other circumstances, solitary confinement may amount to a violation of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and an act defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture. Furthermore, the use of solitary confinement increases the risk that acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are not detected or reported.", "81. Taking into account the severe mental pain or suffering that solitary confinement may cause when used as punishment, during pretrial detention, indefinitely or prolonged, for minors or persons with disabilities, may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The Special Rapporteur considers that when physical conditions and solitary confinement do not respect the inherent dignity of the human person and cause serious mental and physical pain or suffering, this amounts to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "Recommendations", "82. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to respect and protect the rights of persons deprived of their liberty while maintaining security and order in detention centres. It recommends that States undertake regular revisions of the solitary confinement system. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should take into account the Istanbul Declaration on the Use and Effects of Insulation Detention as a useful tool in efforts to promote and respect the protection of the rights of detainees.", "83. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated humanly and with due respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, as set out in article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Special Rapporteur refers to the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and recommends that States increase the level of significant psychological and social contact of detainees in solitary confinement.", "84. The Special Rapporteur urges States to prohibit the application of solitary confinement as punishment, either through a court ruling or as a disciplinary measure. It recommends that States develop and implement alternative disciplinary sanctions to prevent the application of solitary confinement.", "85. States should take the necessary measures to end the practice of solitary confinement during pretrial detention. The application of solitary confinement is an extortion technique during pretrial detention, which must be abolished. States should take effective measures during pre-trial detention to improve the effectiveness of investigations and introduce alternative control measures to segregate individuals, protect ongoing investigations and prevent collusion between detainees.", "86. States should abolish the application of solitary confinement to minors and persons with mental disabilities. With regard to disciplinary measures applicable to minors, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take other measures other than solitary confinement. As to the application of this regime to persons with mental disabilities, the Special Rapporteur insists that physical segregation of such persons may be necessary in some cases for their own safety, but that solitary confinement should be strictly prohibited.", "87. Imprisonment in solitary confinement for indefinite periods should be abolished.", "88. It is clear that short-term solitary confinement may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; however, it may be a legitimate mechanism in other circumstances, provided that appropriate guarantees are taken. In the Special Rapporteur &apos; s view, the solitary confinement that exceeds 15 days should be absolutely prohibited.", "89. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that solitary confinement should be applied only in very exceptional circumstances, as a last resort and for the shortest possible time. He stressed that, when solitary confinement was used in exceptional circumstances, minimum procedural guarantees should be adopted. These guarantees reduce the possibility that solitary confinement is arbitrary or excessive, as in the case of prolonged or indefinite isolation. These security measures are particularly important in cases of detention where procedural guarantees are often limited, as is the case in the administrative detention of immigrants. The minimum procedural guarantees should be interpreted in a manner that affords as much protection as possible from the rights of detainees. In this context, the Special Rapporteur urges States to apply the following principles and procedural guarantees.", "Guiding principles", "90. During the entire period of detention, the physical conditions and the prison regime of isolation, and in particular their duration, must be proportionate to the seriousness of the criminal or disciplinary offence by which the solitary confinement is imposed.", "91. Physical conditions and solitary confinement should be imposed only as a last resort, when other less restrictive measures could not achieve the established disciplinary goals.", "92. The isolation regime should never be applied or authorized to continue, except where it can be positively determined that it will not cause serious harm or suffering, whether physical or mental, resulting in acts defined in article 1 or article 16 of the Convention against Torture.", "93. All assessments and decisions taken regarding the imposition of solitary confinement must be clearly documented and readily available to the detained person and his counsel. This includes the identity and position of the staff member who imposes solitary confinement, the source of his legal powers to do so, a statement explaining the justification of the imposition of this measure, its duration, the reasons why the solitary confinement has been determined to be adequate, taking into account the state of physical and mental health of the detainee, the reasons why the solitary confinement regime has been determined to be proportionate to the infringement, reports on the periodic review of the medical justification.", "Internal guarantees", "94. From the time the solitary confinement is applied and during all stages of its review and decisions for extension or termination, the justification and duration of the solitary confinement must be recorded and disclosed to the detained person. Furthermore, the detainee must be informed of what he should do to end the solitary confinement. In accordance with rule 35 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the detained person must receive this information in a simple language that he understands. This information should also be provided to the legal representative of the detained person.", "95. There must be a documented system of the periodic review of the justification of solitary confinement. The review should be conducted in good faith and should be carried out by an independent body. Any modification of the factors that have justified the imposition of solitary confinement must immediately result in the revision of the solitary confinement of the detained person. All review processes must be documented.", "96. Individuals detained in solitary confinement must be given an authentic opportunity to challenge both the nature of their isolation and their underlying justification through an administrative review procedure. At the beginning of the imposition of solitary confinement, detainees must be informed of their alleged criminal or disciplinary offence by which the solitary confinement is applied and the opportunity must be given immediately to challenge the reasons for their detention. After the imposition of solitary confinement, detainees must have the opportunity to complain to the prison authorities through a system of internal or administrative complaints.", "97. There should be no limitations to petitions or complaints, such as to present evidence of mental, emotional or physical suffering. Prison officials must be obliged to deal with all requests or complaints promptly, informing the detained person of the results. All conclusions of the internal administrative procedure should be appealed through judicial proceedings.", "External guarantees", "98. Persons detained in solitary confinement must have real opportunities to challenge both the nature of their isolation and their underlying justification before the courts. This requires the right to appeal all final decisions of prison authorities and administrative bodies to an independent judicial body empowered to review both the legality of the nature of isolation and its underlying justification. Subsequently, detained persons must have the opportunity to appeal these decisions to the highest authority of the State and, after exhausting domestic remedies, they must have the opportunity to request their review before regional or universal human rights bodies.", "99. Persons must have free access to a competent lawyer for the entire period of time in which they are held in solitary confinement. Where necessary to facilitate full and open communication between a detainee and his counsel, the services of an interpreter should be provided.", "100. There should be a documented system of monitoring and periodic review of the physical and mental conditions of the detainee by qualified medical personnel, at the beginning of the solitary confinement and also on a daily basis throughout the period in which the detainee remains in that regime, as required by rule 32, paragraph 3, of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Medical personnel responsible for the supervision of detainees must have specialized training in psychological evaluation and/or should be supported by specialists in psychology. In addition, medical personnel must be independent and accountable to an authority outside the prison administration. Preferably, it must belong to the general national health system. Any deterioration in the mental or physical condition of the detainee must lead to the presumption that the conditions of isolation are excessive, and therefore a review of the measure should be immediately undertaken.", "101. Medical personnel should also inspect the physical conditions under which the detainee is in solitary confinement, in accordance with rule 26 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Particular consideration should be given to the level of hygiene and cleaning of the facilities and the prisoner, the heating, lighting and ventilation of the cell, the provision of appropriate linens and linens, an adequate supply of food and water, and the observance of the rules relating to physical exercises.", "Annex", "Effects of solitary confinement", "Numerous symptoms may occur in persons in solitary confinement, both during and after the isolation period. The following list, prepared by Dr. Sharon Shalev[57] shows a variety of possible symptoms.", "Anxiety, ranging from feelings of tension to intense panic attacks", "• Low level of persistent stress", "• Irritability or concern", "• Fear of imminent death", "• Panic attacks", "Depression, ranging from low mood to clinical depression", "• Emotional monotony; loss of ability to have “feelings”", "• Mood changes", "• Desperation", "• Social isolation; loss of activity or ideas; apathy; lethargy", "• Severe depression", "Ira, from irritability to intense anger", "• Irritability and hostility", "• Deficient control of impulses", "• Explosions of physical and verbal violence against others, against themselves or against objects", "• Ira unprovoked, sometimes manifested in the form of rage", "Cognitive alterations, ranging from lack of concentration to confusion", "• Low capacity for care", "• Lack of concentration", "• Bad memory", "• Confusing thought processes; disorientation", "Distortions of perception, ranging from hypersensitivity to hallucinations", "• Hypersensitivity to sounds and smells", "• Distortions of sensations (for example, feeling that walls close)", "• Disorientation in time and space", "• Dispersonalization; loss of understanding", "• Illusions that affect the five senses (e.g., seeing hallucinations of objects or people appearing in the cell, or hearing voices when no one is actually speaking)", "Paranoia and psychosis, ranging from obsessive thoughts to psychosis itself said", "• Recurrent and persistent (overcrowding) thoughts, often violent and revengeful (e.g., against prison staff)", "• Paranoid ideas, often of a persecutory nature", "• Episodes or psychotic states: psychotic depression, schizophrenia", "Self-inflicted assaults", "• Mutilations and cuts", "• Suicide attempts", "[1] Alexandra Naday, Joshua D. Freilich and Jeff Mellow, “The Elusive Data on Supermax Confinement”, The Prison Journal, vol. 88, No. 1, p. 69 (2008).", "[2] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441.", "[3] Jeffrey L. Metzner and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[4] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), p. 1.", "[5] Ken Strutin, “Solitary Confinement”, LLRX.com, published on August 10, 2010.", "[6] Craig Haney, “Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and ‘Supermax’ Confinement, Crime and Delinquency”, vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 124-156.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment No. 20 (A/47/40, annex VI.A), article 7 (Prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), 10 March 1992.", "[8] Iorgov v. Bulgaria, Application No. 40653/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 84 (2004); G. B. c. Bulgaria, request No. 42346/98, European Court of Human Rights, paragraph 85 (2004).", "[9] A. B. c. Russia, request No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 108 (2010).", "[10] Palushi c. Austria, Application No. 27900/04 European Court of Human Rights, paras. 72 and 73 (2009).", "[11] A. B. c. Russia, para. 111.", "[12] Onoufriou c. Cyprus, request No. 24407/04, European Court of Human Rights, para. 80 (2010).", "[13] Ocalan v. Turkey, Application No. 46221/99, European Court of Human Rights, para. 196 (2005).", "[14] Rohde c. Denmark, request No. 69332/01, European Court of Human Rights, para. 97 (2005).", "[15] Ramírez Sánchez c. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, paras. 105, 106 and 135 (2006).", "Ibid., para. 145.", "[17] Velázquez-Rodríguez c. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, series C, No. 4, para. 156 (1988).", "[18] Loayza-Tamayo c. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 33, para. 58 (1997).", "[19] Cantoral-Benavides c. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 69, paras. 62 and 104 (2000).", "[20] Suárez-Rosero c. Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 35, paras. 51-56 (1997).", "[21] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Mexico (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.100), para. 254 (2008).", "[22] Shalev, op. cit., p. 25.", "[23] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 25 and 26.", "[24] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement of the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, vol. 8 (2008), p. 52.", "[25] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[26] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 41.", "[27] Ramírez Sánchez c. France, Application No. 59450/00, European Court of Human Rights, paragraph 102 (2006).", "[28] Solitary Confinement of Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons, joint project of Adalah, Al Mezan (Gaza) and Physicians for Human Rights (Israel, June 2011).", "[29] Shalev, op. cit., p. 42.", "[30] Committee of the Council of Europe for the Prevention of Torture, report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 20 December 2006 (CPT/Inf (2006)), p. 41.", "[31] Council of Europe, “CPT Standards” (CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 - Rev. 2010), sect. II, para. 48.", "[32] Poltrotsky c. Ukraine, p. 146, (European Court of Human Rights, 2003-V).", "[33] Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34, p. 449 (2006).", "[34] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, Journal of Law and Policy, vol. 22 (2006), p. 325.", "[35] Ilascu et al. v. Moldova and Russia, Application No. 48787/99, European Court of Human Rights (2004), para. 432.", "[36] Mathew c. Netherlands, request No. 24919/03, para. 202.", "[37] G.B. c. Bulgaria, para. 85.", "[38] Valasinas c. Lithuania, Application No. 44558/98, European Court of Human Rights, para. 112 (2001); Ocalan v. Turkey, para. 193.", "[39] Rohde v. Denmark, para. 97.", "[40] Peter Scharff Smith, “Solitary Confinement: An introduction to the Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement”, p. 1.", "[41] Shalev, op. cit., p. 2.", "[42] A. B. c. Russia, request No. 1439/06, European Court of Human Rights, para. 135 (2010).", "[43] “USA: The Cruel and Inhumane Treatment of Albert Woodfox and Herman Wallace”, Amnesty International (2001).", "[44] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement” (1993), p. 1.", "[45] Ibid., p. 8.", "[46] Ibid., p. 2.", "[47] Ibid., p. 20.", "[48] Shalev, op. cit., pp. 13 and 22.", "[49] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”, pp. 332 and 333.", "[50] Article 37 (c), Convention on the Rights of the Child; article 8 (d), Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.", "[51] Robert Wildeboer, “The Impact of Solitary Confinement in a Youth Prison”, Inside and Out, (Chicago, 2010).", "[52] Shalev, op. cit., p. 26.", "[53] Stuart Grassian, “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement”; Shalev, op. cit., p. 10.", "[54] American Civil Liberties Union, “Abuse of the Human Rights of Prisoners in the United States: Solitary Confinement” (2011).", "[55] Jeffrey L. Metzner and Jamie Fellner, “Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in U.S. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics”, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 104-108 (2010).", "[56] Heartland Alliance National Immigrant Justice Center, letter addressed to the Special Rapporteur on torture, dated 16 June 2011.", "[57] Sharon Shalev, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement (London, Mannheim Centre for Criminology, 2008), pp. 15-17; see also Peter Scharff Smith, “The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: a brief history and review of the literature”, Crime and Justice, vol. 34 (2006), p. 441." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Temas 133 y 134 del programa provisional*", "Presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2010-2011", "Proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013", "Gastos administrativos de la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas y medidas de transición relativas a la presentación de informes financieros por la Caja con arreglo a las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público", "Informe del Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas", "Índice", "Página\nI.Sinopsis 4II.Estimaciones 4 presupuestarias para el bienio 2010-2011: informe de \nejecución A.Gastos 8 \nadministrativos B.Gastos 15 de \ninversión C.Gastos 19 de \nauditoría D.Gastos 19 del Comité \nMixto E.Gastos 19 \nextrapresupuestarios III.Estimaciones 19 presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013: marcos basados en los resultados y análisis de los recursos \nnecesarios \nA.Introducción 19B.Gastos 28 \nadministrativos C.Gastos 54 de \ninversión D.Gastos 74 de \nauditoría E.Gastos 75 del Comité \nMixto IV. Fondo 75 de \nEmergencia V. Recomendación 75 de que se adopten medidas especiales en relación con la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público a partir del 1 de enero de \n 2012 VI.Medidas 76 que deberá adoptar la Asamblea \nGeneral VII.Resumen 77 de las medidas de seguimiento adoptadas para atender las solicitudes y recomendaciones de la Junta de Auditores y la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de \nPresupuesto \nAnexos I.Deliberaciones 88 en el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas sobre las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 y las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio \n2012-2013 II.Caja 104 Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: organigrama aprobado para el bienio \n2010-2011 III.Caja 105 Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: organigrama propuesto para el bienio \n2012-2013 IV.Caja 106 Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: número de afiliados por organización a 31 de diciembre de \n 2010", "Resumen \nEl presente informe contiene el presupuesto revisado de la Caja Comúnde Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas para el bienio2010-2011, en el cual se observa una reducción de las consignacionesque asciende a 21.772.800 dólares. Esa reducción obedece a los montosinferiores a los previstos en los gastos administrativos (11.830.000dólares), y los gastos de inversión (9.908.500 dólares) y los gastosde auditoría (112.100 dólares), contrarrestados en parte por unaumento de 77.800 dólares en los gastos del Comité Mixto dePensiones. Por consiguiente, las consignaciones revisadas para elbienio 2010-2011 ascienden a 154.545.700 dólares y se desglosan de lasiguiente manera: gastos administrativos (80.478.500 dólares), gastosde inversión (71.289.000 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.532.900dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (245.300 dólares). De este monto,21.508.700 dólares son imputables a las Naciones Unidas conforme alarreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos.\nEl informe contiene asimismo estimaciones presupuestarias para elperíodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembrede 2013, que ascienden a 191.620.600 dólares (antes del ajuste) yabarcan los gastos administrativos (96.873.100 dólares), los gastosde inversión (91.799.300 dólares), los gastos de auditoría (2.748.200dólares) y los gastos del Comité Mixto de Pensiones (200.000dólares). En el informe se prevé la financiación de 227 puestos deplantilla ya existentes, 17 puestos temporarios y 7 nuevos puestos deplantilla, y la reclasificación de 1 puesto.\n Recursos necesarios ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)--------------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- -----------Categoría2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste) Gastos92 308,5 96 873,1 188 187administrativos^(a, b) Gastosde inversión 81 197,5 91 799,3 58 65 Gastos de auditoría 2 645,0 2 748,2 Gastos del Comité Mixto de 167,5 200,0Pensiones Total176 318,5 191 620,6 246 252------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^(a) Un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)sufragado con cargo a los recursos extrapresupuestarios seráfinanciado por las organizaciones afiliadas. \n^(b) Incluye 18 puestos temporarios del Sistema Integrado deAdministración de Pensiones; y un puesto de categoría P-4 sesuprimió en 2011.", "I. Sinopsis", "1. La Asamblea General estableció la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas en 1949 para proporcionar prestaciones de jubilación, fallecimiento e invalidez, así como otras prestaciones conexas, al personal de las Naciones Unidas y de las demás organizaciones que pudieran ser admitidas como afiliadas. En la actualidad las organizaciones afiliadas son 23 y, al 31 de diciembre de 2010, había un total de 184.968 afiliados en activo y prestaciones en curso de pago.", "2. De conformidad con los Estatutos aprobados por la Asamblea General, la Caja es administrada por el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, por un comité de pensiones del personal de cada una de las organizaciones afiliadas y por una secretaría para el Comité Mixto y sendas secretarías para cada uno de los demás comités. Un tercio de los miembros del Comité Mixto es elegido por la Asamblea y los órganos rectores correspondientes de las demás organizaciones afiliadas, otro tercio por los jefes ejecutivos y el tercio restante por los afiliados. El Comité Mixto informa directamente a la Asamblea General sobre las operaciones de la Caja y la inversión de sus fondos. Cuando es necesario, recomienda que se introduzcan enmiendas en los Estatutos, en los cuales se establecen, entre otras cosas, las aportaciones de los afiliados (actualmente el 7,9% de su remuneración pensionable) y de las organizaciones (actualmente el 15,8%), las condiciones que han de cumplirse para poder optar a la afiliación y las prestaciones a que pueden tener derecho los afiliados y sus familiares a cargo.", "II. Estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2010-2011: informe de ejecución", "3. En el cuadro 1 se resumen los gastos totales estimados para el bienio 2010-2011. Para mayor precisión, los gastos del bienio se desglosan en dos categorías diferenciadas: a) gastos reales del período de 17 meses comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011; y b) gastos estimados para el período de siete meses que va del 1 de junio al 31 de diciembre de 2011. Los gastos reales del período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de mayo de 2011 se han calculado con criterios de contabilidad en valores devengados, por lo que los efectos de las transacciones y otros actos se reflejan en los estados financieros cuando dichas transacciones o actos tienen lugar y no cuando se recibe o paga el correspondiente importe en efectivo o su equivalente.", "4. La Asamblea General, en su resolución 64/245, aprobó consignaciones para el bienio 2010-2011 por un total de 176.318.500 dólares, que se utilizarían para sufragar gastos administrativos (92.281.400 dólares), gastos de inversión (81.292.100 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.645.000 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (100.000 dólares). De esa cantidad, 154.749.100 dólares son imputables directamente a la Caja y 21.569.400 dólares son la parte de los gastos que corresponde sufragar a las Naciones Unidas. Además, se autorizaron recursos por valor de 158.200 dólares para financiar gastos extrapresupuestarios que serían sufragados por varias organizaciones afiliadas. En su resolución 65/249, la Asamblea General aprobó la redistribución de los recursos para satisfacer las necesidades de la Caja. Los montos revisados corresponden a los gastos administrativos (92.308.500 dólares), los gastos de inversión (81.197.500 dólares), los gastos de auditoría (2.645.000 dólares) y los gastos del Comité Mixto (167.500 dólares). El monto imputable directamente a la Caja y la parte de los gastos que corresponde sufragar a las Naciones Unidas siguen siendo los mismos, es decir, 154.749.100 dólares y 21.569.400 dólares, respectivamente.", "Cuadro 1", "Estimaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011, por objeto de gastos", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "[TABLE]", "5. Se aprobaron consignaciones revisadas para los gastos siguientes:", "a) Gastos administrativos: un aumento de 94.600 dólares para gastos en concepto de personal temporario general, a fin de sufragar un puesto de categoría P-4 relacionado con la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS);", "b) Gastos de inversión: una disminución de 94.600 dólares en los gastos de servicios por contrata.", "6. Se estima que el total de gastos del bienio 2010-2011 ascenderá a 154.545.700 dólares, monto que abarca gastos administrativos (80.478.500 dólares), gastos de inversión (71.289.000 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.532.900 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (245.300 dólares) y que representa una reducción de 21.772.800 dólares, es decir, el 12,3% de la consignación total. Además, los gastos extrapresupuestarios previstos por valor de 144.300 dólares entrañarán una reducción de 13.900 dólares, es decir, el 8,8% de la consignación.", "A. Gastos administrativos", "7. Los gastos administrativos estimados, que ascienden a 80.478.500 dólares, entrañarán una reducción de 11.830.000 dólares, es decir, el 12,8%. Las principales diferencias de recursos que contribuyen a la disminución neta de los gastos se deben principalmente al proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, de resultas de las mejoras introducidas en el plan del proyecto y de la adición de nuevas actividades fundacionales, así como de la instalación de la nueva infraestructura informática, que se detalla más adelante, en los párrafos 13 a 17. El Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones es un importante proyecto de inversión para la Caja, razón por la cual en el cuadro 2 se indican las estimaciones de gastos del proyecto del Sistema Integrado y de los otros proyectos para el bienio 2010-2011.", "8. Las principales diferencias de recursos no relacionadas con el Sistema Integrado son:", "1. Puestos: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 2.505.500 dólares", "9. La disminución de los gastos se debe principalmente a la mayor tasa media de vacantes que existía a principios del bienio.", "2. Otros gastos de personal: gastos superiores a los previstos por valor de 657.700 dólares", "10. Los gastos superiores a los previstos obedecen principalmente a la necesidad de contratar personal temporario general debido al mayor volumen de trabajo causado por el aumento del número de afiliados, jubilados y otros beneficiarios.", "3. Gastos generales de funcionamiento: gastos superiores a los previstos por valor de 2.182.900 dólares", "11. Los gastos superiores a los previstos obedecen principalmente a los cargos bancarios, estimados en 2.500.000 dólares. Las estimaciones de los cargos bancarios se incluyeron en el informe sobre las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2010-2011 presentado al Comité Mixto en la categoría de gastos generales de funcionamiento, pero, tras el examen realizado por el Comité, se suprimieron en el informe sobre el presupuesto presentado a la Asamblea General (véase A/64/291, anexo VII, párr. 34). El monto de 2.500.000 dólares en concepto de cargos bancarios relacionados con el pago de prestaciones se basa en los cargos reales del período de ejecución 2008-2009.", "4. Proyectos emprendidos en el bienio 2010-2011", "12. A continuación se ofrece información resumida sobre la situación de los proyectos informáticos emprendidos en el bienio 2010-2011.", "Cuadro 2", "Situación de los proyectos, 2010-2011", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos.)", "Proyecto\tFechaprevista/realdeconclusión\tConsignación\tGastosestimados\tGastossuperiores/(inferiores)a losprevistos\n M \nSistema Integrado deAdministración dePensiones\tMayo de2014\t14 361400\t2 299906\t(12 061494)\nIniciativas deintercambio deinformación de lasorganizacionesafiliadas\tDiciembrede 2011\t1 749773\t1 749773\t–\nIniciativas deservicios a losclientes\tDiciembrede 2011\t469671\t469 671\t–\nIniciativas de sistemasweb\tDiciembrede 2011\t1 709342\t1 709342\t–\nIniciativas de sistemasinstitucionales\tDiciembrede 2011\t1 063 280\t1 063280\t–\nIniciativas deoperacionesinstitucionales\tDiciembrede 2011\t1 031 400\t1 031400\t–\nConsolidación desistemas informáticoscon el Servicio deGestión de lasInversiones\tDiciembrede 2011\t461 633\t461 633\t–\nTotal 20 846499\t8 785005\t(12 061494)", "Iniciativa del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones", "13. Durante el bienio 2010-2011, la Caja siguió adelante con las principales tareas fundacionales del proyecto, a saber: a) creación de un amplio diccionario de datos de los sistemas actuales (PENSYS y Lawson); b) análisis detallado de los datos de los sistemas actuales; c) depuración de los datos, utilizando programas especializados de gran capacidad y mediante la labor que el personal del equipo del proyecto del Sistema Integrado realiza con las bases de datos de los sistemas PENSYS y Lawson; d) actualización de la documentación de procedimiento (para complementar los diagramas de procesos preparados en la etapa de planificación y formulación del proyecto); e) elaboración de la primera serie de fórmulas de cálculo para establecer la compleja y detallada base de cálculo de la Caja de Pensiones y prepararse para obtener el visto bueno de los expertos internos y externos durante la etapa de implementación; f) actualización de la documentación técnica que recoge los detallados intercambios de datos (interfaces) que existen entre los sistemas actuales y otras entidades; y g) creación de la primera serie de bibliotecas detalladas de verificación que abarquen las interfaces y los cálculos.", "1. En el marco del proyecto se emprendieron otras dos iniciativas que no se habían considerado en el plan original. La primera de ellas consiste en examinar a fondo la relación de necesidades formulada durante la primera etapa del proyecto. Durante esa etapa se precisaron el modelo operacional específico y el alcance del proyecto. También se ampliaron las necesidades funcionales informáticas. En la relación final de tareas figuran 333 especificaciones funcionales informáticas detalladas, además de 18 necesidades esenciales de alto nivel.", "2. La segunda iniciativa guarda relación con la exploración de nuevas tecnologías para elaborar mejores interfaces que posibiliten una conexión fluida de la nómina (entre el Sistema Integrado y los sistemas de recursos humanos y finanzas de las organizaciones afiliadas) y que permitan utilizar mejor las bases de datos existentes para automatizar la verificación de los cálculos de las aportaciones y establecer otros protocolos de calidad de los datos. A la luz de la estrategia adoptada recientemente por muchas organizaciones afiliadas para migrar hacia plataformas de planificación de los recursos institucionales, la Caja viene estudiando la posibilidad de establecer interfaces comunes utilizando tecnologías más nuevas. Al concluir la implementación del programa informático SAP (Sistemas, Aplicaciones y Productos) por las Naciones Unidas, se calcula que el 96% de los datos de los afiliados a la Caja de Pensiones se mantendrán en una plataforma de planificación de los recursos institucionales. Esta iniciativa está estrechamente relacionada con el desarrollo del Sistema Integrado, ya que en las especificaciones enmendadas se consideran los siguientes aspectos: a) la necesidad de establecer una conexión fluida de la nómina; b) los instrumentos para utilizar de manera eficiente las interfaces comunes de planificación de los recursos institucionales; y c) la formulación de un sistema de páginas web (para las organizaciones que carecen de plataformas de planificación de los recursos institucionales).", "3. Las dos nuevas iniciativas produjeron especificaciones más detalladas que orientarán el proceso de elaboración de parámetros y desarrollo de la funcionalidad con mayor precisión y eficacia. Así se mejorará el nuevo sistema y se ahorrará tiempo y recursos al introducir cambios después de la implementación. Por otra parte, se procurará armonizar lo antes posible las necesidades de datos del Sistema Integrado con los datos generados por los sistemas de planificación de los recursos institucionales de las organizaciones afiliadas. Naturalmente, el éxito del Sistema Integrado depende en gran medida de la calidad, puntualidad y disponibilidad de la información sobre los recursos humanos y las finanzas proporcionada por las organizaciones afiliadas a la Caja.", "4. Si bien el costo global estimado del proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones (22.660.300 dólares antes del ajuste) sigue siendo el mismo, se han incorporado nuevas actividades al plan del proyecto y se ha modificado considerablemente el proceso de adquisiciones para incorporar una evaluación en dos etapas (como sugirió la División de Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas). Debido a esos cambios hubo que ampliar el calendario original y modificar en consecuencia el plan estimado de gastos. En el cuadro 3 se indican los gastos estimados del bienio 2010-2011 y el costo global estimado del proyecto.", "Cuadro 3", "Resumen de las necesidades de recursos del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Gastos Bienio Bienio Bienio Total del administrativos 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015 proyecto\n Consigna-ciones Gastos Aumento/ Consigna- Consigna-ciones Consigna-ciones Consigna-ciones aprobadas estimados (disminución) ciones solicitadas estimadas estimadas finales propuestas", "Puestos 2 870,3 1 065,1 (1 805,2) 1 065,1 3 670,8 957,7 5 693,6 temporarios", "Viajes 84,8 84,8 – 84,8 – – 84,8", "Servicios por 8 406,3 1 150,0 (7 256,3) 1 150,0 11 966,3 3 765,6 16 881,9 contrata", "Mobiliario y 3 000,0 – (3 000,0) – – – – equipo", "Total 14 361,4 2 299,9 (12 061,5) 2 299,9 15 637,1 4 723,3 22 660,3", "Mobiliario y equipo: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 3.000.000 de dólares", "5. La disminución de los gastos obedece a la decisión de instalar el equipo informático necesario para el proyecto en el nuevo centro de datos de la Caja debido a los problemas de vulnerabilidad que presentaba el centro de datos del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza. La estrategia original del proyecto era adquirir 12 nuevos servidores y 15 módulos de la red de almacenamiento, así como extensiones de suministro ininterrumpido de energía (UPS), e instalarlos en el centro de datos situado en el cuarto piso del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza con objeto de proporcionar la capacidad adicional necesaria para albergar las nuevas aplicaciones del sistema.", "6. No obstante, debido a los graves problemas de vulnerabilidad observados en el centro de datos del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, esa estrategia no se consideró viable. El análisis del impacto en las operaciones realizado en 2009 y presentado al Comité Mixto de Pensiones en 2010 reveló que, si bien el centro de datos se tenía instalado un sistema UPS, no contaba con ningún generador de energía eléctrica para hacer frente a posibles interrupciones del servicio público (o del sistema eléctrico del edificio). En una evaluación del centro de datos realizada anteriormente, en la que se tuvieron en cuenta las prácticas normales utilizadas en un centro de datos de producción, se había asignado a la instalación una calificación de 2 sobre 10 (donde 10 era la puntuación más alta o la mejor puntuación posible). Por consiguiente, instalar nuevos equipos informáticos en el centro de datos del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza entrañaría graves riesgos para el proyecto del Sistema Integrado.", "7. Tras haber intentado por todos los medios hallar una alternativa adecuada, la Caja decidió trasladar la infraestructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones situada en el edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza al nuevo Centro norteamericano de datos, una nueva instalación mucho más robusta que permitiría garantizar debidamente la disponibilidad operacional de sus sistemas esenciales. Según las normas de la Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-942 DC), el Centro Norteamericano de Datos está calificado con el nivel 3, que garantiza el 99,9% de tiempo de funcionamiento y disponibilidad.", "Servicios por contrata: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 7.256.300 dólares", "21. La disminución de los gastos se debe principalmente al cambio de ubicación del centro de datos para albergar las nuevas aplicaciones del sistema. Cuando se trasladó el equipo del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza al nuevo Centro Norteamericano de Datos, se adquirieron nuevos equipos valorados en 750.000 dólares y se instalaron en el nuevo centro para atender a todas las necesidades de capacidad previstas del Sistema Integrado. Se ha hecho una solicitud de propuestas por valor de 400.000 dólares a fin de contratar los servicios de una empresa consultora especializada para que ayude a estructurar los procesos del Sistema Integrado con arreglo al nuevo modelo operacional específico y el nuevo paradigma operacional, así como para formular hipótesis experimentales que sirvan de base para garantizar que el nuevo sistema pueda procesar los derechos y los pagos con exactitud y en forma segura y eficiente.", "22. Gracias a las iniciativas mencionadas, el proyecto del Sistema Integrado está en mejores condiciones de iniciar su próxima etapa, si bien eso entraña la modificación del calendario original. La estimación original de 30 meses para el despliegue total del sistema (una vez puesto a prueba y aprobado el concepto del proyecto) no ha variado. En consecuencia, se prevé que la implementación del sistema concluya en abril de 2014 y la puesta a prueba paralela y la capacitación, en noviembre de 2014. Sin embargo, esos plazos dependen de la duración de las restantes actividades de adquisición y contratación, que se espera concluyan en nueve meses. Por tanto, las consignaciones para la elaboración, el establecimiento de parámetros y la implementación de las nuevas aplicaciones informáticas previstas en el presupuesto del bienio 2010-2011 (7.256.300 dólares) no se utilizarán hasta el bienio 2012-2013. En el anexo II de la información financiera complementaria figuran el calendario detallado y la descripción de las actividades del proyecto.", "Puestos temporarios: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 1.805.200 dólares", "23. La disminución de los gastos en concepto de puestos se debe principalmente al criterio de contratación escalonada adoptado para aprovechar al máximo los recursos del proyecto a raíz de la actualización del calendario.", "Iniciativas relativas a los servicios a los clientes", "24. Se encargó un proyecto piloto (iServ) basado en las aplicaciones Siebel (gestión de las relaciones con los clientes) de Oracle, con objeto de racionalizar y automatizar los incidentes comunicados al administrador del servidor de la Caja. El proyecto resultó ser mucho más complejo y problemático de lo que se había pensado en un primer momento, pero ayudó a la Caja a adquirir conocimientos esenciales acerca de la implementación de un sistema de esa índole y aportó muchas enseñanzas valiosas. También ayudó a la Caja a determinar que introducir una solución amplia de gestión de las relaciones con los clientes directamente en sus operaciones básicas tal vez no fuera la medida más práctica, conveniente o económica (especialmente considerando que la gestión de las relaciones con los clientes podría formar parte de la iniciativa del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones), mientras que si se atendían las necesidades más importantes de la Dependencia de Servicios a los Clientes a corto plazo creando aplicaciones localizadas más pequeñas, le sería más fácil comprender la manera de dar forma al sistema de gestión de las relaciones con los clientes cuando este se integrara finalmente en los procesos de trabajo.", "25. Como alternativa se elaboró una aplicación específica basada en Lotus Notes para hacer un seguimiento de la interacción con los clientes que visitan la Caja en persona o llaman por teléfono. Esa aplicación no solo registra información útil, como el tipo de servicio solicitado, la manera en que se prestó (en persona o por teléfono) y el tiempo que se dedicó al cliente, sino que también facilita un instrumento sencillo de información y análisis (incluidos los “tableros de mandos”) que puede utilizarse para observar las estadísticas y las tendencias correspondientes a un período determinado. Se prevé que con el tiempo esa aplicación se perfeccione para incorporar otros elementos que abarquen una variedad más amplia de actividades relacionadas con los servicios a los clientes.", "Iniciativas de los sistemas web", "26. Las iniciativas de los sistemas web siguen proporcionado a los beneficiarios y afiliados acceso directo a información personalizada mediante el uso de aplicaciones web específicas. Las aplicaciones esenciales, que incluyen los sistemas de estimación de prestaciones y de doble cálculo, el seguimiento del certificado de titularidad y los estados anuales, se han convertido en un servicio estándar para los clientes. El estado sobre el costo de la vida, que se prepara cada vez que cambia el índice del costo de vida o el tipo de cambio trimestral, se ofrece ahora en Internet a los beneficiarios registrados que reciben una prestación mensual. Se rediseñó la interfaz del estimador de prestaciones al que se puede acceder a través de la aplicación del estado anual y está a disposición de los clientes desde que se publicó el estado de 2009. Como parte de los continuos esfuerzos de la Caja por prestar asistencia al número creciente de visitantes, se introdujeron mejoras en algunas partes de la infraestructura del sitio web y de las aplicaciones para proporcionar un entorno más estable y seguro. Se añadieron nuevos portales web para facilitar interfaces protegidas con un solo punto de acceso y basadas en las funciones para muchas aplicaciones de Internet en toda la Caja. Se añadieron aplicaciones de aprendizaje electrónico y talleres para el personal recién contratado con objeto de atender a las necesidades de capacitación, y en 2011 se organizarán nuevos cursos. Se ha elaborado un compendio de causas judiciales para la Oficina Jurídica que también se ofrecerá en el sitio web en 2011.", "Iniciativas relativas a los sistemas institucionales", "27. Las iniciativas relativas a los sistemas institucionales garantizarán que los sistemas de operaciones esenciales (por ejemplo, el sistema de gestión de contenidos y el sistema Lawson) estén al corriente de las actualizaciones, las novedades y las mejoras de los proveedores, y sigan el ritmo de los cambios introducidos en el modelo de actividades de la Caja. Todas las actualizaciones, novedades y mejoras necesarias se han instalado con éxito o se instalarán para fines de 2011.", "Iniciativas relativas a las operaciones institucionales", "28. Como parte del mandato relativo a las operaciones institucionales, todos los sistemas esenciales se han transferido a un nuevo sitio ubicado en Piscataway (Nueva Jersey). Se trata de un centro de datos de nivel III con tolerancia a fallos y el 99,9% de disponibilidad. El equipo de telecomunicaciones seguirá estando en el centro de datos del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, en tanto que el centro de datos de Ginebra alberga los sistemas de apoyo para la oficina de Ginebra y los servicios de continuidad de las operaciones y de recuperación en caso de desastre. En el contexto del proyecto de reubicación del centro de datos, se ha mejorado la red de almacenamiento aumentando la capacidad y reduciendo el tiempo de respuesta de los sistemas. Se ha construido una nueva infraestructura virtual que permite que el 70% de los servidores de la Caja se agrupen en “granjas”, lo que aumenta la eficiencia operacional, la disponibilidad y la operatividad de la infraestructura de servidores. Se mejoraron los servidores del sistema Lawson y de la base de datos y se instaló un módulo de tolerancia frente a fallos para optimizar el tiempo de recuperación y de respuesta a los usuarios. El proceso de reubicación del Centro de Datos de Ginebra sigue adelante. Las nuevas instalaciones, gestionadas por el Centro Internacional de Cálculos Electrónicos, permitirán a la Caja virtualizar el 95% de los servidores y respaldar la duplicación de componentes esenciales para el entorno web. Se ha implementado un nuevo sistema de duplicación de datos que reduce el tiempo de mantenimiento preventivo y de recuperación de archivos. También se ha aplicado una solución institucional de archivo de correo electrónico en la Caja de Pensiones para gestionar el servicio con eficiencia y hacer frente al volumen cada vez mayor de mensajes cumpliendo la política de retención ilimitada de la organización. En el curso de ese proceso, los servidores y programas de correo electrónico de la Caja se han ido actualizando constantemente con las versiones más actuales. Se prevé que el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información concluya el mejoramiento del sistema UPS a fines de 2011.", "Iniciativa de consolidación de la tecnología de la información con la División de Gestión de las Inversiones", "29. La consolidación de la tecnología de la información con la División de Gestión de las Inversiones está avanzando según lo previsto y se espera que concluya durante el presente bienio. Sobre la base de los acuerdos de prestación de servicios firmados entre el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información y la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, se ejecutaron con éxito y oportunamente varios proyectos de infraestructura común, entre ellos el sistema de gestión de órdenes de compraventa, el servicio de la Sociedad para las Telecomunicaciones Financieras Interbancarias Internacionales (SWIFT) y un sistema de gestión de documentos. En Ginebra también se construyó y probó un entorno de recuperación en caso de desastre para el sistema de gestión de órdenes de compraventa y el servicio SWIFT. Continúan los trabajos relativos a las últimas cinco de las 38 esferas de consolidación y se prevé que concluya durante el presente bienio. Dichas esferas son la consolidación de la red, el servicio de asistencia a los usuarios, los servicios de directorio, los archivos compartidos y el correo electrónico.", "B. Gastos de inversión", "30. Los gastos administrativos estimados, que ascienden a 71.289.000 dólares, entrañan economías por valor de 9.908.500 dólares, es decir, el 12,2%. A continuación se exponen las principales diferencias que contribuyen a ese resultado neto.", "1. Puestos: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 953.400 dólares", "31. La disminución de los gastos obedece principalmente a los retrasos en la contratación de personal.", "2. Viajes: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 289.000 dólares", "32. La disminución de los gastos obedece principalmente a los retrasos en la contratación de personal y a la disponibilidad del personal debido a los horarios de trabajo. Las economías se vieron contrarrestadas por el aumento de los gastos en concepto de viajes de los miembros del Comité de Inversiones.", "3. Gastos generales de funcionamiento: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 331.100 dólares", "33. Las economías realizadas se pueden imputar a la disminución de los gastos en conceptos como el agua refrigerada, los servicios de limpieza y el funcionamiento del edificio.", "4. Servicios por contrata: gastos inferiores a los previstos por valor de 8.445.200 dólares", "Cuadro 4", "Servicios por contrata: gastos estimados en 2010-2011", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Categoría Consignaciones Gastos Gastos para 2010-2011 estimados superiores/ (inferiores) a los previstos", "Consultor jurídico externo 1 200,0 1 200,0 –", "Proveedores externos de servicios", "a) Custodio mundial y asesores", "Custodio mundial 6 952,0 3 743,8 (3 208,2)", "Asesores 16 976,4 14 994,0 (1 982,4)", "Subtotal a) 23 928,4 18 737,8 (5 190,6)", "b) Gestión de la cartera", "Pequeñas cuentas de capitalización 12 500,0 13 562,4 1 062,4", "Valores inmobiliarios cotizados en 2 700,0 700,0 (2 000,0) bolsa", "Subtotal b) 15 200,0 14 252,4 (937,6)", "c) Servicios de datos sobre los 3 541,5 2 399,5 (1 142,0) mercados", "Subtotal, proveedores externos de 42 669,9 35 399,7 (7 270,2) servicios", "Servicios por contrata SWIFT 590,0 345,0 (245,0)", "Otros servicios por contrata 8 419,0 7 489,0 (930,0)", "Total 52 878,9 44 433,7 (8 445,2)", "34. La disminución de los gastos puede imputarse a varios factores, a saber: los retrasos en los procesos de contratación de los diversos custodios y del encargado del registro principal independiente, un administrador de los valores inmobiliarios cotizados en bolsa y los asesores sobre renta fija, activos reales e inversiones alternativas; y los gastos inferiores a los previstos en concepto de adquisición de aplicaciones como la solución para la recuperación en caso de desastre, el servicio SWIFT y el sistema de cumplimiento de las normas. Las economías se vieron parcialmente contrarrestadas por el aumento de los gastos relacionados con las pequeñas cuentas de capitalización a aumentar los honorarios debido a los buenos resultados obtenidos.", "5. Proyectos emprendidos en el bienio 2010-2011", "35. En el cuadro 5 figura la situación de los proyectos de tecnología de la información financiados y emprendidos en el bienio 2010-2011.", "Cuadro 5", "Situación de los proyectos, bienio 2010-2011", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Proyecto\tFechaprevista/real deconclusión\tConsignación\tGastosestimados\tGastossuperiores/(inferiores)alosprevistos \nAnálisis del riesgo de lacartera y atribución de larentabilidad\tJuniode 2011\t1 390000\t1 280000\t110000\nGestión electrónica de órdenesy transacciones (sistemaCharles River)\tMarzode 2011\t1 120000\t1 120000\t–\nCumplimiento antes y despuésde las transacciones\tMarzode 2011\t970000\t870000\t100000\nContabilidad y conciliación dela cartera\tDiciembrede 2011\t2 790000\t2 390000\t400000\nCentral de datos\tJuniode 2012\t820000\t820000\t–\nIntegración de Omgeo FXALL,Tradeweb y otras plataformasde confirmación ytransacciones al sistemaCharles River\tDiciembrede 2011\t1 170000\t850000\t320000\nSWIFT incluida suactualización (versión 7)\tJuniode 2011\t590000\t345000\t245000\nTotal 8 850000\t7 675000\t1 175000\n Gastos de funcionamiento \nSistema Charles River en elsitio de recuperación en casode desastre (CentroInternacional de CálculosElectrónicos, Ginebra)\tDiciembrede 2011\t200000\t143771\t56229\nServicio SWIFT en el sitio derecuperación en caso dedesastre (Centro Internacionalde Cálculos Electrónicos,Ginebra)\tDiciembrede 2011\t200000\t–\t(200000)\nSunGard 200000\t221805\t(21805)\nTotal 600000\t365576\t(234424)\n Mobiliario y equipo \nServidores Sun\tMayo de2011\t500000\t500000\t–\nComputadoras de escritorio\tJuniode 2011\t100000\t100000\t–\nComputadoras portátiles\tJuniode 2011\t73400\t70000\t3 400\nTotal 673400\t670000\t3 400", "Sistema de análisis del riesgo de la cartera y atribución de la rentabilidad", "36. A partir de febrero de 2011, la División de Gestión de las Inversiones está poniendo a prueba la aceptación por lo usuarios de la mayoría de las hipótesis de análisis de riesgos, y se han elaborado importantes informes sobre el riesgo. No obstante, la División todavía está a la espera de que la División de Adquisiciones y la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos concluyan otros contratos con diversos servicios de suministro de datos sobre los mercados, que son esenciales para completar la implementación de la métrica del riesgo, tras lo cual se mantendrá un servicio permanente. Se espera que ese proyecto concluya y funcione plenamente en octubre de 2011, siempre y cuando se hayan concertado los contratos de suministro de datos.", "Sistema de gestión electrónica de órdenes y transacciones", "37. El sistema Charles River está funcionando desde marzo de 2010. La etapa actual de implementación abarca las transacciones de valores, divisas y renta fija. También incluye la conectividad con los corredores mediante el protocolo FIX y la conectividad con el banco custodio mediante el servicio SWIFT. La División de Gestión de las Inversiones ha estado haciendo transacciones electrónicas con todos los valores y ahora trabaja en la instalación de plataformas electrónicas para los demás activos. Actualmente, el 99% de las transacciones de activos de diversas clases se realizan por medio del servicio SWIFT. La División sigue apoyando y mejorando el entorno de trabajo del sistema Charles River.", "Sistema de cumplimiento antes y después de las transacciones", "38. El sistema de cumplimiento antes y después de las transacciones (Charles River) se ha implementado y está en funcionamiento desde marzo de 2010. La División sigue manteniendo y actualizando debidamente las normas de cumplimiento.", "Sistema de contabilidad y conciliación de la cartera", "39. El sistema de contabilidad y conciliación de la cartera se adjudicó a Murex North America en abril de 2010 y el contrato se firmó en febrero de 2011. La reunión de inicio del proyecto tuvo lugar el 16 de febrero de 2011. Actualmente, la División de Gestión de las Inversiones está concluyendo el plan de implementación y comprometiendo recursos con el fin de ejecutar la implementación de la primera etapa para el 30 de junio de 2011. Se estima que el proyecto quedará concluido el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Cabe señalar que este proyecto comprende la adaptación de las actividades de inversión a las IPSAS.", "Sistema de la central de datos", "40. La División de Gestión de las Inversiones concluyó la evaluación técnica en febrero de 2011. El proceso de diligencia debida se programará para el segundo semestre de 2011. Se espera comenzar la implementación de la central de datos en febrero de 2012.", "Integración en el sistema Charles River de Omgeo, FXALL, TradeWeb y otras plataformas de confirmación y transacciones", "41. La División de Gestión de las Inversiones hizo planes para añadir Omgeo (servicio de confirmación y afirmación electrónica de las transacciones de valores), FXALL, FXConnect y Bloomberg FX (plataformas de transacciones de divisas), y TradeWeb, MarketAxess, BondVision y Bloomberg FI (plataformas de transacciones de renta fija), para fortalecer el sistema de gestión de órdenes de compraventa Charles River. Se están negociando los contratos de los respectivos productos y la División espera que todas las plataformas queden integradas en diciembre de 2011.", "Sistema Charles River en el sitio de recuperación en caso de desastre (Centro Internacional de Cálculos Electrónicos, Ginebra)", "42. El programa de recuperación en caso de desastre del sistema Charles River se completó en marzo de 2011. El programa comprende la conectividad a FIX, la licencia para el uso de datos de Bloomberg, la masa de datos de Bloomberg y Bloomberg API. También facilita la conectividad al servicio SWIFT.", "Licencia para el uso de datos de Bloomberg, masa de datos de Bloomberg y Bloomberg API", "43. La licencia para el uso de datos de Bloomberg, la masa de datos de Bloomberg y Bloomberg API se instalaron e integraron en el sistema Charles River en marzo de 2010.", "Servicio SWIFT en el sitio de recuperación en caso de desastre (Centro Internacional de Cálculos Electrónicos, Ginebra)", "44. El sitio de recuperación en caso de desastre del servicio SWIFT funciona desde enero de 2010. Actualmente, la División trabaja en su integración con la infraestructura de recuperación en caso de desastre del sistema Charles River.", "Actualización del servicio SWIFT (versión 7)", "45. Se prevé que la instalación de la versión 7 del servicio SWIFT, que es obligatoria, se completará en junio de 2011.", "C. Gastos de auditoría", "46. Los gastos estimados de auditoría darán lugar a una subutilización de la consignación de 112.100 dólares, principalmente debido a la disminución de los gastos de personal temporario general de auditoría interna.", "D. Gastos del Comité Mixto", "47. Las necesidades adicionales por valor de 77.800 dólares se deben a que los gastos relacionados con el Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Diseño del Plan fueron superiores a los previstos.", "E. Gastos extrapresupuestarios", "48. Las economías por valor de 13.900 dólares se deben a que el puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) sufragado con fondos extrapresupuestarios estuvo vacante durante tres meses.", "III. Estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013: marcos basados en los resultados y análisis de los recursos necesarios", "A. Introducción", "1. Panorama general", "49. La Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas administra un plan de prestaciones definidas plenamente capitalizado que proporciona pensiones de jubilación y otras prestaciones a más de 64.000 jubilados y beneficiarios. Actualmente, unos 120.000 afiliados en activo están acumulando derechos a prestaciones de la Caja. El activo de la Caja ascendía a 41.400 millones de dólares a finales de 2010. La Caja de Pensiones es un organismo autónomo que se rige por unos estatutos aprobados por la Asamblea General. La administración de la Caja está a cargo del Comité Mixto de Pensiones, que informa anualmente a la Asamblea General. Las operaciones cotidianas de la Caja son supervisadas por su Director General. La Caja tiene 245 funcionarios. En el presente presupuesto y en sus anexos se describen pormenorizadamente la Caja y sus operaciones cotidianas.", "50. El Secretario General decide las inversiones de la Caja y ha delegado esta responsabilidad en su representante, que a su vez dirige la División de Gestión de las Inversiones. La División es responsable de las inversiones y de la contabilidad de los activos de la Caja, y se ocupa de lograr un nivel adecuado de rendimiento de la inversión de sus activos, teniendo presente la filosofía de tolerancia frente al riesgo y de las necesidades relacionadas con su pasivo.", "51. La Caja ha experimentado un notable crecimiento durante los 10 últimos años, debido a la afiliación de nuevas organizaciones y al constante aumento del número total de afiliados, jubilados y otros beneficiarios. Durante ese período, el número de afiliados en activo ha aumentado un 63%, y el de las prestaciones periódicas en curso de pago ha aumentado un 33%. En la carta de gestión de la Caja, los retos a los que esta debe hacer frente se clasifican en las cinco categorías siguientes:", "a) Creciente complejidad de las operaciones de la Caja;", "b) Creciente interdependencia del activo y el pasivo;", "c) Antigüedad de los sistemas de información y creciente demanda de servicios;", "d) Necesidad de prestar servicios de calidad y cumplir normas operacionales más rigurosas;", "e) Responsabilidades sociales y ambientales.", "52. Para hacer frente a esos retos, la Caja realizó estudios a fondo sobre la evaluación de riesgos, la gestión de activos y pasivos, la organización de la Caja, el diseño de su plan y los cambios en su sistema de administración de pensiones; posteriormente estableció los siguientes objetivos de mediano plazo, enunciados en el marco estratégico de la Caja:", "a) Reforzar el modelo operacional de la Caja;", "b) Mejorar la gestión de los riesgos y los controles internos;", "c) Mejorar los sistemas de información;", "d) Aumentar la calidad y la eficiencia de los servicios que se prestan, incluidas las comunicaciones y las actividades de divulgación;", "e) Promover la responsabilidad social y ambiental.", "53. Cada sector operacional elaboró planes de acción específicos para alcanzar esos objetivos, incluidos un plan de recursos humanos de mediano plazo, un análisis del impacto en las operaciones y un plan de recuperación en caso de desastre, que se han utilizado para preparar la siguiente propuesta presupuestaria.", "54. En resumen, durante el bienio 2012-2013 la Caja de Pensiones prevé asignar recursos financieros y humanos a las siguientes iniciativas principales, que se enuncian en el marco estratégico:", "a) Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones: nuevo modelo de funcionamiento;", "b) Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS): nuevas normas de contabilidad para los estados financieros de la Caja;", "c) Servicios que respondan a las necesidades de los clientes;", "d) Otras medidas que sean necesarias para mejorar la eficiencia operacional, la evaluación y gestión de riesgos, el aprendizaje electrónico, la capacitación, y la gestión de los conocimientos.", "55. Se prevé que la Caja alcance sus objetivos generales siempre que disponga de recursos humanos y financieros suficientes. Esto planteará problemas particulares en los próximos años, dadas las actuales limitaciones financieras. Debe reconocerse, no obstante, la crítica coyuntura en que se encuentra la evolución de la Caja, que escapa a su control. La Caja ha experimentado un crecimiento constante desde que se creó, y en los últimos 10 años se ha registrado un crecimiento sin precedentes de la población a la que presta servicios. Simultáneamente, ha ido ampliando sus disposiciones para abarcar no solo a un mayor número de personas sino también una mayor variedad de circunstancias, lo cual ha incrementado la complejidad de la situación. El aumento del volumen de trabajo y su creciente complejidad coinciden con una disminución constante de la memoria institucional debido al alto número de funcionarios de la Caja que se han jubilado o han dejado el servicio en los últimos años. Por otra parte, y simultáneamente, el aumento de la longevidad provoca un envejecimiento de los beneficiarios de la Caja, lo que suele conllevar un aumento de las consultas y de otros servicios especiales a los clientes. Los importantes retos que representan estos factores externos se ven agravados por el hecho de que la Caja, que necesita un personal con experiencia muy específica y de largo plazo, debe funcionar con arreglo a ciertas políticas institucionales que plantean particulares dificultades que no suelen ser frecuentes en otras instituciones externas. En vista de que necesita un personal con experiencia singular y de largo plazo, y de su carácter de entidad independiente e interinstitucional, la Caja ha iniciado la revisión de las políticas que rigen la contratación, la movilidad, los ascensos y la retención de su personal. La Caja prevé abordar estas cuestiones en un memorando de entendimiento revisado.", "56. Teniendo en cuenta los retos que plantea la actual coyuntura económica, la secretaría de la Caja también revisó su dotación de personal y decidió aplazar su solicitud de que se crearan varios puestos. Si bien esos puestos son fundamentales para alcanzar los objetivos de mediano plazo de su marco estratégico, la secretaría de la Caja considera que el aplazamiento de la contratación de personal puede lograrse limitando los cambios en el diseño del plan de la Caja, así como la adición de nuevos proyectos, pero manteniendo sus esfuerzos por aumentar la eficiencia y la productividad. Sin embargo, la creación de esos puestos no puede aplazarse indefinidamente sin alterar la capacidad operacional de la Caja, su capacidad para atender a los clientes y/o los plazos para alcanzar sus objetivos.", "57. Dicho esto, también hay que tener en cuenta que pueden aprobarse misiones de mantenimiento de la paz financiadas con fondos extrapresupuestarios de las Naciones Unidas en momentos en que la Caja debe restringir su presupuesto. Ello supondrá retos importantes, así como riesgos, para la Caja, que pese a todo debe prestar servicios plenos y puntuales a los numerosos funcionarios contratados para esas misiones.", "Presupuestación basada en los resultados, metodología y terminología", "58. La presente solicitud presupuestaria sigue el formato de la presupuestación basada en los resultados adoptado por la Caja en su solicitud presupuestaria para el bienio 2008-2009. Los recursos se solicitan en función de los programas de la Caja, y toda la justificación e información aclaratoria figura en la información financiera complementaria del proyecto de presupuesto.", "59. En el cálculo de los recursos se han tenido en cuenta los factores siguientes:", "a) Se han aplicado factores de demora en la contratación, tanto en Nueva York como en Ginebra para 2012 y 2013, a los puestos del Cuadro Orgánico que se mantienen (90,4%), los puestos nuevos del Cuadro Orgánico (50%), los puestos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales que se mantienen (96,5%) y los puestos nuevos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (65%); estos factores se han aplicado a la versión 1 de los baremos de sueldos estándar de Nueva York y Ginebra para 2012-2013.", "b) La tasa media anual de inflación aplicada a Nueva York para 2012 y 2013 es del 1,90% y el 2,50% respectivamente, mientras que a Ginebra se aplica una tasa media anual del 1,00% y del 1,30% respectivamente;", "c) El tipo de cambio aplicado a Ginebra para 2012 y 2013 es 1,046;", "d) En el marco del arreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos entre las Naciones Unidas y la Caja, se seguirán aplicando los coeficientes de un tercio y dos tercios, respectivamente, a los elementos concretos de la administración, excepto los gastos de los puestos del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información y de la Oficina Ejecutiva. Dado que los puestos aprobados de la secretaría son 170, frente a 58 de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, más 17 puestos de proyectos específicos, se aplicará el arreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos al 69,4% de los gastos de los puestos del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información y de la Oficina Ejecutiva.", "2. Total de recursos solicitados", "60. A continuación figuran los recursos humanos y financieros solicitados para la Caja en general, junto con los recursos extrapresupuestarios estimados y el detalle de los puestos adicionales necesarios.", "Cuadro 6 Distribución porcentual de recursos por componente: Caja", "Componente Presupuesto Recursos extra- ordinario presupuestarios", "A. Dirección y gestión ejecutivas 7,0", "B. Programa de trabajo", "1. Administración 17,7 100,0", "2. Inversiones 33,0", "Subtotal B 50,7 100,0", "C. Apoyo", "1. Tecnología de la información 31,8", "2. Oficina Jurídica 0,7", "3. Apoyo administrativo 8,3", "Subtotal C 40,8", "D. Auditoría 1,4", "E. Comité Mixto de Pensiones 0,1", "Total 100,0 100,0", "Cuadro 7 Recursos necesarios por componente: Caja", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "[TABLE]", "61. Como se indica en el cuadro 8, el aumento general de los recursos solicitados asciende a 15.302.100 dólares (antes del ajuste), es decir, el 8,7%, y se compone de gastos administrativos (4.564.600 dólares), gastos de inversión (10.601.800 dólares), gastos de auditoría (103.200 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (32.500 dólares).", "62. El aumento de 4.564.600 dólares en los gastos administrativos abarca el efecto neto del aumento propuesto de los puestos de plantilla (739.400 dólares) y puestos temporarios (800.500 dólares), de los cuales 680.100 dólares y 800.500 dólares, respectivamente, se deben al factor de demora en la contratación y a los gastos no relacionados con puestos por valor de 3.024.700 dólares. El incremento de los gastos no relacionados con puestos obedece principalmente al crecimiento de los gastos en servicios por contrata (6.087.900 dólares) y de los gastos generales de funcionamiento (1.446.300 dólares), que se compensa en parte con la reducción de las necesidades de mobiliario y equipo (3.989.000 dólares), otros gastos de personal (122.500 dólares), consultores (237.600 dólares) y viajes (136.100 dólares).", "63. El aumento de 10.601.800 dólares en los gastos de inversión abarca el efecto neto del incremento de puestos propuesto por valor de 2.486.900 dólares, de los cuales 1.222.700 dólares se deben al factor de demora en la contratación, y los gastos no relacionados con puestos (8.114.900 dólares). El incremento de los gastos no relacionados con puestos se debe principalmente al crecimiento de las necesidades de servicios por contrata (9.653.200 dólares) y al aumento de otros gastos de personal (530.400 dólares), que se compensan con una reducción de los recursos para consultores (1.151.800 dólares) y gastos generales de funcionamiento (916.900 dólares).", "64. El aumento de los recursos para gastos de auditoría (103.200 dólares) abarca un aumento de los gastos prorrateados aplicables a la Caja para sufragar gastos de la Junta de Auditores (113.500 dólares) y, en relación con la auditoría interna, el efecto neto es una reducción propuesta (10.300 dólares). Esta reducción se debe principalmente a ligeros descensos en los gastos de comunicaciones (9.800 dólares) y suministros y materiales (5.000 dólares) y un aumento en los recursos necesarios para mobiliario y equipo (5.800 dólares). Además, la reducción en los gastos de consultores se ve compensada por un aumento en los servicios por contrata (80.000 dólares).", "65. La distribución porcentual estimada de los recursos y de los recursos solicitados para la Caja, por componente, se resume en los cuadros 6 y 7, respectivamente.", "66.", "Cuadro 8 Recursos financieros necesarios para el bienio 2012-2013", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "[TABLE]", "67.", "Cuadro 9 Recursos humanos necesarios", "[TABLE]", "^(a) Un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) con cargo a los recursos extrapresupuestarios financiado por las organizaciones afiliadas.", "^(b) Incluye 17 puestos temporarios del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones.", "^(c) De los 18 puestos temporarios autorizados para el bienio 2010-2011, un puesto de categoría P-4 fue autorizado por solo 12 meses. Ese puesto se suprimió en 2011.", "66. Como se indica en el cuadro 9, en la presente solicitud presupuestaria se prevé la creación de siete puestos de plantilla adicionales y la reclasificación de un puesto, según se detalla a continuación:", "a) Se prevén créditos para la reclasificación de un puesto (de P-3 a P-4) en la secretaría. También se incluyen créditos para financiar el mantenimiento de un puesto sufragado mediante recursos extrapresupuestarios (1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) financiado por las organizaciones afiliadas;", "b) Se incluyen créditos para sufragar siete puestos adicionales de plantilla en la División de Gestión de las Inversiones (5 P-4 y 2 P-3).", "67. Los puestos adicionales solicitados se resumen en el cuadro 10.", "Cuadro 10 Resumen de los puestos necesarios", "Sección\tMedida\tPuesto\tNúmerodepuestos\tCategoría \n Administración \nApoyo a losprogramas \nOficinaEjecutiva\tReclasificación\tOficial de Finanzas yPresupuesto\t1\tP-3aP-4\n Inversiones \nPrograma detrabajo \nSección deInversiones\tPuestonuevo\tOficial deInversiones(InversionesAlternativas)\t1\tP-4\n\tPuestonuevo\tOficial deInversiones (MercadosEmergentes Mundiales)\t1\tP-4\n\tPuestonuevo\tOficial deInversiones(Ejecución deTransacciones)\t1\tP-4\n\tPuestonuevo\tOficial deInversiones (Valoresde América del Norte)\t1\tP-3\nSección deGestión delRiesgo yCumplimiento deNormas\tPuestonuevo\tEspecialista enGestión de Riesgos(Diligencia Debida yEstrategiasCuantitativas)\t1\tP-4\nSección deOperaciones\tPuestonuevo\tOficial de Finanzas,(Conciliaciones)\t1\tP-3\nApoyo a losprogramas \nSección deSistemas deInformación\tPuestonuevo\tEspecialista enGestión de Datos\t1\tP-4", "B. Gastos administrativos", "1. Panorama general", "68. La secretaría se encarga de gestionar la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas bajo la autoridad del Comité Mixto de Pensiones. Su objetivo es prestar servicios a los afiliados, así como proporcionar a los jubilados y los beneficiarios pensiones y otras prestaciones conexas en condiciones óptimas de seguridad, rentabilidad, responsabilidad y rendición de cuentas, y cumpliendo plenamente las normas más estrictas en materia de eficiencia, competencia e integridad. Con el fin de prestar esos servicios, la Caja debe aplicar un conjunto cada vez más complejo de reglas relacionadas con decisiones adoptadas anteriormente a raíz de medidas económicas o para responder a una fuerte demanda social de nuevas categorías de beneficiarios. También ha de seguir adaptando sus procesos y procedimientos a la constante evolución del entorno bancario y regulatorio.", "69. El total de recursos destinados a sufragar gastos administrativos asciende a 96.873.100 dólares antes del ajuste, monto que representa un aumento neto de 4.564.600 dólares, es decir, del 4,9%, respecto de las consignaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011. El aumento neto indicado en el cuadro 12 puede resumirse como sigue:", "a) Dirección y gestión ejecutivas: la disminución de 1.104.400 dólares está relacionada con los puestos necesarios (810.200 dólares)y se debe principalmente a la redistribución de 3 puestos (2 P-5 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) en la Oficina Jurídica. La disminución de los gastos no relacionados con puestos corresponde a otros gastos de personal (50.100 dólares), consultores (337.600 dólares) y viajes (114.500 dólares), con aumentos en servicios por contrata (112.000 dólares) y gastos generales de funcionamiento (96.000 dólares).", "b) Programa de trabajo: el aumento de 3.498.400 dólares es consecuencia de las necesidades relacionadas con puestos por valor de 751.500 dólares, de los cuales 147.400 dólares se deben al efecto neto del factor de demora en la contratación y a la redistribución de un puesto de categoría P-4 en la Oficina Jurídica y 604.100 dólares al factor de demora en la contratación de los 12 puestos temporarios del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones; y a recursos adicionales no relacionados con puestos por valor de 2.746.900 dólares debido al aumento de los gastos generales de funcionamiento (2.846.300 dólares) y consultores (100.000 dólares), con disminuciones en otros gastos de personal (199.400 dólares).", "c) Apoyo a los programas: el aumento de 2.170.600 dólares es imputable al aumento de los recursos del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información (2.084.100 dólares), la reasignación de la Oficina Jurídica del componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas (1.358.400 dólares) y a una disminución en la Oficina Ejecutiva (1.271.900 dólares). Por lo que respecta al Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información, el aumento de los recursos para puestos temporarios (196.400 dólares) es consecuencia del factor de demora en la contratación. El incremento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos (1.903.200 dólares) se debe principalmente a un aumento en los servicios por contrata (5.975.600 dólares), parcialmente compensado por disminuciones en concepto de mobiliario y equipo (3.976.400 dólares), gastos generales de funcionamiento (177.400 dólares) y viajes de funcionarios (21.600 dólares). En la Oficina Jurídica, el aumento de los recursos para puestos es consecuencia de la redistribución de tres puestos (2 P-5 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) de la Oficina del Director General y la reasignación, para fines de supervisión solamente, de un puesto de categoría P-4 de la oficina de Ginebra. Por lo que hace a la Oficina Ejecutiva, la disminución de los recursos (1.318.600 dólares) se debe a necesidades no relacionadas con puestos para gastos generales de funcionamiento, concretamente para alquiler y mantenimiento de locales.", "70. La distribución estimada de los recursos figura en el cuadro 11, y las necesidades de recursos por componente se indican en el cuadro 12.", "Cuadro 11 Distribución porcentual de los recursos por componente: gastos administrativos", "Componente\tPresupuestoordinario\tRecursosextra-presupuestarios \n A. Dirección y gestión ejecutivas 6,6 \nB. Programa de trabajo (operaciones,servicios financieros)\t35,1\t100,0\n C. Apoyo a los programas \n1. Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de laInformación\t44,7\t\n 2. Oficina Jurídica 1,4 \n 3. Oficina Ejecutiva 12,2 \n Subtotal C 58,3 \n Total 100,0 100,0", "Cuadro 12 Recursos necesarios por componente: gastos administrativos", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Componente Consignación Aumento de Total Monto Prorrateo Estimación 2010-2011 los antes del 2012-2013 recursos del ajuste ajuste\n Monto Porcen- Naciones Caja de taje Unidas Pensiones", "1. Presupuesto ordinario", "A. Dirección y gestión 7 486,9 (1 (14,8) 6 382,5 9,6 1 197,8 5 194,3 6 392,1 ejecutivas 104,4)", "B. Programa de trabajo 30 470,0 3 498,4 11,5 33 968,4 908,7 9 527,5 25 34 877,1 (operaciones, 349,6 servicios financieros)", "C. Apoyo", "1. Servicio de 41 240,8 2 084,1 5,1 43 324,9 562,4 5 704,7 38 43 887,3 Sistemas de Gestión de 182,6 la Información", "2. Oficina Jurídica – 1 358,4 – 1 358,4 (16,2) 447,4 894,8 1 342,2", "3. Oficina Ejecutiva 13 110,8 (1 (9,7) 11 838,9 70,0 3 590,6 8 318,3 11 908,9 271,9)", "Subtotal C 54 351,9 2 170,6 4,0 56 522,2 616,2 9 742,7 47 57 138,4 395,7", "Total 92 308,5 4 564,6 4,9 96 873,1 1 534,5 20 77 98 407,6 468,0 939,6", "2. Recursos 158,2 (5,3) (3,4) 152,9 3,9 – 156,8 156,8 extrapresupuestarios", "2. Dirección y gestión ejecutivas", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 6.382.500 dólares", "71. El Director General es el encargado de gestionar la Caja, bajo la autoridad del Comité Mixto de Pensiones, para prestar los servicios correspondientes a las organizaciones afiliadas y a los afiliados, jubilados y beneficiarios. Al prestar esos servicios, el Director General debe velar por que exista un marco para que la Caja pueda funcionar en las mejores condiciones de seguridad, rentabilidad, responsabilidad y rendición de cuentas, y cumpliendo plenamente las normas más estrictas en materia de eficiencia, competencia e integridad. Como parte de su responsabilidad dentro de ese marco, la Caja debe trabajar con un plan cada vez más complejo y en constante evolución, que se enuncia en sus Estatutos y Reglamentos y en su singular y complejo sistema de ajuste de las pensiones. El Director General debe velar por que la Caja esté en condiciones de ponderar constantemente y con precisión sus gastos actuariales para evaluar y gestionar los riesgos, adaptar el diseño de su plan, y ajustar sus procesos y procedimientos para amoldarse a una fuerza de trabajo en constante evolución que se ve claramente afectada por cambios sociales a largo plazo, como el aumento de la longevidad, cumpliendo a la vez sus funciones en un entorno bancario, contable y reglamentario cambiante.", "72. Las organizaciones afiliadas a la Caja, el número de afiliados, jubilados y beneficiarios, el entorno financiero en que actúa y el valor del activo y el pasivo que gestiona han aumentado drásticamente en sus 60 años de historia. Se prevé que el número total de personas a que presta servicio la Caja, que ya supera las 185.000, aumente de forma constante a medio y largo plazo. Su carácter internacional, el hecho de que abarque múltiples organizaciones, y su estructura de prestaciones en diversos niveles continuarán planteando a la Caja problemas nuevos cada vez más complejos y difíciles de resolver. Se ha producido —y se seguirá produciendo— un aumento constante y drástico de las funciones de la Caja y de las exigencias a que debe hacer frente. Atendiendo a la petición del Comité Mixto de que se aborden las necesidades de recursos humanos de la Caja con un enfoque más estratégico, y con objeto de determinar sus necesidades a medio plazo, la Caja llevó a cabo un examen de alto nivel, en el que se tuvieron en cuenta las circunstancias y los problemas apremiantes a que se enfrentaba, que se presentó al Comité Mixto en su período de sesiones de 2010.", "Cuadro 13 Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Objetivo de la Organización:Asegurar la plena ejecución delprograma de trabajo de la Cajade conformidad con sus Estatutosy Reglamentos y con lasdecisiones y directrices delComité Mixto de Pensiones y laAsamblea General\t\n Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \n1) Gestión eficaz del programade trabajo de la Caja\t1.1) Todos los planes de accióndetallados, proyectos y estudiosson supervisados y ejecutadossatisfactoriamente Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 100% Estimación 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 2) Eficacia en la prestación deapoyo y de servicios, y en lagestión del Comité Mixto dePensiones y los comités\t2.1) Ninguna queja del ComitéMixto de Pensiones, el ComitéPermanente, la Comisión deActuarios, el Comité de Auditoríay los grupos de trabajo sobre elapoyo prestado Medidas de la ejecución (númerode quejas) 2008-2009: ninguna queja sobre elapoyo prestado Estimación 2010-2011: ningunaqueja sobre el apoyo prestado \n Objetivo 2012-2013: Ninguna queja3) Gestión eficaz de losmecanismos de gobernanza de todala Caja para los recursoshumanos, la gestión de riesgos,la continuidad de lasoperaciones y la recuperación,las tecnologías de lainformación, las nuevas normasde contabilidad, y gestión delactivo y el pasivo\t3.1) Supervisión y ejecuciónsatisfactorias de las actividadesdecididas por los grupos detrabajo y los comités directivosMedidas de la ejecución2008-2009: no se aplicaEstimación 2010-2011: 100% de losindicadores de desempeño \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: 100% de losindicadores de desempeño4) Eficacia en la planificaciónestratégica de la Caja\t4.1) Ejercicio de planificaciónestratégica cada dos años Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 100% Estimación 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100%", "Factores externos", "73. Se prevé que el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas alcance sus objetivos y logros previstos siempre que disponga de suficientes recursos humanos y financieros.", "Otros productos", "74. Los productos del bienio serán los siguientes:", "a) Prestación de servicios a órganos intergubernamentales y de expertos: dos períodos de sesiones del Comité Mixto de Pensiones, tres reuniones de la Comisión de Actuarios, y aproximadamente cuatro grupos de trabajo, un período de sesiones conjunto de la Comisión de Actuarios y el Comité de Inversiones, seis reuniones del Comité de Auditoría, y cuatro reuniones del Comité de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas;", "b) Redacción de documentos: unos 100 documentos que se presentarán al Comité Mixto de Pensiones, la Comisión de Actuarios y los grupos de trabajo; y 15 notas para el Comité de Auditoría, además de los servicios técnicos y administrativos que se le prestarán en sus períodos de sesiones;", "c) Otras actividades sustantivas:", "i) Planificación eficiente del reemplazo del personal jubilado; planificación anticipada para evitar que se produzcan vacantes como consecuencia de la jubilación de funcionarios y para cubrir otros puestos vacantes debidos al movimiento del personal, en un plazo de cinco meses a partir del anuncio de la vacante;", "ii) Administración y control eficientes de:", "• El proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones", "• Los planes de continuidad de las operaciones y recuperación en caso de desastre", "• La gestión de riesgos de ámbito institucional", "• La política de recursos humanos y el plan de recursos humanos de mediano plazo", "• La consolidación de la tecnología de la información", "• El estudio de la gestión del activo y el pasivo", "• El análisis de las repercusiones de las operaciones", "• El almacén de datos", "• El Comité Asesor sobre Adquisiciones.", "Cuadro 14 Recursos necesarios", "Recursos(milesdedólaresEE.UU.) Puestos\t\nCategoría\t2010-2011\t2012-2013(antesdelajuste) 2010-2011\t2012-2013 \nRelacionados con puestos\t3641,0\t2 830,8 11\t8\nNo relacionados con puestos\t3845,9\t3 551,7 –\t–\nTotal\t7486,9\t6 382,5 11\t8", "75. El monto de 6.382.500 dólares permitirá mantener los ocho puestos actuales (1 SsG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal) y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), y los recursos no relacionados con puestos servirán para sufragar los gastos de administración en general. La reducción de 810.200 dólares en los recursos relacionados con puestos se debe a la reasignación de los tres puestos autorizados (2 P-5 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) de la Oficina Jurídica al componente de apoyo a los programas. Los recursos no relacionados con puestos han disminuido debido principalmente a las reducciones en otros gastos de personal (50.100 dólares), viajes (114.500 dólares) y consultores (337.600 dólares), con aumentos en los servicios por contrata atribuibles al actuario consultor (112.000 dólares) y a gastos generales de funcionamiento para los gastos correspondientes a la Caja de las causas presentadas al Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas (96.000 dólares).", "3. Programa de trabajo", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 33.968.400 dólares", "76. El programa de trabajo, que incluye las operaciones y los servicios financieros de las oficinas de Nueva York y Ginebra, se ocupa de las funciones básicas de la Caja, que incluyen la determinación del derecho a participar y la afiliación de los nuevos afiliados a la Caja, así como del mantenimiento de registros con datos históricos personales y financieros, la recaudación y el registro de las aportaciones a la Caja, el cálculo y los arreglos para el pago de todos los derechos de pensión, el pago de las subsiguientes prestaciones del régimen de pensiones y todas las actividades de contabilidad conexas. Este programa es también responsable de las funciones de servicio al cliente para los 185.000 afiliados en activo, jubilados y otros beneficiarios.", "77. Cabe recordar que, en cumplimiento de una recomendación formulada a raíz del examen general que se llevó a cabo en 2008, el Director General decidió separar los servicios financieros de las operaciones de la Caja. Se decidió que, si bien existía un vínculo importante entre el cálculo y la tramitación de las prestaciones que llevaba a cabo el Servicio de Operaciones, y el pago y la contabilidad de las prestaciones que llevaba a cabo la Sección de Servicios Financieros, debían separarse claramente las funciones. El Servicio de Operaciones se centra en la integridad del cálculo, que una vez establecido mantiene su validez durante toda la vida del jubilado y los posibles supérstites; y la Sección de Servicios Financieros se centra en la integridad del pago. Separando estas funciones y haciendo de la Sección de Servicios Financieros una entidad independiente del Servicio de Operaciones, se puede establecer una responsabilidad clara e institucionalizar una mayor rendición de cuentas entre estas dos funciones básicas de la Caja que conforman el programa de trabajo.", "Servicio de Operaciones", "78. El Servicio de Operaciones comprende la Sección de Derechos de Pensión y la Dependencia de Servicio al Cliente, Gestión de Registros y Distribución, en las oficinas de Nueva York y Ginebra. El Jefe de Operaciones se ocupa de la gestión y dirección del servicio de conformidad con las metas establecidas en la carta de gestión de la Caja, y de asegurar que se cumplan los Estatutos y Reglamentos y el sistema de ajuste de las pensiones de la Caja, al tiempo que se aplican las políticas concretas de control de la calidad, control interno y comunicaciones. El Servicio de Operaciones prevé procesar más de 55.000 nuevas afiliaciones, separaciones y transferencias tanto de entrada como de salida de la Caja durante el bienio 2012-2013[1]. También prevé procesar unas 6.000 prestaciones de jubilación tras la separación inicial del servicio, cuya tramitación es una de las más complejas y, por tanto, de las que más tiempo requieren (fallecimiento después del servicio, prestaciones de familiares supérstites que a veces deben pagarse a varios cónyuges que residen en lugares distintos, liquidaciones residuales, pago de prestaciones diferidas, casos de doble cálculo que a veces consisten en la vuelta a la serie de cálculos en dólares, prestaciones pagaderas a cónyuges divorciados supérstites, pensiones a cónyuges supérstites, casos de medidas especiales, etc.). Además de los cerca de 225.000 cálculos de prestaciones realizados por conducto del sitio web de la Caja (en 2010), el Servicio de Operaciones también prevé realizar durante el próximo bienio unos 5.500 cálculos individuales de prestaciones, que a veces comprenden consultas en persona. Durante el bienio 2012-2013, el Servicio también prevé enviar, seguir y registrar tras su recepción más de 100.000 certificados de titularidad, y escaneará más de 1.200.000 documentos para incorporarlos al sistema de gestión de contenidos de la Caja.", "Cuadro 15", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Objetivo de la Organización:Asegurar que todos losafiliados, jubilados y otrosbeneficiarios recibanservicios de conformidad conlos Estatutos y Reglamentos yel sistema de ajuste de laspensiones de la Caja,aplicando plenamente laspolíticas de comunicaciones,control de la calidad ycontrol interno enunciadas enla carta de gestión de la Caja\t\n Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \n1) Tramitación eficaz de losderechos a pensiones de laCaja\t1.1) Mayor porcentaje deliquidaciones por retiro de laCaja, prestaciones de jubilacióny otras prestaciones tramitadasen un plazo de 15 días laborables Medidas de la ejecución relativasa la tramitación completa de lasliquidaciones por retiro de laCaja, las prestaciones periódicasde jubilación y las prestacionesde permutación por una sumaglobal (Parámetro de referencia: 15 díaslaborables) 2004-2005: 72% de los casosconcluidos en 15 días 2006-2007: 79% de los casosconcluidos en 15 días 2008-2009: 80% de los casosconcluidos en 15 días Estimación 2010-2011: 77% de loscasos concluidos en 15 días \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: 80% de loscasos concluidos en 15 días2) Mejor calidad de losservicios orientados a losclientes de la Caja\t2.1) Mayor porcentaje desolicitudes de informaciónrecibidas por correo ordinario ypor correo electrónico atendidasen 15 días laborables Medidas de la ejecución (Parámetro de referencia: 15 díaslaborables) 2004-2005: 31% de las solicitudesatendidas en 15 días laborables 2006-2007: 55% de las solicitudesatendidas en 15 días laborables 2008-2009: 75% de las solicitudesatendidas en 15 días laborables Estimación 2010-2011: 82% de lassolicitudes atendidas en 15 díaslaborables \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: 82% de lassolicitudes atendidas en 15 díaslaborables3) Mejores comunicaciones\t3.1) Mayor número de reuniones deinformación y seminarios paraafiliados, beneficiarios, comitésde pensiones del personal yhomólogos del personal definanzas y recursos humanos delas organizaciones participantes Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: 65 \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 75", "Factores externos", "79. Se prevé que el Servicio de Operaciones alcance sus objetivos siempre que se le proporcionen suficientes recursos humanos y financieros. Debe reconocerse la crítica coyuntura en que se encuentra la evolución de la Caja, que escapa a su control. La Caja asiste a un rápido aumento de la población a la que presta servicios. Al mismo tiempo, el aumento de la longevidad provoca un envejecimiento de la clientela de la Caja, lo que a su vez significa que es preciso atender a consultas más pormenorizadas y a otras necesidades especiales de los clientes a los que se prestan servicios.", "Productos", "80. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Tramitación, durante el bienio, de unas 18.000 liquidaciones por retiro de la Caja y prestaciones de jubilación[2];", "b) Tramitación de unas 6.000 prestaciones de otro tipo tras la prestación de jubilación inicial (supérstite, hijo, doble cálculo, etc.)", "c) Determinación de los requisitos para la afiliación a la Caja de unos 30.000 nuevos afiliados;", "d) Envío, seguimiento y registro tras la recepción de unos 100.000 certificados de titularidad;", "e) Respuesta a unas 15.000 solicitudes de información por correo ordinario y correo electrónico;", "f) Recepción y prestación de servicios en persona a unos 11.000 clientes;", "g) Tareas previas a la implantación, tales como la depuración y el control de calidad de los datos, la documentación de los procedimientos, los algoritmos y posterior transición a la plataforma del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones;", "h) Registro, vigilancia y mejora eficientes de los controles de las interfaces con los clientes;", "i) Examen, evaluación, desarrollo e implantación de un sistema de gestión de las relaciones con los clientes;", "j) Examen y elaboración de material de capacitación mejorado para los talleres y seminarios destinados al personal (de las oficinas de Nueva York y Ginebra), los afiliados, los jubilados y otros beneficiarios de la Caja, así como a las secretarías del Comité de Pensiones del Personal y otro personal de recursos humanos de las organizaciones afiliadas;", "k) Desarrollo e implantación de un sistema seguro de firmas para agregar firmas gráficas, a efectos de comparación, al expediente electrónico de cada persona a la que presta servicios la Caja;", "l) Mejoramiento de los controles y nuevo diseño del formulario del certificado de titularidad, así como nuevos esfuerzos por racionalizar el proceso general del certificado de titularidad;", "m) Mejoramiento y desarrollo constante de los datos sobre desempeño tanto para fines internos como para los distintos órganos de supervisión;", "n) Mejoramiento de las actividades de divulgación mediante los seminarios y cursos de capacitación para los afiliados, los jubilados y otros beneficiarios de la Caja, así como para las secretarías del Comité de Pensiones del Personal, diversos subcomités (incluidos grupos consultivos y de trabajo) y los miembros del Comité Mixto.", "Sección de Servicios Financieros", "81. La Sección de Servicios Financieros presta amplios servicios por conducto de sus dependencias de pagos, cuentas y caja/administración de efectivo, y es responsable de todas las operaciones financieras, de contabilidad y de desembolso de la Caja. Las transacciones financieras anuales de la Caja ascienden a unos 3.800 millones de dólares (que incluyen tanto el pago de prestaciones como el cobro de aportaciones). Cada mes, la Caja tramita aproximadamente 62.000 pagos de prestaciones periódicas en 15 monedas distintas (según los estados financieros comprobados de la Caja de 2009) y efectúa pagos a jubilados y otros beneficiarios que residen en más de 190 países. La Sección también se encarga de elaborar estados financieros fidedignos y puntuales de la Caja en su conjunto, incluida la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, y de mantener el enlace y la coordinación tanto con los auditores internos como externos en lo referente a los aspectos financieros de la Caja.", "Cuadro 16", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Objetivo de la Organización:Asegurar el pago puntual,preciso y seguro de lasprestaciones y la plenarendición de cuentas respectode todas las operacionesfinancieras, de contabilidad yde desembolso de la Caja,incluida la publicación deestados financieros fidedignosy puntuales y el enlace con losauditores internos y externosrespecto de las cuestionesfinancieras\t\n Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \n1) Gestión eficaz de los pagosde prestaciones\t1.1) Publicación puntual de lanómina de la Caja de Pensiones Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 1.200.000 Estimación 2010-2011: 1.300.000 \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 1.400.000 1.2) Pago puntual, preciso yseguro de las prestacionesperiódicas de la Caja de Pensiones Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 100% Estimación 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 1.3) Pago puntual, preciso yseguro de las prestaciones noperiódicas de la Caja de Pensiones(en un plazo de 15 días desde quese reciban los documentoscorrespondientes en el caso de lospagos relacionados con lareinstauración de prestaciones, yen un plazo de 30 días en todoslos demás pagos) Medidas de la ejecución (Pagos relacionados con lareinstauración de prestacionesefectuados en un plazo de 15 díasdesde que se reciban losdocumentos correspondientes; todoslos demás pagos en un plazo de 30días desde que se reciban losdocumentos correspondientes) Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 100% Estimación 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 2) Mejor calidad y uniformidadde los registros de lasaportaciones, incluida laconciliación puntual de lasdiscrepancias en laconciliación de los registrosde los afiliados que surjan araíz del proceso de fin deejercicio\t2.1) Número de discrepancias en laconciliación de los registrosresueltasMedidas de la ejecución2008-2009: 9.000Estimación 2010-2011: 10.000 Objetivo 2012-2013: 11.000 2.2) Verificación de los registrosde todos los afiliados en un plazode seis semanas desde la recepcióndel estado presentado al fin delejercicio Medidas de la ejecución (Verificar los registros de todoslos afiliados en un plazo de seissemanas desde la recepción delestado presentado al fin delejercicio) 2008-2009: 100% Estimación 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 3) Presentar estadosfinancieros de calidad ycoherentes y establecerpolíticas y procedimientos paraaplicar las IPSAS o las NormasInternacionales de Contabilidad(NIC) adecuadas\t3.1) Puntualidad en lapresentación de estadosfinancieros (borrador del estadopublicado a más tardar el 15 deabril del año siguiente)Medidas de la ejecución (Borrador del estado publicado amás tardar el 15 de abril del añosiguiente) 2008-2009: dentro de plazo Estimación 2010-2011: dentro deplazo Objetivo 2012-2013: dentro deplazo 3.2) Aumento del porcentaje denormas IPSAS/NIC y requisitos depresentación de declaraciónadoptados Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: comenzar laadopción de ciertas normas IPSAS/NIC y requisitos de presentaciónde información \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: plena adopciónde las normas IPSAS/NIC en losestados financieros de 2012.Previsión de auditorías anuales", "Factores externos", "82. Se prevé que este subprograma alcance sus objetivos a menos que se vea afectado por sucesos como: a) conflictos políticos y desastres naturales en todo el mundo que causen la interrupción de los servicios bancarios utilizados por los pensionistas; b) demoras imprevistas en la aplicación del régimen que provoquen demoras en la presentación de la información de los estados financieros de las IPSAS; c) un crecimiento de la Caja que supere la capacidad de su personal para prestar servicios adecuados a los pensionistas.", "Productos", "83. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Elaboración de tres conjuntos de estados financieros y documentos asociados; preparación de estados financieros actualizados al abandonarse las normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para adoptar plenamente las IPSAS y la norma internacional de contabilidad 26 para los estados financieros de 2012;", "b) Reducción del número de observaciones de auditoría pendientes entre informes (previendo que pueden surgir observaciones adicionales) sobre los ámbitos que se supervisan y cuestiones técnicas de contabilidad;", "c) Conciliación plena de todas las entidades remitentes en el plazo establecido de seis meses a contar desde la presentación de los estados de fin de año;", "d) Conciliación plena de los datos que figuran en los registros del archivo maestro de bajas con los registros de nómina al cierre anual y bienal;", "e) Realización en Nueva York y en Ginebra, y con las grandes entidades que presentan informes, de presentaciones y cursos de formación sobre cuestiones relativas a las discrepancias en la conciliación de los registros de los afiliados relacionadas con las aportaciones;", "f) Conciliaciones bancarias de todas las cuentas en la fecha prevista de cada mes;", "g) Cumplir puntualmente todas las normas de los bancos acerca de los pagos a los pensionistas;", "h) Respecto de los pagos a los pensionistas:", "i) Velar por que los pensionistas cobren las pensiones en la fecha prevista;", "ii) Reducir las comisiones bancarias cobradas a la Caja;", "iii) Reducir o suprimir, siempre que sea posible, las comisiones bancarias cobradas a los pensionistas.", "Cuadro 17", "Recursos necesarios", "Recursos Puestos \n\t(milesdedólaresEE.UU.) \nCategoría\t2010-2012\t2012-2013(antesdelajuste) 2010-2011\t2012-2013 \nRelacionados con puestos\t27874,7\t28 626,2 137\t136\nNo relacionados conpuestos\t2595,3\t5 342,2 –\t–\nSubtotal\t30470,0\t33 968,4 137\t136\nRecursosextrapresupuestarios\t158,2\t152,9 1\t1\nTotal\t30628,2\t34 121,3 138\t137", "84. La suma de 34.121.300 dólares permitirá mantener 137 puestos; 124 puestos de plantilla (3 D-1, 3 P-5, 9 P-4, 13 P-3, 1 P-2, 8 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal ) y 87 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)); un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) sufragado con cargo a los recursos extrapresupuestarios, 12 puestos temporarios (6 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), y redistribuir un puesto de Oficial Jurídico de categoría P-4 en la oficina de Ginebra bajo el control de la Oficina Jurídica, así como sufragar gastos no relacionados con puestos. El aumento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos obedece al aumento de las necesidades en concepto de consultores (100.000 dólares) y gastos generales de funcionamiento (2.846.300 dólares), parcialmente compensado por una disminución de los gastos de personal temporario general (199.400 dólares). El gran aumento de los gastos generales de funcionamiento se debe en su totalidad a los cargos bancarios deducidos por el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del proyecto de presupuesto para 2010-2011.", "85. En su 186^(a) reunión, el Comité Permanente examinó una nota sobre el programa de deducción de las primas del seguro médico después de la separación del servicio emprendido por la Caja. Como consecuencia de ello, se aprobaron los recursos extrapresupuestarios mencionados anteriormente, financiados por las organizaciones afiliadas y sin costo alguno para la Caja.", "4. Apoyo a los programas", "Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 43.324.900 dólares", "86. Siguiendo el modelo de gobernanza de la Caja de Pensiones en materia de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información se encarga de los sistemas de información de la Caja, lo cual incluye el mantenimiento de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, la coordinación de la aplicación de las decisiones estratégicas adoptadas por el Comité Ejecutivo de Tecnología de la Información, el establecimiento de planes de capacitación para el personal de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, y el suministro de los instrumentos necesarios para el intercambio de conocimientos y la cooperación en el trabajo.", "87. El Servicio se encarga de prestar servicios generales de automatización de oficinas; diseño, desarrollo e implantación de programas y sistemas informáticos; apoyo al equipo informático; telecomunicaciones; servicios de infraestructura compartida, incluida la División de Gestión de las Inversiones; supervisión y liderazgo técnico en las operaciones de tecnología de información de la oficina de la Caja en Ginebra; y administración de recursos, infraestructura y apoyo a las conferencias.", "Cuadro 18", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Objetivo de la Organización:Facilitar el logro de lasmetas operacionales yestratégicas de la Cajamediante el uso eficiente yeficaz de la tecnología de lainformación y lascomunicaciones\t\n Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \n1) Progreso en lamodernización de laplataforma de sistemas deinformación de la Caja\t1.1) La estructura institucional dela tecnología de la informaciónrespalda los procesosinstitucionales rediseñados Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Objetivo 2010-2011: los entregablesde los proyectos se concluyen conarreglo a las fechas fijadas \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: los entregablesde los proyectos se concluyen conarreglo a las fechas fijadas2) Mayor eficiencia yeficacia de los serviciosprestados a los clientes\t2.1) Porcentaje del tiempo en quelos servicios de tecnología de lainformación están a disposición delos clientes Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 99% Estimación 2010-2011: 99% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 99% 3) Mejores servicios detecnología de la información\t3.1) Porcentaje de los sistemas detecnología de la información queprestan apoyo a nivel satisfactorio(o superior) Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 95% Estimación 2010-2011: 95% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 95% 4) Mayor uso de depósitoselectrónicos para compartirinformación\t4.1) Porcentaje de documentación delServicio de Sistemas de Gestión dela Información disponible en elsistema de gestión de losconocimientos Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 80% Estimación 2010-2011: 95% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 95% 5) Mayor seguridad de lainformación\t5.1) Aumento del porcentaje decumplimiento de los entregablesdefinidos con arreglo a la norma deseguridad ISO 17799, medidoanualmente Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 78% Estimación 2010-2011: 90% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 90% 6) Mejor intercambio deinformación electrónica conlos afiliados, losbeneficiarios y otrosclientes\t6.1) Porcentaje de afiliados quecomparten información sobre recursoshumanos electrónicamenteMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 75% Estimación 2010-2011: 80% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 80% 6.2) Porcentaje de afiliados quecomparten información financieraelectrónicamente Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 10% Estimación 2010-2011: 20% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 30%", "Factores externos", "88. Se prevé que el subprograma alcance sus objetivos y logros previstos siempre que: a) la evolución de la tecnología se ajuste a las expectativas; b) se disponga de recursos tanto internos como externos para alcanzar las metas esenciales; y c) los interesados cumplan sus responsabilidades y obligaciones y cooperen plenamente para alcanzar los objetivos de la estrategia de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, sobre todo durante las etapas de examen del proceso y rediseño.", "Productos", "89. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "Servicios de operaciones institucionales", "a) Pasar del análisis de las necesidades funcionales y operacionales de la Organización a la adquisición e implantación efectivas y eficientes de una estructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones para la iniciativa propuesta sobre el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, prestando especial atención al mejoramiento de la gestión de la información y la eficiencia de las operaciones de la Caja;", "b) Políticas. Velar por que todos los servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones que presta el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información respondan a las expectativas del Comité Ejecutivo de Tecnología de la Información de la Caja y a las normas pertinentes del sector en la medida de lo posible (por ejemplo, la Biblioteca de Infraestructura de Tecnología de la Información); hacer cumplir las normas de seguridad de la red de conformidad con la norma de seguridad ISO 20002 en relación con la infraestructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones de la Caja;", "c) Comunicaciones. Prestar servicios de comunicaciones troncales, incluidos Internet, las líneas privadas arrendadas, los dispositivos y equipos de telecomunicaciones, el equipo de videoconferencia y las líneas de comunicación que se utilizan para conectar las diversas oficinas de la Caja, incluida la secretaría de la Caja, la oficina de Ginebra y la División de Gestión de las Inversiones y el acuerdo sobre hospedaje de infraestructura informática recientemente establecido con el Centro Internacional de Cálculos Electrónicos; mejorar la infraestructura troncal de la red de la Caja en Nueva York a fin de que tenga capacidad suficiente para las transmisiones de alta velocidad de datos, voz y vídeo que necesitan los usuarios para llevar a cabo sus diferentes tareas;", "d) Servicios de infraestructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones. Operaciones en turnos múltiples, gestión y mantenimiento de los servicios de infraestructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, como la gestión de los servidores, la gestión de programas intermedios, y la copia de seguridad de datos en Nueva York, Nueva Jersey y Ginebra para apoyar las operaciones de la Caja. Control de las aplicaciones, el equipo, y la carga y el tráfico de la red desde el centro de mando para evitar las interrupciones del servicio. Velar también por que las versiones de los programas informáticos estén al corriente y, cuando sea práctico y necesario, actualizar los sistemas utilizando metodologías del ciclo de vida de desarrollo de software;", "e) Servicios de arquitectura de la infraestructura. Desarrollar y aplicar una infraestructura de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones basada en las mejores normas y prácticas tecnológicas que favorezca la integración, la interoperabilidad, la modularidad y la capacidad de expansión, así como actualizar periódicamente la tecnología; orientar a los responsables de las tecnologías de la información, reducir los costos de la tecnología de la información mediante menores gastos de apoyo y economías de escala;", "f) Servicio de apoyo y asistencia a los usuarios. Prestar apoyo técnico y operacional y de asistencia a los usuarios en relación con los programas informáticos, los servidores, las computadoras personales y los dispositivos móviles conectados a las redes de la Caja; prestar apoyo de infraestructura para los programas informáticos aprobados, como los sistemas de productividad, el correo electrónico, los sistemas de gestión de los conocimientos y los programas especialmente creados; manejar las instalaciones y el equipo de las salas de conferencias, incluido el de vídeo, audio y proyección, y prestar el apoyo correspondiente;", "g) Mensajería. Prestar y mantener servicios de mensajería electrónica, incluido el correo electrónico, los servicios de videoconferencia y la mensajería unificada; prestar y mantener servicios de comunicación y mensajería móvil para servicios y dispositivos de mano.", "Servicios de programas informáticos institucionales", "a) Desarrollo. Mantener sistemas que mejoren la productividad incorporando métodos para reducir la tramitación manual de las prestaciones; mejorar los trámites de los afiliados y beneficiarios, y establecer vínculos con las interfaces de banca, contabilidad y flujo de tareas;", "b) Mantenimiento de sistemas institucionales. Mantener y mejorar los sistemas institucionales para los programas informáticos destinados a las operaciones básicas, como la administración de las pensiones, la contabilidad y la gestión del contenido;", "c) Mantenimiento del intercambio de información con las organizaciones afiliadas. Establecer y mantener un intercambio de información con las organizaciones afiliadas para reunir datos de recursos humanos y de información financiera, mantener interfaces especialmente adaptadas y programas de sistemas para mejorar la recopilación de datos financieros y de recursos humanos con las distintas interfaces institucionales de planificación de recursos utilizadas por las organizaciones, y mantener la interfaz para la transferencia electrónica de archivos a fin de prestar apoyo seguro al intercambio y traducción de la información.", "Servicios de datos institucionales", "a) Administración de bases de datos. Posibilitar, conservar y mejorar la disponibilidad de las bases de datos de la Caja en diversas plataformas de tecnología de la información; actualizar las bases de datos; vigilar la utilización y solución de problemas; crear cuadros y presentaciones nuevos; detectar problemas relacionados con la integridad de los datos; y apoyar las actividades de desarrollo de sistemas en lo referente al acceso a las bases de datos de conformidad con las necesidades de las operaciones;", "b) Programación de sistemas. Implantar y mantener sistemas de bases de datos y hospedar sistemas operativos y programas informáticos en la medida necesaria a fin de proporcionar datos vitales para las actividades a diversas aplicaciones e interfaces;", "c) Apoyo al almacén de datos. Implantar, mantener y mejorar el sistema del almacén de datos de la Caja y aumentar su disponibilidad; limpiar y federar datos en diversas plataformas;", "d) Información sobre gestión. Implantar, mantener y mejorar la presentación de información sobre gestión utilizando instrumentos de inteligencia empresarial.", "Servicios de seguridad institucional", "a) Seguridad de la información. Evaluar periódicamente los riesgos que afectan a las estructuras y operaciones tecnológicas de las oficinas de la Caja en Nueva York y Ginebra y proteger la red utilizando diversos instrumentos de seguridad, como cortafuegos, filtros de correo basura y antivirus;", "b) Gestión de la identidad. Crear capacidad para gestionar de manera centralizada la inclusión y exclusión de datos identificativos y consolidar los múltiples depósitos de datos identificativos;", "c) Recuperación en caso de desastre. Formular, adoptar e implantar una estrategia multianual de recuperación en caso de desastre para atender las necesidades de continuidad de las actividades de la Caja.", "Servicios de gestión institucional de proyectos", "a) Gobernanza. Mejorar y poner en funcionamiento la infraestructura de gestión de programas con una gobernanza sólida, utilizando el modelo establecido por los órganos rectores del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información;", "b) Metodología de gestión de proyectos. Proporcionar orientación eficiente, coherente y estandarizada sobre los procesos y metodologías de gestión de proyectos;", "c) Apoyo a la gestión de proyectos. Actualizar, vigilar y mantener carteras de proyectos siguiendo metodologías de gestión de proyectos; proporcionar orientación personalizada y asesoramiento con miras a aumentar el nivel de madurez de la Organización en la gestión de proyectos;", "d) Gobernanza de auditoría. Gestionar y cumplir las observaciones de auditoría interna y externa relacionadas con los servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones.", "Servicios de control institucional de la calidad y la producción", "a) Normalización de la calidad. Determinar y documentar las necesidades relativas a diversas normas de control de calidad para implantarlas en el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información;", "b) Gestión del cambio. Definir e implantar un marco de gestión completa del cambio, con la separación de funciones adecuada;", "c) Acuerdos sobre el nivel y la prestación de servicios. Preparar estadísticas y gestionar todos los acuerdos sobre el nivel y la prestación de servicios del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información;", "d) Control de la producción. Supervisar la función de control de la calidad para velar por que los sistemas no entren en fase de producción hasta no haber sido sometidos a una evaluación completa y a una prueba de aceptación por los usuarios.", "Servicios de administración de contratos", "Vigilar y controlar los diversos componentes del presupuesto del Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información; prestar apoyo administrativo a los servicios de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones, incluida la determinación de los recursos disponibles, la consignación de las afectaciones de fondos y la tramitación de pedidos, órdenes de compra y facturas conexas; rendir cuentas de los activos del servicio; gestionar las relaciones con los proveedores, incluidos los asociados tecnológicos, los contratistas y los subcontratistas; aportar conocimientos especializados en el desarrollo de especificaciones genéricas para la adquisición de tecnología; colaborar directamente con el Servicio de Adquisiciones de las Naciones Unidas para asegurar que se adquieran soluciones de valor añadido al precio más bajo posible.", "Cuadro 19", "Recursos necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 8 426,7 8 607,6 32 31", "No relacionados con puestos 32 814,1 34 717,3 – –", "Total 41 240,8 43 324,9 32 31", "90. El monto de 43.324.900 dólares permitirá mantener 31 puestos y sufragar 26 puestos de plantilla (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 6 P-4, 10 P-3, 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal) y 6 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), 5 puestos temporarios (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3, y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), así como necesidades no relacionadas con puestos. Se autorizó por 12 meses solamente un puesto temporario de P-4, que fue suprimido en 2011. El incremento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos (1.903.200 dólares) se debe principalmente al aumento de otros gastos de personal (127.000 dólares) y de los servicios por contrata (5.975.900 dólares), parcialmente compensado por disminuciones en concepto de mobiliario y equipo (3.976.400 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (21.600 dólares) y gastos generales de funcionamiento (177.400 dólares). El total de recursos solicitados para el proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, que asciende a 12.661.400 dólares, corresponde a servicios por contrata (11.466.300 dólares) y a puestos temporarios (1.195.100 dólares).", "Oficina Jurídica", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 1.358.400 dólares", "91. La Oficina Jurídica sigue prestando servicios jurídicos unificados respecto de la gestión y las operaciones de la Caja en las oficinas de Nueva York y Ginebra, y prestará servicios sustantivos, procesales y administrativos al Comité de Auditoría y al Comité Permanente (apelaciones) del Comité Mixto, así como al Comité de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas (casos de discapacidad). La Oficina velará por que las operaciones de la Caja cumplan lo dispuesto en los Estatutos y Reglamentos de la Caja, y por que estos se interpreten de forma coherente. Se prestan servicios jurídicos y apoyo, además de a todas las secciones y oficinas de la secretaría de la Caja, a los afiliados y jubilados o a sus representantes legales respecto de la aplicación de los Estatutos y Reglamentos de la Caja en casos específicos. La Caja ha adoptado un nuevo enfoque para la documentación y difusión de precedentes jurídicos, resoluciones y decisiones normativas. Esa promoción del intercambio de conocimientos aumenta la eficiencia en el uso de la información jurídica y la experiencia acumulada por la Oficina Jurídica, potencia el uso de las mejores prácticas, y permite a los directivos y a los demás funcionarios tener en cuenta los riesgos jurídicos de las decisiones que toman en su labor cotidiana.", "Cuadro 20", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \nObjetivo de la Organización:Proteger los interesesjurídicos de la Caja yprestar asesoramientojurídico especializado sobrelas cuestiones de la Caja dePensiones al DirectorGeneral, al Comité Mixto dePensiones y al ComitéPermanente y otros órganos degobernanza de la Caja dePensiones\t1) Mayor uniformidad ycoherencia en la aplicaciónde los Estatutos yReglamentos y el sistema deajuste de las pensiones de laCaja\t1.1) Menor número de solicitudes deexamen y de apelaciones en las queel Comité Permanente o el Tribunalde Apelaciones no confirman lasdecisiones de la CajaMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 90% de decisionesconfirmadas Estimación 2010-2011: 100% dedecisiones confirmadas \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: 100% dedecisiones confirmadas2) Modernización ymejoramiento de lascomunicaciones y elintercambio de conocimientosrespecto de los asuntosjurídicos\t2.1) Número de decisiones jurídicasdocumentadas y difundidas en elcompendio de casos de la Caja dePensiones y otros instrumentos degestión de los conocimientosMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: 100% de loscasos del Comité Permanente y elTribunal, y 10% de las resolucionesjudiciales codificados \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: 100% de loscasos del Comité Permanente y delTribunal, y 30% de las resolucionesjudiciales codificados\n3) Mejoramiento de losaspectos de organización yprocedimiento de laprestación de servicios dereuniones, así comoincremento del apoyosustantivo a los miembros delos Comités\t3.1) Satisfacción de los miembrosdel Comité Mixto de Pensiones, elComité Permanente, el Comité deAuditoría y el Comité de Pensionesdel Personal de las Naciones Unidasacerca del nivel y la calidad de losservicios sustantivos de secretaría Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: ninguna queja sobre elapoyo prestado Estimación 2010-2011: ninguna quejasobre el apoyo prestado \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: ninguna quejasobre el apoyo prestado", "Factores externos", "92. Se prevé que la Oficina Jurídica alcance sus objetivos y logros previstos siempre que: a) los comités de la Caja, el Comité Mixto de Pensiones, las organizaciones afiliadas, el personal operativo y los directivos soliciten asesoramiento jurídico cuando las responsabilidades o los intereses jurídicos de la Caja se vean afectados por sus actividades y operaciones; b) se solicite asesoramiento jurídico en su momento y los clientes proporcionen información suficiente para el análisis jurídico y se guíen por el asesoramiento recibido; c) se disponga de los recursos humanos y financieros necesarios.", "Productos", "93. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Asesoramiento sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la interpretación y aplicación de los Estatutos, el Reglamento Administrativo y el sistema de ajuste de las pensiones de la Caja, y apoyo operacional respecto de las políticas y procedimientos administrativos;", "b) Asesoramiento, y en su caso, control y supervisión del examen, la negociación y la redacción de acuerdos y otros instrumentos jurídicos con las organizaciones afiliadas, así como con otras organizaciones internacionales intergubernamentales;", "c) Asesoramiento y preparación de documentación sobre modalidades institucionales y operacionales, comunicaciones y otros documentos jurídicos; preparación de contestaciones al Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas en las causas relacionadas con pensiones (10 ocasiones);", "d) Preparación de publicaciones o comunicaciones jurídicas para los afiliados o beneficiarios de la Caja y las administraciones de las organizaciones afiliadas, incluido el contenido del sitio web de la Caja;", "e) Prestación de servicios a las reuniones del Comité de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Permanente y el Comité de Auditoría, incluida la simplificación y modernización del intercambio de información, mediante la difusión electrónica de documentos usando la función Quick Places en la web y demás instrumentos de gestión de los conocimientos de la Caja:", "i) Asesoramiento sobre el reglamento y la interpretación y aplicación de las resoluciones y decisiones del Comité Mixto de Pensiones y de otros comités;", "ii) Prestación de servicios sustantivos, técnicos y administrativos a las reuniones del Comité Permanente (2 reuniones), incluida la preparación de unas 12 solicitudes de revisión o apelación; análisis de cuestiones jurídicas y preparación de informes y de documentación;", "iii) Prestación de servicios sustantivos, técnicos y administrativos a las reuniones del Comité de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas (4 reuniones); preparación de solicitudes de prestación de discapacidad (aproximadamente 140 nuevos casos de adultos, 40 de niños y 190 casos de revisión y 2 de apelación); preparación de informes y documentación;", "iv) Prestación de servicios sustantivos, técnicos y administrativos a las reuniones del Comité de Auditoría (6 reuniones), incluida la coordinación de la preparación de la documentación y los informes;", "f) Compilación y difusión sistemática de la jurisprudencia del Comité Permanente y las causas del Tribunal Administrativo, así como de otros archivos jurídicos de referencia, opiniones, decisiones normativas y directrices;", "g) Enlace con las organizaciones afiliadas a la Caja y sus Comités de Pensiones del Personal y con otras organizaciones internacionales acerca de cuestiones relacionadas con los aspectos jurídicos de los planes de pensiones;", "h) Representación de la Caja en reuniones internacionales, regionales, reuniones entre organismos y reuniones de los asesores jurídicos de las organizaciones afiliadas, y participación en varios comités permanentes, comités, grupos de trabajo especiales y grupos de tareas, según sea necesario.", "Cuadro 21", "Recursos necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos – 1 358,4 – 4", "No relacionados con puestos – – – –", "Total – 1 358,4 – 4", "94. A fin de analizar más claramente el apoyo a los programas, la Oficina Jurídica ha dejado de formar parte de la Oficina del Director General y ha pasado a ser un subprograma del componente de apoyo a los programas. La suma de 1.358.400 dólares permitirá mantener cuatro puestos, tres distribuidos de la Oficina del Director General (2 P-5 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) y uno de la oficina de Ginebra (1 P-4, Oficial Jurídico). El titular de este último estará destinado en Ginebra.", "Oficina Ejecutiva", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 11.838.900 dólares", "95. La Oficina Ejecutiva presta el apoyo administrativo y programático necesario para llevar a cabo las actividades de la Caja. También ayuda al Director General y al Director de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones a preparar el proyecto de presupuesto bienal y presta los servicios de apoyo pertinentes para que los recursos humanos y financieros se utilicen eficientemente. Asimismo presta servicios generales de administración y conservación de locales.", "Cuadro 22", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \nObjetivo de la Organización:Facilitar el logro de losobjetivos operacionales yestratégicos de la Cajaprestando un apoyoadministrativo yprogramático eficiente yefectivo\t1) Puntualidad en lacontratación y colocacióndel personal\t1.1) Reducción del promedio de díasde trabajo que permanece vacante unpuesto Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 200 días Estimación 2010-2011: 180 días \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 150 días 1.2) Mayor porcentaje de mujeres enpuestos del Cuadro Orgánico ycategorías superiores connombramientos de un año como mínimo Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 32% Estimación 2010-2011: 39% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 45% 2) Mayor versatilidad delpersonal mediante lacapacitación interna yexterna\t2.1) Aumento de los cursos deaprendizaje disponiblesMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 30 Estimación 2010-2011: 38 \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 48 2.2) Mayor número de funcionarios queparticipan en programas de formacióny desarrollo de las perspectivas decarrera y los terminansatisfactoriamente Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 618 Estimación 2010-2011: 700 \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 700 \n3) Mejor gestión ysupervisión del presupuestoadministrativo de la Caja\t3.1) Reducción del porcentaje deobligaciones por liquidar ycancelación de obligaciones deperíodos anteriores respecto de lasconsignaciones definitivas Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: 9% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 8% 4) Mayor calidad y rapidezde los servicios de gestiónde las instalaciones y loslocales\t4.1) Menor número de días de trabajoperdidos por indisponibilidad de loslocalesMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: ninguno Estimación 2010-2011: ninguno \n Objetivo 2012-2013: ninguno", "Factores externos", "96. Se prevé que la Oficina Ejecutiva alcance sus objetivos y logros previstos siempre que disponga de suficientes recursos humanos y financieros.", "Productos", "97. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Gestión de los recursos humanos:", "i) Asesoramiento sobre políticas a todo el personal acerca de todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la gestión de los recursos humanos;", "ii) Gestión del seguimiento de los datos de vacantes para la contratación de administradores a fin de alcanzar los objetivos de contratación;", "iii) Presentación de un informe a los directores con datos sobre la aplicación del sistema electrónico de evaluación de la actuación profesional;", "iv) Programación de entrevistas para los candidatos a los puestos vacantes (INSPIRA) y a los puestos temporarios vacantes;", "v) Examen de las cuestiones vinculadas a las relaciones entre la administración y el personal (como los grupos de impugnación);", "b) Capacitación y promoción profesional del personal:", "i) Creación de cursos específicos para la Caja y facilitación de la transferencia de conocimientos para establecer una plataforma del sistema de gestión del aprendizaje en coordinación con el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información;", "ii) Organización de cursos de capacitación en los locales de la Caja;", "iii) Vigilancia y seguimiento de los cursos obligatorios para todo el personal;", "iv) Orientación de todos los nuevos funcionarios de la Caja;", "v) Asesoramiento sobre desarrollo profesional;", "c) Administración:", "i) Apoyo administrativo cotidiano al personal de la Caja;", "ii) Mantenimiento de la plantilla;", "iii) Procesamiento de los trámites de personal del Cuadro de Servicios Generales y el Cuadro Orgánico para el pago de la nómina mensual;", "iv) Renovación de los contratos del personal dos meses antes de la fecha de expiración solicitando la opinión de los supervisores;", "v) Análisis de las prestaciones y derechos de cada funcionario con arreglo a las normas de las Naciones Unidas y cambio o actualización de las prestaciones y derechos;", "vi) Certificación de las autorizaciones de viajes oficiales de los funcionarios de la Caja y del personal asociado;", "vii) Organización de los viajes oficiales de los miembros de las Naciones Unidas del Comité Mixto de Pensiones y los miembros del Comité de Auditoría y la Comisión de Actuarios y el personal de la Caja;", "viii) Mantenimiento de los registros de tiempo y asistencia;", "ix) Mantenimiento de la función Quick Place en el sitio web para que los miembros del Comité de Auditoría tengan acceso a la documentación relacionada con las reuniones;", "d) Control financiero y presupuestario:", "i) Orientación para los administradores de los programas sobre los presupuestos bienales y revisados de la Caja y ultimación de estos;", "ii) Aprobación y revisión de habilitaciones de créditos;", "iii) Certificación de todos los gastos;", "iv) Seguimiento de los gastos y presentación de informes mensuales a los directores de los programas;", "v) Asesoramiento y orientación a los directores de los programas sobre la aplicación del Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada;", "vi) Control del presupuesto administrativo, incluida la verificación de las facturas antes del pago;", "vii) Preparación del cuadro 1 de los estados financieros (estado de las consignaciones en relación con los gastos administrativos) del estado financiero anual de la Caja;", "viii) Conciliación de los gastos administrativos entre la Caja y la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas;", "e) Gestión de las instalaciones y los bienes:", "i) Mantener las instalaciones y velar por que se encuentren en condiciones operacionales;", "ii) Coordinar con la administración de los edificios y los proveedores las reparaciones que se necesiten;", "iii) Administrar los contratos relativos al espacio de oficinas;", "iv) Brindar apoyo para la planificación y la configuración del espacio de oficinas nuevo y existente;", "v) Mantener y apoyar el sistema de gestión de activos/inventario del activo fijo de la Caja;", "vi) Coordinar la eliminación del equipo y mobiliario obsoleto;", "vii) Mantener y apoyar el sistema de notificación de emergencia de la Caja;", "viii) Mantener la información de contacto de emergencia para el personal de la Caja con fines de seguridad o para casos de emergencia.", "Cuadro 23", "Recursos necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 1 659,3 1 718,6 7 7", "No relacionados con puestos 11 451,5 10 120,3 – –", "Total 13 110,8 11 838,9 7 7", "98. La suma de 11.838.900 dólares, que representa una disminución de 1.271.900 dólares, permitirá mantener siete puestos (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 y 4 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) y reclasificar un puesto de P-3 a P-4, y sufragar necesidades no relacionadas con puestos de la Administración en su conjunto. La disminución de los recursos no relacionados con puestos por valor de 1.331.200 dólares se debe principalmente a una disminución en el alquiler y mantenimiento de locales debido al uso de estimaciones más precisas.", "C. Gastos de inversión", "1. Sinopsis", "99. La División de Gestión de las Inversiones presta asistencia al Secretario General, bajo la autoridad delegada del Representante del Secretario General de conformidad con el artículo 19 de los Estatutos de la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, en la gestión de las inversiones de los activos de la Caja. Se encarga de la gestión cotidiana de tales activos, para lo cual aplica la estrategia aprobada para las inversiones y se asegura de que la cartera se ajusta a la asignación aprobada de los activos, así como a las políticas y los Estatutos y Reglamentos de la Caja. Tiene encomendado el mandato de conseguir que la cartera de inversiones genere todo el rendimiento necesario para atender a las obligaciones de la Caja sin exceder el nivel máximo de riesgo de la Caja. La División se asegura de que los informes de ejecución y de análisis de los riesgos de la cartera son exactos y actualizados, y toma medidas para el mantenimiento de cuentas adecuadas y precisas acerca de las inversiones de la Caja. Las secciones principales de la División son: la Oficina del Director, la Sección de Inversiones, la Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas, la Sección de Operaciones y la Sección de Sistemas de Información.", "100. El total de recursos de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones asciende a 91.799.300 dólares antes del ajuste, lo que supone un aumento neto de 10.601.800 dólares (el 13,1%) con respecto a las consignaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011. El aumento neto indicado en el cuadro 25 se resume de la manera siguiente:", "a) Dirección y gestión ejecutivas: la disminución de 1.567.900 dólares corresponde a la reducción de los gastos no relacionados con puestos en concepto de viajes (1.382.200 dólares), consultores (2.028.800 dólares) y otros gastos de personal (1.665.100 dólares), según lo solicitado en el programa pertinente, contrarrestada por un aumento en concepto de puestos (508.200 dólares) de resultas de la redistribución de un puesto de Oficial Jurídico (P-4) procedente de la Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas y de un funcionario del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) procedente de la Sección de Operaciones y servicios por contrata (3.000.000 dólares);", "b) Programa de trabajo: el aumento de 7.451.700 dólares obedece a la creación de seis puestos, compensada por la redistribución de dos puestos en la Oficina del Director (1.115.100 dólares), y a los recursos no relacionados con puestos por valor de 6.336.600 dólares, atribuibles a los servicios por contrata (2.772.200 dólares); además, en el marco del programa de trabajo se piden sumas en concepto de otros gastos de personal (1.416.200 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (1.271.200 dólares) y consultores (877.000 dólares), todo lo cual había sido solicitado dentro del componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas en anteriores solicitudes presupuestarias;", "c) Apoyo a los programas: el aumento neto de 4.718.000 dólares para la Sección de Sistemas de Información (5.794.500 dólares) se debe a la creación de un nuevo puesto (863.600 dólares), al aumento en concepto de servicios por contrata (4.040.000 dólares), otros gastos de personal (779.300 dólares) y viajes (111.000 dólares), estos dos últimos incluidos en el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas en anteriores solicitudes presupuestarias, lo que se compensa en parte con una disminución de 1.076.500 dólares en concepto de apoyo administrativo para alquiler y conservación de locales tras concluir la renovación del piso 30º del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza para su uso por la División.", "101. La distribución estimada de los recursos figura en el cuadro 24, mientras que las necesidades de recursos por componente se indican en el cuadro 25.", "Cuadro 24", "Distribución porcentual de los recursos por componente", "Componente Presupuesto ordinario\n A. Dirección y gestión ejecutivas 7,7", "B. Programa de trabajo", "1. Inversiones 53,9", "2. Gestión del riesgo y cumplimiento de normas 2,9", "3. Operaciones 12,0", "Subtotal, programa de trabajo 68,8", "C. Apoyo", "1. Sección de Sistemas de Información 19,1", "2. Apoyo administrativo 4,4", "Subtotal, apoyo a los programas 23,5", "Total 100,0", "Cuadro 25", "Recursos necesarios por componente", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Componente Consignación Aumento de Total Monto Fondos Estimación 2010-2011 los antes del ajuste asignados 2012-2013 recursos del ajuste\n Monto Porcentaje Naciones Caja de Unidas Pensiones", "A. Dirección y 8 654,2 (1 567,9) (18,1) 7 086,3 52,33 – 7 138,6 7 138,6 gestión ejecutivas", "B. Programa de trabajo", "1. Inversiones 51 568,3 (2 091,7) (4,1) 49 476,6 655,8 – 50 132,4 50 132,4", "2. Gestión del 1 931,6 680,1 35,2 2 611,7 (19,2) – 2 592,5 2 592,5 riesgo y cumplimiento de normas", "3. Operaciones 2 178,5 8 863,3 406,9 11 041,8 179,9 – 11 221,7 11 221,7", "Subtotal B 55 678,4 7 451,7 13,4 63 130,1 816,5 – 63 946,6 63 946,6", "C. Apoyo", "1. Sección de 11 777,3 5 794,5 49,2 17 571,8 253,2 – 17 825,0 17 825,0 Sistemas de Información", "2. Apoyo 5 087,6 (1 076,5) (21,2) 4 011,1 16,9 – 4 028,0 4 028,0 administrativo", "Subtotal C 16 864,9 4 718,0 28,0 21 582,9 270,1 – 21 853,0 21 853,0", "Total 81 197,5 10 601,8 13,1 91 799,3 1 138,9 – 92 938,2 92 938,2", "2. Dirección y gestión ejecutivas", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 7.086.300 dólares", "102. El Director de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones determina el marco en que las secciones de la División establecen sus estrategias y prioridades con el fin de lograr que la División desempeñe su mandato, al tiempo que garantiza las mejores condiciones posibles en cuanto a la seguridad, la ejecución, la responsabilidad y la rendición de cuentas y vela por el pleno cumplimiento de los más estrictos principios de eficiencia, competencia e integridad. El Director promueve la gestión controlada, eficiente y efectiva de los activos de la Caja mediante un plan de trabajo que se hace eco de los objetivos y prioridades a largo plazo de la División y de la Caja en general. El Director dirige la cooperación de la División con el Comité de Auditoría de la Caja, la Junta de Auditores de las Naciones Unidas y la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna.", "103. La Oficina del Director se encarga de proporcionar servicios esenciales en el ámbito jurídico, y en materia de gestión de contratos y realización de pedidos, así como apoyo administrativo que incluye formular proyecciones estratégicas de recursos humanos en respuesta a las necesidades crecientes de la División. Además, la Oficina presta servicios y apoyo al Comité de Inversiones.", "104. El objetivo que se persigue es convertir la Oficina del Director en una dependencia que preste asistencia a la División para supervisar y coordinar la oportuna ejecución de su plan de trabajo. El alcance y las responsabilidades de la Oficina han aumentado y se han diversificado a medida que la Caja ha ido registrando un aumento de los tipos de inversión, de su personal y de sus secciones. Así pues, a reserva de que se disponga de sistemas y personal suficientes, el plan consiste en reforzar y ampliar el funcionamiento de la Oficina mediante el establecimiento de dependencias especializadas con claros mandatos y responsabilidades que se ocupen de: la gestión de los contratos; los pedidos, la preparación del presupuesto y el procesamiento de las facturas; el Comité de Inversiones y los órganos legislativos; y cuestiones administrativas conexas.", "Cuadro 26", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso \n1) Determinación, en consultacon el Representante delSecretario General, de lasdirectrices sobre los límitespara la colocación deactivos, los haberesmonetarios, la ponderación delos mercados y lasasignaciones estratégicas ytácticas a corto plazo; lasoportunidades de inversión; ylos sistemas de información einfraestructura operacional\t1.1) Rendimiento de lasinversiones de la Caja superior alprevisto\nObjetivo de la Organización:Asegurar la plena aplicaciónde los mandatos legislativosy el cumplimiento de losEstatutos y Reglamentos de laCaja teniendo en cuenta lasrecomendaciones del Comité deInversiones y las decisionesdel Representante delSecretario General conrespecto a la gestión delprograma de trabajo de laCaja en relación con lasinversiones y los recursos depersonal y financieros\t\n2) Planificación ycoordinación oportunas yeficaces de las necesidadesde adquisición de la Divisiónde Gestión de las Inversiones\t2.1) Porcentaje de solicitudes depropuestas atendidas en el plazode seis meses\n3) Prestación de una ampliagama de servicios deasesoramiento jurídico sobrediferentes tipos deinversiones y contratos\t3.1) Realización con éxito denuevas transacciones en materia deinversión y ejecución de contratos\n4) Prestación eficaz deservicios al Comité deInversiones y otros órganoslegislativos\t4.1) Ninguna queja recibida de losmiembros del Comité de Inversionesni de otros participantes5) Contratación y colocaciónoportunas del personal\t5.1) Reducción del promedio dedías que están vacantes lospuestos \n\t5.2) Reducción de la tasa devacantes", "Factores externos", "105. Se prevé alcanzar de forma sistemática el objetivo y los logros previstos siempre que: a) todos los interesados apoyen los esfuerzos de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones y cooperen plenamente con ella; y b) no haya déficits importantes en la financiación a los efectos del cumplimiento de los mandatos establecidos por la Asamblea General y el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal. El cumplimiento del programa del componente de dirección ejecutiva depende de la plena cooperación de los departamentos y divisiones pertinentes de las Naciones Unidas.", "Productos", "106. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Actualización y aplicación sistemáticas de una política de inversiones que garantice la enérgica aplicación de la estrategia de inversión de conformidad con las orientaciones recibidas del Comité de Inversiones;", "b) Un plan de adquisiciones de mediano plazo, resultante de la coordinación efectiva y sistemática de las necesidades de adquisición de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, que sirva para producir pliegos de condiciones de gran calidad y dé lugar a licitaciones más rápidas y a la participación de empresas de gran calidad en el proceso de licitación en aproximadamente 10 adquisiciones;", "c) Negociación y adjudicación de aproximadamente 160 contratos con una coordinación sistemática y contactos con expertos jurídicos de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos y el Asesor Jurídico;", "d) Cuatro reuniones del Comité de Inversiones organizadas anualmente. Se facilitarán al Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal, la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto, la Quinta Comisión y otras partes pertinentes informes precisos sobre las inversiones;", "e) Puesta en marcha de planes de viajes y formación del personal de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones en el plazo de 180 días.", "Cuadro 27", "Recursos necesarios", "Categoría Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 1 941,6 2 449,8 7 9", "No relacionados con 6 712,6 4 636,5 – – puestos", "Total 8 654,2 7 086,3 7 9", "107. La suma de 7.086.300 dólares, que representa una disminución de 1.567.900 dólares, servirá para mantener siete puestos (1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal) y 3 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), redistribuir dos puestos, correspondientes respectivamente a la Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas (1 P-4) y a la Sección de Operaciones (1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) y sufragar recursos no relacionados con puestos para la División en general por concepto de viajes de representantes y atenciones sociales. La disminución de los recursos no relacionados con puestos obedece primordialmente al prorrateo de recursos para otros gastos de personal (1.665.100 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (1.382.200 dólares) y consultores (2.028.800 dólares), y se contrarresta en parte con un aumento de los servicios por contrata (3.000.000 dólares).", "3. Programa de trabajo", "Sección de Inversiones", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 49.476.600 dólares", "108. La Sección de Inversiones es responsable de lograr que las inversiones de la Caja obtengan un rendimiento óptimo evitando riesgos innecesarios. La Sección está integrada por siete dependencias orgánicas, dedicadas respectivamente a valores de América del Norte, valores de Europa, valores de Asia y el Pacífico, valores de los mercados emergentes mundiales, renta fija, inversiones inmobiliarias e inversiones alternativas. Sus funciones primordiales consisten en seguir de cerca las carteras existentes, mantenerse al día de la situación de los mercados financieros y tomar y aplicar decisiones en materia de inversión. El desempeño de estas funciones conlleva preparar análisis financieros, asistir a reuniones y conferencias y viajar a diversos países para entrevistarse con analistas y administradores de empresas. Una función secundaria es contribuir a la elaboración de informes para todos los órganos rectores.", "109. En 2012-2013, la Sección de Inversiones debe realizar las siguientes tareas: a) cumplir el objetivo a largo plazo de lograr una tasa anualizada de rendimiento real de las inversiones de la Caja del 3,5% después del ajuste según el índice de precios de consumo de los Estados Unidos; b) conseguir que las inversiones de la Caja superen sistemáticamente el parámetro normativo de referencia; c) mantener un nivel de riesgo acorde con el rendimiento fijado como meta de la inversión; y d) reducir los riesgos asociados a monedas o países determinados mediante una diversificación prudente.", "Cuadro 28", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso 1) Una tasa anualizada derendimiento real de lasinversiones de la Caja del 3,5%después del ajuste según elíndice de precios de consumo delos Estados Unidos\t1.1) Rendimiento total de laCaja en relación con suobjetivo a lo largo de 10 añosMedidas de la ejecución2008-2009: faltó un 1,7% paraalcanzar el objetivo durante elperíodo de 10 años terminado endiciembre de 2009, mientras laCaja sufría la crisisfinanciera mundial de 2008 yprincipios de 2009 Estimación 2010-2011: segúncálculos preliminares, la Cajaobtuvo un 3,5% en términosreales durante el período de 10años terminado en diciembre de2010, de conformidad con sumeta de rendimiento \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: superaciónde la meta a largo plazo delograr una tasa anualizada derendimiento real del 3,5%\nObjetivo de la Organización: Losobjetivos a largo plazo son: a)obtener un rendimiento óptimo dela Caja en valores realesevitando riesgos innecesarios; yb) diversificar la cartera en loque respecta a tipos de activos,monedas y regiones geográficas\t2) Las inversiones de la Cajasuperan sistemáticamente elparámetro normativo dereferencia, que es del 60% envalores, el 31% en renta fija,el 6% en inversionesinmobiliarias y el 3% enefectivo\t2.1) Rendimiento total respectodel parámetro normativo dereferencia a lo largo de unperíodo de cinco añosMedidas de la ejecución2008-2009: rendimiento un 0,9%superior al parámetro dereferencia en el período decinco años terminado endiciembre de 2009 Estimación 2010-2011: segúncálculos preliminares, la Cajaobtuvo un 10,2% en términosnominales en 2010 ymarginalmente inferior alindicador de referencia 60/31del 10,6% \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: rendimientosuperior al parámetro normativode referencia3) Reducción de los riesgosasociados a monedas y paísesdeterminados mediante unadiversificación prudente\t3.1) Número de monedas en quese invierteMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 27 monedas endiciembre de 2009 Estimación 2010-2011: 35monedas en diciembre de 2010 Objetivo 2012-2013:perfeccionamiento de lacolocación de los activos de laCaja por monedas, segúncorresponda 3.2) Número de países en que seinvierte 2008-2009: inversiones en másde 41 países, incluidos losmercados emergentes, eninstituciones internacionales oregionales y en fondos comunesde inversión en diciembre de2009 Estimación 2010-2011:inversiones en más de 47países, incluidos los mercadosemergentes, en institucionesinternacionales o regionales yen fondos comunes de inversiónen diciembre de 2010 \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013:perfeccionamiento de lacolocación de los activos de laCaja por países, segúncorresponda4) Diversificación de lasinversiones en clases de activosalternativos\t4.1) Número de estrategias declases de activos alternativosen que se invierte Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica \n\tEstimación 2010-2011: elOficial Superior de Inversionesencargado de las inversionesalternativas se incorporó a laCaja en junio de 2010. La metapara el período comprendidoentre junio de 2010 y diciembrede 2011 es finalizar laselección del Asesor deInversiones Alternativas yestablecer compromisos conentre 5 y 10 gerentes. ElAsesor de Activos Reales fueseleccionado en junio de 2009,y a principios de 2011 seexpondrá una estrategiadetallada en materia de activosreales. La Caja contraerácompromisos con varios fondosdedicados a infraestructura y atierras forestales o agrícolas\n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: Se esperaque, para finales de 2013, laCaja habrá contraídocompromisos con hasta 15 o 20fondos de capital privado yfondos de cobertura. Elrendimiento de los fondos decapital privado a lo largo deltiempo se medirá utilizandocálculos del rendimientoponderado en dólares y de latasa interna de rendimiento, entanto que la cartera de fondosde cobertura se mediráutilizando cálculos delrendimiento ponderado por eltiempo. El establecimiento deparámetros de referencia parala Caja se examinará con losasesores de fondos privados decapital y fondos de coberturade la Caja y se presentarán endetalle más adelante5) Mejora de la capacidad delpersonal para ocuparse decuestiones relacionadas con lasinversiones y la gestión de lacartera\t5.1) Porcentaje de funcionariosque asisten por lo menos a unaconferencia o seminarioimportanteMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: no seaplica \n\tObjetivo 2012-2013: cadafuncionario asiste al menos aun seminario o conferencia", "Factores externos", "110. Se prevé alcanzar de forma sistemática el objetivo y los logros previstos siempre que: a) todos los interesados apoyen los esfuerzos de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones y cooperen plenamente con ella; b) no haya déficits importantes en la financiación a los efectos del cumplimiento de los mandatos establecidos por la Asamblea General y el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal; y c) los mercados financieros, entre ellos los de valores internacionales, renta fija internacional, inversiones inmobiliarias y divisas evolucionen de acuerdo con las hipótesis a largo plazo.", "Productos", "111. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Un rendimiento total positivo de la Caja superior a su objetivo, que es una tasa real anualizada de rendimiento a largo plazo del 3,5% para las inversiones, ajustada en función del índice de precios de consumo de los Estados Unidos;", "b) Un rendimiento total positivo de la Caja superior al parámetro normativo de referencia, que es del 60% en valores, el 31% en renta fija, el 6% en inversiones inmobiliarias y el 3% en efectivo;", "c) El mantenimiento de una cartera bien diversificada de monedas y países para lograr una reducción del riesgo de monedas y el riesgo de países;", "d) El establecimiento de clases de activos alternativos adecuados al objetivo de la Caja cuando las condiciones de mercado sean propicias a que la Caja obtenga una prima reembolsada por encima de la que podría obtenerse de las inversiones en valores cotizados;", "e) El aumento de la profesionalidad y los conocimientos a fondo del personal, que contribuirá a mejorar los resultados de la Caja mediante su participación en conferencias y seminarios directamente relacionados con la gestión de las inversiones y la cartera.", "Cuadro 29", "Recursos necesarios", "Categoría Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 7 698,4 8 974,3 27 31", "No relacionados con 43 869,9 40 502,3 – – puestos", "Total 51 568,3 49 476,6 27 31", "112. El monto de 49.476.600 dólares, que entraña una disminución de 2.091.700 dólares, permitirá mantener 27 puestos (1 D-1, 7 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 4 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal) y 5 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) y sufragar cuatro nuevos puestos (3 P-4 y 1 P-3) y necesidades no relacionadas con puestos. La disminución de los recursos no relacionados con puestos es atribuible a los servicios por contrata (5.090.300 dólares) y a la inclusión de recursos por concepto de otros gastos de personal (197.500 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (1.025.200 dólares) y consultores (500.000 dólares), previamente solicitados para el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas.", "Gestión del riesgo y cumplimiento de normas", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 2.611.700 dólares", "113. La Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas es una entidad establecida recientemente que se encarga de determinar, evaluar y gestionar todos los aspectos de los riesgos a que está expuesta la Caja.. Además, en lo que respecta al cumplimiento de las normas, se encarga de la ejecución de procesos adecuados de seguimiento y control de las inversiones de la Caja. Desempeña una función que se subdivide en dos subfunciones: gestión del riesgo y cumplimiento de normas.", "Cuadro 30", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso 1) Supervisión satisfactoriade los riesgos que entrañanlas operaciones de inversiónde la Caja\t1.1) Todas las transacciones soncontroladas efectivamente por lasactividades de supervisiónMedidas de la ejecución (número de casos) 2010-2011: 100% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 2) Establecimiento de un marcode gestión de riesgos\t2.1) Aplicación completa delsistema de análisis de riesgos ycapacitación de todos losadministradores de la carterapara integrar el análisis deriesgos en la formación de lacartera Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 2.2) Puesta en práctica de loscontroles de la gestión deriesgos indicados en el Manual deGestión de Riesgos; porcentaje decontroles de riesgos implantados Medidas de la ejecución Aplicación satisfactoria de todaslas directrices y los controlesestablecidos en relación con losriesgos Supervisión de los controles,realización de análisis detendencias y modificación de lasdirectrices y los controles segúnlos cambios del entorno de lasinversiones o a medida que seidentifiquen nuevos riesgos 2010-2011: 75% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 99% 3) Observancia de laspolíticas y los procedimientosestablecidos por la Divisiónde Gestión de las Inversiones\t3.1) Porcentaje de transaccionesrealizadas en materia deinversión que se ajustan a laspolíticas y procedimientosoperacionales estándar Medidas de la ejecución (porcentaje de transacciones) \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 95% 3.2) Garantía del establecimientode normas éticas más exigentespara el personal en relación conel desempeño de sus funciones yresponsabilidades en calidad defuncionarios públicosinternacionales Medidas de la ejecución (número de funcionarios) \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 3.3) Se coordina y facilitasatisfactoriamente elcumplimiento de lasrecomendaciones de auditoría Medidas de la ejecución (porcentaje de auditoríasterminadas) \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% 4) Establecimiento de unsistema con múltiplescustodios y un encargadoindependiente del registroprincipal\t4.1) Se establece y entraplenamente el funcionamiento unsistema con un encargadoindependiente del registroprincipal y múltiples custodios,que se integra con otros sistemasde la División de Gestión de lasInversiones, como los de gestiónde los riesgos, contabilidad ygestión de las órdenes de compray venta \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 100% \nObjetivo de la Organización:Establecer controles y seguirde cerca el cumplimiento delas normas en lo que respectaa los diversos riesgos a queestá expuesta la Caja, comolos riesgos de mercado,operacionales, crediticios,jurídicos y de descrédito.Esta función abarca tambiénasignar límites de riesgo alos activos y los gestores,controlar que se respeten loslímites de riesgo y ayudar ala función de inversiones aobtener el mayor rendimientoposible ajustado según elriesgo sobre la base del nivelde tolerancia al riesgoestablecido", "Factores externos", "114. Se prevé que la Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas alcance su objetivo y los logros previstos siempre que todas las partes externas apoyen sus esfuerzos y cooperen plenamente con ella. Otros factores externos son los siguientes:", "a) Mercados más inestables de valores;", "b) Mercado más inestable de monedas con importantes altibajos que requieren una amplia capacidad de análisis cuantitativo a los efectos de la utilización de mecanismos vinculados a índices para contrarrestar los riesgos;", "c) Mayor riesgo crediticio de los países soberanos;", "d) Actuación en entornos inflacionistas o deflacionistas en varias zonas geográficas al mismo tiempo;", "e) Más obstáculos comerciales internacionales;", "f) Modificaciones de los parámetros de referencia si se producen cambios en las tendencias macroeconómicas;", "g) Riesgos repentinos de falta de financiación debido a la depreciación de la moneda de base (el dólar de los Estados Unidos), que da lugar a que los fondos registren valores máximos históricos, si bien la financiación puede resultar insuficiente, ya que aumenta la utilización del sistema de doble cálculo y se incrementa el pasivo en otras monedas;", "h) Aumento de los precios de los productos básicos;", "i) El elevado desempleo pasa a ser la “nueva característica normal” de forma permanente en las economías en desarrollo;", "j) Los países soberanos no devuelven sus préstamos.", "Productos", "115. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Mantenimiento de políticas y procedimientos operacionales estándar, a saber: las políticas y los procedimientos operacionales de inversión estándar, el Manual de Gestión de Riesgos, la política y el manual sobre cumplimiento, el código de ética y títulos personales y las políticas sobre obsequios y atenciones sociales;", "b) Realización de exámenes trimestrales sobre la observancia de las operaciones de inversión de la Caja para garantizar la gestión eficaz de los riesgos de cumplimiento de la Caja;", "c) Administración de la certificación de los conocimientos, las preautorizaciones de órdenes de compra y venta, el informe de los títulos personales, las atenciones sociales y la licencia obligatoria;", "d) Organización de programas de formación sobre el cumplimiento de las normas en materia de inversión y el código de ética (en total, dos programas in situ a nivel de toda la División);", "e) Coordinación del pleno cumplimiento del programa anual de divulgación de información financiera de las Naciones Unidas;", "f) Preparación de informes periódicos para el Comité de Auditoría de la Junta Mixta de Pensiones (en total, ocho presentaciones);", "g) Actuación como centro de coordinación de las auditorías internas y externas previstas de la Junta de Auditores y la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna y las consultas de la Oficina de Ética.", "Cuadro 31", "Recursos necesarios", "Categoría Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 1 931,6 1 919,7 6 7", "No relacionados con – 692,0 – – puestos", "Total 1 931,6 2 611,7 6 7", "116. La suma de 2.611.700 dólares, que representa un aumento de 680.100 dólares, servirá para mantener cinco puestos (1 D-1, 2 P-4 y 2 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal)), redistribuir un puesto de P-4 a la Oficina del Director y uno del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) de la Sección de Operaciones y crear un nuevo puesto (1 P-4). El incremento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos obedece primordialmente a la inclusión de recursos por concepto de otros gastos de personal (321.600 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (193.400 dólares), consultores (127.000 dólares) y servicios por contrata (50.000 dólares), previamente solicitados para el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas.", "Operaciones", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 11.041.800 dólares", "117. La Sección de Operaciones de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones se encarga de las operaciones auxiliares en materia de inversiones, de la contabilidad y la conciliación y de los informes financieros de todas las transacciones relacionadas con inversiones y de las actividades conexas de la Caja. Se encarga asimismo de que todas las transacciones relacionadas con inversiones y divisas se realicen de manera oportuna y precisa, recurriendo a soluciones uniformes del sector para una tramitación completa y de excepción. Además, vela por que todas las actividades de inversión, como la compraventa, las transacciones en divisas, el cobro de ingresos, los vencimientos, la recaudación de impuestos y las operaciones de sociedades se registren debidamente de conformidad con las IPSAS aprobadas por la Caja para la preparación de los estados financieros, con controles internos adecuados e itinerarios de auditoría. La Sección de Operaciones se encarga también de producir previsiones diarias del efectivo para que la Sección de Inversiones pueda administrar el efectivo en todas las monedas utilizadas por la División en sus inversiones. La Sección de Operaciones se encarga asimismo de aplicar las IPSAS en todas las actividades de inversión de la Caja que han de consignarse y recogerse en los estados financieros de toda la Caja a partir del 1 de enero de 2012, bajo la orientación y la dirección generales del Oficial Jefe de Finanzas. La Sección colabora estrechamente con los custodios encargados de las operaciones comerciales y en divisas, la investigación de las reclamaciones de intereses respecto de transacciones no concluidas, el cobro de ingresos, los vencimientos, la recaudación de impuestos y las operaciones de sociedades. También colabora estrechamente con el encargado del registro principal a los efectos de la conciliación diaria del efectivo y los fondos, la valoración al justo valor de mercado de las inversiones de la Caja y la inclusión de datos en el libro mayor. La Sección colabora estrechamente con la Sección de Sistemas de Información para contribuir a la implantación de procesos más eficientes, afianzar los controles internos y mejorar las diversas actividades de inversión informatizadas de la División y reducir al mínimo las intervenciones manuales.", "Cuadro 32", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso 1) Automatización de losprocesos auxiliares relativosa las operaciones comercialesy la conciliación concapacidad de hacer frente a unaumento del volumen de lastransacciones relacionadas conlas inversiones\t1.1) Aumento del porcentaje deoperaciones comerciales deinversión debidamente autorizadasdentro de los marcos temporalesde realización establecidos porel mercadoMedidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 96,25% Estimación 2010-2011: 98% Objetivo 2012: 99% \n Objetivo 2013: 99% \nObjetivo de la Organización:Garantizar la seguridad de lasinversiones de la Caja eincrementar la transparenciade sus informes financieros 1.2) Se necesitan menos días pararesolver discrepancias en lasposiciones o fondos y efectivo Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: no se aplica Estimación 2010-2011: etapa deaplicación y prueba Objetivo 2012: resolver lasdiscrepancias en el plazo de 3días \n\tMeta para 2013: resolver lasdiscrepancias en el plazo de 2días2) Aplicación satisfactoria delas IPSAS aprobadas por laCaja Común de Pensiones encoordinación con los órganosrectores\t2.1) Presentación oportuna alOficial Financiero Jefe de laCaja de estados financieros de laDivisión acordes con las IPSAS (amás tardar el 15 de marzo del añosiguiente) Medidas de la ejecución 2008-2009: 1 de abril de 2010 Estimación 2010-2011: 15 de marzode 2011 Objetivo 2012: 15 de marzo de2012 Objetivo 2013: 15 de marzo de2013 2.2) Opinión sin reservas de laJunta de Auditores sobre losestados financieros Medidas de la ejecución 2008: opinión sin reservas de losauditores 2009: opinión con comentarios delos auditores Estimación 2010-2011: opinión sinreservas de los auditores Objetivo 2012: opinión sinreservas de los auditores \n\tObjetivo 2013: opinión sinreservas de los auditores\n3) Pleno funcionamiento de lasoperaciones con la modalidadde los dos nuevos custodios yel encargado independiente delregistro principal\t3.1) Todos los sistemasoperativos funcionan plenamentetras seleccionar a los nuevoscustodios y el encargado delregistro principal", "Factores externos", "118. Se prevé que la Sección de Operaciones alcance sus objetivos siempre que:", "a) Los sistemas internos esenciales (sistema de gestión de órdenes de compraventa Charles River, Murex MX.3, SWIFT y Omgeo) y el sistema de inclusión de datos en el libro mayor del encargado independiente del registro principal proceda a la tramitación íntegra y directa y lleve oportunamente a cabo operaciones de procesamiento basadas en excepciones y de conciliación; la aplicación de los sistemas relacionados con Omgeo, con el encargado independiente del registro principal y con la contabilidad del libro mayor depende de que tenga éxito la negociación de los contratos;", "b) El desempeño de los dos custodios y el encargado independiente del registro principal respecto de la prestación de servicios de custodia y registro principal sea satisfactorio.", "Productos", "119. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Ejecución de todas las transacciones de compraventa de valores, bienes inmuebles, activos alternativos y transacciones en divisas en la fecha de la ejecución o del valor;", "b) Conciliación automatizada de los títulos, posiciones o fondos y efectivo, incluidos los ingresos (dividendos, intereses y distribución de efectivo), los vencimientos y las operaciones de sociedades con carácter de excepción cada día;", "c) Puesta a prueba con éxito de los estados financieros del 30 junio 2012, con un examen o comentarios favorables de los auditores externos sobre el cumplimiento de las IPSAS;", "d) Preparación de conformidad con las IPSAS de estados financieros y de información financiera (únicamente la parte de las inversiones) a más tardar el 15 de marzo de 2013;", "e) Todos los activos se transfieren a los nuevos custodios, quienes los consignan y los vuelven a registrar;", "f) El nuevo encargado independiente del registro principal y los nuevos custodios preparan todos los informes ordinarios.", "Cuadro 33", "Recursos necesarios", "Categoría Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 2 178,5 2 029,6 11 10", "No relacionados con – 9 012,2 – – puestos", "Total 2 178,5 11 041,8 11 10", "120. La suma de 11.041.800 dólares, que representa un aumento de 8.863.300 dólares, servirá para mantener nueve puestos (1 P-5, 1 P-3, 2 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal) y 5 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), redistribuir dos puestos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías), uno en la Oficina del Director y otro en la Sección de Gestión del Riesgo y Cumplimiento de Normas, y crear un nuevo puesto (1 P-3). El aumento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos es atribuible primordialmente a los servicios por contrata (7.812.500 dólares) y a recursos que previamente se solicitaron para el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas y que abarcan otros gastos de personal (897.100 dólares), viajes de funcionarios (52.600 dólares) y consultores (250.000 dólares).", "4. Apoyo a los programas", "Sección de Sistemas de Información", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 17.571.800 dólares", "121. La Sección de Servicios de Información se encarga de la tecnología, la gestión de datos, las aplicaciones, las políticas, los procedimientos y la gestión de proyectos que contribuyen a facilitar los procesos de inversión y la reunión de datos fiables sobre inversiones. La Sección seguirá poniendo en práctica soluciones para mejorar la calidad y conveniencia de los datos sobre inversiones, racionalizar y estandarizar los procesos de inversión y aportar tecnologías viables para aplicar políticas de seguridad, facilitar la continuidad de las operaciones e implantar controles acordes con las directrices de inversión de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones con el fin de reducir los riesgos de las operaciones y los riesgos comerciales. Sobre todo, la Sección proporcionará datos de calidad sobre inversiones que formarán parte de la solución ideada para generar valor para la Caja y permitirán la hábil gestión de los riesgos.", "Cuadro 34", "Objetivos para el bienio, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso", "Logros previstos Indicadores de progreso 1) Aplicación de la estrategiade la División de Gestión delas Inversiones en materia detecnología de la información ylas comunicaciones, incluidoslos sistemas nuevos yexistentes que facilitan lasactividades de inversión\t1.1) Tramitación de lastransacciones en materia deinversiones basadas enexcepcionesMedidas de la ejecuciónPorcentaje de transaccionestramitadas de forma totalmenteautomatizada 2008-2009: no disponible 2010-2011: 90% (gestión de lasórdenes de compraventa, SWIFT,banco custodio) \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 95% \nObjetivo de la Organización:Proporcionar solucionesinformáticas y apoyotecnológico para facilitar losprocesos de inversión desde elprincipio hasta el final 1.2) Apoyo a la estandarización ymodernización de los procesos deinversión Medidas de la ejecución Porcentaje de procesosinstitucionales estandarizados 2008-2009: no disponible 2010-2011: 85% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 95% 1.3) Facilitación de la gestiónde los riesgos y el cumplimientode las normas Medidas de la ejecución Número de instrumentos de gestiónde riesgos y cumplimiento denormas disponibles 2008-2009: no disponible 2010-2011: 2 \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 2 2) Mayor calidad, seguridad ydisponibilidad de los datossobre inversiones de laDivisión de Gestión de lasInversiones\t2.1) Los datos sobre inversionesse validan y concilianoportunamenteMedidas de la ejecución Porcentaje de informes fiables enmateria de inversiones preparados 2008-2009: 50% 2010-2011: 75% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: 90% 2.2) Elevada disponibilidad deservicios de tecnología de lainformación. Medidas de la ejecución Porcentaje de posible riesgo enrelación con el funcionamiento dela tecnología de la información 2008-2009: 20% 2010-2011: menos del 5% \n Objetivo 2012-2013: menos del 1%", "Factores externos", "122. Se prevé que el subprograma alcance su objetivo y sus logros previstos siempre que: a) los procesos jurídicos y de adquisiciones emprendidos por la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas en nombre de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones concluyan dentro del plazo previsto; b) los interesados cumplan sus obligaciones y brinden su plena colaboración para alcanzar los objetivos de la estrategia de la División en materia de información y tecnología, facilitando la actuación de la División; y c) el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información apoye oportunamente la infraestructura consolidada de tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones.", "Productos", "123. Los productos del bienio 2012-2013 serán los siguientes:", "a) Se aplicarán y apoyarán plenamente los sistemas de gestión de las órdenes de compraventa (Charles River), tareas auxiliares, conciliación, contabilidad (Murex) y mensajes interbancarios (SWIFT);", "b) Se implantarán sistemas de centralización de datos, divisas y ejecución de inversiones en ingresos fijos;", "c) Los procesos de inversión se documentarán debidamente;", "d) Se logrará la tramitación basada en excepciones de las transacciones relacionadas con inversiones;", "e) Se facilitará la estandarización y racionalización de los procesos institucionales;", "f) Se apoyarán y facilitarán la supervisión del cumplimiento de las normas y el correspondiente sistema;", "g) Se implantará la inclusión automática de datos y se apoyará la validación de datos;", "h) Se apoyará la conciliación de datos;", "i) Se reforzará la infraestructura de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones de la División;", "j) Se implantarán y apoyarán políticas en materia de seguridad y medidas de recuperación en caso de desastre;", "k) Se posibilitará la continuidad institucional.", "Cuadro 35 Recursos necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Relacionados con puestos 1 593,9 2 457,5 7 8", "No relacionados con puestos 10 183,4 15 114,3 – –", "Total 11 777,3 17 571,8 7 8", "124. La suma de 17.571.800 dólares, que representa un aumento de 5.794.500 dólares, servirá para mantener siete puestos (1 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-3 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal)) y crear un nuevo puesto (1 P-4). El incremento de los recursos no relacionados con puestos es atribuible primordialmente al aumento de las necesidades en concepto de servicios por contrata (498.500 dólares) y al traslado de los servicios por contrata encargados de los datos del mercado de la Sección de Inversiones a la Sección de Sistemas de Información (3.541.500 dólares) y a los recursos previamente solicitados para el componente de dirección y gestión ejecutivas, que abarcan otros gastos de personal (779.300 dólares) y viajes de funcionarios (111.000 dólares).", "Apoyo administrativo", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 4.011.100 dólares", "Cuadro 36 Recursos financieros necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "No relacionados con puestos 5 087,6 4 011,1 – –", "Total 5 087,6 4 011,1 – –", "125. La suma de 4.011.100 dólares, que representa una disminución de 1.076.500 dólares, corresponde a recursos no relacionados con puestos de la División en general. La disminución es atribuible primordialmente a los gastos por concepto de alquiler y conservación de locales (916.900 dólares), debido a la solicitud que se hace a título excepcional en el presupuesto revisado para 2010-2011 con miras a la renovación de espacio adicional de oficinas en el edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza.", "D. Gastos de auditoría", "Recursos solicitados (antes del ajuste): 2.748.200 dólares", "126. La distribución de los recursos se indica en el cuadro 37.", "Cuadro 37 Recursos financieros necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Auditoría externa 661,2 774,7 – –", "Auditoría interna 1 983,8 1 973,5 – –", "Total 2 645,0 2 748,2 – –", "127. La suma de 2.748.200 dólares abarca a las necesidades estimadas en concepto de auditoría externa (774.700 dólares), de conformidad con la solicitud de la Junta de Auditores, y de auditoría interna (1.973.500 dólares), según lo solicitado, por la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna.", "1. Auditoría externa", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 774.700 dólares", "128. Se ha incluido un crédito de 774.700 dólares para los gastos relacionados con la Junta de Auditores asignados a la Caja por la secretaría de la Junta.", "2. Auditoría interna", "Recursos necesarios (antes del ajuste): 1.973.500 dólares", "129. La suma de 1.973.500 dólares servirá para mantener cinco puestos de personal temporario general (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)), y sufragar recursos para formación y no relacionados con puestos en concepto de consultores, viajes de funcionarios, servicios por contrata, comunicaciones, gastos de funcionamiento, suministros y materiales y mobiliario y equipo. La disminución de los gastos obedece primordialmente a la reducción de los gastos en concepto de personal temporario general como consecuencia de una reducción de los baremos de sueldos estándar y del efecto neto de pequeñas modificaciones en los créditos solicitados por concepto de otros recursos no relacionados con puestos.", "E. Gastos del Comité Mixto", "Recursos solicitados (antes del ajuste): 200.000 dólares", "Cuadro 38 Recursos financieros necesarios", "Recursos Puestos (miles de dólares EE.UU.)\n Categoría 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (antes del ajuste)", "Gastos del Comité Mixto 167,5 200,0 – –", "130. La Asamblea General, en la sección IV de su resolución 61/240, autorizó que los gastos del Comité Mixto, que comprendían los gastos administrativos de sus períodos de sesiones, los gastos de viaje del Presidente y los gastos de viaje de los grupos de trabajo, se incluyeran en el presupuesto de la Caja y se cargaran a los gastos administrativos.", "131. La suma de 200.000 dólares abarca las necesidades estimadas en concepto de gastos del Comité Mixto y comprende los gastos de viaje del Presidente para asistir a los períodos de sesiones 59º y 60º del Comité Mixto y las sesiones de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto de la Quinta Comisión, los gastos de viaje de los miembros del Grupo de Investigación del Director General y los gastos administrativos de los períodos de sesiones 59º y 60º (120.000 dólares), que se celebrarán en julio de 2012 y julio de 2013.", "IV. Fondo de Emergencia", "132. La Asamblea General, en su resolución 62/241, autorizó al Comité Mixto de Pensiones a complementar las contribuciones voluntarias al Fondo de Emergencia para el bienio 2008-2009 con una suma que no excediera de los 200.000 dólares.", "133. Se propone que el Comité Mixto recomiende a la Asamblea General que lo autorice a complementar las contribuciones voluntarias al Fondo de Emergencia para el bienio 2012-2013 por una suma no superior a los 200.000 dólares.", "V. Recomendación de que se adopten medidas especiales en relación con la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público a partir del 1 de enero de 2012", "134. En su 57º período de sesiones, celebrado en julio de 2010, el Comité Mixto aprobó la aplicación de las IPSAS a partir del 1 de enero de 2012. Tal como se había solicitado, en julio de 2011 la secretaría y la División de Gestión de las Inversiones presentaron al Comité Mixto un informe sobre la situación de la aplicación de las nuevas normas contables.", "135. Actualmente la Caja presenta informes de conformidad con el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada de las Naciones Unidas. Se destacó que las Naciones Unidas preveían aplicar las IPSAS en 2014 y, a este respecto, el Comité Mixto fue informado de que las Naciones Unidas se proponían presentar a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, en 2012, los cambios propuestos en el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada.", "136. Habida cuenta del período de que se disponía para revisar el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada de las Naciones Unidas, con el apoyo del Comité de Auditoría de la Caja, se pidió al Comité Mixto, a los únicos efectos de la oportuna aplicación de las IPSAS por la Caja, que recomendase la aprobación por la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, que se celebraría en 2011, de la siguiente disposición transitoria relativa a la información financiera de la Caja:", "“Como medida de transición, el Comité Mixto autoriza a la Caja a seguir aplicando mutatis mutandis el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada de las Naciones Unidas a sus procesos de contabilidad y a sus informes financieros, de manera que sea posible que la Caja cumpla las IPSAS. El Comité Mixto recomienda que, de conformidad con el artículo 19 b) del Reglamento de la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, el Secretario General lleve cuentas detalladas de todas las inversiones y otras transacciones relacionadas con la Caja de manera que se cumplan las IPSAS.”", "137. El Comité Mixto fue informado de que, con la aprobación de la disposición transitoria, la aplicación íntegra de las IPSAS por la Caja se ajustaría a la decisión del Comité Mixto de implantar las IPSAS en 2012, a reserva de la ulterior formalización de los Estatutos y Reglamentos de la Caja. Los estados financieros de la Caja correspondientes a 2012 se presentarían y auditarían sobre la base de las IPSAS, que constituirían el marco normativo.", "138. Después del debate, el Comité Mixto hizo suya la disposición transitoria relativa a los informes financieros de la Caja y recomendó que esa disposición fuese aprobada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, en 2011.", "VI. Medidas que deberá adoptar la Asamblea General", "139. El Comité Mixto de Pensiones recomienda a la Asamblea General que adopte las medidas siguientes:", "a) Aprobar una reducción de las consignaciones para 2010-2011 por un monto de 21.772.800 dólares. En consecuencia, las consignaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 ascenderían a 154.545.700 dólares, repartidos como sigue: gastos administrativos (80.478.500 dólares), gastos de inversión (71.289.000 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.532.900 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (245.300 dólares). De ese monto, 133.037.000 dólares corresponderían a la Caja y 21.508.700 dólares se imputarían directamente a las Naciones Unidas en virtud del arreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos;", "b) Aprobar una estimación revisada para el bienio 2010-2011 por un total de 144.300 dólares en concepto de recursos extrapresupuestarios;", "c) Aprobar la estimación de las necesidades de la Caja de Pensiones para el bienio 2012-2013, que asciende a 194.164.000 dólares e incluye gastos administrativos (98.407.600 dólares), gastos de inversión (92.938.200 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.613.800 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto de Pensiones (204.400 dólares). De ese monto, 173.260.600 dólares corresponderían a la Caja y 20.903.400 dólares a las Naciones Unidas en virtud del arreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos;", "d) Aprobar recursos para el bienio 2012-2013 por valor de 156.800 dólares, que se destinarían a sufragar gastos extrapresupuestarios y serían financiados por varias organizaciones afiliadas;", "e) Aprobar una suma no superior a 200.000 dólares para complementar las contribuciones al Fondo de Emergencia;", "f) Aprobar las medidas especiales y transitorias en relación con la aplicación de las IPSAS a partir del 1 de enero de 2012.", "VII. Resumen de las medidas de seguimiento adoptadas para atender las solicitudes y recomendaciones de la Junta de Auditores y la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "Cuadro 39", "A. Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "(A/65/567)", "Solicitud/recomendación\tMedida adoptada para atender lasolicitud/recomendación \na) La Comisión Consultiva estáde acuerdo con la recomendaciónde la Junta sobre la políticarevisada de gestión de riesgosy la recomendación de que laDivisión siga utilizando sunuevo manual de gestión deriesgos (párr. 7).\tYa está implantada la mayoría delos controles y se están tomandomedidas para aplicar los demás.El Manual de Gestión de Riesgoses un documento vivo que seactualiza cada trimestre. Suaplicación está en marcha y lameta que se persigue esimplantar todos los controles.Algunos de los controles sellevan a cabo manualmente hastaque se asignen recursos; otrosestán automatizados y dependende la modernización de lasinfraestructuras. Cuando sealcancen esos hitos, seaplicarán tales controles.\nb) La Comisión Consultiva estáde acuerdo con lasrecomendaciones de la Junta deAuditores. A la Comisión lepreocupa que la Caja dePensiones haya recibido unaopinión de auditoría consalvedades sobre los estadosfinancieros correspondientes albienio terminado el 31 dediciembre de 2009 que conteníaun párrafo de énfasis sobre laspérdidas realizadas y norealizadas de las inversionesde la Caja. La ComisiónConsultiva insta a la Caja dePensiones a aplicar lasrecomendaciones de la Junta(párr. 9).\tEllo se ha llevado a cabo en lasnotas de los estados financierosde 2010 que la División deGestión de las Inversionespresentó a la secretaría de laCaja de Pensiones el 11 de marzode 2011. La División celebraránuevas consultas sobre ladivulgación de esa informacióncon los consultores de lasIPSAS.\nc) La Comisión Consultivareitera su recomendación de queel Comité Mixto siga explorandooportunidades de inversión enlos países en desarrollo y deeconomía en transición (párr.10).\tLa Caja está buscandooportunidades constantemente yel Director y el personal de laDivisión de Gestión de lasInversiones se han desplazadorecientemente a África y alOriente Medio para ampliarnuestra prestigiosa cartera deinversiones africanas. ElDirector se reunirá conrepresentantes del Banco Mundialy del Fondo MonetarioInternacional para examinarperiódicamente nuevasoportunidades en los mercadosemergentes y fronterizos.\nd) La Comisión Consultiva estáde acuerdo con la Junta deAuditores en que la Caja dePensiones debería ultimar yaprobar oportunamente su plande aplicación de las IPSAS. LaComisión espera que se contrateal nuevo Oficial Jefe deFinanzas a la mayor brevedadposible y que, entre tanto, seinicien los preparativos paraasegurar la aplicación de lasIPSAS a partir del 1 de enerode 2012. Además, la Comisiónalienta a la Junta de Auditoresa vigilar atentamente losprogresos en la aplicación delas IPSAS en la Caja dePensiones y reitera surecomendación de que la Juntainforme anualmente a laAsamblea General acerca de losavances realizados (véaseA/65/498, párr. 19) (párr. 13).\tLa Caja ha ultimado su plan deaplicación y el calendario delas IPSAS , tal como habían sidopresentados al Comité deAuditoría y al Comité Mixto dePensiones en su 58º período desesiones, en julio de 2011. Estáen marcha el proceso decontratación del nuevo OficialJefe de Finanzas.\ne) La Comisión Consultiva ponede relieve que se deberíaproporcionar suficiente apoyo,financiado con cargo a losrecursos existentes, paraasegurar la aplicación oportunade las IPSAS y la buena gestióndel proceso (párr. 15).\tLa reasignación de los recursosexistentes necesarios para laaplicación de las IPSAS fueaprobada por el Comité Mixto dePensiones en su 57 º período desesiones, en julio de 2010, ypor la Asamblea General endiciembre de 2010. Se solicitannuevos recursos para 2012-2013.\nf) La Comisión Consultiva estáde acuerdo con la solicitud delComité Mixto de Pensiones deque el Consejero Médico estudiela posibilidad de estableceruna norma para losreconocimientos médicos aefectos de la afiliación a laCaja según lo dispuesto en elartículo 41 de los Estatutos dela Caja (párr. 18).\tSegún lo solicitado, elConsejero Médico presentará unanota sobre este asunto al ComitéMixto en su período de sesionesde julio de 2012.\ng) La Comisión Consultiva estáde acuerdo con la Junta deAuditores en la necesidad deque las inversiones del Fondode Dotación de Capital de laUniversidad de las NacionesUnidas se consignen de formatransparente y observa que elComité Mixto de Pensiones haaceptado proporcionar esainformación en el futuro (párr.20).\tEllo se ha llevado a cabo en lasnotas de los estados financierosde 2010 que la División deGestión de las Inversionespresentó a la secretaría de laCaja de Pensiones el 11 de marzode 2011. La División celebraránuevas consultas sobre ladivulgación de esa informacióncon los consultores de lasIPSAS.", "B. Junta de Auditores", "(A/65/9, anexo X)", "Solicitud/recomendación\tMedida adoptada para atender lasolicitud/recomendación \nLas principales recomendacionesde la Junta son que:a) La Caja ultime y apruebe suplan de aplicación de lasIPSAS, aliente a otrosinteresados a participar en elproyecto de aplicación de lasIPSAS, y especifique quéaspectos del ReglamentoFinanciero y la ReglamentaciónFinanciera Detallada habría querevisar (párr. 27);\tLa Caja ha ultimado un plan deaplicación y un calendario,presentados al Comité deAuditoría. Se ha constituido uncomité directivo que abarca ainteresados en las IPSAS de laDivisión de Gestión de lasInversiones y la Secretaría. LaCaja aplica el Reglamento y laReglamentación FinancieraDetallada de las Naciones Unidas(el cual se basa en las normasde contabilidad del sistema delas Naciones Unidas) en esperade la aprobación de las IPSAS.La División de Gestión de lasInversiones está a la espera deque los consultores de las IPSASrecomienden el texto de lasreglas 104.12, 104.13, 104.14,104.15 y 104.16 para garantizarel cumplimiento de las IPSAS.Dicho texto se presentará alComité de Auditoría en junio de2011 y al Comité Mixto dePensiones en su 58º período desesiones, en julio de 2011.\nb) La Caja genere cuentas porcobrar e ingresos por lascantidades adeudadas a la Caja(párr. 30);\tSe han calculado las cantidadesadeudadas por organizacionesafiliadas. Una vez que sereciban, se harán públicas.\nc) La Caja cancele todas lasobligaciones por liquidar ygastos devengados del ejercicioanterior a medida que se vayanpagando y corrija lasdeficiencias en los controlesque den lugar a la anotación dedevengos correspondientes apagos que ya se hayan efectuado(párr. 33);\tLa Caja ha preparadoinstrucciones de cierre para elelemento administrativo de lascuentas del sistema Lawson. LaOficina Ejecutiva ha preparadoun tercer proyecto para que loexamine y apruebe la Sección deServicios Financieros. Deconformidad con esasinstrucciones, las cuentasadministrativas para el períodocomprendido entre el 1 de enerode 2006 y el 31 de diciembre de2009 se reajustarán paraconsignar los balances correctosarrastrados al 1 de enero de2010. Las cuentas serán cerradasel 31 de diciembre de 2010utilizando estas instrucciones.\nd) La Caja efectúe mejorescontroles para asegurarse deque las sumas pendientes serecuperan de forma oportuna yestablezca una política para eltratamiento contable de lasdeudas que lleven mucho tiempopendientes de cobro y no seanrecuperables (párr. 43);\tSe han establecido una políticay un procedimiento para lasdeudas por cobrar. Se estánrealizando esfuerzos paraconseguir el cobro.\ne) La Caja estudie laposibilidad de establecer unaprovisión para deudas de dudosocobro en sus estadosfinancieros que refleje lassumas recuperables a la fechade presentación del informe(párr. 44);\tSe incluirá en los estadosfinancieros de la Cajacorrespondientes a 2010 unaprovisión para todas las deudaspor cobrar desde hace más de dosaños. Además, la cancelación delas deudas incobrables comenzóen 2010.\nf) La Caja ajuste todos lossaldos en moneda extranjera conarreglo al tipo de cambiooperacional vigente en la fechadel informe (párr. 48);\tAcordada. Se utilizará el tipode cambio de final de año paraconvertir los saldos de lascuentas bancarias en monedaextranjera a dólares de losEstados Unidos en los estadosfinancieros correspondientes a2010.\ng) La Caja adopte medidasurgentes para recuperar lascuentas por cobrar en conceptode impuestos extranjeros (párr.51);\tEn curso. La División de Gestiónde las Inversiones siguióhaciendo intensos esfuerzos paraimpedir el establecimiento deimpuestos y cobrar los impuestosretenidos sobre sus ingresos deinversión en diferentesjurisdicciones. En particular,en enero de 2010 losrepresentantes de la División sereunieron con representantes dela Administración Estatal deImpuestos de China, en Beijing,para proceder al reconocimientooficial y a la aplicación de laexención impositiva de la Cajaen ese país. Además, losrepresentantes de la Divisióniniciaron conversaciones conrepresentantes del Gobierno delBrasil, que dieron lugar a queen abril de 2010 laAdministración Fiscal del Brasilpublicase un documento en que sereconocía oficialmente entérminos generales, la exenciónimpositiva de la Caja en esepaís. Además, recientemente laDivisión formuló una solicitudde propuesta de servicios deasesoramiento fiscal general. Elasesor fiscal general prestaráasistencia a la División, entreotros órganos, en relación consus actividades de reembolso delos impuestos en todo el mundo.\nh) La Caja asiente en elperíodo contable quecorresponda las cuentas porcobrar e ingresos conexosadeudados por las NacionesUnidas en concepto de reembolsode gastos de administración(párr. 54);\tEllo se ha tenido en cuenta y lasituación se ha rectificado comoparte de los procedimientos decierre de las cuentas.\ni) La Caja siga conciliando elbalance con las Naciones Unidasa fin de conciliar todas lasdiferencias (párr. 57);\tDurante cierto tiempo la Cajarecurrió al balance entre fondospara proceder a la conciliacióncon las Naciones Unidas. LasNaciones Unidas tambiénutilizaron ese balance. La Cajaha recurrido ahora a los gastosefectivos para proceder a laconciliación con las NacionesUnidas.\nj) La Caja cargue en el sistemaLawson las sumas devengadascorrectas del módulo de cuentaspor pagar y ajuste sus cuentascon arreglo a las diferenciasdetectadas (párr. 63);\tProceso en curso. Se hanseñalado las partidas conerrores. Se harán lasanotaciones oportunascorrespondientes a 2010 pararectificar esos balances.\nk) La Caja realiceconciliaciones periódicasmensuales entre el módulo decuentas por pagar y el libromayor (párr. 64);\tLa Sección de ServiciosFinancieros está a la espera deque se establezca un “cubo” deCognos para respaldar los datosdel sistema Lawson a fin degenerar un nuevo informe.\nl) La Caja reasigne los saldosdeudores en las cuentas porpagar a las cuentas por cobrary concluya el ejercicio dedepuración de datos paraasegurarse de que todas lassumas incluidas en las cuentaspor pagar son deudas válidas(párr. 67);\tSe trata de un proceso en curso.Comenzaron a realizarseactividades en 2010, queproseguirán en 2011, pararectificar tales cuentas.\nm) La Caja cree una herramientapara analizar el vencimiento delas prestaciones pagaderas(párr. 70);\tLa Sección de ServiciosFinancieros está a la espera deque se establezca un “cubo” deCognos para respaldar los datosdel sistema Lawson a fin degenerar un nuevo informe.\nn) La Caja aplique el artículo46 de los Estatutos yReglamentos de la Caja medianteel ajuste de las prestacionespagaderas relativas a las sumasque deben cancelarse por haberperdido los beneficiarios elderecho a recibirlas (párr.75);\tSe trata de un proceso en cursoy forma parte de la depuraciónde datos que concluirá a finalesde 2011.\no) La Caja cumpla los plazos depresentación de los estadosfinancieros previstos en elReglamento Financiero y laReglamentación FinancieraDetallada (párr. 79);\tComo informó el Comité Mixto(véase A/65/9), la Caja no puedecumplir en la fecha establecidadel 31 de marzo lo dispuestopara la conciliación de lospagos de las organizacionesafiliadas. La División deGestión de las Inversionespresentó su parte de los estadosfinancieros a la secretaria dela Caja el 11 de marzo de 2011.Yendo más lejos, la Divisióngarantizará la presentación delos estados financieros a lasecretaría a más tardar el 15 demarzo del año siguiente.\np) La Caja idee y apliquepolíticas contables queestablezcan unas bases claraspara la anotación de lastransacciones en sus registroscontables y asegure que todaslas políticas de contabilidadse definan y expliquenclaramente en los estadosfinancieros (párr. 84);\tLas notas a pie de páginaseguirán mejorándose como partede la aplicación de las IPSAS.Ese proceso continuará comoparte de los estados financierosde 2010 y 2011, tras de lo cualse procederá a la plenaaplicación de las IPSAS en 2012.\nq) La Caja recopileconciliaciones o documentos detrabajo correspondientes atodas las partidas de losestados financieros y preparecuadros complementarios quecontengan cálculos o ajustesque concuerden con el libro deasientos (párr. 89);\tEl autor del informe de la Cajaconsolida las cuentas del libromayor en partidas concretas delos estados financieros, demanera que puede averiguarsecuáles son los documentos debase de los que proceden todaslas cifras de los estadosfinancieros.\nr) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones ofrezca en susestados financieros informacióncompleta sobre las inversionesque gestiona para la Dotaciónde Capital de la Universidad delas Naciones Unidas (párr. 92);\tCumplida. Se ha realizado en lasnotas de los estados financieroscorrespondientes a 2010 que laDivisión de Gestión de lasInversiones presentó a lasecretaría de la Caja el 11 demarzo de 2011, concretamentedentro de los fondos bajogestión. La División celebraránuevas consultas con losconsultores de las IPSAS sobrela divulgación de estainformación.\ns) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones vuelva aexaminar sus mecanismosoficiales de prestación deservicios de gestión de fondosa terceros (párr. 93);\tLa División de Gestión de lasInversiones informaráíntegramente al respecto.Proporcionará informacióncompleta sobre los acuerdosindependientes establecidos parala Dotación de Capital de laUniversidad de las NacionesUnidas en la década de 1990sobre la base de recomendacionesde auditoría. Tales acuerdosincluyen una cuenta de custodiaseparada y un gestor externo eindependiente de los fondos.Nunca se han mezclado los fondoscon los de la Caja de Pensiones.\nt) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones siga aplicandoel Manual de Gestión de Riesgosrecién elaborado (párr. 111);\tEn curso. La mayoría de loscontroles ya se han puesto enmarcha y se está intentandoaplicar el resto. El Manual deGestión de Riesgos es undocumento vivo que se actualizacada trimestre. La aplicaciónestá en marcha y la meta que sepersigue es aplicar todos loscontroles. Algunos de loscontroles especificados sellevan a cabo manualmente hastaque se asignen recursos; otrosestán automatizados, y dependende la modernización de lasinfraestructuras. A medida quese alcancen esos hitos, seaplicarán tales controles.\nu) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones realice unexamen caso por caso paradeterminar las enseñanzas quecabe obtener respecto de todaslas pérdidas realizadas de lasinversiones correspondientes a2008-2009 y las posicionesactuales de pérdidas norealizadas (párr. 112);\tLa División de Gestión de lasInversiones ha examinado losacontecimientos catastróficos de2008 y ha tomado nota de losriesgos que entraña una políticamonetaria excesivamente laxadurante largos períodos detiempo. La División ha llevado acabo un examen oficial decarácter semanal y trimestralsobre las pérdidas y gananciasno realizadas superiores al 25%desde el punto de vista delcumplimiento y la inversión.\nv) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones presente ydescriba claramente lasinversiones en los estadosfinancieros, computando porseparado las pérdidas y lasganancias por ventas deinversiones y anotando todaslas pérdidas y ganancias quequeden por realizar en la fechadel balance (párr. 113);\tCumplida. Se hizo en las notasde los estados financieros de2010 que la División de Gestiónde las Inversiones presentó a lasecretaría de la Caja el 11 demarzo de 2011. La Divisióncelebrará nuevas consultas conlos consultores de las IPSASsobre esa información.\nw) La División de Gestión delas Inversiones cumpla lasrecomendaciones pendientes o encurso de cumplimientorestantes, dado que lasconclusiones de la OSSI indicandeficiencias considerables(párr. 117);\tCumplida. Con la contratacióndel Oficial de Cumplimiento enoctubre de 2009, la División deGestión de las Inversionesrealizó importantes avances ensu programa de cumplimiento. Sehan implantado nuevas políticas,incluso en relación con lasoperaciones privadas decompraventa de valores, losobsequios y atenciones socialesy la licencia obligatoria; hayotras políticas que estánpendientes de examen yaceptación. La Sección deGestión del Riesgo yCumplimiento de Normas,utilizando sus manuales degestión del riesgo ycumplimiento de normas ydiferentes sistemasautomatizados, está siguiendo decerca constantemente lasinversiones de la Caja paraasegurarse de que se procededebidamente a la supervisión yal cumplimiento de las políticasy normas de la División. Haynumerosas recomendaciones de laOSSI que se han aplicado y dadopor cumplidas. Existe unprocedimiento reglamentario paraseguir y abordar oportunamentela aplicación de lasrecomendaciones de la OSSI. Sehan organizado sesiones deformación para el personal de laDivisión, incluida una sesiónpara la Oficina de Ética. LaSección de Gestión del Riesgo yCumplimiento de Normas hadeterminado que por el momentono se ha producido ningunaviolación deliberada nisistemática de las políticas olos procedimientos de laDivisión con riesgo de que seproduzcan daños financieros a laCaja Común de Pensiones o a sureputación, a sus participanteso a sus beneficiarios.\nx) La Caja mejore lainformación sobre losprincipales supuestosactuariales y los cambiosrelativos a la valoración delas obligaciones porterminación del servicioincluida en las notas de losestados financieros (párr.124);\tPara 2009, la Caja incluyó lavaloración actuarial como partede sus estados financieros.Además, la Caja incluyó por vezprimera el seguro médico despuésde la separación del servicio ylas obligaciones por concepto determinación de servicio en elcuerpo principal de los estadosfinancieros.\ny) La Caja elabore un plan definanciación de lasobligaciones por terminacióndel servicio para que loexamine su órgano rector (párr.131);\tEn suspenso. Todo plan definanciación requerirá que lasNaciones Unidas financien untercio de algunos elementosconcretos. El cumplimiento deesta recomendación se ha dejadoen suspenso en espera de que laSecretaría de las NacionesUnidas prepare dicho plan.\nz) La Caja considere laposibilidad de revisar supolítica de valoración de lasobligaciones por vacacionesanuales en el proceso deimplantación de las IPSAS(párr. 139);\tLa Caja se mantienepermanentemente en contacto conlas Naciones Unidas y el Grupode Trabajo sobre las IPSAS paradeterminar si las vacacionesanuales deben valorarse comopasivo circulante con arreglo auna valoración actuarial.\naa) La Caja implante medidaspara asegurar que se realizanrecuentos del inventario físicoy que estos se concilian con elregistro de activos oportuna yperiódicamente (párr. 144);\tSe realizan comprobaciones del100% del inventario cada 12meses. A partir de 2011, esascomprobaciones se efectuarán enel cuarto trimestre de cada año,habida cuenta de la implantaciónde las IPSAS a partir de 2012.Además, se mantendrán en losucesivo las pruebas escritas deesas comprobaciones.\nbb) La Caja obtenga de laDependencia de Administraciónde Bienes y Control deInventario de las NacionesUnidas informes sobre elinventario, y obtenga accesoadministrativo pleno al sistemaProcurePlus a los efectos deactualizar todos los activos yobtener informes sobre elinventario(párr. 145);\tSe reciben mensualmente informessobre el inventario de laDependencia de Administración deBienes y Control de Inventario.La Caja solicitó acceso alsistema ProcurePlus de laOficina de Servicios Centralesde Apoyo mediante un memorandode fecha 30 de septiembre de2010 y un recordatorio de fecha15 de octubre de 2010 pero aúnno ha recibido respuesta. LaCaja preparó un plan de recursoshumanos dirigido al Comité Mixtode Pensiones y se lo presentó ensu 57º período de sesiones, enjulio de 2010.\ncc) La Caja elabore un plan derecursos humanos (párr. 149);\t\ndd) La secretaría de la Cajaestudie modos de fortalecer laplanificación de la sucesiónmedida en función de laretención de personal jubilado(párr. 153);\tLa plataforma de formación ydesarrollo de la Caja, queincluye el aprendizajeelectrónico, se desarrolla yactualiza constantemente enconsulta con los directores delos programas. Los conocimientosespecializados del personaljubilado se utilizan como ayudaen este proceso. Véase tambiénel párrafo 8 del memorando defecha 15 de abril de 2010dirigido a la Junta de Auditorespor el Director General.\nee) La Caja tenga en cuenta lasrecomendaciones de la OSSI,dado que indican deficienciassignificativas en la gestión delos recursos humanos (párr.158);\ta) La Caja se ajusta a lapolítica de vacaciones anualessegún lo dispuesto en lacláusula 5.1 del Estatuto delPersonal, a cuyo tenor “Losfuncionarios tendrán derecho avacaciones anuales apropiadas”,y en el artículo 105 delReglamento del Personal. Laadministración de la Cajaalentará al personal quedesempeñe cargos conresponsabilidades financieras atomarse un períodoininterrumpido de dos semanas devacaciones anuales cada año.Ello resulta obligatorio para elpersonal de la División deGestión de las Inversiones.\n\tb) La Oficina Ejecutiva preparómanualmente una plantilla, quese concilia mensualmente con elSistema Integrado de Informaciónde Gestión (IMIS).\n\tc) Se ha preparado un sistema deseguimiento para supervisar lacontratación de funcionarios,que se utilizará para establecerparámetros de referencia en cadaetapa del proceso decontratación. Hasta que la Cajadisponga de datos suficientespara calcular sus propiosparámetros, se utilizará elparámetro de referencia de lasNaciones Unidas de 120 días. Sealienta a los directores quellevan a cabo contrataciones aexaminar detenidamente a losaspirantes con miras a lograr laparidad entre los géneros.\n\td) El supervisor propondrá alfuncionario un conjunto defunciones en el IMIS, que seráexaminado y posteriormenteautorizado en consecuencia porla Oficina Ejecutiva. No secomunicarán a los funcionariosque no pertenezcan a la OficinaEjecutiva las funciones derecursos humanos del IMIS sin laautorización del DirectorGeneral.\n\te) En el nuevo marcocontractual, los funcionariosque trabajan después de haberllegado a la edad de lajubilación se encuadranactualmente dentro de lacategoría de “personaltemporario”. Los procedimientosgenerales publicados en enero de2009 contienen un anexo para elplan de trabajo y para laulterior evaluación del personaltemporario, anexo que ha de serllenado por los supervisores ydirectores.\n\tf) Los supervisores, en consultacon los jefes de departamento ylos funcionarios, indican ydocumentan claramente lasnecesidades de formación en ele-PAS. Los departamentossupervisarán o continuaránsupervisando su aplicación.\n\tg) Continuará la supervisión delcumplimiento con el suministrode información estadística eindividual a los jefes dedepartamento, haciendo hincapiéen la oportuna preparación dele-PAS.\nff) La secretaría de la Cajaconcilie mensualmente lasaportaciones de lasorganizaciones afiliadas yrealice el seguimiento de laspartidas no conciliadasoportunamente (párr. 162);\tEn la situación actual, laconciliación mensual resultainviable. No obstante, se hapuesto en marcha un planexperimental a fin de probar unsistema que permitiría laconciliación mensual.\ngg) La secretaría de la Cajacree sistemas destinados averificar la exactitud de lainformación facilitada por lasorganizaciones afiliadas antesdel cierre del ejercicio yrealice y verifique lasconciliaciones antes de ultimarlos estados financieros (párr.167);\tEn el ejercicio económico 2009se puso en marcha un planexperimental que se amplió en2010 y produjo resultadospositivos. La transmisiónautomática de archivos y lasverificaciones de la exactitudde los archivos a final de añoincrementarán la precisión de lainformación que se facilita yharán disminuir la carga detrabajo manual de la Caja.\nhh) La secretaría de la Cajacargue las pruebas delseguimiento con losbeneficiarios en el sistema degestión de contenidos cuandolas firmas que figuren en losformularios del certificado detitularidad difieran de lasoriginales, y cumpla elprocedimiento general 2001-68,que exige que se carguen todaslas imágenes digitalesdisponibles de la firma de losbeneficiarios en el sistema degestión de contenidos (párr.174);\ta) Es una práctica usual cargary escanear sistemáticamente laspruebas de toda lacorrespondencia oficial de laCaja con sus participantes ybeneficiarios. Ello incluye lascartas de recordatorio enviadaspara aclarar discrepancias en lafirma. En caso de que uno de susdocumentos no figure en unarchivo, ello constituiría unaexcepción y se debería a unamedida de supervisión.b) Como se ha explicado supra,es un procedimiento usual cargaren el sistema de gestión decontenidos todos los documentospertenecientes a los archivos delos beneficiarios de la Caja yde sus participantes. Unaomisión sería consecuencia deuna medida de supervisión yconstituiría una excepción. \nii) La secretaría de la Cajareduzca el plazo de tramitaciónde los casos de transmisión dederechos para ajustarse alobjetivo de los seis meses(párr. 180);\tLa Caja ha superado el retrasoque tenía acumulado en latramitación de los casos, lo queobedecía en parte a las largasdemoras experimentadas por elconstructor actuarial de la Cajay en parte a cuestionesnormativas que debían seraclaradas respecto de ciertoscasos antes de que pudieranultimarse las transmisiones. Enla actualidad hay pocos casospendientes desde hace largotiempo y ninguno lo está desdehace más de 50 días. Así pues,se cumple el parámetro dereferencia de tramitaciónrespecto de todos estos casos.\njj) La secretaría de la Cajaestablezca procedimientos paraconciliar periódicamente lanómina en PENSYS con el sistemaLawson (libro mayor) (párr.184);\tLa Sección de ServiciosFinancieros está examinando lapreparación de un informe deCognos en 2011 para proceder adicha conciliación.\nkk) La secretaría de la Cajaelabore y apruebeprocedimientos integrales degestión de las cuentas de losusuarios a fin de asegurar unagestión adecuada de dichascuentas y ponga en prácticaprocedimientos para controlarperiódicamente la validez delas cuentas de los usuarios(párr. 188);\tEn marcha. El Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación implantó unapolítica de “acceso, sistemas yprivilegios en materia de datos”para abordar la cuestión de losprocedimientos de gestióncontables. Se han establecido enel sistema grupos basados enfunciones y el acceso se definepor medio de esas funcionescuando lo solicita elsupervisor. Dentro de esossistemas se ha reconfigurado lacontraseña y se ha configuradoel parámetro de seguridadmediante la utilización de una“política activa de directorios”y scripts que permiten alusuario registrarse una solavez. Debido a las limitacionesdel PENSYS, no se consideróviable establecer un “registro yexamen periódicos de laactividad del sistema” en esossistemas antiguos y, porconsiguiente, tales funciones sehan implantado como un requisitopara la próxima sustitución porel Sistema Integrado deAdministración de Pensiones.\nll) La secretaría de la Cajarevise los procedimientosrelativos a la solicitud decambio y la solicitud deservicios para tener en cuentalos aspectos que requierenmejoras señalados por la Junta(párr. 193);\tSe recomienda darla porcumplida. El Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación ha examinado losprocedimientos relativos a lasolicitud de cambio y lasolicitud de servicios y haactualizado el mecanismo de lasolicitud de cambio para incluirun apartado en el que se indiquesi es necesaria la documentaciónjunto con las pruebas requeridasy las autorizaciones para lapuesta en práctica.\nmm) La secretaría de la Cajavigile el cumplimiento de losprocedimientos de control decambios y mantenga unadocumentación adecuada sobre lagestión del control de loscambios (párr. 195);\tSe recomienda darla porcumplida. El Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación ha establecido unsistema global y automatizadopara las autorizaciones y elseguimiento. Se han puesto enmarcha los procesos pertinentes.El Servicio y los supervisoressiguen actualmente de cerca laobservancia diaria de losprocedimientos de control decambios y hacen cumplir lapolítica de documentar todos ycada uno de los cambios antes desu puesta en práctica.\nnn) La secretaría de la Cajacree una función de control decalidad de la tecnología de lainformación para establecer ymantener un determinado gradode confianza y efectúecontroles para impedir que losanalistas de programas utilizanel nombre de usuario ycontraseña del administrador dela base de datos (párr. 202);\tSe recomienda darla porcumplida. A pesar del rechazo deuna “posición de garantía decalidad”, el Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación ha simplificado losrequisitos de esta funciónredactando una política deseparación de funciones. Además,la adecuada ejecución de lapolítica de separación defunciones del Servicio seconfirma y supervisa cuando sedocumenta cada etapa (porejemplo, la del analista, la delque la formula y la migratoria)mediante el proceso de solicitudde modificación, que requiere unexamen por dos personas: elprimer funcionario aprobador yel segundo funcionarioaprobador. Se han efectuadocambios a cuyo tenor el nombrede usuario y la contraseña deladministrador de la base dedatos únicamente pueden serutilizados por el administradorde dicha base de datos.\noo) La secretaría de la Cajaexamine la adecuación de losderechos de acceso de losanalistas de programas,centrándose específicamente enel acceso al entorno deproducción, y establezcaprocedimientos para los casosen que el acceso al entorno deproducción sea necesario (párr.204);\tSe recomienda darla porcumplida. A pesar del rechazo deuna “posición de garantía decalidad”, el Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación ha simplificado losrequisitos de esta funciónredactando una política deseparación de funciones. Semantiene la separación defunciones velando por que lastareas relacionadas con elanálisis o elaboración de datosy el traslado a la producción seasignen a dos personasdistintas. Además, se ha puestoen marcha un plan demodificación del sistema paragestionar y supervisar esteproceso.\npp) La secretaría de la Cajaasegure una separación defunciones en el proceso demigración de los cambiosprobados y aprobados desde elentorno de desarrollo alentorno de prueba y desde elentorno de prueba al entorno deproducción (párr. 206);\tSe recomienda darla porcumplida. A pesar del rechazo deuna “posición de garantía decalidad”, el Servicio deSistemas de Gestión de laInformación ha simplificado losrequisitos de esta funciónredactando una política deseparación de funciones. Semantiene la separación defunciones velando por que lastareas relacionadas con laelaboración de datos, la pruebay el traslado a la producción seasignen a dos personasdistintas. Además, se ha puestoen marcha un plan demodificación del sistema paragestionar y supervisar esteproceso.", "Anexo I", "Deliberaciones en el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas sobre las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 y las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013", "Asuntos administrativos de la Caja", "a) Estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011", "1. La secretaría de la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas solicitó una reducción de las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2010-2011 por valor de 21.772.800 dólares respecto de las consignaciones revisadas de 176.318.500 dólares. Así, pues las consignaciones revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011 ascenderían a 154.545.700 dólares, de los cuales 21.508.700 dólares son imputables a las Naciones Unidas en el marco del acuerdo de participación en la financiación de los gastos.", "b) Estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013", "2. Las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013 reflejan los gastos aprobados de 215.999.100 dólares (antes del ajuste) frente a un total de 176.318.500 dólares para el bienio 2010-2011. La solicitud presupuestaria presentada incluye 101.768.500 dólares para gastos administrativos, 111.282.400 dólares para gastos de inversión, 2.748.200 dólares para gastos de auditoría y 200.000 dólares para gastos del Comité Mixto. Además, las estimaciones prevén 152.900 dólares destinados a sufragar un puesto financiado con recursos extrapresupuestarios para el seguro médico después de la separación del servicio y un monto no superior a 200.000 dólares para el Fondo de Emergencia.", "Gastos administrativos", "3. El presupuesto propuesto para gastos administrativos asciende a un total de 101.768.500 dólares antes del ajuste, lo que representa un incremento de los recursos del 10,2% respecto de la consignación para el bienio 2010-2011, y del 26,5% en comparación con las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas correspondientes al bienio 2010-2011.", "4. En relación con los gastos administrativos, la secretaría destacó que, aunque el costo general estimado del proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones no había cambiado, sí se habían producido cambios en el calendario original debido a modificaciones en la estrategia de aplicación. Esto había dado como resultado gastos inferiores a los previstos en el proyecto durante el bienio 2010-2011 y una solicitud de esos fondos para el bienio 2012-2013. Además, de conformidad con el plan estratégico de mediano plazo sobre los recursos humanos de la secretaría, se solicitaron créditos para 16 puestos adicionales de plantilla y 3 reclasificaciones, como se indica a continuación:", "Puestos nuevos", "Número Categoría Denominación", "1 D-1 Jefe de Evaluación Técnica y Gestión de Riesgos", "1 P-5 Jefe de Servicios a los Clientes y Gestión y Distribución de Expedientes", "1 P-3 Jefe de Gestión y Distribución de Expedientes", "2 Servicios Auxiliar de Prestaciones Generales (otras categorías)", "1 P-4 Contable, Especialista en IPSAS", "1 Servicios Auxiliar Superior de Contabilidad Generales (categoría principal)", "1 P-4 Contable", "1 P-5 Jefe, Oficial de Seguridad", "1 P-5 Jefe de Arquitectura Institucional", "1 Servicios Auxiliar Jurídico Generales (otras categorías)", "1 P-4 Oficial de Finanzas y Presupuesto", "1 P-3 Oficial de Recursos Humanos/Capacitación", "1 Servicios Auxiliar de Recursos Humanos Generales (categoría principal)", "1 Servicios Auxiliar de Viajes Generales (otras categorías)", "1 Servicios Auxiliar Superior de Administración de Generales Locales (categoría principal)", "Reclasificaciones", "Número Categoría Denominación", "1 P-4 a P-5 Jefe de la Dependencia de Pagos", "1 P-4 a P-5 Cajero", "1 P-5 a D-1 Jefe, Oficial Jurídico", "Gastos de inversión", "5. El proyecto de presupuesto para gastos de inversión asciende a un total de 111.282.400 dólares antes del ajuste, lo que representa un aumento del 37,1% en comparación con la consignación para el bienio 2010-2011 (81.197.500 dólares) y del 56,1% en comparación con las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas correspondientes al bienio 2010-2011 (71.289.000 dólares).", "6. En relación con los gastos de inversión, los recursos solicitados por el Representante del Secretario General incluían 20 puestos nuevos, como se indica a continuación, y recursos adicionales en concepto de servicios por contrata en el ámbito de la gestión de cartera para la ejecución del Fondo para el Liderazgo, un aumento en las acciones de pequeña capitalización, el encargado del registro principal y proyectos de tecnología de la información.", "Puestos nuevos", "Número Categoría Denominación", "1 P-5 Oficial Jurídico Superior", "1 P-4 Secretario del Comité de Inversiones", "1 P-5 Oficial Superior de Inversiones (Gestión Externa)", "1 P-4 Oficial de Inversiones (Renta Fija y Divisas)", "1 P-4 Oficial de Inversiones (Inversiones Alternativas)", "1 P-4 Oficial de Inversiones (Mercados Emergentes Mundiales)", "1 P-4 Oficial de Inversiones (Ejecución de Transacciones)", "1 P-3 Oficial de Inversiones (Valores de América del Norte)", "1 P-3 Oficial de Inversiones (Analista de Bienes Raíces)", "1 Servicios Auxiliar de Ejecución de Transacciones Generales (otras categorías)", "1 P-4 Especialista en Gestión de Riesgos (Diligencia Debida y Estrategias Cuantitativas)", "1 P-3 Analista de Cumplimiento de Normas y Gestor del Riesgo Operacional", "1 Servicios Auxiliar del Director (Riesgos y Generales (otras Cumplimientos) categorías)", "1 P-4 Jefe de Contabilidad y Presentación de Informes", "1 P-3 Oficial de Finanzas (Conciliaciones)", "1 D-1 Jefe, Oficial de Tecnología de la Información", "1 P-4 Especialista en Gestión de Datos", "1 P-3 Oficial de Seguridad de la Información", "1 P-3 Administrador de Conciliaciones", "1 Servicios Auxiliar Administrativo Generales (otras categorías)", "Gastos de auditoría", "7. La Caja solicitó un total de 2.748.200 dólares en concepto de gastos de auditoría externa (774.700 dólares) e interna (1.973.500 dólares), lo que representa un incremento de 103.200 dólares en cifras netas, de los que 113.500 dólares corresponden a los auditores externos.", "Gastos del Comité Mixto de Pensiones", "8. Se solicitó un total de 200.000 dólares para los gastos de dos períodos de sesiones del Comité Mixto y los gastos de viaje del Presidente y el Comité de Búsqueda para el nombramiento del próximo Director General.", "Fondos extrapresupuestarios", "9. Se solicitaron recursos extrapresupuestarios por valor de 152.900 dólares para un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) que financiarán las organizaciones afiliadas que participan en el plan del seguro médico después de la separación del servicio.", "Fondo de Emergencia", "10. Se solicitó un importe no superior a 200.000 dólares para complementar el Fondo de Emergencia.", "Grupo de trabajo de presupuesto", "11. Las observaciones y recomendaciones formuladas por el grupo de trabajo de presupuesto y aprobadas por el Comité Mixto figuran a continuación.", "12. De conformidad con la decisión adoptada por el Comité Mixto en su 57º período de sesiones, el grupo de trabajo de presupuesto inició su labor el 6 de julio de 2011.", "13. La composición inicial del grupo de trabajo convenida por el Comité Mixto cambió con la sustitución de un representante del grupo de los jefes ejecutivos y otro del grupo de afiliados. La composición definitiva del grupo de trabajo fue la siguiente:", "Sra. J. Forrest (Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones), en representación de los órganos rectores", "Sr. G. Kuentzle (Naciones Unidas), en representación de los órganos rectores", "* Miembro nuevo.", "Sra. Y. Mortlock* (Organización Internacional para las Migraciones), en representación de los jefes ejecutivos", "Sra. S. Van Buerle (Naciones Unidas), en representación de los jefes ejecutivos (elegida Presidenta)", "Sr. H. Baritt* (Organización Mundial de la Salud), en representación de los afiliados", "Sr. C. Santos-Tejada (Naciones Unidas), en representación de los afiliados", "Sr. A. Castellanos del Corral (Federación de Asociaciones de ex Funcionarios Públicos Internacionales), en representación de los pensionistas", "Sr. T. Teshome (Federación de Asociaciones de ex Funcionarios Públicos Internacionales), en representación de los pensionistas", "14. El grupo de trabajo tuvo ante sí documentos relativos al estado de la aplicación de las IPSAS en la Caja Común de Pensiones, las estimaciones presupuestarias revisadas para el bienio 2010-2011, el marco estratégico de la Caja para el período 2012-2013 y las estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013. El grupo de trabajo mantuvo valiosas interacciones con los miembros de la secretaría y la División de Gestión de las Inversiones.", "Informe de ejecución para el bienio 2010-2011", "15. Como se indica en el párrafo 195 del informe sobre su 55º período de sesiones (A/63/9) y en el párrafo 137 del informe sobre su 57º período de sesiones (A/65/9), el Comité Mixto decidió que la secretaría de la Caja Común de Pensiones debía presentarle cada año, en el contexto del informe sobre la ejecución del presupuesto por programas, un análisis detallado de las diferencias entre el presupuesto aprobado y los gastos reales efectuados. Si bien señaló que se había facilitado cierta información, el grupo de trabajo opinó que, en futuros informes sobre la ejecución del presupuesto, se debía presentar un desglose más detallado de las diferencias en los principales grupos de objetos de gastos. Se señaló también que las IPSAS exigían una explicación de las diferencias entre el presupuesto y los gastos reales, lo que mejoraría el examen de futuras solicitudes presupuestarias por el Comité Mixto. Además, se deberían explicar con mayor detalle los casos en que los cambios en el enfoque o en la estrategia de ejecución, etc., de los proyectos o las iniciativas tuvieran consecuencias significativas para el programa de trabajo y, por tanto, para el nivel de gastos del período. Cabía señalar en particular que algunos de los gastos inferiores a los previstos del bienio se debían en realidad a traslados de las necesidades al período presupuestario siguiente, aspecto que debería quedar reflejado en una nueva solicitud para facilitar su examen, especialmente en el contexto del proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones.", "16. En este contexto, el grupo de trabajo opinó que los recursos programados para un bienio determinado por principio debían dedicarse a los fines aprobados y durante ese bienio. También observó que los gastos en concepto de “servicios por contrata” de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones eran inferiores a los previstos de manera recurrente. Finalmente expresó su agradecimiento por los esfuerzos de la División por tener muy en cuenta los gastos y la alentó a que continuara actuando de esa manera para ajustar mejor las estimaciones presupuestarias a la ejecución real.", "Marco estratégico para el período 2012-2013", "17. El grupo de trabajo reconoció los continuos esfuerzos realizados para mejorar la presentación basada en los resultados, en especial mediante el establecimiento de objetivos, logros previstos e indicadores de progreso más concretos. Recomendó que la Caja ajustara la formulación de sus marcos logísticos a los principios SMART (específicos, cuantificables, asequibles, pertinentes y de duración determinada), lo que permitiría al Comité Mixto evaluar con eficacia el desempeño de la Caja en el logro de los resultados previstos. El grupo de trabajo observó que el marco estratégico requería cambios de conformidad con las decisiones adoptadas al respecto en el presupuesto para el bienio 2012-2013.", "18. Además, el grupo de trabajo señaló que, siguiendo el proceso presupuestario establecido de las Naciones Unidas, el marco estratégico debía presentarse al Comité Mixto en un año que no fuera de presupuesto para que pudiera proporcionar a la Caja orientaciones pertinentes sobre las prioridades y el programa de trabajo que servirían de base para formular el presupuesto para el período financiero subsiguiente. Al tratarse del primer año en el cual se había facilitado un marco estratégico desde la decisión del Comité Mixto en la que se pedía su presentación, se reconoció que el ciclo establecido se seguiría a partir de 2012, año en que se presentaría el marco estratégico para el período 2014-2015 al Comité Mixto en su 59º período de sesiones.", "Estimaciones presupuestarias para el bienio 2012-2013", "19. El principio seguido por el grupo de trabajo durante el examen de las propuestas presupuestarias y las inquietudes de sus distintos grupos constituyentes era que se debía garantizar el mayor nivel de eficiencia, eficacia y conciencia respecto a los gastos en el cumplimiento del mandato de la Caja, prestando especial atención a las iniciativas encaminadas a incrementar el rendimiento, reducir los riesgos o prestar mejores servicios a esos grupos constituyentes. En general, el grupo de trabajo examinó las justificaciones facilitadas para los incrementos de recursos solicitados. En varios casos, el grupo era consciente de que todavía no se conocían plenamente las consecuencias y repercusiones de las IPSAS, el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones y otras iniciativas. Además, en opinión del grupo de trabajo, era prematuro solicitar recursos adicionales que inmovilizarían la platilla antes de que el Oficial Jefe de Finanzas, que aún no había sido contratado, pudiera expresar su opinión al respecto. El grupo de trabajo consideró asimismo que se podían lograr mayores sinergias mejorando la integración de las operaciones de Nueva York y Ginebra. El Director General informó al grupo de que se estaban examinando las oportunidades de subcontratación externa. El grupo de trabajo recomendó un examen más atento de las opciones de subcontratación externa y deslocalización, especialmente en vista del próximo fin de los arrendamientos en vigor, para obtener eficiencias en los gastos de administración.", "20. Además, el grupo de trabajo era plenamente consciente de la situación financiera a que se enfrentaban tanto las organizaciones afiliadas como los Estados Miembros, sobre todo la necesidad de lograr métodos eficientes y eficaces para ejecutar sus labores. En el caso de la Caja Común de Pensiones, el grupo de trabajo observó que las propuestas seguían tendencias expansivas y se basaban en gran parte en los futuros beneficios previstos del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones (un proyecto en el que aún se estaba trabajando), lo que exigía explicaciones más detalladas sobre las medidas que había tomado o podría tomar la Caja para mejorar su labor, así como las eficiencias y economías, incluidos cambios en la plantilla, que conllevaría ese proyecto.", "21. El grupo de trabajo de presupuesto reconoció el crecimiento constante del número de afiliados, que se había incrementado en un 4,2% durante los 10 últimos años. En el mismo período se había producido un aumento sustancial de la complejidad de la gestión de los afiliados, debido en gran parte al incremento del número de disposiciones del sistema de ajuste de las pensiones.", "22. Durante los últimos años, la Caja también había observado un aumento sin precedentes en el presupuesto. El proyecto de presupuesto para 2012-2013, de 216 millones de dólares, representaba un incremento del 23% respecto del presupuesto para 2010-2011, que se había fijado en 176,3 millones de dólares, y del 68% en comparación con el presupuesto para 2008-2009, de 128,2 millones de dólares.", "23. A fin de efectuar una evaluación más significativa del presupuesto general de la Administración, el grupo de trabajo examinó los gastos “por afiliado” (los gastos totales divididos entre el número de afiliados). Los cálculos, que incluían los ajustes por inflación, mostraron que el costo medio de administrar a cada afiliado había sido de 197 dólares anuales durante los últimos diez años. Sin embargo, el proyecto de presupuesto de 216 millones de dólares equivalía a 248 dólares por afiliado, lo que representaba un aumento del 26%.", "Costo por afiliado, con ajuste por inflación", "[](En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "24. El Director General confirmó al grupo de trabajo que la Administración utilizaba diversos indicadores clave de la ejecución para hacer un seguimiento de la eficacia y eficiencia de la Caja. El grupo de trabajo recomendaría que la Caja pusiera empeño en vincular los proyectos presupuestarios futuros con esos indicadores.", "Presentación presupuestaria y metodología", "25. El grupo de trabajo observó con agradecimiento que se había respetado íntegramente la decisión adoptada por el Comité Mixto en su 57º período de sesiones de que en el futuro los documentos del proyecto de presupuesto se facilitaran a todos los miembros 90 días antes de un período de sesiones del Comité Mixto, lo que había facilitado el examen temprano por el grupo de trabajo de presupuesto. Se observó que se había intentado ajustar lo más posible la presentación del presupuesto a la metodología empleada por las Naciones Unidas.", "26. Sin embargo, el grupo de trabajo formuló la observación general de que la Caja necesitaba examinar la presentación de su documentación presupuestaria, justificando los cambios de manera más clara y concisa, para facilitar la adopción de decisiones por el Comité Mixto. Un examen de la calidad de la documentación también sería de ayuda para eliminar incoherencias y velar por que las iniciativas intersectoriales se presentaran de manera agregada, con el uso de cuadros o gráficos cuando correspondiera, para facilitar su comprensión. Además, como había recomendado con anterioridad el Comité Mixto, la Caja debía continuar procurando ajustar en mayor medida su presentación presupuestaria a la de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente en lo relativo a la diferenciación entre el crecimiento y los cambios resultantes de variaciones en los parámetros de cálculo de los costos, como divisas, inflación o costos estándar de sueldos.", "27. El grupo de trabajo señaló con preocupación que se habían realizado progresos escasos o nulos en la integración y consolidación de determinadas funciones y servicios, lo que había favorecido la continuación de una mentalidad de compartimentos estancos en las operaciones; tampoco estaba clara la labor realizada para aplicar iniciativas de ahorro en las tareas de apoyo. El Comité Mixto tal vez desee considerar la posibilidad de pedir tanto al Director General como al Representante del Secretario General que estudien conjuntamente opciones para su presentación al Comité Mixto en un período de sesiones futuro.", "Tecnología de la información", "28. El grupo de trabajo observó que la Caja había solicitado aproximadamente 66 millones de dólares en la Sección de Sistemas de Información y el Servicio de Sistemas de Gestión de la Información para actividades relacionadas con la tecnología de la información. Aunque en última instancia ese nivel de recursos podía resultar apropiado, dada la creciente complejidad de las propuestas presentadas al Comité Mixto, sería oportuno preparar una estrategia concisa, completa e integrada de tecnología de la información vinculada al presupuesto y presentarla al Comité Mixto en su 59º período de sesiones; esa estrategia debía incorporar la validación de especialistas independientes en tecnología de la información sobre los ámbitos de operaciones pertinentes de la Caja.", "29. A este respecto, el grupo de trabajo señaló que la Caja dependía en gran medida del Centro Internacional de Cálculos Electrónicos. En particular, al referirse al presupuesto del Centro, se había informado al grupo de trabajo de que la Caja Común de Pensiones era el segundo mayor usuario de sus servicios, por detrás del Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno. Se indicó al grupo de trabajo que, debido a la índole del Centro, no se realizaban licitaciones competitivas para sus servicios, lo que planteaba inquietudes sobre si se trataba del medio más eficaz en función del costo y más económico de responder a las necesidades de la Caja sin poner en entredicho la seguridad o confidencialidad de los datos. Simultáneamente, en entrevistas con representantes de la Caja se había observado que esta había contratado una plantilla independiente a través del Centro, con unos 13 puestos de diversas categorías, desde el Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) hasta P-5, en concepto de servicios por contrata, algunos de ellos desde 2004.", "Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público", "30. Complació al grupo de trabajo escuchar al Director General informar de que se habían logrado buenos avances en el proyecto de las IPSAS y se confiaba en que la Caja cumpliría el calendario para su ejecución. El resto de las cuestiones relativas a los activos fijos y las prestaciones de los empleados parecían bien gestionadas. El personal de finanzas actual, tanto en la secretaría como en la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, conocía bien esas normas. El grupo de trabajo consideró que, a largo plazo, las IPSAS se incorporarían en las funciones de los supervisores de finanzas de manera muy parecida a la forma en que se había coordinado la aplicación de las Normas de contabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "31. El grupo de trabajo no consideraba necesario establecer dos puestos nuevos dedicados a las IPSAS, sino que era más apropiado aportar fondos para consultorías a corto plazo a fin de ayudar con los estados financieros, la detección de deficiencias y la documentación de políticas.", "Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones", "32. En relación con el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, el grupo de trabajo acogió con agrado las afirmaciones del Director General de que otorgaba al proyecto la mayor prioridad. Se señaló que el Sistema cambiaría fundamentalmente el enfoque institucional orientado a los casos para orientarlo a los procesos. Se recordó que el Sistema tenía por objeto mejorar tanto la eficacia como la prestación de servicios. En este contexto, el grupo de trabajo consideraba imprescindible que el examen y la mejora, en su caso, de todos los procesos en vigor pertinentes formara parte integrante de todo el proceso de gestión del cambio del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones. El grupo de trabajo alentaría también a la Caja a que velara por que el proyecto no estuviera principalmente orientado hacia la tecnología de la información, ya que la implicación plena de las esferas sustantivas era imprescindible.", "33. El grupo de trabajo recomendó que el Comité Mixto solicitara un informe sobre la estructura institucional prevista de la Caja después de la aplicación del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, que se examinaría en el contexto de la próxima solicitud presupuestaria, en el 60º período de sesiones. Ese informe también debía incluir una evaluación estratégica de todos los puestos afectados por la aplicación del Sistema.", "34. La Caja había escaneado 639.499 documentos en 2010, es decir 1.120.602 páginas. El Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones aspiraba a sustituir los sistemas de derechos, contabilidad y gestión de documentos. El grupo de trabajo señaló que en el proyecto parecía haberse asignado recursos de personal tanto a contabilidad como a derechos, pero no se habían dedicado recursos específicos a la gestión de documentos. El grupo de trabajo alentó a la Caja a que supervisara los conjuntos de aptitudes del proyecto y velara por la adecuación de los recursos para ocuparse de la gestión de documentos.", "35. El presupuesto actual incluía servicios por contrata adicionales y otros gastos que eran necesarios para los sistemas heredados que serían sustituidos por el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones. El Director General había asegurado que el Sistema se ejecutaría en los plazos previstos y con el presupuesto asignado o posiblemente sin gastarlo en su totalidad.", "36. El proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones tendría una influencia enorme en la prestación de servicios. Por eso, el grupo de trabajo recomendaría que en las solicitudes presupuestarias posteriores figurara un organigrama revisado.", "Recursos propuestos", "Puestos", "37. De conformidad con el principio y los criterios de orientación indicados en el párrafo 19 del presente anexo, y tras una serie de consultas con los directores y gerentes correspondientes, el grupo de trabajo procedió a examinar los puestos como se indica a continuación. La Caja solicitó un total de tres reclasificaciones (3 puestos de la secretaría) y 36 puestos nuevos (16 de Administración y 20 de la División de Gestión de las Inversiones). Tras examinar cada puesto y dialogar con los representantes de la secretaría y la División, el grupo de trabajo propuso lo siguiente:", "a) No apoyar las reclasificaciones propuestas;", "b) Apoyar la creación de siete puestos nuevos en la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, como se muestra en el cuadro 1;", "c) Apoyar la creación de las plazas que se indican en el cuadro 2 siguiente en la categoría de personal temporario general (no como puestos, según se había solicitado originalmente) para la duración y los fines indicados;", "d) No apoyar la creación de un nuevo puesto de P-4, Oficial de Finanzas y Presupuesto, en la Oficina Ejecutiva de la Caja. Sobre la base de la explicación de que había aumentado la complejidad de las funciones del puesto, el grupo de trabajo apoyó la reclasificación del puesto existente de categoría P-3, Oficial de Finanzas y Presupuesto, a la categoría P-4.", "Cuadro 1", "Sección\tPuesto\tNúmerodepuestos\tCategoría \n B. Inversiones \n Programa de trabajo \nInversiones\tOficial de Inversiones(InversionesAlternativas)\t1\tP-4\n\tOficial de Inversiones(Mercados EmergentesMundiales)\t1\tP-4\n\tOficial de Inversiones(Ejecución deTransacciones)\t1\tP-4\n\tOficial de Inversiones(Valores de América delNorte)\t1\tP-3\nOperaciones de Riesgoy Cumplimiento deNormas\tEspecialista en Gestiónde Riesgos (DiligenciaDebida y EstrategiasCuantitativas)\t1\tP-4\n\tOficial de Finanzas(Conciliaciones)\t1\tP-3\n Apoyo a los programas     \nSistemas deinformación\tOficial de Gestión deDatos\t1\tP-4", "Cuadro 2", "Sección\tPlazas de personaltemporario general\tNúmero\tCategoría\tObservaciones \n A. Administración \nPrograma detrabajo \nOperaciones\tJefe de Gestión yDistribución deExpedientes(Oficial deGestión de laInformación)\t1\tP-3\t24meses,norecurrente\n\tAuxiliar dePrestaciones paraservicios a losclientes (NuevaYork)\t1\tServiciosGenerales(otrascategorías)\t24meses,norecurrente\n B. Inversiones \nOficina delDirector\tOficialJurídico/Oficinade AsuntosJurídicos^(a)\t1\tP-4\t12meses,norecurrente\nPrograma detrabajo \nOperaciones\tJefe, Contabilidady Presentación deInformes\t1\tP-4\tContinuarácomopersonaltemporariogeneral,noconvertidoa puesto\nApoyo a losprogramas \nSistemas deinformación\tAdministrador deDatos Estáticos\t1\tP-3", "^(a) Recursos facilitados para servicios que se obtendrán de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos.", "Administración", "38. En relación con el Servicio del Sistema de Gestión de la Información, tras discutir con la Caja las prioridades asignadas a sus proyectos de tecnología de la información en vista de la capacidad que había que dedicar específicamente a la ejecución del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, el grupo de trabajo no apoyó la Iniciativa de Gestión Integrada y propuso una reducción en el presupuesto de 2.543.300 dólares (antes del ajuste). El resultado sería la reducción necesaria en servicios por contrata (1.133.300 dólares) y mobiliario y equipo (1.410.000 dólares), del presupuesto de Administración.", "Puestos temporarios", "39. El grupo de trabajo apoyó el mantenimiento de los 17 puestos temporarios para el proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones en las siguientes categorías: 1 P-5, 7 P-4, 4 P-3 y 5 de Servicios Generales (otras categorías).", "Otros gastos de personal", "40. El Grupo de Trabajo convino en el monto solicitado para otros gastos de personal, ajustado a las necesidades adicionales de las dos plazas de auxiliar temporario general aprobadas en operaciones/administración, que figuran en el cuadro 2.", "Consultores", "41. El grupo de trabajo apoyó el monto solicitado que ascendía a 300.000 dólares (antes del ajuste).", "Viajes", "42. El grupo de trabajo propuso una reducción del 10% en el nivel de consignaciones revisado.", "Servicios por contrata", "43. El grupo de trabajo apoyó el importe solicitado, ajustado al no haberse aprobado recursos para el proyecto de la Iniciativa de Gestión Integrada.", "Atenciones sociales", "44. Se mantendrá el monto de la consignación revisada.", "Gastos generales de funcionamiento", "45. El grupo de trabajo convino en el monto solicitado para administración. El grupo de trabajo observó que los gastos generales de funcionamiento habían aumentado debido a los cargos bancarios por valor de 3 millones de dólares, lo que supuso un incremento de aproximadamente 500.000 dólares respecto al bienio anterior. El grupo de trabajo pidió que la Caja examinara los mecanismos bancarios para tratar de reducir esos cargos y pidió que se presentara un informe resumido junto con la próxima solicitud presupuestaria.", "Suministros y material", "46. El grupo de trabajo apoyó el monto solicitado.", "Mobiliario y equipo", "47. El grupo de trabajo apoyó el monto solicitado, ajustado al no haberse aprobado recursos para el proyecto de la Iniciativa de Gestión Integrada.", "48. En el cuadro 3 se resumen las recomendaciones sobre los recursos no relacionados con puestos, como se ha explicado anteriormente, correspondientes a administración.", "Cuadro 3", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Otros gastos de personal 3 910,3", "Consultores 300,0", "Viajes 1 224,5", "Servicios por contrata 31 847,9", "Atenciones sociales 4,0", "Gastos generales de funcionamiento 14 248,0", "Suministros y material 185,8", "Mobiliario y equipo 2 011,0", "Total, recursos no relacionados con puestos 53 731,5", "División de Gestión de las Inversiones", "Otros gastos de personal", "49. El grupo de trabajo propuso recursos según el monto de la consignación revisada, ajustado para satisfacer las necesidades adicionales de las dos plazas de personal temporario general (recursos no recurrentes para un P-4, Oficial Jurídico, en la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos durante 12 meses, y un P-4, Jefe de Contabilidad y Presentación de Informes durante 24 meses), como se muestra en el cuadro 2.", "50. Además, el grupo de trabajo convino en que la División estableciera un P-2, Analista de Riesgos y Ejecución del Cumplimiento de Normas, y un P-3, Administrador de Datos Estáticos, que se incluirían en los recursos generales aprobados para otros gastos de personal (como se indica en el cuadro 3).", "Consultores", "51. Basándose en el examen de los recursos totales destinados a las IPSAS, el grupo de trabajo propuso que las necesidades estimadas de 500.000 dólares se redujeran a 250.000 dólares. Así, los créditos para consultores ascenderían a 1.177.000 dólares (antes del ajuste).", "Viajes", "52. El grupo de trabajo propuso mantener el monto de la consignación revisada.", "Servicios por contrata", "53. En la partida de servicios por contrata, el grupo de trabajo no apoyó en ese momento el importe de 11.250.000 dólares solicitado para el Fondo para el Liderazgo. El grupo de trabajo opinó que un avance en esa dirección equivaldría a modificar la estrategia de inversión y debía debatirse en el período de sesiones del Comité Mixto y contar con el apoyo inequívoco del Comité de Inversiones.", "54. Además, dado que se había informado al grupo de trabajo de que el reciente contrato para los servicios de custodio y encargado del registro principal se habían negociado por un importe inferior al previsto, se propuso deducir 4.138.300 dólares de esta partida de gastos.", "Atenciones sociales", "55. El grupo de trabajo propuso mantener el monto de la consignación revisada.", "Gastos generales de funcionamiento", "56. El grupo de trabajo convino en el importe solicitado.", "Suministros y material", "57. El grupo de trabajo propuso mantener el monto de la consignación revisada.", "Mobiliario y equipo", "58. El grupo de trabajo propuso mantener el monto de la consignación revisada.", "59. En el cuadro 4 se resumen las recomendaciones sobre los recursos no relacionados con puestos, como se ha explicado anteriormente, para la División de Gestión de las Inversiones.", "Cuadro 4", "(En miles de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "Otros gastos de personal 2 892,2", "Consultores 1 177,0", "Viajes 2 000,0", "Servicios por contrata 62 532,1", "Atenciones sociales 22,0", "Gastos generales de funcionamiento 4 485,1", "Suministros y material 160,0", "Mobiliario y equipo 700,0", "Total, recursos no relacionados con puestos 73 968,4", "Gastos del Comité Mixto de Pensiones", "60. El grupo de trabajo apoyó plenamente los recursos solicitados para los gastos del Comité Mixto.", "Fondos extrapresupuestarios", "61. El grupo de trabajo apoyó los recursos para un puesto de Servicios Generales (otras categorías), que sería financiado por organizaciones afiliadas al régimen.", "Deliberaciones del Comité Mixto", "62. El Comité Mixto observó con aprecio que el documento de presupuesto se había presentado según lo solicitado, 90 días antes del inicio del período de sesiones, lo que había permitido que el grupo de trabajo de presupuesto lo examinara en detalle.", "63. Los jefes ejecutivos apoyaron los resultados del grupo de trabajo y se mostraron complacidos por el hecho de que la solicitud presupuestaria se ajustaba a la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad para el Sector Público núm. 24 y se hubiera preparado en los plazos fijados por el Comité Mixto. Los jefes ejecutivos expresaron su preocupación por las imprecisiones de la información presentada en el proyecto que habían complicado el análisis del grupo de trabajo y el examen por el Comité Mixto, y recomendaron que se llevara a cabo un análisis detallado utilizando los coeficientes apropiados. Comentaron también que los presupuestos aprobados en períodos anteriores no se habían gastado en su totalidad.", "64. Los órganos rectores hicieron suyas las recomendaciones del grupo de trabajo. Recomendaron además que, en reuniones futuras, el documento se presentara más pronto, junto con declaraciones introductorias de los principales oficiales, para informar con mayor detalle sobre las consideraciones del grupo de trabajo.", "65. El grupo de afiliados apoyó las recomendaciones del grupo de trabajo, señalando que los estudios de gestión del activo y del pasivo habían recomendado la diversificación de los activos de la Caja en activos alternativos. El grupo recordó la recomendación hecha en el anterior período de sesiones de la Asamblea General de que se procediera con la mayor prudencia. También recordó que la promoción profesional no debería verse impedida por limitaciones presupuestarias.", "66. La Federación de Asociaciones de ex Funcionarios Públicos Internacionales apoyó las conclusiones del grupo de trabajo y le expresó su agradecimiento.", "67. Asimismo se comentó que las bases de comparación debían modificarse para registrar la inflación y los efectos del tipo de cambio cuando fuera necesario, que en un contexto general de austeridad debían buscarse posibles reducciones de los gastos en partidas como viajes y tecnología de la información, y que las solicitudes presupuestarias debían vincularse estrechamente con los objetivos estratégicos. En relación con el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones, todo cambio del sistema que tuviera posibilidades de influir en las organizaciones afiliadas debía hacerse notar con suficiente antelación.", "68. Los miembros del Comité Mixto afirmaron también lo siguiente:", "a) La Caja debería examinar de manera crítica la metodología y las hipótesis empleadas al elaborar presupuestos para los servicios por contrata;", "b) El cuadro del informe del grupo de trabajo de presupuesto en el que se mostraban las tendencias de los costos por afiliado era útil y podía servir como modelo para que la Caja realizara análisis adicionales.", "69. El Representante del Secretario General formuló una declaración ante el Comité Mixto, en la que advirtió de que las oportunidades desaprovechadas a causa de los rendimientos de inversiones dejados de percibir como resultado de las economías logradas en la gestión de las inversiones podrían superar con creces dichas economías aparentes. En su calidad de administrador fiduciario de la Caja, el Representante del Secretario General hizo constar sus preocupaciones e inquietudes por el hecho de que la financiación inferior a las necesidades fuera habitual en la División de Gestión de las Inversiones, lo que podía representar un riesgo inaceptable para la generación en el futuro de rendimientos adecuados que permitieran hacer frente al pasivo existente y previsto.", "70. El Director General dio las gracias al grupo de trabajo y expresó su aprecio por el apoyo que habían prestado a los proyectos fundamentales, como el Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones y las IPSAS. También hizo referencia al gráfico del informe del grupo de trabajo donde se reflejaba el costo por afiliado, aclarando que, cuando se producía un incremento en dicho costo, era debido a un proyecto y que una vez finalizado ese proyecto, el costo por afiliado volvía a reducirse. Como ejemplo se refirió al pico de 2004, provocado por la reubicación de las oficinas de la Caja desde el edificio de la Secretaría hasta la sede en el edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, y al de 2012-2013, causado por el proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones y que incluía 17 puestos temporarios que serían eliminados una vez finalizado el proyecto.", "71. El Director General Adjunto confirmó que el modelo operacional específico relacionado con el proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones permanecía sin cambios, con los mismos objetivos y prestaciones. El único cambio estaba relacionado con la ubicación de la nueva infraestructura informática necesaria para el proyecto del Centro de Datos de América del Norte en Nueva Jersey. La decisión de instalar la infraestructura informática en ese centro de datos se debió a que se habían descubierto vulnerabilidades importantes en el centro de datos del edificio 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza. El Director General Adjunto indicó también que todos los grupos sustantivos de la Caja participaban en el proyecto y que se había creado un comité directivo del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones. Confirmó que estaba previsto que el proyecto se completara tal como se había presentado y sin superar el presupuesto.", "Recomendaciones del Comité Mixto", "72. Basándose en las recomendaciones del grupo de trabajo, el Comité Mixto aprobó, para su presentación a la Asamblea General, el proyecto de estimaciones presupuestarias por un total de 194.164.000 dólares, que comprende gastos de administrativos (98.407.600 dólares), gastos de inversión (92.938.200 dólares), gastos de auditoría (2.613.800 dólares) y gastos del Comité Mixto (204.400 dólares). De este monto, 173.260.600 dólares corresponderían a la Caja y 20.903.400 dólares a las Naciones Unidas en virtud del arreglo de participación en la financiación de los gastos.", "73. Además, el Comité Mixto aprobó recursos por valor de 156.800 dólares con cargo a fondos extrapresupuestarios para la tramitación de los pagos de las primas del seguro médico después de la separación del servicio para algunas organizaciones afiliadas que lo habían solicitado.", "Anexo II", "Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: organigrama aprobado para el bienio 2010-2011", "Anexo III", "Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: organigrama propuesto para el bienio 2012-2013", "Abreviaturas: SsG, Subsecretario General; SG (CP), Cuadro de Servicios Generales (categoría principal); SG (OC), Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías).", "^(a) Un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) con cargo a los recursos extrapresupuestarios financiado por las organizaciones afiliadas.", "^(b) Puestos temporarios autorizados para el proyecto del Sistema Integrado de Administración de Pensiones.", "Anexo IV", "Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas: número de afiliados por organización a 31 de diciembre de 2010", "Número de afiliados\n Organización 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010", "Naciones Unidas^(a) 44 059 43 869 43 864 43 751 44 958 50 126 54 953 56 287 57 541 59 542 64 092 68 853 74 575 79 933 82 576 85 617", "Organización 2 823 2 632 2 599 2 620 2 612 2 650 2 747 2 863 3 044 3 221 3 330 3 261 3 366 3 572 3 642 3 741 Internacional del Trabajo", "Organización de las 5 735 5 540 5 435 5 387 5 340 5 315 5 344 5 447 5 648 5 822 5 918 5 774 5 735 5 722 6 011 6 145 Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura", "Organización de las 2 561 2 667 2 588 2 650 2 629 2 452 2 414 2 437 2 517 2 528 2 508 2 469 2 526 2 553 2 602 2 632 Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura", "Organización Mundial de 6 125 5 965 5 935 6 180 6 409 6 817 7 375 8 181 8 966 9 498 9 932 10 072 10 157 10 435 11 029 10 986 la Salud", "Organización de Aviación 820 826 852 852 841 867 873 883 863 863 826 806 795 775 784 791 Civil Internacional", "Organización 333 316 312 314 327 329 322 310 303 287 302 334 332 319 315 309 Meteorológica Mundial", "Acuerdo General sobre 476 538 529 542 7 4 3 1 – – – – – – – – Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio^(b)", "Organismo Internacional 2 146 2 057 2 053 2 075 2 068 2 076 2 125 2 168 2 207 2 217 2 261 2 278 2 273 2 229 2 245 2 307 de Energía Atómica", "Organización Marítima 315 324 323 310 315 325 330 340 344 351 343 338 337 320 323 313 Internacional", "Unión Internacional de 908 885 905 921 965 953 967 1 006 971 875 871 854 843 823 831 830 Telecomunicaciones", "Organización Mundial de 611 672 712 807 955 1 033 1 106 1 189 1 240 1 206 1 166 1 130 1 134 1 139 1 154 1 156 la Propiedad Intelectual", "Fondo Internacional de 302 295 298 332 338 344 383 435 462 488 506 502 519 526 534 540 Desarrollo Agrícola", "Centro Internacional 29 31 29 32 35 37 33 36 34 39 39 40 38 37 36 34 para el Estudio de la Preservación y Restauración de los Bienes Culturales", "Organización Europea y 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 Mediterránea para la Protección de las Plantas", "Organización de las 1 455 1 163 1 064 921 851 810 813 821 786 791 783 753 759 779 825 826 Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial", "Centro Internacional de – 136 138 141 142 145 145 150 152 162 171 173 177 191 194 190 Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología", "Organización Mundial del – 70 72 74 78 79 79 83 88 95 90 99 100 95 95 95 Turismo", "Tribunal Internacional – – 18 20 25 27 30 33 34 34 36 36 36 38 34 34 del Derecho del Mar", "Autoridad Internacional – – 3 30 28 31 28 34 34 28 30 29 29 32 31 32 de los Fondos Marinos", "Corte Penal – – – – – – – – – 298 431 578 719 809 865 908 Internacional^(c)", "Unión – – – – – – – – – – 37 40 45 45 48 49 Interparlamentaria^(d)", "Organización – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 059 2 419 3 134 3 261 Internacional para las Migraciones^(e)", "Tribunal Especial para – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 259 329 el Líbano^(f)", "Número total de 68 708 67 997 67 740 67 971 68 935 74 432 80 082 82 715 85 245 88 356 93 683 98 431 106 112 117 121 afiliados 566 804 580 138", "Número total de 16 18 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 organizaciones afiliadas", "^(a) El número de afiliados de las Naciones Unidas en 2006 se redujo en dos, pasando de 68.855 a 68.853.", "^(b) El Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio se retiró de la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas el 31 de diciembre de 1998.", "^(c) La Corte Penal Internacional pasó a ser la 20ª organización afiliada a la Caja el 1 de enero de 2004.", "^(d) La Unión Interparlamentaria pasó a ser la 21ª organización afiliada a la Caja el 1 de enero de 2005.", "^(e) La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones pasó a ser la 22ª organización afiliada el 1 de enero de 2007.", "^(f) El Tribunal Especial para el Líbano pasó a ser la 23ª organización afiliada el 1 de enero de 2009.", "[1] Se calcula que el Servicio de Operaciones tramitará unas 55.400 nuevas afiliaciones, transferencias dentro y fuera de la Caja y separaciones del servicio durante el bienio 2012-2013; se trata de tareas concretas y mensurables llevadas a cabo por el Servicio, que representan un aumento del 80% respecto del bienio 1998-1999.", "[2] Se estima que el valor total de las prestaciones periódicas adicionales que se habrán de pagar durante unos 30 años y de las liquidaciones en efectivo calculadas, verificadas y establecidas por el Servicio de Operaciones para su pago cada año asciende a casi 1.000 millones de dólares." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 133 and 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and transitional measures concerning the Fund’s financial reporting under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "Contents", "Page\nI.Overview 4II. Budget 4 estimates for the biennium 2010-2011: performance \nreport A.Administrative 7 \ncosts B.Investment 13 \ncosts C. Audit 16 \ncosts D. Board 16 \ncosts E.Extrabudgetary 16 \ncosts III. Budget 17 estimates for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and analysis of resource \nrequirements \nA.Introduction 17B.Administrative 25 \ncosts C.Investment 49 \ncosts D. Audit 66 \ncosts E. Board 67 \nexpenses IV. Emergency 67 \n Fund V.Recommendation 67 for ad hoc measures regarding implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by 1 January \n 2012 VI. Action 68 to be taken by the General \nAssembly VII.Summary 69 of follow-up action taken to implement requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary \nQuestions \nAnnexes I.Discussionsin 79 theUnited NationsJointStaff PensionBoardon the revisedbudgetestimates for the biennium2010-2011 andon thebudgetestimates for the \nbiennium2012-2013 II.United 94 NationsJointStaff PensionFund: approved organizationchart for the \nbiennium2010-2011 III.United 95 NationsJointStaff PensionFund: proposed organizationchart for the \nbiennium2012-2013 IV.United 96 NationsJointStaff PensionFund:numberof participantsbymember organizationasat31 December \n 2010", "Summary \nThe present report contains the revised budget for the United NationsJoint Staff Pension Fund for the biennium 2010-2011, which indicatesa reduction in appropriations amounting to $21,772,800. Thisreduction comprises amounts under expenditures of administrativecosts ($11,830,000), investment costs ($9,908,500) and audit costs($112,100), partly offset by an increase of $77,800 for Boardexpenses. The revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 wouldthen amount to $154,545,700, divided into: administrative costs($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of this amount,$21,508,700 is chargeable to the United Nations under thecost-sharing arrangement.\nThe report also contains budget estimates for the period from 1January 2012 to 31 December 2013, which amount to $191,620,600(before recosting) for administrative costs ($96,873,100), investmentcosts ($91,799,300), audit costs ($2,748,200) and Pension Boardexpenses ($200,000). The report provides for a total of 227continuing established posts, 17 temporary posts, 7 new establishedposts and the reclassification of 1 post.\n Resource requirements -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Resources Posts(thousands ofUnited Statesdollars)---------------------- ------------- ------------- -- ----------- -----------Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013(beforerecosting) Administrative^(a,b) 92 308.5 96 873.1 188 187 Investment 81 197.5 91 799.3 58 65 Audit 2 645.0 2 748.2 — — Pension Board 167.5 200.0 — — Total 176 318.5 191 620.6 246 252----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post fundedby member organizations. \n^(b) Includes 18 Integrated Pension Administration System temporaryposts; 1 post at the P-4 level was abolished in 2011.", "I. Overview", "1. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund was established in 1949 by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits for the staff of the United Nations and such other organizations as might be admitted to membership. There are currently 23 member organizations; the combined number of active participants and benefits in payment as of 31 December 2010 amounted to 184,968.", "2. In accordance with the Regulations adopted by the General Assembly, the Fund is administered by the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, a staff pension committee for each member organization and a secretariat to the Board and to each such committee. One third of the Board members are chosen by the General Assembly and the corresponding governing bodies of the other member organizations, one third by the executive heads and one third by the participants. The Pension Board reports to the General Assembly on the operations of the Fund and on the investment of its assets. When necessary, it recommends amendments to the Regulations, which govern, inter alia, the rates of contribution by the participants (currently 7.9 per cent of their pensionable remuneration) and by the organizations (currently 15.8 per cent), eligibility for participation, and the benefits to which participants and their dependants may become entitled.", "II. Budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011: performance report", "3. Table 1 summarizes the total estimated expenditures for the biennium 2010-2011. In order to make the performance report of the Fund more meaningful, the expenditures for the biennium comprise two distinct elements: (a) actual expenditures for the 17-month period from 1 January 2010 through 31 May 2011; and (b) estimated expenditures for the 7-month period from 1 June through 31 December 2011. The actual expenditures for the period from 1 January through 31 May 2011 have been calculated on the accrual basis of accounting, meaning that the effects of transactions and other events are recognized in financial statements when they occur and not when cash and cash equivalents are received or paid.", "4. In resolution 64/245, the General Assembly approved appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 totalling $176,318,500, comprising administrative costs ($92,281,400), investment costs ($81,292,100), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($100,000). Of this amount, $154,749,100 is chargeable directly to the Fund and $21,569,400 being the share of costs borne by the United Nations. In addition, resources amounting to $158,200 were authorized for extrabudgetary costs and funded by a number of member organizations. In its resolution 65/249, the General Assembly approved the redeployment of appropriations to meet the requirements of the Fund. The revised appropriation comprises administrative costs ($92,308,500), investment costs ($81,197,500), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($167,500). The amount chargeable directly to the Fund and the share of costs borne by the United Nations remain unchanged at $154,749,100 and $21,569,400, respectively.", "Table 1 Revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 by object of expenditure", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Approved Expenditures Estimated Increase or Proposed final appropriations for the expenditures (decrease) 2010-2011 17-month for the for the appropriations period 7-month period biennium 1 January 1 June-31 2010-2011 2010-31 May December 2011 2011\n Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Pension United Total Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations Fund Nations", "(a) (b) (c) (d) = (b) + (e) = (a) + (d) (c) - (a)", "Administrative costs", "Posts 26 386.6 12 344.8 38 731.4 16 442.4 7 739.9 24 8 213.8 3 829.8 12 (1 730.4) (775.1) (2 505.5) 24 656.2 11 36 182.3 043.6 569.7 225.9", "Temporary posts 2 870.3 — 2 870.3 807.1 — 807.1 258.0 — 258.0 (1 805.2) — (1 805.2) 1 065.1 — 1 065.1", "Other staff 2 830.8 1 202.0 4 032.8 1 958.8 932.6 2 891.4 1 260.5 538.6 1 799.1 388.5 269.2 657.7 3 219.3 1 471.2 4 690.5 costs", "Consultants 537.6 — 537.6 205.9 — 205.9 132.6 — 132.6 (199.1) — (199.1) 338.5 — 338.5", "Travel 1 360.6 — 1 360.6 907.2 — 907.2 389.9 — 389.9 (63.5) — (63.5) 1 297.1 — 1 297.1", "Contractual 21 908.3 3 851.7 25 760.0 12 144.7 3 163.6 15 2 651.8 521.5 3 173.3 (7 111.8) (166.6) (7 278.4) 14 796.5 3 685.1 18 services 308.3 481.6", "Hospitality 4.0 — 4.0 4.3 — 4.3 1.0 — 1.0 1.3 — 1.3 5.3 — 5.3", "General 9 581.6 3 220.1 12 801.7 6 703.9 3 125.8 9 829.7 4 442.8 712.1 5 154.9 1 565.1 617.8 2 182.9 11 146.7 3 837.9 14 operating 984.6 expenses", "Supplies and 140.1 70.0 210.1 252.4 55.1 307.5 54.9 27.5 82.4 167.2 12.6 179.8 307.3 82.6 389.9 materials", "Furniture and 5 560.0 440.0 6 000.0 481.5 114.1 595.6 2 078.5 325.9 2 404.4 (3 000.0) — (3 000.0) 2 560.0 440.0 3 000.0 equipment", "Total 71 179.9 21 128.6 92,308.5 39 908.2 15 55 19 483.8 5 955.4 25 (11 (42.1) (11 59 392.0 21 80 131.1 039.3 439.2 787.9) 830.0) 086.5 478.5", "Investment costs", "Posts 15 344.0 — 15 344.0 9 115.1 — 9 115.1 5 275.5 — 5 275.5 (953.4) — (953.4) 14 390.6 — 14 390.6", "Other staff 2 361.8 — 2 361.8 753.4 — 753.4 1 738.7 — 1 738.7 130.3 — 130.3 2 492.1 — 2 492.1 costs", "Consultants 2 328.8 — 2 328.8 702.6 — 702.6 1 626.2 — 1 626.2 — — — 2 328.8 — 2 328.8", "Travel 2 000.0 — 2 000.0 1 100.6 — 1 100.6 610.4 — 610.4 (289.0) — (289.0) 1 711.0 — 1 711.0", "Contractual 52 878.9 — 52 878.9 32 839.7 — 32 11 594.0 — 11 (8 445.2) — (8 445.2) 44 433.7 — 44 services 839.7 594.0 433.7", "Hospitality 22.0 — 22.0 20.4 — 20.4 3.0 — 3.0 1.4 — 1.4 23.4 — 23.4", "General 5 402.0 — 5 402.0 2 787.4 — 2 787.4 2 283.5 — 2 283.5 (331.1) — (331.1) 5 070.9 — 5 070.9 operating expenses", "Supplies and 160.0 — 160.0 53.8 — 53.8 105.8 — 105.8 (0.4) — (0.4) 159.6 — 159.6 materials", "Furniture and 700.0 — 700.0 218.6 — 218.6 460.3 — 460.3 (21.1) — (21.1) 678.9 — 678.9 equipment", "Total 81 197.5 81 197.5 47 591.6 47 23 697.4 23 (9 908.5) (9 908.5) 71 289.0 71 591.6 697.4 289.0", "Audit costs", "External audit 551.0 110.2 661.2 244.6 48.9 293.5 306.4 61.3 367.7 — — — 551.0 110.2 661.2", "Internal audit 1 653.2 330.6 1 983.8 821.4 164.3 985.7 738.3 147.7 886.0 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 1 559.7 312.0 1 871.7", "Total 2 204.2 440.8 2 645.0 1 066.0 213.2 1 279.2 1 044.7 209.0 1 253.7 (93.5) (18.6) (112.1) 2 110.7 422.2 2 532.9", "Board expenses 167.5 — 167.5 199.4 — 199.4 45.9 — 45.9 77.8 — 77.8 245.3 — 245.3", "Total resources 154 749.1 21 569.4 176 318.5 88 765.2 15 104 44 271.8 6 164.4 50 (21 (60.7) (21 133 037.0 21 154 344.3 109.5 436.2 712.1) 772.8) 508.7 545.7", "Extrabudgetary costs (after-service health insurance system)", "Operational 158.2 — 158.2 90.0 — 90.0 54.3 — 54.3 (13.9) — (13.9) 144.3 — 144.3 activities", "5. The revised appropriations were approved for:", "(a) Administrative costs: an increase of $94,600 in general temporary assistance expenditure to cover the cost of one post at the P-4 level related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS);", "(b) Investment costs: a decrease in contractual services of $94,600.", "6. Total expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011 is estimated at $154,545,700, comprised of administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300), resulting in an underexpenditure of $21,772,800, or 12.3 per cent of the total appropriation. In addition, the projected expenditure of $144,300 for extrabudgetary costs will result in an underexpenditure of $13,900, or 8.8 per cent of the appropriation.", "A. Administrative costs", "7. The $80,478,500 estimated administrative costs will result in an underexpenditure of $11,830,000, or 12.8 per cent. The main resource variances that contribute to the net underexpenditure are due primarily to the Integrated Pension Administration System project as a result of a refinement in the project plan and the addition of new foundational activities as well as the installation of the new information technology infrastructure as explained in paragraphs 13 to 17 below. The Integrated Pension Administration System project is a major capital project for the Pension Fund and, as such, table 2 highlights the split between the estimated expenditure of the Integrated Pension Administration System project and non-Integrated Pension Administration System projects for the biennium 2010-2011.", "8. The major resource variances not related to the Integrated Pension Administration System include:", "1. Posts — underexpenditure of $2,505,500", "9. The underexpenditure is mainly due to a higher average vacancy rate early in the biennium.", "2. Other staff costs — overexpenditure of $657,700", "10. The higher than expected expenditure is owing mainly to the need for general temporary assistance as a result of increased workload owing to the increase in the number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "3. General operating expenses — overexpenditure of $2,182,900", "11. The higher than expected expenditure is owing mainly to bank charges, which are estimated to be $2,500,000. Estimates for bank charges were included in the 2010-2011 budget estimates report presented to the Board, under the general operating expenses category, which, after consideration by the Board, was eliminated in the budget report to the General Assembly (see A/64/291, annex VII, para. 34). The amount of $2,500,000 for bank charges for benefit payments is based on actual charges incurred in the 2008-2009 performance period.", "4. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "12. Brief details of the status of information technology projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011 are given below.", "Table 2 Status of projects, 2010-2011", "(United States dollars)", "Project Projected/actual Appropriation Estimated Overexpenditure or completion date expenditure (underexpenditure)", "Integrated Pension May 2014 14 361 400 2 299 906 (12 061 494) Administration System", "Member organization December 2011 1 749 773 1 749 773 — information-sharing initiatives", "Client services initiatives December 2011 469 671 469 671 —", "Web system initiatives December 2011 1 709 342 1 709 342 —", "Enterprise system December 2011 1 063 280 1 063 280 — initiatives", "Enterprise operations December 2011 1 031 400 1 031 400 — initiatives", "Information technology December 2011 461 633 461 633 — consolidation with Investment Management Service", "Total 20 846 499 8 785 005 (12 061 494)", "Integrated Pension Administration System initiative", "13. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund continued with the project’s major foundational tasks including: (a) constructing a comprehensive data dictionary of the current systems (PENSYS and Lawson); (b) producing a detailed data analysis of the current systems; (c) cleaning data, utilizing specialized “bulk” programmes, and through the work of the Integrated Pension Administration System project team staff with the PENSYS and Lawson databases; (d) updating procedural documentation (to complement the process maps produced under the planning and design phase of the project); (e) producing the first set of calculation formulas to set out the complex and detailed calculation basis of the Pension Fund and be ready for the sign-off of these from in-house and external experts during the implementation phase; (f) updating of technical documentation which sets out the detailed data exchanges (interfaces) that exist between the current systems and other entities; and (g) creating the first set of detailed test libraries covering the interfaces and calculations.", "14. The project started two additional initiatives not considered in the original plan. The first initiative refers to an extensive bottom-up review of the statement of requirements produced during the first phase of the project. During this phase, the target operating model and project scope were refined. New functional and information technology requirements were expanded. The final statement of work considers 333 detailed functional and information technology specifications in addition to 18 key high-level requirements.", "15. The second initiative relates to the exploration of new technologies as the means to develop better interfaces that would allow a seamless payroll connection (between the Integrated Pension Administration System and member organizations’ human resources and finance systems) and that would enable a better use of existing databases to automate verification of contribution calculations and establish other data quality protocols. In the light of the recent strategy adopted by many member organizations to migrate to enterprise resource planning platforms, the Fund is studying the possibility of establishing common interfaces using newer technologies. At the completion of the implementation of the SAP software by the United Nations, it is estimated that 96 per cent of the Pension Fund participants’ data will be maintained under an enterprise resource planning platform. This initiative is closely connected with the development of Integrated Pension Administration System since the amended specifications consider: (a) the need for a seamless payroll connection; (b) the tools for an efficient utilization of the common enterprise resource planning interfaces; and (c) the development of a web-entry system (for those organizations lacking enterprise resource planning platforms).", "16. The two additional initiatives yielded more detailed specifications that will guide the parameterization and functionality building process in a more precise and effective manner. This will improve the new system and save time and resources in post-implementation changes. In addition, the Integrated Pension Administration System project will try to harmonize as early as possible its data requirements with the data generated by the enterprise resource planning systems of member organizations. Naturally, the success of the System is closely linked to the quality, timeliness and availability of the human resources and financial data supplied by the Fund’s member organizations.", "17. While the Integrated Pension Administration System project’s overall estimated cost of $22,660,300 (before recosting) remains unchanged, additional activities have been incorporated into the project plan, and the procurement process has been significantly modified to incorporate a two-stage evaluation (as suggested by the United Nations Procurement Division). These changes resulted in an extension of the original timeline and a corresponding shift in the estimated timing of the expenditures. Table 3 highlights the estimated expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011 as well as the overall estimated project cost.", "Table 3 Summary of resource requirements for the Integrated Pension Administration System", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Administrative Biennium Biennium Biennium Total project costs 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015\n Approved Estimated Increase/ Proposed final Requested Estimated Estimated appropriations expenditure (decrease) appropriations appropriations appropriations appropriations", "Temporary posts 2 870.3 1 065.1 (1 805.2) 1 065.1 3 670.8 957.7 5 693.6", "Travel 84.8 84.8 — 84.8 — — 84.8", "Contractual 8 406.3 1 150.0 (7 256.3) 1 150.0 11 966.3 3 765.6 16 881.9 services", "Furniture and 3 000.0 — (3 000.0) — — — — equipment", "Total 14 361.4 2 299.9 (12 061.5) 2 299.9 15 637.1 4 723.3 22 660.3", "Furniture and equipment — underexpenditure of $3,000,000", "18. The lower than expected expenditure is the result of a decision to install the information technology hardware required by the project in the Fund’s new data centre owing to vulnerabilities identified in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza. The project’s original strategy was to acquire 12 new servers and 15 storage area network modules as well as uninterruptible power supply expansions and install them in the data centre located on the fourth floor of 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza to provide the required additional capacity to host the new system applications.", "19. However, owing to serious vulnerabilities identified in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, this strategy was not considered viable. The Business Impact Analysis conducted in 2009 and presented to the Pension Board in 2010 revealed that while the data centre had installed a UPS system, there was no power generator to deal with possible power failures from the utility company (or building electrical system). An earlier assessment of the data centre against industry practices for a production data centre gave the facility an availability rating of 2 out of 10 (10 being the highest or best possible score). Therefore, installing new hardware in the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza would represent serious risks to the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "20. After an extensive search for a suitable alternative, the Fund decided to migrate the information and communications technology infrastructure located at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza to the new North American data centre, which is a new and more robust data centre that would be able to properly ensure operational availability of its mission critical systems. The North American data centre is classified as tier 3 according to the Telecommunications Industry Association standards (TIA-942 DC), which guarantees 99.9 per cent uptime and availability.", "Contractual services — underexpenditure of $7,256,300", "21. The lower than expected expenditure is owing mainly to the change in location of the data centre to host the new system applications. When the existing equipment at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza was moved to the new North American data centre, additional new equipment in the amount of $750,000 was acquired and installed in the North American data centre to adequately cover all of the expected capacity needs of the Integrated Pension Administration System. A request for proposal has been issued for $400,000 to retain a specialized consulting firm to assist in the re-engineering of its processes as per the new target operating model and new operational paradigm as well as to develop test scenarios to serve as the basis for ensuring that the new system is able to process entitlements and payments accurately, safely and efficiently.", "22. The above-mentioned initiatives enable the Integrated Pension Administration System project to be in a better position to start its next phase, but this represents a shift in the original timeline. The project’s 30-month estimate for full system deployment (after the proof of concept has been tested and approved) has not changed. Therefore, the completion of system implementation is expected by April 2014 and parallel testing and training by November 2014. However, this target date is dependent on the duration of the remaining procurement/contractual activities which are expected to be completed in nine months. Consequently, the appropriations for the development, parameterization and implementation of the new software applications considered in the budget for 2010-2011 ($7,256,300) will not be exercised until the biennium 2012-2013. The project’s detailed timeline and description of activities is included in annex II of the supplementary financial information.", "Temporary posts — underexpenditure of $1,805,200", "23. The lower than expected expenditure in posts is owing primarily to a staggered recruitment approach which was adopted to make the best use of the project’s resources and which responds to the updating of the project’s timeline.", "Client services initiatives", "24. A pilot project (iServ), based on Oracle’s Siebel customer relationship management, was commissioned with the goal of streamlining and automating incidents reported to the Fund’s webmaster. The exercise proved to be much more complex and challenging than initially estimated but helped the Fund gain substantial knowledge about implementing a customer relationship management system and provided many valuable lessons. It also helped the Fund determine that introducing a comprehensive customer relationship management solution right away into its core business activities might not be the most practical, advisable or cost-effective action (especially so considering that customer relationship management could be a part of the Integrated Pension Administration System initiative), whereas addressing the most critical needs of the Client Services Unit in the short term by building smaller localized applications would prepare it better in understanding how to shape the customer relationship management system when it is eventually integrated with the business processes.", "25. As an alternative, a Lotus Notes-based custom application has been developed to track interactions with clients who visit the Fund in person or phone. Not only does the application record valuable information, such as the area of service requested, mode the service was provided in (walk in or phone) and the time taken to service a client, it provides an easy-to-use reporting and analytics tool (including dashboards) that can be used to view statistics and trends over a period of time. It is envisioned that as time goes by, this application will be enhanced to incorporate additional features covering a broader spectrum of client services activities.", "Web systems initiatives", "26. The web systems initiatives keep providing beneficiaries and participants with direct access to personalized information through the use of custom web-based applications. Critical applications, including the two-track and benefit estimate systems, certificate of entitlement tracking and annual statements, have now become a standard service for clients. The cost-of-living notification, produced whenever there is a change in the cost-of-living index and/or the quarterly exchange rate, is now available on the Web for registered beneficiaries in receipt of a monthly benefit. The interface for the benefit estimator available through the annual statement application has been redesigned and is now available to clients since the release of the 2009 annual statement. As part of the Fund’s ongoing efforts to support the increasing number of visitors, parts of the website infrastructure and applications were upgraded to provide a more stable and secure environment. New web-based portals were added to provide role-based and secure single-point interfaces for many Fund-wide web applications. Additional e-learning applications and onboarding workshops have been added to accommodate training requirements, and several new courses will be made available in 2011. A case digest for the Legal Office has been developed and will also be available on the website in 2011.", "Enterprise systems initiatives", "27. The enterprise systems initiatives will ensure that mission-critical business systems (for example, Content Manager and Lawson) are current with vendor updates, releases and upgrades, while keeping pace with changes to the business model of the Fund. All necessary updates, releases and upgrades have been or are expected to be successfully installed by the end of 2011.", "Enterprise operations initiatives", "28. As part of the enterprise operations mandate, all mission critical systems have been transferred to a new site in Piscataway, New Jersey. The new facility is a Tier III data centre fault tolerant providing 99.9 per cent availability. Telecommunication equipment will continue to be hosted by the data centre at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, while the Geneva data centre hosts the support systems for the Geneva office and the business continuity and disaster recovery environment. As part of the data centre relocation project, the storage area network has been upgraded, increasing the capacity and reducing the systems response time. A new virtual infrastructure was built enabling 70 per cent of the Fund’s servers to run on virtual farms, thereby increasing operational efficiency and availability and improving manageability of the server infrastructure. The Lawson and database servers have been upgraded, and a fail-over cluster was implemented to optimize the recovery time and response to users. The relocation of the Geneva Data Centre is in progress. The new facilities are managed by the International Computing Centre and will allow the Fund to virtualize 95 per cent of the servers and support redundancy for the web environment. A new data backup system has been implemented reducing the maintenance window and the file recovery time. An enterprise e-mail archiving solution has been implemented in the Pension Fund in order to manage the e-mail service efficiently and to keep up with the growing mailboxes and unlimited retention policy of the organization. In the process, Pension Fund e-mail servers and clients have been constantly upgraded to the most current releases. It is anticipated that by the end of 2011, the Information Management Systems Service will complete an upgrade of the UPS system.", "Information technology consolidation with the Investment Management Division initiative", "29. Information technology consolidation with the Investment Management Division is progressing as planned and is scheduled to finish during the current biennium. Based on the signed service delivery agreements between the Information Management Systems Service and the Investment Management Division, several infrastructure projects were executed successfully and in a timely manner within the shared infrastructure environment. These include the trade order management system, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), and document management system. A disaster recovery environment for the trade order management system and SWIFT was also successfully built and tested in Geneva. Work is in progress for the final 5 out of the 38 areas identified for consolidation and is anticipated to be completed during the current biennium. These include network, help desk, provision of directory services, file sharing and e-mail consolidations.", "B. Investment costs", "30. The $71,289,000 estimated administrative costs will result in an underexpenditure of $9,908,500, or 12.2 per cent. The main resource variances that contribute to the net underexpenditure include:", "1. Posts — underexpenditure of $953,400", "31. The underexpenditure is due mainly to the later than expected recruitment of staff.", "2. Travel — underexpenditure of $289,000", "32. The underexpenditure is owing mainly to the later than expected recruitment of staff and the availability of staff as a result of work schedules. The lower requirement was offset by higher travel costs for the members of the Investment Committee.", "3. General operating expenses — underexpenditure of $331,100", "33. The underexpenditure is attributable to lower than anticipated costs for charges such as chilled water, cleaning services and building operating expenses.", "4. Contractual services — underexpenditure of $8,445,200", "Table 4 Contractual services: estimated expenditures 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Category Appropriations Estimated Overexpenditure or 2010-2011 expenditures (underexpenditure)", "External legal consultant 1 200.0 1 200.0 —", "Third-party service providers", "(a) Global custodian and advisers", "Global custodian 6 952.0 3 743.8 (3 208.2)", "Advisers 16 976.4 14 994.0 (1 982.4)", "Subtotal (a) 23 928.4 18 737.8 (5 190.6)", "(b) Portfolio management", "Small capitalization 12 500.0 13 562.4 1 062.4", "Publicly traded real 2 700.0 700.0 (2 000.0) estate", "Subtotal (b) 15 200.0 14 252.4 (937.6)", "(c) Market data services 3 541.5 2 399.5 (1 142.0)", "Subtotal third-party 42 669.9 35 399.7 (7 270.2) service providers", "SWIFT contractual 590.0 345.0 (245.0) services", "Other contractual 8 419.0 7 489.0 (930.0) services", "Total 52 878.9 44 433.7 (8 445.2)", "34. The underexpenditure is attributable to several factors including: delay in the procurement processes for the multiple custodians and independent master record keeper, and the hiring of a manager of publicly traded real estate as well as advisers on fixed income, real assets and alternative investment; and the lower than anticipated cost of procuring applications, such as the disaster recovery solution, SWIFT and the compliance system. The reduced requirements were partly offset by the increase in the cost of small capitalization as a result of the increase in fees, based on good performance.", "5. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "35. Table 5 shows the status of information technology projects funded and undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table 5 Status of projects, biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars)", "Project Projected/actual Appropriation Estimated Overexpenditure or completion date expenditure (underexpenditure)", "Portfolio risk analysis and June 2011 1 390 000 1 280 000 110 000 performance attribution", "Electronic order management and March 2011 1 120 000 1 120 000 — trading (Charles River System)", "Compliance pre-trading and March 2011 970 000 870 000 100 000 post-trading", "Portfolio accounting and December 2011 2 790 000 2 390 000 400 000 reconciliation", "Data hub system June 2012 820 000 820 000 —", "OMEGEO, FXALL, Tradeweb and December 2011 1 170 000 850 000 320 000 other confirmation and trading platforms are being integrated into the Charles River System", "SWIFT, including upgrade of June 2011 590 000 345 000 245 000 SWIFT to version 7", "Total 8 850 000 7 675 000 1 175 000", "Operating expenses", "Charles River in disaster December 2011 200 000 143 771 56 229 recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "SWIFT in disaster recovery site December 2011 200 000 221 805 (21 805) (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "SunGard 200 000 — (200 000)", "Total 600 000 365 576 (234 424)", "Furniture and equipment", "Sun servers May 2011 500 000 500 000 —", "Desktops June 2011 100 000 100 000 —", "Laptops June 2011 73 400 70 000 3 400", "Total 673 400 670 000 3 400", "Portfolio risk analysis and performance attribution system", "36. As of February 2011, the Investment Management Division is performing user acceptance tests for most risk analysis scenarios. Some important risk reports have been designed. However, the Division is still waiting for further contracts with various data feeds to be completed by the Procurement Division and the Office of Legal Affairs. These data feeds of market data are essential for the completion of Risk Metrics implementation. After the implementation is completed, an ongoing service will be maintained. This project is expected to be finalized and fully in production by October 2011, provided that data feeds contracts are finalized.", "Electronic order management and trading system", "37. The Charles River System is in production as of March 2010. The current production implementation encompasses equity, foreign exchange and fixed income transactions. It also includes the connectivity with brokers via the protocol FIX, and the connectivity with custodian bank via SWIFT. The Investment Management Division has been trading electronically all equity assets. The Division is working on installing electronic platforms for the other assets. Currently, 99 per cent of the cross asset settlements are completed through SWIFT. The Investment Management Division continues to support and enhance the Charles River working environment.", "Compliance pre-trading and post-trading system", "38. The pre-trading and post-trading system (Charles River) has been implemented and in production since March 2010. The Investment Management Division continues to maintain and update the compliance rules as required.", "Portfolio accounting and reconciliation system", "39. The portfolio accounting and reconciliation system was awarded to Murex North America in April 2010, and the legal contract was signed in February 2011. The project kick-off meeting took place on 16 February 2011. The Investment Management Division is currently finalizing the implementation plan and committing resources with a target to deliver a first phase implementation by 30 June 2011. It is estimated that the project will be completed by 31 December 2011. It is important to note that this project encompasses the conversion to IPSAS for investment activities.", "Data hub system", "40. As of February 2011, the Investment Management Division had completed the technical evaluation. The due diligence will be scheduled for the second semester of 2011. It is expected to start the implementation of the data hub in February 2012.", "OMEGEO, FXALL, Tradeweb and other confirmation and trading platforms are being integrated to Charles River", "41. The Investment Management Division planned to add OMEGEO, an electronic confirmation and affirmation of equity trades, FXALL, FXConnect and Bloomberg FX: foreign exchange trading platforms, and Tradeweb, market Axess, Bond Vision and Bloomberg FI: fixed income trading platforms to strengthen the Charles River trade order management system. Contracts for the respective products are in negotiation. The Investment Management Division is planning to have all these platforms integrated by December 2011.", "Charles River System in the disaster recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "42. Charles River disaster recovery was completed in March 2011. The disaster recovery includes the connectivity to FIX, Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and Bloomberg API. It also provides the connectivity to SWIFT.", "Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and Bloomberg API", "43. The Bloomberg data licence, Bloomberg data bulk and API were installed and integrated with the Charles River System in March 2010.", "SWIFT in the disaster recovery site (International Computing Centre Geneva)", "44. The SWIFT disaster recovery site has been operational since January 2010. The Investment Management Division is currently working on integrating it with the Charles River System disaster recovery infrastructure.", "Upgrade of SWIFT to version 7", "45. SWIFT upgrade to the mandatory version 7 is scheduled to be completed in June 2011.", "C. Audit costs", "46. The estimated expenditure of audit costs will result in lower utilization of the appropriations in the amount of $112,100, primarily for general temporary assistance for internal audit.", "D. Board expenses", "47. The increased requirement of $77,800 is the result of the higher than anticipated expenses for the Working Group on Plan Design.", "E. Extrabudgetary costs", "48. The underexpenditure of $13,900 is the result of the General Service (Other level) post, which is covered by extrabudgetary funds, being vacant for a period of three months.", "III. Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and analysis of resource requirements", "A. Introduction", "1. Overview", "49. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund is a fully funded defined benefit pension fund providing retirement and other benefits to nearly 64,000 retirees and beneficiaries. Currently, some 120,000 active participants are accumulating pension rights under the Fund. The assets of the Fund stood at $41.4 billion at the end of 2010. The Pension Fund is self-administered in accordance with Regulations adopted by the General Assembly. The Pension Board is responsible for managing the Fund and reports annually to the General Assembly. The day-to-day operations of the Fund are overseen by the Chief Executive Officer. The Fund has 245 staff. A detailed description of the Fund and its day-to-day operations are included in this budget and the accompanying annexes.", "50. Fund investments are decided by the Secretary-General, who has delegated this responsibility to his representative, who in turn manages the Fund’s Investment Management Division. The Division is responsible for the investment and accounting of the Fund assets with the objective to ensure an adequate level of investment return in line with the Fund’s risk tolerance philosophy and the requirements posed by its liabilities.", "51. The Fund has grown significantly during the past 10 years, as new member organizations have joined and the overall number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries being serviced has continued to increase. During this period, the number of active participants has increased by 63 per cent and the number of periodic benefits in payment has grown by 33 per cent. The Management Charter of the Fund identified five categories of challenges, as follows:", "(a) Growing complexity of the Fund’s operations;", "(b) Growing interdependency of assets and liabilities;", "(c) Aging of information systems and growing demand for services;", "(d) Quality service and high operational standards;", "(e) Social and environmental responsibility.", "52. To address these challenges, the Fund carried out comprehensive studies on risk assessment, asset-liability management, the organization of the Fund and its plan design and changes in its pension administration system; it then developed medium-term objectives which are outlined in the Fund’s strategic framework, as follows:", "(a) Strengthening the Fund’s operating model;", "(b) Improving the management of risks and internal controls;", "(c) Enhancing information systems;", "(d) Increasing the quality and efficiency of service provided including communications and outreach efforts;", "(e) Promoting social and environmental responsibility.", "53. Each area of operation developed specific action plans to meet these objectives, including a medium-term human resources plan, business impact analysis and disaster recovery plan, which have been used to prepare the following budget proposal.", "54. In summary, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Pension Fund intends to allocate financial and human resources towards the following key initiatives as outlined in the strategic framework:", "(a) Integrated Pension Administration System — new operating model for an integrated pension administration system;", "(b) IPSAS — new accounting standards for the Fund’s financial statements;", "(c) Responsive client services;", "(d) Other actions required to improve operational efficiency, risk evaluation and management, e-learning, training and knowledge management.", "55. The Fund is expected to achieve its overall objectives on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are available. This will pose particular challenges in coming years, given the current financial constraints. Recognition must be given, however, to the critical juncture in the evolution of the Fund that is outside its control. The Fund has experienced steady growth since its inception and unprecedented growth during the past 10 years in the population it services. At the same time, the Fund has been expanding its provisions not only to cover a greater number of individuals, but also to address a wider scope of unique circumstances, thus resulting in increasing complexities. The growth in the volume of the related work and the increasing complexities are culminating at the same time with a steady loss in institutional memory owing to a high number of retirements and other separations over recent years. Moreover, and at the same time, improvements in longevity are resulting in an ageing of the Fund’s clientele, which in turn often requires more extensive consultations and other special client servicing needs. The significant challenges emanating from these external factors are further compounded by the fact that the Fund, which requires staff with very specific and long-term expertise, must aim to function according to certain organizational policies that pose particular difficulties not normally encountered in outside enterprises. Given its need for unique and long-term expertise, and in the light of its independent status as an inter-agency entity, the Fund is undertaking a review of the policies governing the recruitment, mobility, promotion and retention of its staff. It intends to address these issues in a revised memorandum of understanding.", "56. Giving further consideration to the challenges posed by the current economic environment, the Fund secretariat also reviewed its staffing needs and decided to defer its request for a number of staffing positions. While these positions are key to meeting the medium-term goals of its strategic framework, the secretariat believes that deferral of the hiring of staff can be accomplished by limiting changes in the plan design of the Fund as well as the addition of new projects, while continuing its efforts towards efficiencies and productivity improvements. However, these positions cannot be deferred indefinitely without altering the Fund’s operational capacity, its responsiveness to its clients and/or the timing of reaching its goals.", "57. With this in mind, recognition must also be given to the fact that new peacekeeping missions may be approved outside the regular budget of the United Nations at times when the Fund must aim to address calls for budgetary restraint. This results in significant challenges, and indeed risks, to the Fund, which must nevertheless provide full and timely services to the elevated numbers of staff employed by such missions.", "Results-based budgeting, methodology and terminology", "58. The current budget submission follows the results-based budgeting format adopted by the Fund in its submission for the biennium 2008-2009. Resources have been requested in line with the Fund’s programmes, and all justification and supporting information is contained in the supplementary financial information to the proposed budget.", "59. The following factors have been used in the calculation of resources:", "(a) Delayed recruitment factors for both New York and Geneva for 2012 and 2013 have been applied to continuing Professional posts (90.4 per cent), Professional new posts (50.0 per cent), continuing General Service posts (96.5 per cent) and new General Service posts (65.0 per cent); these factors have been applied to the version 1 of the New York and Geneva 2012-2013 standard salary tables;", "(b) The average annual rate of inflation applied for 2012 and 2013 for New York are 1.90 and 2.50 per cent, respectively, and for Geneva are 1.00 and 1.30 per cent, respectively;", "(c) The exchange rate applied for 2012 and 2013 for Geneva is 1.046;", "(d) Within the framework of the cost-sharing arrangement between the United Nations and the Fund, the ratios of one third and two thirds, respectively, will continue to be applied to the specific elements of administration, with the exception of the cost for posts in the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office. On the basis of the ratio of approved posts for the secretariat (170) to those for the Investment Management Division (58), plus specific project posts (17), 69.4 per cent of the cost of the posts in the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office will be subjected to the cost-sharing arrangement.", "2. Overall resources requested", "60. Human and financial resources requested for the Fund as a whole are given below, along with estimated extrabudgetary resources and details of additional post requirements.", "Table 6 Percentage distribution of resources by component: Fund", "Component Regular Extrabudgetary budget", "A. Executive direction and management 7.0", "B. Programme of work", "1. Administration 17.7 100.0", "2. Investments 33.0", "Subtotal B 50.7 100.0", "C. Support", "1. Information technology 31.8", "2. Legal Office 0.7", "3. Administrative support 8.3", "Subtotal C 40.8", "D. Audit 1.4", "E. Pension Board 0.1", "Total 100.0 100.0", "Table 7 Resource requirements by component: Fund", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010-2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "1. Regular budget", "A. Executive 16 141.1 (2 672.3) (16.6) 13 468.8 61.9 1 197.8 12 332.9 13 530.7 direction and management", "B. Programme of work", "1. Operations, 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 financial services", "2. Investments 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "Subtotal B 86 148.4 10 950.1 12.7 97 098.5 1 725.2 9 527.5 89 296.2 98 823.7", "C. Support", "1. Information 53 018.1 7 878.6 14.9 60 896.7 815.6 5 704.7 56 007.6 61 712.3 technology", "2. Legal Office — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. 18 198.4 (2 348.4) (12.9) 15 850.0 86.9 3 590.6 12 346.3 15 936.9 Administrative support", "Subtotal C 71 216.5 6 888.6 9.7 78 105.1 886.3 9 742.7 69 248.7 78 991.4", "D. Audit 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8", "E. Pension Board 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4", "Total 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0", "2. 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 Extrabudgetary", "61. As indicated in table 8, the overall increase in resources requested amount to $15,302,100 (before recosting), or 8.7 per cent, attributable to administrative costs ($4,564,600), investment costs ($10,601,800), audit costs ($103,200) and board expenses ($32,500).", "62. The increase in resources of $4,564,600 in administrative costs comprises the net effect of the proposed increase in established posts ($739,400) and temporary posts ($800,500), of which $680,100 and $800,500, respectively, are attributable to delayed recruitment factor, and non-post costs of $3,024,700. Increases in non-post costs are attributable primarily to the growth in the need for contractual services ($6,087,900) and higher general operating expenses ($1,446,300), partially offset by reduced requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,989,000), other staff costs ($122,500), consultants ($237,600) and travel ($136,100).", "63. The increase in resources of $10,601,800 in investment costs comprises the net effect of the proposed increase in posts ($2,486,900), of which $1,222,700 is attributable to a delayed recruitment factor, and non-post costs of $8,114.900. Increases in non-post costs are caused primarily by growth in the need for contractual services ($9,653,200) and increases for other staff costs ($530,400), offset by a reduction in resources for consultants ($1,151,800) and general operating expenses ($916,900).", "64. The increase of resources for audit costs, amounting to $103,200, comprises an increase in the apportioned cost applicable to the Fund for the Board of Auditors ($113,500), and, in relation to Internal Audit, the net effect is a proposed decrease ($10,300). This decrease is primarily the result of minor reductions in communications ($9,800) and supplies and materials ($5,000) and an increase in resource requirements for furniture and equipment ($5,800). In addition, there is a compensating decrease and increase of $80,000 between consultants and contractual services, respectively.", "65. The estimated percentage distribution of resources and resources requested by component for the Fund are summarized in tables 6 and 7, respectively.", "Table 8 Financial resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resource Apportionment growth\n Category 2008-2009 2010-2011 Amount Percentage Total Recosting United Pension 2012-2013 2012 2013 expenditure appropriation before Nations Fund Estimate Estimate Estimate recosting", "Administrative costs", "Posts 34 524.8 38 731.4 739.4 1.9 39 470.8 591.4 12 440.4 27 621.8 40 062.2 19 883.6 20 178.6", "Temporary posts — 2 870.3 800.5 27.9 3 670.8 (103.4) — 3 567.4 3 567.4 1 581.3 1 986.1", "Other staff 3 033.8 4 032.8 (122.5) (3.0) 3 910.3 94.5 803.3 3 201.5 4 004.8 2 005.4 1 999.4 costs", "Consultants 106.4 537.6 (237.6) (44.2) 300.0 6.7 — 306.7 306.7 152.9 153.8", "Travel 997.7 1 360.6 (136.1) (10.0) 1 224.5 27.0 — 1 251.5 1 251.5 623.9 627.6", "Contractual 16 690.8 25 760.0 6 087.9 23.6 31 847.9 700.7 3 465.9 29 082.7 32 548.6 16 250.2 16 298.4 services", "Hospitality 2.6 4.0 — — 4.0 0.1 — 4.1 4.1 2.0 2.1", "General 11 641.1 12 801.7 1 446.3 11.3 14 248.0 169.0 3 175.9 11 241.1 14 417.0 7 031.8 7 385.2 operating expenses", "Supplies and 263.3 210.1 (24.3) (11.6) 185.8 4.1 54.5 135.4 189.9 90.1 99.8 materials", "Furniture and 3 815.3 6 000 (3 989.0) (66.5) 2 011.0 44.4 528.0 1 527.4 2 055.4 1 024.6 1 030.8 equipment", "Total 71 075.8 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6 48 645.8 49 761.8", "Investment costs", "Posts 10 617.0 15 344.0 2 486.9 16.2 17 830.9 (424.9) — 17 406.0 17 406.0 8 644.2 8 761.8", "Other staff 534.0 2 361.8 530.4 22.5 2 892.2 61.0 — 2 953.2 2 953.2 1 500.3 1 452.9 costs", "Consultants 299.5 2 328.8 (1 151.8) (49.5) 1 177.0 24.7 — 1 201.7 1 201.7 822.4 379.3", "Travel 1 018.0 2 000.0 — — 2 000.0 44.0 — 2 044.0 2 044.0 1 019.0 1 025.0", "Contractual 27 491.4 52 878.9 9 653.2 18.3 62 532.1 1 387.1 — 63 919.2 63 919.2 29 924.0 33 995.2 services", "Hospitality 16.4 22.0 — — 22.0 0.5 — 22.5 22.5 11.2 11.3", "General 5 157.5 5 402.0 (916.9) (17.0) 4 485.1 27.5 — 4 512.6 4 512.6 2 254.1 2 258.5 operating expenses", "Supplies and 91.0 160.0 — — 160.0 3.5 — 163.5 163.5 81.5 82.0 materials", "Furniture and 246.6 700.0 — — 700.0 15.5 — 751.6 715.5 356.7 358.8 equipment", "Total 45 471.4 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2 44 613.4 48 324.8", "Audit costs", "External audit 682.1 661.2 113.5 17.2 774.7 17.1 132.0 659.8 791.8 394.7 397.1", "Internal audit 1 612.6 1 983.8 (10.3) (0.5) 1 973.5 (151.5) 303.4 1 518.6 1 822.0 906.2 915.8", "Total 2 294.7 2 645.0 103.2 3.9 2 748.2 (134.4) 435.4 2 178.4 2 613.8 1 300.9 1 312.9", "Board expenses 127.4 167.5 32.5 19.4 200.0 4.4 — 204.4 204.4 101.9 102.5", "Total resources 118 969.3 176 318.5 15 302.1 8.7 191 620.6 2 543.4 20 903.4 173 260.6 194 164.0 94 662.0 99 502.0 required", "Extrabudgetary costs (after-service health insurance system)", "Operational 132.3 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 77.3 79.5 activities", "Table 9 Human resources requirements", "Established Temporary Extrabudgetary Total posts posts posts\n Category 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2010- 2012- 2011 2013 2011 2013 2011 2013 2011 2013", "Administrative", "Professional and above", "ASG 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 4 4 — — — — 4 4", "P-5 9 9 1 1 — — 10 10", "P-4 19 20 8 7 — — 27 27", "P-3 25 24 4 4 — — 29 28", "P-2/1 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "Subtotal 60 60 13 12 — — 73 72", "General Service", "Principal level 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "Other level 99 99 5 5 1 1 105 105", "Subtotal 109 109 5 5 1 1 115 115", "Total administrative 169 169 18 17 1 1 188 187", "Investment", "Professional and above", "D-2 1 1 — — — — 1 1", "D-1 2 2 — — — — 2 2", "P-5 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "P-4 13 18 — — — — 13 18", "P-3 7 9 — — — — 7 9", "P-2 — — — —", "Subtotal 33 40 — — — — 33 40", "General Service", "Principal level 10 10 — — — — 10 10", "Other level 15 15 — — — — 15 15", "Subtotal 25 25 — — — — 25 25", "Total investment 58 65 — — — — 58 65", "Total Pension Fund 227 234 18^(c) 17^(b,c) 1^(a) 1^(a) 246 252", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Includes 17 Integrated Pension Administration System temporary posts.", "^(c) Of the 18 temporary posts authorized for the 2010-2011 biennium, one post at the P-4 level was authorized for 12 months only. This post was abolished in 2011.", "66. As indicated in table 9, this submission provides for the establishment of seven additional posts and the reclassification of one post, as follows:", "(a) Provision is made for the secretariat for the reclassification of one post (from the P-3 to the P-4 level). Provision is also made for the continuation of one extrabudgetary post (1 General Service (Other level)) funded by member organizations;", "(b) Provision is made for the Investment Management Division for seven additional established posts (5 P-4, 2 P-3).", "67. The requested additional posts are summarized in table 10.", "Table 10 Summary of post requirements", "Section\tAction\tPost\tNumberofposts\tCategory \n Administration \n Programme support \nExecutive Office\tReclassification\tFinance andBudget Officer\t1\tP-3toP-4\n Investments \n Programme of work \nInvestmentsSection\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer —AlternativeInvestments\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — GlobalEmerging Markets\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — TradeExecution Officer\t1\tP-4\n\tNewpost\tInvestmentOfficer — NorthAmerican Equities\t1\tP-3\nRisk andCompliance Section\tNewpost\tDue Diligence andQuantitativeStrategic RiskManager\t1\tP-4\nOperations Section\tNewpost\tFinance Officer,Reconciliations\t1\tP-3\n Programme support \nInformationSystems Section\tNewpost\tData ManagementOfficer\t1\tP-4", "B. Administrative costs", "1. Overview", "68. The secretariat is responsible for managing the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund under the authority of the Pension Board. It aims to provide services to participants, as well as pension revenues and related benefits to retirees and beneficiaries in the best conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and in full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. In order to deliver such services, the Fund must deal with an increasingly complex set of regulations, linked to past decisions taken either on the grounds of economy measures or in response to strong social demand for new categories of beneficiaries. It must also continue to adapt its processes and procedures to an ever changing banking and regulatory environment.", "69. The overall level of resources for administrative costs amounts to $96,873,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $4,564,600, or 4.9 per cent, from the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase, as shown in table 12, can be summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: the decrease of $1,104,400 relates to post requirements ($810,200), owing primarily to the redeployment of three posts (2 P-5, 1 General Service (Other level)) to the Legal Office. The decrease in non‑post costs is attributed to other staff costs ($50,100), consultants ($337,600) and travel ($114,500), with increases in contractual services ($112,000) and general operating expenses ($96,000).", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $3,498,400 is the result of post requirements ($751,500), of which $147,400 is attributable to the net effect of the delayed recruitment factor and the redeployment of one post at the P-4 level to the Legal Office and $604,100 for the delayed recruitment factor for the 12 Integrated Pension Administration System temporary posts; and additional non-post resources of $2,746,900 in the form of an increase in general operating expenses ($2,846,300) and consultants ($100,000), and decreases in other staff costs ($199,400).", "(c) Programme support: the increase of $2,170,600 is attributable to increases in Information Management Systems Service resources ($2,084,100), the redeployment of the Legal Office from executive direction and management ($1,358,400) and a decrease for the Executive Office ($1,271,900). For the Information Management Systems Service, the increase in resources for temporary posts ($196,400) is the result of the delayed recruitment factor. With regard to non-post resources ($1,903,200), this is primarily the result of an increase in contractual services ($5,975,600), partially offset by decreases in requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), general operating expenses ($177,400) and travel of staff ($21,600). For the Legal Office, the increase in resources for posts is the result of the redeployment of three posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer and the redeployment, for supervisory purposes only, of one post at the P-4 level from the Geneva office. With regard to the Executive Office, the decrease in resources ($1,318,600) is attributable to non-post requirements for general operating expenses, specifically for the rental and maintenance of premises.", "70. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 11 and resource requirements by component in table 12.", "Table 11 Percentage distribution of resources by component: administrative costs", "Component Regular budget Extrabudgetary", "A. Executive direction and management 6.6", "B. Programme of work (operations, 35.1 100.0 financial services)", "C. Programme support", "1. Information Management Systems 44.7 Service", "2. Legal Office 1.4", "3. Executive Office 12.2", "Subtotal C 58.3", "Total 100.0 100.0", "Table 12 Resource requirements by component: administrative costs (Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010/2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 appropriation growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "1. Regular budget", "A. Executive 7 486.9 (1 104.4) (14.8) 6 382.5 9.6 1 197.8 5 194.3 6 392.1 direction and management", "B. Programme of 30 470.0 3 498.4 11.5 33 968.4 908.7 9 527.5 25 349.6 34 877.1 work (operations, financial services)", "C. Support", "1. Information 41 240.8 2 084.1 5.1 43 324.9 562.4 5 704.7 38 182.6 43 887.3 Management Systems Service", "2. Legal Office — 1 358.4 — 1 358.4 (16.2) 447.4 894.8 1 342.2", "3. Executive 13 110.8 (1 271.9) (9.7) 11 838.9 70.0 3 590.6 8 318.3 11 908.9 Office", "Subtotal C 54 351.9 2 170.6 4.0 56 522.2 616.2 9 742.7 47 395.7 57 138.4", "Total 92 308.5 4 564.6 4.9 96 873.1 1 534.5 20 468.0 77 939.6 98 407.6", "2. 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 — 156.8 156.8 Extrabudgetary", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $6,382,500", "71. The Chief Executive Officer is responsible for managing the Fund, under the authority of the Pension Board, to provide related services to the member organizations and to the participants, retirees and beneficiaries. In providing such services, the Chief Executive Officer must ensure that a framework is in place so that the Fund can operate in the best conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and in full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. As part of its responsibility within such a framework, the Fund must deal with an increasingly complex and continuously evolving plan design, as set out in its Regulations and Rules and in its very unique and complex pension adjustment system. The Chief Executive Officer must ensure that the Fund is in position to continuously and accurately weigh its actuarial costs to assess and manage risk, to adapt its plan design and to adjust its processes and procedures to accommodate an ever changing workforce that is clearly affected by long-term societal changes, including increased longevity, while at the same time carrying out its responsibilities in an evolving banking, accounting and regulatory environment.", "72. The Fund’s member organizations, the number of its participants, retirees and beneficiaries, the financial environment in which it operates and the value of the assets and liabilities under its management have all grown dramatically over the Fund’s 60 year history. The overall number of individuals serviced by the Fund, which amounts to 185,000, is expected to increase steadily in the medium-term and beyond. The international and multiorganizational nature, and the multitiered benefit structure of the Fund will all continue to present new and increasingly intricate and demanding challenges. There has been, and will continue to be, a steady and dramatic increase in the responsibilities and demands being placed on the Fund. In response to the Board’s request for a more strategic approach to the Fund’s human resource requirements and with a view towards identifying its needs in the medium term, the Fund carried out a high-level review that took into account the circumstances and pressing challenges facing the Fund, which was presented to the Pension Board at its 2010 session.", "Table 13 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the fullimplementation of the Fund’sprogramme of work in compliancewith Regulations and Rules ofthe Fund and with decisions andguidelines issued by thePension Board and GeneralAssembly\t(1) Effective management of theFund’s programme of work\t(1.1) All detailed action plans,projects and studiessuccessfully monitored andimplemented Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Effectivebackstopping/servicing/managementof the Pension Board andCommittees\t(2.1) No complaints receivedfrom the Pension Board, StandingCommittee, Committee ofActuaries, Audit Committee andWorking Groups about supportprovided Performance measures (number ofcomplaints) 2008-2009: no complaints aboutsupport provided Estimate 2010-2011: nocomplaints about supportprovided \n Target 2012-2013: no complaints (3) Effective management ofFund-wide governance mechanismsfor human resources, riskmanagement, businesscontinuity/recovery,information technology, newaccounting standards andasset-liability management\t(3.1) Successful monitoring andimplementation of activitiesdecided by the Working Groupsand Steering CommitteesPerformance measures2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011:100 per centof performance indicators \n\t2012-2013: 100 per cent ofperformance indicators(4) Effective strategicplanning for the Fund\t(4.1) Strategic planningexercise conducted every twoyears Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent", "External factors", "73. Executive Direction and Management is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are provided.", "Other outputs", "74. During the biennium, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Servicing of intergovernmental and expert bodies: two Pension Board sessions; three meetings of the Committee of Actuaries, and approximately four Working Groups; one joint session of the Committee of Actuaries and the Investments Committee; six meetings of the Audit Committee; four meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee;", "(b) Drafting of documents: approximately 100 papers for submission to the Pension Board, Committee of Actuaries and Working Groups and 15 notes to the Audit Committee in addition to the technical and administrative servicing of its sessions;", "(c) Other substantive activities:", "(i) Efficient succession planning for retiring staff; advance planning to avoid vacancies arising from the retirement of staff and to encumber other vacant posts, owing to staff turnover, within five months of the vacancy being announced;", "(ii) Efficient administration and control of the following:", "• Integrated Pension Administration System project", "• Business continuity and disaster recovery planning", "• Enterprise-wide risk management", "• Human resources policy and human resources medium-term plan", "• Information technology consolidation", "• Asset liability management study", "• Business impact analysis", "• Data warehouse", "• Procurement Advisory Committee.", "Table 14 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 3 641.0 2 830.8 11 8", "Non-post 3 845.9 3 551.7 — —", "Total 7 486.9 6 382.5 11 8", "75. The amount of $6,382,500 will provide for the continuation of eight existing posts (1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 1 General Service (Other level)), and non-post resources relate to the Administration as a whole. The reduction of $810,200 in post resources is the result of the redeployment of the three authorized posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Legal Office to programme support. Non-post resources have decreased owing primarily to reductions in other staff costs ($50,100), travel ($114,500) and consultants ($337,600) and increases in contractual services, attributable to the consulting actuary ($112,000), and general operating expenses for the Fund’s cost-sharing of the cases in the United Nations Appeals Tribunal ($96,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $33,968,400", "76. The programme of work, which includes operations and the financial services of both the New York and Geneva offices, is responsible for the core functions of the Fund, including, but not limited to, the determination of eligibility to participate and the affiliation of new participants into the Fund, along with the recordkeeping of historical personal and financial data, collection and recording of contributions into the Fund, calculation and set up for payment of all pension entitlements, the payment of subsequent pension benefits and all related accounting activities. This programme is also responsible for the client servicing functions in respect to the Fund’s 185,000 active participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "77. It should be recalled that following a recommendation made on the basis of the Whole Office Review that was carried out in 2008, the Chief Executive Officer decided to segregate Operations and the Fund’s Financial Services. It was decided that although there was an important link between the calculation and processing of entitlements as carried out by Operations, and the payment of and accounting for the ensuing benefits as carried out by the Financial Services, there should nevertheless be a distinct and separate segregation of the functions. Operations focuses on the integrity of the calculation, which, once established, remains valid for the lifetime of the retiree and any eligible survivor. Financial Services focuses on the integrity of the payment. By separating these functions and establishing Financial Services as separate and distinct from Operations, clear responsibility was established and greater accountability was institutionalized between these two core functions of the Fund that make up the programme of work.", "Operations", "78. Operations comprises the Pension Entitlements Sections and the Client Services, Records Management and Distribution work units in both the New York and Geneva offices. The Chief of Operations is responsible for the management and direction of the service in accordance with the goals set out in the Fund’s Management Charter and for ensuring adherence to the Fund’s Regulations, Rules and Pension Adjustment System, while duly operating within specific quality management, internal control and communications policies. Operations expects to process in excess of 55,000 new participants, separations and transfers in and out of the Fund during the biennium 2012-2013.[1] It also expects to process some 6,000 pension benefits after initial separation from service, which are among the most complex, and thus time-consuming, benefits to process (i.e., death after service, survivor benefits that sometimes involve multiple spouses residing in various locations, residual settlements, deferred benefits into payment, two-track cases that sometimes involve reversion to the United States dollar track, benefits payable to surviving divorced spouses, surviving spouse annuities, special measure cases, etc.). In addition to some 225,000 benefit estimates provided through the Fund’s website (i.e., during 2010), Operations also expects to provide during the next biennium some 5,500 individual benefit estimates that often involve personal consultations. During the biennium 2012-2013, the service also expects to dispatch, track and record upon receipt over 100,000 certificates of entitlement and to scan over 1,200,000 documents into the Fund’s content management system.", "Table 15 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure that all eligibleparticipants, retirees andother beneficiaries areserviced in accordance with theRegulations, Rules and PensionAdjustment System of the Fund,while fully adhering to thecommunications, qualitymanagement and internal controlpolicies as outlined in theFund’s management charter\t(1) Effective processing ofPension Fund benefitentitlements\t(1.1) Increased percentage ofwithdrawal settlements,retirement benefits and otherbenefits processed within15 business days Performance measures forprocessing full withdrawalsettlements, periodic retirementbenefits and lump-sumcommutation benefits (Benchmark: 15 business days) 2004-2005: 72 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days 2006-2007: 79 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days 2008-2009: 80 per cent of casescompleted within 15 days Estimate 2010-2011: 77 per centof cases completed within 15days \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 80 per cent ofcases completed within 15 days(2) Enhanced quality ofclient-oriented services to thePension Fund clientele\t(2.1) Increased percentage ofincoming correspondence throughmail and e-mail responded towithin 15 business days Performance measures (Benchmark: 15 business days) 2004-2005: 31 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days 2006-2007: 55 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days 2008-2009: 75 per cent ofqueries responded to within15 business days Estimate 2010-2011: 82 per centof queries responded to within15 business days \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 82 per cent ofqueries responded to within 15business days(3) Improved communication\t(3.1) Increased number ofbriefings and seminars forparticipants, beneficiaries,staff pension committees andcounterparts among finance andhuman resources staff ofparticipating organizations Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 65 \n Target 2012-2013: 75", "External factors", "79. Operations is expected to achieve its objectives on the assumption that adequate human and financial resources are available. Recognition must therefore be given to the critical juncture in the evolution of the Fund that is outside its control. The Fund is experiencing rapid growth in the population it services. At the same time, improvements in longevity are resulting in the ageing of the Fund’s clientele, which in turn often requires more extensive consultations and other special client servicing needs.", "Outputs", "80. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Process during the biennium an estimated 18,000 withdrawal settlements and retirement benefits;[2]", "(b) Process an estimated 6,000 other benefits after initial retirement benefit (i.e., survivor, child, two-track benefits, etc.);", "(c) Determine eligibility and affiliation into the Fund of some 30,000 new participants;", "(d) Dispatch, track and record upon receipt some 100,000 certificates of entitlement;", "(e) Respond to an estimated 15,000 inquiries by mail and e-mail;", "(f) Receive and provide services to an estimated 11,000 walk-in clients;", "(g) Pre-implementation tasks, such as data cleansing and quality management, documentation of procedures, algorithms and subsequent transition to the Integrated Pension Administration System platform;", "(h) Efficient recording, monitoring and enhancement of the controls of its client interfaces;", "(i) Review, assessment, development and implementation of a client relationship management system;", "(j) Review and development of enhanced training materials for workshops and seminars that are to be provided to Fund staff (in both the New York and Geneva offices), participants, retirees and other beneficiaries, as well as to the Staff Pension Committee secretariats and other human resources staff of member organizations;", "(k) Development and implementation of a secure signature system to add graphical signatures for comparison purposes to the electronic folders of each individual being serviced by the Fund;", "(l) Enhancement of the controls and a redesign of the certificate of entitlement form, with further efforts to streamline the overall certification process;", "(m) Enhancement and continued development of performance data for both internal requirements and the various oversight bodies;", "(n) Enhancement of outreach capabilities through seminars and training to be provided to participants, retirees and other beneficiaries, Staff Pension Committee secretariats, various subcommittees (including both advisory and working groups) and members of the Board.", "Financial services", "81. The Financial Services Section provides comprehensive services through its Payments, Accounts and Cashier/Cash Management Units, and is accountable for all financial, accounting and disbursement operations of the Fund. The Fund’s annual financial transactions amount to some $3.8 billion (considering both benefit payments and contribution collections). Every month, the Fund processes approximately 62,000 (as of the 2009 audited financial statements of the Fund) periodic benefit payments in 15 currencies and effects payments to retirees and other beneficiaries residing in over 190 countries. The Section is also responsible for producing accurate and timely financial statements for the Fund as a whole, including the Investment Management Division, and for liaising and coordinating with both internal and external auditors with regard to the financial aspects of the Fund.", "Table 16 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the timely, accurateand secure payment of benefitsand full accountability forall financial, accounting, anddisbursement operations of theFund, including the issuanceof accurate and timelyfinancial statements andliaison with both internal andexternal auditors regardingfinancial matters\t\n(1) Effective management ofbenefit payments\t(1.1) Timely issuance of thePension Fund payroll Performance measures 2008-2009: 1,200,000 Estimate 2010-2011: 1,300,000 \n Target 2012-2013: 1,400,000 \n\t(1.2) Timely, accurate and securepayment of Pension Fund periodicbenefit payments Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n\t(1.3) Timely, accurate and securepayment of Pension Fundnon-periodic benefit payments (15days of receipt of appropriatedocuments for payments related tobenefit reinstatements and 30days for all other payments) Performance measures (Payments related to benefitreinstatements made within 15days of receipt of theappropriate documents; all otherpayments within 30 days ofreceipt) 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n(2) Enhanced quality andconsistency of contributionrecording, including timelyreconciliation of participantreconciliation exception casesthat arise from the year-endprocess\t(2.1) Number of resolvedparticipant reconciliationexceptions Performance measures 2008-2009: 9,000 Estimate 2010-2011: 10,000 \n Target 2012-2013: 11,000 \n\t(2.2) All participant recordsverified within six weeks ofreceipt of year-end schedule Performance measures (Verify records for allparticipants within six weeks ofreceipt of year-end schedule) 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent \n(3) Provision of quality andconsistent financialstatements and establishmentof policies and procedures toimplement appropriateIPSAS/International AccountingStandards\t(3.1) Timely provision offinancial statements (draftstatement issued by 15 April ofthe following year) Performance measures (draft statement issued by 15April of the following year) 2008-2009: by the due date Estimate 2010-2011: by the duedate \n Target 2012-2013: by the due date\n\t(3.2) Increased percentage ofIPSAS/ International AccountingStandards and disclosurerequirements adopted Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: beginadoption of certain IPSAS/International AccountingStandards and disclosurerequirements \n\tTarget 2012-2013: Full adoptionof IPSAS/ InternationalAccounting standards for 2012financials. Annual auditsanticipated.", "External factors", "82. This subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives unless affected by events such as: (a) political conflicts and natural disasters around the world causing interruption of banking services available to pensioners; (b) unanticipated system implementation delays causing IPSAS financial statement information to be delayed; and (c) growth of the Fund, leading to inadequate staffing resources to properly serve the pensioners.", "Outputs", "83. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Production of three sets of financial statements and associated documents; preparation of updated financial statements in the light of the change from United Nations system accounting standards to full adoption of IPSAS and International Accounting Standard 26 for the 2012 financial statements;", "(b) Reduction in the number of outstanding audit observations between reports (allowing for additional observations arising in the interim) on the areas under supervision and technical accounting issues;", "(c) Full reconciliation for all remitting entities to be produced in the specified timeframe of six months following the submission of the year-end schedules;", "(d) Full reconciliation of the data held in the master separation file records to payroll history records for the annual and biennial close;", "(e) Conduct presentations and training on contribution related participant reconciliation exceptions issues in New York and Geneva and with large reporting entities;", "(f) Bank reconciliations for all accounts to be completed on a monthly basis in a timely manner;", "(g) Comply, on a timely basis, to any updated banking requirements regarding payments to pensioners;", "(h) With regard to payments to pensioners:", "(i) Ensure timely receipt of pensioner payments;", "(ii) Reduce banking fees to the Fund;", "(iii) Reduce or eliminate bank charges to pensioners wherever possible.", "Table 17 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2012 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 27 874.7 28 626.2 137 136", "Non-post 2 595.3 5 342.2 — —", "Subtotal 30 470.0 33 968.4 137 136", "Extrabudgetary 158.2 152.9 1 1", "Total 30 628.2 34 121.3 138 137", "84. The amount of $34,121,300 will provide for the continuation of 137 posts; 124 established posts (3 D-1, 3 P-5, 9 P-4, 13 P-3, 1 P-2, 8 General Service (Principal level) and 87 General Service (Other level)); one General Service (Other level) post funded from extrabudgetary resources; 12 temporary posts (6 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 General Service (Other level)) and the redeployment of one Legal Officer post at the P-4 level in the Geneva office under the control of the Legal Office, and for non‑post requirements. The increase in non-post resources relates to higher requirements for consultants ($100,000) and general operating expenses ($2,846,300), partially offset by a decrease in general temporary assistance ($199,400). The large increase in general operating expenses is owing entirely to bank charges that were deducted from the proposed budget for 2010-2011 by the Pension Board.", "85. At its 186th meeting, the Standing Committee reviewed a note on the after-service health insurance premium deduction programme undertaken by the Fund. As a result, extrabudgetary resources referred to above were approved and funded by participating member organizations at no cost to the Fund.", "4. Programme support", "Information Management Systems Service", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $43,324,900", "86. Under the guidance of the Pension Fund governance model for information and communications technology, the Information Management Systems Service is responsible for the Fund’s information system services, maintaining information and communications technologies, coordinating the implementation of strategic decisions taken by the Information Technology Executive Committee, establishing training plans for information and communications technology staff and providing the necessary tools for supporting knowledge exchange and cooperative work.", "87. The Service is responsible for the provision of overall computing office automation; software/systems design, development and implementation; hardware support; telecommunications; shared infrastructure services, including the Investment Management Division; supervision and technical leadership of information technology operations in the Geneva office of the Fund; and management of resources, infrastructure and conference support.", "Table 18 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To facilitate the achievementof the operational andstrategic goals of the Fundthrough the efficient andeffective use of informationand communications technology\t(1) Progress in modernizing theFund’s information systemsplatform\t(1.1) The enterprise informationtechnology architecture thatsupports the redesigned businessprocesses Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Target 2010-2011: projectdeliverables completed accordingto milestone dates \n\tTarget 2012-2013: projectdeliverables completed accordingto milestone dates\n(2) Increased efficiency andeffectiveness in serviceprovided to clients\t(2.1) Percentage of time wheninformation technology servicesare available to clients Performance measures 2008-2009: 99 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 99 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 99 per cent \n(3) Improved informationtechnology services\t(3.1) Percentage of informationtechnology systems atsatisfactory level (or above) ofsupport Performance measures 2008-2009: 95 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent \n(4) Increased use of electronicrepositories for sharinginformation\t(4.1) Percentage of InformationManagement Systems Servicedocumentation available withinthe knowledge management system Performance measures 2008-2009: 80 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent \n(5) Increased informationsecurity\t(5.1) Percentage increase incompliance, for the defineddeliverables as per theInternational Organization forStandardization 17799 securitystandards, measured annually Performance measures 2008-2009: 78 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 90 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 90 per cent \n(6) Improved sharing ofelectronic information withparticipants, beneficiaries andother clients\t(6.1) Percentage of participantssharing human resourcesinformation electronically Performance measures 2008-2009: 75 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 80 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 80 per cent \n\t(6.2) Percentage of participantssharing financial informationelectronically Performance measures 2008-2009: 10 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 20 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 30 per cent", "External factors", "88. This subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives and accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the evolution of technology is in line with expectations; (b) resources both internal and outsourced are made available to meet critical targets; and (c) stakeholders fulfil their responsibilities and obligations and extend their full cooperation in attaining the objectives of the information and communications technology strategy, most importantly during the process review and redesign stages of activity.", "Outputs", "89. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "Enterprise operations services", "(a) Translating the organization’s functional and operational requirements into the effective and efficient acquisition and implementation of information and communications technology architecture for the proposed Integrated Pension Administration System initiative with a focus on improving the management of information and the efficiency of the Fund’s operations;", "(b) Policies. Ensuring that all information and communications technology services delivered by the Information Management Systems Service meet the expectations of the Fund’s Information Technology Executive Committee and relevant industry standards to the extent possible (e.g., Information Technology Infrastructure Library); enforcing network security in line with International Organization for Standardization security standard ISO-20002 for the Fund’s information and communications technology infrastructure;", "(c) Communications. Provision of backbone communications services, including Internet, private leased lines, telecommunication devices and equipment, and the required communication lines that are used for connecting the various offices of the Fund, including the Fund secretariat, the Geneva office, the Investment Management Division and the newly established information technology infrastructure hosting arrangement with the International Computing Centre; upgrading the New York backbone network infrastructure with robust capabilities to support users with diverse requirements for high-speed mission-critical data, voice and video traffic to the desktop;", "(d) Information and communications technology infrastructure services. Multishift operations, management and maintenance of Information and Communications Technology Infrastructure Services, such as server management, middleware management, and data backup in New York, New Jersey, and Geneva to support the operations of the Fund. Monitoring applications, equipment, network loads and traffic from the command centre to prevent failure of services. They will also ensure that software versions are at current levels where practical and, if necessary, perform systems upgrades using software development life-cycle methodologies;", "(e) Infrastructure architecture services. Developing and implementing information and communications technology infrastructure based on best technology standards and practices that will emphasize integration, interoperability, modularity and scalability with a periodic technology refresh; provide a guide to information technology decision makers, lower costs of information technology through reduced support costs and economies of scale;", "(f) User support/help desk. Provide technical, operational and help desk support for applications, servers, personal computers and mobile devices connected to the Pension Fund networks; provide infrastructure support for approved software applications, such as productivity systems, e-mail, knowledge management systems and custom applications; operation of and the provision of support to conference room facilities and equipment, including video/audio and projection functions;", "(g) Messaging. Provision and maintenance of electronic messaging services, including e-mail, videoconferencing services and unified messaging; provision and maintenance of mobile messaging and communications for handheld devices and services.", "Enterprise applications services", "(a) Development. Maintain systems that enhance productivity and efficiency by incorporating those that reduce manual processing of benefits; enhance participant and beneficiary processing and relate to banking, accounting system and workflow interfaces;", "(b) Enterprise systems maintenance. Maintain and enhance enterprise systems for core business applications, including pension administration, accounting and content management;", "(c) Maintenance of member organization information-sharing. Provision and maintenance of member organization information-sharing for the data collection of human resources and financial information, maintenance of custom interfaces and systems programmes to enhance human resources and financial data collection with the various enterprise resource planning interfaces used by organizations, and maintenance of electronic file transfer interface to securely support the sharing and translation of information.", "Enterprise data services", "(a) Database administration. Implement, maintain and enhance the availability of Pension Fund databases across various information technology platforms; perform database upgrades; monitor usage and resolve problems; create new tables and views; identify data integrity issues; and support system development activities as they relate to database access in line with business requirements;", "(b) System programming. Implement and maintain database systems and host computer operating systems and programmes to the extent necessary to provide mission-critical data to various applications and interfaces;", "(c) Data warehouse support. Implement, maintain and enhance the availability of the data warehouse system; provide data cleansing and federation across various platforms;", "(d) Management reporting. Implement, maintain and enhance management reporting using business intelligence tools.", "Enterprise Security Services", "(a) Information security. Periodic security risk assessments of technological structures and operations of the Pension Fund offices in New York and Geneva and securing the network using various security tools, including firewalls, anti-spam and anti-virus solutions;", "(b) Identity management. Provide the ability to centrally manage the provisioning and deprovisioning of identities, and consolidate the proliferation of identity repositories;", "(c) Disaster recovery. Formulate, adopt and implement a multi-year disaster recovery strategy to support Pension Fund business continuity requirements.", "Enterprise project management services", "(a) Governance. Enhance and implement the programme management infrastructure with strong governance utilizing the model established by the governing bodies of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Project management methodology. Provide guidance in project management processes and methodologies in a manner that is efficient, consistent and standardized;", "(c) Project management support. Update, monitor and maintain the project portfolio in accordance with project management methodologies; provide mentoring and coaching in an effort to raise the project management maturity level of the organization;", "(d) Audit governance. Manage and comply with internal and external audit observations as they relate to information and technology services.", "Enterprise quality and production control services", "(a) Quality standardization. Identify and document the requirements for various quality standards for implementation within the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Change management. Identify and implement a complete change management framework with proper segregation of duties;", "(c) Service level and delivery agreements. Compile statistics and manage all service level and delivery agreements of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(d) Production control. Oversee the quality assurance function to ensure that all systems are placed into the production environment only after undergoing a comprehensive evaluation and user acceptance test.", "Contract management services", "Monitor and manage the various components of the budget of the Information Management System Service; provide administrative support to information and communications technology services, including the identification of available resources, the entry of pre-encumbrances and the processing of requisitions, purchase orders and related invoices; account for the assets of the Service; manage vendor relationships, including those with technology partners, contractors and outsourcers; provide expert level knowledge in the development of generic specifications for technology procurement; work directly with the United Nations Procurement Service to ensure that value-added solutions are provided at the lowest possible cost.", "Table 19", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 8 426.7 8 607.6 32 31", "Non-post 32 814.1 34 717.3 — —", "Total 41 240.8 43 324.9 32 31", "90. The amount of $43,324,900 will provide for the continuation of 31 posts; 26 established posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 6 P-4, 10 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 6 General Service (Other level)); 5 temporary posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) and non-post resources. One temporary post at the P-4 level was authorized for 12 months only, and this post was abolished in 2011. The increase in non-post resources ($1,903,200) is attributable primarily to other staff costs ($127,000) and contractual services ($5,975,900), partially offset by decreases in requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), travel of staff ($21,600) and general operating expenses ($177,400). The total resources requested for the Integrated Pension Administration System project in the amount of $12,661,400 is attributable to contractual services ($11,466,300) and temporary posts ($1,195,100).", "Legal Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,358,400", "91. The Legal Office continues to provide unified legal service for the Fund’s management and operations in the New York and Geneva offices. It will provide substantive, procedural and administrative support to the Audit Committee and the Standing Committee (appeals) of the Pension Board as well as to the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (disability cases). The Office will ensure that the Fund’s operations comply with the Regulations and Rules of the Fund and that the Regulations are consistently interpreted. In addition to all sections and offices in the secretariat of the Fund, legal services and support are provided to participants and retirees and/or their legal representatives in regard to the application of the Fund’s Regulations and Rules in individual cases. The Office has focused on a new approach to the documentation and dissemination of legal precedents, rulings and policy decisions. Such promotion of knowledge-sharing facilitates the efficient use of legal information and experience accumulated by the Legal Office, enhances the use of best practices, and enables managers and staff to take into account legal risks in their daily decision-making.", "Table 20", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To protect the legal interestsof the Fund and to provideexpert legal advice on PensionFund matters to the ChiefExecutive Officer, the PensionBoard and Standing Committeeand other governance bodies ofthe Pension Fund\t\n(1) Improved uniformity andconsistency in the applicationof the Regulations, Rules andPension Adjustment System ofthe Pension Fund\t(1.1) Reduced number of requestsfor review and appeals where theFund’s position is not upheld byeither the Standing Committee orthe Appeals Tribunal Performance measures 2008-2009: 90 per cent of casesupheld Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per centof cases upheld \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 100 per centof cases upheld\n(2) Modernized and improvedcommunication andknowledge-sharing in respect oflegal matters\t(2.1) The number of legaldecisions and jurisprudencedocumented and disseminatedusing the Pension Fund CaseDigest and other knowledgemanagement tools Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per centof Standing Committee andTribunal cases, 10 per cent oflegal rulings codified \n\tTarget 2012-2013: 100 per centof Standing Committee andTribunal cases, 30 per cent oflegal rulings codified(3) Improved organizational andprocedural aspects of meetingservicing, as well as enhancedsubstantive support to themembers of the Committees\t(3.1) The satisfaction of themembers of the Pension Board,Standing Committee, AuditCommittee and the United NationsStaff Pension Committeeconcerning the level and qualityof substantive secretariatservices Performance measures 2008-2009: no complaints aboutsupport Estimate 2010-2011: nocomplaints about support \n\tTarget 2012-2013: no complaintsabout support", "External factors", "92. The Legal Office is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the Fund’s committees, Pension Board, member organizations, operational staff and management will seek legal advice when the legal interests or liabilities of the Fund are affected by their activities and operations; (b) legal advice is sought in a timely manner and clients provide sufficient information for legal analysis and will be guided by the advice rendered; and (c) the required human and financial resources will be made available.", "Outputs", "93. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Provision of advice on questions relating to interpretation and application of the Fund’s Regulations, Administrative Rules and Pension Adjustment System, provision of operational support in respect of administrative polices and procedures;", "(b) Provision of advice on and, as appropriate, supervision and oversight of the review, negotiation and drafting of agreements and other legal instruments with member organizations, as well as other international and intergovernmental organizations;", "(c) Provision of advice and preparation of documentation regarding institutional and operational modalities, legal submissions and other legal documents; preparation of respondent’s answers to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in cases concerning pension matters (10 instances);", "(d) Preparation of legal publications or communications to Fund participants/beneficiaries, pension secretariats and administrations of member organizations, including the relevant material for the Fund’s website;", "(e) Servicing of the meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee, Standing Committee and Audit Committee, including streamlining and modernizing information-sharing, by electronic dissemination of documents through web-based Quick Places and the other knowledge management tools of the Fund:", "(i) Provision of advice on rules of procedure, interpretation and implementation of resolutions and Pension Board/Committee decisions;", "(ii) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the Standing Committee (2 instances), including the preparation of approximately 12 requests for review and appeals; analysis of legal issues and the preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iii) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (4 instances); preparation of applications for disability benefits (approximately 140 new adult cases, 40 child cases and approximately 190 review cases and 2 appeals cases); preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iv) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of the meetings of the Audit Committee (6 instances), including the coordination of preparation of documentation and reports;", "(f) Codification and systematic dissemination of the jurisprudence of the Standing Committee and Administrative Tribunal cases as well as other legal reference files, opinions, policy decisions and guidelines;", "(g) Liaison with member organizations of the Fund, their Staff Pension Committees and other international organizations on issues related to legal questions in pension schemes;", "(h) Representation of the Fund at international or regional meetings, inter-agency meetings and meetings of legal advisers of member organizations, and participation in various standing boards, committees, ad hoc working groups and task forces, as required.", "Table 21", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post — 1 358.4 — 4", "Non-post — —", "Total — 1 358.4 — 4", "94. In order to more clearly analyse programme support, the Legal Office has been segregated from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer and redesignated as a subprogramme of programme support. The amount of $1,358,400 provides for the continuation of four posts, three redeployed from the Office of the Chief Executive Officer (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) and one from the Geneva Office (1 P-4, Legal Officer). The latter will be located in Geneva.", "Executive Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,838,900", "95. The Executive Office provides the administrative and programme support necessary for the implementation of the activities of the Fund. It assists the Chief Executive Officer and the Director of the Investment Management Division in the preparation of the biennial budget submission and provides the relevant support services for the efficient utilization of human and financial resources. It also provides a general administration and facilities management service.", "Table 22", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To facilitate the achievementof the operational andstrategic goals of the Fundthrough efficient andeffective administrative andprogramme support\t\n(1) Timely recruitment andplacement of staff\t(1.1) Reduction in the averagenumber of working days a postremains vacant Performance measures 2008-2009: 200 days Estimate 2010-2011: 180 days \n Target 2012-2013: 150 days \n\t(1.2) Increased percentage ofwomen in posts at theProfessional level and above forappointments of one year or more Performance measures 2008-2009: 32 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 39 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 45 per cent \n(2) Improved versatility ofstaff by internal and externaltraining\t(2.1) Increased production ofbespoke learning coursesavailable Performance measures 2008-2009: 30 Estimate 2010-2011: 38 \n Target 2012-2013: 48 \n\t(2.2) Increased staffparticipation in and successfulcompletion of learning and careerdevelopment programmes Performance measures 2008-2009: 618 Estimate 2010-2011: 700 \n Target 2012-2013: 700 \n(3) Improved management andmonitoring of the Fund’sadministrative budget\t(3.1) Reduce unliquidatedobligations and cancellation ofprior-period obligations as apercentage of finalappropriations Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 9 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 8 per cent \n(4) Enhanced quality andtimeliness of facilities andproperty services\t(4.1) Decreased working days lostdue to downtime of buildingfacilities Performance measures 2008-2009: zero Estimate 2010-2011: zero \n Target 2012-2013: zero", "External factors", "96. The Executive Office is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that the required human and financial resources are made available.", "Outputs", "97. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Human resources management:", "(i) Provision of policy advice to all staff on all issues relating to human resources management;", "(ii) Manage tracking data of job openings for hiring managers to support recruitment targets;", "(iii) Report on electronic Performance Appraisal System compliance data to directors;", "(iv) Schedule interviews for all INSPIRA and temporary vacancy announcement recruitment;", "(v) Deal with issues related to staff-management relations (rebuttal panels, etc.);", "(b) Staff training and career development:", "(i) Develop Fund-specific courses and facilitate knowledge transfer for a learning management system platform in coordination with the Information Management Systems Service;", "(ii) Arrange training courses on Fund premises;", "(iii) Monitor and track mandatory courses for all staff;", "(iv) Induct all new staff into the Fund;", "(v) Provide career development advice;", "(c) Administration:", "(i) Provide day-to-day administrative support to the staff of the Fund;", "(ii) Maintain the staffing table;", "(iii) Process General Service and Professional personnel actions to meet payroll each month;", "(iv) Renew staff contracts two months prior to expiration by alerting supervisors for recommendations;", "(v) Analyse individual staff cases of benefits and entitlements in accordance with United Nations policy and action any change or update to individual benefits and entitlements;", "(vi) Provision of certified business travel to the Fund staff and associated personnel;", "(vii) Arranging travel for United Nations members of the Pension Board and members of the Audit Committee and Committee of Actuaries and the staff of the Fund;", "(viii) Maintain time and attendance records;", "(ix) Maintenance of Quick Place website for Audit Committee members to access documentation related to meetings;", "(d) Finance and Budgetary Control:", "(i) Provide guidance to programme managers on, and completion of the Fund’s biennial and revised budgets;", "(ii) Issuance and revision of allotments;", "(iii) Certification of all expenditures;", "(iv) Monitoring and reporting expenditure to programme managers on a monthly basis;", "(v) Provision of advice and guidance on the application of the Financial Regulations and Rules to programme managers;", "(vi) Control of the administrative budget, including verification of invoices prior to payment;", "(vii) Completion of schedule I (Status of appropriations in relation to administrative expenses) of the Fund’s annual financial statement;", "(viii) Reconciliation of administrative expenses between the Fund and United Nations Secretariat;", "(e) Facilities and property management:", "(i) Ensure that facilities are maintained and are in operational condition;", "(ii) Coordinate with building management and vendors for any required repairs;", "(iii) Manage contracts relating to the office space;", "(iv) Provide support in the planning and configuration of new and existing office space;", "(v) Maintain and support the asset/inventory management system for fixed assets of the Fund;", "(vi) Coordinate disposal of obsolete equipment and furniture;", "(vii) Maintain and support the Fund emergency notification system;", "(viii) Maintain emergency contact information for staff of the Fund for security/emergency action purposes.", "Table 23 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 659.3 1 718.6 7 7", "Non-post 11 451.5 10 120.3 — —", "Total 13 110.8 11 838.9 7 7", "98. The amount of $11,838,900, representing a decrease of $1,271,900, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 4 General Service (Other level)) and the reclassification of one P-3 post as a P-4 post, and for non-post requirements for the Administration as a whole. The decrease in non-post resources of $1,331,200 is due primarily to a decrease in the rental and maintenance of premises as a result of the use of more accurate estimates.", "C. Investment costs", "1. Overview", "99. The Investment Management Division assists the Secretary-General, under the authority delegated by the Representative of the Secretary-General in accordance with article 19 of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, in the management of the investment of the Fund’s assets. It is responsible for the day-to-day management of those assets, implementing the approved investment strategy and ensuring that the portfolio conforms to the approved asset allocation, policies and Regulations and Rules of the Fund. Its mandate is to generate the total amount of portfolio returns required to meet the liability demands of the Fund while staying under the Fund’s risk threshold. The Division ensures that performance and portfolio risk analysis reports are accurate and up to date, and arranges for the maintenance of appropriate and accurate accounts on the Fund’s investments. The main sections of the Division are: the Office of the Director, the Investment Section, the Risk and Compliance Section, the Operations Section and the Information Systems Section.", "100. The overall level of resources for the Investment Management Division amounts to $91,799,300 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $10,601,800, or 13.1 per cent, compared with the revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium. The net increase, as shown in table 25, can be summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: the decrease of $1,567,900 relates to the decrease in non-post costs, comprising primarily decreases in travel ($1,382,200), consultants ($2,028,800) and other staff costs ($1,665,100), which have been requested under the relevant programme, offset by an increase in posts ($508,200) due to the redeployment of one P-4 Legal Officer from the Risk and Compliance Section and one General Service (Other level) post from the Operations Section and contractual services ($3,000,000);", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $7,451,700 is attributable to six additional posts offset by the redeployment of two posts to the Office of the Director ($1,115,100) and non-post resources of $6,336,600, attributable to contractual services ($2,772,200); in addition, other staff costs ($1,416,200), travel of staff ($1,271,200) and consultants ($877,000), all of which were requested under executive direction and management in previous submissions, have been requested under programme of work;", "(c) Programme support: the net increase of $4,718,000 for the Information Systems Section ($5,794,500) is attributable to one additional post ($863,600), an increase in contractual services ($4,040,000), other staff costs ($779,300) and travel ($111,000), the latter two of which were requested under executive direction and management in prior submissions, which is offset in part by a decrease in administrative support of $1,076,500 under rental and maintenance of premises due to the completion of the renovation of the thirtieth floor of 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza for the Division.", "101. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 24, and resource requirements by component are shown in table 25.", "Table 24 Percentage distribution of resources by component", "Component Regular budget", "A. Executive direction and management 7.7", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 53.9", "2. Risk and compliance 2.9", "3. Operations 12.0", "Subtotal, programme of work 68.8", "C. Support", "1. Information Systems Section 19.1", "2. Administrative support 4.4", "Subtotal, programme support 23.5", "Total 100.0", "Table 25 Resource requirements by component", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2010-2011 Resource Total Recosting Apportionment 2012-2013 appropriation growth before estimate recosting\n Amount Percentage United Pension Nations Fund", "A. Executive 8 654.2 (1 567.9) (18.1) 7 086.3 52.33 — 7 138.6 7 138.6 direction and management", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 51 568.3 (2 091.7) (4.1) 49 476.6 655.8 — 50 132.4 50 132.4", "2. Risk and 1 931.6 680.1 35.2 2 611.7 (19.2) — 2 592.5 2 592.5 compliance", "3. Operations 2 178.5 8 863.3 406.9 11 041.8 179.9 — 11 221.7 11 221.7", "Subtotal, B 55 678.4 7 451.7 13.4 63 130.1 816.5 — 63 946.6 63 946.6", "C. Support", "1. Information 11 777.3 5 794.5 49.2 17 571.8 253.2 — 17 825.0 17 825.0", "2. 5 087.6 (1 076.5) (21.2) 4 011.1 16.9 — 4 028.0 4 028.0 Administrative", "Subtotal, C 16 864.9 4 718.0 28.0 21 582.9 270.1 — 21 853.0 21 853.0", "Total 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 — 92 938.2 92 938.2", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $7,086,300", "102. The Director of the Investment Management Division sets forth the framework under which the sections of the Division establish their strategies and priorities to ensure that the Division carries out its mandate, while guaranteeing the best possible conditions of security, performance, responsibility and accountability and ensuring full compliance with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. The Director promotes the controlled, efficient and effective management of the assets of the Fund through a workplan designed to reflect the long-term goals and priorities of the Division and of the Fund as a whole. The Director leads the Division’s cooperation with the Fund’s Audit Committee, the United Nations Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS).", "103. The Office of the Director is responsible for providing critical legal, contract management and requisitioning services as well as administrative support, including making strategic human resources projections in response to the growing needs of the Division. The Office also provides services for and supports the Investments Committee.", "104. The objective is to develop the Office of the Director into a unit that would assist the Division in monitoring and coordinating the timely implementation of its workplan. The scope and responsibilities of the Office have increased and diversified as the Fund has grown in terms of both types of investments and number of staff and sections. Thus, provided that sufficient systems and staffing are available, the plan is to strengthen and expand the functioning of the Office by establishing specialized units with clear mandates and responsibilities to deal with legal and contract management; requisitioning, budget preparation and invoice processing; the Investments Committee and legislative bodies; and administration-related issues.", "Table 26 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:To ensure the fullimplementation of legislativemandates and compliance with theRegulations and Rules of theFund, taking into account therecommendations of theInvestments Committee and thedecisions of the Representativeof the Secretary-General withrespect to the management of theFund’s programme of work inrelation to investments and ofstaff and financial resources\t\n(1) Determining, in consultationwith the Representative of theSecretary-General, guidelines onasset allocation ranges,currency holdings, marketweightings, strategic andtactical short-term allocations;investment opportunities; andinformation systems andoperational infrastructure\t(1.1) Outperformance of Fund’sinvestments\n(2) Timely and effectiveplanning and coordination ofInvestment Management Divisionprocurement needs\t(2.1) Percentage of requestsfor proposal completed within 6months\n(3) Provision of a wide range oflegal advice on various types ofinvestments and contracts\t(3.1) Successful completion ofnew investment transactions andexecution of contracts\n(4) Effective servicing ofInvestments Committee and otherlegislative bodies\t(4.1) No complaints receivedfrom Investments Committeemembers and other participants\n(5) Timely recruitment andplacement of staff\t(5.1) Reduction in the averagenumber of days for which a postremains vacant\n\t(5.2) Reduction in the vacancyrate", "External factors", "105. The objective and accomplishments are expected to be achieved consistently on the assumption that (a) all stakeholders will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend their full cooperation to the Investment Management Division; and (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Pension Board. The accomplishment of the executive direction programme depends on the full cooperation of the relevant United Nations departments and divisions.", "Outputs", "106. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) A regularly updated and implemented investment policy that ensures forcefully implemented investment strategy in accordance with the guidance received by the Investments Committee;", "(b) A medium-term procurement plan, resulting from the effective and regular coordination of Investment Management Division procurement needs with the Procurement Division, that produces high-quality solicitation documents and results in faster solicitation and participation of high-quality firms in the bidding process in approximately 10 procurement exercises;", "(c) Approximately 160 contracts, negotiated and executed with regular coordination and contacts with legal experts in the Office of Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel;", "(d) Four Investments Committee meetings are organized annually. The Pension Board, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, the Fifth Committee and other relevant parties are provided with accurate reports on investments;", "(e) Investment Management Division staff travel and training plans are implemented. Vacancies are filled within 180 days.", "Table 27 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 941.6 2 449.8 7 9", "Non-post 6 712.6 4 636.5 — —", "Total 8 654.2 7 086.3 7 9", "107. The amount of $7,086,300, representing a $1,567,900 decrease, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 3 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two posts, one each from the Risk and Compliance Section (1 P-4) and the Operations Section (1 General Service (Other level)), and non-post resources for the Division as a whole for the travel of representatives and hospitality. The decrease in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the apportionment of resources for other staff costs ($1,665,100), travel of staff ($1,382,200) and consultants ($2,028,800), offset in part by an increase in contractual services ($3,000,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Investment Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $49,476,600", "108. The Investment Section is responsible for achieving optimal investment returns for the Fund while avoiding undue risks. The Section consists of seven organizational entities, namely, North American equity, European equity, Asia-Pacific equity, global emerging markets equity, fixed income, real estate and alternative investments. The primary functions involve monitoring current portfolios, keeping abreast of and tracking developments in the financial markets, and making and carrying out investment decisions. The fulfilment of these functions involves the preparation of financial analyses, attendance at meetings and conferences and travel to various countries to meet analysts and companies’ management. A secondary function is contributing to the formulation of reports to all the governing bodies.", "109. The tasks of the Investment Section for 2012-2013 include (a) to meet the long-term objective of an annualized real rate of return on the investments of the Fund of 3.5 per cent, as adjusted by the United States consumer price index; (b) to achieve consistent outperformance of the policy benchmark by the Fund’s investments; (c) to maintain a risk level commensurate with target investment returns; and (d) to reduce currency risks and country risks through sound diversification.", "Table 28 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement \nObjective of the Organization:The long-term objectives are:(a) to achieve optimal returnfor the Fund in real termswithout undue risk; and (b) todiversify the portfolio withrespect to asset type,currency and geography\t(1) A long-term annualizedreal rate of return on theinvestments of the Fund of 3.5per cent, as adjusted by theUnited States consumer priceindex\t(1.1) Total Fund return againstthe Fund’s objective over a10-year periodPerformance measures2008-2009: underperformed theobjective by 1.7 per cent over a10-year period ended December2009, while the Fund experiencedthe global financial crisis in2008 and early in 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: according topreliminary numbers, the Fundperformed 3.5 per cent in realterms over a 10‑year period endedDecember 2010, in line with theFund’s return target \n\tTarget 2012-2013: outperform thelong-term target of an annualizedreal rate of return of 3.5 percent(2) Consistent outperformanceof the Fund’s investmentsrelative to the policybenchmark, which is 60 percent in equity, 31 per cent infixed income, 6 per cent inreal estate and 3 per cent incash\t(2.1) Total return against thepolicy benchmark over a 5-yearperiodPerformance measures2008-2009: outperformed thebenchmark by 0.9 per cent over a5-year period ended December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: according topreliminary numbers, the Fundperformed 10.2 per cent innominal terms in 2010, marginallyunderperforming the 60/31benchmark return of 10.6 per cent \n\tTarget 2012-2013: outperform thepolicy benchmark(3) Reduction of currency riskand country risk through sounddiversification\t(3.1) Number of currenciesinvested inPerformance measures 2008-2009: invested in 27currencies as of December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: invested in35 currencies as of December 2010 \n\tTarget 2012-2013: further refinethe allocation of the Fund’sassets by currency as appropriate\t(3.2) Number of countriesinvested in 2008-2009: invested in more than41 countries, including emergingmarkets, ininternational/regionalinstitutions and in investmenttrusts as of December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: invested inmore than 47 countries, includingemerging markets, ininternational/regionalinstitutions and in investmenttrusts as of December 2010 \n\tTarget 2012-2013: further refinethe allocation of the Fund’sassets by country as appropriate(4) Diversification ofinvestments in alternativeasset classes\t(4.1) Number of strategies ofalternative asset classesinvested in Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: SeniorInvestment Officer forAlternative Investments joinedthe Fund in June 2010. The targetfor the period from June 2010 toDecember 2011 is to finalizeAlternative Investments adviserselection and make commitments to5-10 managers. The Real AssetsAdviser was selected in June2009, and a detailed strategy forreal assets will be set early in2011. The Fund will makecommitments in several funds ininfrastructure andtimber/agricultural lands \n\tTarget 2012-2013: By the end of2013, the Fund expects to becommitted to up to 15 to 20private equity funds and hedgefunds of funds. Private equityperformance over time will bemeasured using dollar-weightedreturn and internal rate ofreturn calculations, while thehedge fund portfolio will bemeasured using time-weightedreturn calculations. Benchmarkingfor the Fund will be discussedwith the Fund’s private equityand hedge fund Advisers and willbe presented in detail at a laterstage(5) Enhanced capacity of staffto address issues related toinvestments and portfoliomanagement\t(5.1) Percentage of staff whoattend at least 1 relevantconference or seminarPerformance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: notapplicable \n\tTarget 2012-2013: each staffmember attends at least 1 seminaror conference", "External factors", "110. The objective and accomplishments are expected to be achieved consistently on the assumption that (a) all stakeholders will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend their full cooperation to the Investment Management Division; (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Pension Board; and (c) the financial markets such as global equity, global fixed income, real estate and foreign exchange will move in the direction of the long-term assumptions.", "Outputs", "111. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) A positive total return exceeding the Fund’s objective, which is a long-term annualized real rate of return on investment of 3.5 per cent, as adjusted by the United States consumer price index;", "(b) A positive total Fund return exceeding the policy benchmark, which is 60 per cent in equity, 31 per cent in fixed income, 6 per cent in real estate and 3 per cent in cash;", "(c) The maintenance of a well-diversified portfolio, in terms of both currencies and countries, in order to reduce currency risk and country risk;", "(d) Successful implementation of the alternative asset class suited to the Fund objective when market conditions are favourable for the Fund to earn a return premium exceeding what could be earned from investments in publicly listed equities;", "(e) The enhancement of the professionalism and in-depth knowledge of staff, who will help to improve the performance of the Fund through participation in conferences and seminars directly related to investments and portfolio management.", "Table 29 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 7 698.4 8 974.3 27 31", "Non-post 43 869.9 40 502.3 — —", "Total 51 568.3 49 476.6 27 31", "112. The amount of $49,476,600, representing a $2,091,700 decrease, provides for the continuation of 27 posts (1 D-1, 7 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 4 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level)) and the establishment of 4 new posts (3 P-4 and 1 P-3) and for non-post resources. The decrease in non-post resources is attributable to contractual services ($5,090,300) and the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($197,500), travel of staff ($1,025,200) and consultants ($500,000) previously requested under executive direction and management.", "Risk and compliance", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $2,611,700", "113. The Risk and Compliance Section is a newly established entity responsible for identifying, measuring and managing all aspects of risks to which the Fund is exposed. In addition, in terms of compliance, it is mandated to implement adequate monitoring and control processes covering the Fund’s investments. Its function comprises two sub-functions: risk management and compliance.", "Table 30 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization:To establish controls andmonitor compliance for variousrisks to which the Fund isexposed, namely, market risk,operational risk, credit risk,and legal and reputationalrisk. The function is alsoresponsible for establishingthe risk budget at the assetand manager levels, monitoringcompliance with the riskbudget and helping theinvestment function tomaximize risk-adjusted returnsbased on established riskappetite\t\n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Effective oversight of therisks involved in the Fund’sinvestment operations\t(1.1) All investment tradeseffectively covered by monitoringactivities Performance measures (percentage number of cases) 2010-2011: 100 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Risk management frameworkestablished\t(2.1) Fully implement the riskanalytics system and train allportfolio managers to integraterisk analytics into portfolioconstruction Performance measures \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2.2) Implementation of riskmanagement controls as outlinedin the Risk Management Manual;percentage of implemented riskcontrols Performance measures Successful implementation of allestablished risk guidelines andcontrols Monitor controls, conduct trendanalysis and modify guidelinesand controls in accordance withchanges in investment environmentor as new risks are identified 2010-2011: 75 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 99 per cent (3) Compliance withestablished policies andprocedures of InvestmentManagement Division\t(3.1) Percentage of investmenttransactions in compliance withpolicies and standard operatingprocedures Performance measures (percentage of transactions) \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (3.2) Assurance of higher ethicalstandards on the part of staffmembers in relation to thedischarge of their duties andresponsibilities as internationalcivil servants Performance measures (percentage number of staffmembers) \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (3.3) Successfully coordinatesand facilitates compliance withaudit recommendations Performance measures (percentage of completed audits) \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (4) Implementation of multiplecustodians and independentmaster record-keeper\t(4.1) Independent masterrecord-keeper and multiplecustodians fully implemented andoperational, integrated withother Investment ManagementDivision systems such as thosefor risk management, accountingand trade order management Performance measures \n Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent", "External factors", "114. The Risk and Compliance Section is expected to achieve its objective and accomplishments on the assumption that all external parties will be supportive of the efforts of and will extend full cooperation to the Section. Other external factors include:", "(a) More volatile equities markets;", "(b) More volatile currencies market with large swings, requiring extensive quantitative analysis capacity for the use of index-linked tools for offsetting risks;", "(c) More credit risk from sovereign countries;", "(d) Operating in inflationary and/or deflationary environments simultaneously in various geographies;", "(e) More international trade barriers;", "(f) Changes in benchmarks if there are shifts in macroeconomic trends;", "(g) Sudden underfunding of risks due to depreciation in base currency (United States dollar), causing funds to reach historical highs, while being potentially underfunded as use of the two-track feature increases and as liabilities increase in other currencies;", "(h) Run on commodities;", "(i) High unemployment becomes the “new normal” on a sustained basis in developing economies;", "(j) Sovereign countries default on their loans.", "Outputs", "115. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) The maintenance of policies and standard operating procedures, namely, standard operating investment policies and procedures, the Risk Management Manual, the compliance policy and manual, the code of ethics and the personal securities, gift and hospitality policies;", "(b) The completion of quarterly compliance reviews of the Fund’s investment operations to ensure the effective management of the Fund’s compliance risks;", "(c) The administration of certification of acknowledgement, trade order pre‑clearances, report of personal securities, hospitality log and mandatory leave;", "(d) The organization of training programmes pertaining to investment compliance, code of ethics (total of two on-site division-wide programmes);", "(e) Coordination for full compliance with the annual United Nations financial disclosure programme;", "(f) The preparation of periodic reports to the Audit Committee of the Pension Board (total of eight presentations);", "(g) Acting as a focal point for planned internal and external audits of the Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services, and for queries from the Ethics Office.", "Table 31 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 931.6 1 919.7 6 7", "Non-post — 692.0 — —", "Total 1 931.6 2 611.7 6 7", "116. The amount of $2,611,700, representing a $680,100 increase, provides for the continuation of five posts (1 D-1, 2 P-4 and 2 General Service (Principal level)), the redeployment of one P-4 post to the Office of the Director and one General Service (Other level) post from the Operations Section and the establishment of one new post (1 P‑4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($321,600), travel of staff ($193,400), consultants ($127,000) and contractual services ($50,000) previously requested under executive direction and management.", "Operations", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,041,800", "117. The Operations Section of the Investment Management Division is responsible for back-office investment operations, accounting and reconciliation and the financial reporting of all investment transactions and related activities of the Fund. It is also responsible for settling all investment trades and foreign-exchange transactions in a timely and accurate fashion, employing industry-standard solutions for straight-through and exception processing. In addition, it ensures that all investment activities, such as trades, foreign-exchange transactions, income collection, maturities, tax collection and corporate actions, are properly recorded in accordance with IPSAS, adopted by the Fund for the preparation of financial statements, with adequate internal controls and audit trail. Furthermore, the Section is responsible for the production of daily cash projections enabling the Investment Section to manage cash for all of the currencies utilized by the Division for investment purposes. The Operations Section is also responsible for the implementation of IPSAS with regard to all the Fund’s investment activities to be reported and reflected in the Fund-wide financial statements commencing on 1 January 2012, under the general guidance and direction of the Fund’s Chief Financial Officer. The Section works closely with the custodians for trade and foreign-exchange settlements, the investigation of interest claims on failed trades, income collection, maturities, tax collection and corporate actions. It also works closely with the master record-keeper for the daily reconciliation of cash and holdings, the fair market valuation of the Fund’s investments and the general ledger feed. The Section works closely with the Information Systems Section to assist in the implementation of more efficient processes, ensuring internal controls, while enhancing the various computerized investment activities of the Division and minimizing manual intervention.", "Table 32 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of theOrganization: To ensure thesecurity of the Fund’sinvestments and increasetransparency in the financialreporting thereof\t\n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Automated back-officetrade settlement andreconciliation processes withthe capacity to handle anincreased volume ofinvestment transactions\t(1.1) Increased percentage ofproperly authorized investmenttrades settled withinmarket-prescribed settlement timeframesPerformance measures 2008-2009: 96.25 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 98 per cent Target 2012: 99 per cent \n Target 2013: 99 per cent (1.2) Reduced number of daysneeded for the resolution ofdiscrepancies inpositions/holdings and cash Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: implementationand testing stage Target 2012: resolve discrepancieswithin 3 days \n\tTarget 2013: resolve discrepancieswithin 2 days(2) Successful implementationof IPSAS, adopted by thePension Fund in coordinationwith governing bodies\t(2.1) Timely submission of theDivision’s IPSAS-compliantfinancial statements to the Fund’sChief Financial Officer (by 15March of the following year) Performance measures 2008-2009: 1 April 2010 Estimate 2010-2011: 15 March 2011 Target 2012: 15 March 2012 \n Target 2013: 15 March 2013 (2.2) Unqualified audit opinionfrom the Board of Auditors onfinancial statements Performance measures 2008: unqualified audit opinion 2009: modified audit opinion Estimate 2010-2011: unqualifiedaudit opinion Target 2012: unqualified auditopinion \n\tTarget 2013: unqualified auditopinion\n(3) Fully functionaloperations with the new dualcustodians and independentmaster record-keeper model\t(3.1) All operational systemsfully functional when newcustodians and masterrecord-keeper providers areselected", "External factors", "118. The Operations Section is expected to achieve its objectives on the following assumptions:", "(a) The internal mission-critical systems (the Charles River trade order management system, Murex MX.3, SWIFT and Omgeo) and the independent master record-keeper’s general ledger feed system will provide full straight-through processing and exception-based processing and reconciliation on a timely basis; the implementation of Omgeo, the independent master record-keeper and the general ledger accounting systems are all dependent on the successful negotiation of contracts;", "(b) The satisfactory performance of the two custodians and the independent master record-keeper in the delivery of custodial and master record-keeping services.", "Outputs", "119. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) The settlement of all securities trading, real estate, alternative assets and currency-exchange transactions on the settlement or value date;", "(b) The automated reconciliation of securities/positions/holdings and cash, including income (dividends, interest and cash distributions), maturities and corporate actions on a daily exception basis;", "(c) Successful test or dry run of 30 June 2012 financial statements, with favourable review/comments by external auditors on IPSAS compliance;", "(d) The production of IPSAS-compliant financial statements and disclosures (investments portion only) by 15 March 2013;", "(e) All assets are transferred and accounted for and re-registered with the new custodians;", "(f) All standard reports are produced by the new master record-keeper and custodians.", "Table 33 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 2 178.5 2 029.6 11 10", "Non-post — 9 012.2 — —", "Total 2 178.5 11 041.8 11 10", "120. The amount of $11,041,800, representing a $8,863,300 increase, provides for the continuation of nine posts (1 P-5, 1 P-3, 2 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts, one each to the Office of the Director and the Risk and Compliance Section, and the establishment of one new post (1 P-3). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to contractual services ($7,812,500) and resources that were previously requested under executive direction and management, comprising other staff costs ($897,100), travel of staff ($52,600) and consultants ($250,000).", "4. Programme support", "Information Systems Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $17,571,800", "121. The Information Systems Section is responsible for the technology, data management, applications, policies, procedures and management of projects facilitating the investment processes and reliable investment data. The Section will continue implementing solutions to enhance investment data quality and convenience, streamline and standardize investment processes, provide viable technology-enforcing security policies, enable business continuity and implement controls that are in line with Investment Management Division investment guidelines in order to mitigate operations and business risks. More important, the Section will provide good investment data that will be part of the solution to generate value for the Fund and enable smart risk management.", "Table 34 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization:To provide informationtechnology solutions andtechnological support tofacilitate front-to-backinvestment processes \n Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Implementation ofInvestment Management Divisioninformation and communicationstechnology strategy, includingimplementation and integrationof new and existing systemsfacilitating investmentactivities\t(1.1) Exception-based processingof investment transactionsenabledPerformance measuresPercentage of transactionsprocessed straight through 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 90 per cent (tradeorder management, SWIFT,custodian bank) \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (1.2) Standardization andmodernization of investmentprocesses supported Performance measures Percentage of business processesstandardized 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 85 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (1.3) Risk and compliancemanagement enabled Performance measures Number of risk and compliancetools offered 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 2 \n Target 2012-2013: 2 (2) Increased quality, securityand availability of InvestmentManagement Division investmentdata\t(2.1) Investment data validatedand reconciled in a timelymannerPerformance measures Percentage of dependableinvestment reports produced 2008-2009: 50 per cent 2010-2011: 75 per cent \n Target 2012-2013: 90 per cent (2.2) High availability ofinformation technology services Performance measures Percentage of potentialinformation technology operationrisk 2008-2009: 20 per cent 2010-2011: less than 5 per cent \n\tTarget 2012-2013: less than 1per cent", "External factors", "122. The subprogramme is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that (a) the procurement and legal processes undertaken by the United Nations Secretariat on behalf of the Investment Management Division are completed within the expected time frame; (b) stakeholders fulfil their responsibilities and extend their full cooperation in attaining the objectives of the Division’s information and technology strategy, facilitating Division business; and (c) the Information Management Systems Service supports the consolidated information and communications technology infrastructure in a timely manner.", "Outputs", "123. During the biennium 2012-2013, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Trade order management (Charles River), back-office tasks, reconciliation, accounting (Murex) and the interbank messaging system (SWIFT) are successfully and fully implemented and supported;", "(b) Data hub, foreign exchange and fixed income investment execution systems are implemented;", "(c) Investment processes are properly documented;", "(d) Exception-based processing of investment transactions is achieved;", "(e) Standardization and streamlining of business processes are facilitated;", "(f) Compliance monitoring and system are supported and facilitated;", "(g) Automatic data feed is implemented and data validation is supported;", "(h) Data reconciliation is supported;", "(i) The Division’s information and communications technology infrastructure is strengthened;", "(j) Security policies and disaster recovery are implemented and supported;", "(k) Business continuity is enabled.", "Table 35 Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Post 1 593.9 2 457.5 7 8", "Non-post 10 183.4 15 114.3 — —", "Total 11 777.3 17 571.8 7 8", "124. The amount of $17,571,800, representing a $5,794,500 increase, provides for the continuation of seven posts (1 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-3 and 1 General Service (Principal level)) and the establishment of one new post (1 P-4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to increased requirements for contractual services ($498,500) and the moving of market data contractual services from the Investment Section to the Information Systems Section ($3,541,500) and to resources that were previously requested under executive direction and management, comprising other staff costs ($779,300) and travel of staff ($111,000).", "Administrative support", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $4,011,100", "Table 36 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Non-post 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "Total 5 087.6 4 011.1 — —", "125. The amount of $4,011,100, representing a $1,076,500 decrease, provides for non-post resources for the Division as a whole. The decrease is attributable primarily to the rental and maintenance of premises ($916,900) due to the one-time request in the revised budget for 2010-2011 for the renovation of additional office space at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza.", "D. Audit costs", "Resources requested (before recosting): $2,748,200", "126. The distribution of resources is shown in table 37.", "Table 37 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "External audit 661.2 774.7 — —", "Internal audit 1 983.8 1 973.5 — —", "Total 2 645.0 2 748.2 — —", "127. The amount of $2,748,200 covers the estimated requirements for external audit ($774,700) as requested by the Board of Auditors and for internal audit ($1,973,500) as requested by the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "1. External audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $774,700", "128. Provision is made in the amount of $774,700 for the costs associated with the Board of Auditors and apportioned to the Fund by the secretariat of the Board of Auditors.", "2. Internal audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,973,500", "129. The amount of $1,973,500 provides for the continuation of five general temporary assistance posts (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)), training and non-post resources comprising consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, communications, operating expenses, supplies and materials, and furniture and equipment. The reduction in costs is due primarily to general temporary assistance required as a result of a reduction in the standard salary tables and the net effect of minor changes to the resources requested for other non-post resources.", "E. Board expenses", "Resources requested (before recosting): $200,000", "Table 38 Financial resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousands of United States dollars)\n Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Board expenses 167.5 200.0 — —", "130. The General Assembly, in section IV of its resolution 61/240, authorized Board expenses, comprising the administrative costs of Board sessions, the Chair’s travel expenses and the travel expenses of working groups, to be included in the Fund’s budget and charged against administrative expenses.", "131. The amount of $200,000 covers the estimated requirements for Board expenses and comprises travel costs for the Chair to attend the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions of the Board and meetings of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee, travel costs of members of the Chief Executive Officer Search Group and administrative expenses of the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions ($120,000), to be held in July 2012 and July 2013.", "IV. Emergency Fund", "132. The General Assembly, in section III of its resolution 62/241, authorized the Pension Fund to supplement the voluntary contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2008-2009 by an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "133. It is proposed that the Pension Board recommend to the General Assembly that it authorize the Board to supplement contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2012-2013 by an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "V. Recommendation for ad hoc measures regarding implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by 1 January 2012", "134. At its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010, the Board had approved the implementation of IPSAS as of 1 January 2012. As requested, a report on the status of the implementation of the new accounting standards was presented to the Board by the secretariat and the Investment Management Division in July 2011.", "135. Currently, the Fund reports under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. It was noted that the United Nations was planning to implement IPSAS in 2014, and, in this regard, the Board was informed that the United Nations was planning to present to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, in 2012, proposed changes to the Financial Regulations and Rules.", "136. In the light of the timeline for revising the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, and with the support of the Pension Fund Audit Committee, the Board was requested, for the sole purpose of the Fund’s timely implementation of IPSAS, to recommend for the approval of the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session in 2011, the following transitional measure concerning the Fund’s financial reporting:", "“As a transitional measure, the Board authorizes the Fund to continue to apply the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations mutatis mutandis to their accounting processes and financial reporting, and in a manner that allows the Fund to be IPSAS-compliant. The Board hereby recommends that in accordance with article 19 (b) of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, the Secretary-General maintain detailed accounts of all investments and other transactions relating to the Fund in a manner that is IPSAS-compliant.”", "137. The Board was informed that, with the approval of the transitional measure, the Fund’s full implementation of IPSAS would fulfil the Board’s decision to adopt IPSAS in 2012, subject to the subsequent formalization of the Fund’s financial regulations and rules. The Fund’s financial statements for 2012 would be presented and audited on the basis of IPSAS, which would provide the regulatory framework.", "138. After discussion, the Board endorsed the transitional measure concerning the Fund’s financial reporting and recommended this measure for the approval of the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, in 2011.", "VI. Action to be taken by the General Assembly", "139. The Pension Board recommends the following to the General Assembly:", "(a) The approval of a reduction in appropriations for 2010-2011 amounting to $21,772,800. The revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium would then amount to $154,545,700, divided into administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of this amount, $133,037,000 would be apportioned to the Fund and $21,508,700 would be directly chargeable to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(b) The approval of a revised estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $144,300 for extrabudgetary resources;", "(c) The approval of the Pension Fund estimate for the 2012-2013 biennium amounting to $194,164,000, comprising administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Pension Board expenses ($204,400). Of this amount, $173,260,600 would be apportioned to the Fund and $20,903,400 to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(d) The approval of resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amounting to $156,800 for extrabudgetary costs and funded by a number of member organizations;", "(e) The approval of an amount not exceeding $200,000 to supplement contributions to the Emergency Fund;", "(f) The approval of the ad hoc and transitional financial measures regarding IPSAS implementation by 1 January 2012.", "VII. Summary of follow-up action taken to implement requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Table 39", "A. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "(A/65/567)", "Request/recommendation\tAction taken to implementrequest/recommendation \n(a) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board’srecommendations regarding therevised risk management policyand that the Division continueto implement its newlydeveloped risk managementmanual (para. 7)\tThe majority of the controlshave already been implemented,and efforts are under way toimplement those that have not.The Risk Management Manual is aliving document that is updatedevery quarter. Implementation isongoing, and the target is toimplement all controls. Some ofthe controls set out in the RiskManagement Manual are manual,pending resource allocation;others are automated, pendinginfrastructure modernization. Asthese milestones are reached,these controls will beimplemented.\n(b) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with therecommendations of the Board ofAuditors. The Committee isconcerned at the fact that thePension Fund received anunqualified audit opinion withone emphasis of matter on therealized and unrealized losseson the investments of the Fundon the financial statements forthe biennium ended 31 December2009. The Advisory Committeeurges the Pension Fund toimplement the Board’srecommendations (para. 9)\tThis has been done in the notesto the 2010 financial statementsthat the Investment ManagementDivision submitted to thePension Fund secretariat on 11March 2011. The Division willconsult further with the IPSASconsultants on thesedisclosures.\n(c) The Advisory Committeereiterates its recommendationthat the Board continue toexplore opportunities forinvestment in developingcountries and countries witheconomies in transition (para.10)\tThe Fund is continuouslyresearching opportunities, andthe Director and staff of theInvestment Management Divisionrecently travelled to Africa andthe Middle East to broaden ouraward-winning portfolio inAfrican investments. TheDirector will meet with theWorld Bank and the InternationalMonetary Fund to review on aregular basis additionalopportunities in emerging andfrontier markets.\n(d) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board ofAuditors that the Pension Fundshould finalize and approve itsIPSAS implementation plan in atimely manner. The Committeeexpects that the new ChiefFinancial Officer will be hiredas soon as possible and that,in the interim, preparation forIPSAS will proceed to ensureits implementation on 1 January2012. Furthermore, theCommittee encourages the Boardof Auditors to closely monitorthe Pension Fund’s IPSASimplementation progress andreiterates its recommendationthat the Board report to theGeneral Assembly on an annualbasis on progress made (seeA/65/498, para. 19) (para. 13)\tThe Fund has finalized its IPSASimplementation plan andtimeline, as presented to theAudit Committee and presented tothe Pension Board at its 58thsession, in July 2011. Therecruitment of the new ChiefFinancial Officer is under way.\n(e) The Advisory Committeeemphasizes that sufficientsupport, drawn from existingresources, should be madeavailable to ensure the timelyand well-managed implementationof IPSAS (para. 15)\tThe reallocation of existingresources required for IPSASimplementation was approved bythe Pension Board at its 57thmeeting, in July 2010, and bythe General Assembly in December2010. Additional resources arebeing requested for 2012-2013.\n(f) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the PensionBoard’s request that themedical consultant look intothe possibility of establishinga standard for medicalexaminations for purposes ofparticipation in the Fundpursuant to article 41 of theFund Regulations (para. 18)\tAs requested, the MedicalConsultant will present a noteon this matter to the Board atits July 2012 session.\n Regulations (para. 18). \n(g) The Advisory Committeeconcurs with the Board ofAuditors on the need fortransparent disclosure of theinvestments of the UnitedNations University EndowmentFund and notes that the PensionBoard has agreed that suchdisclosure would be provided infuture (para. 20).\tThis has been done in the notesto the 2010 financial statementsthat the Investment ManagementDivision submitted to thePension Fund Secretariat on11 March 2011. The Division willconsult further with the IPSASconsultants on thesedisclosures.", "B. Board of Auditors", "(A/65/9, annex X)", "Request/recommendation Action taken to implement request/recommendation", "The Board’s main recommendations are that:", "(a) The Fund finalize and approve The Fund has finalized an its IPSAS implementation plan; implementation plan and timeline, as identify and involve other presented to the Audit Committee. A stakeholders in the IPSAS steering committee has been implementation project; and established, comprising IPSAS provide details on what aspects of stakeholders from both the the Financial Regulations and Investment Management Division and Rules would need to be revised the secretariat. At present, the (para. 27); Fund follows the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, pending the adoption of IPSAS. The Investment Management Division is waiting for its IPSAS consultants to recommend suggested language for rules 104.12, 104.13, 104.14, 104.15 and 104.16 to ensure IPSAS compliance. This will be presented to the Audit Committee in June 2011 and to the Pension Board at its fifty-eighth session, in July 2011.", "(b) The Fund raise a receivable Amounts owed by member organizations and income for amounts owing to have been calculated. Once reviewed, the Fund (para. 30); they will be issued.", "(c) The Fund reverse all The Fund has drafted closing prior-period unliquidated instructions for the administrative obligations and accruals as they element of the Lawson accounts. The are paid, and address the weakness Executive Office has produced a in controls that resulted in third draft for review and agreement accruals for items that have by the Financial Services Section. already been paid (para. 33); In accordance with these instructions, the administrative accounts for the period 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2009 will be adjusted to give the correct balances, brought forward for 1 January 2010. The accounts will be closed as at 31 December 2010 using these instructions.", "(d) The Fund implement improved Policy and procedure for long controls to ensure that amounts outstanding receivables have been outstanding are recovered in a implemented. Ongoing collection timely manner and establish a efforts are in place. policy on the accounting treatment of long outstanding amounts that are not recoverable (para. 43);", "(e) The Fund consider raising a A provision for all receivables provision for doubtful debts in older than two years will be its financial records to reflect included in the Fund’s 2010 the recoverable amounts at the financial statements. In addition, reporting date (para. 44); the write-off of uncollectable receivables amounts began in 2010.", "(f) The Fund revalue all balances Agreed. The year-end exchange rate denominated in foreign currencies will be used to translate at the operational rate of foreign-currency bank-account exchange prevailing at the balances to United States dollars reporting date (para. 48); for 2010 financial statements.", "(g) The Fund take urgent steps to Ongoing. The Investment Management recover outstanding amounts of Division continued to make extensive foreign taxes (para. 51); efforts to prevent the imposition of taxes and to recover taxes withheld on its investment income in various jurisdictions. In particular, in January 2010 representatives of the Division met with representatives of the State Administration of Taxation of China, in Beijing, to address the formal recognition and implementation of the Fund’s tax-exempt status in that country. Representatives of the Division also initiated discussions with representatives of the Government of Brazil, which led to the issuance in April 2010 by the Brazilian Revenue Service of a broadly worded formal recognition of the Fund’s tax-exempt status in that country. In addition, the Division recently launched a request for proposal for global tax advisory services. The global tax adviser will assist the Division, among others, with its tax reclaim efforts around the world.", "(h) The Fund record the receivable This has been taken into account and and related income from the United the situation rectified as part of Nations for the reimbursement of the account closure procedures. administrative expenses in the correct accounting period (para. 54);", "(i) The Fund continue reconciling For a period of time, the Fund used the balance with the United the interfund balance to reconcile Nations to ensure that differences with the United Nations. The United are fully reconciled (para. 57); Nations also used this balance. The Fund has now reverted to using actual expenditures when reconciling with the United Nations.", "(j) The Fund upload the correct Ongoing process. Erroneous items accrual amounts from the accounts have been identified. Proper entries payable module into the Lawson will be made for 2010 to correct system and adjust its accounts for these balances. differences noted (para. 63);", "(k) The Fund perform regular The Financial Services Section is monthly reconciliations between awaiting a Cognos “cube” to support the accounts payable module and Lawson data for the generation of a the general ledger (para. 64); new report.", "(l) The Fund reallocate debit This is an ongoing process. Efforts balances in accounts payable to began in 2010 and will continue accounts receivable, and complete throughout 2011 to correct these the data cleansing exercise to accounts. ensure that all amounts included in accounts payable were valid payables (para. 67);", "(m) The Fund develop an ageing The Financial Services Section is tool to analyse benefits payable awaiting a Cognos “cube” to support (para. 70); Lawson data for the generation of a new report.", "(n) The Fund apply article 46 of This is an ongoing exercise and is the Regulations and Rules of the part of the data cleansing to be Fund by adjusting benefit payables completed by the end of 2011. related to all amounts that are due for forfeiture (para. 75);", "(o) The Fund comply with the As reported to the Board (see submission dates for financial A/65/9), the Fund is unable to statements as required by the comply with the 31 March completion Financial Regulations and Rules of date, owing to the reconciliation the United Nations (para. 79); procedures for payments from the organizations members of the Fund. The Investment Management Division submitted its part of the financial statements to the Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. Going forward, the Division will ensure the submission of the financial statements to the secretariat by 15 March of the following year.", "(p) The Fund develop and implement The footnotes will continue to be accounting policies that have a enhanced as part of IPSAS clear basis for how transactions implementation. This process will are accounted for in the continue as part of the 2010 and accounting records of the Fund, 2011 financial statements, with full and ensure that all accounting adoption of IPSAS for 2012. policies are clearly defined and disclosed in the financial statements (para. 84);", "(q) The Fund compile The Fund report writer consolidates reconciliations or working papers general ledger accounts into line for all line items on the items for financial statements so financial statements and prepare that all financial statement numbers supporting schedules of can be traced to source documents. calculations or adjustments that are in agreement with the book of entries (para. 89);", "(r) The Investment Management Implemented. This has been done in Division make a complete the notes to the 2010 financial disclosure in its financial statements that the Investment statements of the investments it Management Division submitted to the manages for the United Nations Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011, University Endowment Fund (para. specifically under funds under 92); management. The Division will consult further with the IPSAS consultants on these disclosures.", "(s) The Investment Management The Investment Management Division Division reconsider its formal will provide full disclosure. It arrangements for providing a fund will fully disclose the independent management service to third arrangements established for the parties (para. 93); United Nations University Endowment Fund in the 1990s on the basis of audit recommendations. Those arrangements include a separate custody account and an independent outside fund manager. There has never been any commingling of funds with the Pension Fund.", "(t) The Investment Management Ongoing. The majority of the Division continue to implement its controls have already been newly developed Risk Management implemented and efforts are under Manual (para. 111); way to implement the rest. The Risk Management Manual is a living document that is updated every quarter. Implementation is ongoing, and the target is to implement all controls. Some of the controls specified in the Risk Management Manual are manual, pending resource allocation; others are automated, pending infrastructure modernization. As these milestones are reached, these controls will be implemented.", "(u) The Investment Management The Investment Management Division Division undertake a case-by-case has reviewed the catastrophic events review to identify lessons to be of 2008 and has taken note of the learned in respect of all realized risks posed by excessively loose investment losses for 2008-2009, monetary policy in place for and current ongoing unrealized extended periods of time. The loss positions (para. 112); Division has implemented a formal weekly and quarterly compliance and investment review of unrealized gains and losses exceeding 25 per cent.", "(v) The Investment Management Implemented. This was done in the Division provide a clear notes to the 2010 financial description and disclosure of statements that the Investment investments in the financial Management Division submitted to the statements, by tabulating Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. separately gains and losses on the The Division will consult further sale of investments, as well as with the IPSAS consultants on these disclosing all unrealized gains disclosures. and losses as at the balance sheet date (para. 113);", "(w) The Investment Management Implemented. With the hiring of a Division address the remaining Compliance Officer in October 2009, open or in-process the Investment Management Division recommendations, given that the made important advances in its findings of OIOS reflected compliance programme. New policies significant shortcomings in have been implemented, including in investment compliance (para. 117); relation to personal trading, gifts and hospitality, and mandatory leave; other policies are pending review and acceptance. The Division’s Risk and Compliance Section, using its risk and compliance manuals and various automated systems, is monitoring Fund investments on a continuous basis to ensure that there is adequate oversight and enforcement of Division policies and standards. Multiple OIOS recommendations have been addressed and closed. There is a formal procedure in place for monitoring and addressing OIOS recommendations in a timely manner. Division staff training sessions have been conducted, including one with the Ethics Office. The Risk and Compliance Section has determined that at this time there are no wilful or recurring violations of Division policies or procedures that risk financial harm to the Pension Fund, or to its reputation, participants or beneficiaries.", "(x) The Fund enhance its For 2009, the Fund included the 2009 disclosure of the major actuarial actuarial valuation as part of the assumptions and changes in financial statements. In addition, relation to the valuation of the for the first time the Fund recorded end-of-service liabilities in the the after-service health insurance notes to the financial statements and end-of-service liabilities on (para. 124); the face of the financial statements.", "(y) The Fund develop a funding On hold. Any funding plan will plan for end-of-service require the United Nations to fund liabilities for consideration by one third of specific elements. its governing body (para. 131); Implementation of this recommendation has been placed on hold pending such a plan by the United Nations Secretariat.", "(z) The Fund consider a revision The Fund is having continuing of its policy for the valuation of discussions with the United Nations annual leave liability in its and the IPSAS task force on whether implementation of IPSAS (para. annual leave should be valued as a 139); current liability or as an actuarial valuation.", "(aa) The Fund implement measures 100 per cent inventory checks are to ensure that physical inventory carried out every 12 months. counts are conducted and Commencing in 2011, these checks reconciled to the asset register will be carried out in the fourth in a timely manner and on a quarter of each year owing to IPSAS regular basis (para. 144); implementation in 2012. Furthermore, in future signed proof of such checks will be maintained.", "(bb) The Fund obtain the inventory Inventory reports are received from reports from the Property the Property Management and Management and Inventory Control Inventory Control Unit monthly. The Unit of the United Nations, and Fund requested access to ProcurePlus obtain full administrative access from the Office of Central Support to the ProcurePlus system for the Services by a memorandum dated purpose of updating all assets and 30 September 2010 with a follow-up obtaining inventory reports (para. dated 15 October 2010, and is 145); awaiting a response.", "(cc) The Fund secretariat develop The Fund drafted a human resources a human resources plan (para. plan and presented it to the Pension 149); Board at its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010.", "(dd) The Fund secretariat consider The Fund’s training and development ways to strengthen succession platform, which includes e-learning, planning as measured by the is constantly being developed and retention of retired staff (para. updated in consultation with 153); programme managers. The expertise of retired staff is utilized to assist in this process. See also paragraph 8 of the Chief Executive Officer’s memo to the Board of Auditors dated 15 April 2010.", "(ee) The Fund address the (a) The Fund adheres to the annual recommendations of OIOS, given leave policy as provided by staff that they reflected significant regulation 5.1, “Staff members shall shortcomings in human resources be allowed appropriate annual management (para. 158); leave”, and article 105 of the Staff Rules. Fund management will encourage personnel in positions involving financial responsibilities to take an uninterrupted period of two weeks of annual leave each year. This is mandatory for Investment Management Division staff.", "(b) The Executive Office manually prepared a staffing table, which is reconciled with the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) on a monthly basis.", "(c) A tracking system has been developed to monitor the recruitment of staff and will be used to develop benchmarks for each stage of the recruitment process. Until the Fund has sufficient data to calculate its own benchmark, the United Nations benchmark of 120 days will be used. Hiring managers are encouraged to carefully review applicants with a view to gender parity.", "(d) Functional packages in IMIS must be proposed by the supervisor for the staff member, and will be reviewed and then authorized accordingly by the Executive Office. No staff members outside the Executive Office will be provided with the IMIS human resources functions without the approval of the Chief Executive Officer.", "(e) Staff members working beyond the age of retirement are now under the category of “temporary” within the new contractual framework. The general procedures issued in January 2009 provide an annex for the workplan for and subsequent evaluation of temporary staff, to be completed by supervisors and managers.", "(f) Supervisors, in consultation with department heads and staff members, clearly identify and document training needs in each staff member’s e-PAS. Departments will monitor or continue to monitor implementation.", "(g) Compliance monitoring will be continued with the provision of statistical and individual feedback to department heads, with a focus on the timely completion of e-PAS.", "(ff) The Fund secretariat Under current conditions, monthly reconcile monthly contributions reconciliations are unfeasible. from member organizations and However, a pilot plan has just begun follow up on unreconciled items in in order to test a system that would a timely manner (para. 162); permit monthly reconciliations.", "(gg) The Fund secretariat A pilot that was started for the establish systems to verify the 2009 fiscal year was expanded in accuracy of the information 2010, with positive results. The provided by the member auto file transfer and edit check of organizations prior to year-end year-end files will increase the closing, and ensure that accuracy of reporting and decrease reconciliations are performed and the manual workload of the Fund. verified before the financial statements are finalized (para. 167);", "(hh) The Fund secretariat upload (a) It is standard practice to evidence of follow-up with systematically upload, and scan to beneficiaries on the content the appropriate file in the content manager system where the manager system, evidence of all signatures on certificate of official correspondence of the Fund entitlement forms were different with its participants and from original signatures, and beneficiaries. This includes comply with procedure general follow-up letters sent out to 2001-68, which requires that all clarify signature discrepancies. available digital images of a Should such a document be missing beneficiary’s signature be from a file, it would be an uploaded on the content manager exception and due to an oversight. system (para. 174);", "(b) As explained above, it is standard procedure to upload to the content manager system all documents pertaining to the files of the Fund’s beneficiaries and participants. An omission would be the result of an oversight and would be an exception.", "(ii) The Fund secretariat improve The Fund has caught up with the its overall processing times for former backlog in transfer cases, transfer cases to be in compliance which had been due in part to long with the six-month processing delays experienced by the Fund’s target (para. 180); Actuarial Consultant and in part to policy issues that had to be clarified for certain cases before transfers could be finalized. Today, few cases are long outstanding and none is older than 50 days. The processing benchmark for these cases is therefore met in all cases.", "(jj) The Fund secretariat The Financial Services Section is implement procedures to reconcile looking into the development of a the PENSYS payroll with the Lawson Cognos report in 2011 for such system (general ledger) on a reconciliation. regular basis (para. 184);", "(kk) The Fund secretariat develop In progress. The Information and approve comprehensive user Management Systems Service account management procedures to introduced an “access, systems and ensure adequate user account data privileges” policy to address management, and implement the account management procedures. procedures to monitor the validity Role-based groups have been of user accounts on a regular introduced in the system, and access basis (para. 188); is defined through these roles when requested by the supervisor. Password resetting and security parameter setting have been implemented within these systems through the use of “active directory policy” and “single sign-on” scripts. Owing to the limitations within PENSYS, it was not considered feasible to introduce “regular logging and review of system activity” within these ageing systems, and thus those functions have been introduced as a requirement for the upcoming replacement with the Integrated Pension Administration System.", "(ll) The Fund secretariat review Recommended for closure. The the request for change and request Information Management Systems for service procedures to take Service has reviewed the into account the areas requiring request-for-change and improvement as noted by the Board request-for-service procedures and (para. 193); has updated the request-for-change tool to include a field indicating whether the documentation is required along with the required testing and approvals for implementation.", "(mm) The Fund secretariat monitor Recommended for closure. The adherence to change control Information Management Systems procedures and maintain adequate Service has implemented a change change control management management policy and has developed documentation (para. 195); a comprehensive and automated system for approvals and tracking. Processes have been put in place. The Service and supervisors currently monitor adherence to the change control procedures on a daily basis and enforce the policy of documenting any and all changes before implementation.", "(nn) The Fund secretariat Recommended for closure. Despite the implement an information rejection of a “quality assurance technology quality assurance position”, the Information function to ensure that a level of Management Systems Service has confidence can be established and streamlined the requirements of this maintained, and implement controls function by writing a to prevent the use of the database segregation-of-duties policy. In administrator’s username and addition, the proper execution of password by the program analysts the Service’s segregation-of-duties (para. 202); policy is confirmed and monitored by documenting each step (e.g., analyst, developer, migratory) through the modification request process, which requires review by two individuals: the First Approving Officer and the Second Approving Officer. Changes have been put in place whereby the database administrator’s username and password are available only to the database administrator.", "(oo) The Fund secretariat review Recommended for closure. Despite the the appropriateness of the access rejection of a “quality assurance rights of the program analysts position”, the Information with a specific focus on access to Management Systems Service has the production environment, and to streamlined the requirements of this set procedures to manage instances function by writing a where such access to the segregation-of-duties policy. production environment was Segregation of duties is maintained required (para. 204); by ensuring that tasks associated with analysis/ development and move-to-production are assigned to two individuals. Furthermore, a system modification plan has been put in place to manage and monitor this process.", "(pp) The Fund secretariat ensure Recommended for closure. Despite the the existence of adequate rejection of a “quality assurance segregation of responsibilities in position”, the Information the process of migration of tested Management Systems Service has and approved changes from the streamlined the requirements of this development environment to the function by writing a test environment and from the test segregation-of-duties policy. environment to the production Segregation of duties is maintained, environment (para. 206). by ensuring that tasks associated with development, testing and move-to-production are assigned to different individuals. Furthermore, a System Modification Plan has been put in place to manage and monitor this process.", "Annex I", "Discussions in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and on the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative matters of the Fund", "(a) Revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011", "1. The secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund requested a reduction in the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $21,772,800, compared with the revised appropriations of $176,318,500. The final revised appropriations for the 2010-2011 biennium would then amount to $154,545,700, of which $21,508,700 is chargeable to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement.", "(b) Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "2. The proposed budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 provide for approved expenditures of $215,999,100 (before recosting), as compared with the total of $176,318,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The budget submission presented covers administrative costs of $101,768,500, investment costs of $111,282,400, audit costs of $2,748,200 and Board expenses of $200,000. In addition, the estimates provide for one extrabudgetary post for after-service health insurance in the amount of $152,900 and an amount not to exceed $200,000 for the Emergency Fund.", "Administrative costs", "3. The proposed budget under administrative costs totals $101,768,500 before recosting, representing resource growth of 10.2 per cent compared with the appropriation for the 2010-2011 biennium, and 26.5 per cent compared with the revised budget estimates for the 2010-2011 biennium.", "4. With regard to administrative costs, the secretariat emphasized that while the overall estimated cost of the Integrated Pension Administration System project remained unchanged, there had been a shift in the original timeline, owing to changes in the implementation strategy. This had resulted in underexpenditure on the project in the 2010-2011 biennium and a request for those funds in the 2012-2013 biennium. In addition, and in line with the secretariat’s medium-term human resources strategic plan, a request for 16 additional established posts and 3 reclassifications was proposed, as set out below:", "New posts", "Number\tCategory/level\tPost title \n1\tD-1\tChief, Technical Evaluation and RiskManagement\n1\tP-5\tChief, Client Service, RecordsManagement and Distribution\n1\tP-3\tChief, Records Management andDistribution\n2\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tBenefits Assistant\n 1 P-4 Accountant, IPSAS Specialist \n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tSenior Accounting Assistant\n 1 P-4 Accountant \n 1 P-5 Chief, Security Officer \n 1 P-5 Chief, Enterprise Architecture \n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tLegal Assistant\n 1 P-4 Finance and Budget Officer \n 1 P-3 Human Resources/Training Officer \n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tHuman Resources Assistant\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tTravel Assistant\n1\tGeneral Service(Principal level)\tSenior Facilities Management Assistant", "Reclassifications", "Number\tCategory/level\tReclassifications \n 1 P-4 to P-5 Chief, Payments Unit \n 1 P-4 to P-5 Cashier \n 1 P-5 to D-1 Chief, Legal Officer", "Investment costs", "5. The proposed budget under investment costs totals $111,282,400 before recosting, representing resource growth of 37.1 per cent compared with the appropriation for the 2010-2011 biennium ($81,197,500), and 56.1 per cent compared with the revised budget estimate for the 2010-2011 biennium ($71,289,000).", "6. Under investment costs, resources requested by the Representative of the Secretary-General included 20 additional posts, as indicated below, and additional resources for contractual services in the area of portfolio management for the implementation of the Leadership Fund, an increase in small capitalization, the master record-keeper and information technology projects.", "New posts", "Number\tCategory/level\tPost title \n 1 P-5 Senior Legal Officer \n 1 P-4 Investment Committee Secretary \n1\tP-5\tSenior Investment Officer — ExternalManagement\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Fixed Income andForeign Currency\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — AlternativeInvestments\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Global EmergingMarkets\n1\tP-4\tInvestment Officer — Trade ExecutionOfficer\n1\tP-3\tInvestment Officer — North AmericanEquities\n1\tP-3\tInvestment Officer/Analyst — RealEstate\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tTrade Execution Assistant\n1\tP-4\tDue Diligence and QuantitiesStrategies Risk Manager\n1\tP-3\tCompliance Analyst and OperationalRisk Manager\n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tAssistant to the Director, Risk andCompliance\n 1 P-4 Chief, Accounting and Reporting \n 1 P-3 Finance Officer, Reconciliations \n 1 D-1 Chief, Information Technology Officer \n 1 P-4 Data Management Officer \n 1 P-3 Information Security Officer \n 1 P-3 Reconciliation Administrator \n1\tGeneral Service(Other level)\tAdministrative Assistant", "Audit costs", "7. The Fund requested a total of $2,748,200 for external ($774,700) and internal ($1,973,500) audit costs, representing net growth of $103,200, of which $113,500 is attributable to the external auditors.", "Pension Board expenses", "8. A total of $200,000 was requested to cover the costs of two Board sessions and travel expenses of the Chair and the Search Committee for the appointment of the next Chief Executive Officer.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "9. Extrabudgetary resources amounting to $152,900 were requested for the one General Service (Other level) post to be funded by member organizations participating in the after-service health insurance scheme.", "Emergency Fund", "10. An amount not to exceed $200,000 was requested to supplement the Emergency Fund.", "Budget working group", "11. Comments and recommendations made by the budget working group and endorsed by the Board are set out below.", "12. In accordance with the decision taken by the Board at its fifty-seventh session, the budget working group began its work on 6 July 2011.", "13. The original composition of the working group as agreed by the Board was changed with the replacement of one representative of the executive heads group and one representative of the participants group. The final composition of the working group was as follows:", "Ms. J. Forrest (International Telecommunication Union), representing governing bodies", "Mr. G. Kuentzle (United Nations), representing governing bodies", "Ms. Y. Mortlock* (International Organization for Migration), representing executive heads", "Ms. S. Van Buerle (United Nations), representing executive heads (elected as Chair)", "Mr. H. Baritt* (World Health Organization), representing participants", "Mr. C. Santos-Tejada (United Nations), representing participants", "Mr. A. Castellanos del Corral (Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants), representing pensioners", "Mr. T. Teshome (Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants), representing pensioners", "* New member.", "14. The working group had before it documents relating to: the status of Pension Fund implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund’s strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, and budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013. The working group benefited from valuable interactions with members of the secretariat and the Investment Management Division.", "Performance report for the biennium 2010-2011", "15. As indicated in paragraph 195 of the report on its fifty-fifth session (A/63/9) and paragraph 137 of the report on its fifty-seventh session (A/65/9), the Board decided that the Pension Fund secretariat should provide to the Board on an annual basis, in the context of the programme budget performance report, a detailed analysis of the budgetary variances between the approved budget and actual expenditures. While noting that some information had been provided, the working group was of the view that a more detailed breakdown of the variances in the main object of expenditure groups should be provided in future performance reports. It was also noted that IPSAS required an explanation of variances between the budget and actual expenditure, which would improve the Board’s consideration of future budget submissions. Furthermore, where changes in approach, strategy of implementation, etc., of projects or initiatives had a significant impact on the programme of work and hence on the level of expenditures in the period, this should be more fully explained. It was of particular note that some of the anticipated underexpenditure for the biennium was in fact a rephasing of requirements into the subsequent budget period, a condition that should be reflected in a new submission to facilitate the review of the requests, especially in the context of the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "16. In this context, the working group was of the view that resources programmed for a given biennium should, as a matter of principle, be spent for the purposes approved, during that biennium. The working group also noted recurring underexpenditure for “contractual services” in the Investment Management Division. It expressed appreciation for the Division’s efforts to act in a cost-conscious manner and encouraged the continuation of such actions to bring budget estimates further into line with actual performance.", "Strategic framework for the period 2012-2013", "17. The working group acknowledged the continuing efforts made to improve on the results-based presentation, notably through more focused objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. It recommended that the Fund align the formulation of its logistical frameworks with the SMART principles —specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound — which would enable the Board to effectively evaluate the performance of the Fund in delivering the results expected. The working group noted that the strategic framework would require changes in line with decisions to be taken on the budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "18. In addition, the working group noted that, according to the established budgetary process of the United Nations, the strategic framework would have been submitted to the Board in an off-budget year to enable it to provide the Fund with relevant guidance on priorities and the programme of work on which the budget for the subsequent financial period would be formulated. As this was the first year in which the framework had been provided since the Board’s decision requiring the submission of a strategic framework, it was recognized that the established cycle would be followed as of 2012, when the strategic framework for the period 2014-2015 would be submitted to the Board at its fifty-ninth session.", "Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "19. The guiding principle followed by the working group in reviewing the budget proposals and the concerns of its various constituent groups was that the highest level of efficiency, effectiveness and cost-consciousness must be ensured in delivering on the mandate of the Fund, with a particular focus on initiatives to increase returns, reduce risks and/or provide better services to those constituents. Overall, the working group reviewed the justifications provided for the resource increases sought. In a number of cases, the group was cognizant of the fact that the impacts and implications of IPSAS, the Integrated Pension Administration System and other initiatives were not yet fully known. Furthermore, in the view of the working group, it was premature to seek additional resources that would lock a staffing structure in place before the Chief Financial Officer, who had yet to be recruited, could express his or her views on the matter. The working group also believed that further synergies could be achieved through greater integration of the New York and Geneva operations. The Chief Executive Officer reported to the group that the opportunities for outsourcing were being examined. The working group recommended a closer review of offshoring and outsourcing options, particularly in view of the upcoming expiration of current leases, to achieve efficiencies in administrative costs.", "20. Moreover, the working group was fully aware of the financial situation faced by both the participating organizations and Member States, notably the need to achieve efficiencies and effective ways of delivering their work. In the case of the Pension Fund, the working group noted the expansionary nature of the proposals and the heavy reliance on the future anticipated benefits of the Integrated Pension Administration System (a project still in progress), requiring further explanation regarding what actions had been or could now be taken by the Fund to improve its work and the efficiencies and cost savings, including staffing structure changes, that such a project would bring.", "21. The budget working group recognized the consistent growth in the number of participants, which had increased 4.2 per cent over the past 10 years. During the same period, there had been a substantial increase in the complexity of administering participants, which was due largely to the increase in the number of provisions of the Fund’s pension adjustment system.", "22. Over the past few years, the Fund has also seen unprecedented growth in the budget. The proposed 2012-2013 budget of $216 million represented a 23 per cent increase compared with the 2010-2011 budget, which had been set at $176.3 million, and a 68 per cent increase compared with the 2008-2009 budget of $128.2 million.", "23. In order to make a more meaningful evaluation of the overall Administration budget, the working group reviewed “per-participant” costs (total costs divided by number of participants). The calculations, which included adjustments for inflation, showed that the cost of administering a participant had averaged $197 per year over the past 10 years. The proposed budget of $216 million, however, equated to $248 per participant, representing a 26 per cent increase.", "Cost per participant, adjusted for inflation", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "24. The Chief Executive Officer confirmed to the working group that the Administration used a number of key performance indicators to track the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fund. The working group would recommend that the Fund make efforts to link future budget proposals to those indicators.", "Budget presentation and methodology", "25. The working group noted with appreciation that the decision taken by the Board at its fifty-seventh session regarding the submission of future proposed budget documents to Board members 90 days prior to the Board session had been fully respected. This facilitated early review by the budget working group. It was noted that attempts had been made to align the presentation of the submission as closely as possible with the methodology used by the United Nations.", "26. However, the working group made the general observation that the Fund needed to revise the presentation of its budget documentation, with clearer and more concise justifications for changes, to facilitate decision-making by the Board. A quality review of the documentation would also assist in eliminating inconsistencies and ensure that cross-cutting initiatives were presented in an aggregated manner, using tables/graphs where appropriate, to facilitate an understanding of the initiatives. Furthermore, as previously recommended by the Board, the Fund should continue to ensure greater alignment with the budget presentation of the United Nations, in particular as to the differentiation between growth and changes resulting from costing parameter changes, namely, currency, inflation or standard salary costs.", "27. The working group noted with concern that little or no progress had been made with regard to the integration and consolidation of certain functions and services, which had favoured the continuation of a silo approach to operations; similarly, it was not clear what work had been done to implement cost-savings initiatives regarding back-office tasks. The Board might wish to consider requesting the Chief Executive Officer and the Representative of the Secretary-General to jointly study options for submission at a future Board session.", "Information technology", "28. The working group noted that the Fund had sought approximately $66 million under the Information Systems Section and the Information Management Systems Service for activities related to information technology. While that level of resources might ultimately prove to be appropriate, it would be opportune, given the growing complexity of the proposals presented to the Board, to prepare and present to the Board, at its fifty-ninth session, a concise, comprehensive and integrated information technology strategy linked to the budget and incorporating validations by independent information technology specialists in the relevant fields of operation of the Fund.", "29. In this regard, the working group noted the Fund’s heavy reliance on the International Computing Centre. Notably, when reference was made to the Centre’s budget, the working group was made aware that the Pension Fund was the second largest user of the Centre’s services, after the Department of Field Support. The working group was advised that, owing to the nature of the Centre, no competitive bidding was undertaken for its services, which raised concern as to whether this was the most cost-effective and economical means of meeting the needs of the Fund without compromising data security or confidentiality. At the same time, in interviews with representatives of the Fund, it had been noted that a separate staffing capacity had been engaged by the Fund through the Centre, with approximately 13 staff at varying levels, ranging from General Service (Other level) to P-5, engaged through contractual services, with some having been on board since 2004.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "30. The working group was pleased to hear the report from the Chief Executive Officer that good progress had been made on the IPSAS project and that there was a high degree of confidence that the Fund would meet the implementation deadlines. The remaining issues relating to fixed assets and employee benefits seemed to been well addressed. The existing finance staffs in both the secretariat and the Investment Management Division were well versed in the Standards. The working group believed that in the long term, IPSAS would be incorporated into the duties of the finance line management, much in the same way as the implementation of the United Nations system accounting standards had been coordinated.", "31. The working group did not believe that the establishment of two new posts dedicated to IPSAS was necessary; some funding for short-term consultancies to assist with the financial statements, impairment testing and policy documentation was deemed to be more appropriate.", "Integrated Pension Administration System", "32. With regard to the Integrated Pension Administration System, the working group welcomed the Chief Executive Officer’s assertions that he regarded the project as a top priority. It was noted that the Integrated Pension Administration System would fundamentally change the organizational approach from one that was case-driven to one that was process-driven. It was recalled that the System was aimed at improving both efficiency and service delivery. In this context, the working group considered it imperative that the review and improvement, as appropriate, of all relevant existing processes be an integral part of the entire Integrated Pension Administration System change management process. The working group would also encourage the Fund to ensure that the project was not driven primarily by information technology, as full ownership by the substantive areas was indispensable.", "33. The working group recommended that the Board request a report on the expected organizational structure of the Fund after the implementation of the Integrated Pension Administration System, to be considered in the context of the next budget submission, at its sixtieth session. The report should also contain a strategic evaluation of all posts affected by the implementation of the System.", "34. The Fund had scanned 639,499 documents in 2010, comprising 1,120,602 pages. The Integrated Pension Administration System was intended to replace the entitlement, accounting and document management systems. The working group noted that in the project, staffing resources seemed to have been allocated to both accounting and entitlements, but no specific resources were dedicated to document management. The working group would encourage the Fund to monitor the project skill sets and to ensure that resources were aligned to address document management.", "35. The current budget covered additional contractual services and other costs that were required in order to support legacy systems that would be replaced by the Integrated Pension Administration System. The Chief Executive Officer had provided assurances that the System would be delivered according to the project schedule and on or possibly below budget.", "36. The Integrated Pension Administration System project would have a major impact on the delivery of services. Therefore, the working group would recommend that a revised organization chart be provided with the next budget submissions.", "Resource proposals", "Posts", "37. In line with the guiding principle and criteria outlined in paragraph 19 above, and following a series of consultations with the executives and managers involved, the working group proceeded with the review of posts as follows. The Fund sought a total of three reclassifications (3 secretariat posts) and 36 new posts (16 Administration posts and 20 Investment Management Division posts). Having reviewed each post, and following dialogue with representatives of the secretariat and the Division, the working group proposed the following:", "(a) Not to support the reclassifications as proposed;", "(b) To support seven new posts in the Investment Management Division, as reflected in table 1;", "(c) To support the positions set out in table 2 as general temporary assistance positions (not posts, as originally requested) for the duration and purpose indicated;", "(d) Not to support the new P-4 Finance and Budget Officer post in the Executive Office of the Fund. On the basis of the explanation that the functions of the post had increased in complexity, the working group supported the reclassification of the existing P-3 Finance and Budget Officer post to the P-4 level.", "Table 1", "Section\tPost\tNumberofposts\tCategory \n B. Investments \nProgramme ofwork \nInvestments\tInvestment Officer — AlternativeInvestments\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — GlobalEmerging Markets\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — TradeExecution\t1\tP-4\n\tInvestment Officer — NorthAmerican Equities\t1\tP-3\nRisk andCompliance\tDue Diligence and QuantitativeStrategies Risk Manager\t1\tP-4\nOperations\tFinance Officer, Reconciliations\t1\tP-3\nProgrammesupport \nInformationSystems\tData Management Officer\t1\tP-4", "Table 2", "Section\tGeneral temporaryassistancepositions\tNumber\tCategory\tRemarks \nA.Administration \nProgramme ofwork \nOperations\tChief, RecordsManagement andDistribution(InformationManagementOfficer)\t1\tP-3\tNon-recurrent,24months\n\tBenefitsAssistant forclient services(New York)\t1\tGeneralService(Otherlevel)\tNon-recurrent,24months\n B. Investments \nOffice of theDirector\tLegalOfficer/Office ofLegal Affairs^(a)\t1\tP-4\tNon-recurrent,12months\nProgramme ofwork Operations\tChief, Accountingand Reporting\t1\tP-4\tToremainundergeneral temporaryassistance;not \n convertedto apost\nProgrammesupport \nInformationSystems\tStatic DataAdministrator\t1\tP-3", "^(a) Resources provided for services to be obtained from the Office of Legal Affairs.", "Administration", "38. Under the Information Management System Service, following a discussion with the Fund on the prioritization of its information technology projects in the light of ongoing dedicated capacity required for Integrated Pension Administration System implementation, the working group did not support the Integrated Management Initiative and proposed a reduction in the budget by an amount of $2,543,300 (before recosting). This would result in the necessary reduction, under contractual services ($1,133,300) and furniture and equipment ($1,410,000), of the Administration budget.", "Temporary posts", "39. The working group supported the continuation of the 17 temporary posts for the Integrated Pension Administration System project at the following levels: 1 P-5, 7 P-4, 4 P-3 and 5 General Service (Other level).", "Other staff costs", "40. The working group agreed to the amount sought under other staff costs, adjusted for the additional requirements for the two general temporary assistance positions approved in operations/administration, as reflected in table 2.", "Consultants", "41. The working group supported the amount sought amounting to $300,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "42. The working group proposed a reduction of 10 per cent in the revised appropriation level.", "Contractual services", "43. The working group supported the amount sought, as adjusted for the non‑approval of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "Hospitality", "44. To remain at the revised appropriation level.", "General operating expenses", "45. The working group agreed to the amount sought under administration. The working group noted an increase in general operating expenses due to bank charges of $3 million. This represented an increase of approximately $500,000 compared with the previous biennium. The working group requested that the Fund review the banking mechanisms in an effort to reduce these fees. A summary report should be provided with the next budget submission.", "Supplies and materials", "46. The working group supported the amount sought.", "Furniture and equipment", "47. The working group supported the amount sought, as adjusted for the non‑approval of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "48. Table 3 summarizes the recommendations on non-post items, as explained above, for administration.", "Table 3", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 3 910.3", "Consultants 300.0", "Travel 1 224.5", "Contractual services 31 847.9", "Hospitality 4.0", "General operating expenses 14 248.0", "Supplies and materials 185.8", "Furniture and equipment 2 011.0", "Total non-post resources 53 731.5", "Investment Management Division", "Other staff costs", "49. The working group proposed resources at the revised appropriation level, adjusted for additional requirements for the two general temporary assistance positions (non-recurrent resources for one P-4 Legal Officer in the Office of Legal Affairs for 12 months and one P-4 Chief, Accounting and Reporting, for 24 months) as reflected in table 2.", "50. In addition, the working group agreed to the establishment by the Investment Management Division of one P-2 Risk and Compliance Implementation Analyst and one 1 P-3 Static Data Administrator, to be accommodated within the overall resources approved for other staff costs (as reflected in table 3).", "Consultants", "51. On the basis of a review of the total resources for IPSAS, the working group proposed that the requirements estimated at $500,000 be reduced to $250,000. Accordingly, the provision under consultants would amount to $1,177,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "52. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "Contractual services", "53. Under contractual services, an amount of $11,250,000, requested for the Leadership Fund, was not supported by the working group at this time. The working group was of the view that a move in this direction was tantamount to a change in the investment strategy that should be discussed at the Board session and supported by unambiguous views on the part of the Investments Committee.", "54. Furthermore, as the working group had been advised that the recent contract for the custodian/master record-keeper services had been negotiated at an amount less than anticipated, it was proposed that this line of expenditure be reduced by an amount of $4,138,300.", "Hospitality", "55. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "General operating expenses", "56. The working group agreed to the amount sought.", "Supplies and materials", "57. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "Furniture and equipment", "58. The working group proposed maintenance at the revised appropriation level.", "59. Table 4 summarizes the recommendations on non-post items, as explained above, for the Investment Management Division.", "Table 4", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 2 892.2", "Consultants 1 177.0", "Travel 2 000.0", "Contractual services 62 532.1", "Hospitality 22.0", "General operating expenses 4 485.1", "Supplies and materials 160.0", "Furniture and equipment 700.0", "Total non-post resources 73 968.4", "Pension Board expenses", "60. The working group fully supported the resources requested to cover the Board expenses.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "61. The working group supported the resources for one General Service (Other level) staff to be funded by member organizations participating in the scheme.", "Discussion in the Board", "62. The Board noted with appreciation that the budget document had been provided as requested, 90 days prior to the opening of the session, allowing for a thorough review of the document by the budget working group.", "63. The executive heads supported the outcome of the working group and were pleased that the budget presentation had been carried out in compliance with International Public Sector Accounting Standard No. 24 and had been prepared within the time frame requested by the Board. The executive heads were concerned that inaccuracies in the information presented in the proposal had complicated the analysis conducted by the working group and the consideration by the Board. They recommended that analysis be carried out thoroughly, making use of ratios as appropriate. They also commented that budgets approved in prior periods had been underspent.", "64. Governing bodies endorsed the recommendations of the working group. They recommended that at future meetings, the document be introduced earlier, together with opening statements by key officials, so as to inform the considerations of the working group more fully.", "65. The participants group supported the recommendations of the working group, noting that the asset-liability management studies had recommended a diversification of the Fund’s assets towards alternative assets. The group recalled the recommendation, made at the previous session of the General Assembly, to proceed with the greatest of prudence. It also recalled that professional advancement should not be impeded by budgetary constraints.", "66. The Federation of Associations of Former International Civil Servants supported the working group’s conclusion and expressed its thanks to the working group.", "67. It was also commented that comparator bases should be modified to allow for inflation and currency effect as necessary, that in an overall context of austerity possible cost reductions should be sought in items such as travel and information technology, and that budget requests should be closely linked to strategic goals. With regard to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, any system changes likely to have an impact on member organizations should be flagged well in advance.", "68. Members of the Board also stated that:", "(a) The Fund should take a critical look at the methodology and assumptions made when budgeting for contractual services;", "(b) The table contained in the report of the budget working group reflecting the trend in cost per participant was useful and could serve as a model for the Fund in carrying out further analysis.", "69. The Representative of the Secretary-General made a statement to the Board in which he cautioned that the opportunity costs of foregone investment returns, as a result of savings achieved on investment management, could far exceed those apparent savings. As the fiduciary of the Fund, the Representative of the Secretary-General placed on record his worries and concerns that the structural underfunding of the Investment Management Division would represent an unacceptable risk for the generation of adequate returns in future to support existing and projected liabilities.", "70. The Chief Executive Officer thanked the working group and expressed appreciation for the group’s support of key projects including the Integrated Pension Administration System and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards. He referred to the chart contained in the report of the working group reflecting cost per participant, providing further clarification that whenever an increase in cost per participant occurred, it was due to a project, and the cost per participant would again decrease after the completion of the project. As examples, he referred to the spike in 2004 relating to the relocation of the Pension Fund offices from the Secretariat Building to 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, and to the spike in 2012-2013 corresponding to the Integrated Pension Administration System project, which included 17 temporary posts that would be eliminated after the completion of the project.", "71. The Deputy Chief Executive Officer confirmed that the target operating model related to the Integrated Pension Administration System project remained unchanged, with the same objectives and benefits. The change that had occurred related to the location of the new information technology infrastructure needed for the project at the North American data centre in New Jersey. The decision to install the project’s information technology infrastructure at the Centre had followed the identification of serious vulnerabilities at 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza data centre. The Deputy Chief Executive Officer also indicated that all substantive groups within the Fund were involved with the project and that an Integrated Pension Administration System steering committee was in place. He confirmed that the project was expected to be completed as presented and within budget.", "Recommendations of the Board", "72. On the basis of the recommendations of the working group, the Pension Board approved, for submission to the General Assembly, the proposed budget estimates amounting to $194,164,000, comprising administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Board expenses ($204,400). This amount would be apportioned $173,260,600 to the Pension Fund and $20,903,400 to the United Nations under the cost-sharing agreement.", "73. In addition, the Board approved resources amounting to $156,800 from extrabudgetary funding for the processing of after-service health insurance premium payments for a number of member organizations upon their request.", "Annex II", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: approved organization chart for the biennium 2010-2011", "Abbreviations: ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; OL, Other level; PL, Principal level.", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post is funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Temporary posts authorized for the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "^(c) One of the two P-4 temporary posts authorized for the Information Management Systems Service for the biennium 2010-2011 was authorized for 12 months only. It was abolished in 2011, reducing the number of temporary P-4 posts in the Service to one.", "Annex III", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: proposed organization chart for the biennium 2012-2013", "[]", "Abbreviations: ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; OL, Other level; PL, Principal level.", "^(a) One extrabudgetary General Service (Other level) post is funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Temporary posts authorized for the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "Annex IV", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: number of participants by member organization as at 31 December 2010", "Member organization Number of participants\n 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010", "United Nations^(a) 44 059 43 869 43 864 43 751 44 958 50 126 54 953 56 287 57 541 59 542 64 092 68 853 74 575 79 933 82 576 85 617", "International Labour 2 823 2 632 2 599 2 620 2 612 2 650 2 747 2 863 3 044 3 221 3 330 3 261 3 366 3 572 3 642 3 741 Organization", "Food and Agriculture 5 735 5 540 5 435 5 387 5 340 5 315 5 344 5 447 5 648 5 822 5 918 5 774 5 735 5 722 6 011 6 145 Organization of the United Nations", "United Nations 2 561 2 667 2 588 2 650 2 629 2 452 2 414 2 437 2 517 2 528 2 508 2 469 2 526 2 553 2 602 2 632 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "World Health 6 125 5 965 5 935 6 180 6 409 6 817 7 375 8 181 8 966 9 498 9 932 10 072 10 157 10 435 11 029 10 986 Organization", "International Civil 820 826 852 852 841 867 873 883 863 863 826 806 795 775 784 791 Aviation Organization", "World Meteorological 333 316 312 314 327 329 322 310 303 287 302 334 332 319 315 309 Organization", "General Agreement on 476 538 529 542 7 4 3 1 — — — — — — — — Tariffs and Trade^(b)", "International Atomic 2 146 2 057 2 053 2 075 2 068 2 076 2 125 2 168 2 207 2 217 2 261 2 278 2 273 2 229 2 245 2 307 Energy Agency", "International 315 324 323 310 315 325 330 340 344 351 343 338 337 320 323 313 Maritime Organization", "International 908 885 905 921 965 953 967 1 006 971 875 871 854 843 823 831 830 Telecommunication Union", "World Intellectual 611 672 712 807 955 1 033 1 106 1 189 1 240 1 206 1 166 1 130 1 134 1 139 1 154 1 156 Property Organization", "International Fund 302 295 298 332 338 344 383 435 462 488 506 502 519 526 534 540 for Agricultural Development", "International Centre 29 31 29 32 35 37 33 36 34 39 39 40 38 37 36 34 for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property", "European and 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization", "United Nations 1 455 1 163 1 064 921 851 810 813 821 786 791 783 753 759 779 825 826 Industrial Development Organization", "International Centre — 136 138 141 142 145 145 150 152 162 171 173 177 191 194 190 for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology", "World Tourism — 70 72 74 78 79 79 83 88 95 90 99 100 95 95 95 Organization", "International — — 18 20 25 27 30 33 34 34 36 36 36 38 34 34 Tribunal for the Law of the Sea", "International Seabed — — 3 30 28 31 28 34 34 28 30 29 29 32 31 32 Authority", "International — — — — — — — — — 298 431 578 719 809 865 908 Criminal Court^(c)", "Inter-Parliamentary — — — — — — — — — — 37 40 45 45 48 49 Union^(d)", "International — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 059 2 419 3 134 3 261 Organization for Migration^(e)", "Special Tribunal for — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 259 329 Lebanon^(f)", "Total number of 68 708 67 997 67 740 67 971 68 935 74 432 80 082 82 715 85 245 88 356 93 683 98 431 106 112 117 121 participants 566 804 580 138", "Total number of 16 18 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 member organizations", "^(a) The number of United Nations participants for 2006 was revised downward by 2, from 68,855 to 68,853.", "^(b) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade withdrew from the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund as from 31 December 1998.", "^(c) The International Criminal Court became the twentieth organization member of the Fund as at 1 January 2004.", "^(d) The Inter-Parliamentary Union became the twenty-first member as at 1 January 2005.", "^(e) The International Organization for Migration became the twenty-second member as at 1 January 2007.", "^(f) Special Tribunal for Lebanon became the twenty-third member as at 1 January 2009.", "[1] It is estimated that Operations will process some 55,400 affiliations of new participants, transfers in and out and separations during the biennium 2012-2013; this relates to specific and measurable work tasks carried out by Operations, representing an 80 per cent increase over the biennium 1998-1999.", "[2] The total annuity value of the additional periodic benefits to be paid out over some 30 years and the cash settlements calculated, verified and set up in Operations for payment each year is estimated to represent nearly $1 billion." ]
A_66_266
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 133 and 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and transitional measures relating to the financial reporting of the Fund under the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "Contents", "Page I.Sinopsis 4II. Estimates 4 budgets for the biennium 2010-2011: performance report A. Expenditures 8 administrative units B. Expenditures 15 investment C. Audit costs 19 D.Assessments 19 of the Board E.Gassesses 19 extrabudgetary III. Estimates 19 budgets for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and analysis of the necessary resources A. Introduction 19B. Emergency Fund 75 V. Recommendation 75 for special measures in relation to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards as of 1 January 2012 VI. Actions 76 to be taken by the General Assembly VII.Abstract 77 of the follow-up measures taken to respond to the requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions Annexes I.Deliberations 88 in the Revised Staff Pension Board", "Summary The present report contains the revised budget of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund for the biennium 2010-2011, which shows a reduction in appropriations of $21,772,800. This reduction is attributable to the amount of unencumbered under administrative costs ($11,830,000), and investment costs ($9,908,500) and audit costs ($11,100), offset in part by a decrease of $77,800 under the costs of the Joint Committee on Contributions. Accordingly, the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 amount to $154,545,700, as follows: administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of this amount, $21,508,700 is attributable to the United Nations as a result of cost-sharing. The report also contains budget estimates for the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013, amounting to $191,620,600 (before recosting) already covered administrative costs ($96,873,100), investment costs ($91,799,300), audit costs ($2,748,200) and Pension Board expenses ($200,000). The report provides for the funding of 227 existing deplant posts, 17 temporary posts and 7 new deplant posts, and the reclassification of 1 post. Resources ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One General Service (Other level) post from extrabudgetary resources will be funded by affiliated organizations. ^(b) Includes 18 temporary posts in the Integrated Pension Administration System; and one P-4 post was abolished in 2011.", "I. Overview", "1. The General Assembly established the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund in 1949 to provide retirement, death and disability benefits, as well as other related benefits, to United Nations and other organizations that may be admitted to membership. At present, the member organizations are 23 and, as at 31 December 2010, there were a total of 184,968 active participants and ongoing benefits.", "2. In accordance with the Regulations adopted by the General Assembly, the Fund is administered by the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, by a staff pension committee of each member organization and by a secretariat for the Board and secretariats for each other. One third of the members of the Board are elected by the Assembly and the corresponding governing bodies of the other member organizations, another third by the executive heads and the remaining third by the participants. The Board reports directly to the General Assembly on the operations of the Fund and the investment of its funds. Where necessary, it recommends that amendments be made to the Statutes, which establish, inter alia, the contributions of participants (currently 7.9 per cent of their pensionable remuneration) and organizations (currently 15.8 per cent), the conditions to be met in order to be eligible for membership and benefits for participants and their dependants.", "II. Budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011: performance report", "3. Table 1 summarizes the estimated total expenditures for the biennium 2010-2011. For greater accuracy, expenditures for the biennium are broken down into two distinct categories: (a) actual expenditures for the 17-month period from 1 January 2010 to 31 May 2011; and (b) estimated expenditures for the seven-month period from 1 June to 31 December 2011. Actual expenditures for the period from 1 January to 31 May 2011 have been calculated on accrual accounting criteria, so the effects of transactions and other acts are reflected in the financial statements when such transactions or acts take place and not when the corresponding cash or equivalent amount is received or paid.", "4. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/245, approved appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 for a total of $176,318,500, to be used for administrative costs ($92,281,400), investment costs ($81,292,100), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($10,000). Of this amount, $154,749,100 is directly attributable to the Fund and $21,569,400 is the share of the expenses to be borne by the United Nations. In addition, resources of $158,200 were authorized to finance extrabudgetary expenditures to be borne by a number of member organizations. In its resolution 65/249, the General Assembly approved the redeployment of resources to meet the needs of the Fund. The revised amounts relate to administrative costs ($92,308,500), investment costs ($81,197,500), audit costs ($2,645,000) and Board expenses ($167,500). The amount directly attributable to the Fund and the share of the expenses for the United Nations remains the same, that is, $154,749,100 and $21,569,400, respectively.", "Table 1", "Revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011, by object of expenditure", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "5. Revised appropriations were approved for the following costs:", "(a) Administrative costs: an increase of $94,600 for general temporary assistance costs to cover one P-4 post related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS);", "(b) Investment costs: a decrease of $94,600 in contractual services costs.", "6. The total expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011 is estimated at $154,545,700, comprising administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300) and a decrease of $21,772,800, or 12.3 per cent of the total appropriation. In addition, the projected extrabudgetary expenditures of $144,300 would entail a reduction of $13,900, or 8.8 per cent of the appropriation.", "A. Administrative expenses", "7. The estimated administrative costs of $80,478,500 would entail a reduction of $11,830,000, or 12.8 per cent. The main variances in resources contributing to the net decrease in expenditures are attributable mainly to the Integrated Pension Administration System project, as a result of improvements in the project plan and the addition of new foundational activities, as well as the installation of the new computer infrastructure, as detailed below, in paragraphs 13 to 17. The Integrated Pension Administration System is an important investment project for the Fund, which is why table 2 shows the cost estimates for the Integrated System project and other projects for the biennium 2010-2011.", "8. The main differences in non-Integrated System resources are:", "1. Posts: lower than projected expenditures of $2,505,500", "9. The decrease in expenditures is mainly due to the higher average vacancy rate at the beginning of the biennium.", "2. Other staff costs: overexpenditure of $657,700", "10. Overexpenditures are mainly due to the need to recruit general temporary assistance owing to the increased workload caused by the increase in the number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "3. General operating expenses: overexpenditures of $2,182,900", "11. Overexpenditures are attributable mainly to bank charges, estimated at $2,500,000. The estimates for bank charges were included in the report on the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 submitted to the Board at the general operating expenses level, but after the Committee &apos; s review, they were deleted in the budget report submitted to the General Assembly (see A/64/291, annex VII, para. 34). The amount of $2,500,000 for bank charges related to payment of benefits is based on actual charges for the period 2008-2009.", "4. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "12. Summary information on the status of software projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011 is provided below.", "Table 2", "Status of projects, 2010-2011", "(United States dollars.)", "Project Preview/redeconclusion Appropriation Expenditure Overexpenditures/(inferiors)to the prevists M Sistema Integrado deAdministración dePensiones Mayo de2014 14 361400 2 299906 (12 061494) Initiatives for the exchange of information of the organizations affiliates December 2011 1 749773 1 749773 – Initiatives for services to clients December 6, 2011 December 2011 1 709342 1 709342 – Institutional Systems Initiatives December 2011 1 063 280 1 063280 – Institutional Operating Initiatives December 2011 1 031 400 1 031400 – Consolidation of computer systems with the Investment Management Service December 2011 461 633 461 633 – Total 20 846499 8 785005 (12 061494)", "Integrated Pension Administration System Initiative", "13. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund continued with the main foundational tasks of the project, namely: (a) the creation of a comprehensive data dictionary for current systems (PENSYS and Lawson); (b) detailed analysis of current systems data; (c) data cleansing, using high-capacity specialized programmes and through the work that the staff of the Integrated System project team undertakes with the databases of the PENSYS systems;", "1. Under the project, two other initiatives were undertaken which had not been considered in the original plan. The first is to examine in depth the needs ratio formulated during the first phase of the project. During that phase, the specific operational model and scope of the project were specified. Computer functional needs were also expanded. The final task relationship includes 333 detailed functional specifications, in addition to 18 high-level essential requirements.", "2. The second initiative relates to the exploration of new technologies to develop better interfaces that enable a smooth connection of payroll (between the Integrated System and the human resources and finance systems of affiliated organizations) and to better use existing databases to automate the verification of input calculations and establish other data quality protocols. In the light of the strategy recently adopted by many member organizations to migrate to enterprise resource planning platforms, the Fund is exploring the possibility of establishing common interfaces using newer technologies. At the conclusion of the implementation of the SAP software (Systems, Applications and Products) by the United Nations, it is estimated that 96 per cent of the data of the participants in the Pension Fund will be maintained on an enterprise resource planning platform. This initiative is closely related to the development of the Integrated System, as the amended specifications consider the following: (a) the need for a smooth connection of the payroll; (b) tools for efficient use of common enterprise resource planning interfaces; and (c) the development of a webpage system (for organizations that lack enterprise resource planning platforms).", "3. The two new initiatives produced more detailed specifications that will guide the process of developing parameters and developing functionality more accurately and effectively. This will improve the new system and save time and resources by making changes after implementation. Moreover, efforts will be made to harmonize the data requirements of the Integrated System as soon as possible with the data generated by the enterprise resource planning systems of affiliated organizations. Of course, the success of the Integrated System depends to a large extent on the quality, timeliness and availability of human resources and finance information provided by organizations affiliated with the Fund.", "4. While the estimated global cost of the Integrated Pension Administration System project ($22,660,300 before recosting) remains the same, new activities have been incorporated into the project plan and the procurement process has been significantly modified to incorporate a two-stage evaluation (as suggested by the United Nations Procurement Division). Because of those changes, the original timetable had to be expanded and the estimated expenditure plan had to be amended accordingly. Table 3 shows the estimated expenditures for the biennium 2010-2011 and the estimated overall cost of the project.", "Table 3", "Summary of resource requirements of the Integrated Pension Administration System", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Biennium Biennium Total Administrative Biennium 2010-2011 2014-2015 project Appropriations Expenditure/Consignment Appropriations Appropriate appropriations Estimated approved appropriations (decrease) estimated estimated estimated final requests", "Posts 2 870.3 1 065.1 (1 805,2) 1 065.1 3 670.8 957,7 5 693.6 temporary", "Travel 84.8 84.8 - 84.8 - - 84.8", "Services by 8 406,3 1 150,0 (7 256,3) 1 150,0 11 966,3 3 765,6 16 881,9 contractual", "Furniture and 3 000,0 - (3 000,0) - - - - equipment", "Total 14 361,4 2 299,9 (12 061,5) 2 299,9 15 637.1 4 723,3 22 660,3", "Furniture and equipment: underexpenditure of $30,000", "5. The decrease in expenditures is due to the decision to install the computer equipment required for the project in the new data centre of the Fund due to the vulnerability problems presented by the data centre of the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building. The original project strategy was to acquire 12 new servers and 15 storage network modules, as well as uninterrupted power supply extensions (UPS), and to install them in the data center located on the fourth floor of the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building in order to provide the additional capacity to accommodate the new applications of the system.", "6. However, due to the serious vulnerability problems observed in the Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building data centre, this strategy was not considered viable. The impact analysis in the operations conducted in 2009 and presented to the Pension Board in 2010 revealed that, while the data centre had installed a UPS system, it did not have any power generators to deal with potential disruptions in the public service (or the building's electrical system). In an evaluation of the data centre previously conducted, in which the normal practices used in a production data centre were taken into account, a 2 out of 10 rating had been assigned to the facility (where 10 was the highest score or the best possible score). The installation of new computer equipment in the data centre of the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building would therefore pose serious risks to the Integrated System project.", "7. Having tried by all means to find an appropriate alternative, the Fund decided to transfer the information and communications technology infrastructure located in building 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza to the new North American Data Centre, a much more robust new facility that would ensure the operational readiness of its essential systems. According to the rules of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-942 DC), the North American Data Center is qualified with level 3, which guarantees 99.9% operating time and availability.", "Contractual services: underexpenditure of $7,256,300", "21. The decrease in expenditures is mainly due to the shift in the location of the data centre to host new system applications. When the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building team was transferred to the new North American Data Centre, new equipment valued at $750,000 was acquired and installed in the new centre to meet all the planned capacity requirements of the Integrated System. A request for proposals amounting to $400,000 has been made to recruit the services of a specialized consulting firm to assist in structuring the Integrated System processes under the new specific operational model and the new operational paradigm, as well as to develop pilot scenarios that will serve as a basis for ensuring that the new system can process rights and payments accurately and safely and efficiently.", "22. Thanks to the above-mentioned initiatives, the Integrated System project is in a better position to begin its next phase, although this entails the modification of the original timetable. The original 30-month estimate for the total deployment of the system ( once tested and approved the project concept) has not changed. Accordingly, the implementation of the system is expected to be completed in April 2014 and the parallel testing and training in November 2014. However, these deadlines depend on the duration of the remaining procurement and recruitment activities, which are expected to be completed in nine months. Therefore, the appropriations for the development, setting of parameters and the implementation of the new computer applications provided for in the 2010-2011 budget ($7,256,300) will not be used until the biennium 2012-2013. Annex II to the supplementary financial information contains the detailed timetable and description of the project activities.", "Temporary posts: underexpenditures of $1,805,200", "23. The decrease in post costs is mainly due to the phased recruitment approach adopted to maximize the use of project resources following the timetable update.", "Customer service initiatives", "24. A pilot project (iServ) based on Oracle's Siebel applications (customer management) was commissioned to streamline and automate incidents reported to the Fund's server administrator. The project proved to be much more complex and problematic than had been thought of at first, but it helped the Fund to acquire essential knowledge about the implementation of such a system and provided many valuable lessons. It also helped the Fund to determine that introducing a comprehensive customer relationship management solution directly into its core operations might not be the most practical, convenient or cost-effective measure (especially considering that customer relations management could be part of the Integrated Pension Administration System initiative), while if the most important needs of the Customer Services Unit were met in the short term by creating smaller localized applications, it would be easier for the Fund to understand the work system.", "25. As an alternative, a specific Lotus Notes-based application was developed to track interaction with clients who visit the Fund in person or phone calls. This application not only records useful information, such as the type of service requested, the manner in which it was lent (in person or by phone) and the time spent on the client, but also provides a simple tool of information and analysis (including the “commandants”) that can be used to observe the statistics and trends for a given period. It is expected that this application will be refined over time to incorporate other elements that include a wider range of customer service activities.", "Web systems initiatives", "26. The initiatives of the web systems continue to provide beneficiaries and affiliates with direct access to personalized information through the use of specific web applications. Essential applications, including performance estimation and double-calculation systems, certificate tracking and annual statements, have become a standard service for customers. The state of cost of living, which is prepared every time the cost of living index or the quarterly exchange rate changes, is now offered on the Internet to registered beneficiaries receiving a monthly benefit. The benefit estimator interface that can be accessed through the application of the annual status was redesigned and is available to customers since the release of the state of 2009. As part of the Fund &apos; s continued efforts to assist the growing number of visitors, improvements were made in some parts of the web site infrastructure and applications to provide a more stable and secure environment. New web portals were added to facilitate protected interfaces with a single point of access and based on functions for many Internet applications across the Fund. Electronic learning applications and workshops for newly recruited staff were added to meet training needs, and new courses will be organized in 2011. A compendium of judicial cases has been developed for the Legal Office, which will also be offered on the website in 2011.", "Enterprise system initiatives", "27. Enterprise system initiatives will ensure that essential operations systems (e.g., the content management system and the Lawson system) are aware of the updates, developments and improvements of suppliers, and follow the pace of changes in the Fund &apos; s business model. All necessary updates, updates and improvements have been successfully installed or will be installed by the end of 2011.", "Enterprise operations initiatives", "28. As part of the institutional operations mandate, all essential systems have been transferred to a new site located in Piscataway, New Jersey. It is a level III data centre with fault tolerance and 99.9% availability. The telecommunications team will continue to be at the data centre of the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building, while the Geneva data centre hosts the support systems for the Geneva office and the business continuity and disaster recovery services. In the context of the data centre relocation project, the storage network has been improved by increasing capacity and reducing system response time. A new virtual infrastructure has been built that allows 70 per cent of the Fund &apos; s servers to be grouped into &quot; grenades &quot; , thereby increasing the operational efficiency, availability and operation of server infrastructure. The Lawson system and database servers were improved and a fault tolerance module was installed to optimize recovery and response time for users. The process of relocation of the Geneva Data Centre continues. The new facilities, managed by the International Computing Centre, will enable the Fund to virtualize 95 per cent of the servers and support duplication of essential components for the web environment. A new data duplication system has been implemented that reduces the time of preventive maintenance and file recovery. An institutional e-mail file solution has also been implemented in the Pension Fund to manage the service efficiently and to address the growing volume of messages in compliance with the organization &apos; s unlimited retention policy. During this process, the Fund &apos; s e-mail servers and programmes have been constantly updated with the latest versions. The Information Management Systems Service is expected to complete the improvement of the UPS system by the end of 2011.", "Information technology consolidation initiative with the Investment Management Division", "29. The consolidation of information technology with the Investment Management Division is progressing as planned and is expected to be completed during the current biennium. On the basis of the service delivery agreements signed between the Information Management Systems Service and the Investment Management Division, a number of common infrastructure projects were successfully and in a timely manner, including the sales order management system, the International Internal Financial Telecommunications Company (SWIFT) service and a document management system. In Geneva, a disaster recovery environment was also built and tested for the sales order management system and the SWIFT service. Work on the last five of the 38 areas of consolidation continues and is expected to be completed during the current biennium. These areas include network consolidation, user support, directory services, shared files and e-mail.", "B. Investment costs", "30. The estimated administrative costs of $71,289,000 entail savings of $9,908,500, or 12.2 per cent. The main differences contributing to this net result are set out below.", "1. Posts: underexpenditures of $953,400", "31. The decrease in expenditures is mainly due to delays in staff recruitment.", "2. Travel: underexpenditures of $289,000", "32. The decrease in expenditures is mainly due to delays in staff recruitment and staff availability due to working hours. Savings were offset by increased travel costs for members of the Investments Committee.", "3. General operating expenses: underexpenditures of $331,100", "33. Savings realized may be attributable to reduced costs in concepts such as refrigerated water, cleaning services and building operation.", "4. Contractual services: underexpenditure of $8,445,200", "Table 4", "Contractual services: estimated expenditures for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Category Appropriations Expenditure for 2010-2011 estimated higher/ (inferior) than projected", "External legal consultant 1 200.0 1 200.0 -", "External service providers", "(a) Global custodian and advisers", "Global custodian 6 952,0 3 743,8 (3 208,2)", "Advisers 16 976,4 14 994,0 (1 982,4)", "Subtotal (a) 23 928.4 18 737.8 (5 190.6)", "(b) Portfolio management", "Small capitalization accounts 12 500.0 13 562.4 1 062.4", "Real estate values listed in 2 700,0 700,0 (2 000,0) bag", "Subtotal (b) 15 200.0 14 252.4 (937.6)", "(c) Data services on 3 541.5 2 399.5 (1 142.0) markets", "Subtotal, external vendors 42 669,9 35 399.7 (7 270.2) services", "Contractual services SWIFT 590.0 345.0 (245.0)", "Other contractual services 8 419.0 7 489,0 (930.0)", "Total 52 878.9 44 433.7 (8 445.2)", "34. The decrease in expenditures can be attributed to a number of factors, namely, delays in the recruitment processes of the various custodians and the independent main registry manager, a stockholder and fixed-income, real assets and alternative investments advisers, and lower-than-expenditures for acquisition of applications such as disaster recovery solution, SWIFT service and the compliance system. Savings were partially offset by increased costs related to small capitalization accounts to increase fees due to good results.", "5. Projects undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011", "35. Table 5 shows the status of information technology projects funded and undertaken in the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table 5", "Status of projects, biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars)", "Total number 20,000", "Portfolio risk analysis system and attribution of profitability", "36. Since February 2011, the Investment Management Division is testing user acceptance of most risk analysis scenarios, and major risk reports have been produced. However, the Division is still waiting for the Procurement Division and the Office of Legal Affairs to conclude other contracts with various market data supply services, which are essential for completing the implementation of the risk metric, after which a permanent service will be maintained. The project is expected to be completed and fully operational in October 2011, provided that the data supply contracts have been entered into.", "Electronic order and transaction management system", "37. The Charles River system has been operating since March 2010. The current phase of implementation encompasses securities, currency and fixed income transactions. It also includes connectivity with brokers through the FIX protocol and connectivity with the custodian bank through the SWIFT service. The Investment Management Division has been making electronic transactions with all values and is now working on the installation of electronic platforms for other assets. Currently, 99 per cent of asset transactions in various classes are carried out through the SWIFT service. The Division continues to support and improve the working environment of the Charles River system.", "Compliance system before and after transactions", "38. The compliance system before and after the transactions (Charles River) has been implemented and is in operation since March 2010. The Division continues to maintain and properly update compliance standards.", "Accounting and reconciliation system", "39. The portfolio accounting and reconciliation system was awarded to Murex North America in April 2010 and the contract was signed in February 2011. The start-up meeting of the project took place on 16 February 2011. Currently, the Investment Management Division is finalizing the implementation plan and committing resources to implement the implementation of the first phase by 30 June 2011. It is estimated that the project will be completed on 31 December 2011. It should be noted that this project includes the adaptation of investment activities to IPSAS.", "Data centre system", "40. The Investment Management Division completed the technical assessment in February 2011. The due diligence process will be scheduled for the second half of 2011. The implementation of the data centre is expected to begin in February 2012.", "Integration into the Charles River system of Omgeo, FXALL, TradeWeb and other confirmation and transaction platforms", "41. The Investment Management Division made plans to add Omgeo (value transaction confirmation and electronic affirmation service), FXALL, FXConnect and Bloomberg FX (exchange transaction platforms), and TradeWeb, MarketAxess, BondVision and Bloomberg FI (fixed-income transaction platforms), to strengthen the Charles River sales order management system. Contracts for the respective products are being negotiated and the Division expects that all platforms will be integrated in December 2011.", "Charles River System at the Disaster Recovery site (International Centre for Electronic Calculations, Geneva)", "42. The Charles River disaster recovery programme was completed in March 2011. The program includes FIX connectivity, Bloomberg data usage license, Bloomberg data mass and Bloomberg API. It also facilitates connectivity to SWIFT service.", "Bloomberg data usage license, Bloomberg and Bloomberg API data mass", "43. The Bloomberg data usage license, the Bloomberg and Bloomberg API data mass were installed and integrated into the Charles River system in March 2010.", "SWIFT Service on disaster recovery site (International Centre for Electronic Calculations, Geneva)", "44. The SWIFT disaster recovery site has been operating since January 2010. Currently, the Division works on its integration with the disaster recovery infrastructure of the Charles River system.", "Service Update SWIFT (version 7)", "45. The installation of version 7 of the mandatory SWIFT service is expected to be completed in June 2011.", "C. Audit costs", "46. The estimated audit costs will result in underutilization of the appropriation of $112,100, mainly due to the decrease in the overall temporary assistance costs of internal audit.", "D. Board expenditure", "47. The additional requirements of $77,800 are attributable to overexpenditure for the Working Group on Plan Design.", "E. Extrabudgetary", "48. Savings of $13,900 are due to the vacancy of the General Service (Other level) post under extrabudgetary funds for three months.", "III. Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013: results-based frameworks and resource analysis", "A. Introduction", "1. Overview", "49. The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund administers a fully capitalized defined benefit plan that provides retirement pensions and other benefits to more than 64,000 retirees and beneficiaries. Currently, some 120,000 active participants are accruing rights to the Fund &apos; s benefits. The Fund &apos; s assets amounted to $41.4 billion at the end of 2010. The Pension Fund is an autonomous body governed by a statute approved by the General Assembly. The Fund is administered by the Pension Board, which reports annually to the General Assembly. The Fund &apos; s daily operations are monitored by its Director-General. The Fund has 245 staff. The Fund and its daily operations are detailed in the present budget and its annexes.", "50. The Secretary-General decides the investments of the Fund and has delegated this responsibility to his representative, who in turn heads the Investment Management Division. The Division is responsible for the investments and accounting of the Fund &apos; s assets, and is responsible for achieving an adequate level of return on the investment of its assets, bearing in mind the philosophy of risk tolerance and liabilities.", "51. The Fund has experienced significant growth over the past 10 years, owing to the affiliation of new organizations and the steady increase in the total number of participants, retirees and other beneficiaries. During this period, the number of active participants has increased by 63 per cent, and the number of ongoing regular payments has increased by 33 per cent. In the Fund &apos; s management letter, the challenges it faces are classified into the following five categories:", "(a) Increased complexity of the operations of the Fund;", "(b) Growing interdependence of assets and liabilities;", "(c) Antiquity of information systems and increasing demand for services;", "(d) Need to provide quality services and meet more rigorous operational standards;", "(e) Social and environmental responsibilities.", "52. To address these challenges, the Fund conducted in-depth studies on risk assessment, asset and liability management, the organization of the Fund, the design of its plan and changes in its pension administration system; it subsequently established the following medium-term objectives as set out in the Fund &apos; s strategic framework:", "(a) Strengthening the operational model of the Fund;", "(b) Improve risk management and internal controls;", "(c) Improve information systems;", "(d) Increase the quality and efficiency of the services provided, including communications and outreach activities;", "(e) Promote social and environmental responsibility.", "53. Each operational sector developed specific action plans to achieve these objectives, including a medium-term human resources plan, an operational impact analysis and a disaster recovery plan, which have been used to prepare the next budget proposal.", "54. In summary, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Pension Fund plans to allocate financial and human resources to the following major initiatives, as set out in the strategic framework:", "(a) Integrated Pension Administration System: new operating model;", "(b) International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS): new accounting standards for the Fund &apos; s financial statements;", "(c) Services that meet customer needs;", "(d) Other measures necessary to improve operational efficiency, risk assessment and management, e-learning, training, and knowledge management.", "55. The Fund is expected to achieve its overall objectives wherever adequate human and financial resources are available. This will pose particular problems in the coming years, given the current financial constraints. The critical juncture of the Fund &apos; s evolution, which escapes its control, should be recognized, however. The Fund has experienced steady growth since its inception, and in the past 10 years there has been unprecedented growth in the service population. At the same time, it has expanded its provisions to cover not only a larger number of people but also a wider variety of circumstances, which has increased the complexity of the situation. The increase in workload and increasing complexity coincide with a steady decline in institutional memory due to the high number of staff members of the Fund who have retired or left service in recent years. On the other hand, and simultaneously, the increase in longevity leads to aging of the Fund &apos; s beneficiaries, which often leads to increased consultations and other special services to clients. The important challenges posed by these external factors are compounded by the fact that the Fund, which requires a staff with very specific and long-term experience, should operate in accordance with certain institutional policies that pose particular difficulties that are not usually common in other external institutions. In view of the need for a staff with a unique and long-term experience, as an independent and inter-agency entity, the Fund has initiated a review of policies governing the recruitment, mobility, promotion and retention of its staff. The Fund plans to address these issues in a revised memorandum of understanding.", "56. Taking into account the challenges posed by the current economic situation, the Fund secretariat also revised its staffing and decided to defer its request for the establishment of several posts. While these posts are critical to achieving the medium-term objectives of its strategic framework, the Fund secretariat considers that the deferral of staff recruitment can be achieved by limiting changes in the design of the Fund &apos; s plan, as well as the addition of new projects, while maintaining its efforts to increase efficiency and productivity. However, the establishment of such posts cannot be postponed indefinitely without altering the Fund &apos; s operational capacity, its ability to meet customers and/or the time frames for achieving its objectives.", "57. That said, it should also be borne in mind that peacekeeping missions financed from extrabudgetary United Nations funds could be approved at a time when the Fund should restrict its budget. This will pose significant challenges, as well as risks, to the Fund, which must nevertheless provide full and timely services to the many staff recruited for these missions.", "Results-based budgeting, methodology and terminology", "58. The present budget submission follows the results-based budgeting format adopted by the Fund in its budget submission for the biennium 2008-2009. The resources are requested on the basis of the Fund &apos; s programmes, and all justification and clarification is provided in the supplementary financial information of the proposed budget.", "59. The following factors have been taken into account in the calculation of resources:", "(a) Delay recruitment factors have been applied, both in New York and Geneva for 2012 and 2013, to continuing Professional posts (90.4 per cent), new Professional posts (50 per cent), continuing General Service posts (96.5 per cent) and new General Service posts (65 per cent); these factors have been applied to version 1 of the New York and Geneva standard salary scales for 2012-2013.", "(b) The average annual inflation rate applied to New York for 2012 and 2013 is 1.90 per cent and 2.5 per cent respectively, while an average annual rate of 1.0 per cent and 1.3 per cent respectively applies to Geneva;", "(c) The exchange rate applied to Geneva for 2012 and 2013 is 1,046;", "(d) Under the cost-sharing arrangement between the United Nations and the Fund, the ratios of one third and two thirds, respectively, will continue to be applied to the specific elements of the administration, except for the posts of the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office. Since the approved posts of the secretariat are 170, compared with 58 of the Investment Management Division, plus 17 specific project posts, the cost-sharing arrangement will be applied to 69.4 per cent of the posts of the Information Management Systems Service and the Executive Office.", "2. Total resources requested", "60. The requested human and financial resources for the Fund as a whole, together with the estimated extrabudgetary resources and the detailed additional posts required, are set out below.", "Table 6 Percentage distribution of resources by component: Fund", "Budget component Extra-regular budget resources", "A. Executive direction and management 7.0", "B. Programme of work", "1. Administration 17,7 100,0", "2. Investments 33,0", "Subtotal B 50.7 1000.0", "C. Support", "1. Information technology 31.8", "2. Legal Office 0.7", "3. Administrative support 8.3", "Subtotal C 40.8", "D. Audit 1.4", "E. Pension Board 0.1", "Total 100.0 100.0", "Table 7 Resource requirements by component: Fund", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "61. As indicated in table 8 above, the overall increase in the requested resources amounts to $15,302,100 (before recosting), or 8.7 per cent, consisting of administrative costs ($4,564,600), investment costs ($13,601,800), audit costs ($103,200) and Board expenses ($32,500).", "62. The increase of $4,564,600 under administrative costs relates to the net effect of the proposed increase in posts ($739,400) and temporary posts ($800,500), of which $680,100 and $800,500, respectively, is attributable to the delayed recruitment factor and non-post costs of $3,024,700. The increase in non-post costs is attributable mainly to the growth in contractual services ($6,087,900) and general operating expenses ($1,446,300), offset in part by reduced requirements for furniture and equipment ($3,989,000), other staff costs ($122,500), consultants ($237,600) and travel ($136,100).", "63. The increase of $10,601,800 in investment costs relates to the net effect of the proposed increase of $2,486,900, of which $1,222,700 is attributable to the delayed recruitment factor, and non-post costs ($8,114,900). The increase in non-post costs is attributable mainly to the growth of contractual services requirements ($9,653,200) and the increase in other staff costs ($530,400), offset by a reduction in consultancy resources ($1,151,800) and general operating expenses ($916,900).", "64. The increase in audit resources ($103,200) relates to an increase in the apportionment of the Fund for the expenses of the Board of Auditors ($113,500) and, in relation to the internal audit, the net effect is a proposed reduction ($10,300). This reduction is mainly due to slight decreases in communications costs ($9,800) and supplies and materials ($5,000) and an increase in requirements for furniture and equipment ($5,800). In addition, the reduction in the costs of consultants is offset by an increase in contractual services ($800,000).", "65. The estimated percentage distribution of resources and resources requested for the Fund, by component, is summarized in tables 6 and 7, respectively.", "66.", "Table 8 Resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "67.", "Table 9 Resource requirements", "[TABLE]", "^(a) One General Service (Other level) post from extrabudgetary resources funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Includes 17 temporary posts from the Integrated Pension Administration System.", "^(c) Of the 18 temporary posts authorized for the biennium 2010-2011, one P-4 post was authorized for only 12 months. This post was abolished in 2011.", "66. As indicated in table 9, the present budget submission provides for the establishment of seven additional posts and the reclassification of one post as follows:", "(a) Provision is made for the reclassification of one post (from P-3 to P-4) to the secretariat. Provision is also made for the maintenance of one extrabudgetary post (1 General Service (Other level)) funded by member organizations;", "(b) Provision is made for seven additional posts in the Investment Management Division (5 P-4 and 2 P-3).", "67. The additional posts requested are summarized in table 10.", "Table 10 Summary of posts required", "Post Numbers Category Administration Programme Support OfficeExecutives Official Reclassification and Budgeting 1 P-3aP-4 Investments Workplace Investment Section Posts New Investment Officer (Investment) 1 P-4 Posts", "B. Administrative expenses", "1. Overview", "68. The secretariat is responsible for managing the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund under the authority of the Pension Board. Its objective is to provide services to participants, as well as to provide pensioners and beneficiaries with pensions and other related benefits in optimal conditions of security, profitability, accountability and accountability, and to comply fully with the strictest standards in terms of efficiency, competence and integrity. In order to provide such services, the Fund should apply an increasingly complex set of rules relating to decisions previously taken as a result of economic measures or to respond to a strong social demand for new categories of beneficiaries. It must also continue to adapt its processes and procedures to the constant evolution of the banking and regulatory environment.", "69. The total resources for administrative costs amount to $96,873,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $4,564,600, or 4.9 per cent, compared with the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase shown in table 12 may be summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: the decrease of $1,104,400 relates to the required posts ($810,200) and is mainly due to the redeployment of 3 posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) in the Legal Office. The decrease in non-post costs relates to other staff costs ($50,100), consultants ($377,600) and travel ($114,500), with increases in contractual services ($112,000) and general operating expenses ($96,000).", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $3,498,400 is the result of post requirements of $751,500, of which $147,400 is due to the net effect of the delayed recruitment factor and the redeployment of one P-4 post to the Legal Office and $604,100 to the delayed recruitment factor of the 12 General Service posts (1946 decreases) and other non-exchanged resources.", "(c) Programme support: the increase of $2,170,600 is attributable to the increased resources of the Information Management Systems Service ($2,084,100), the redeployment of the Legal Office from the executive direction and management component ($1,358,400) and a decrease in the Executive Office ($1,271,900). With regard to the Information Management Systems Service, the increase in resources for temporary posts ($196,400) resulted from the delayed recruitment factor. The increase in non-post resources ($1,903,200) is due mainly to an increase in contractual services ($5,975,600), partially offset by decreases in furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), general operating expenses ($177,400) and travel of staff ($21,600). In the Legal Office, the increase in post resources is the result of the redeployment of three posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Office of the Director-General and the redeployment of one P-4 post from the Geneva office for monitoring purposes only. With regard to the Executive Office, the decrease in resources ($1,318,600) is attributable to non-post requirements for general operating expenses, specifically for rental and maintenance of premises.", "70. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 11, and resource requirements by component are shown in table 12.", "Table 11 Percentage distribution of resources by component: administrative costs", "Budget Component Extrabudgetary resources A. Executive direction and management 6.6 B. Work programme (operations, financial services) 35.1 100.0 C. Programme support 1. Information Management Systems Service 44.7 2. Legal Office 1.4 3. Executive Office 12.2 Subtotal C 58.3 Total 1000.0 1000.0", "Table 12 Resource requirements by component: administrative costs", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component Appropriation Total increase Apportionment Estimate 2010-2011 before 2012-2013 adjustment resources Monto Porcen- United Nations Pension Fund", "1. Regular budget", "A. Management 7 486,9 (1 (14.8) 6 382,5 9.6 1 197,8 5 194,3 6 392,1 executive 104,4)", "B. Programme of work 30 470.0 3 498,4 11,5 33 968,4 908,7 9 527.5 25 34 877.1 (operations, 349.6 financial services)", "C. Support", "1. Service of 41 240.8 2 084.1 5.1 43 324.9 562.4 5 704.7 38 43 887.3 Management Systems of 182.6 Information", "2. Legal Office - 1 358,4 - 1 358,4 (16,2) 447,4 894,8 1 342,2", "3. Executive Office 13 110.8 (1 (9.7) 11 838.9 70.0 3 590.6 8 318,3 11 908,9 271,9)", "Subtotal C 54 351,9 2 170.6 4.0 56 522,2 616.2 9 742,7 47 57 138.4 395.7", "Total 92 308.5 4 564,6 4.9 96 873.1 534,5 20 77 98 407,6 468,0 939,6", "2. Resources 158.2 (5.3) (3.4) 152.9 3.9 - 156.8 156.8 Extrabudgetary", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $6,382,500", "71. The Director-General is responsible for managing the Fund, under the authority of the Pension Board, to provide the services for member organizations and affiliates, retirees and beneficiaries. In providing such services, the Director-General should ensure that a framework exists for the Fund to operate in the best conditions of security, profitability, accountability and accountability, and to comply fully with the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. As part of its responsibility within that framework, the Fund should work with an ever-increasing and evolving plan, as set out in its Regulations and Rules and its unique and complex pension adjustment system. The Director-General should ensure that the Fund is in a position to constantly and accurately weigh its actuarial costs to assess and manage risks, adapt the design of its plan, and adjust its processes and procedures to be accommodated to an evolving workforce that is clearly affected by long-term social changes, such as increasing longevity, while fulfilling its functions in a changing banking, accounting and regulatory environment.", "72. The Fund &apos; s member organizations, the number of participants, retirees and beneficiaries, the financial environment in which it operates and the value of the assets and liabilities it manages have increased dramatically in its 60 years of history. The total number of persons served by the Fund, which already exceeds 185,000, is expected to increase steadily in the medium and long term. Its international character, the fact that it encompasses multiple organizations, and its performance structure at various levels, will continue to raise the Fund &apos; s increasingly complex and challenging new problems. There has been—and will continue to be—a steady and drastic increase in the Fund &apos; s functions and the demands it must meet. In response to the Board &apos; s request to address the Fund &apos; s human resources needs with a more strategic approach, and in order to determine its mid-term needs, the Fund conducted a high-level review, taking into account the circumstances and pressing challenges it faced, which was presented to the Board at its 2010 session.", "Table 13 Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization: To ensure the full implementation of the Fund &apos; s programme of work in accordance with its Regulations and Rules and with the decisions and guidelines of the Pension Board and the expected General Assembly Indicators of achievement (1) Effective management of the Fund &apos; s programme of work 1.1) All detailed action plans, projects and studies are monitored and implemented in a satisfactory manner Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Effectiveness in the provision of support and services, and in the management of the Joint Pressure Committee and committees 2.1) Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent implementation performance measures", "External factors", "73. The executive direction and management component is expected to achieve its objectives and expected accomplishments provided that it has sufficient human and financial resources.", "Other products", "74. During the biennium, the following outputs will be delivered:", "(a) Servicing of intergovernmental and expert bodies: two sessions of the Pension Board, three meetings of the Committee of Actuaries, and approximately four working groups, a joint session of the Committee of Actuaries and the Investments Committee, six meetings of the Audit Committee, and four meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee;", "(b) Drafting of documents: some 100 documents to be submitted to the Pension Board, the Committee of Actuaries and Working Groups; and 15 notes to the Audit Committee, in addition to the technical and administrative services to be provided to it at its sessions;", "(c) Other substantive activities:", "(i) Efficient replacement planning for retired staff; early planning to avoid vacancies resulting from staff retirement and to fill other vacant posts due to staff movement within five months of the vacancy announcement;", "(ii) Efficient management and control of:", "• The Integrated Pension Administration System project", "• Business continuity and disaster recovery plans", "• Institutional risk management", "• Human resources policy and the medium-term human resources plan", "• The consolidation of information technology", "• The study of asset and liability management", "• Analysis of the impact of operations", "• The data store", "• The Procurement Advisory Committee.", "Table 14 Resource requirements", "Resources(thousand-thousandsUS) Posts Category 2010-2011 2012-2013(formerly) 2010-2011 2012-2013 Posts 3641.0 2 830.8 11 8 No. 3845.9 3 551,7 - - Total 7486.9 6 382,5 11 8", "75. The amount of $6,382,500 would provide for the continuation of the current eight posts (1 GS, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 1 General Service (Other level)), and non-post resources would cover overall administrative costs. The reduction of $810,200 in post resources is attributable to the redeployment of the three authorized posts (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) from the Legal Office to the programme support component. Non-post resources have decreased mainly owing to reductions in other staff costs ($50,100), travel ($114,500) and consultants ($377,600), with increases in contractual services attributable to the consulting actuary ($112,000) and general operating expenses for the Fund &apos; s costs of cases submitted to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal ($96,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $33,968,400", "76. The programme of work, which includes the operations and financial services of the offices in New York and Geneva, deals with the Fund &apos; s core functions, including the determination of the right to participate and the affiliation of new participants to the Fund, as well as the maintenance of records with personal and financial historical data, the collection and registration of contributions to the Fund, the calculation and arrangements for the payment of all related entitlements, the payment of the subsequent pensions and the related pensions. This program is also responsible for customer service functions for the 185,000 active participants, retirees and other beneficiaries.", "77. It should be recalled that, pursuant to a recommendation made following the overall review in 2008, the Director-General decided to separate the financial services from the Fund &apos; s operations. It was decided that, while there was an important link between the calculation and processing of the benefits carried out by the Operations Service, and the payment and accounting of the benefits carried out by the Financial Services Section, the functions should be clearly separated. The Operations Service focuses on the integrity of the calculation, which once established maintains its validity throughout the life of the retiree and potential survivors; and the Financial Services Section focuses on the integrity of the payment. Separating these functions and making the Financial Services Section an independent entity of the Operations Service, a clear responsibility and institutionalizing greater accountability between these two core functions of the Fund that make up the work programme can be established.", "Operations Service", "78. The Operations Service comprises the Prison Rights Section and the Customer Service, Registry and Distribution Management Unit at the New York and Geneva offices. The Chief of Operations is responsible for the management and management of the service in accordance with the targets set out in the Fund &apos; s management letter, and for ensuring compliance with the Regulations and Rules and the Pension Adjustment System of the Fund, while implementing the specific quality control, internal control and communications policies. The Operations Service plans to process more than 55,000 new affiliations, separations and transfers both from and from the Fund during the biennium 2012-2013[1]. It also provides for the processing of some 6,000 retirement benefits following the initial separation of the service, the processing of which is one of the most complex and therefore of those that require the most time (failure after the service, survivors &apos; benefits that are sometimes to be paid to several spouses residing in different places, residual settlements, payment of deferred benefits, cases of double calculations that sometimes consist of the return to the divorce series). In addition to the approximately 225,000 calculations of benefits performed through the Fund &apos; s website (in 2010), the Operations Service also plans to carry out some 5,500 individual calculations of benefits during the next biennium, which sometimes include in-person consultations. During the biennium 2012-2013, the Service also plans to send, track and register after receipt more than 100,000 certificates of ownership, and will scan more than 1,200,000 documents to incorporate them into the Fund &apos; s content management system.", "Table 15", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization: To ensure that all participants, retirees and other staff members are provided with services in accordance with the Regulations and Rules and the system of adjustment of the Fund &apos; s pensions, fully implementing the communications policies, quality control and internal control as set out in the management letter of the Planned Achievements Indicators of achievement 1) Effective processing of pension entitlements of Box 1.1 Increase in the percentage of cases for retirement, retirement benefits and other benefits processed within 15 working days Performance measures related to the complete processing of cases for withdrawal from theCaja, the regular retirement benefits and the permutation benefits for a sumglobal (Reference range: 15 working days) 2004-2005: 72% of cases completed in 15 days 2006-2007: 79% Increased percentage of information received by regular mail and e-mail served on 15 working days Performance measures (Reference parameter: 15 working days) 2004-2005: 31 per cent of applications received on 15 working days 2006-2007: 55 per cent of applications received on 15 working days 2008-2009: 75 per cent of applications received on 15 working days 2010-2011 Increased number of training meetings and seminars for affiliates, beneficiaries, staff pension committees and human resources defined by participating organizations Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 65 Objective 2012-2013: 75", "External factors", "79. The Operations Service is expected to achieve its objectives provided that it is provided with adequate human and financial resources. The critical juncture of the Fund &apos; s evolution, which escapes its control, should be recognized. The Fund attends a rapid increase in the population to which it provides services. At the same time, the increase in longevity leads to aging of the Fund &apos; s clientele, which in turn means that more detailed consultations and other special needs of the serviced clients are needed.", "Outputs", "80. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Processing, during the biennium, some 18,000 withdrawal settlements and retirement benefits[2];", "(b) Processing of some 6,000 other benefits following the initial retirement benefit (supérstite, son, double calculation, etc.)", "(c) Identification of the eligibility requirements for the Fund membership of some 30,000 new participants;", "(d) Delivery, monitoring and registration after receipt of some 100,000 certificates of title;", "(e) Response to some 15,000 requests for information by regular mail and e-mail;", "f) Receipt and provision of services in person to some 11,000 clients;", "(g) Pre-implementation tasks, such as data cleansing and quality control, procedures documentation, algorithms and subsequent transition to the Integrated Pension Administration System platform;", "(h) Recording, monitoring and efficient improvement of interface controls with customers;", "(i) Review, appraisal, development and implementation of a customer relationship management system;", "(j) Review and development of enhanced training materials for workshops and seminars for staff (from offices in New York and Geneva), participants, retirees and other beneficiaries of the Fund, as well as the secretariats of the Staff Pension Committee and other human resources staff of affiliated organizations;", "(k) Development and implementation of a secure signature system to add graphic signatures, for comparison purposes, to the electronic record of each person to whom the Fund provides services;", "(l) Improvement of controls and new design of the certificate of ownership form, as well as further efforts to rationalize the general process of the certificate of title;", "(m) Improvement and continuous development of performance data for both internal and individual monitoring bodies;", "(n) Improvement of outreach activities through seminars and training courses for participants, retirees and other beneficiaries of the Fund, as well as for the secretariats of the Staff Pension Committee, various subcommittees (including consultative and working groups) and members of the Board.", "Financial Services Section", "81. The Financial Services Section provides extensive services through its payments, accounts and cash/administration units, and is responsible for all financial, accounting and disbursement operations of the Fund. The Fund &apos; s annual financial transactions amount to some $3.8 billion (including both the payment of benefits and the collection of contributions). Each month, the Fund processes approximately 62,000 regular benefits payments in 15 different currencies (according to the 2009 Fund &apos; s audited financial statements) and makes payments to retirees and other beneficiaries residing in more than 190 countries. The Section is also responsible for developing reliable and timely financial statements of the Fund as a whole, including the Investment Management Division, and for maintaining liaison and coordination with both internal and external auditors on the financial aspects of the Fund.", "Table 16", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization: To ensure the timely, accurate and secure payment of claims and full accountability for all financial transactions, accounting and disbursement of the Fund, including the publication of reliable and timely financial statements and the liaison with internal and external inaudiences on the financial issues Expected accomplishment 1,400 Timely, accurate and assured payment of the benefits of the Pension Fund Performance measures 2008-2009: 100 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent 1.3) Timely, accurate and secure payment of the no-period benefits of the Pension Fund( within 15 days of receipt of the corrosive documents in the case of payments related to the relocation of benefits, and within 30 days of all other payments) Performance measures (Payouts related to the reinstallation of benefits performed within 15 days of receipt of the corresponding documents; all other payments within 30 days of receipt of the corresponding documents) Performance measures 2008-2009: 100% Estimate 2010-2011: 100% Target 2012-2013: 100% 2) Improved quality and uniformity of the records of the 2,1 including the timely reconciliation of the Number of discrepancies in the reconciliation of records performance measures2008-2009: 9,000 Estimate 2010-2011: 10,000 Target 2012-2013: 11,000 2.2) Verification of registrations of all participants within six weeks of receipt of the state submitted for the purpose of discharging Performance measures (Check the records of all affiliates within six weeks of receipt of the state presented for the purpose of grafting) 2008-2009: 100% Estimate 2010-2011: 100% Target 2012-2013: 100% 3) Submit quality and coherent financial statements and establish policies and procedures to implement appropriate IPSAS or International Standards of Accounting(NIC) 3.1) Timeliness in the presentation of financial statements (over the 15th of April of the following year) Performance measures (State draft published no later than 15 April of the next year) 2008-2009: within the time frame Estimate 2010-2011: within the time frame Objective 2012-2013: within the time frame 3.2) Increase in the percentage of IPSAS/NIC standards and presentation requirements for 2008-2009 performance measures: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: start the implementation of certain IPSAS/NIC standards and reporting requirements Target 2012-2013: full adoption of IPSAS/NIC standards in 2012 financial statements.", "External factors", "82. This subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives unless it is affected by events such as: (a) political conflicts and natural disasters around the world leading to the disruption of banking services used by pensioners; (b) unforeseen delays in the implementation of the regime that provide delays in the reporting of the IPSAS financial statements; (c) a growth of the Fund that exceeds the capacity of its staff to provide adequate services to the financial statements.", "Outputs", "83. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Development of three sets of financial statements and associated documents; preparation of up-to-date financial statements at the end of the United Nations system accounting standards for the full adoption of IPSAS and international accounting standard 26 for the 2012 financial statements;", "(b) Reduction in the number of outstanding audit observations between reports (preventing additional comments) on the areas monitored and technical accounting issues;", "(c) Full reconciliation of all remittance entities within the established six-month period following the submission of the end-of-year statements;", "(d) Full reconciliation of the data contained in the records of the lower master file with the payroll records at the annual and biennial closure;", "(e) Conduct in New York and Geneva, and with major reporting entities, presentations and training courses on issues relating to discrepancies in the reconciliation of membership records related to contributions;", "(f) Bank reconciliations of all accounts at the expected date of each month;", "(g) To comply with all bank rules on payments to pensioners on time;", "(h) Regarding payments to pensioners:", "(i) Ensure that pensioners receive pensions as scheduled;", "(ii) Reduce the bank fees charged to the Fund;", "(iii) Reducing or suppressing, where possible, the bank fees charged to pensioners.", "Table 17", "Resource requirements", "Resources Posts (thousandsUS) Category 2010-2012 2012-2013(formerly) 2010-2011 2012-2013 Related posts 27874,7 28 626,2 137 No. 2595.3 5 342,2 - - Subtotal 30470,0 33 968,4 137 136 Extrabudgetary resources 158,2 152.9 1 Total 30628,2 34 121,3 138 137", "84. The amount of $34,121,300 provides for the continuation of 137 posts; 124 established posts (3 D-1, 3 P-5, 9 P-4, 13 P-3, 1 P-2, 8 General Service (Principal level) and 87 General Service (Other level)); one General Service (Other level) post funded from extrabudgetary resources, 12 temporary posts (6 P-4, 2 P-3), The increase in non-post resources is attributable to increased requirements for consultants ($10,000) and general operating expenses ($2,846,300), partially offset by a decrease in general temporary assistance costs ($189,400). The large increase in general operating expenses is due in full to bank charges deducted by the Pension Board from the proposed 2010-2011 budget.", "85. At its 186^(a) meeting, the Standing Committee considered a note on the after-service health insurance premium deduction programme undertaken by the Fund. As a result, the above-mentioned extrabudgetary resources, funded by the affiliated organizations and at no cost to the Fund, were approved.", "4. Programme support", "Information Management Systems Service", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $43,324,900", "86. In line with the ICT governance model of the Pension Fund, the Information Management Systems Service is responsible for the Fund &apos; s information systems, including the maintenance of information and communications technologies, the coordination of the implementation of the strategic decisions adopted by the Executive Committee on Information Technology, the establishment of training plans for information and communication technology personnel, and the sharing of knowledge and tools.", "87. The Service is responsible for providing general office automation services; design, development and implementation of software and computer systems; support to computer equipment; telecommunications; shared infrastructure services, including the Investment Management Division; monitoring and technical leadership in the information technology operations of the Fund &apos; s Geneva office; and resource management, infrastructure and conference support.", "Table 18", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Objective of the Organization: To facilitate the achievement of the Fund &apos; s strategic operational metrics through the efficient and effective use of information technology and communications Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Progress in the modernization of the Fund &apos; s platform for information systems 1.1) The institutional structure of the information technology backs up the redesigned institutional processes Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Target 2010-2011: project deliverables are completed to the target dates Target 2012-2013: project deliverables are completed to the target dates Target 2012-2013: project deliverables are completed to the specified dates2) Increased efficiency and effectiveness of services provided to customers 2.1) Percentage of time in which information technology services are available to clients Performance measures 2008-2009: 99 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 99 per cent Target 2012-2013: 99 per cent (3) Improved information technology services 3.1) Percentage of information technology systems provide support at a satisfactory (or higher) level Performance measures 2008-2009: 95 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (4) Increased use of electronic deposits for sharing information 4.1) Percentage of documentation of the Information Management Systems Service available in the knowledge management system Performance measures 2008-2009: 80 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 95 per cent Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent (5) Increased security of information 5.1) Increased percentage of decommissionable persons defined under the ISO 17799 security standard, measured on a regular basis Performance measures 2008-2009: 78 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 90 per cent Target 2012-2013: 90 per cent 6) Improved exchange of electronic information with affiliates, beneficiaries and others 6.1) Percentage of participants sharing electronically human resources information Performance measures 2008-2009: 75 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 80 per cent Target 2012-2013: 80 per cent 6.2) Percentage of participants sharing financial informationelectronically Performance measures 2008-2009: 10% Estimate 2010-2011: 20% Target 2012-2013: 30%", "External factors", "88. The subprogramme is expected to achieve its objectives and expected accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the evolution of technology meets expectations; (b) the availability of both internal and external resources to meet essential targets; and (c) stakeholders fulfil their responsibilities and obligations and cooperate fully to achieve the objectives of the information and communications technology strategy, particularly during the process review and redesign phases.", "Outputs", "89. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "Enterprise operations services", "(a) To move from the analysis of the functional and operational needs of the Organization to the effective and efficient acquisition and implementation of an information and communications technology structure for the proposed initiative on the Integrated Pension Administration System, with particular attention to improving the management of information and efficiency of the Fund &apos; s operations;", "(b) Policies Ensure that all information and communications technology services provided by the Information Management Systems Service meet the expectations of the Fund &apos; s Executive Committee on Information Technology and relevant industry standards to the extent possible (e.g., the Information Technology Infrastructure Library); enforce network security standards in accordance with the ISO 20002 security standard in relation to the information and communications technology infrastructure;", "(c) Communications. Delivering troncale communications services, including the Internet, leased private lines, telecommunications devices and equipment, videoconferencing equipment and communication lines used to connect the various offices of the Fund, including the Fund secretariat, the Geneva office and the Investment Management Division and the newly established IT infrastructure hosting agreement with the International Computing Centre to complete the speed of users;", "(d) Information and communications technology infrastructure services. Multiple shift operations, management and maintenance of information and communications technology infrastructure services, such as server management, intermediate programme management, and data backup in New York, New Jersey and Geneva to support the Fund &apos; s operations. Control of applications, equipment, and loading and traffic of the network from the command center to prevent disruptions of the service. Ensure that software versions are current and, where practical and necessary, update systems using software development lifecycle methodologies;", "(e) Infrastructure architecture services. Develop and implement an information and communication technology infrastructure based on the best technological standards and practices for integration, interoperability, modularity and expansion capacity, as well as regular updating of technology; targeting information technology managers; reducing the costs of information technology through lower support costs and economies of scale;", "(f) Support and assistance to users. Provide technical and operational support and user assistance for software, servers, personal computers and mobile devices connected to the Fund &apos; s networks; provide infrastructure support for approved software, such as productivity systems, e-mail, knowledge management systems and specially created programmes; manage conference facilities and equipment, including video, audio and projection; and provide support;", "(g) Messenger. Providing and maintaining electronic messaging services, including e-mail, videoconferencing services and unified messaging; providing and maintaining communication and mobile messaging services for handheld services and devices.", "Institutional software services", "Development. Maintain systems that improve productivity by incorporating methods to reduce manual processing of benefits; improve the procedures of participants and beneficiaries; and establish links with banking, accounting and workflow interfaces;", "(b) Maintenance of institutional systems. Maintain and improve enterprise systems for software for core operations, such as pension administration, accounting and content management;", "(c) Maintenance of information exchange with affiliated organizations. Establish and maintain an exchange of information with affiliated organizations to collect human resources and financial information data, maintain specially adapted interfaces and systems programmes to improve the collection of financial and human resources data with the various organizational resource planning interfaces used by organizations, and maintain the interface for electronic file transfer to provide secure support for the exchange and translation of information.", "Institutional data services", "(a) Database management. Enabling, conserving and improving the availability of the Fund &apos; s databases on various information technology platforms; updating databases; monitoring the use and resolution of problems; creating new tables and presentations; identifying data integrity issues; and supporting systems development activities in terms of access to databases in accordance with the needs of operations;", "(b) Systems programming. Develop and maintain database systems and host operating systems and software to the extent necessary to provide vital data for activities to various applications and interfaces;", "(c) Data storage support. Implant, maintain and improve the system of the Fund &apos; s data storage and increase its availability; clean and federate data on various platforms;", "(d) Management information. Implant, maintain and improve management reporting using enterprise intelligence tools.", "Institutional security services", "(a) Information security. Regularly assess the risks affecting the technical structures and operations of the Fund &apos; s offices in New York and Geneva and protect the network using various security tools, such as firewalls, spam filters and antivirus;", "(b) Identity management. Create capacity to centrally manage the inclusion and exclusion of identifiable data and consolidate multiple identifiable data deposits;", "(c) Disaster recovery. Formulate, adopt and implement a multi-year disaster recovery strategy to meet the continuity needs of the Fund &apos; s activities.", "Enterprise project management services", "(a) Governance. Improve and operationalize programme management infrastructure with sound governance, using the model established by the governing bodies of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Project management methodology. Provide efficient, coherent and standardized guidance on project management processes and methodologies;", "(c) Support for project management. Update, monitor and maintain project portfolios by following project management methodologies; provide customized guidance and advice with a view to increasing the Organization &apos; s maturity in project management;", "(d) Audit governance. Manage and comply with internal and external audit observations related to ICT services.", "Quality and production institutional control services", "(a) Standardization of quality. Identify and document the requirements for various quality control standards to be implemented in the Information Management Systems Service;", "(b) Change management. To define and implement a comprehensive change management framework, with the separation of appropriate functions;", "(c) Agreements on the level and delivery of services. Prepare statistics and manage all agreements on the level and delivery of services of the Information Management Systems Service;", "(d) Production control. Supervising the quality control function to ensure that systems do not enter in production phase until they have been subjected to a full evaluation and a user acceptance test.", "Contract management services", "Monitor and control the various components of the budget of the Information Management Systems Service; provide administrative support to information and communications technology services, including the identification of available resources, the appropriation of funds and the processing of orders, purchase orders and related invoices; report on the assets of the service; manage relations with suppliers, including technology partners, contractors and subcontractors; provide additional expertise in the acquisition of procurement", "Table 19", "Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 8 426.7 8 607,6 32 31", "Non-post 32 814.1 34 717.3 - -", "Total 41 240.8 43 324.9 32 31", "90. The amount of $43,324,900 would provide for 31 posts and for 26 posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 6 P-4, 10 P-3, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 6 General Service (Other level)), 5 temporary posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 P-3, and 1 General Service (Other level)), as well as non-post requirements. Only one P-4 temporary post was authorized for 12 months, which was abolished in 2011. The increase in non-post resources ($1,903,200) relates mainly to the increase in other staff costs ($127,000) and contractual services ($5,975,900), partially offset by decreases in furniture and equipment ($3,976,400), travel of staff ($21,600) and general operating expenses ($177,400). The total resources requested for the Integrated Pension Administration System project amounting to $12,661,400 relate to contractual services ($11,466,300) and temporary posts ($1,195,100).", "Legal Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,358,400", "91. The Legal Office continues to provide unified legal services on the management and operations of the Fund in the offices of New York and Geneva, and will provide substantive, procedural and administrative services to the Audit Committee and the Standing Committee (appellations) of the Board, as well as to the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (disabled cases). The Office will ensure that the operations of the Fund comply with the Regulations and Rules of the Fund and that they are interpreted in a coherent manner. Legal services and support are provided, in addition to all sections and offices of the Fund &apos; s secretariat, participants and retirees or their legal representatives on the implementation of the Regulations and Rules of the Fund in specific cases. The Fund has taken a new approach to the documentation and dissemination of legal precedents, resolutions and policy decisions. This promotion of knowledge-sharing increases efficiency in the use of legal information and experience accumulated by the Legal Office, enhances the use of best practices, and allows managers and other staff to take into account the legal risks of decisions they make in their daily work.", "Table 20", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Objective of the Organization: To protect the legal interests of the Fund and to provide specialized legal advice on the issues of the Fund for Pressures to the Director-General, the Joint Committee on Pressures and the Permanent Committee and other governing bodies of the Fund for Appropriations (1) Increased uniformity and consistency in the application of the Regulations and Rules and the pension adjustment system Reduced number of requests for examination and appeals in which the Standing Committee or the Appeals Tribunal do not confirm the Fund &apos; s decisions Performance measures 2008-2009: 90 per cent confirmed decisions Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent confirmed decisions Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent confirmed decisions2) Modernization and improvement of communications and the exchange of knowledge of jurisdictional matters 2.1) Number of legal decisions documented and disseminated in the compendium of cases of the Pension Fund and other knowledge management instruments Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 100 per cent of the cases of the Standing Committee and the Court, and 10 per cent of the encoded juridical resolutions Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent of the cases of the Standing Committee and the Court, and 30 per cent of the encoded juridical resolutions Satisfaction of the members of the Pension Board, the Standing Committee, the Audit Committee and the United Nations Staff Pension Committee acquiescing the level and quality of the substantive secretariat services Performance measures 2008-2009: no complaint on the support provided Estimate 2010-2011: no complaint on the support provided Target 2012-2013: no complaint on the support provided", "External factors", "92. The Legal Office is expected to achieve its objectives and expected accomplishments provided that: (a) the Fund &apos; s committees, the Pension Board, affiliated organizations, operational staff and managers seek legal advice when the Fund &apos; s legal responsibilities or interests are affected by its activities and operations; (b) legal advice is requested at the time and the clients provide sufficient information for legal analysis and are guided by the advice received; (c) financial resources are available.", "Outputs", "93. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Advice on matters relating to the interpretation and application of the Regulations, Administrative Regulations and the Pension Adjustment System of the Fund, and operational support for administrative policies and procedures;", "(b) Advice, and where appropriate, control and supervision of the review, negotiation and drafting of agreements and other legal instruments with affiliated organizations, as well as other international intergovernmental organizations;", "(c) Advice and preparation of documentation on institutional and operational modalities, communications and other legal documents; preparation of responses to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in pension cases (10 occasions);", "(d) Preparation of legal publications or communications for participants or beneficiaries of the Fund and administrations of affiliated organizations, including the contents of the Fund &apos; s website;", "(e) Servicing of meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee, the Standing Committee and the Audit Committee, including simplification and modernization of information exchange, through the electronic dissemination of documents using the Quick Places web function and other knowledge management tools of the Fund:", "(i) Advice on the rules of procedure and interpretation and implementation of the resolutions and decisions of the Pension Board and other committees;", "(ii) Substantive, technical and administrative servicing of meetings of the Standing Committee (2 meetings), including the preparation of approximately 12 requests for review or appeal; analysis of legal issues and preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iii) Provision of substantive, technical and administrative services to the meetings of the United Nations Staff Pension Committee (4 meetings); preparation of applications for disability benefit (approximately 140 new cases of adults, 40 children and 190 review cases and 2 appeals); preparation of reports and documentation;", "(iv) Provision of substantive, technical and administrative services to meetings of the Audit Committee (6 meetings), including coordination of the preparation of documentation and reports;", "(f) Compilation and systematic dissemination of the jurisprudence of the Standing Committee and the cases of the Administrative Tribunal, as well as other reference legal files, opinions, policy decisions and guidelines;", "(g) Liaison with organizations affiliated with the Fund and its Staff Pension Committees and other international organizations on issues related to the legal aspects of pension plans;", "(h) Representation of the Fund at international, regional meetings, inter-agency meetings and meetings of the legal advisers of the member organizations, and participation in several standing committees, committees, ad hoc working groups and task forces, as necessary.", "Table 21", "Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Related posts - 1 358,4 - 4", "Not related to posts - - - -", "Total - 1 358,4 - 4", "94. In order to analyse programme support more clearly, the Legal Office has ceased to be part of the Office of the Director-General and has become a subprogramme of the programme support component. The amount of $1,358,400 will provide for the continuation of four posts, three of which are distributed from the Office of the Director-General (2 P-5 and 1 General Service (Other level)) and one from the Geneva office (1 P-4, Legal Officer). The holder of the latter will be assigned in Geneva.", "Executive Office", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,838,900", "95. The Executive Office provides the administrative and programmatic support necessary to carry out the activities of the Fund. It also assists the Director-General and the Director of the Investment Management Division in preparing the proposed biennial budget and provides the relevant support services for efficient use of human and financial resources. It also provides general services for the management and maintenance of premises.", "Table 22", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Objective of the Organization: To facilitate the achievement of the Fund &apos; s strategic operational objectives by providing efficient and effective administrative and occupational support (1) Post-contracting and placement 1.1) Reduction of the average working days remaining vacant Performance measures 2008-2009: 200 days Estimate 2010-2011: 180 days Target 2012-2013: 150 days 1.2) Increased percentage of women in the Professional and higher categories connoisseurs of at least one year Performance measures 2008-2009: 32 per cent Estimate 2010-2011: 39 per cent Target 2012-2013: 45 per cent (2) Increased staff versatility through internal and external training 2.1) Increase in available learning courses Performance measures 2008-2009: 30 Estimate 2010-2011: 38 Target 2012-2013: 48 2.2) Increased number of staff participating in training programmes and development of career prospects and finalizing them Performance measures 2008-2009: 618 Estimate 2010-2011: 700 Target 2012-2013: 700 (3) Improved management and supervision of the administrative budget of the Fund 3.1) Reduction in the percentage of unliquidated obligations and cancellation of prior-period obligations in respect of final appropriations Performance measures 2008-2009: non-applicable Estimate 2010-2011: 9 per cent Target 2012-2013: 8 per cent 4) Increased quality and speed of facilities/locals management services 4.1) Reduced number of working days lost due to inavailability of the Locals Performance measures 2008-2009: none Estimate 2010-2011: none Target 2012-2013: none", "External factors", "96. The Executive Office is expected to achieve its objectives and expected accomplishments provided that it has sufficient human and financial resources.", "Outputs", "97. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Human resources management:", "(i) Policy advice to all staff on all human resources management issues;", "(ii) Management of the tracking of vacancy data for the recruitment of managers in order to achieve recruitment objectives;", "(iii) Submission of a report to managers with data on the implementation of the electronic performance appraisal system;", "(iv) Programme of interviews for candidates for vacant posts (INSPIRA) and for vacant temporary posts;", "(v) Consideration of issues related to management-staff relations (such as challenge groups);", "(b) Training and professional promotion of staff:", "(i) Creation of specific courses for the Fund and facilitation of knowledge transfer to establish a learning management system platform in coordination with the Information Management Systems Service;", "(ii) Organization of training courses in the premises of the Fund;", "(iii) Monitoring and monitoring of mandatory courses for all staff;", "(iv) Guidance of all new staff of the Fund;", "(v) Advice on professional development;", "(c) Administration:", "(i) Daily administrative support to the staff of the Fund;", "(ii) Staffing;", "(iii) Processing of General Service and Professional staff for monthly payroll;", "(iv) Renewal of staff contracts two months before the expiration date by requesting the opinion of the supervisors;", "(v) Analysis of the benefits and rights of each staff member under United Nations standards and change or update of benefits and rights;", "(vi) Certification of official travel authorizations for staff of the Fund and associated personnel;", "(vii) Organization of the official travel of United Nations members of the Pension Board and members of the Audit Committee and the Committee of Actuaries and Fund staff;", "(viii) Maintenance of time and attendance records;", "(ix) Maintenance of the Quick Place role on the website for members of the Audit Committee to have access to parliamentary documentation;", "(d) Financial and budgetary control:", "(i) Guidance for programme managers on and finalization of the Fund &apos; s biennial and revised budgets;", "(ii) Adoption and revision of allotments;", "(iii) Certification of all expenditures;", "(iv) Monitoring of expenditure and monthly reporting to programme managers;", "(v) Advice and guidance to programme managers on the implementation of the Financial Regulations and Rules;", "(vi) Control of the administrative budget, including verification of invoices before payment;", "(vii) Preparation of table 1 of the financial statements (statement of appropriations for administrative costs) of the annual financial statement of the Fund;", "(viii) Conciliation of administrative costs between the Fund and the United Nations Secretariat;", "(e) Facilities and property management:", "(i) Maintain facilities and ensure that they are in operational conditions;", "(ii) Coordinate with the administration of buildings and suppliers the necessary repairs;", "(iii) Manage office space contracts;", "(iv) Provide support for the planning and configuration of the new and existing office space;", "(v) Maintain and support the Fund &apos; s fixed asset management/inventory system;", "(vi) Coordinating the disposal of obsolete equipment and furniture;", "(vii) Maintain and support the Fund &apos; s emergency notification system;", "(viii) Maintain emergency contact information for the Fund &apos; s staff for security or emergency purposes.", "Table 23", "Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 1 659,3 1 718,6 7", "Not related to posts 11 451,5 10 120,3 - -", "Total 13 110.8 11 838.9 7 7", "98. The amount of $11,838,900, reflecting a decrease of $1,271,900, would provide for the continuation of seven posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 4 General Service (Other level)) and the reclassification of one P-3 to P-4 and non-post requirements for the Administration as a whole. The decrease in non-post resources of $1,311,200 is due mainly to a decrease in rental and maintenance of premises owing to the use of more accurate estimates.", "C. Investment costs", "1. Overview", "99. The Investment Management Division assists the Secretary-General, under the delegated authority of the Representative of the Secretary-General in accordance with article 19 of the Regulations of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, in the management of the investments of the Fund &apos; s assets. It is responsible for the day-to-day management of such assets, for which it implements the approved investment strategy and ensures that the portfolio conforms to the approved allocation of assets, as well as the policies and regulations of the Fund. It is mandated to ensure that the investment portfolio generates all the necessary performance to meet the Fund &apos; s obligations without exceeding the maximum risk level of the Fund. The Division ensures that portfolio risk performance and analysis reports are accurate and up-to-date, and takes appropriate and accurate account-keeping measures on the Fund &apos; s investments. The main sections of the Division are: the Office of the Director, the Investment Section, the Risk Management and Compliance Section, the Operations Section and the Information Systems Section.", "100. The total resources of the Investment Management Division amount to $91,799,300 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $10,601,800 ($13.1 per cent) over the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase shown in table 25 is summarized as follows:", "(a) Executive direction and management: decrease of $1,567,900 relates to the reduction of non-travel posts ($1,382,200), consultants ($2,028,800) and other staff costs ($1,665,100), as requested in the relevant programme, offset by an increase in posts ($508,200) as a result of the redeployment of one Legal Officer (P-4)", "(b) Programme of work: the increase of $7,451,700 is attributable to the establishment of six posts, offset by the redeployment of two posts to the Office of the Director ($1,115,100), and non-post resources of $6,366,600, attributable to contractual services ($2,772,200); in addition, under the programme of work, $17,000 was requested;", "(c) Programme support: the net increase of $4,718,000 for the Information Systems Section ($5,794,500) is due to the establishment of a new post ($863,600), the increase in contractual services ($4,040,000), other staff costs ($779,300) and travel ($111,000), the latter two included in the executive direction and management component in previous budget submissions, partly offset by a decrease in the amount of $1,500.", "101. The estimated distribution of resources is shown in table 24, while resource requirements by component are shown in table 25.", "Table 24", "Percentage distribution of resources by component", "Regular budget component A. Executive direction and management 7.7", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 53.9", "2. Risk management and compliance 2.9", "3. Operations 120.0", "Subtotal, work programme 68.8", "C. Support", "1. Information Systems Section 19.1", "2. Administrative support 4.4", "Subtotal, programme support 23.5", "Total 100.0", "Table 25", "Resource requirements by component", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component Appropriation Total increase Funds 2010-2011 Estimated before recosting allocated 2012-2013 adjustment resources Amount United Nations Pension Fund", "A. Address and 8 654,2 (1 567,9) (18,1) 7 086,3 52,33 - 7 138,6 7 138,6 executive management", "B. Programme of work", "1. Investments 51 568,3 (2 091,7) (4,1) 49 476,6 655,8 - 50 132.4 50 132.4", "2. Management of 1 931.6 680.1 35.2 2 611.7 (19.2) - 2 592.5 2 592.5 risk and compliance with standards", "3. Operations 2 178.5 8 863.3 406,9 11 041.8 179,9 - 11 221,7 11 221,7", "Subtotal B 55 678,4 7 451,7 13,4 63 130.1 816.5 - 63 946,6 63 946,6", "C. Support", "1. Section 11 777,3 5 794,5 49,2 17 571,8 253,2 - 17 825,0 17 825,0 Information Systems", "2. Support 5 087,6 (1 076,5) (21,2) 4 011,1 16,9 - 4 028,0 4 028,0 administrative", "Subtotal C 16 864.9 4 718.0 28.0 21 582.9 270.1 - 21 853.0 21 853.0", "Total 81 197.5 10 601.8 13.1 91 799.3 1 138.9 - 92 938.2 92 938.2", "2. Executive direction and management", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $7,086,300", "102. The Director of the Investment Management Division determines the framework within which the Division sections establish their strategies and priorities to ensure that the Division fulfils its mandate, while ensuring the best possible conditions for security, implementation, accountability and accountability, and ensuring full compliance with the strictest principles of efficiency, competence and integrity. The Director promotes the controlled, efficient and effective management of the Fund &apos; s assets through a workplan that reflects the long-term objectives and priorities of the Division and the Fund in general. The Director directs the Division &apos; s cooperation with the Fund &apos; s Audit Committee, the United Nations Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "103. The Office of the Director is responsible for providing essential services in the legal field, contract management and order delivery, as well as administrative support that includes the development of strategic human resources projections in response to the Division &apos; s growing needs. In addition, the Office provides services and support to the Investments Committee.", "104. The objective is to convert the Office of the Director into a unit that assists the Division in monitoring and coordinating the timely implementation of its workplan. The scope and responsibilities of the Office have increased and diversified as the Fund has recorded an increase in investment rates, staff and sections. Accordingly, subject to the availability of adequate systems and personnel, the plan is to strengthen and expand the operation of the Office through the establishment of specialized units with clear mandates and responsibilities for: contract management; requests, budget preparation and invoice processing; Investments Committee and legislative bodies; and related administrative matters.", "Table 26", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Determination, in consultation with the Representative of the Secretary-General, of the boundary guidelines for the placement of assets, assets, market weighting and short-term strategic allocations; investment opportunities; and operational einfrastructure information systems 1.1) Reimbursement of the Fund &apos; s higher than the Organization &apos; s objective: to ensure full implementation of the legislative mandates and compliance with the Chamber &apos; s status and regulations, taking into account the requirements of the Committee on Investments and the decisions of the Representative of the Secretary-General with respect to the management of the programme of work of the House in relation to the investments and the staff and financial resources (2) Reducing the tax rate", "External factors", "105. It is expected to achieve the objective and expected accomplishments on a regular basis, provided that: (a) all stakeholders support and cooperate fully with the efforts of the Investment Management Division; and (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Joint Staff Pension Board. The implementation of the executive direction component programme depends on the full cooperation of relevant United Nations departments and divisions.", "Outputs", "106. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Systematic updating and implementation of an investment policy to ensure the strong implementation of the investment strategy in accordance with the guidance received from the Investments Committee;", "(b) A medium-term procurement plan, resulting from the effective and systematic coordination of the acquisition requirements of the Investment Management Division, which will serve to produce high-quality solicitation documents and lead to faster tenders and the participation of high-quality companies in the bidding process in approximately 10 procurements;", "(c) Negotiation and award of approximately 160 contracts with systematic coordination and contacts with legal experts from the Office of Legal Affairs and the Legal Counsel;", "(d) Four meetings of the Investments Committee organized annually. Specific investment reports will be provided to the Joint Staff Pension Board, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, the Fifth Committee and other relevant parties;", "(e) Launch travel and training plans for Investment Management Division staff within 180 days.", "Table 27", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources (thousands of United States dollars) 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 1 941,6 2 449,8 7 9", "Not related to 6 712,6 4 636.5 - - posts", "Total 8 654.2 7 086.3 7 9", "107. The amount of $7,086,300, reflecting a decrease of $1,567,900, will provide for the continuation of seven posts (1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 General Service (Principal level) and 3 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two posts, corresponding to the Risk Management and Compliance Section (1 P-4) and the Operations Section (1 The decrease in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the apportionment of resources for other staff costs ($1,665,100), travel of staff ($1,382,200) and consultants ($2,028,800), and is offset in part by an increase in contractual services ($30,000).", "3. Programme of work", "Investment Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $49,476,600", "108. The Investment Section is responsible for ensuring that the Fund &apos; s investments achieve optimal performance while avoiding unnecessary risks. The Section consists of seven organizational units, dedicated respectively to North American values, European values, Asian and Pacific values, global emerging markets values, fixed income, real estate investments and alternative investments. Its primary functions are to monitor existing portfolios, keep up with the financial market situation and make and implement investment decisions. The performance of these functions involves preparing financial analysis, attending meetings and conferences and travelling to various countries to meet with business analysts and managers. A secondary role is to contribute to reporting for all governing bodies.", "109. In 2012-2013, the Investments Section should undertake the following tasks: (a) meeting the long-term goal of achieving an annualized real return rate for the Fund &apos; s investments of 3.5 per cent after adjustment according to the United States consumer price index; (b) ensuring that the Fund &apos; s investments systematically exceed the benchmark policy parameter; (c) maintaining a risk level commensurate with the performance set as a goal of investment; and (d) reducing certain currencies associated risks.", "Table 28", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) An annualized actual return of the Fund &apos; s investments of 3.5 per cent after adjustment according to the United States consumption price index 1.1) Total return of the box in relation to sub-goal over 10 years Performance measures2008-2009: lack of 1.7% to reach the target during the 10-year period ending in 2009, while the box suffers from the 2008 global financial crisis and 2009 principles Estimate 2010-2011: The Fund &apos; s investments systematically exceed the policy dereference parameter, which is 60 per cent in value, 31 per cent in fixed income, 6 per cent in real estate investments and 3 per cent in efficiency 2.1) Total performance with respect to the regulatory reference parameter over a five-year period Performance measures2008-2009: performance 0.9 per cent higher than the reference parameter in the five-year period ending December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: preliminary calculations, the Fund achieved 10.2 per cent in terms nominated in 2010 and seamlessly less than the benchmark 60/31 of 10, Number of currencies invested Performance measures 2008-2009: 27 currencies invested in 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: 35currencies in December 2010 Target 2012-2013: refinement of asset pooling of the Coin Box, ascorrespond 3.2) Number of countries in which 2008-2009 is invested: investments in more than 41 countries, including emerging markets, international or regional institutions and common investment funds in December 2009 Estimate 2010-2011: investments in more than 47 countries, including diversified markets, in inter-country or regional institutions and in common investment funds in December 2010 Target 2012-2013: refinement of stocks according to countries, Number of alternative asset-declass strategies were invested Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: the Senior Investment Officer in charge of alternative investments was incorporated into the Court in June 2010. The goal for the period from June 2010 to December 2011 is to finalize the election of the Alternative Investment Advisor to make commitments with between 5 and 10 managers. The Royal Assets Adviser was selected in June 2009, and a detailed asset strategy will be introduced in early 2011. The Fund will enter into commitments with a number of funds devoted to forest or agricultural infrastructure and land. Objective 2012-2013: It is expected that by the end of 2013, the Box will have entered into commitments with up to 15 or 20 private capital funds and coverage funds. The performance of private capital funds over time will be measured using dollar-based performance calculations and internal performance tinker, while the coverage fund portfolio will be measured using time-weighted performance calculations. The establishment of benchmarks for the Fund will be reviewed with the Fund &apos; s decapital private fund balanceholders and the Fund &apos; s coverage funds and will be presented at a later stage5) Improved staff capacity to deal with investor-related issues and the management of lacartera 5.1) Percentage of staff attending at least one conference or major seminar Performance measures 2008-2009: not applicable Estimate 2010-2011: not applicable Target 2012-2013: each staff member attends at least seminar or conference", "External factors", "110. The objective and expected accomplishments are expected to be achieved on a regular basis, provided that: (a) all stakeholders support and cooperate fully with the efforts of the Investment Management Division; (b) there are no significant shortfalls in funding for the implementation of the mandates established by the General Assembly and the Joint Staff Pension Board; and (c) the financial markets, including those of international values, international fixed income, real estate investments and long-term currency agreements.", "Outputs", "111. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Total positive performance of the Fund above its target, which is an annualized real rate of long-term return of 3.5 per cent for investments, adjusted to the United States consumer price index;", "(b) Total positive performance of the Fund above the benchmark policy parameter, which is 60 per cent in values, 31 per cent in fixed income, 6 per cent in real estate investments and 3 per cent in cash;", "(c) Maintaining a well diversified portfolio of currencies and countries to achieve a reduction in the risk of currencies and the risk of countries;", "(d) The establishment of alternative asset classes suited to the Fund &apos; s objective when market conditions are conducive to the Fund &apos; s receipt of a reimbursed premium above that which could be obtained from investments in listed values;", "(e) Increased professionalism and in-depth knowledge of staff, which will contribute to improving the Fund &apos; s results through its participation in conferences and seminars directly related to investment and portfolio management.", "Table 29", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources (thousands of United States dollars) 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 7 698.4 8 974,3 27 31", "Not related to 43 869,9 40 502,3 - - posts", "Total 51 568,3 49 476,6 27 31", "112. The amount of $49,476,600, reflecting a decrease of $2,091,700, would provide for 27 posts (1 D-1, 7 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 4 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level) and four new posts (3 P-4 and 1 P-3) and non-post requirements. The decrease in non-post resources is attributable to contractual services ($5.090,300) and the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($197,500), travel of staff ($1,025,200) and consultants ($500,000), previously requested for the executive direction and management component.", "Risk management and compliance", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $2,611,700", "113. The Risk Management and Compliance Section is a newly established entity that is responsible for identifying, evaluating and managing all aspects of the risks to which the Fund is exposed. In addition, with regard to compliance with the standards, it is responsible for the implementation of appropriate monitoring and control of the Fund &apos; s investments. It performs a function that is subdivided into two subfunctions: risk management and compliance.", "Table 30", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) A satisfactory monitoring of the risks involved in investment operations of the Fund 1.1) All transactions are effectively controlled by monitoring activities Performance measures (case number) 2010-2011: 100 per cent Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent (2) Establishment of a risk management framework 2.1) Comprehensive implementation of the risk analysis system and training of all portfolio managers to integrate risk analysis into the training of the pipeline Target 2012-2013: 100 per cent 2.2) Implementation of risk management controls as indicated in the Risk Management Manual; percentage of risk controls implemented Performance measures Appropriate implementation of all guidelines and controls established in relation to risk Monitoring of controls, conduct of analysis of claims and modification of the guidelines and controls according to changes in the investment environment or as risks identified by 75 per cent Percentage of transactions carried out in the field of investment that conform to standard operating policies and procedures Performance measures (percentage of transactions) Target 2012-2013: 95% 3.2) Ensuring the establishment of more demanding ethical standards for staff in relation to the performance of their functions and responsibilities as inter-country public officials Performance measures (number of staff) Target 2012-2013: 100% 3.3) Compliance with audit recommendations Performance measures (percentage of audits) Target 2012-2013: 100% 4) Establishment of a multi-custodial system and an independent registry manager 4.1) The operation of a system with a principal registry manager and multiple custodians, which is integrated with other systems of the Investment Management Division, such as risk management, accounting and management of purchase orders and sale Objective 2012-2013: 100 per cent Objective of the Organization: to establish controls and to monitor compliance with the standards in respect of the Fundrédicos, such as the various risks to which the credit market is exposed, is established and closely monitored. This function also encompasses the allocation of risk limits to active and management, the monitoring of risk limits and the support of the investment function to achieve the highest risk-adjustable performance based on the level of risk tolerance established", "External factors", "114. The Risk Management and Compliance Section is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments provided that all external parties support and cooperate fully with its efforts. Other external factors include:", "(a) More volatile markets of values;", "(b) The most volatile market of currencies with significant ups and downs that require a wide capacity for quantitative analysis for the use of mechanisms linked to indices to counter risks;", "(c) Increased credit risk for sovereign countries;", "(d) Performance in inflationary or deflationist environments in several geographical areas at the same time;", "(e) More international trade barriers;", "f) Modifications of benchmarks if changes in macroeconomic trends occur;", "(g) Repent risks of lack of funding due to depreciation of the base currency (the United States dollar), which leads to the recording of historical maximum values, although funding may be insufficient, as the use of the double-calculation system increases the liability in other currencies;", "(h) Increased commodity prices;", "(i) High unemployment becomes the “normal new feature” permanently in developing economies;", "(j) Sovereign countries do not return their loans.", "Outputs", "115. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Maintaining standard operational policies and procedures, namely, standard operational policies and procedures for investment, the Risk Management Manual, the compliance policy and manual, the code of ethics and personal titles, and the policies on gifts and hospitality;", "(b) Conduct of quarterly reviews on the implementation of the Fund &apos; s investment operations to ensure the effective management of the Fund &apos; s compliance risks;", "(c) Administration of knowledge certification, pre-authorization of purchase and sale orders, report of personal titles, hospitality and compulsory license;", "(d) Organization of training programmes on compliance with investment standards and the code of ethics (in total, two on-site programmes across the Division);", "(e) Coordination of full compliance with the annual financial disclosure programme of the United Nations;", "f) Preparation of periodic reports for the Audit Committee of the Joint Pension Board (in total, eight submissions);", "(g) Acting as the focal point for the planned internal and external audits of the Board of Auditors and the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the consultations of the Ethics Office.", "Table 31", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources (thousands of United States dollars) 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 1 931.6 1 919.7 6 7", "Not related to - 692,0 - - posts", "Total 1 931.6 2 611.7 6 7", "116. The amount of $2,611,700, reflecting an increase of $680,100, will provide for the continuation of five posts (1 D-1, 2 P-4 and 2 General Service (Principal level)), the redeployment of one P-4 post to the Office of the Director and one General Service (Other level) in the Operations Section and the establishment of a new post (1 P-4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the inclusion of resources for other staff costs ($321,600), travel of staff ($193,400), consultants ($127,000) and contractual services ($50,000), previously requested for the executive direction and management component.", "Operations", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $11,041,800", "117. The Operations Section of the Investment Management Division is responsible for auxiliary investment, accounting and reconciliation operations and financial reports of all investment transactions and related activities of the Fund. It also ensures that all investment and currency transactions are carried out in a timely and accurate manner, using uniform sector solutions for full and exceptional processing. In addition, it ensures that all investment activities, such as sales, currency transactions, income collection, maturity, tax collection and corporate operations are properly recorded in accordance with IPSAS approved by the Fund for the preparation of the financial statements, with appropriate internal controls and audit schedules. The Operations Section is also responsible for producing daily cash forecasts to enable the Investment Section to manage cash in all currencies used by the Division in its investments. The Operations Section is also responsible for implementing IPSAS in all the Fund &apos; s investment activities to be disclosed and collected in the Fund &apos; s financial statements as of 1 January 2012, under the overall direction and direction of the Chief Finance Officer. The Section works closely with custodians responsible for commercial and foreign exchange operations, investigation of claims of interest in non-concluded transactions, collection of income, maturity, tax collection and corporate operations. It also works closely with the principal registry manager for the purpose of the daily reconciliation of cash and funds, the fair market value of the Fund &apos; s investments and the inclusion of data in the major book. The Section works closely with the Information Systems Section to contribute to the implementation of more efficient processes, strengthen internal controls and improve the various computerized investment activities of the Division and minimize manual interventions.", "Table 32", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement 1) Automation of trade-related auxiliary processes and conciliation in a position to address the volume of investment-related transactions 1.1) Increase in the percentage of duly authorized commercial investment operations within the time-frames established by the market Performance measures 2008-2009: 96.25% Estimate 2010-2011: 98% Target 2012: 99% Objective 2013: 99% Objective of the Organization: To guarantee the security of the Fund &apos; s investments and to increase the transparency of its financial reports 1.2) Less days are required to resolve discrepancies in budgets or funds and cash Performance measures 2008-2009: non-applicable Estimate 2010-2011: phase of implementation and test Objective 2012: to resolve the gaps within 3 days Target 2013: to resolve the gaps within 2 days2 Achievement of IPSAS approved by the Joint Pension Scheme in coordination with the governing bodies 2.1) Appropriate presentation to the Chief Financial Officer of the Division &apos; s Financial Statement Box in line with IPSAS (no later than 15 March 2010) Performance measures 2008-2009: 1 April 2010 Estimate 2010-2011: 15 March 2011 Target 2012: 15 March2012 Target 2013: 15 March 2013 2.2) Unqualified opinion of the Board of Auditors on the financial statements Performance measures 2008: unqualified opinion of the Auditors 2009: opinion with comments of the auditors Estimate 2010-2011: unreserved opinion of the auditors Objective 2012: unreserved opinion of the auditors Objective 2013: unreserved opinion of the auditors 3) Full operation of the operations with the modality of the two new custodians and the independent manager of the main route 3.1) All operating systems work fully after selecting the newcomers and the main manager", "External factors", "118. The Operations Section is expected to achieve its objectives provided that:", "(a) Essential internal systems (Business Order Management System Charles River, Murex MX.3, SWIFT and Omgeo) and the data inclusion system in the masterbook of the independent registry manager proceeds to full and direct processing and conducts timely processing operations based on exceptions and conciliation; the application of Omgeo-related systems, with the independent headquarter recorder and the accounting of the major book, depends on whether", "(b) The performance of the two custodians and the independent registrar of the primary registry for the provision of custody and primary registration services is satisfactory.", "Outputs", "119. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Execution of all transactions of sale of securities, real estate, alternative assets and foreign exchange transactions on the date of execution or value;", "(b) Automated reconciliation of titles, positions or funds and cash, including income (dividendos, interest and cash distribution), maturity and business operations as an exception every day;", "(c) Successful testing of the financial statements of 30 June 2012, with a favourable review or feedback from external auditors on IPSAS compliance;", "(d) IPSAS preparation of financial statements and financial information (only part of investments) by 15 March 2013;", "(e) All assets are transferred to new custodians, who consign and re-register them;", "f) The new independent head of the main registry and the new custodians prepare all regular reports.", "Table 33", "Resource requirements", "Category Resources (thousands of United States dollars) 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 2 178.5 2 029.6 11 10", "Not related to - 9 012,2 - - posts", "Total 2 178.5 11 041.8 11 10", "120. The amount of $11,041,800, reflecting an increase of $8,863,300, will provide for the continuation of nine posts (1 P-5, 1 P-3, 2 General Service (Principal level) and 5 General Service (Other level)), the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts, one at the Director &apos; s Office and one at the Risk Management and New Compliance Section, The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to contractual services ($7,812,500) and resources previously requested for the executive direction and management component and covering other staff costs ($897,100), travel of staff ($52,600) and consultants ($250,000).", "4. Programme support", "Information Systems Section", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $17,571,800", "121. The Information Services Section is responsible for technology, data management, applications, policies, procedures and project management that contribute to facilitating investment processes and collecting reliable investment data. The Section will continue to implement solutions to improve the quality and desirability of investment data, streamline and standardize investment processes and provide viable technologies to implement security policies, facilitate business continuity and implement controls in line with the Investment Management Division investment guidelines to reduce the risks of business and trade risks. Above all, the Section will provide quality investment data that will form part of the solution designed to generate value for the Fund and enable the skilled management of risks.", "Table 34", "Objectives for the biennium, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement", "Expected accomplishments Indicators of achievement (1) Implementation of the ICT Investment Management Division strategy, including new and existing systems that facilitate investment activities 1.1 Processing of export-based transfers Performance measuresPercentage of transactions processed entirely automated 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 90 per cent (purchase management, SWIFT, Custos) Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent Objective of the Organization: To provide IT solutions and support to facilitate investment processes from the end) Support for standardization and modernization of investment processes Performance measures Percentage of standardized institutional processes 2008-2009: unavailable 2010-2011: 85 per cent Target 2012-2013: 95 per cent 1.3) Facilitation of risk management and compliance with standards Performance measures Number of risk management and compliance tools available 2008-2009: not available 2010-2011: 2 Target 2012-2013: 2 (2) Increased quality, security and availability of investment data of the Investment Management Division 2.1) Investment data are validated and reconciled Performance measures Percentage of reliable investment reports prepared 2008-2009: 50% 2010-2011: 75% Target 2012-2013: 90% 2.2) High availability of information technology services. Performance measures Percentage of potential risk related to the operation of information technology 2008-2009: 20 per cent 2010-2011: less than 5 per cent Target 2012-2013: less than 1 per cent", "External factors", "122. The subprogramme is expected to achieve its objective and expected accomplishments on the assumption that: (a) the legal and procurement processes undertaken by the United Nations Secretariat on behalf of the Investment Management Division will be completed within the expected time frame; (b) stakeholders fulfil their obligations and provide their full collaboration to achieve the objectives of the Division &apos; s information and technology strategy, supporting the Division &apos; s performance; and (c) the Management Systems Service.", "Outputs", "123. The outputs for the biennium 2012-2013 will be as follows:", "(a) Sales order management systems (Charles River), auxiliary tasks, reconciliation, accounting (Murex) and interbank messages will be fully implemented and supported (SWIFT);", "(b) Data centralization, currency and investment implementation systems will be introduced in fixed income;", "(c) Investment processes will be properly documented;", "(d) Exemptions-based processing of investment-related transactions will be achieved;", "(e) Standardization and streamlining of business processes will be facilitated;", "f) Monitoring of compliance and the relevant system will be supported and facilitated;", "(g) Automatic data inclusion will be implemented and data validation will be supported;", "(h) Data reconciliation will be supported;", "(i) The information and communications technology infrastructure of the Division will be strengthened;", "(j) Security policies and disaster recovery measures will be implemented and supported;", "(k) Institutional continuity will be made possible.", "Table 35 Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Posts 1 593.9 2 457,5 7 8", "Not related to posts 10 183,4 15 114,3 - -", "Total 11 777,3 17 571,8 7 8", "124. The amount of $17,571,800, reflecting an increase of $5,794,500, will provide for seven posts (1 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-3 and 1 General Service (Principal level) and a new post (1 P-4). The increase in non-post resources is attributable primarily to the increased requirements for contractual services ($498,500) and the transfer of contractual services to the Investments Section from the market data to the Information Systems Section ($3,541,500) and to the resources previously requested for the executive direction and management component, covering other staff costs ($779,3001,000) and travel of staff).", "Administrative support", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $4,011,100", "Table 36 Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Not related to posts 5 087,6 4 011,1 - -", "Total 5 087,6 4 011,1 - -", "125. The amount of $4,011,100, reflecting a decrease of $1,076,500, relates to non-post resources for the Division at large. The decrease is attributable primarily to rental and maintenance costs for premises ($916,900), owing to an exceptional request in the revised 2010-2011 budget for the renovation of additional office space in building 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza.", "D. Audit costs", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $2,748,200", "126. The distribution of resources is shown in table 37.", "Table 37 Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "External audit 661,2 774,7 - -", "Internal audit 1 983.8 1 973.5 - -", "Total 2 645.0 2 748.2 - -", "127. The amount of $2,748,200 relates to the estimated requirements for external audit ($774,700), in accordance with the request of the Board of Auditors, and internal audit ($1,973,500), as requested by the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "1. External audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $774,700", "128. A provision of $774,700 has been included for the costs of the Board of Auditors allocated to the Fund by the secretariat of the Board.", "2. Internal audit", "Resource requirements (before recosting): $1,973,500", "129. The amount of $1,973,500 will provide for the continuation of five general temporary assistance posts (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)), and provide for training and non-post resources for consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, communications, operating expenses, supplies and materials and furniture and equipment. The decrease in expenditures is primarily attributable to the reduction in general temporary assistance costs as a result of a reduction in the standard salary deck and the net effect of small modifications on the requirements for other non-post resources.", "E. Board expenditure", "Resources requested (before recosting): $200,000", "Table 38 Resource requirements", "Posts (thousands of United States dollars) Category 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "Board expenditure 167.5 200.0 - -", "130. The General Assembly, in section IV of its resolution 61/240, authorized the Board &apos; s expenses, which included the administrative costs of its sessions, the Chairman &apos; s travel expenses and the travel expenses of the working groups, to be included in the Fund &apos; s budget and charged with administrative costs.", "131. The amount of $200,000 covers the estimated cost requirements of the Board and comprises the travel costs of the Chairman to attend the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions of the Board and the meetings of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions of the Fifth Committee, the travel costs of the members of the Investigation Group of the Director-General and the administrative costs of the fifty-ninth and sixtieth sessions ($120,000) in July 2012 and July 2012.", "IV. Emergency Fund", "132. The General Assembly, in its resolution 62/241, authorized the Pension Board to supplement voluntary contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2008-2009 with an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "133. It is proposed that the Board recommend that the General Assembly authorize it to supplement voluntary contributions to the Emergency Fund for the biennium 2012-2013 by an amount not exceeding $200,000.", "V. Recommendation for special measures on the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards as of 1 January 2012", "134. At its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010, the Board approved the implementation of IPSAS as of 1 January 2012. As requested, in July 2011, the secretariat and the Investment Management Division submitted to the Board a report on the status of implementation of the new accounting standards.", "135. The Fund is currently reporting in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. It was stressed that the United Nations planned to implement IPSAS in 2014 and, in this regard, the Board was informed that the United Nations intended to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, in 2012, the proposed changes to the Financial Regulations and Rules.", "136. In view of the period under review of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, with the support of the Audit Committee of the Fund, the Board was requested, for the sole purpose of the timely implementation of IPSAS by the Fund, to recommend approval by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session in 2011, of the following transitional provision on the financial information of the Fund:", "“As a transitional measure, the Board authorizes the Fund to continue to apply mutatis mutandis the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations to its accounting processes and financial reports, so that the Fund may comply with IPSAS. The Board recommends that, in accordance with article 19 (b) of the Rules of Procedure of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, the Secretary-General should bear detailed accounts of all investments and other transactions related to the Fund in a manner that meets IPSAS. ”", "137. The Board was informed that, with the approval of the transitional provision, the full implementation of IPSAS by the Fund would be in line with the Board &apos; s decision to implement IPSAS in 2012, subject to the subsequent formalization of the Regulations and Rules of the Fund. The financial statements of the Fund for 2012 would be presented and audited on the basis of IPSAS, which would constitute the policy framework.", "138. Following the discussion, the Board endorsed the transitional provision on the financial reports of the Fund and recommended that this provision be adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations at its sixty-sixth session, in 2011.", "VI. Action to be taken by the General Assembly", "139. The Pension Board recommends that the General Assembly take the following measures:", "(a) Adopt a reduction in the appropriations for 2010-2011 in the amount of $21,772,800. Accordingly, the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 would amount to $154,545,700, as follows: administrative costs ($80,478,500), investment costs ($71,289,000), audit costs ($2,532,900) and Board expenses ($245,300). Of that amount, $133,037,000 would be for the Fund and $21,508,700 would be charged directly to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(b) Adopt a revised estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 totalling $144,300 for extrabudgetary resources;", "(c) Approve the estimated requirements of the Pension Fund for the biennium 2012-2013, amounting to $194,164,000, including administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Pension Board expenses ($204,400). Of this amount, $173,260,600 would be the Fund and $20,903,400 would be the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement;", "(d) Approving resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $156,800, to cover extrabudgetary expenditures and to be funded by a number of member organizations;", "(e) To approve an amount not exceeding $200,000 to supplement contributions to the Emergency Fund;", "f) Adopt special and transitional measures in relation to the implementation of IPSAS as of 1 January 2012.", "VII. Summary of follow-up action taken to address the requests and recommendations of the Board of Auditors and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Table 39", "A. Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "(A/65/567)", "Request/recommendation Action taken to address misleading/recommendation (a) The Advisory Committee agrees with the Board &apos; s recommendation on the revised risk management policy and the recommendation that the Division continue to use its new risk management manual (para. 7). Most of the controls are already in place and measures are being taken to apply the others. The Risk Management Manual is a living document that is updated every quarter. Suaplication is underway and lameta that seeks to imprint all controls. Some of the controls are carried out manually until resources are allocated; others are automated and depend on the modernization of the infrastructures. When these milestones are reached, such controls will be applied. (b) The Advisory Committee agrees with the recommendations of the Board of Auditors. The Committee is concerned that the Prisoners Fund has received a consequent audit opinion on the financial statements for the biennium ended 31 December 2009, which contained an emphasis paragraph on the losses made and unrealized of the Fund &apos; s investments. The Advisory Committee urges the Pension Fund to implement the Board &apos; s recommendations (para. 9). This has been carried out in the 2010 financial statements that the Investment Management Division presented to the Pension Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. The Division will hold further consultations on the dissemination of such information with the IPSAS consultants. (c) The Advisory Committee reiterates its recommendation that the Board continue to explore investment opportunities in developing countries and economies in transition (para.10). The Fund is constantly seeking opportunities and the Director and staff of the Investment Management Division have shifted to Africa and the Middle East to expand our prestigious African portfolio of investment. The Director will meet with representatives of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to periodically examine new opportunities in the semerging and border markets. (d) The Advisory Committee agrees with the Board of Auditors that the Fund should finalize its IPSAS implementation plan in a timely manner. The Commission expects that the new Chief Trust Officer will be recruited as soon as possible and that, in the meantime, preparations will be initiated to ensure the implementation of the IIPSAS since 1 January 2012. In addition, the Committee encourages the Board of Auditors to monitor closely the progress made in the implementation of IPSAS in the Prisons Fund and reiterates its commitment to the Board to report annually to the General Assembly on progress made (seeA/65/498, para. 19) (para. 13). The Fund has completed its implementation plan and the IPSAS schedule, as presented to the Audit Committee and the Joint Committee on Pressures at its fifty-eighth session in July 2011. The contracting process of the new Chief Finance Officer is underway. (e) The Advisory Committee emphasizes that sufficient support, funded from existing resources, should be provided to ensure the timely implementation of IPSAS and good process management (para. 15). The reallocation of existing resources required for the implementation of IPSAS was approved by the Joint Pressure Board at its 57th session, in July 2010, and by the General Assembly in December 2010. New resources are requested for 2012-2013. (f) The Advisory Committee concurs with the request of the Pension Board that the Medical Council consider establishing a standard for medical examinations that are in effect with regard to membership in the Court as provided for in article 41 of the Regulations of the Fund (para. 18). As requested, the Medical Adviser will present a note on this matter to the CommitteeMixto at its session in July 2012. (g) The Advisory Committee agrees with the Board of Auditors on the need for the investments of the United Nations University Endowment Fund to be consigned transparently and notes that the Joint Pension Committee has agreed to provide such information in the future (para.20). This has been carried out in the 2010 financial statements that the Investment Management Division presented to the Pension Fund secretariat on 11 March 2011. The Division will hold further consultations on the dissemination of such information with the IPSAS consultants.", "B. Board of Auditors", "(A/65/9, annex X)", "Request/recommendation Action taken to address the authorisation/recommendation The Board &apos; s main recommendations are that: (a) The Fund finalizes and approves the implementation of the IIPSAS, encourage other interested parties to participate in the IIPSAS implementation project, and specify whatspects of the RegulationsFinanciero and the Regulations Governing Fund would have to be presented (para. 27) A steering committee has been established covering IPSAS-interests of the Investment Management Division and the Secretariat. The Case applies the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations (which is based on the accounting standards of the United Nations system) pending the approval of IPSAS.The Division of Investment Management is waiting for the IPSAS consultants to report the text of the Regulations 104.12, 104.13, 104.14,104.15 and 104.16. Once they get it, they'll get public. (c) The Fund cancels all unliquidated and accrued expenses of the exerciser as the deficiencies in the controls leading to the annotation of deviations in respect of deviations already carried out (para. 33); the Fund has prepared closures for the administrative election of the accounts of the Lawson system. The Executive Office has prepared a third project for the review and approval of the Financial Services Section. Deconformity with such investigations, the administrative accounts for the period covered between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009 will be adjusted to reflect the correct balance sheets as at 1 January 2010. Accounts will be closed on December 31, 2010 using these instructions. (d) The Fund performs better controls to ensure that the outstanding amounts are timely in executing a policy for the accounting treatment of long-term debts and non-recoverable debts (para. 43); a policy and procedure for receivables have been established. Efforts are being made to obtain the collection. (e) The Fund considers the possibility of establishing a supply for doubtful debts in its financial statements that reflects the recoverable sums to the date of submission of the report (para. 44); a provision for all debts receivable for more than two years will be included in the financial statements of the Fund. In addition, the cancellation of uncollectable debts began in 2010. f) The Fund adjusts all foreign currency balances to the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the report (para. 48); Agreed. The year-end exchange rate will be used to reverse bank account balances in foreign currency to United States dollars in the 2010 financial statements. (g) The Fund takes measures to recover foreign tax receivables (para.51); Ongoing. The Investment Management Division continued to make intensive efforts to prevent taxation and to collect taxes on its investment income in different jurisdictions. In particular, in January 2010, the representatives of the Division met with representatives of the Chinese State Tax Administration in Beijing to proceed with the official recognition and implementation of the tax exemption of the Fund in that country. In addition, the Division &apos; s representatives initiated con-representative talks by the Government of Brazil, which led to the issuance of a document in April 2010 by the Fiscal Administration of Brazil, which officially included general terms, the Fund &apos; s tax exemption in that country. In addition, the Division recently made a proposal for general tax relief services. The overall fiscal adviser shall provide assistance to the Division, among other bodies, in connection with its tax refund activities worldwide. (h) The Fund is in the accounting period covered by the accounts receivable and related revenues owed by the United Nations in respect of reimbursement of administration costs (para. 54); this has been taken into account and the situation has been rectified as part of the procedures. (i) The Fund continues to reconcile the balance with the United Nations in order to reconcile all differences (para. 57); for some time the Fund took the balance between funds to reconcile with the United Nations. The United Nations also used that balance. The Fund has now resorted to the cost-effectiveness of reconciliation with the United Nations. (j) The Fund loads in the Lawson system the correct accrued amounts of the Accounts module to pay and adjust its accounts in accordance with the discarded differences (para. 63); ongoing process. The games have been marked with terror. Timely-runnings will be made in 2010 to rewrite those balances. (k) The Fund undertakes regular monthly reconciliations between the payable account module and the major booklet (para. 64); the Services SectionFinanciers is awaiting the establishment of a “cover” of Cognos to support the data of the Lawson system in order to generate a new report. (l) The Fund reassigns the balanceholders in the accounts payable to the accounts payable by year 2010; (m) The Fund creates a tool to analyse the expiration of the benefits payable (para. 70); the Services SectionFinancials is awaiting the establishment of a Cognos “cover” to support the Lawson system data in order to generate a new report. (n) The Fund implements article46 of the Regulations and Rules of the Fund through the adjustment of the benefits payable in respect of the amounts payable. (o) The Fund meets the deadlines for the presentation of the financial statements provided for in the Financial Regulations and RulesDetailed (para. 79); As reported by the Board (see A/65/9), the Fund cannot comply on the established date of 31 March with the provisions for the reconciliation of the payments of the member organizations. The Investment Management Division presented its share of the financial statements to the Fund &apos; s Secretary on 11 March 2011. Further, the Division will ensure that the financial statements are presented to the Secretariat no later than 15 March 2011. (p) The Fund devises and implements accounting policies that establish clear bases for the annotation of transactions in its accounting records and ensures that all accounting policies are defined and explained in the financial statements (para. 84); footnotes will continue to be improved as part of the implementation of IPSAS; this process will continue to be part of the 2011 financial statements. (q) The Fund collects reconciliations or working documents corresponding to the items of the financial statements and supplementary preparations containing calculations or adjustments that are consistent with the book of dismay (para. 89); the author of the report of the Fund consolidates the accounts of the major book in specific headings of the financial statements, demanera que puede determinarsecules de los documentos debase de los datos que de los fechas. (r) The Investment Management Division provides full financial information on the investments it manages for the United Nations University &apos; s Endowment (para. 92); It has been carried out in the notes of the financial statements in 2010 that the Investment Management Division presented the Fund &apos; s secretariat on 11 December 2011, specifically within the funds under management. The Division will hold further consultations with IPSAS consultants on the disclosure of this information. (s) The Investment Management Division re-examines its informal third-party fund management service delivery mechanisms (para. 93); the Investment Management Division will report in full on this matter. It will provide comprehensive information on the independent agreements established for the Endowment of the United Nations University in the 1990s on the basis of audit recommendations. Such agreements include a separate custody account and an independent fund manager.The funds have never been mixed with those of the Pension Fund. (t) The Investment Management Division continues to implement the Risk Management Manual developed (para. 111); ongoing. Most of the controls have already been set up and the rest is being attempted. The Risk Management Manual is a living document that is updated quarter. The application is underway and the goal that is pursued is to apply all control. Some of the specified controls are carried out manually until resources are allocated; others are automated, and depend on the modernization of the infrastructures. As these milestones are reached, such controls will be applied. (u) The Investment Management Division conducts a case-by-case review to determine lessons learned from all losses incurred in 2008-2009 investments and current unrealized loss positions (para. 112); the Investment Management Division has reviewed the catastrophic developments in 2008 and has taken note of the risks of excessively long-term policy-making. The Division has completed a weekly and quarterly official decay review on losses and gains made over 25 per cent of the performance and investment viewpoint. (v) The Investment Management Division presents and clearly describes the investments in the financial statements, computing the losses and gains for investment sales and noting all the losses and profits that remain to be made on the balance sheet (para. 113); Implemented. It was made in the notes of the 2010 financial statements that the Investment Management Division presented to the Fund &apos; s secretariat on 11 March 2011. The Division will expedite further consultations with IPSAS consultants on this information. (w) The Investment Management Division complies with outstanding or enforcement recommendations, as OIOS findings indicate significant deficiencies (para. 117); Implemented. With the recruitment of the 2009 October Compliance Officer, the Investment Management Division made significant progress in its compliance programme. New policies have been introduced, including in relation to private equity operations, social allowances and care, and compulsory license; there are other policies that are dependent on review. The Risk Management and Compliance Section, using its risk management manuals and compliance with automated systems and different standards, is constantly waning the Fund &apos; s investments to ensure that it is based on monitoring and compliance with the Division &apos; s policies and standards. There are many recommendations of the SBI that have been implemented and implemented. There is a regulatory process to pursue and address the implementation of OIOS recommendations in a timely manner. Deformation sessions for Division staff have been organized, including a session for the Ethics Office. The Management of Risk and Compliance of Default Standards that at the moment there has been no deliberate nisistematic violation of the policies or procedures of the Division at risk of financial damage to the Common Pension Sheet or to the sub-put, to its participants to its beneficiaries. (x) The Fund improves the information on the alleged procedural principals and changes in the valuation of the service &apos; s perterm obligations included in the notes on the financial statements (para.124); For 2009, the Fund included actuarial valuation as part of its financial statements. In addition, the Fund included, for the time being, the after-service health insurance and the end-of-service liabilities in the main body of the financial statements. and) The Fund develops a plan for the financing of end-of-service liabilities to be reviewed by its governing body (para.131); On suspense. Any funding plan will require the United Nations to fund unterned elements. The implementation of this recommendation has been suspended pending the preparation by the United Nations Secretariat of the plan. (z) The Fund considers the possibility of reviewing its policy on the valuation of vacational obligations in the IPSAS-setting process (para. 139); the Fund remains in contact with the United Nations and the Working Group on IPSAS to determine whether vacations are to be circulated. The Fund implements measures to ensure that physical inventory counts are carried out and that these are reconciled with timely and time-period asset-recording (para. 144); 100% of the inventory is performed every 12 months. Starting in 2011, these approvals will be carried out in the fourth quarter of each year, having accounted for the implementation of IPSAS since 2012.In addition, written evidence of such checks will be kept in the package. bb) The Fund obtains from the United Nations Asset Management and Inventory Control Unit reports on the inventory, and obtains full administrative access to the systemProcurePlus for the purpose of updating all assets and obtaining reports on the inventory (para. 145); Monthly reports on the inventory of the Goods Management and Inventory Control Unit are received. The Box prepared a human resources plan for the Pension Board and presented at its fifty-seventh session, in July 2010. cc) The Fund develops a human resource plan (para. 149); dd) The Fund &apos; s secretariat has ways of strengthening succession planning based on the retention of retired staff (para. 153); the Fund &apos; s training and development platform, which includes electronic learning, is constantly developed and updated in consultation with programme managers. Specialized knowledge of retired staff is used to assist this process. See also paragraph 8 of the memorandum dated 15 April 2010 addressed to the Board of Auditors by the Director-General. (e) The Fund takes into account the recommendations of OIOS, which indicate significant deficiencies in the management of human resources (para.158); (a) The Fund is in line with the annual holiday policy in accordance with the provisions of regulation 5.1 of the Staff Regulations, to which &quot; Officials shall have the right to appropriate annual evacuations &quot; , and in article 105 of the Staff Regulations. The Fund &apos; s administration will encourage staff to hold financial accounting charges to take an uninterrupted period of two weeks of annual devacations each year. This is mandatory for the staff of the Investment Management Division. (b) The Executive Office prepared a staffing table on a monthly basis with the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS). (c) A system of follow-up has been developed to monitor the recruitment of staff, which will be used to establish benchmarks in each phase of the recruitment process. Until the Fund provides sufficient data to calculate its own parameters, the 120-day United Nations baseline will be used. It advises managers to conduct recruitments to carefully examine the perpetrators with a view to achieving gender parity. (d) The supervisor shall propose to the staff member a set of deaths in IMIS, which will be reviewed and subsequently authorized accordingly by the Executive Office. Staff members who do not belong to the Executive Office shall not be held incommunicado without the authorization of the Director-General. (e) In the new counter-contractual framework, staff members who work after having reached the age of retirement are currently included in the “temporary staff” category. The general procedures published in January 2009 contain an annex for the workplan and the assessment of temporary staff, an annex to be filled by supervisors and directors. f) The supervisors, in consultation with department heads and officials, clearly indicate and document the training needs in ele-PAS. Departments will supervise or continue to monitor their implementation. (g) Monitoring of compliance with the provision of e-individual statistical information to departmental heads, with emphasis on the timely preparation of the department. The Fund &apos; s secretariat monthly deportations of affiliated organizations and follow up on unconciliated parties oportunaly (para. 162); In the current situation, the monthly reconciliation is unviable. However, an experimental plan has been put in place to test a system that would allow the monthly reconciliation. gg) The Fund &apos; s secretariat creates systems to verify the accuracy of the information provided by the affiliated organizations prior to the end of the year and to verify the reconciliations before finalizing the financial statements (para.167); In the 2009 financial period, an experimental plan was launched and produced positive results. The streaming of files and the checks of the accuracy of the files at the end of the year will increase the accuracy of the information that is facilitated and will reduce the manual download of the Fund. hh) The Fund &apos; s secretariat carries out the evidence of follow-up with the beneficiaries in the content management system when the signatures in the certificate of detitularity certificates differ from the originators, and complies with the general procedure 2001-68, which requires that all available digital images of the signature of the beneficiaries be loaded into the content management system (para.174); (a) It is an usual practice to systematically scan the checks of all the official cages's corruption with its participants and beneficiaries. This includes reminder letters sent to clarify discrepancies in the firm. In the event that one of its documents does not appear in an archive, this would constitute an exception and should be a monitoring measure.b) As explained above, it is an usual procedure to load the management system detains all documents belonging to the files of the beneficiaries of the Fund and its participants. An omission would result from a supervisory measure and constitute an exception. (ii) The Fund &apos; s secretariat reduces the processing time for cases of debris transmission to meet the six-month target (para. 180); the Fund has exceeded the delay it had accumulated in the process of processing of cases, which was partly due to the long-degrees experienced by the Fund &apos; s actuarial constraint, and partly to issues that should be clarified in respect of certain cases. There are currently few cases that have been long since, and none of them have been for more than 50 days. Thus, the dereference parameter of all these cases is met.jj) The Fund &apos; s secretariat establishes procedures for regular reconciliation of PENSYS with the Lawson system (major book) (para.184); The Services SectionFinancieros is examining the preparation of a Cognos report in 2011 for further reconciliation. kk) The Fund &apos; s secretariat prepares and approves comprehensive procedures for managing the accounts of the users in order to ensure proper management of such accounts and implements procedures to monitor the validity of the accounts of the users (para. 188); In progress. The Information Management System implemented a policy of “access, systems and data privileges” to address the issue of accounting management procedures. Death-based groups have been established in the system and access is defined by means of these functions when requested by the supervisor. Within these systems, the countersignature has been reconfigured and the security parameter has been configured using an “active directory policy” and scripts that allow the user to register a singlevez. Due to the limitations of the PENSYS, it was not considered feasible to establish a “recurrent system activity review” in these old systems and, consequently, such functions have been introduced as a requirement for the next replacement by the Integrated Pension Administration System. ll) The Fund &apos; s secretariat should forward the procedures for the change request and the request for services to take into account those aspects that require improvement identified by the Board (para. 193); it is recommended to be complied with. The Information Management Systems Service has reviewed the procedures relating to the misuse and misuse of services and has updated the mechanism for the misuse of change to include a section indicating whether the documentation is required in conjunction with the required evidence and the authorizations for implementation. The Fund &apos; s secretariat ensures compliance with the exchange control procedures and maintains an appropriate document on the management of the control of the changes (para. 195); it is recommended to give it up. The Information Management Systems Service has established a global and automated system for authorizations and furtherance. Relevant processes have been put in place. The Service and the supervisors are currently closely monitoring the daily observance of the exchange control procedures and enforcing the policy of documenting each and every change before its implementation. nn) The Fund secretariat creates a decality control function of the information technology to establish and maintain a certain degree of trust and control to prevent programme Analysts from using the username and password of the database administrator (para. 202); It is recommended to give it up. Despite the rejection of a “dequacy guarantee position”, the Information Management Systems Service has simplified the requirements of this function by tackling a policy of dismantling functions. In addition, the proper implementation of the Service &apos; s death-separation policy is confirmed and supervised when each stage is documented (e.g., that of the analyst, that of the formula and migration) through the process of request for modification, which requires an examination by two persons: the first approved official and the second approved official. Changes have been made to which the username and password of the database administrator can only be used by the database administrator. oo) The Fund &apos; s secretariat examines the adequacy of the access rights of programme Analysts, focusing specifically on access to the deproduction environment, and establishing procedures for cases where access to the deproduction environment is necessary (para.204); It is recommended that it be complied with. Despite the rejection of a “dequacy guarantee position”, the Information Management Systems Service has simplified the requirements of this function by tackling a policy of dismantling functions. Semandates the separation of deaths by ensuring that lashes related to elanalysis or data processing and the transfer to production are assigned to two different persons. In addition, a system demodification plan has been launched to manage and monitor this process. pp) The Fund &apos; s secretariat ensures a separation of deaths in the process of migrating from the approved and approved changes from the trial environment and from the trial environment to the production environment (para. 206); it is recommended to give it up. Despite the rejection of a “dequacy guarantee position”, the Information Management Systems Service has simplified the requirements of this function by tackling a policy of dismantling functions. Semandates the separation of deaths by ensuring that logging related to data processing, testing and transfer to production is asign to two different people. In addition, a system demodification plan has been launched to manage and monitor this process.", "Annex I", "Discussions at the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administrative matters of the Fund", "(a) Revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011", "1. The secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund requested a reduction in the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 in the amount of $21,772,800 in respect of the revised appropriations of $176,318,500. Thus, the revised appropriations for the biennium 2010-2011 would amount to $154,545,700, of which $21,508,700 is attributable to the United Nations under the cost-sharing agreement.", "(b) Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "2. The budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect the approved expenditures of $215,999,100 (before recosting) against a total of $176,318,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The budget submission includes $101,768,500 for administrative costs, $111,282,400 for investment costs, $2,748,200 for audit costs and $200,000 for Board expenses. In addition, the estimates provide for $152,900 for extrabudgetary post for after-service health insurance and an amount not exceeding $200,000 for the Emergency Fund.", "Administrative expenses", "3. The proposed budget for administrative expenditures totals $101,768,500 before recosting, representing an increase in resources of 10.2 per cent compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 and 26.5 per cent compared with the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011.", "4. With regard to administrative costs, the secretariat stressed that although the overall estimated cost of the Integrated Pension Administration System project had not changed, there had been changes in the original timetable owing to changes in the implementation strategy. This had resulted in underexpenditures under the project during the biennium 2010-2011 and a request for those funds for the biennium 2012-2013. In addition, under the secretariat &apos; s medium-term strategic plan on human resources, provision was made for 16 additional posts and 3 reclassifications, as follows:", "New posts", "Number Category Denomination", "1 D-1 Chief of Technical Assessment and Risk Management", "1 P-5 Chief of Customer Services and Records Management and Distribution", "1 P-3 Chief of Records Management and Distribution", "2 General Service Assistant (Other level)", "1 P-4 Accountant, IPSAS Specialist", "1 Senior General Accounting Assistant (Principal level)", "1 P-4 Accountant", "1 P-5 Chief, Security Officer", "1 P-5 Chief of Institutional Architecture", "1 General Legal Assistant (Other level)", "1 P-4 Finance and Budget Officer", "1 P-3 Human Resources Officer/Capacitation", "1 General Human Resources Assistant (Principal level)", "1 General Travel Assistant (Other level)", "1 Senior Assistant Local General Administration (Principal level)", "Claims", "Number Category Denomination", "1 P-4 to P-5 Chief, Payment Unit", "1 P-4 to P-5 Cashier", "1 P-5 to D-1 Chief, Legal Officer", "Investment costs", "5. The proposed investment budget amounts to $111,282,400 before recosting, an increase of 37.1 per cent compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 ($81,197,500) and 56.1 per cent compared with the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 ($71,289,000).", "6. With regard to investment costs, the resources requested by the Representative of the Secretary-General included 20 new posts, as indicated below, and additional resources for contractual services in the area of portfolio management for the implementation of the Leadership Fund, an increase in small capitalization actions, the principal registry manager and information technology projects.", "New posts", "Number Category Denomination", "1 P-5 Senior Legal Officer", "1 P-4 Secretary of the Investments Committee", "1 P-5 Senior Investment Officer (External Management)", "1 P-4 Investment Officer (Renta Fija y Divisas)", "1 P-4 Investment Officer (Alternative Investments)", "1 P-4 Investment Officer (World Emerging Markets)", "1 P-4 Investment Officer (Transaction Execution)", "1 P-3 Investment Officer (North American Values)", "1 P-3 Investment Officer (Real Estate Analyst)", "1 General Transactions Implementation Assistant (Other level)", "1 P-4 Risk Management Specialist (Debted Diligence and Quantitative Strategies)", "1 P-3 Standard Compliance Analyst and Operational Risk Manager", "1 Assistant Director (Risks and Generals (Other level))", "1 P-4 Chief of Accounting and Reporting", "1 P-3 Finance Officer (Conciliations)", "1 D-1 Chief, Information Technology Officer", "1 P-4 Data Management Specialist", "1 P-3 Information Security Officer", "1 P-3 Conciliation Administrator", "1 General Administrative Assistant (Other level)", "Audit costs", "7. The Fund requested a total of $2,748,200 for external audit costs ($774,700) and internal ($1,973,500), an increase of $103,200 net, of which $113,500 relates to external auditors.", "Pension Board expenditure", "8. A total of $200,000 was requested for the costs of two sessions of the Board and the travel costs of the Chair and the Search Committee for the appointment of the next Director-General.", "Extrabudgetary funds", "9. Extrabudgetary resources of $152,900 were requested for one General Service (Other level) post to be funded by affiliated organizations participating in the after-service health insurance plan.", "Emergency Fund", "10. An amount not exceeding $200,000 was requested to supplement the Emergency Fund.", "Budget working group", "11. The comments and recommendations made by the budget working group and approved by the Board are set out below.", "12. In accordance with the decision taken by the Board at its fifty-seventh session, the budget working group began its work on 6 July 2011.", "13. The initial composition of the working group agreed upon by the Board changed with the replacement of one representative from the group of executive heads and one from the group of participants. The final composition of the working group was as follows:", "Mrs. J. Forrest (International Telecommunication Union), representing the governing bodies", "Mr. G. Kuentzle (United Nations), representing the governing bodies", "♪ New member.", "Mrs. Y. Mortlock* (International Organization for Migration), representing executive heads", "Mrs. S. Van Buerle (United Nations), representing executive heads (elected President)", "Mr. H. Baritt* (World Health Organization), representing affiliates", "Mr. C. Santos-Tejada (United Nations), representing affiliates", "Mr. A. Castellanos del Corral (Federation of Associations of Former International Public Officials), representing pensioners", "Mr. T. Teshome (Federation of Associations of Former International Public Officials), representing pensioners", "14. The working group had before it documents relating to the status of implementation of IPSAS in the Pension Fund, the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011, the Fund &apos; s strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 and the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013. The working group maintained valuable interactions with members of the secretariat and the Investment Management Division.", "Performance report for the biennium 2010-2011", "15. As indicated in paragraph 195 of the report on its fifty-fifth session (A/63/9) and paragraph 137 of the report on its fifty-seventh session (A/65/9), the Board decided that the secretariat of the Pension Fund should submit to it each year, in the context of the programme budget performance report, a detailed analysis of the differences between the approved budget and actual expenditures incurred. While noting that some information had been provided, the working group was of the view that, in future budget performance reports, a more detailed breakdown of variances in major object groups should be presented. It was also noted that IPSAS required an explanation of the differences between budget and actual expenditures, which would improve consideration of future budget submissions by the Board. In addition, more detail should be explained where changes in the approach or implementation strategy, etc., of projects or initiatives had significant implications for the programme of work and, therefore, for the level of expenditure for the period. It should be noted in particular that some of the underexpenditures for the biennium were actually due to relocation of requirements to the next budget period, which should be reflected in a new request to facilitate its review, especially in the context of the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "16. In this context, the working group believed that the resources programmed for a biennium determined by principle should be devoted to the approved purposes and during that biennium. It also noted that the costs for “contract services” of the Investment Management Division were lower than those projected on a recurrent basis. Finally, he expressed appreciation for the efforts of the Division to take very into account the costs and encouraged it to continue to act in that way to better align the budget estimates to actual implementation.", "Strategic framework for the period 2012-2013", "17. The working group recognized the continuing efforts made to improve results-based presentation, including through the establishment of more concrete objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. It recommended that the Fund adjust the formulation of its logistical frameworks to the SMART principles (specific, quantifiable, affordable, relevant and time-bound), which would enable the Board to evaluate effectively the performance of the Fund in achieving the expected results. The working group noted that the strategic framework required changes in accordance with the decisions taken in the budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "18. In addition, the working group noted that, following the established budgetary process of the United Nations, the strategic framework should be presented to the Board in a non-budget year so that it could provide the Fund with relevant guidance on priorities and the programme of work that would serve as a basis for formulating the budget for the subsequent financial period. As the first year in which a strategic framework had been provided since the Board &apos; s decision requesting its submission, it was recognized that the established cycle would be followed from 2012, when the strategic framework for the period 2014-2015 would be presented to the Board at its fifty-ninth session.", "Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "19. The principle followed by the working group during the review of the budget proposals and the concerns of its different constituent groups was that the increased level of efficiency, effectiveness and awareness of expenditures in the implementation of the Fund &apos; s mandate should be ensured, with particular attention to efforts to increase performance, reduce risks or provide better services to those constituent groups. In general, the working group reviewed the justifications provided for increased resources requested. In several cases, the group was aware that the implications and impact of IPSAS, the Integrated Pension Administration System and other initiatives were not yet fully known. In addition, in the opinion of the working group, it was premature to request additional resources that would immobilize the platelet before the Chief Finance Officer, who had not yet been recruited, could express his opinion on it. The working group also considered that greater synergies could be achieved by improving the integration of New York and Geneva operations. The Director-General informed the group that external outsourcing opportunities were under consideration. The working group recommended a more attentive review of the options for external outsourcing and offshoring, especially in view of the next end of the current leases, for efficiency in management costs.", "20. In addition, the working group was fully aware of the financial situation faced by both affiliated organizations and Member States, particularly the need to achieve efficient and effective methods of implementing their work. In the case of the Pension Fund, the working group noted that the proposals followed expansionary trends and were largely based on the future expected benefits of the Integrated Pension Administration System (a project that was still under work), which required more detailed explanations on the measures taken or could be taken by the Fund to improve its work, as well as efficiency and savings, including staffing changes, which would entail such a project.", "21. The budget working group recognized the steady growth in the number of participants, which had increased by 4.2 per cent over the past 10 years. In the same period, there had been a substantial increase in the complexity of the management of affiliates, largely due to the increase in the number of provisions of the pension adjustment system.", "22. In recent years, the Fund had also noted an unprecedented increase in the budget. The proposed budget for 2012-2013 of $216 million represented a 23 per cent increase over the 2010-2011 budget, which had been set at $176.3 million and 68 per cent compared with the 2008-2009 budget of $128.2 million.", "23. In order to make a more significant assessment of the overall budget of the Administration, the working group reviewed the “by affiliate” costs (total costs divided between the number of participants). The calculations, which included inflation adjustments, showed that the average cost of administering each participant had been $197 per year for the last ten years. However, the proposed budget of $216 million amounted to $248 per participant, an increase of 26 per cent.", "Cost per participant, with inflation adjustment", "[](United States dollars)", "24. The Director-General confirmed to the working group that the Administration used various key performance indicators to track the effectiveness and efficiency of the Fund. The working group would recommend that the Fund endeavour to link future budget projects with those indicators.", "Budget presentation and methodology", "25. The working group noted with appreciation that the Board &apos; s decision at its fifty-seventh session had been fully respected that future budget submissions would be made available to all members 90 days prior to a session of the Board, thereby facilitating the early review by the budget working group. It was noted that efforts had been made to align the budget with the methodology used by the United Nations as much as possible.", "26. However, the working group made the general comment that the Fund needed to review the submission of its budgetary documentation, justifying the changes in a clearer and concise manner, to facilitate decision-making by the Board. A review of the quality of documentation would also help to eliminate inconsistencies and ensure that cross-sectoral initiatives are presented in a aggregated manner, using tables or charts where appropriate, to facilitate their understanding. In addition, as previously recommended by the Board, the Fund should continue its efforts to further adjust its budget presentation to that of the United Nations, especially with regard to the differentiation between growth and changes resulting from changes in cost calculation parameters such as currency, inflation or standard salary costs.", "27. The working group noted with concern that little or no progress had been made in the integration and consolidation of certain functions and services, which had led to the continuation of a stagnant compartmentalization mentality in operations; it was not clear that efforts had been made to implement savings initiatives in support tasks. The Board may wish to consider requesting both the Director-General and the Representative of the Secretary-General to jointly consider options for submission to the Board at a future session.", "Information technology", "28. The working group noted that the Fund had requested approximately $66 million in the Information Systems Section and the Information Management Systems Service for information technology-related activities. While that level of resources could ultimately be appropriate, given the growing complexity of the proposals submitted to the Board, it would be appropriate to prepare a concise, comprehensive and integrated information technology strategy linked to the budget and to submit it to the Board at its fifty-ninth session; that strategy should incorporate the validation of independent information technology specialists on the relevant areas of operations of the Fund.", "29. In this regard, the working group noted that the Fund relied heavily on the International Centre for Electronic Calculations. In particular, in referring to the Centre &apos; s budget, the working group had been informed that the Pension Fund was the second largest user of its services, behind the Department of Field Support. The working group was informed that, owing to the nature of the Centre, there were no competitive bidding for its services, which raised concerns about the most cost-effective and cost-effective means of responding to the needs of the Fund without questioning the safety or confidentiality of data. At the same time, in interviews with representatives of the Fund, it had been observed that the Fund had recruited an independent staffing establishment through the Centre, with some 13 posts in various categories, from the General Service (Other level) to P-5, for contractual services, some since 2004.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "30. The working group was pleased to hear from the Director-General that good progress had been made in the IPSAS project and was confident that the Fund would meet the timetable for its implementation. The rest of the issues relating to fixed assets and employee benefits seemed well managed. Current finance staff, both in the secretariat and in the Investment Management Division, were well aware of these standards. The working group considered that, in the long term, IPSAS would be incorporated into the functions of the finance supervisors in a manner that was very similar to how the implementation of the United Nations system accounting standards had been coordinated.", "31. The working group did not consider it necessary to establish two new IPSAS posts, but it was more appropriate to provide short-term consultancy funds to assist with the financial statements, weakness detection and policy documentation.", "Integrated Pension Administration System", "32. With regard to the Integrated Pension Administration System, the working group welcomed the Director-General &apos; s allegations that it gave the project the highest priority. It was noted that the System would fundamentally change the case-oriented institutional approach to process-oriented. It was recalled that the System was aimed at improving both efficiency and service delivery. In this context, the working group considered it essential that the review and improvement, where appropriate, of all relevant existing processes be an integral part of the entire process of managing the change of the Integrated Pension Administration System. The working group would also encourage the Fund to ensure that the project was not primarily oriented towards information technology, as the full involvement of the substantive areas was essential.", "33. The working group recommended that the Board request a report on the planned institutional structure of the Fund after the implementation of the Integrated Pension Administration System, to be considered in the context of the next budget submission, at the sixtieth session. The report should also include a strategic assessment of all posts affected by the implementation of the System.", "34. The Fund had scanned 639,499 documents in 2010, or 1,120,602 pages. The Integrated Pension Administration System sought to replace rights, accounting and document management systems. The working group noted that the project appeared to have allocated staff resources to both accounting and rights, but no specific resources had been devoted to document management. The working group encouraged the Fund to monitor the project &apos; s skills packages and to ensure the adequacy of resources to deal with document management.", "35. The current budget included additional contractual services and other costs that were required for inherited systems to be replaced by the Integrated Pension Administration System. The Director-General had ensured that the System would be implemented within the time frame and with the budget allocated or possibly without spending it in full.", "36. The Integrated Pension Administration System project would have a huge impact on service delivery. The working group would therefore recommend that a revised organizational chart be included in subsequent budget submissions.", "Proposed resources", "Posts", "37. In accordance with the principle and guidance criteria set out in paragraph 19 of the present annex, and following a series of consultations with the relevant directors and managers, the working group proceeded to review the posts as indicated below. The Fund requested a total of three reclassifications (3 secretariat posts) and 36 new posts (16 Administration and 20 Investment Management Division). After reviewing each post and dialogue with the representatives of the secretariat and the Division, the working group proposed the following:", "(a) Not supporting the proposed reclassifications;", "(b) Support the establishment of seven new posts in the Investment Management Division, as shown in table 1;", "(c) Support the establishment of the positions shown in table 2 below in the general temporary assistance category (not as posts, as originally requested) for the duration and purposes indicated;", "(d) Do not support the establishment of a new P-4 post, Finance and Budget Officer, in the Fund &apos; s Executive Office. Based on the explanation that the complexity of the functions of the post had increased, the working group supported the reclassification of the existing P-3 post, Finance and Budget Officer to the P-4 level.", "Table 1", "Section Post Numbers Category B. Investments Work programme Investments Officer (Alternative Investments) 1 P-4 Investment Officer (Emerging Markets) 1 P-4 Investment Officer (Transactions Execution) 1 P-4 Investment Officer (North American Values) 1 P-3 Risk Operations and Compliance Specialist Standards in Risk Management 4", "Table 2", "Staff positions General timetable Number Category Observations A. Administration Work programme Operations Chief Management and Distribution of Staff (New York Office of Information Management) 1 P-3 24 months, non-recurrent 1-time Operations Officer", "^(a) Resources provided for services to be obtained from the Office of Legal Affairs.", "Administration", "38. With regard to the Information Management System Service, after discussing with the Fund the priorities assigned to its information technology projects in view of the capacity to be dedicated specifically to the implementation of the Integrated Pension Administration System, the working group did not support the Integrated Management Initiative and proposed a reduction in the budget of $2,543,300 (before recosting). The result would be the necessary reduction in contractual services ($1,133,300) and furniture and equipment ($1,410,000), of the Administration budget.", "Temporary posts", "39. The working group supported the continuation of the 17 temporary posts for the Integrated Pension Administration System project at the following levels: 1 P-5, 7 P-4, 4 P-3 and 5 General Service (Other level).", "Other staff costs", "40. The Working Group agreed on the amount requested for other staff costs, adjusted to the additional requirements of the two general temporary assistance positions approved in operations/administration, as shown in table 2.", "Consultants", "41. The working group supported the requested amount of $300,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "42. The working group proposed a 10 per cent reduction in the revised appropriation level.", "Contractual services", "43. The working group supported the requested amount, adjusted to the lack of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "Hospitality", "44. The amount of the revised appropriation will be maintained.", "General operating expenses", "45. The working group agreed on the amount requested for administration. The working group noted that general operating expenses had increased owing to bank charges of $3 million, an increase of approximately $500,000 over the previous biennium. The working group requested that the Fund review the banking mechanisms to try to reduce those charges and requested a summary report along with the next budget submission.", "Supplies and materials", "46. The working group supported the requested amount.", "Furniture and equipment", "47. The working group supported the amount requested, adjusted to the lack of resources for the Integrated Management Initiative project.", "48. Table 3 summarizes recommendations on non-post resources, as explained above, for administration.", "Table 3", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 3 910.3", "Consultants 300.0", "Travel 1 224,5", "Contractual services 31 847.9", "Hospitality 4.0", "General operating expenses 14 248,0", "Supplies and materials 185.8", "Furniture and equipment 2 011,0", "Total, non-post resources 53 731.5", "Investment Management Division", "Other staff costs", "49. The working group proposed resources in the amount of the revised appropriation, adjusted to meet the additional requirements of the two general temporary assistance positions (non-recurrent resources for one P-4, Legal Officer, the Office of Legal Affairs for 12 months, and one P-4, Chief Accounting and Reporting for 24 months), as shown in table 2.", "50. In addition, the working group agreed that the Division would establish a P-2, Risk Analyst and Compliance Implementation, and a P-3, Static Data Administrator, which would be included in the approved general resources for other staff costs (as shown in table 3).", "Consultants", "51. Based on the review of the total resources for IPSAS, the working group proposed that the estimated requirements of $500,000 be reduced to $250,000. Thus, provision for consultants would amount to $1,177,000 (before recosting).", "Travel", "52. The working group proposed maintaining the amount of the revised appropriation.", "Contractual services", "53. Under contractual services, the working group did not support at that time the amount of $11,250,000 requested for the Leadership Fund. The working group was of the view that progress in that direction would be tantamount to changing the investment strategy and should be discussed at the session of the Board and have the unequivocal support of the Investments Committee.", "54. Furthermore, since the working group had been informed that the recent contract for custodial and primary registration services had been negotiated at a lower than anticipated level, it was proposed to deduct $4,138,300 from this expenditure line.", "Hospitality", "55. The working group proposed maintaining the amount of the revised appropriation.", "General operating expenses", "56. The working group agreed on the requested amount.", "Supplies and materials", "57. The working group proposed maintaining the amount of the revised appropriation.", "Furniture and equipment", "58. The working group proposed maintaining the amount of the revised appropriation.", "59. Table 4 summarizes recommendations on non-post resources, as explained above, for the Investment Management Division.", "Table 4", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Other staff costs 2 892,2", "Consultants 1 177.0", "Travel 2 000,0", "Contractual services 62 532,1", "Hospitality 22,0", "General operating expenses 4 485,1", "Supplies and materials 160.0", "Furniture and equipment 700.0", "Total, non-post resources 73 968,4", "Pension Board expenditure", "60. The working group fully supported the resources requested for the costs of the Board.", "Extrabudgetary funds", "61. The working group supported resources for one General Service (Other level) post, which would be funded by organizations affiliated with the regime.", "Issues and proceedings before the Board", "62. The Board noted with appreciation that the budget document had been submitted as requested, 90 days prior to the beginning of the session, which had allowed the budget working group to consider it in detail.", "63. The executive heads supported the results of the working group and were pleased that the budget submission was in line with International Public Sector Accounting Standard No. 24 and would have been prepared within the time limits set by the Board. The executive heads expressed concern about the inaccuracies of the information presented in the project that had complicated the analysis of the working group and the review by the Board, and recommended that a detailed analysis be carried out using the appropriate coefficients. They also commented that the budgets approved in previous periods had not been fully expended.", "64. The governing bodies endorsed the recommendations of the working group. They further recommended that, at future meetings, the document be presented earlier, together with introductory statements by the major officers, to provide further information on the considerations of the working group.", "65. The membership group supported the recommendations of the working group, noting that the asset and liability management studies had recommended the diversification of the Fund &apos; s assets into alternative assets. The group recalled the recommendation made at the previous session of the General Assembly that it should be more prudent. He also recalled that professional promotion should not be impeded by budgetary constraints.", "66. The Federation of International Civil Service Associations supported the conclusions of the working group and expressed its appreciation to it.", "67. It was also commented that the baselines should be modified to record inflation and the impact of the exchange rate where necessary, that in a general austerity context possible reductions in expenditures should be sought under headings such as travel and information technology, and that budget submissions should be closely linked to strategic objectives. With regard to the Integrated Pension Administration System, any changes in the system that might have an impact on affiliated organizations should be noted sufficiently in advance.", "68. The Board members also stated:", "(a) The Fund should review the methodology and assumptions used in the development of contractual services budgets in a critical manner;", "(b) The table in the report of the budget working group showing trends in costs per participant was useful and could serve as a model for further analysis by the Fund.", "69. The Representative of the Secretary-General made a statement to the Board, in which he cautioned that unspent opportunities due to investment returns ceased as a result of savings achieved in investment management could far exceed those apparent savings. As the trustee of the Fund, the Representative of the Secretary-General noted his concerns and concerns that lower-than-need funding was common in the Investment Management Division, which could pose an unacceptable risk for future generation of adequate returns to meet the existing and anticipated liabilities.", "70. The Director-General thanked the working group and expressed appreciation for their support for key projects, such as the Integrated Pension Administration System and IPSAS. He also referred to the chart of the report of the working group reflecting the cost per participant, clarifying that, when there was an increase in that cost, it was due to a project and that once that project was completed, the cost per participant was reduced again. As an example, he referred to the 2004 peak, caused by the relocation of the Fund &apos; s offices from the Secretariat Building to the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza Building, and 2012-2013, caused by the Integrated Pension Administration System project, which included 17 temporary posts to be abolished after the project was completed.", "71. The Deputy Director-General confirmed that the specific operational model related to the Integrated Pension Administration System project remained unchanged, with the same objectives and benefits. The only change was related to the location of the new computer infrastructure required for the North American Data Center project in New Jersey. The decision to install the computer infrastructure in that data centre was due to the discovery of significant vulnerabilities in the data centre of the 1 Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza building. The Deputy Director-General also indicated that all substantive groups of the Fund participated in the project and that a steering committee of the Integrated Pension Administration System had been established. He confirmed that the project was expected to be completed as presented and not exceeded the budget.", "Recommendations of the Board", "72. Based on the recommendations of the working group, the Board approved, for submission to the General Assembly, the proposed budget estimates totalling $194,164,000, comprising administrative costs ($98,407,600), investment costs ($92,938,200), audit costs ($2,613,800) and Board expenses ($204,400). Of this amount, $173,260,600 would relate to the Fund and $20,903,400 to the United Nations under the cost-sharing arrangement.", "73. In addition, the Board approved resources of $156,800 from extrabudgetary funds for the processing of after-service health insurance premiums for some member organizations that had requested it.", "Annex II", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: approved organizational chart for the biennium 2010-2011", "Annex III", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: proposed organizational chart for the biennium 2012-2013", "Abbreviations: SsG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level).", "^(a) One General Service (Other level) post from extrabudgetary resources funded by member organizations.", "^(b) Temporary posts authorized for the Integrated Pension Administration System project.", "Annex IV", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund: number of participants per organization as at 31 December 2010", "Number of participants Organization 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010", "United Nations^(a) 44 059 43 869 43 864 43 751 44 958 50 126 54 953 56 287 57 541 59 542 64 092 68 853 74 575 79 933 82 576 85 617", "Organization 2 823 2 632 2 599 2 620 2 612 2 650 2 747 2 863 3 044 3 221 3 3 330 3 261 3 366 3 572 3 642 3 741 International Labour", "Organization of 5 735 540 5 435 5 387 5 340 5 315 5 344 5 447 5 648 5 822 5 918 5 774 5 735 5 722 6 011 6 145 United Nations for Food and Agriculture", "Organization of 2 561 2 667 2 588 2 650 2 629 2 452 2 414 2 437 2 517 2 528 2 508 2 469 2 526 2 553 2 602 2 632 United Nations for Education, Science and Culture", "World Organization of 6 125 5 965 5 935 6 180 6 409 6 817 7 375 8 181 8 966 9 498 9 932 10 072 10 157 10 435 11 029 10 986 Health", "Aviation Organization 820 826 852 841 867 873 883 863 826 806 795 775 784 791 International Civil", "Organization 333 316 312 314 327 329 322 310 303 287 302 334 332 319 315 309 World Meteorological Organization", "General Agreement on 476 538 529 542 7 4 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - - Tariffs and Trade^(b)", "International Agency 2 146 2 057 2 053 2 075 2 068 2 076 2 125 2 168 2 207 2 217 2 261 2 278 2 273 2 229 2 245 2 307", "Maritime Organization 315 324 323 310 315 325 330 340 344 351 343 338 337 320 323 313 International", "International Union of 908 885 905 921 965 953 967 1 006 971 875 871 854 843 823 831 830 Telecommunications", "World Organization of 611 672 712 807 955 1 033 1 106 1 189 1 240 1 206 1 166 1 130 1 134 1 139 1 154 1 156 Intellectual Property", "International Fund of 302 295 298 332 338 344 383 435 462 488 506 502 519 526 534 540 Agricultural Development", "International Centre 29 31 29 32 35 33 36 34 39 40 38 37 36 34 for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property", "European Organization and 10 11 11 12 12 12 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 Mediterranean for Plant Protection", "Organization of 1 455 1 163 1 064 921 851 810 813 821 786 791 783 753 759 779 825 826 United Nations Industrial Development", "International Centre of - 136 138 142 145 145 150 152 162 171 173 177 191 194 190 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology", "World Organization of - 70 72 74 78 79 83 88 95 90 99 95 95 95 95 Tourism", "International Tribunal - - 18 20 25 27 30 33 34 36 36 38 34 34", "International Authority - - 3 30 28 31 28 34 28 30 29 29 32 31 32", "Criminal Court - - - - - - - - 298 431 578 719 809 865 908 International^(c)", "Union - - - - - - - - - 37 40 45 48 49 Interparliamentaria^(d)", "Organization - - - - - - - - - - - 2 059 2 419 3 134 3 261 International for Migration^(e)", "Special Tribunal for - - - - - - - - - - - - - 259 329 Lebanon^(f)", "Total number 68 708 67 997 67 740 67 971 68 935 74 432 80 082 82 715 85 245 88 356 93 683 98 431 106 112 117 121 participants 566 804 580 138", "Total number 16 18 20 20 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 member organizations", "^(a) The number of United Nations participants in 2006 was reduced by two, from 68,855 to 68,853.", "^(b) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade withdrew from the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund on 31 December 1998.", "^(c) The International Criminal Court became the twentieth member organization of the Fund on 1 January 2004.", "^(d) The Inter-Parliamentary Union became the 21st member organization of the Fund on 1 January 2005.", "^(e) The International Organization for Migration became the twenty-second affiliated organization on 1 January 2007.", "^(f) The Special Court for Lebanon became the twenty-third affiliated organization on 1 January 2009.", "[1] It is estimated that the Operations Service will process some 55,400 new affiliations, transfers within and outside the Fund and separations during the biennium 2012-2013; these are specific and measurable tasks carried out by the Service, which represent an 80 per cent increase over the biennium 1998-1999.", "[2] It is estimated that the total value of the additional periodic benefits to be paid for some 30 years and of the cash settlements calculated, verified and established by the Operations Service for payment each year amounts to almost $1 billion." ]
[ "Asamblea General Consejo de Seguridad Sexagésimo quinto período desesiones Sexagésimo sexto año Tema 43 del programa \n Cuestión de Chipre", "Carta de fecha 4 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de Chipre ante las Naciones Unidas", "Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno y en relación con la carta que le dirigí el 7 de julio de 2011 (A/65/901-S/2011/424), tengo el honor de señalar a su atención las persistentes violaciones de las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y del espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre cometidas por aeronaves militares de la Fuerza Aérea de Turquía registradas entre el 1 de junio y el 28 de julio de 2011, que se detallan a continuación.", "El 1 de junio de 2011, diez aeronaves militares turcas (seis F-16, dos CN-235, un Cougar y un C-160) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en siete ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en tres ocasiones.", "El 2 de junio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca Cougar violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "Los días 3 y 4 de junio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (dos Cougar, un CN-235 y un C-160) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cinco ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cinco ocasiones.", "El 6 de junio de 2011, diez aeronaves militares turcas (dos F-16, cuatro F-4 y cuatro Cougar) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en ocho ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en seis ocasiones.", "El 7 de junio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (dos F-4 y dos CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en tres ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en tres ocasiones.", "El 8 de junio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (un B-200, un C-160, un C-130 y un Cougar) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en siete ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en siete ocasiones.", "El 9 de junio de 2011, ocho aeronaves militares turcas Cougar que volaban en dos formaciones violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cuatro ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cuatro ocasiones.", "Los días 11 y 13 de junio de 2011, cinco aeronaves militares turcas (tres Cougar, un CN-235 y un B-200) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en seis ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en seis ocasiones.", "El 14 de junio de 2011, cinco aeronaves militares turcas (cuatro Cougar y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cinco ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cinco ocasiones.", "El 15 de junio de 2011, nueve aeronaves militares turcas (un C-160, un CN-235, seis Cougar y una aeronave militar turca de tipo desconocido) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en diez ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en nueve ocasiones.", "El 16 de junio de 2011, siete aeronaves militares turcas (dos F-16, dos C-160, dos CN-235 y un Cougar) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en ocho ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en seis ocasiones.", "Los días 17, 18 y 19 de junio de 2011, cinco aeronaves militares turcas (dos Cougar, dos C-130 y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en ocho ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en ocho ocasiones.", "El 21 de junio de 2011, tres aeronaves militares turcas (un CN-235, un Cougar y una aeronave militar turca de tipo desconocido) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cinco ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cinco ocasiones.", "El 22 de junio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca Cougar violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 23 de junio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (dos Cougar y dos CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cinco ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cuatro ocasiones.", "El 25 de junio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca CN-235 violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 28 de junio de 2011, tres aeronaves militares turcas (un CN-235 y dos F-16) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "El 29 de junio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca Cougar violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "El 30 de junio de 2011, tres aeronaves militares turcas (un CN-235 y dos F-16) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "El 1 de julio de 2011, dos aeronaves militares turcas (un Cougar y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en tres ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en tres ocasiones.", "El 6 de julio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca CN-235 violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 7 de julio de 2011, tres aeronaves militares turcas (un CN-235 y dos F-4) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en tres ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "Los días 8 y 9 de julio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (un Cougar, un CN-235 y dos C-130) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en seis ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cinco ocasiones.", "El 12 de julio de 2011, cuatro aeronaves militares turcas (dos F-16 y dos KC-135) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "El 13 de julio de 2011, tres aeronaves militares turcas (dos B-200 y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en tres ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 15 de julio de 2011, dos aeronaves militares turcas Cougar violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 18 de julio de 2011, 13 aeronaves militares turcas (diez NF-5, dos C-160 y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en siete ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en siete ocasiones.", "El 19 de julio de 2011, 15 aeronaves militares turcas (un C-650, un C-208, dos Cougar, un CN-235, dos F-16 y ocho NF-5) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en nueve ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en nueve ocasiones.", "El 20 de julio de 2011, 15 aeronaves militares turcas (un C-208, dos Cougar, un CN-235 y once NF-5) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en siete ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en siete ocasiones.", "El 21 de julio de 2011, siete aeronaves militares turcas (tres F-16, dos KC-135, un C-650 y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en cuatro ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 22 de julio de 2011, 13 aeronaves militares turcas (diez NF-5, dos C-160 y un CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en siete ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en siete ocasiones.", "El 25 de julio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca CN-235 violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en dos ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en dos ocasiones.", "El 26 de julio de 2011, seis aeronaves militares turcas (dos F-16, dos Cougar y dos CN-235) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en seis ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en cuatro ocasiones.", "Los días 27 y 28 de julio de 2011, seis aeronaves militares turcas (un C-160, un CN-235, un B-200 y tres Cougar) violaron las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo en ocho ocasiones y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre en siete ocasiones.", "El 28 de julio de 2011, una aeronave militar turca Cougar violó las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre.", "En nombre de mi Gobierno, protesto enérgicamente contra las persistentes violaciones de las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo y el espacio aéreo nacional de la República de Chipre cometidas por Turquía y exijo su cese inmediato.", "Este abuso incesante de la soberanía y la integridad territorial de la República de Chipre por parte de Turquía constituye una clara violación del derecho internacional y de las normas internacionales de tráfico aéreo, y pone en grave riesgo la seguridad de la aviación internacional en el Mediterráneo oriental. Exhorto al Gobierno de Turquía a que actúe de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y cumpla sus obligaciones internacionales, y a que respete la soberanía, la independencia y la integridad territorial de la República de Chipre.", "Lamentablemente, a pesar de que continúan las negociaciones para hallar una solución justa, duradera y pacífica al problema de Chipre, Turquía persiste en su conducta provocadora. Los últimos comentarios realizados por el Primer Ministro turco Erdogan durante una visita ilegal a las zonas ocupadas de Chipre no dejan lugar a dudas sobre las verdaderas intenciones de Turquía y resultan especialmente desalentadoras en el momento actual de las negociaciones. Exhortamos a Turquía, una vez más, a escuchar el llamamiento de la comunidad internacional y a trabajar de forma constructiva para alcanzar una solución viable al problema de Chipre, de conformidad con las bases acordadas para tal solución que respaldan numerosas resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad.", "Agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta como documento de la Asamblea General, en relación con el tema 43 del programa, y del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Minas A. Hadjimichael" ]
[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Upon instructions from my Government and further to my letter dated 7 July 2011 addressed to you (A/65/901-S/2011/424), I have the honour to draw your attention to ongoing violations of the international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus by military aircraft of the Turkish Air Force, recorded from 1 June to 28 July 2011, as follows.", "On 1 June 2011, six F-16, two CN-235, one Cougar and one C-160 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 2 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 3 and 4 June 2011, two Cougar, one CN-235 and one C-160 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 6 June 2011, two F-16, four F-4 and four Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 7 June 2011, two F-4 and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 8 June 2011, one B-200, one C-160, one C-130 and one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 9 June 2011, eight Cougar Turkish military aircraft coming in two formations violated international air traffic regulations four times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 11 and 13 June 2011, three Cougar, one CN-235 and one B-200 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 14 June 2011, four Cougar and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 15 June 2011, one C-160, one CN-235, six Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type violated international air traffic regulations ten times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus nine times.", "On 16 June 2011, two F-16, two C-160, two CN-235 and one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus six times.", "On 17, 18 and 19 June 2011, two Cougar, two C-130 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus eight times.", "On 21 June 2011, one CN-235, one Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 22 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 23 June 2011, two Cougar and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 25 June 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 28 June 2011, one CN-235 and two F-16 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 29 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 30 June 2011, one CN-235 and two F-16 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 1 July 2011, one Cougar and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 6 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 7 July 2011, one CN-235 and two F-4 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 8 and 9 July 2011, one Cougar, one CN-235 and two C-130 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 12 July 2011, two F-16 and two KC-135 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 13 July 2011, two B-200 and one CN-235 Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 15 July 2011, two Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 18 July 2011, ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 19 July 2011, one C-650, one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235, two F-16 and eight NF-5 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations nine times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus nine times.", "On 20 July 2011, one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235 and eleven NF-5 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 21 July 2011, three F-16, two KC-135, one C-650 and one CN-235 violated international air traffic regulations four times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 22 July 2011, ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 25 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 26 July 2011, two F-16, two Cougar and two CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations six times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 27 and 28 July 2011, one C-160, one CN-235, one B-200 and three Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 28 July 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On behalf of my Government, I strongly protest the continuing violations by Turkey of international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus and call for their immediate cessation.", "This relentless abuse by Turkey of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus clearly violates international law and air traffic regulations and puts the safety of international aviation in the Eastern Mediterranean at serious risk. I call upon the Turkish Government to abide by the Charter of the United Nations and its international obligations and respect the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus.", "Regrettably, while negotiations aimed at finding a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the Cyprus problem are ongoing, Turkey’s provocative behaviour continues unabated. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan’s latest remarks, while on an illegal visit to the occupied areas of Cyprus, leave no room for doubt as to Turkey’s real intentions and are particularly disheartening at the current juncture in the negotiations. We call on Turkey, once again, to heed the call of the international community and engage constructively towards reaching a viable solution to the Cyprus problem, in accordance with the agreed basis for such a solution, endorsed by numerous Security Council resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Minas A. Hadjimichael" ]
A_65_923
[ "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Item 43 Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "On instructions from my Government and in connection with the letter I addressed to you on 7 July 2011 (A/65/901-S/2011/424), I have the honour to draw your attention to the continuing violations of international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus by military aircraft of the Turkish Air Force between 1 June and 28 July 2011, as follows.", "On 1 June 2011, 10 Turkish military aircraft (six F-16, two CN-235, one Cougar and one C-160) violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 2 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 3 and 4 June 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (two Cougar, one CN-235 and one C-160) violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 6 June 2011, 10 Turkish military aircraft (two F-16, four F-4 and four Cougar) violated international air traffic regulations on eight occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on six occasions.", "On 7 June 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (two F-4 and two CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 8 June 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (one B-200, one C-160, one C-130 and one Cougar) violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 9 June 2011, eight Cougar Turkish military aircraft flying in two formations violated international air traffic regulations four times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 11 and 13 June 2011, five Turkish military aircraft (three Cougar, one CN-235 and one B-200) violated international air traffic regulations on six occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on six occasions.", "On 14 June 2011, five Turkish military aircraft (four Cougar and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 15 June 2011, nine Turkish military aircraft (one C-160, one CN-235, six Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type) violated international air traffic regulations on ten occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on nine occasions.", "On 16 June 2011, seven Turkish military aircraft (two F-16, two C-160, two CN-235 and one Cougar) violated international air traffic regulations on eight occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on six occasions.", "On 17, 18 and 19 June 2011, five Turkish military aircraft (two Cougar, two C-130 and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations eight times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus eight times.", "On 21 June 2011, three Turkish military aircraft (one CN-235, one Cougar and one Turkish military aircraft of unknown type) violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus five times.", "On 22 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 23 June 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (two Cougar and two CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations five times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus four times.", "On 25 June 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 28 June 2011, three Turkish military aircraft (one CN-235 and two F-16) violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 29 June 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 30 June 2011, three Turkish military aircraft (one CN-235 and two F-16) violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 1 July 2011, two Turkish military aircraft (one Cougar and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus three times.", "On 6 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 7 July 2011, three Turkish military aircraft (one CN-235 and two F-4) violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 8 and 9 July 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (one Cougar, one CN-235 and two C-130) violated international air traffic regulations on six occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on five occasions.", "On 12 July 2011, four Turkish military aircraft (two F-16 and two KC-135) violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On 13 July 2011, three Turkish military aircraft (two B-200 and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations three times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 15 July 2011, two Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 18 July 2011, 13 Turkish military aircraft (ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 19 July 2011, 15 Turkish military aircraft (one C-650, one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235, two F-16 and eight NF-5) violated international air traffic regulations nine times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus nine times.", "On 20 July 2011, 15 Turkish military aircraft (one C-208, two Cougar, one CN-235 and 11 NF-5) violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 21 July 2011, seven Turkish military aircraft (three F-16, two KC-135, one C-650 and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations on four occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on two occasions.", "On 22 July 2011, 13 Turkish military aircraft (ten NF-5, two C-160 and one CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations seven times and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus seven times.", "On 25 July 2011, one CN-235 Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations twice and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus twice.", "On 26 July 2011, six Turkish military aircraft (two F-16, two Cougar and two CN-235) violated international air traffic regulations on six occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on four occasions.", "On 27 and 28 July 2011, six Turkish military aircraft (one C-160, one CN-235, one B-200 and three Cougar) violated international air traffic regulations on eight occasions and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus on seven occasions.", "On 28 July 2011, one Cougar Turkish military aircraft violated international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus.", "On behalf of my Government, I strongly protest against the persistent violations of international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic of Cyprus committed by Turkey and demand their immediate cessation.", "This incessant abuse of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus by Turkey constitutes a clear violation of international law and international air traffic regulations, and seriously jeopardizes the safety of international aviation in the Eastern Mediterranean. I call upon the Government of Turkey to act in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and to fulfil its international obligations, and to respect the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus.", "Unfortunately, despite the continuing negotiations to find a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the Cyprus problem, Turkey persists in its provocative conduct. The latest comments made by Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan during an illegal visit to the occupied areas of Cyprus leave no doubt about Turkey &apos; s true intentions and are particularly discouraging at the present time of the negotiations. We call upon Turkey, once again, to listen to the call of the international community and to work constructively to achieve a viable solution to the Cyprus problem, in accordance with the agreed basis for such a solution that support numerous Security Council resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Minas A. Hadjimichael" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "* A/66/150.", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "El derecho a la educación", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General el informe provisional del Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la educación, Kishore Singh, en cumplimiento de las resoluciones 8/4 y 17/3 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "Informe provisional del Relator Especial sobre el derecho a la educación", "Resumen", "El presente informe se ha preparado de conformidad con las resoluciones 8/4 y 17/3 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Está dedicado a la financiación nacional de la educación básica. Se detallan las obligaciones de derechos humanos sobre la financiación de la educación y se proporcionan ejemplos prácticos de marcos jurídicos nacionales que garantizan la financiación nacional. El informe contiene también una actualización de la situación de la educación en situaciones de emergencia, de conformidad con la resolución 64/290 de la Asamblea General. El Relator Especial destaca que la atención que se presta y la financiación que se dedica a la educación en situaciones de emergencia siguen siendo insuficientes e inadecuadas y pide que se realicen más inversiones en actividades de prevención y para ofrecer una mejor protección a la educación durante conflictos armados.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Financiación 3 de la educación \nbásica A.Obligaciones 4 de derechos humanos relativas a la financiación de la \neducación B. Marco 8 jurídico nacional para la financiación de la educación \nbásica C. Problemas 11 que requieren más \natención D.Conclusiones 13 y \nrecomendaciones III. Puesta 15 al día sobre el tema de la educación en situaciones de \nemergencia A.Asegurar 16 el apoyo político y financiero a la educación en situaciones de \nemergencia B.Protección 18 de la educación contra \nataques C.Preparación 20 de los sistemas educativos para hacer frente a desastres \nnaturales D.Asegurar 21 que se preste atención a las niñas y los grupos \nmarginados E.Garantizar 22 la calidad de la educación a todos los \nniveles F.Reunión 23 de información sobre la educación en situaciones de \nemergencia G.Conclusiones 24 y \nrecomendaciones", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe se ha preparado de conformidad con las resoluciones 8/4 y 17/3 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Trata de las obligaciones de los Estados en relación con la financiación pública de la educación básica y la importancia de los marcos jurídicos para garantizar la financiación nacional de ese tipo de educación. Contiene también una actualización de la situación en materia de educación en situaciones de emergencia, de conformidad con la resolución 64/290 de la Asamblea General.", "2. Tras su designación por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, Kishore Singh asumió sus funciones como Relator Especial en agosto de 2010. Desde entonces, ha presentado un informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su séptimo período de sesiones, celebrado en junio de 2011. En su primer informe[1], esbozó las esferas prioritarias que debían examinarse durante su mandato y se refirió con más detalle a las obligaciones de los Estados de asegurar la igualdad de oportunidades en materia de educación. Informó también de su primera misión a un país, Senegal[2], que cumplió en enero de 2011.", "3. Durante su primer año de trabajo, el Relator Especial participó en diversos actos públicos sobre la educación y procuró establecer la colaboración con los Estados, las organizaciones internacionales y las organizaciones no gubernamentales. El Relator Especial participó recientemente en dos reuniones preparatorias regionales del Consejo Económico y Social, que se celebraron en Tailandia en marzo y en Togo en abril. En julio, el Relator Especial participó en el examen anual a nivel ministerial celebrado durante la serie de sesiones de alto nivel del período de sesiones sustantivo del Consejo, que centró la atención en los objetivos y compromisos internacionalmente acordados en relación con la educación.", "II. Financiación de la educación básica", "4. El derecho a la educación ha sido reconocido internacionalmente y el suministro de recursos financieros adecuados se considera esencial para realizarlo. El artículo 26 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos reconoce el derecho de todos a la educación, que debe ser gratuita, por lo menos en las etapas elementales y fundamentales. Desde la aprobación de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, los Estados han asumido obligaciones jurídicas internacionales para hacer efectivo el derecho a la educación, concertando diversos instrumentos de derechos humanos[3] y asumiendo la responsabilidad de suministrar los recursos necesarios para su realización.", "5. Las restricciones relativas a los recursos, sin embargo, siguen constituyendo un importante obstáculo a la realización del derecho a la educación. Las perspectivas de lograr las metas del Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio 2 (Lograr que los niños y niñas de todo el mundo puedan terminar un ciclo completo de enseñanza primaria) y del Objetivo 3 (Eliminar la disparidad de género en todos los niveles de la enseñanza a más tardar en 2015) no son muy favorables debido a la escasez de recursos. La evaluación preparada para la reunión plenaria de alto nivel de la Asamblea General sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio subraya la necesidad de aumentar los presupuestos y aportar más recursos para acelerar los progresos en la realización de esas metas[4]. En los últimos años, los Informes de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo han señalado permanentemente la insuficiencia de los fondos dedicados a la educación. En fecha más reciente, los recortes en el gasto público como consecuencia de la crisis financiera mundial han amenazado con disminuir el apoyo al sector de la educación, posiblemente poniendo en peligro los recientes avances logrados[5]. Por ejemplo, 7 de 18 países de bajos ingresos redujeron los gastos en educación en 2009; solamente esos países tenían 3,7 millones de niños no escolarizados[6].", "6. Dada la necesidad crítica de superar las limitaciones de los recursos para realizar el derecho a la educación y alcanzar las metas internacionalmente acordadas, como las de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y Educación para Todos, en el presente informe el Relator Especial recuerda las obligaciones de los Estados en cuanto al suministro de recursos nacionales para la educación básica, y presenta ejemplos de instrumentos jurídicos nacionales aprobados para garantizar la asignación de recursos financieros adecuados para la educación.", "A. Obligaciones de derechos humanos relativas a la financiación de la educación", "7. De conformidad con los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, los Estados son responsables de aportar recursos para garantizar el goce de los derechos humanos. El suministro de los recursos necesarios para el goce del derecho a la educación es uno de los más importantes, dado que el disfrute de este derecho es esencial para el ejercicio de todos los otros derechos humanos. Se le debe otorgar alta prioridad en las inversiones públicas, ya que sus beneficiarios son tanto los individuos como la sociedad.", "8. Las obligaciones de los Estados de garantizar el suministro de todos los recursos necesarios para superar las limitaciones a la realización del derecho a la educación figuran permanentemente en las observaciones finales aprobadas por los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas. El Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales y el Comité de los Derechos del Niño han expresado con frecuencia su preocupación por la disminución de las normas educativas debido a la falta de inversiones de los Estados en la educación y han recomendado el aumento de los recursos asignados al sector de la educación. El Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer también ha instado sistemáticamente a los Estados a que aumenten sus inversiones en la educación como un derecho humano fundamental y como la base para el empoderamiento de la mujer. Las recomendaciones resultantes del proceso de examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos relativas al suministro de mayores recursos a la educación es una confirmación más del amplio reconocimiento de la importancia central que reviste la financiación de la educación para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones relativas a los derechos humanos[7].", "9. Los compromisos en cuanto a la financiación de la educación figuran también en las recomendaciones de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)/Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) relativas a la situación de los maestros (1966), que reconocen la necesidad de otorgar alta prioridad en todos los países a la asignación, en los presupuestos nacionales, de una proporción adecuada del ingreso nacional al desarrollo de la educación[8]. El derecho a la educación forma parte de la misión institucional de la UNESCO y los Estados Miembros tienen la obligación de proporcionar los recursos necesarios para su realización.", "1. Asegurar la realización progresiva y evitar la regresión", "10. El concepto de la realización progresiva de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, incluido el derecho a la educación, reconoce que su realización suele tener efecto a lo largo del tiempo. Implica también que se deben adoptar medidas para promover la realización de un derecho con miras a garantizar una expansión sostenible de su disfrute en todo el país. Cuando hace referencia a la realización progresiva del derecho a la educación, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales subraya que los Estados partes en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales tienen una obligación específica y permanente de “avanzar lo más rápida y efectivamente posible” hacia la plena realización de ese derecho. Destaca también que hay una “firme presunción de que no está permitido adoptar medidas regresivas”[9]. En ese sentido, el apoyo a la educación debe estar impulsado por la necesidad de asegurar la expansión gradual del sector de la educación.", "11. Varios órganos de tratados de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas han expresado preocupación en cuanto al posible impacto de la crisis económica en el goce de los derechos humanos. El Comité de Derechos Económicos y Sociales especificó que “aun en tiempos de limitaciones graves de recursos, causadas sea por el proceso de ajuste, la recesión económica u otros factores, se puede y de hecho se debe proteger a los miembros vulnerables de la sociedad mediante la adopción de programas de relativo bajo costo”[10]. En fecha más reciente, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó una resolución en la que pide a los Estados que tomen nota de que las crisis económicas y financieras no disminuyen la responsabilidad de las autoridades nacionales respecto de la realización de los derechos humanos[11].", "2. Cumplimiento de las obligaciones básicas", "12. Las obligaciones de los Estados de satisfacer, con carácter prioritario, “niveles mínimos esenciales de cada uno de los derechos” reconocidos en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, también conocidas como las “obligaciones básicas mínimas”, tienen efecto inmediato. Las obligaciones básicas relativas al derecho a la educación incluyen la obligación de proporcionar la educación primaria gratuita a todos de conformidad con el apartado a) del párrafo 2 del artículo 13 y la obligación de adoptar y poner en práctica una estrategia educativa nacional que incluya el suministro de educación secundaría, superior y fundamental[12]. El artículo 14 del Pacto subraya además la obligación básica de adoptar un plan de acción para garantizar la aplicación progresiva del derecho a una educación primaria obligatoria y gratuita en un marco temporal razonable.", "3. Garantizar el suministro de la mayor cantidad de recursos disponibles", "13. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales[13], la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño[14] y la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad[15] establecen explícitamente la obligación de los Estados partes de proporcionar el máximo de los recursos de que se disponga para garantizar el goce de los derechos humanos.", "14. En sus observaciones generales sobre la naturaleza de las obligaciones de los Estados partes, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales subrayó que aún si los recursos disponibles fueran insuficientes, seguía en pie la obligación de que el Estado parte se empeñe en asegurar el disfrute más amplio posible de los derechos pertinentes dadas las circunstancias reinantes, vigilar la medida de su realización y elaborar estrategias y programas para su promoción[16]. La mención de recursos se refiere a la financiación, aunque no de manera exclusiva.", "4. Prestar asistencia y cooperación internacionales", "15. En virtud del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, los Estados tienen la obligación de tomar medidas, tanto por separado como mediante la asistencia y la cooperación internacionales, hasta el máximo de los recursos de que dispongan, para lograr progresivamente la plena efectividad de los derechos. El Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales[17] ha subrayado la obligación específica de la comunidad internacional de financiar la realización del derecho a la educación. Al mismo tiempo, los Estados que necesitan asistencia internacional deben solicitar y administrar esa asistencia de conformidad con las normas y reglas de derechos humanos.", "16. En virtud del principio de la solidaridad internacional, los países menos adelantados, que enfrentan graves restricciones financieras, merecen esa asistencia a priori. Los asociados en el desarrollo deben proporcionar “apoyo técnico y financiero” a esos países “para que apliquen sus planes y programas nacionales de educación, incluida una mayor accesibilidad en las zonas rurales y remotas”. Por su parte, los países menos adelantados deben reforzar sus sistemas nacionales de educación[18].", "17. Diversas declaraciones políticas sobre ayuda internacional subrayan la necesidad de una gestión adecuada, por los países receptores, de los recursos nacionales disponibles ya que esto contribuiría a mejorar la sostenibilidad de los esfuerzos. Por ejemplo, la Declaración de París sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda al Desarrollo de 2005 dispone que los países asociados se deben comprometer a “intensificar sus esfuerzos para movilizar recursos nacionales, fortalecer la sostenibilidad fiscal y crear un entorno favorable para las inversiones públicas y privadas”[19]. De igual manera, el Pacto Mundial lanzado por el Secretario General en la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Financiación para el Desarrollo, celebrada en Monterrey (México) en 2002, dispone que si los países en desarrollo mejoran la gobernanza y logran resultados, los donantes aportarán la financiación necesaria para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio[20]. La Iniciativa acelerada de educación para todos, el mecanismo más importante de asistencia internacional para la educación, fue diseñada para ayudar a los países a lograr el Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio 2 y los objetivos de la Educación para Todos, y presta particular atención a la gestión adecuada de los recursos nacionales por parte de los países receptores.", "18. En 2006, los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales que participaban en la asistencia para el desarrollo establecieron un Grupo Directivo sobre Financiación Innovadora para el Desarrollo y le encargaron que elaborara mecanismos adicionales de financiación internacional para promover el desarrollo mundial. El Equipo de Tareas internacional sobre la financiación innovadora para la educación, establecido como parte de esa iniciativa, considera actualmente varias alternativas para mejorar la financiación para la educación[21], incluida la movilización de recursos nacionales y la asistencia internacional[22].", "5. Compromisos políticos mundiales pertinentes", "19. El compromiso de financiar la educación primaria figura en numerosas declaraciones internacionales y constituye el aspecto central de las principales campañas mundiales. En el Foro Mundial sobre Educación, celebrado en 2000, los gobiernos, junto con otros interesados, se comprometieron a establecer una estrategia, entre otras cosas, para “movilizar un enérgico compromiso político nacional e internacional para la educación para todos, desarrollar un plan de acción nacional y mejorar significativamente las inversiones en educación básica”[23]. Esa promesa incluye el compromiso de “apuntalar la voluntad política con recursos”. Por consiguiente, corresponde a los gobiernos proporcionar recursos nacionales para lograr la Educación para Todos. Se considera que el acceso a la educación, que es un derecho humano básico, es una “inversión estratégica en el desarrollo”[24].", "20. Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio también deben interpretarse como una reafirmación de las obligaciones asumidas en virtud de los tratados de derechos humanos y, por consiguiente, de la responsabilidad de los gobiernos de proporcionar recursos financieros para la educación. El Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio 2 refleja la obligación de garantizar la educación primaria universal, incluida la obligación de asegurar que ningún costo directo o indirecto prive a los niños de su derecho a la educación. El Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio 3 refleja la obligación de garantizar la igualdad entre los géneros en todos los niveles de la educación, incluido el deber de proporcionar recursos financieros para ese propósito.", "B. Marco jurídico nacional para la financiación de la educación básica", "21. Incumbe a los Estados incorporar en sus legislaciones nacionales las obligaciones internacionales relativas a la financiación de la educación. La inclusión de disposiciones sobre financiación pública de la educación en la constitución, la legislación nacional y las políticas educativas de un país es fundamental para dar efecto a las obligaciones relativas a la realización del derecho a la educación. El Relator Especial considera que la aprobación de un marco jurídico nacional para la financiación de la educación indica la importancia y la prioridad que se da al derecho a la educación.", "22. En las reformas legislativas promovidas en el contexto del proceso de la Educación para Todos, se puede observar la emergencia del derecho a la educación básica, junto con el derecho a la educación primaria, en los marcos legislativos nacionales. De esta forma, los Estados reconocen su deber de garantizar el acceso universal a la educación básica. En la reunión de 2009 de Jefes de Gobierno de los Países del Commonwealth, por ejemplo, se pide a todos los países del Commonwealth que aporten más recursos para la educación básica[25].", "1. Disposiciones constitucionales", "23. Las disposiciones constitucionales sobre financiación de la educación constituyen una base firme para la elaboración de leyes y políticas educativas. Esas disposiciones existen en varios países y tienen criterios diferentes para determinar los niveles mínimos de la inversión en educación.", "24. Algunas constituciones establecen el nivel mínimo de recursos que deben asignarse a la educación como un porcentaje de los ingresos fiscales. La Constitución del Brasil dispone, en su artículo 212, que “la Unión aplicará anualmente no menos del 18% de sus ingresos fiscales, y que los Estados, el Distrito Federal y las Circunscripciones aplicarán por lo menos el 25% de sus ingresos fiscales, incluidos los ingresos provenientes de transferencias, para el mantenimiento y desarrollo de la educación”.", "25. Otras constituciones establecen una proporción mínima para la educación en el presupuesto nacional general. La Constitución de Indonesia, revisada en 2002, establece en el párrafo 4 del artículo 31 que “El Estado dará prioridad al presupuesto para educación, hasta un mínimo del 20% del presupuesto del Estado y de los presupuestos regionales, a fin de satisfacer las necesidades nacionales en materia de educación nacional”.", "26. Otras constituciones utilizan el producto interno bruto (PIB) nacional para calcular el monto mínimo requerido para la educación. La Constitución del Ecuador de 2008 dispone que el gasto público en educación será del 6% del PIB. La Constitución de Costa Rica de 1997 contiene disposiciones similares.", "27. Por último, otras constituciones establecen la obligación de priorizar la inversión en la educación. La Constitución de Etiopía dispone que el Estado tiene la obligación de asignar recursos cada vez mayores a la prestación de servicios de salud pública, educación y otros servicios sociales (párrafo 4 del artículo 41). Asimismo, la Constitución de Filipinas y la de Viet Nam disponen que el Estado debe dar prioridad a la inversión en educación.", "2. La legislación nacional y las consignaciones presupuestarias para la educación básica", "28. El Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales ha destacado la importancia de la legislación nacional para dar efecto a las obligaciones del Estado[26]. La legislación elaborada en muchos países, con frecuencia en el contexto del proceso de Educación para Todos, contiene importantes disposiciones para la financiación de la educación básica, estableciendo niveles mínimos de apoyo financiero y las responsabilidades a ese respecto. Más adelante se dan ejemplos prácticos de las últimas novedades acontecidas.", "29. En Sudáfrica, la educación básica es un derecho constitucional. La ley escolar sudafricana de 1996 dispone que, “con sujeción a la Constitución y a la presente ley, el Ministro debe determinar las reglas y normas mínimas para la financiación de las escuelas públicas tras celebrar consultas con el Consejo de Ministros de Educación/la Comisión Financiera y Fiscal y el Ministro de Finanzas” (párr. 35).", "30. En Nigeria, la Ley de Educación Básica Obligatoria, Gratuita y Universal de 2004, que dispone nueve años de educación básica obligatoria, establece la Comisión de Educación Básica Universal, encargada de aplicar el derecho a la educación básica y de aportar los recursos necesarios. El programa de educación básica universal se financia con el 2% del Fondo Consolidado de Ingresos.", "31. En la Argentina, la Ley de educación nacional núm. 26 de 2007 dispone que los recursos destinados a la educación se incrementarán al 6% del PIB en 2010. La Ley establece un derecho a la escolaridad obligatoria desde los 5 años de edad hasta la terminación de la educación secundaria (artículo 16).", "32. En México, la Ley General de Educación, revisada en 2003, dispone que el 8% del PIB se asignará a los servicios educativos y la educación pública (artículo 25). Se ha informado de que esto ha contribuido a un incremento en el apoyo a la educación.", "33. En la India, las políticas sobre financiación de la educación básica están basadas en la legislación nacional, como se desprende de las medidas que se están adoptando para poner en práctica la ley sobre el derecho de los niños a la educación gratuita y obligatoria de 2009. Se ha informado de que, como consecuencia de este marco, se ha producido un aumento exponencial en los gastos en educación en el plan quinquenal del país.", "34. En el Senegal, la Ley 91-22 de 1991 sobre la orientación de la educación nacional, modificada en 2004 por la Ley 2004-37, establece la escolaridad obligatoria para todos los niños entre los 6 y los 16 años de edad, que se imparte en forma gratuita en todas las escuelas públicas. Se informó de que el reconocimiento del deber de impartir educación fue seguido por un aumento en la inversión nacional de hasta casi el 40% del presupuesto nacional.", "35. En Kenya, la aprobación de la Ley sobre la infancia de 2001 y las estrategias para la educación en el siglo XXI, subrayan el compromiso básico de universalizar la educación primaria. Se ha informado de que los recursos asignados a la educación contienen un aumento significativo como resultado de ese compromiso.", "36. En China, la Ley de educación obligatoria, enmendada en 2006, dispone nueve años de educación básica. Garantiza que la educación básica será financiada por el Consejo Estatal y los gobiernos populares locales. El plan nacional de China de desarrollo y reforma de la educación a mediano y largo plazo (2010-2020) reconoce que la financiación de la educación es una inversión básica y estratégica. El plan propone aumentar el gasto público en educación al 4% del PIB a más tardar en 2012.", "37. Algunos marcos jurídicos transfieren la responsabilidad de la financiación a entidades supranacionales. En Islandia, la Ley de escolaridad obligatoria núm. 19, de 2008, dispone que las municipalidades financiarán el costo de las inversiones de capital en la educación obligatoria. En Tailandia, la Ley de educación nacional de 1999, autoriza al Estado y los órganos locales a imponer tributos a la educación cuando corresponda. Algunos países con sistemas federales cuentan con disposiciones financieras específicas en términos de la competencia y responsabilidad de las autoridades federales y provinciales (estatales)[27].", "3. Movilización de recursos adicionales para la educación", "38. Los instrumentos jurídicos pueden facilitar la movilización de recursos adicionales para la educación. Un amillaramiento del 2% para la educación aplicado a todos los impuestos centrales de la India ha dado lugar a una importante expansión de la financiación para el sector de la educación elemental. Asimismo, el Plan Nacional de China mencionado más arriba, propone un recargo para la educación del 3% del impuesto al valor añadido, que se aplicaría específicamente a las actividades educativas. La movilización de recursos adicionales mediante esos planes tributarios especiales es esencial para reforzar las consignaciones presupuestarias[28].", "39. La inversión pública en educación básica se puede mejorar movilizando recursos adicionales provenientes de contribuciones de órganos locales, donantes privados y comunidades, mediante mecanismos institucionales que complementen la financiación gubernamental. Por ejemplo, en la República Unida de Tanzanía, de conformidad con la Ley del Fondo para la Educación de 2001, la Autoridad encargada de la educación puede recibir regalos, donaciones, legados y otras contribuciones monetarias en nombre del Fondo. Hay mecanismos similares, por ejemplo, en la India que tiene el Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh (fondo de educación) y en Nigeria, que tiene el Fondo del impuesto a la educación. Es necesario asegurar que las modalidades operacionales de todos los mecanismos institucionales de ese tipo respeten plenamente la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas.", "40. El presente informe centra la atención solo en la financiación de la educación con recursos públicos. Ahora bien, es evidente que el sector privado puede complementar las iniciativas estatales relativas al suministro de educación concertando asociaciones con gobiernos para compartir las responsabilidades de manera equitativa[29]. Hay que asegurar, sin embargo, que esas asociaciones funcionen en un marco jurídico que requiera el pleno cumplimiento de las normas de derechos humanos y las normas de la calidad de la educación.", "C. Problemas que requieren más atención", "41. Como se describe más arriba, los instrumentos de derechos humanos establecen claramente las obligaciones del Estado en materia de financiación de la educación. En la práctica, esas obligaciones requieren diversos instrumentos jurídicos y normativos que aseguren que la inversión en la educación sea previsible y sostenible y que los recursos financieros se aporten y utilicen adecuadamente en el momento oportuno para asegurar el goce más amplio posible del derecho a la educación. La adopción de un marco jurídico para la financiación de la educación constituye un instrumento importante para promover la rendición de cuentas, ya que las medidas que afecten a la inversión pública en la educación pueden ser objeto de actuaciones judiciales internas[30].", "42. Más adelante, el Relator Especial se refiere a algunos problemas básicos en la aplicación de los instrumentos jurídicos para la financiación de la educación básica que requieren más atención.", "1. Garantizar la asignación de recursos financieros adecuados para la educación básica", "43. A fin de superar las restricciones en materia de recursos del programa Educación para Todos, el Grupo de Alto Nivel sobre la Educación para Todos ha propugnado que se asegure la asignación a la educación de una proporción mínima de los presupuestos nacionales (15% a 20%) o un porcentaje del PIB (4% a 6%)[31]. Como se describe más arriba, los mecanismos que disponen que una parte del gasto público general o del ingreso proveniente de impuestos específicos se asigne a la educación, ya han logrado resultados en varios países en cuanto al aumento de la financiación para la educación. Es evidente que la evaluación de la eficacia de esos mecanismos en el tiempo dependerá del funcionamiento general de los mecanismos normativos fiscales y presupuestarios que imperen en cada Estado.", "2. Asegurar una utilización adecuada de los recursos para la educación", "44. Si bien la consignación de la mayor cantidad posible de recursos nacionales a la educación es un aspecto crucial, igualmente importante es asegurar su utilización efectiva y óptima[32]. Además de garantizar la financiación de la educación, los instrumentos jurídicos que protegen el derecho a la educación pueden también orientar la forma en que el Estado utiliza los recursos asignados a la educación de conformidad con las obligaciones de derechos humanos.", "45. Teniendo en cuenta la obligación de garantizar la educación primaria universal y los compromisos de realizar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y el programa de Educación para Todos, la financiación de la educación básica y primaria debe garantizarse como una cuestión prioritaria.", "46. La evaluación de la eficacia de la gestión financiera en la esfera de la educación requiere que se preste atención a los principios básicos de la igualdad y la no discriminación. Al consignar fondos para los diversos niveles de educación y para las regiones de un territorio, se deben tener en cuenta las disparidades socioeconómicas imperantes y su relación con el sector de la educación. En los casos en que las escuelas se financian mediante presupuestos subnacionales, es necesario también asegurar que las diferencias en los ingresos recaudados localmente no den lugar a desigualdades entre las regiones.", "47. Se debe asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos específicos para abordar las causas básicas de la exclusión de la educación de las niñas, los que viven en la pobreza o con discapacidades, las minorías étnicas y lingüísticas, los migrantes y otros grupos marginados y desaventajados. Se debe considerar la aplicación de medidas específicas para superar importantes obstáculos a la educación, incluida la abolición de los derechos escolares y el suministro de subvenciones para otros gastos, como libros de texto, uniformes y transporte[33]. Las medidas especiales de carácter provisional para proporcionar apoyo financiero a esos grupos mediante una acción afirmativa tienen una base normativa en los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos[34]. Se debe prestar particular atención a los principios de transparencia y rendición de cuentas en la gestión de los presupuestos para la educación.", "3. Respuesta a los imperativos de calidad", "48. Por último, los marcos que rigen los gastos en educación deben considerar seriamente la posibilidad de mejorar la calidad de la educación, reconociendo su papel central en la vida de las personas y la función de empoderamiento que cumple la calidad de la educación. Con frecuencia, los presupuestos para la educación se consumen plenamente para sufragar gastos recurrentes, en su mayor parte los sueldos de los maestros que, lamentablemente, son con frecuencia muy bajos y crean dificultades para atraer a profesionales calificados[35]. Todavía no se presta la debida atención a la cuestión de la inversión en esferas esenciales, como la elaboración de materiales pedagógicos, la capacitación del personal docente y la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo. El Relator Especial se propone examinar esta cuestión en otros informes temáticos relativos a la calidad de la educación.", "D. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "49. Los Estados no pueden cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales en materia de realización del derecho a la educación si no proporcionan los recursos necesarios para ello y los mantienen sobre una base permanente y previsible. A tal fin, los marcos jurídicos y normativos nacionales que garantizan las inversiones en la educación cumplen una función crucial. También son esenciales para acelerar el progreso sostenible hacia la realización de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y para llevar adelante el programa de Educación para Todos. La educación es, por cierto, la mejor inversión que puede realizar un país y merece la más alta prioridad en la asignación de recursos. Por tratarse de un bien público mundial de suma importancia, la educación debe ser objeto de firmes compromisos de los líderes mundiales en cuanto a su financiación[36].", "50. En ese espíritu, el Relator Especial presenta las siguientes recomendaciones:", "a) Asegurar la inversión en la educación a través de los marcos jurídicos nacionales", "51. Es sumamente necesario contar con una ley nacional que asegure, por lo menos, un nivel mínimo de inversión indispensable para asegurar la calidad de la educación. De conformidad con las recomendaciones hechas repetidamente por el Grupo de Alto Nivel sobre la Educación para Todos, una norma internacionalmente aceptada que estableciese un cierto porcentaje mínimo del PIB (4% a 6%) o del presupuesto nacional (15% a 20%) para la educación sería una base muy valiosa para desarrollar un marco jurídico y normativo nacional.", "b) Elaborar estrategias para aumentar la asignación de recursos", "52. La elaboración de nuevos enfoques a la asignación de recursos y su utilización reviste una importancia crucial para los países. A fin de mejorar la inversión en la educación como una cuestión de prioridad nacional, se pueden establecer partidas para la educación en los presupuestos de diversos ministerios que tratan del desarrollo social (ministerios de bienestar social, del desarrollo del niño y la mujer, de trabajo, de salud pública, etc.). Al mismo tiempo, es importante ampliar la base impositiva para crear más recursos presupuestarios.", "c) Promover el debate público y el intercambio de experiencias", "53. La educación no siempre recibe la prioridad que merece en el plano nacional en términos de consignaciones presupuestarias. Para asegurar que la educación sea objeto de atención prioritaria, sería conveniente promover el diálogo público entre los ministerios de educación y los ministerios de finanzas y planificación acerca de las medidas necesarias para garantizar la máxima financiación posible para la educación. Un intercambio de ideas y enfoques entre países acerca de los marcos jurídicos y normativos para la financiación de la educación permitiría a las autoridades nacionales aprovechar la experiencia disponible y los ejemplos prácticos desde una perspectiva comparativa, y proporcionaría conocimientos detallados sobre nuevas formas de invertir en la educación.", "d) Prestar particular atención a la financiación de la educación básica proporcionando asistencia técnica a gobiernos para el desarrollo de marcos jurídicos nacionales", "54. De conformidad con la resolución 17/3 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, se debe alentar a la UNESCO y al UNICEF a que continúen prestando asistencia técnica a los Estados Miembros para que modernicen y desarrollen su legislación nacional. En ese proceso, se debe hacer hincapié en la importancia de las disposiciones relativas a la financiación de la educación básica.", "e) Respuesta a los imperativos de calidad", "55. Las disposiciones presupuestarias relativas a la calidad de la educación son escasas, ya que casi la totalidad de los recursos consignados para la educación se aplican a gastos recurrentes. Se requiere un cambio de paradigma para responder a los imperativos de la calidad, que siguen constituyendo un enorme desafío.", "III. Puesta al día sobre el tema de la educación en situaciones de emergencia", "56. La Asamblea General, en su resolución 64/290, pidió al Relator Especial que incluyera en su próximo informe provisional a la Asamblea General, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, una actualización del informe sobre el derecho a la educación en situaciones de emergencia presentado en 2008 por su predecesor (A/HRC/8/10), a fin de identificar las lagunas y los desafíos restantes para asegurar el derecho a la educación en situaciones de emergencia.", "57. En el informe de 2008, las emergencias se habían definido como todas aquellas situaciones de crisis de origen natural y las derivadas de conflictos armados, tanto internacionales (incluida la ocupación militar) como internos, tal como los define el derecho internacional humanitario, así como las situaciones posteriores a conflictos. Se señaló también en el informe que, además de tratarse de una obligación del Estado ampliamente reconocida, asegurar una educación adecuada era indispensable para prevenir emergencias y asegurar el éxito de las actividades de consolidación de la paz y recuperación. Se subrayó, sin embargo, que con frecuencia la educación era interrumpida, postergada e incluso negada durante el proceso de reconstrucción y respuesta temprana a las emergencias. En el informe se presentaron diversas recomendaciones a los Estados y a las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales para proteger mejor la educación y asegurar su inclusión como parte integrante de la respuesta humanitaria a conflictos y desastres naturales.", "58. La presente actualización se divide en seis secciones, que reflejan el contenido y las recomendaciones básicas de la resolución 64/290. Cada sección contiene una indicación de los desafíos restantes para la promoción de la educación en situaciones de emergencia, y los progresos logrados en los últimos tres años. La primera sección centra la atención en la recomendación de aumentar el apoyo político y financiero a la educación en situaciones de emergencia. La segunda sección se refiere a la recomendación de mejorar la protección de las escuelas contra ataques y garantizar la responsabilidad. La tercera sección trata de la recomendación de preparar mejor los sistemas educativos para situaciones de desastres naturales. La cuarta sección se refiere a la recomendación de prestar atención a las necesidades específicas de las niñas y otros grupos marginados. La quinta sección hace hincapié en la recomendación de garantizar la calidad de la educación en emergencias. La sexta sección está dedicada a la necesidad de mejorar la reunión de datos sobre la educación en situaciones de emergencia.", "59. En la preparación de la presente actualización se aprovechó una extensa presentación preparada mediante un proceso consultivo de colaboración dirigido por un grupo de organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales con experiencia en la educación en situaciones de emergencia[37]. El Relator Especial expresa su gratitud a todos los que compilaron o compartieron información para la preparación de este informe de actualización.", "A. Asegurar el apoyo político y financiero a la educación en situaciones de emergencia", "60. Millones de personas siguen privadas de su derecho a la educación en situaciones de emergencia. Es esencial prestar una mayor atención política y un mayor apoyo financiero sostenible para resguardar este derecho fundamental. La falta de atención suficiente a la educación en situaciones de emergencia sigue afectando a las perspectivas de realizar tanto los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio como los objetivos de la Educación para Todos (EPT). En el Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011 se subraya que unos 28 millones de niños en edad de escolaridad primaria en países afectados por conflictos no asisten actualmente a la escuela. Esto representa el 42% del número total de niños del mundo que no asisten a la escuela[38]. La educación también está en peligro a causa de desastres naturales y artificiales: se estima que 875 millones de niños en edad escolar viven en zonas de alto riesgo sísmico y cientos de millones hacen frente de ordinario a inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierras, vientos extremos y peligro de incendios, así como desastres de desarrollo lento[39].", "61. En la resolución 64/290 de la Asamblea General, se refleja el reconocimiento por los Estados de la urgencia de asegurar la realización del derecho a la educación como un elemento de la asistencia y la respuesta humanitarias. Las deliberaciones y las actividades de investigación dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas están ayudando a develar lo que en el Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011 se ha dado en llamar la “crisis encubierta”. El Comité de los Derechos del Niño en 2008 y la Asamblea General en 2009 organizaron días de deliberaciones sobre este tema.", "62. Un problema clave sigue siendo la necesidad de que los interesados que prestan asistencia humanitaria otorguen una atención mayor y más coordinada a la educación. La reciente asociación entre el proyecto Sphere y la Red interinstitucional para la educación en situaciones de emergencia, para preparar el acuerdo complementario que guíe la integración de la calidad de la educación en el proceso humanitario, representa un importante paso en la promoción de una atención más coherente y especializada a la educación en el seno de la comunidad humanitaria. El restablecimiento del acceso a la educación, que tradicionalmente fue excluido de las prioridades humanitarias, sigue siendo considerado como una prioridad por las familias y los jóvenes afectados por emergencias[40]. La respuesta a las necesidades identificadas por las comunidades afectadas es un componente esencial de la respuesta humanitaria, y un aspecto central de la aplicación del derecho a la educación.", "63. Pese al mayor reconocimiento de la importancia de la educación en situaciones de emergencia por la comunidad internacional y por las comunidades afectadas por las emergencias, la financiación sigue siendo extremadamente limitada. Solo unos pocos organismos donantes han incluido explícitamente la educación como parte de sus políticas humanitarias[41]. El Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011 subrayó que en 2009, la proporción de la asistencia humanitaria dedicada a la educación en emergencias relacionadas con conflictos representó apenas el 2% de la asistencia humanitaria total[42]. La conclusión fue que:", "La educación es la parienta pobre de un sistema de ayuda humanitaria insuficientemente financiado, imprevisible y regido por el corto plazo. La educación es víctima de una doble desventaja: representa solamente una proporción muy pequeña de las peticiones de ayuda humanitaria, y una proporción aún menor de las peticiones que logran obtener financiación[43].", "64. Las evaluaciones indican que algunos países particularmente frágiles que necesitan financiación para la educación son ignorados; los donantes otorgan prioridad claramente a países vinculados a sus prioridades de seguridad: la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo a Estados frágiles está sumamente concentrada; en 2008, el 51% de la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo asignada a 43 Estados frágiles favoreció apenas a seis países, lo que representa solo el 23% de la población del número total de Estados frágiles[44].", "65. La inestabilidad del apoyo es otro motivo de preocupación. Como ya se ha indicado, la sostenibilidad del apoyo financiero es esencial para el funcionamiento adecuado de los sistemas educativos. Esto solo se puede asegurar mediante un apoyo financiero continuado que permita el desarrollo ininterrumpido de los programas. En las situaciones posteriores a emergencias se pierden importantes oportunidades debido a la falta de apoyo y financiación sostenibles en la transición de la respuesta humanitaria al marco de desarrollo. En esos contextos, se subraya también la necesidad de hacer más inversiones en los sistemas nacionales de planificación e información de los países receptores[45].", "66. En el contexto de la Iniciativa acelerada de educación para todos se trabaja para aumentar su apoyo a los Estados frágiles, pero hasta la fecha se ha carecido de la capacidad para proporcionar financiación en entornos de emergencias graves[46]. Además del apoyo bilateral, hay otras modalidades de financiación de la educación en situaciones de emergencia, pero estas son todavía claramente insuficientes.", "67. El Relator Especial destaca que las emergencias no eximen a los Estados de su obligación de tomar todas las medidas apropiadas para asegurar la realización del derecho a la educación de todas las personas que se encuentran en sus territorios, incluidos los que no son nacionales, los refugiados o los grupos de personas internamente desplazadas. Las actividades para asegurar el apoyo financiero a la educación primaria a fin de garantizar que sigue estando disponible durante emergencias, ofrecer educación secundaria sin discriminación y promover el acceso a la educación superior sobre la base de la capacidad, representan simplemente el cumplimiento de una obligación de derechos humanos.", "68. Dada la fragilidad de algunos Estados afectados por emergencias, y el papel central que cumplen la asistencia y la cooperación internacionales en esos contextos, es importante recordar que la obligación de proporcionar asistencia internacional está establecida en las normas de derechos humanos[47]. También está reflejada en numerosas declaraciones internacionales, incluido el Marco de Acción de Dakar sobre Educación para Todos, aprobado en 2000 en el Foro Mundial sobre la Educación. Además, como se señaló más arriba, los Estados que requieren asistencia también están obligados a procurar y administrar la asistencia externa de conformidad con los principios de derechos humanos.", "B. Protección de la educación contra ataques", "69. Los ataques contra las escuelas y las instituciones de educación superior constituyen una violación del derecho humanitario y de las normas de derechos humanos[48]. Ahora bien, como informó recientemente el Secretario General, los ataques contra las escuelas son un motivo de gran preocupación y constituyen una tendencia creciente[49]. La inseguridad prevalece todavía en muchas instituciones de educación situadas en zonas de conflicto, y esto tiene consecuencias de gran alcance para el sistema educativo y para los estudiantes.", "70. Los estudios realizados indican un aumento continuo del número de ataques comunicados contra la educación en situaciones de conflicto y de una extendida violencia durante los últimos tres años[50]. Esos episodios incluyen muerte o lesiones a estudiantes y personal docente, daños a instalaciones de educación o su destrucción y, en última instancia, impiden a miles de estudiantes asistir a la escuela o a la universidad debido a la clausura de esas instituciones. El Fondo para Académicos en Riesgo del Instituto de Educación Internacional[51] indica que el número de solicitudes de académicos amenazados se duplicó durante el período 2008-2011 en comparación con el período anterior. En ciertas situaciones, el uso de escuelas por elementos armados ha comprometido la naturaleza civil de las escuelas y ha puesto a estudiantes y maestros en riesgo[52].", "71. Pese a las deficiencias de los mecanismos de vigilancia, se puede observar que la comunidad internacional presta más atención a los casos de ataques contra la educación en situaciones de emergencia. En 2010, organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales establecieron la coalición mundial para proteger a la educación contra los ataques, y promover conjuntamente actividades de prevención y responder a los ataques contra la educación, y vigilar su comisión. El Secretario General incluyó información sobre esas situaciones en su informe más reciente sobre los niños en los conflictos armados[53]. Lo mismo hizo el Representante Especial del Secretario General para los niños y los conflictos armados, quien recordó la importancia de proteger a las escuelas contra los ataques y subrayó que “mejorar los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas por la comisión de esos delitos es fundamental para asegurar que las escuelas sigan siendo refugios seguros y zonas de paz”[54].", "72. El Relator Especial considera que la mejora de la capacidad de los mecanismos que vigilan situaciones en que los sistemas educativos son atacados por los participantes en conflictos armados, es esencial para poner fin a la impunidad y el encubrimiento. A este respecto, acoge con beneplácito la reciente aprobación por el Consejo de Seguridad de la resolución 1998 (2011), en la que se expresa una profunda preocupación por los ataques contra las escuelas; el Consejo solicitó al Secretario General que en los anexos de sus informes sobre los niños y los conflictos armados incluyera también información sobre ataques recurrentes contra las escuelas y ataques o amenazas de ataques recurrentes contra personas protegidas en relación con las escuelas. El mecanismo de vigilancia y presentación de informes sobre los niños y los conflictos armados instituido por el Consejo de Seguridad, ya ha cumplido una importante función en la identificación de violaciones graves cometidas contra los niños en conflictos armados; la atención continuada y cada vez mayor que se presta a los ataques contra las escuelas será un elemento esencial para mejorar la protección del derecho a la educación. A fin de asegurar más la rendición de cuentas, también habrá que mejorar la capacidad de los sistemas de justicia nacionales e internacionales, permitiendo el enjuiciamiento de los perpetradores, incluidos los agentes no estatales.", "73. Además de asegurar la rendición de cuentas por los ataques contra las escuelas, se requieren también actividades selectivas para prevenir esos ataques contra las escuelas y otras instituciones de educación, y prepararlas para situaciones de inseguridad a fin de reducir al mínimo el daño que pueden causar los conflictos armados. Por último, se requieren actividades especiales para ayudar a las víctimas en su recuperación y asegurar indemnizaciones individuales y colectivas apropiadas para compensar esas violaciones relacionadas con la educación.", "C. Preparación de los sistemas educativos para hacer frente a desastres naturales", "74. Los encargados de los sistemas educativos no deben ignorar el número cada vez mayor de desastres naturales. Las escuelas no solo cumplen una función crucial preparando a las comunidades para adquirir más resistencia a esas situaciones, sino que también deben estar adecuadamente preparadas para reducir al mínimo el daño que los desastres naturales pueden llegar a causar a su propio funcionamiento. Por lo tanto, cuando se elaboran estrategias generales de reducción del riesgo de desastres hay que prestar atención especial al sector de la educación. Al mismo tiempo, las escuelas deben desarrollar y adaptar sistemáticamente las medidas de seguridad a las circunstancias específicas a que hacen frente.", "75. Las escuelas no suelen estar construidas o mantenidas para resistir desastres. Una extensa consulta celebrada con niños de todo el mundo dio lugar a la preparación, en fecha reciente, de la carta de los niños para la reducción de riesgos de desastres, en la que se subraya la necesidad de que las escuelas sean seguras y no se interrumpa la educación[55]. La Red Interinstitucional para la Educación en Situaciones de Emergencia coordinó la preparación de notas de orientación sobre las medidas necesarias para la construcción de escuelas seguras y la adaptación de las existentes[56]. Se necesita un esfuerzo considerable para crear la capacidad técnica que permita establecer normas para la seguridad de las infraestructuras de la educación, a fin de evitar tragedias en que los eventos sísmicos y de otro tipo cobren las vidas de grandes números de niños en escuelas no seguras, y garantizar su aprobación.", "76. También se presta atención al empleo de las escuelas como plataforma para incrementar la preparación de los estudiantes y el personal docente para casos de desastres y el período siguiente. Varios países han incluido elementos de reducción del riesgo de desastres en sus planes de estudio escolares[57], otros han considerado la posibilidad de conferir carácter prioritario en la educación nacional a la adaptación al cambio climático y la reducción de los riesgos de desastres[58].", "77. El Relator Especial destaca que la inversión en actividades de prevención a través de la educación es un elemento crucial para proteger a las escuelas y las comunidades a las que prestan servicios contra los efectos de los desastres naturales. Por lo tanto, los sistemas educativos deben participar activamente en la elaboración y aplicación de estrategias de gestión de desastres. Las escuelas deberían contribuir también, como parte de sus actividades ordinarias, al establecimiento de una cultura de prevención y preparación entre los estudiantes, el personal y las comunidades a las que pertenecen. Teniendo en cuenta que los riesgos y las necesidades de las comunidades varían mucho, aún dentro de la misma región, es importante asegurar que las estrategias de gestión del riesgo se preparen mediante un proceso participativo que incluya a las comunidades en que están situadas las escuelas.", "D. Asegurar que se preste atención a las niñas y los grupos marginados", "78. El hecho de que los gobiernos no se ocupen de las persistentes desigualdades basadas en los ingresos, el género, el lugar, la etnia y el lenguaje es una de las razones de que hayan sido limitados los avances en la realización de los objetivos del programa Educación para Todos[59], así como también respecto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Los obstáculos a la escolaridad ya existen durante períodos normales y sus efectos se ven evidentemente incrementados en contextos de emergencia. El costo de la escolaridad puede aumentar mucho, y el transporte entre la escuela y el hogar con frecuencia se vuelve muy difícil e inseguro, excluyendo aún más a los que viven en la pobreza o a los más vulnerables a la violencia. En este sentido, las iniciativas selectivas dirigidas a grupos marginados y que tratan de sus necesidades específicas son esenciales para evitar la ampliación de las desigualdades en la educación.", "79. Las actividades para garantizar la paridad entre los géneros en la educación son particularmente pertinentes en este contexto. Se ha puesto de relieve el daño generalizado de la violencia sexual durante conflictos, que afecta directa e indirectamente a maestras y alumnas[60]. La inseguridad en el camino hacia y desde las escuelas o colegios, y en sus alrededores, parece ser un elemento central de la exclusión de las niñas de los sistemas educativos. La falta de servicios sanitarios separados en escuelas de emergencia puede también ser un importante obstáculo a la educación de las niñas.", "80. Pese a las evidentes restricciones de los recursos que se producen en situaciones de emergencia, el descuido de los efectos de la discriminación y las desigualdades estructurales en la educación cuando se planifican, aplican y evalúan políticas educativas para esas situaciones, puede dar lugar a una mayor marginación y, en algunos casos, contribuir a la reanudación del conflicto.", "81. Los refugiados y las personas internamente desplazadas siguen haciendo frente a grandes obstáculos cuando procuran obtener educación fuera de sus comunidades de origen. Los datos reunidos por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados en los campamentos oficiales, muestran un acceso limitado y desigual a la educación en ellos; la tasa general de participación en la educación primaria de niños refugiados en campamentos fue del 69% y, a nivel secundario, de solo el 30%[61]. Varios países mantienen obstáculos administrativos a la matriculación de niños refugiados e internamente desplazados, pese a la obligación de derechos humanos de suministrar educación sin discriminación de ninguna clase a todos los niños que viven en sus territorios[62] y a las disposiciones pertinentes de la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados[63]. La financiación a corto plazo de proyectos en situaciones de desplazamiento prolongado perjudica la educación y los progresos de muchos miles de niños refugiados e internamente desplazados[64]; las lagunas en la financiación de la educación en esas situaciones deben abordarse como cuestión prioritaria en razón de los efectos de larga duración que se producen cuando se niega educación a esas poblaciones.", "82. En su primer informe al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/17/29), el Relator Especial ya había subrayado que la igualdad de oportunidades en la educación figura en la mayoría de los tratados de derechos humanos. Esos tratados establecen el deber de asegurar el derecho de acceso a programas e instituciones de educación pública sobre una base no discriminatoria, y de proporcionar educación primaria para todos.", "E. Garantizar la calidad de la educación a todos los niveles", "83. La matriculación en la escuela por sí sola no asegura la realización del derecho a la educación si, por ejemplo, la calidad de la educación que se imparte no corresponde a las normas adecuadas. Las restricciones en los recursos que se producen en períodos de emergencia no justifican pasar por alto los requisitos básicos para asegurar la calidad de la educación, como la presencia de maestros calificados, la disponibilidad de materiales didácticos adecuados, períodos suficientes de tiempo de instrucción real y mejores entornos en las aulas.", "84. Los Estados, las organizaciones internacionales y la sociedad civil siguen proporcionando orientación para mejorar la calidad de la educación en emergencias, utilizando materiales preparados por la Red Institucional para la Educación en Situaciones de Emergencia. Un proceso de consultas con la participación de interesados en la educación en casos de emergencia de todas partes del mundo, concluyó con una versión actualizada de las Normas mínimas para la educación: preparación, respuesta y recuperación, de la Red Institucional para la Educación en Situaciones de Emergencia, que proporciona una importante orientación normativa sobre las medidas necesarias para garantizar la calidad de la educación. Las Notas de orientación sobre enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Red ofrecen una orientación pedagógica más específica basada en la experiencia acumulada por los educadores que trabajan en situaciones de emergencia.", "85. Como ya se examinó más arriba, la financiación inadecuada y a corto plazo de los programas de educación de emergencia y de transición, afecta profundamente a las posibilidades de abordar las graves deficiencias que dan lugar a niveles muy bajos de la calidad de la educación. Además, la tendencia general de la labor humanitaria, de centrar la atención exclusivamente en la educación primaria, limita las inversiones en el desarrollo y cuidado de la niñez temprana, y en la educación secundaria y superior. Este sesgo limita en gran medida las perspectivas de avance de los estudiantes y aumenta los desafíos para la capacitación de maestros.", "86. El Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011 describe varias cuestiones críticas para asegurar la calidad de la educación para los estudiantes afectados por un conflicto o que están en riesgo a raíz del conflicto. Incluye medidas para asegurar que los niños puedan aprender en su lengua materna, particularmente en las primeras etapas, reconsiderar la enseñanza de la historia y la religión para que muestre diferentes perspectivas sobre cuestiones delicadas relacionadas con los conflictos, y promover entornos escolares no violentos.", "87. La alfabetización y la enseñanza efectiva de nociones elementales de cálculo aritmético y aptitudes para la vida diaria, como la salud, la preparación y la resolución de conflictos, son esenciales para aumentar la resistencia durante períodos de emergencia. El personal escolar debe recibir incentivos adecuados, y debe tener la posibilidad de aumentar su capacidad, para prestar la atención apropiada a las necesidades psicológicas de los estudiantes, el uso de los recursos y la preparación de calendarios que incluyan actividades de recreación y expresión, así como la remisión de estudiantes severamente afectados para que reciban apoyo adicional.", "88. El suministro de un certificado de aprendizaje es otro problema relacionado con la calidad de la educación en situaciones de emergencia, en particular para estudiantes de escuelas de refugiados. Se requieren estrategias específicas para asegurar que aún en tiempos de crisis, los estudiantes logren que sus avances sean adecuadamente reconocidos, supervisados y documentados.", "F. Reunión de información sobre la educación en situaciones de emergencia", "89. Los obstáculos a la recolección de datos en situaciones de emergencia siguen perjudicando a las actividades humanitarias en general. La falta de capacidad para evaluar con precisión las necesidades de educación, limita la posibilidad de diseñar y evaluar adecuadamente las iniciativas de educación en contextos de emergencias. Como ya se ha dicho, las deficiencias en la supervisión dan lugar también al encubrimiento y la consiguiente impunidad en situaciones en que las escuelas son el blanco directo de la violencia.", "90. El Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011 señala graves limitaciones en la reunión de datos en situaciones de conflicto: las evaluaciones de las necesidades de las comunidades afectadas por un conflicto son, en el mejor de los casos, aleatorias, aún si se tienen en cuenta las inevitables restricciones vinculadas a la realización de encuestas en zonas de conflicto[65]. Subraya también que las evaluaciones de los donantes tienden a subestimar las necesidades en el sector de la educación, ya que sus propuestas suelen estar orientadas a satisfacer expectativas bajas de financiación de donantes[66]. Se presta poca atención a la evaluación de las necesidades relacionadas con los aspectos cualitativos de la educación, como el suministro de libros de texto, las horas de estudio y la capacitación de maestros en el servicio. También se suelen ignorar completamente las necesidades de recursos humanos e infraestructura para la educación secundaria.", "91. La reunión de información durante emergencias requiere estrategias específicas para superar los diversos obstáculos que se plantean en esas circunstancias. Esos obstáculos pueden incluir dificultades logísticas, inseguridad física, las implicaciones políticas y éticas de las actividades que se realizan en entornos que cambian rápidamente, y los desafíos técnicos que supone trabajar con poblaciones en movimiento y poblaciones con una composición demográfica no usual[67].", "92. El grupo sobre educación mundial desarrolló un instrumento conjunto de evaluación de las necesidades de educación en 2010, así como una guía breve para realizar evaluaciones rápidas de las necesidades a fin de proporcionar orientación sobre la reunión de datos en situaciones de emergencia. Se subrayó la necesidad de desarrollar mejores capacidades de supervisión, definiendo un conjunto básico de indicadores, incluido el número estimado de niños y jóvenes a los que se pretende ayudar, los perfiles de edad y género, las pautas de desplazamiento, los materiales educativos, y las necesidades de maestros e infraestructura para facilitar la estimación de las necesidades financieras[68].", "G. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "93. Como se señaló en el informe anterior sobre la educación en situaciones de emergencia (A/HRC/8/10), la realidad para la mayoría de las comunidades afectadas por emergencias es un acceso a la educación severamente limitado. Pese a la mayor atención que presta la comunidad internacional, persisten problemas cruciales: la financiación para actividades humanitarias sigue ignorando la necesidad de garantizar la educación; las escuelas siguen siendo víctimas de violencia directa e indirecta; y las actividades de prevención son todavía tímidas en relación con el mayor impacto de los desastres naturales. A fin de invertir la actual tendencia, los Estados y otras entidades que proporcionan y canalizan la asistencia humanitaria y tradicional deben prestar mayor atención a la educación en situaciones de emergencia. El suministro de educación y la seguridad de que la educación está protegida durante períodos de emergencia no es una elección, sino una obligación.", "94. En este contexto, el Relator Especial presenta las siguientes recomendaciones:", "a) Asegurar una financiación adecuada para la educación en situaciones de emergencia", "95. Los Estados deben aumentar con urgencia sus compromisos nacionales, bilaterales y multilaterales de financiación en materia de educación, como un pilar de la respuesta humanitaria y de transición. Se deben asumir compromisos normativos explícitos para garantizar un apoyo nacional e internacional adecuado y sostenible para la educación en situaciones de emergencia, así como en situaciones de fragilidad y crisis prolongadas. Esos compromisos deben permanecer vigentes hasta las etapas finales de la recuperación, incluso en los marcos de desarrollo. Los países receptores deben respetar los derechos humanos cuando solicitan y administran asistencia internacional.", "b) Aumentar la protección de las escuelas contra ataques", "96. Los Estados deben asegurar el seguimiento, la documentación y la denuncia sistemáticas de violaciones del derecho internacional y las normas internacionales de derechos humanos cometidas contra miembros de las comunidades y las instituciones educativas y sus entornos. La reciente aprobación por el Consejo de Seguridad de la resolución 1998 (2011) debe complementarse con una mayor atención a la situación de la educación en las futuras actividades de vigilancia de violaciones de los derechos de los niños durante los conflictos armados. Los mecanismos nacionales, regionales e internacionales de rendición de cuentas, incluidos los de las Fuerzas Armadas, deben conocer plenamente, y tratar sistemáticamente, las obligaciones de los agentes estatales y no estatales con respecto al derecho a la educación y otras protecciones jurídicas garantizadas a los miembros de las instituciones y comunidades educativas. Se necesitan actividades especiales para reforzar la capacidad de los proveedores de educación para prevenir los ataques y responder a ellos.", "c) Reforzar la seguridad y la reducción del riesgo de desastres", "97. Los Estados deben asegurar que las consideraciones de seguridad y de riesgo de desastres son tenidas en cuenta en la planificación, el diseño, la construcción y la reconstrucción de instalaciones educacionales. Las nociones de preparación y reducción del riesgo de desastres deben estar incorporadas en las políticas y los planes de estudio educativos. Se deben utilizar procesos participativos con los estudiantes y sus comunidades, a fin de asegurar la preparación y la evaluación de los peligros a nivel local.", "d) Prestar atención a la exclusión de las niñas y los grupos marginados", "98. Los Estados deben adoptar medidas específicas para garantizar la educación de las niñas y los grupos marginados en situaciones de emergencia. Se necesitan esfuerzos específicos para eliminar las pautas persistentes o nuevas de discriminación y los obstáculos físicos, financieros, culturales y lingüísticos que contribuyen a promover las desigualdades durante períodos de emergencia.", "e) Asegurar la calidad de la educación", "99. Los encargados de impartir educación en emergencias deben considerar lo que se requiere para cumplir las normas de calidad de la educación. Se debe prestar especial atención a mejorar los planes de estudio, promover la educación en derechos humanos y abordar las necesidades psicosociales de estudiantes y maestros.", "f) Desarrollar un marco común para la evaluación de las necesidades de educación en emergencias", "100. Se requieren nuevas inversiones para asegurar la reunión de datos en forma sistemática sobre la situación de la educación en emergencias. Los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales y no gubernamentales que prestan apoyo a la educación en situaciones de emergencia, deben tratar de elaborar un marco común para la evaluación y la comunicación de las necesidades satisfechas y no satisfechas de educación en contextos de emergencia. Ese marco debe tener en cuenta las obligaciones en materia de derechos humanos en relación con el derecho a la educación.", "[1] A/HRC/17/29.", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2.", "[3] El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, artículos 13 y 14, y la Convención relativa a la lucha contra las discriminaciones en la esfera de la enseñanza, de la UNESCO, establecen este derecho, que también está garantizado en los artículos 28 y 29 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, el artículo 5 de la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, los artículos 10, 11 y 13 de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, los artículos 30, 43 y 45 de la Convención internacional sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares, y el artículo 24 de la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad.", "[4] A/64/665, párr. 71 b).", "[5] En varias publicaciones del Instituto Internacional de Planeamiento de la Educación, de la UNESCO, relativas a la financiación de la educación también se aborda esta cuestión.", "[6] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, Una crisis encubierta: conflictos armados y educación, pág. 12.", "[7] Por ejemplo, recomendaciones dirigidas en 2009 y 2010 a Bolivia, Camboya, Chile, España, Etiopía, la República Democrática del Congo y la República Dominicana.", "[8] OIT/UNESCO, Recomendación relativa a la situación del personal docente, párr. 10 l).", "[9] Observación general 13 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párrs. 44 y 45.", "[10] Observación general 3 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, párr. 12.", "[11] Resolución S-10/1 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, de 23 de febrero de 2009.", "[12] Véase Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general 13, párr. 52.", "[13] Artículo 2.1.", "[14] Artículo 4.", "[15] Artículo 4.2.", "[16] Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general 3, párr. 11.", "[17] Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general 11 (1999), párr. 9 y Observación general 3 (1990), párr. 14.", "[18] Programa de Acción en favor de los países menos adelantados para el decenio 2011-2020, aprobado en la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, celebrada en Estambul del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), párr. 74.2 a), y párr. 72.1 c).", "[19] Declaración de París sobre la Eficacia de la Ayuda al Desarrollo, Parte I: Exposición de los objetivos, párr. 25. La Exposición de los objetivos refleja el compromiso de reforzar las estrategias de desarrollo nacionales de los países asociados y los marcos operacionales conexos (por ejemplo, marcos de planificación, presupuesto y evaluación del desempeño) y “definir medidas y estándares de desempeño”.", "[20] En la esfera de la educación, la idea central de los canjes de deuda es la cancelación de la deuda externa a cambio del compromiso del gobierno deudor de movilizar recursos internos para gastar, por ejemplo, en educación.", "[21] Véase Grupo Piloto de Financiamiento Innovador para el Desarrollo, “2+3=8, Innovar para financiar la educación: Informe del Comité de Redacción al Grupo de Trabajo sobre el financiamiento innovador de la educación”, 2010.", "[22] Se examinó en la segunda reunión del Grupo de Trabajo internacional sobre educación del Grupo Piloto de Financiamiento Innovador para la Educación, París, 17 de junio de 2010.", "[23] Marco de Acción de Dakar, aprobado en el Foro Mundial sobre la Educación, 2000, párr. 8 i).", "[24] World Bank Group Education Strategy 2020, Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development, Executive summary, pág. 1.", "[25] Comunicado de la Reunión de Jefes de Estado del Commonwealth, celebrada en Trinidad y Tabago del 27 al 29 de noviembre de 2009, párr. 89.", "[26] Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general 3, párr. 3: Los medios que deben emplearse para dar cumplimiento a la obligación de adoptar medidas se definen en el párrafo 1 del artículo 2 como “todos los medios apropiados, inclusive en particular la adopción de medidas legislativas”.", "[27] Por ejemplo, en la India, dentro del marco de la Ley del derecho de los niños a la educación gratuita y obligatoria de 2009, el Gobierno Federal aportará el 65% de la financiación pública para la educación, y los estados aportarán el 35%.", "[28] En este contexto, es importante observar que, como reflejo de la financiación innovadora de la educación, hay varias propuestas sobre nuevos mecanismos que permitan contrarrestar el déficit de inversión en la educación y mantener esa financiación a largo plazo.", "[29] Declaración de Yakarta, aprobada en la Conferencia Internacional sobre el derecho a la educación básica como derecho humano fundamental y el marco jurídico de su financiación (diciembre de 2005).", "[30] Por ejemplo, el Tribunal Constitucional de Indonesia aprobó una resolución en 2008 en la que recordaba al órgano legislativo que debía cumplir la obligación constitucional de consignar por lo menos el 20% del presupuesto nacional a la educación en el ejercicio económico de 2009. Por consiguiente, el Gobierno se vio obligado a incrementar el presupuesto para educación.", "[31] El Grupo de Alto Nivel sobre Educación para Todos, desde su Quinta Reunión, en 2005, ha venido recomendando esas medidas a los gobiernos. En su Décima Reunión, celebrada en marzo de 2011, el Grupo de Alto Nivel pidió a los gobiernos nacionales que asignaran por lo menos el 6% del producto nacional bruto, o el 20% del gasto público a la educación, y que aseguraran el uso eficaz de los recursos en función del costo.", "[32] Comité de los Derechos del Niño, Día de Debate General sobre “Recursos para los derechos del niño – Responsabilidad de los Estados”, 21 de septiembre de 2007.", "[33] A/64/665, párr. 71 b).", "[34] El artículo 13 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales dispone que se implante “un sistema adecuado de becas”, entre otras cosas, con respecto a lograr el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la educación. Asimismo, la Convención relativa a la Lucha contra las Discriminaciones en la Esfera de la Enseñanza, de la UNESCO, establece el criterio “del mérito o las necesidades” con respecto a “la concesión de permisos y facilidades” a los alumnos (art. 3 c)).", "[35] En el Ecuador, los sueldos de los maestros se han duplicado de conformidad con la Ley Orgánica de Educación Intercultural (2011).", "[36] Cuarta reunión del Grupo de Trabajo Internacional sobre Financiación Innovadora para la Educación, sede de la UNESCO, París, 4 de febrero de 2011.", "[37] La Fundación “Educación ante Todo”, la Red de educación en situaciones de emergencia, el proyecto dedicado al derecho a la educación/ActionAid International, la Alianza Internacional Save the Children y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia firmaron conjuntamente esta presentación.", "[38] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 15.", "[39] Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de los Desastres, Red Interinstitucional para la Educación en Situaciones de Emergencia, Notas de orientación para la construcción de escuelas más seguras (Nueva York, INEE; Washington, Banco Mundial, Fondo Mundial para la Reducción de los Desastres y la Recuperación, 2009).", "[40] INEE, Guía de Referencia de la INEE sobre financiamiento externo de la educación (Nueva York, 2010).", "[41] Hasta 2010, el Canadá, Dinamarca, el Japón, Noruega y Suecia incluyeron la educación en sus políticas de asistencia humanitaria. En 2011, organismos donantes de Australia (AusAID) y los Estados Unidos de América (USAID) incluyeron la educación en situaciones de emergencia y en países afectados por conflictos, respectivamente, en sus estrategias de educación. Alianza Internacional Save the Children, “Making it happen: financing education in countries affected by conflict and emergencies”, 2011.", "[42] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 204.", "[43] Ibid., pág. 19.", "[44] Dirección de Cooperación para el Desarrollo de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos, hojas de datos, “Ensuring fragile states are not left behind”, París, diciembre de 2010.", "[45] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 227.", "[46] Reunión de la Junta de Directores de la Iniciativa Acelerada de Educación para Todos, 2011.", "[47] Véanse los Artículos 55 y 56 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, los artículos 2.1 y 11 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, el artículo 4 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño y el artículo 32 de la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidades.", "[48] El derecho a la educación durante conflictos está protegido por el Convenio de Ginebra relativo a la protección debida a las personas civiles en tiempo de guerra, de 12 de agosto de 1949. En virtud del derecho humanitario, las escuelas y las instituciones educativas son objetos civiles protegidos contra ataques deliberados a menos que estén siendo utilizados por fuerzas beligerantes con fines militares, y solo en ese momento. Véase el artículo 8 del Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional.", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250, párr. 211.", "[50] N. Boothby; A. Ager y R. Quinn, “Feasibility study for a global monitoring system for attacks on education: definitions and typology”, CPC Learning Network, Doha; Education Above All, Nueva York, 2011.", "[51] El Instituto de Educación Internacional, una organización sin fines de lucro independiente, ha participado en el rescate de académicos perseguidos desde su fundación en 2002. El Instituto lanzó su Fondo para Académicos en Riesgo como respuesta oficial a este permanente dilema internacional. El Fondo coopera estrechamente con la Red de Académicos en Riesgo, el Consejo para ayudar a académicos refugiados y otras organizaciones similares.", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250, párr. 211.", "[53] Ibid.", "[54] A/64/254, párr. 25.", "[55] Carta de los Niños – un plan de acción de los niños para los niños para la reducción del riesgo de desastres. Se puede consultar en www.childreninachangingclimate.org.", "[56] Fondo Mundial para la Reducción de los Desastres y la Recuperación, Notas de orientación para la construcción de escuelas más seguras, 2009.", "[57] Fondo Mundial para la Reducción de los Desastres y la Recuperación, “Aligning regional and global disaster risk reduction agendas, Summary of key regional political commitments & disaster risk reduction priorities”, 2011, pág. 20.", "[58] Ibid., pág. 25.", "[59] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2009, Resumen, Superar la desigualdad: Por qué es importante la gobernanza, págs. 4, 7 y 39.", "[60] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 190.", "[61] Dryden-Peterson, S., “Conflict, education and displacement”, en Conflict & Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Toronto, 2011.", "[62] Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, artículos 2 y 28.", "[63] Se concederá a los niños refugiados el mismo trato que a los nacionales en lo que respecta a la enseñanza elemental (párrafo 1 del artículo 22) y un trato no menos favorable que el concedido en las mismas circunstancias a los extranjeros en general respecto de la enseñanza distinta de la elemental (párrafo 2 del artículo 22).", "[64] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 31.", "[65] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 216.", "[66] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 206.", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht y Sara Casey, Sara “Challenges of collecting baseline data in emergency settings”, Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies, 2008.", "[68] UNESCO, Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo de 2011, pág. 217." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "* A/66/150.", "The right to education", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Kishore Singh, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It is devoted to the issue of domestic financing of basic education. It details human rights obligations for financing education and provides practical examples of national legal frameworks that ensure domestic financing. The report also contains an update on the situation of education in emergencies, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/290. The Special Rapporteur underlines that the attention and funding dedicated to education in emergencies continue to be insufficient and inadequate, and calls for more investment in preventive efforts and for a better protection of education during armed conflict.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Financing 3 basic \neducation A. Human 4 rights obligations for financing \neducation B.National 8 legal framework for financing basic \neducation C.Concerns 10 requiring further \nconsideration D.Conclusion 12 and \nrecommendations III. Update 13 on education in \nemergencies A.Ensuring 14 political and financial support to education in \nemergencies B.Protecting 17 education from \nattack C. Preparing 18 education systems to cope with natural \ndisasters D.Ensuring 19 attention to girls and marginalized \ngroups E.Ensuring 20 quality education at all \nlevels F.Collecting 21 information on education in \nemergencies G.Conclusion 22 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It addresses State obligations regarding public financing of basic education and the importance of legal frameworks ensuring domestic financing of such education. It also contains an update on the situation of education in emergencies, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/290.", "2. Following his appointment by the Human Rights Council, Kishore Singh assumed his functions as Special Rapporteur in August 2010. Since then, he reported to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, in June 2011. In his first report[1] he outlined priority areas to be examined in the course of his mandate and addressed in more detail State obligations to ensure equality of opportunity in education. He also reported on his first country mission to Senegal,[2] which was conducted in January 2011.", "3. During his first year of work, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of public events on education and worked to establish collaboration with States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. The Special Rapporteur recently participated in two regional preparatory meetings of the Economic and Social Council, in Thailand in March and in Togo in April. In July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the annual ministerial review held during the High-Level Segment of the substantive session of the Council, which focused on internationally agreed goals and commitments with regard to education.", "II. Financing basic education", "4. The right to education is an internationally recognized right and the provision of adequate financial resources is essential to its realization. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to education, which shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, States have undertaken international legal obligations for the fulfilment of the right to education through various human rights instruments[3] and assumed the responsibility of providing the resources required for its realization.", "5. Resource constraints, however, remain a major barrier to the realization of the right to education. Prospects for achieving the targets of millennium development goals 2 (Ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling) and 3 (Eliminating gender disparity in all levels of education no later than 2015) are bleak on account of a dearth of resources. The assessment prepared for the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals underlined the need for scaling up budgets and providing enhanced resources to accelerate progress in meeting those targets.[4] The Education for All Global Monitoring Reports in recent years have consistently pointed to insufficient funding for education. More recently, public expenditure cuts as a consequence of the global financial crisis have threatened to decrease support to the education sector, possibly jeopardizing recent advances.[5] For instance, 7 of 18 low-income countries reduced spending on education in 2009; those countries alone had 3.7 million children out of school.[6]", "6. In view of the critical need to overcome resource constraints for the realization of the right to education and for the achievement of internationally agreed goals such as the millennium development goals and Education for All, in the present report the Special Rapporteur recalls States’ obligations regarding the provision of domestic resources for basic education and presents examples of national legal instruments adopted to secure adequate financial resources for education.", "A. Human rights obligations for financing education", "7. In accordance with international human rights treaties, States are responsible for providing resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights. Providing the necessary resources for the enjoyment of the right to education is all the more important, given that the enjoyment of this right is essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It deserves high priority in public investment, as both the individual and society are its beneficiaries.", "8. States’ obligations to ensure the provision of full resources to overcome constraints to the realization of the right to education consistently figure in the concluding observations adopted by the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Rights of the Child have often expressed concern about declining educational standards due to lack of State investment in education and have recommended that the resources allocated to the education sector should be increased. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has also systematically urged States to increase investment in education as a fundamental human right and as a basis for the empowerment of women. Recommendations resulting from the Universal Periodic Review process of the Human Rights Council for the provision of increased resources to education further confirm the wide recognition of the central relevance of financing education for the fulfilment of human rights obligations.[7]", "9. Commitments to finance education are also present in the International Labour Organization (ILO)/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers (1966), which recognizes the need for high priority to be given in all countries to setting aside, within the national budget, an adequate proportion of national income for the development of education.[8] In fact, the right to education is an integral part of the institutional mission of UNESCO, and Member States have the obligation of providing the necessary resources for its realization.", "1. Ensuring progressive realization and avoiding retrogression", "10. The concept of the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to education, recognizes that their realization often extends over time. It also implies that measures to promote the fulfilment of a right must be adopted with a view to ensuring a sustainable expansion of its enjoyment across the country. When referring to the progressive realization of the right to education, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasized that States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have a specific and continuing obligation “to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible” towards the full realization of that right. It also underlined: “there is a strong presumption of impermissibility of any retrogressive measures”.[9] In that sense, support to education must be driven by consideration of the need to ensure the gradual expansion of the education sector.", "11. Various United Nations human rights treaty bodies have expressed concern regarding the possible impact of economic crises on the enjoyment of human rights. The Committee on Economic and Social Rights specified that “even in times of severe resources constraints, whether caused by a process of adjustment, of economic recession or by other factors, the vulnerable members of society can and indeed must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes”.[10] More recently, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution in which it called upon States to note that the global economic and financial crises did not diminish the responsibility of national authorities in the realization of human rights.[11]", "2. Fulfilling core obligations", "12. States’ obligations to satisfy, as a matter of priority, “minimum essential levels of each of the rights” recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, also referred to as “minimum core obligations”, have immediate effect. Core obligations relating to the right to education include the obligation to provide primary education free of charge for all in accordance with article 13.2 (a) and the obligation to adopt and implement a national educational strategy that includes the provision of secondary, higher and fundamental education.[12] Article 14 of the Covenant further underlines the core obligation to adopt a plan of action aimed at securing the progressive implementation of the right to compulsory primary education, free of charge, within a reasonable time frame.", "3. Ensuring the provision of maximum available resources", "13. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,[13] the Convention on the Rights of the Child[14] and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[15] are all explicit about States parties’ obligations to provide maximum available resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights.", "14. In its general comment on the nature of States parties’ obligations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights underlined that even where the available resources are inadequate for the realization of economic and social rights, the obligation remains for a State party to strive to ensure the widest possible enjoyment of those rights under the prevailing circumstances, to monitor the extent of their realization, and to devise strategies and programmes for their promotion.[16] Mentions of resources refer to financing, but not exclusively.", "4. Providing international assistance and cooperation", "15. Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to take steps individually and through international assistance and cooperation, to the maximum extent of their available resources, with a view to achieving the progressive realization of rights. The specific obligations of the international community towards financing the right to education have been underlined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[17] At the same time, States requiring international assistance must seek and manage aid in accordance with human rights norms and standards.", "16. By virtue of the principle of international solidarity, least developed countries, faced with serious financial constraints, deserve such assistance, a priori. Development partners must provide “financial and technical support” to those countries “to implement their national education plans and programmes, including increased accessibility in rural and remote areas”. For their part, the least developed countries need to strengthen their national education systems.[18]", "17. A number of political declarations on international aid underline the need for the adequate management of domestically available resources by recipient countries, which must contribute to the enhanced sustainability of development efforts. For example, through the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, partner countries commit themselves to “intensify efforts to mobilize domestic resources, strengthen fiscal sustainability and create an enabling environment for public and private investment”.[19] Similarly, the United Nations Global Compact launched by the Secretary-General at the International Conference on Financing for Development, held in Monterrey, Mexico in 2002, provides that if developing countries improve governance and achieved results, the donors would come up with the necessary funding to reach the millennium development goals.[20] The Education for All Fast Track Initiative, the most important mechanism of international assistance for education, was designed to assist countries to achieve millennium development goal 2 and the Education for All goals, and pays particular attention to the adequate management of domestic resources by recipient countries.", "18. In 2006, States and international organizations involved in development aid established the Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development to devise additional international financing mechanisms to promote global development. The International Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education, established as part of that initiative, is currently discussing a number of alternatives to enhance funding for education,[21] including the mobilization of domestic resources as well as international aid.[22]", "5. Relevant global political commitments", "19. Commitments to finance primary education are expressed in numerous international declarations and are at the heart of major global campaigns. At the World Education Forum in 2000, Governments, along with other stakeholders, pledged themselves to a strategy, inter alia, to “mobilize strong national and international political commitment for education for all, develop national action plans and enhance significantly investment in basic education”.[23] Those pledges include the commitment that “political will must be underpinned by resources”. It is thus incumbent upon Governments to provide domestic resources for achieving Education for All. Access to education, as a basic human right, is considered a “strategic development investment”.[24]", "20. The Millennium Development Goals should also be construed as a reaffirmation of obligations expressed in human rights treaties and, therefore, of the responsibility of Governments to provide financial resources for education. Millennium development goal 2 reflects the obligation to ensure universal primary education, including the obligation to ensure that no direct or indirect costs deprive children of their right to education. Millennium development goal 3 reflects the obligation to ensure gender parity at all levels of education, including the duty to provide financial resources for that purpose.", "B. National legal framework for financing basic education", "21. It is incumbent upon States to incorporate in domestic law their international obligations to finance education. Provisions for public funding of education in a country’s constitution, national legislation and educational policies are crucial to give effect to obligations relating to the realization of the right to education. The Special Rapporteur considers that the adoption of a national legal framework for financing education indicates the importance and priority given to the right to education.", "22. Through law reforms promoted in the context of the Education for All process, one can witness the emergence of the right to basic education in continuum with the right to primary education in national legal frameworks. As a result, States recognize their duty to guarantee universal access to basic education. The 2009 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, for example, called on all Commonwealth countries to commit further resources to basic education.[25]", "1. Constitutional provisions", "23. Constitutional provisions on financing education provide a firm basis for developing national legislation and education policies. Such provisions exist in several countries that have different criteria for determining minimum levels of investment in education.", "24. Some constitutions establish a minimum level of resources that must be committed to education as a proportion of tax revenues. The Constitution of Brazil provides in article 212 that “the Union shall apply annually not less than 18 per cent of its tax revenues, and the States, the Federal District, and Counties at least 25 per cent of the tax revenues, including revenues resulting from transfers, for the maintenance and development of education”.", "25. Other constitutions establish a minimal share for education in the overall national budget. The Constitution of Indonesia, as revised in 2002, establishes in article 31 (4) that the State shall prioritize the budget for education to a minimum of 20 per cent of the State budget and of the regional budgets to fulfil the needs of implementation of national education.", "26. Other constitutions use the national gross domestic product (GDP) to calculate the minimum support required for education. The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador provides that public expenditure for education shall be 6 per cent of GDP. The 1997 Constitution of Costa Rica contains similar provisions.", "27. Finally, other constitutions lay down the obligation to prioritize investment in education. The Constitution of Ethiopia provides that “the State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing resources to provide to the public health, education and other social services” (art. 41 (4)). Similarly, the Constitutions of the Philippines and of Viet Nam provide that the State shall give priority investment to education.", "2. National legislation and budgetary allocation for basic education", "28. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has underlined the importance of national legislation for giving effect to State obligations.[26] National legislation developed in many countries, often in the context of the Education for All process, contains important provisions for financing basic education, establishing minimal levels of financial support and responsibilities in that regard. Recent developments that can be cited as practical examples are described below.", "29. In South Africa, basic education is a constitutional right. The South African Schools Act, 1996 provides that “subject to the Constitution and this Act, the Minister must determine norms and minimum standards for the funding of public schools after consultation with the Council of Education Ministers, the Financial and Fiscal Commission and the Minister of Finance” (para. 35).", "30. In Nigeria, the Act on Compulsory Free Universal Basic Education, 2004, which provides for nine years of compulsory basic education, establishes the Universal Basic Education Commission, entrusted with the task of implementing the right to basic education and with the provision of resources. The universal basic education programme is financed by 2 per cent of the Consolidated Revenue Fund.", "31. In Argentina, the National Education Law No. 26.206 of 2007 provides that the resources for education shall be increased to 6 per cent of GDP in 2010. The Law lays down a right to compulsory schooling from the age of 5 until the completion of secondary education (art. 16).", "32. In Mexico, the General Law on Education, revised in 2003, provides for 8 per cent of GDP to be allocated to public education and education services (art. 25). It is reported that this contributed to an increase in support to education.", "33. In India, policies for financing basic education have emanated from national legislation, as exemplified by measures being taken for the implementation of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. An exponential increase in expenditure on education in the country’s five-year plan is reported as a consequence of this framework.", "34. In Senegal, Law 91-22 of 1991 on the orientation of national education, modified in 2004 by Law 2004-37, institutes compulsory schooling for all children aged between 6 and 16, which is free in all public schools. The recognition of the duty to provide education was reportedly followed by an increase in national investment to nearly 40 per cent of the national budget.", "35. In Kenya, the adoption of the Children’s Act of 2001 and of education strategies for the 21st century underlined the core commitment to universalize primary education. It is reported that resource allocations to education have increased significantly as a result of that commitment.", "36. In China, the Compulsory Education Law, as amended in 2006, provides for nine years of basic education. It guarantees that basic education will be financed by the State Council and local people’s governments. The National Plan for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) recognizes that funding of education is a basic and strategic investment. Under the plan, it is proposed to raise public expenditure on education to 4 per cent of GDP by 2012.", "37. Some legal frameworks devolve financing responsibilities to subnational entities. In Iceland, the Compulsory School Act No. 19 of 2008, provides that the municipalities shall finance the capital investment costs of compulsory education. In Thailand, the National Education Act, 1999 authorizes the State and local bodies to levy educational taxes as appropriate. Some countries having a federal system make specific financing arrangements in terms of the competence and responsibility of federal and provincial (state) authorities.[27]", "3. Mobilization of additional resources for education", "38. Legal instruments can enable the mobilization of additional resources for education. A 2 per cent education cess on all central taxes levied in India has resulted in an important expansion of funding for the elementary education sector. Similarly, the National Plan of China, mentioned above, proposes an education surtax accounting for 3 per cent of the value-added tax, to be spent specifically on educational undertakings. Mobilizing additional resources through such special taxation schemes is crucial in reinforcing budgetary provisions.[28]", "39. Public investment in basic education can be enhanced by mobilizing additional resources from contributions of local bodies, private donors and communities through institutional mechanisms that supplement Government funding. For example, the Tanzania Education Authority, under the Education Fund Act, 2001 can “receive gifts, donations, grants or other moneys on behalf of the Fund”. Similar mechanisms exist, for instance, in India with the Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh (education fund) and in Nigeria with the Education Tax Fund. It must be ensured that the modus operandi of all such institutional mechanisms is fully respectful of transparency and accountability.", "40. The present report focuses only on financing education through public resources. However, it is clear that the private sector can complement State initiatives in providing education by entering into partnerships with Governments for equitably sharing responsibilities.[29] It should, however, be ensured that such partnerships operate within a legal framework that requires full compliance with human rights norms and with standards of quality education.", "C. Concerns requiring further consideration", "41. As described above, human rights instruments clearly establish State obligations to finance education. Translating these obligations into practice requires a number of legal and policy instruments to ensure that investment in education is predictable and sustainable and that financial resources are made available and properly utilized in a timely manner to ensure the broadest possible enjoyment of the right to education. Adopting a legal framework for financing education offers an important tool for fostering accountability, as action affecting public investment in education can become the subject of domestic legal action.[30]", "42. Below, the Special Rapporteur mentions some core concerns that deserve further attention in the implementation of legal instruments for financing basic education.", "1. Securing adequate financial resources for basic education", "43. In order to overcome resource constraints on the Education for All agenda, the High-level Group on Education for All has advocated for ensuring that a minimum proportion of national budgets (15 to 20 per cent) or share of GDP (4 to 6 per cent) is dedicated to education.[31] As described above, mechanisms establishing that a proportion of overall public expenditure or the revenue from specific taxes is earmarked to education have already accomplished results in the expansion of funding for education in various countries. It is clear that an evaluation of the effectiveness of those mechanisms over time will depend on the overall functioning of fiscal and budgetary policy mechanisms in place in a given State.", "2. Ensuring adequate utilization of resources for education", "44. While allocating the maximum amount of domestic resources to education is crucial, it is of equally critical importance to ensure their effective and optimal utilization.[32] Beyond securing funds for education, legal instruments protecting the right to education can further guide State action for the utilization of resources assigned to education in accordance with human rights obligations.", "45. Bearing in mind the obligation to ensure universal primary education and commitments to meet the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All agenda, public funding for primary and basic education should be ensured as a matter of priority.", "46. Evaluation of the effectiveness of financial management in the area of education requires attention to the core principles of equality and non-discrimination. In the allocation of funds to the various education levels and regions within a territory, prevailing socio-economic disparities and their implications for the education sector must be taken into consideration. In situations where schools are funded through subnational budgets, it is also necessary to ensure that differences in revenues collected locally do not result in inequalities between regions.", "47. Specific resources must be ensured to address the root causes of the exclusion from education of girls, those living in poverty or with disabilities, ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, and other marginalized and disadvantaged groups. Specific measures targeting important obstacles to education must be considered, including the abolition of school fees and the provision of subsidies for other costs, such as textbooks, uniforms and transportation.[33] Temporary special measures to provide financial support to such groups through affirmative action have a normative basis in international human rights treaties.[34] Particular attention must be paid to the principles of transparency and accountability in the management of education budgets.", "3. Responding to quality imperatives", "48. Finally, frameworks regulating education expenditure must give foremost consideration to the improvement of quality education, recognizing the centrality of education in people’s lives and the empowering role of quality education. Often education budgets are fully consumed by recurring expenditure, mostly teachers’ salaries, which, unfortunately are often very low and result in difficulties in attracting qualified professionals.[35] Investment in essential areas such as the development of pedagogic materials, the training of teaching personnel and improving working conditions remains neglected. The Special Rapporteur intends to examine this question in another thematic report, on quality education.", "D. Conclusion and recommendations", "49. States cannot fulfil their international obligations concerning the realization of the right to education unless they provide the necessary resources for education and make them available on a consistent and predictable basis. For this purpose, national legal and policy frameworks ensuring investment in education play a crucial role. They are also essential in accelerating sustainable progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and moving the Education for All agenda forward. Education is indeed the best investment a country can make and deserves the highest priority in resource allocation. As a global public good of paramount importance, education should receive strong commitments from global leaders for its funding.[36]", "50. In that spirit, the Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations:", "(a) Securing investment in education through domestic legal frameworks", "51. A national law whereby at least a minimum level of investment is indispensably assured for quality education is highly necessary. Following up on the recommendations made consistently by the High-level Group on Education for All, the establishment of an internationally accepted norm, whereby a certain minimum percentage of GNP (4-6 per cent) or of the national budget (15-20 per cent) is allocated to education may be valuable in providing the basis for developing a national legal and policy framework.", "(b) Devising strategies to increase resource allocation", "52. It is of crucial importance for countries to devise new approaches to resource allocation and its utilization. To enhance investment in education as a national priority, budget lines for education can be provided for in various ministries concerned with social development (ministries of social welfare, child and women’s development, labour, health, etc.). At the same time, broadening the tax base is important for creating more budgetary resources.", "(c) Promoting public debate and exchange of experiences", "53. Education does not often receive the priority it deserves at the national level in terms of budget allocations. To ensure that education receives priority attention, it would be expedient to promote public dialogue among ministers of education and ministers of finance and planning on the necessary steps to secure maximum funding for education. An exchange of ideas and approaches among countries regarding legal and policy frameworks for financing education would enable national authorities to draw upon available experiences and practical examples from a comparative perspective and could provide insight into new avenues for investment in education.", "(d) Giving particular attention to the financing of basic education in providing technical assistance to Governments for the development of national legal frameworks", "54. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 17/3, UNESCO and UNICEF should be encouraged to continue to provide technical assistance to Member States for modernizing/developing national legislation. In this process, the importance of provisions for the financing of basic education should be emphasized.", "(e) Responding to quality imperatives", "55. Budgetary provision for quality education is scarce as almost the totality of resources assigned for education go to recurring expenditure. A paradigm shift is required to respond to quality imperatives, which remains a daunting challenge.", "III. Update on education in emergencies", "56. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/290, requested the Special Rapporteur to include in his next interim report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session an update to the report on the right to education in emergencies submitted in 2008 by his predecessor (A/HRC/8/10) in order to identify gaps and remaining challenges in ensuring the right to education in emergency situations.", "57. In the 2008 report, emergencies were defined as any crisis situations due to natural disasters, or to armed conflict, which may be international (including military occupation) or internal, as defined in international humanitarian law, or post-conflict situations. It was pointed out in the report that, besides being a widely recognized State obligation, ensuring adequate education was indispensable for preventing emergencies and ensuring success in peacebuilding and recovery efforts. It was underlined, however, that education was frequently found to be interrupted, delayed or even denied during emergencies and in the reconstruction process. In the report a number of recommendations were presented to States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations for better protecting education and ensuring its inclusion as an integral part of the humanitarian response to conflicts and natural disasters.", "58. The current update is divided into six sections reflecting the content and core recommendations of resolution 64/290. Each section provides an indication of remaining challenges in the promotion of education in emergencies, and progress made in the past three years. The first section focuses on the recommendation for increasing political and financial support to education in emergencies. The second section addresses the recommendation to better protect schools from attacks and to ensure accountability. The third section addresses the recommendation to better prepare education systems for situations of natural disaster. The fourth section addresses the recommendation that attention be given to the specific needs of girls and other marginalized groups. The fifth section focuses on the recommendation to ensure quality education in emergencies. The sixth section is dedicated to the need for improving the collection of data on education in emergencies.", "59. The preparation of the present update benefited from an extensive submission prepared through a collaborative consultative process led by a group of international and non-governmental organizations with expertise on education in emergencies.[37] The Special Rapporteur expresses his gratitude to all those who compiled or shared information for the preparation of the update.", "A. Ensuring political and financial support to education in emergencies", "60. Millions of persons continue to be deprived of their right to education in emergencies. Enhanced political attention and sustainable financial support are essential to safeguard this fundamental right. Lack of sufficient attention to education in emergencies continues to affect prospects for achieving both the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All (EFA) goals. The EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011 underlines that around 28 million children of primary school age in conflict-affected countries are estimated to be currently out of school. This represents 42 per cent of the total number of children in the world who are out of school.[38] Education is also at risk from natural and man-made disasters: an estimated 875 million schoolchildren live in high seismic risk zones and hundreds of millions more face regular flood, landslide, extreme wind and fire hazards, as well as slow onset disasters.[39]", "61. General Assembly resolution 64/290 reflects States’ recognition of the urgency of ensuring the realization of the right to education as an integral element of humanitarian assistance and response. Debate and research efforts within the United Nations system are helping to unveil what has been called a “hidden crisis” by the EFA Global Monitoring Report. Thematic days of discussion focused on the topic were conducted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in 2008 and the General Assembly in 2009.", "62. Increased and more coordinated attention to education among the stakeholders providing humanitarian assistance remains a key concern. The recent partnership between The Sphere Project and the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) in preparing the companionship agreement guiding the integration of quality education in humanitarian response represents an important step in the promotion of more coherent and dedicated attention to education within the humanitarian community. Traditionally excluded from humanitarian priorities, the restoration of access to education continues to be cited as a priority by families and young people affected by emergencies.[40] Responding to the needs identified by communities affected is an essential component of humanitarian responses, and central to the implementation of the right to education.", "63. Despite the increased recognition of the importance of education in emergencies by the international community and by communities affected by emergencies, funding remains extremely limited. Only a few donor agencies have explicitly included education as part of their humanitarian policies.[41] The EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011 underlined that in 2009, the share of humanitarian aid dedicated to education in conflict-related emergencies represented merely 2 per cent of total humanitarian aid.[42] It concluded:", "Education is the poor neighbour of a humanitarian aid system that is underfinanced, unpredictable and governed by short-termism. It suffers from a double disadvantage: education accounts for a small share of humanitarian appeals, and an even smaller share of the appeals that get funded.[43]", "64. Evaluations indicate that some particularly fragile countries requiring education funding are left behind, with donors clearly prioritizing countries linked with their security priorities: official development assistance to fragile States is highly concentrated, with 51 per cent of 2008 official development assistance for 43 fragile States benefiting just six countries, which account for only 23 per cent of the population of the total number of fragile States.[44]", "65. The volatility of support is another cause of concern. As already indicated, the sustainability of financial support is crucial for the adequate functioning of education systems. It can only be ensured through continued financial support enabling programmes to continue their course uninterrupted. Important opportunities are missed in post-emergency situations because of the lack of sustainable support and funding in the transition from a humanitarian response to a development framework. The need for further investment in national planning and information systems in recipient countries is also underlined in those contexts.[45]", "66. The Education For All — Fast Track Initiative is working to increase its support to fragile States, but so far has lacked the capacity to deliver financing in acute emergency settings.[46] In addition to bilateral support, a number of additional financing modalities exist to finance education in emergencies, but these are still clearly insufficient.", "67. The Special Rapporteur underlines that emergencies do not relieve States from their obligation to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of the right to education of all persons in their territories, including non-nationals, refugees or internally displaced groups. Ensuring financial support for primary education in order to guarantee that it continues to be available during emergencies, making secondary education available without discrimination and promoting access to higher education on the basis of capacity are nothing more than the fulfilment of a human rights obligation.", "68. Given the fragility of some States affected by emergencies, and the central role of international assistance and cooperation in that context, it is important to recall that the obligation to provide international assistance is established in human rights law.[47] It is also reflected in numerous international declarations, including the Dakar Framework of Action on Education for All, adopted by the World Education Forum in 2000. Moreover, as noted above, States requiring assistance are also obliged to seek and manage external assistance in accordance with human rights principles.", "B. Protecting education from attack", "69. Attacks against schools and institutions of higher education violate human rights and humanitarian law.[48] Nonetheless, as recently reported by the Secretary‑General, attacks against schools are a significant concern and a growing trend.[49] Insecurity still prevails in many education institutions located in conflict zones, with long-lasting consequences for education systems and students.", "70. Studies indicate a continued increase in the reported number of attacks on education in situations of conflict and widespread violence over the past three years.[50] Such episodes include harming or killing students and school personnel, damaging or destroying education facilities and ultimately preventing thousands of students from attending school or university owing to closures. The Institute of International Education’s Scholar Rescue Fund[51] reports that applications from threatened scholars doubled during the period 2008-2011 as compared to the previous period. In certain situations, the use of schools by armed elements has compromised the civilian nature of schools and put students and teachers at risk.[52]", "71. Despite deficiencies in monitoring mechanisms, increased attention on the part of the international community to situations of attack against education in emergencies can be noted. In 2010, the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack was established by international and non-governmental organizations to jointly promote efforts to prevent, respond to and monitor attacks against education. The Secretary-General included information on such situations in his most recent report on children in armed conflict.[53] The same was done by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, who recalled the importance of protecting schools against attacks and underlined that “enhancing accountability mechanisms for such crimes is key to ensuring that schools remain safe havens and zones of peace”.[54]", "72. The Special Rapporteur considers that enhancing the capacity of mechanisms monitoring situations where education systems are targeted by those involved in armed conflict is essential to end invisibility and impunity. In that regard, he welcomes the recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011), in which, expressing deep concern about attacks against schools, the Council requested the Secretary-General to include in the annexes to his reports on children and armed conflict information about recurrent attacks on schools and recurrent attacks or threats of attacks against protected persons in relation to schools. The Security Council’s monitoring and reporting mechanism has already played an important role in the identification of grave violations committed against children in armed conflict, and continuing and growing attention to attacks against schools will be vital to enhance protection of the right to education. To further ensure accountability, the capacity of domestic and international justice systems must also be enhanced, allowing for the prosecution of perpetrators, including non-State actors.", "73. Beyond ensuring accountability for attacks against schools, targeted efforts are also required to prevent the occurrence of attacks against schools and other education institutions and to prepare them for situations of insecurity in order to minimize the damage armed conflict may cause. Finally, dedicated efforts are required to assist victims in their recovery and to ensure appropriate individual and collective reparation for these education-related violations.", "C. Preparing education systems to cope with natural disasters", "74. The increasing number of natural disasters must not be ignored by those in charge of education systems. Schools not only play a crucial role in preparing communities to be more resilient in such situations, but also need to be adequately prepared to minimize the harm that natural disasters may eventually cause to their own functioning. Thus, specific attention to the education sector is required in the development of overall disaster risk reduction strategies. At the same time, schools must develop and adopt systematic safety and security measures adapted to the specific circumstances they face.", "75. Schools are often not constructed or maintained to be disaster resilient. An extensive consultation with children around the globe resulted in the recent preparation of a children’s charter for disaster risk reduction,[55] which highlights the need for schools to be safe and education not to be interrupted. INEE coordinated the preparation of guidance notes on the necessary steps to ensure the construction of safer schools and the adaptation of existing ones.[56] A major effort is needed to build technical capacity for, and ensure the adoption of, safer standards for education infrastructure to avoid tragedies where seismic or other hazards take the lives of large numbers of children in unsafe schools.", "76. Attention is being paid also to the use of schools as a platform to increase the preparation of learners and education staff for disasters and their aftermath. Several countries have included disaster risk reduction elements in their school curriculum,[57] others have considered making disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation a national education priority.[58]", "77. The Special Rapporteur underlines that investing in preventive efforts through education is crucial to protect schools and the communities they serve from the impact of natural disasters. Therefore, education systems must be actively engaged in the development and implementation of risk management strategies. Through their regular activities, schools must also contribute to establishing a culture of prevention and preparedness among students, staff and the communities to which they belong. Considering that the risks and needs of communities vary greatly, even within the same region, it is important to ensure that risk management strategies are prepared through meaningful participatory processes involving the communities where schools are located.", "D. Ensuring attention to girls and marginalized groups", "78. The failure of Governments to tackle persistent inequalities based on income, gender, location, ethnicity and language is one of the reasons for the limited progress in the realization of the Education for All goals[59] as well as the Millennium Development Goals. Obstacles to schooling that are already present during periods of normality have their impact obviously magnified in emergency contexts. The costs of schooling can greatly increase and commuting between school and home often becomes very difficult and insecure, further excluding those living in poverty or more vulnerable to violence. In this sense, targeted initiatives identifying marginalized groups and addressing their specific needs are necessary to avoid widening inequalities in education.", "79. Efforts to ensure gender parity in education are particularly relevant in this context. Attention has been drawn to the pervasive harm of sexual violence during conflict, which directly and indirectly affects female teachers and students.[60] Insecurity on the way to and from and within schools or colleges appears as a central element in the exclusion of girls from the education system. The lack of separate sanitary facilities in emergency schools can also constitute a major barrier to girls’ education.", "80. Despite the obvious resource constraints experienced in emergencies, neglecting the impact of discrimination and structural inequalities in education while planning, implementing and evaluating education policies in these situations can lead to further marginalization and in some cases contribute to a recurrence of conflict.", "81. Refugees and internally displaced persons continue to face great obstacles when seeking education outside their communities of origin. Data collected by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees within official camps indicated limited and uneven access to education across camps; the overall primary school participation rate of refugee children in camps was 69 per cent and at the secondary level only 30 per cent.[61] Several countries maintain administrative barriers to the enrolment of both refugee and internally displaced children, despite human rights obligations to provide education without discrimination of any kind to all children living in their territories[62] and the relevant provisions of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.[63] Short-term financing of projects in situations of prolonged displacement threatens the education, and progression, of many thousands of refugee and internally displaced children;[64] gaps in the financing of education in such situations must be addressed as a matter of priority because of the long-lasting impact of the denial of education to these populations.", "82. The Special Rapporteur already underlined in his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/29) that equality of opportunity in education permeates most human rights treaties. Human rights treaties establish the duty to ensure the right of access to public educational institutions and programmes on a non‑discriminatory basis, and to provide primary education for all.", "E. Ensuring quality education at all levels", "83. Enrolment in school does not alone ensure the fulfilment of the right to education if, for example, the quality of the education provided does not correspond to adequate standards. Resource constraints faced in periods of emergency do not justify overlooking basic requirements to ensure quality education, such as the presence of qualified teachers, the availability of adequate educational materials, adequate real teaching time and improved classroom environments.", "84. States, international organizations and civil society continue to contribute guidance to improve quality education in emergencies through materials prepared by INEE. A consultative process involving stakeholders concerned with education in emergencies all over the world led to an updated version of the INEE Minimum Standards for Education: Preparedness, Response, Recovery providing important policy guidance on the necessary steps to ensure quality education. The recently released INEE Guidance Notes on Teaching and Learning provide more specific pedagogical guidance based on the accumulated experience of educators working in emergency situations.", "85. As discussed above, the inadequate and short-term funding of emergency and transitional education programmes deeply affect the possibilities of addressing serious deficiencies that result in very low levels of quality in education. Moreover, the overall tendency of humanitarian work to focus solely on primary education limits investment in early childhood care and development, and in secondary and higher education. This bias greatly limits prospects of progression for students and increases the challenges for training teachers.", "86. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011 describes a number of issues critical to ensuring quality education for students affected by or at risk of conflict. They include ensuring that children can learn in their mother tongue, particularly at the early stages, rethinking the teaching of history and religion so it illustrates different perspectives on conflict-sensitive issues, and promoting non-violent school environments.", "87. The effective teaching of literacy, numeracy and life skills, such as health preparedness and conflict resolution, is crucial to enhancing resilience during periods of emergency. School staff must be given adequate incentives, and have their capacity enhanced, to give appropriate attention to the psychosocial needs of students, using resources and making schedule arrangements that allow for recreational and expressive activities, as well as referring severely affected students for additional support.", "88. The provision of learning achievement certification is another concern related to the quality of education in emergency contexts, in particular for students in refugee schools. Specific strategies are required to ensure that, even in times of crisis, students have their achievements adequately monitored, documented and recognized.", "F. Collecting information on education in emergencies", "89. Limitations in data collection in emergency situations continue to affect humanitarian efforts as a whole. Lack of capacity to accurately assess education needs limits the possibilities for accurately designing and evaluating education initiatives in emergency contexts. As already mentioned, poor monitoring further results in invisibility and consequent impunity in situations where schools are directly targeted by violence.", "90. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011 pointed to serious limitations in data collection in conflict situations: “assessments of need for communities caught up in conflict are at best haphazard, even taking into account the inevitable constraints associated with conducting surveys in conflict affected areas”.[65] It also underlined that donors’ assessments tend to underestimate needs in the education sector as their proposals are often tailored to meet low expectations of donor funding.[66] Limited attention is paid to needs assessment for qualitative aspects of education, such as textbook supply, hours of study and in-service teacher training. Human resources and infrastructure requirements for secondary education tend also to be completely ignored.", "91. Collecting information during emergencies requires specific strategies to overcome the various obstacles faced in such circumstances. These obstacles may include difficult logistics, physical insecurity, the political and ethical implications of activities in rapidly changing environments, and the technical challenges of working with mobile populations and populations with unusual demographic compositions.[67]", "92. The Global Education Cluster developed a Joint Education Needs Assessment Toolkit in 2010, as well as a Short Guide for Rapid Needs Assessments to provide guidance on data collection in emergency situations. The need for further improving monitoring capacities through the definition of a core set of indicators, including estimated numbers of children and youth to be reached, age and gender profiles, patterns of displacement, education materials, teacher and infrastructure requirements needed to guide the estimation of financing requirements has been underlined.[68]", "G. Conclusion and recommendations", "93. As discussed in the previous report on education in emergency situations (A/HRC/8/10), severely limited access to education continues to be a reality for most of the communities affected by emergencies. Despite increased attention by the international community, crucial problems persist: funding for humanitarian activities continues to ignore requirements to ensure education; schools continue to be victimized by direct and indirect violence; and preventive efforts are still timid vis-à-vis an increased impact of natural disasters. To reverse the current trend, States and other entities providing and channelling humanitarian and transitional assistance must pay enhanced attention to education in emergencies. Providing education and ensuring that education is protected during periods of emergency is not a choice, but an obligation.", "94. In this context, the Special Rapporteur submits the following recommendations:", "(a) Ensuring adequate funding for education in situations of emergency", "95. States must urgently increase their national, bilateral and multilateral funding commitments for education as a pillar of humanitarian and transitional response. Explicit policy commitments must be made to ensure adequate and sustainable domestic and international support for education in situations of emergency, as well as in situations of fragility and protracted crisis. Such commitments must follow through to the final stages of recovery, including in development frameworks. Recipient countries must comply with human rights while seeking and managing international assistance.", "(b) Enhancing the protection of schools from attacks", "96. States must ensure systematic monitoring, documenting and reporting of violations of international human rights and humanitarian law committed against members of education communities and education institutions and settings. The recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011) must be followed by enhanced attention to the situation of education in future efforts for monitoring violations of child rights during armed conflict. Domestic, regional and international accountability mechanisms, including those of the military, should be fully cognizant of, as well as systematically address, the obligations of State and non-State actors with respect to the right to education and other legal protections guaranteed to members of education communities and institutions. Specific efforts are required to strengthen the capacity of education providers to prevent and respond to attacks.", "(c) Strengthening safety and disaster risk reduction", "97. States must ensure that disaster risk and safety considerations are factored into the planning, design, construction and reconstruction of educational facilities. Disaster risk reduction and preparedness notions should be embedded in education policies and curricula. Participatory processes involving students and their communities must be used to ensure local hazard assessments and preparedness.", "(d) Paying attention to the exclusion of girls and marginalized groups", "98. States must take specific measure to guarantee the education of girls and marginalized groups in situations of emergency. Specific efforts are required to eliminate persistent or emerging patterns of discrimination and to remove physical, financial, cultural and linguistic barriers that contribute to furthering inequalities during periods of emergency.", "(e) Ensuring quality education", "99. Those in charge of the provision of education in emergencies must consider the requirements for meeting quality educational standards. Dedicated attention must be paid to improving school curricula, promoting human rights education and addressing the psychosocial needs of students and teachers.", "(f) Developing a common framework for the assessment of education needs in emergencies", "100. Further investments are required to ensure systematic data collection on the situation of education in emergencies. States and international and non‑governmental organizations providing support to education in emergencies should work on the development of a common framework for the assessment and reporting of met and unmet education needs in contexts of emergency. Such a framework must take into consideration human rights obligations regarding the right to education.", "[1] A/HRC/17/29 and Corr.1.", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2.", "[3] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, articles 13 and 14, and the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education comprehensively provide this right, which is also guaranteed by articles 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, articles 10, 11 and 13 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 30, 43 and 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "[4] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[5] Several publications of the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning on the financing of education have also addressed this issue.", "[6] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011, The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education, p. 12.", "[7] For example, recommendations addressed in 2009 and 2010 to Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia and Spain.", "[8] ILO/UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers, para. 10 (l).", "[9] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13, paras. 44 and 45.", "[10] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 12.", "[11] Human Rights Council resolution S-10/1 of 23 February 2009.", "[12] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13, para. 52.", "[13] Article 2.1.", "[14] Article 4.", "[15] Article 4.2.", "[16] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 11.", "[17] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 11 (1999), para. 9, and General Comment No. 3 (1990), para. 14.", "[18] Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020, adopted by the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), para. 74.2 (a) and 1 (c), and para. 72.1 (c).", "[19] Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Part I: Statement of Resolve, para. 25. The Statement of Resolve reflects commitment to strengthening partner countries’ national development strategies and associated operational frameworks (e.g. planning, budget, and performance assessment frameworks) and “defining measures and standards of performance”.", "[20] The underlying idea of debt swaps in education is the cancellation of external debt in exchange for the debtor Government’s commitment to mobilize domestic resources for spending on education, for example.", "[21] See Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development, “2+3=8; Innovating in financing education; Report of the Writing Committee to the Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education”, 2010.", "[22] Discussed at the second meeting of the Education International Task Force of the Leading Group on Innovative Financing, Paris, 17 June 2010.", "[23] Dakar Framework for Action, adopted at the World Education Forum, 2000, para. 8 (i).", "[24] World Bank Group Education Strategy 2020, Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development, Executive summary, p. 1.", "[25] Communiqué of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, held in Trinidad and Tobago from 27 to 29 November 2009, para. 89.", "[26] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, para. 3: “The means which should be used in order to satisfy the State obligation to take steps are stated in article 2 (1) to be ‘all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.’”", "[27] For instance, in India, within the framework of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, the Federal Government will contribute 65 per cent of the public funding of education as against the 35 per cent contribution of States.", "[28] In this context, it is important to note that reflections on innovative financing in education include several proposals for new mechanisms intended to offset the investment deficit in education and sustain funding over the long term.", "[29] Jakarta Declaration, adopted at the International Conference on the Right to Basic Education as Fundamental Human Right and Legal Framework for its Financing, December 2005.", "[30] For example, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia passed a resolution in 2008 reminding the lawmaker to meet the constitutional obligation to provide at least 20 per cent of the national budget to education in the fiscal year 2009. The Government accordingly was obliged to increase the budget for education.", "[31] The High-level Group on Education for All, since its Fifth Meeting, in 2005, has consistently been recommending such measures to Governments. At its Tenth Meeting, held in March 2011, the High-level Group called upon national Governments to allocate at least 6 per cent of gross national product (GNP) and/or 20 per cent of public expenditure to education and to ensure the cost-effective use of resources.", "[32] Committee on the Rights of the Child, Day of General Discussion on “Resources for the rights of the child — responsibility of States”, 21 September 2007.", "[33] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[34] Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides for “an adequate fellowship system”, inter alia, with respect to achieving full realization of the right to education. Similarly, the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education lays down the criterion of “merit or need” with respect to “the grant of scholarships or other forms of assistance to pupils” (art. 3 (c)).", "[35] Teachers’ salaries have been doubled in Ecuador under the Law on Intercultural Education, 2011.", "[36] Fourth meeting of the International Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, 4 February 2011.", "[37] Education Above All, the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies, the Right to Education Project/ActionAid International, Save the Children International and the United Nations Children’s Fund co-signed the submission.", "[38] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 15.", "[39] International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies and World Bank, Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction (New York, INEE; Washington, World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, 2009).", "[40] INEE, INEE Reference Guide on External Education Financing (New York, 2010).", "[41] Until 2010, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and Sweden included education in their humanitarian aid policies. In 2011, donor agencies in Australia (AusAID) and the United States of America (USAID) reflected education in emergency situations and conflict-affected countries, respectively, in their education strategies. See Save the Children, “Making it happen: financing education in countries affected by conflict and emergencies”, 2011.", "[42] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 204.", "[43] Ibid., p. 19.", "[44] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-Development Cooperation Directorate (DAC) factsheet, “Ensuring fragile States are not left behind”, Paris, December 2010.", "[45] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report, 2011, p. 227.", "[46] Meeting of the Education for All Fast Track Initiative Board of Directors, 2011.", "[47] See Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, articles 2.1 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "[48] The right to education during conflict is protected by the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949. Under international humanitarian law, schools and educational institutions are civilian objects that are protected from deliberate attack unless and only for such time as they are being used by belligerent forces for a military purpose. See article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[50] N. Boothby, A. Ager and R. Quinn, “Feasibility study for a global monitoring system for attacks on education: definitions and typology”, CPC Learning Network, Doha; Education Above All, New York, 2011.", "[51] The Institute of International Education (IIE), an independent non-profit organization, has participated in the rescue of persecuted scholars since its founding in 1919. In 2002, IIE launched the Scholar Rescue Fund (SRF) as a formalized response to this ongoing international dilemma. SRF cooperates closely with the Scholars at Risk Network, the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics and similar organizations.", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[53] Ibid.", "[54] A/64/254, para. 25.", "[55] Children’s Charter — an action plan for disaster risk reduction by children for children, available from www.childreninachangingclimate.org.", "[56] Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction, 2009.", "[57] Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, “Aligning regional and global disaster risk reduction agendas; Summary of key regional political commitments & disaster risk reduction priorities”, 2011, p. 20.", "[58] Ibid., p. 25.", "[59] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009, Summary, Overcoming Inequality: Why Governance Matters, pp. 4, 7 and 39.", "[60] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, p. 190.", "[61] Dryden-Peterson, S., “Conflict, education and displacement”, in Conflict & Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Toronto, 2011.", "[62] Convention on the Rights of the Child, articles 2 and 28.", "[63] Refugee children should be accorded the same treatment as is accorded to nationals with respect to elementary education (art. 22, para. 1) and treatment no less favourable than that accorded to foreigners with respect to education other than elementary education (art. 22, para. 2).", "[64] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, Summary, p. 31.", "[65] Ibid., p. 216.", "[66] Ibid., p. 206.", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht and Sara Casey, “Challenges of collecting baseline data in emergency settings”, Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies, 2008.", "[68] UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011, p. 217." ]
A_66_269
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right to education", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Kishore Singh, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It is dedicated to national funding of basic education. Human rights obligations on the financing of education are detailed and practical examples of national legal frameworks guaranteeing national funding are provided. The report also contains an update on the status of education in emergency situations, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/290. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the focus and funding for education in emergency situations remain insufficient and inadequate and calls for increased investment in prevention activities and for better protection of education during armed conflict.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II.Financing 3 of basic education A. Human rights obligations 4 relating to the financing of education B. National legal framework 8 for the financing of basic education C. Problems 11 that require more attention D.Conclusions 13 and recommendations III. 15 a day on the subject of education in emergency situations A. Ensure 16 political and financial support for education in emergency situations B.Protection 18 of education against attacks C.Preparation 20 of the education systems to deal with natural disasters D. Ensure 21 that attention is paid to girls and marginalized groups E.Garantize 22 the quality of education at all levels F.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/4 and 17/3. It addresses the obligations of States in relation to public funding of basic education and the importance of legal frameworks to ensure national funding of such education. It also contains an update on the status of education in emergency situations, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/290.", "2. Following his appointment by the Human Rights Council, Kishore Singh assumed his functions as Special Rapporteur in August 2010. Since then, it has submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its seventh session, in June 2011. In its first report[1], it outlined the priority areas to be discussed during its mandate and further elaborated on the obligations of States to ensure equal opportunities for education. He also reported his first mission to a country, Senegal[2], which he completed in January 2011.", "3. During his first year of work, the Special Rapporteur participated in various public events on education and sought to establish collaboration with States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. The Special Rapporteur recently participated in two regional preparatory meetings for the Economic and Social Council, which were held in Thailand in March and Togo in April. In July, the Special Rapporteur participated in the annual ministerial review held during the high-level segment of the substantive session of the Council, which focused attention on the internationally agreed goals and commitments on education.", "II. Financing of basic education", "4. The right to education has been internationally recognized and the provision of adequate financial resources is considered essential to this end. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to education, which must be free of charge, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, States have assumed international legal obligations to give effect to the right to education, concluding various human rights instruments[3] and assuming responsibility for providing the necessary resources for their realization.", "5. Restrictions on resources, however, remain an important obstacle to the realization of the right to education. The prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goal 2 targets (to ensure that boys and girls around the world are able to complete a complete cycle of primary education) and Goal 3 (to eliminate gender disparity at all levels of education by 2015) are not very favourable because of resource constraints. The assessment prepared for the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals underscores the need to increase budgets and to provide more resources to accelerate progress in achieving those goals.[4] In recent years, the Monitoring Reports on Education for All in the World have consistently pointed to insufficient funding for education. More recently, cuts in public spending as a result of the global financial crisis have threatened to reduce support for the education sector, possibly jeopardizing the recent progress achieved.[5] For example, 7 out of 18 low-income countries reduced education costs in 2009; only those countries had 3.7 million unschooled children.[6]", "6. Given the critical need to overcome resource constraints to the realization of the right to education and to achieve internationally agreed goals, such as those of the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All, in the present report, the Special Rapporteur recalls States &apos; obligations to provide national resources for basic education, and presents examples of national legal instruments adopted to ensure the allocation of adequate financial resources for education.", "A. Human rights obligations relating to the financing of education", "7. In accordance with international human rights treaties, States are responsible for providing resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights. The provision of the necessary resources for the enjoyment of the right to education is one of the most important, as the enjoyment of this right is essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It should be given high priority in public investment, as its beneficiaries are both individuals and society.", "8. The obligations of States to ensure the provision of all necessary resources to overcome the limitations on the realization of the right to education are permanently reflected in the concluding observations adopted by the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Rights of the Child have frequently expressed concern at the decline in educational standards due to the lack of investment by States in education and have recommended the increase in resources allocated to the education sector. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has also consistently urged States to increase their investments in education as a fundamental human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women. The recommendations resulting from the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council relating to the provision of greater resources to education are further confirmation of the wide recognition of the central importance of financing education for the fulfilment of human rights obligations.[7]", "9. Commitments for the financing of education are also contained in the recommendations of the International Labour Organization (ILO)/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) concerning the status of teachers (1966), which recognize the need to accord high priority in all countries to the allocation, in national budgets, of an adequate proportion of national income to the development of education[8]. The right to education is part of the institutional mission of UNESCO and Member States have an obligation to provide the necessary resources for its realization.", "1. Ensure progressive realization and avoid regression", "10. The concept of the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to education, recognizes that their realization usually takes effect over time. It also implies that measures should be taken to promote the realization of a right with a view to ensuring a sustainable expansion of its enjoyment throughout the country. When it refers to the progressive realization of the right to education, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasizes that States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have a specific and permanent obligation to “advance as quickly and effectively as possible” towards the full realization of that right. It also emphasizes that there is a “firm presumption that regressive measures are not permitted”[9]. In that regard, education support must be driven by the need to ensure the gradual expansion of the education sector.", "11. Several United Nations human rights treaty bodies have expressed concern about the potential impact of the economic crisis on the enjoyment of human rights. The Committee on Economic and Social Rights specified that “even in times of severe resource constraints, caused by the adjustment process, the economic recession or other factors, vulnerable members of society can and in fact be protected through the adoption of relatively low-cost programmes.”[10] More recently, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution calling on States to note that economic and financial crises do not diminish the responsibility of national authorities for the realization of human rights.[11]", "2. Compliance with core obligations", "12. The obligations of States to meet, as a matter of priority, “essential minimum levels of each of the rights” recognized in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, also known as “minimum basic obligations”, have immediate effect. Basic obligations relating to the right to education include the obligation to provide free primary education to all in accordance with article 13 (2) (a) and the obligation to adopt and implement a national educational strategy that includes the provision of secondary, higher and fundamental education[12]. Article 14 of the Covenant further emphasizes the basic obligation to adopt a plan of action to ensure the progressive implementation of the right to compulsory and free primary education within a reasonable time frame.", "3. Ensure the supply of the most available resources", "13. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[13], the Convention on the Rights of the Child[14] and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[15] explicitly establish the obligation of States parties to provide the maximum amount of available resources to ensure the enjoyment of human rights.", "14. In its general comments on the nature of States parties &apos; obligations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights stressed that even if available resources were insufficient, the State party &apos; s obligation to ensure the widest possible enjoyment of the relevant rights given the prevailing circumstances, to monitor the extent of their implementation and to develop strategies and programmes for their promotion[16]. The mention of resources refers to funding, but not exclusively.", "4. Provide international assistance and cooperation", "15. Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to take measures, both separately and through international assistance and cooperation, to the maximum extent of their available resources, to achieve progressively the full realization of rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[17] has emphasized the specific obligation of the international community to finance the realization of the right to education. At the same time, States in need of international assistance should request and administer such assistance in accordance with human rights standards and rules.", "16. Under the principle of international solidarity, the least developed countries, which face serious financial constraints, deserve such a priori assistance. Development partners should provide “technical and financial support” to those countries “to implement their national education plans and programmes, including greater accessibility in rural and remote areas.” For their part, the least developed countries must strengthen their national education systems[18].", "17. Various policy statements on international aid underscore the need for adequate management by recipient countries of available national resources as this would contribute to improving the sustainability of efforts. For example, the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness provides that partner countries should commit themselves to “intensifying their efforts to mobilize national resources, strengthen fiscal sustainability and create an enabling environment for public and private investment”[19]. Similarly, the Global Compact launched by the Secretary-General at the International Conference on Financing for Development, held in Monterrey, Mexico, in 2002, provides that if developing countries improve governance and achieve results, donors will provide the necessary funding to achieve the Millennium Development Goals[20]. The Accelerated Education for All Initiative, the most important international assistance mechanism for education, was designed to help countries achieve Millennium Development Goal 2 and Education for All goals, and pays particular attention to the proper management of national resources by recipient countries.", "18. In 2006, States and international organizations involved in development assistance established a Steering Group on Innovative Financing for Development and commissioned it to develop additional international financing mechanisms to promote global development. The International Task Force on Innovative Financing for Education, established as part of that initiative, currently considers several alternatives to improving funding for education[21], including the mobilization of national resources and international assistance.[22]", "5. Relevant global political commitments", "19. The commitment to financing primary education is contained in numerous international declarations and is at the heart of major global campaigns. At the World Education Forum in 2000, Governments, together with other stakeholders, pledged to establish a strategy, inter alia, to “mobilize a strong national and international political commitment to education for all, develop a national action plan and significantly improve investments in basic education”[23]. This promise includes the commitment to “atone political will with resources.” It is therefore up to Governments to provide national resources for achieving Education for All. Access to education, which is a basic human right, is considered to be a “strategic investment in development”.[24]", "20. The Millennium Development Goals should also be interpreted as a reaffirmation of human rights treaty obligations and, therefore, the responsibility of Governments to provide financial resources for education. Millennium Development Goal 2 reflects the obligation to ensure universal primary education, including the obligation to ensure that no direct or indirect costs deprive children of their right to education. Millennium Development Goal 3 reflects the obligation to ensure gender equality at all levels of education, including the duty to provide financial resources for that purpose.", "B. National legal framework for the financing of basic education", "21. It is incumbent upon States to incorporate into their national legislation international obligations relating to the financing of education. The inclusion of provisions on public funding for education in a country &apos; s constitution, national legislation and educational policies is essential to give effect to obligations relating to the realization of the right to education. The Special Rapporteur considers that the adoption of a national legal framework for the financing of education indicates the importance and priority given to the right to education.", "22. In the legislative reforms promoted in the context of the Education for All process, the emergency of the right to basic education, together with the right to primary education, can be observed in national legislative frameworks. Thus, States recognize their duty to ensure universal access to basic education. At the 2009 meeting of Heads of Government of Commonwealth Countries, for example, all Commonwealth countries are requested to provide more resources for basic education[25].", "1. Constitutional provisions", "23. The constitutional provisions on financing education constitute a strong basis for the development of educational laws and policies. These provisions exist in several countries and have different criteria for determining the minimum levels of investment in education.", "24. Some constitutions set the minimum level of resources to be allocated to education as a percentage of tax revenue. The Brazilian Constitution provides, in its article 212, that “the Union shall apply no less than 18 per cent of its tax revenue annually, and that States, the Federal District and the Circumscriptions shall apply at least 25 per cent of their tax revenues, including transfers income, for the maintenance and development of education.”", "25. Other constitutions set a minimum proportion for education in the general national budget. The Indonesian Constitution, revised in 2002, states in article 31, paragraph 4, that “The State shall give priority to the education budget, up to a minimum of 20 per cent of the State budget and regional budgets, in order to meet national needs for national education.”", "26. Other constitutions use the national gross domestic product (GDP) to calculate the minimum amount required for education. Ecuador &apos; s 2008 Constitution provides that public spending on education will be 6 per cent of GDP. The Constitution of Costa Rica of 1997 contains similar provisions.", "27. Finally, other constitutions establish the obligation to prioritize investment in education. The Constitution of Ethiopia provides that the State has an obligation to allocate increasing resources to the provision of public health services, education and other social services (art. 41, para. 4). The Constitution of the Philippines and Viet Nam also provided that the State should give priority to investment in education.", "2. National legislation and budgetary allocations for basic education", "28. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has emphasized the importance of national legislation to give effect to the obligations of the State[26]. The legislation developed in many countries, often in the context of the Education for All process, contains important provisions for funding basic education, establishing minimum levels of financial support and responsibilities in this regard. Here are practical examples of the latest developments.", "29. In South Africa, basic education is a constitutional right. The South African school law of 1996 provides that “subject to the Constitution and the present law, the Minister must determine the minimum rules and regulations for the financing of public schools after consultations with the Council of Ministers of Education/the Financial and Fiscal Commission and the Minister of Finance” (para. 35).", "30. In Nigeria, the Compulsory, Free and Universal Basic Education Act of 2004, which provides nine years of compulsory basic education, establishes the Universal Basic Education Commission, which is responsible for implementing the right to basic education and providing the necessary resources. The universal basic education programme is funded by 2 per cent of the Consolidated Income Fund.", "31. In Argentina, National Education Act No. 26, 2007 provides that education resources will increase to 6 per cent of GDP in 2010. The Act establishes the right to compulsory schooling from the age of 5 to the end of secondary education (art. 16).", "32. In Mexico, the General Education Act, revised in 2003, provides that 8 per cent of GDP will be allocated to education services and public education (art. 25). It has been reported that this has contributed to increased support for education.", "33. In India, policies on financing basic education are based on national legislation, as is evident from the measures being taken to implement the law on the right of children to free and compulsory education in 2009. It has been reported that, as a result of this framework, there has been an exponential increase in education expenditures in the five-year plan of the country.", "34. In Senegal, Act No. 91-22 of 1991 on the orientation of national education, as amended in 2004 by Act No. 2004-37, establishes compulsory schooling for all children between the ages of 6 and 16, which is provided free of charge in all public schools. It was reported that the recognition of the duty to provide education was followed by an increase in national investment of up to nearly 40 per cent of the national budget.", "35. In Kenya, the adoption of the Children &apos; s Act 2001 and strategies for education in the twenty-first century underscore the basic commitment to universalization of primary education. It has been reported that the resources allocated to education contain a significant increase as a result of this commitment.", "36. In China, the Compulsory Education Act, amended in 2006, provides nine years of basic education. It ensures that basic education will be funded by the State Council and local popular governments. China &apos; s national medium- and long-term education development and reform plan (2010-2020) recognizes that education finance is a basic and strategic investment. The plan proposes to increase public spending on education to 4 per cent of GDP by 2012.", "37. Some legal frameworks transfer responsibility for funding to supranational entities. In Iceland, compulsory schooling law No. 19, 2008 provides that municipalities shall finance the cost of capital investments in compulsory education. In Thailand, the National Education Act 1999 authorizes the State and local bodies to impose taxes on education where appropriate. Some countries with federal systems have specific financial provisions in terms of the competence and responsibility of federal and provincial (state) authorities.[27]", "3. Mobilization of additional resources for education", "38. Legal instruments can facilitate the mobilization of additional resources for education. A 2 per cent blunder for education applied to all India &apos; s central taxes has resulted in a significant expansion of funding for the elementary education sector. The Chinese National Plan mentioned above also proposes a 3 per cent additional value tax education surcharge, which would be applied specifically to educational activities. The mobilization of additional resources through these special tax plans is essential to strengthening budget allocations.[28]", "39. Public investment in basic education can be improved by mobilizing additional resources from contributions from local bodies, private donors and communities through institutional mechanisms that complement government funding. For example, in the United Republic of Tanzania, in accordance with the Education Fund Act 2001, the Education Authority can receive gifts, donations, legacies and other monetary contributions on behalf of the Fund. There are similar mechanisms, for example, in India that have the Bharatiya Shiksa Kosh (educational fund) and in Nigeria, which has the Education Tax Fund. It is necessary to ensure that the operational modalities of all such institutional mechanisms fully respect transparency and accountability.", "40. The present report focuses only on funding public education. However, it is clear that the private sector can complement State initiatives on the provision of education by concluding partnerships with Governments to share responsibilities equitably[29]. However, it must be ensured that such partnerships operate within a legal framework that requires full compliance with human rights standards and quality education standards.", "C. Problems that require more attention", "41. As described above, human rights instruments clearly establish the State &apos; s obligations to finance education. In practice, these obligations require a number of legal and policy instruments to ensure that investment in education is predictable and sustainable and that financial resources are adequately provided and used at the appropriate time to ensure the widest possible enjoyment of the right to education. The adoption of a legal framework for the financing of education is an important tool for promoting accountability, as measures affecting public investment in education can be the subject of internal judicial proceedings[30].", "42. Subsequently, the Special Rapporteur refers to some basic problems in the implementation of the legal instruments for the financing of basic education that require further attention.", "1. Ensure the allocation of adequate financial resources for basic education", "43. In order to overcome the resource constraints of the Education for All programme, the High-Level Group on Education for All has advocated ensuring the allocation to education of a minimum proportion of national budgets (15 to 20 per cent) or a percentage of GDP (4 to 6 per cent)[31]. As described above, the mechanisms that provide that part of general public expenditure or income from specific taxes are allocated to education have already achieved results in several countries in terms of increased funding for education. It is clear that the evaluation of the effectiveness of these mechanisms over time will depend on the overall functioning of the fiscal and budgetary regulatory mechanisms prevailing in each State.", "2. Ensure adequate use of resources for education", "44. While the allocation of as much national resources as possible to education is a crucial aspect, it is equally important to ensure its effective and optimal use.[32] In addition to ensuring the financing of education, legal instruments protecting the right to education may also guide the way in which the State uses the resources allocated to education in accordance with human rights obligations.", "45. Taking into account the obligation to ensure universal primary education and the commitments to realize the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All programme, funding for basic and primary education must be ensured as a priority issue.", "46. The evaluation of the effectiveness of financial management in the field of education requires attention to the basic principles of equality and non-discrimination. In allocating funds for the various levels of education and for regions of a territory, the prevailing socio-economic disparities and their relationship with the education sector must be taken into account. Where schools are funded through subnational budgets, it is also necessary to ensure that locally collected income differences do not result in disparities between regions.", "47. Specific resources should be ensured to address the root causes of girls &apos; exclusion from education, those living in poverty or with disabilities, ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants and other marginalized and disadvantaged groups. Specific measures should be considered to overcome major obstacles to education, including the abolition of school rights and the provision of subsidies for other expenses, such as textbooks, uniforms and transport[33]. Temporary special measures to provide financial support to these groups through affirmative action have a normative basis in international human rights treaties[34]. Particular attention should be paid to the principles of transparency and accountability in the management of education budgets.", "3. Response to quality imperatives", "48. Finally, the frameworks governing expenditure on education should seriously consider improving the quality of education, recognizing its central role in people &apos; s lives and the empowerment role of quality education. Education budgets are often fully consumed to cover recurrent costs, for the most part the salaries of teachers who, unfortunately, are often very low and create difficulties in attracting qualified professionals[35]. The issue of investment in key areas, such as the development of teaching materials, the training of teachers and the improvement of working conditions, is not yet given due attention. The Special Rapporteur intends to consider this issue in other thematic reports on the quality of education.", "D. Conclusions and recommendations", "49. States cannot fulfil their international obligations in the realization of the right to education if they do not provide the necessary resources and maintain them on a permanent and predictable basis. To that end, national legal and policy frameworks that ensure investment in education play a crucial role. They are also essential to accelerate sustainable progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and to advance the Education for All programme. Education is, by the way, the best investment that a country can make and deserves the highest priority in resource allocation. As a major global public good, education must be the subject of strong commitments by world leaders in terms of funding.[36]", "50. In that spirit, the Special Rapporteur presents the following recommendations:", "(a) Ensuring investment in education through national legal frameworks", "51. There is a strong need for a national law to ensure, at least, a minimum level of investment essential to ensuring the quality of education. In accordance with the recommendations made repeatedly by the High-Level Group on Education for All, an internationally accepted standard establishing a certain minimum percentage of GDP (4 per cent to 6 per cent) or the national budget (15 per cent to 20 per cent) for education would be a valuable basis for developing a national legal and policy framework.", "(b) Develop strategies to increase resource allocation", "52. The development of new approaches to resource allocation and utilization is of crucial importance to countries. In order to improve investment in education as a matter of national priority, education can be established in the budgets of various ministries dealing with social development (social welfare ministries, development of children and women, work, public health, etc.). At the same time, it is important to broaden the tax base to create more budgetary resources.", "(c) Promoting public debate and sharing of experiences", "53. Education does not always receive the priority it deserves at the national level in terms of budgetary allocations. To ensure that education is given priority attention, it would be useful to promote public dialogue between ministries of education and ministries of finance and planning on the measures necessary to ensure maximum funding for education. An exchange of ideas and approaches among countries on legal and policy frameworks for education financing would enable national authorities to draw on available experience and practical examples from a comparative perspective, and provide detailed knowledge on new ways of investing in education.", "(d) Pay particular attention to the financing of basic education by providing technical assistance to Governments for the development of national legal frameworks", "54. In accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/3, UNESCO and UNICEF should be encouraged to continue to provide technical assistance to Member States to modernize and develop their national legislation. In that process, emphasis should be placed on the importance of provisions relating to the financing of basic education.", "(e) Response to quality imperatives", "55. The budgetary provisions relating to the quality of education are low, as almost all resources allocated for education apply to recurrent costs. A paradigm shift is required to respond to the imperatives of quality, which remain a huge challenge.", "III. Update on education in emergency situations", "56. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/290, requested the Special Rapporteur to include in his next interim report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session an update on the report on the right to education in emergency situations submitted in 2008 by his predecessor (A/HRC/8/10), in order to identify gaps and remaining challenges in ensuring the right to education in emergency situations.", "57. In the 2008 report, emergencies had been defined as all situations of natural crisis and those arising from armed conflicts, both international (including military occupation) and internal, as defined by international humanitarian law, as well as post-conflict situations. It was also noted in the report that, in addition to being an obligation of the widely recognized State, ensuring adequate education was essential to prevent emergencies and ensure the success of peacebuilding and recovery efforts. It was stressed, however, that education was often interrupted, postponed and even denied during the reconstruction and early response to emergencies. The report presented a number of recommendations to States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to better protect education and ensure its inclusion as an integral part of the humanitarian response to conflicts and natural disasters.", "58. The present update is divided into six sections, reflecting the basic content and recommendations of resolution 64/290. Each section contains an indication of the remaining challenges for the promotion of education in emergency situations, and the progress achieved over the past three years. The first section focuses on the recommendation to increase political and financial support for emergency education. The second section deals with the recommendation to improve the protection of schools against attacks and ensure accountability. The third section deals with the recommendation to better prepare education systems for natural disasters. The fourth section refers to the recommendation to address the specific needs of girls and other marginalized groups. The fifth section emphasizes the recommendation to ensure the quality of education in emergencies. The sixth section is dedicated to the need to improve data collection on education in emergency situations.", "59. The preparation of this update took advantage of an extensive presentation prepared through a collaborative consultative process led by a group of international and non-governmental organizations with experience in education in emergency situations.[37] The Special Rapporteur expresses his gratitude to all those who compiled or shared information for the preparation of this update report.", "A. Ensuring political and financial support for emergency education", "60. Millions of people remain deprived of their right to education in emergency situations. Increased political attention and increased sustainable financial support are essential to safeguard this fundamental right. The lack of adequate attention to education in emergency situations continues to affect the prospects for achieving both the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All (EPT) goals. The 2011 World Education Monitoring Report emphasizes that some 28 million children of primary school age in conflict-affected countries do not currently attend school. This represents 42 per cent of the total number of children in the world who do not attend school[38]. Education is also at risk because of natural and artificial disasters: 875 million school-age children are estimated to live in high-risk seismic areas and hundreds of millions face floods, landslides, extreme winds and fire hazards, as well as slow development disasters.[39]", "61. General Assembly resolution 64/290 reflected States &apos; recognition of the urgency of ensuring the realization of the right to education as an element of humanitarian assistance and response. Discussions and research activities within the United Nations system are helping to reveal what the 2011 World Education Monitoring Report has called the “covered crisis”. The Committee on the Rights of the Child in 2008 and the General Assembly in 2009 organized days of discussion on this topic.", "62. A key challenge remains the need for greater and more coordinated attention to education by humanitarian stakeholders. The recent partnership between the Sphere project and the Inter-Agency Network for Emergency Education, to prepare the complementary agreement that guides the integration of the quality of education in the humanitarian process, represents an important step in promoting more coherent and specialized attention to education within the humanitarian community. The restoration of access to education, which was traditionally excluded from humanitarian priorities, remains a priority for families and youth affected by emergencies[40]. The response to needs identified by affected communities is an essential component of the humanitarian response, and a central aspect of the implementation of the right to education.", "63. Despite increased recognition of the importance of emergency education by the international community and communities affected by emergencies, funding remains extremely limited. Only a few donor agencies have explicitly included education as part of their humanitarian policies.[41] The 2011 World Education Monitoring Report stressed that in 2009, the proportion of humanitarian assistance devoted to conflict-related emergency education represented only 2 per cent of total humanitarian assistance.[42] The conclusion was that:", "Education is the poor relative of an underfunded, unpredictable and short-term humanitarian aid system. Education is the victim of a double disadvantage: it represents only a very small proportion of requests for humanitarian assistance, and an even lower proportion of requests for funding.[43]", "64. Assessments indicate that some particularly fragile countries in need of funding for education are ignored; donors clearly accord priority to countries linked to their security priorities: official development assistance to fragile States is highly concentrated; in 2008, 51 per cent of official development assistance allocated to 43 fragile States benefited only six countries, representing only 23 per cent of the population of the total number of fragile States.[44]", "65. The instability of support is another concern. As already indicated, the sustainability of financial support is essential for the proper functioning of education systems. This can only be ensured through continued financial support that allows the uninterrupted development of programmes. In post-emergency situations, significant opportunities are lost owing to the lack of sustainable support and funding in the transition from humanitarian response to the development framework. In these contexts, the need for more investment in the national planning and information systems of recipient countries is also stressed.[45]", "66. In the context of the Accelerated Education for All Initiative, efforts have been made to increase its support to fragile States, but to date there has been a lack of capacity to provide financing in severe emergency settings.[46] In addition to bilateral support, there are other forms of funding for education in emergency situations, but these are still clearly insufficient.", "67. The Special Rapporteur stresses that emergencies do not exempt States from their obligation to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of the right to education for all persons in their territories, including those who are not nationals, refugees or internally displaced persons groups. Efforts to ensure financial support for primary education in order to ensure that it is still available during emergencies, to provide non-discriminatory secondary education and to promote access to higher education on the basis of capacity simply represent compliance with a human rights obligation.", "68. Given the fragility of some States affected by emergencies, and the central role of international assistance and cooperation in those contexts, it is important to recall that the obligation to provide international assistance is established in human rights standards.[47] It is also reflected in numerous international statements, including the Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All, adopted at the World Education Forum in 2000. Furthermore, as noted above, States requiring assistance are also obliged to seek and administer external assistance in accordance with human rights principles.", "B. Protection of education against attacks", "69. Attacks on schools and institutions of higher education constitute a violation of humanitarian law and human rights law.[48] However, as the Secretary-General recently reported, attacks on schools are a matter of great concern and are a growing trend.[49] Insecurity still prevails in many educational institutions in conflict zones, and this has far-reaching consequences for the education system and for students.", "70. Studies indicate a steady increase in the number of reported attacks on education in conflict situations and widespread violence over the past three years.[50] These episodes include death or injury to students and teaching staff, damage to educational facilities or their destruction, and ultimately prevent thousands of students from attending school or university because of the closure of such institutions. The International Education Institute &apos; s Fund for At Risk Academics[51] indicates that the number of applications of threatened academics doubled during the period 2008-2011 compared to the previous period. In certain situations, the use of schools by armed elements has compromised the civilian nature of schools and placed students and teachers at risk.[52]", "71. Despite weaknesses in monitoring mechanisms, it can be noted that the international community pays more attention to cases of attacks on education in emergency situations. In 2010, international and non-governmental organizations established the global coalition to protect education against attacks, and jointly promote prevention activities and respond to and monitor attacks on education. The Secretary-General included information on these situations in his most recent report on children in armed conflict[53]. The same was done by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, who recalled the importance of protecting schools against attacks and stressed that “to improve accountability mechanisms for such crimes is essential to ensure that schools continue to be safe havens and peace zones.”[54]", "72. The Special Rapporteur considers that improving the capacity of mechanisms monitoring situations in which educational systems are attacked by participants in armed conflict is essential to ending impunity and cover-up. In this regard, it welcomes the recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011), which expresses deep concern over attacks against schools; the Council requested the Secretary-General to include in the annexes to his reports on children and armed conflict information on recurring attacks against schools and attacks or threats of recurrent attacks on protected persons in relation to schools. The monitoring and reporting mechanism on children and armed conflict established by the Security Council has already played an important role in identifying serious violations committed against children in armed conflict; continued and increasing attention to attacks against schools will be an essential element in improving the protection of the right to education. In order to ensure greater accountability, the capacity of national and international justice systems should also be enhanced, allowing the prosecution of perpetrators, including non-State actors.", "73. In addition to ensuring accountability for attacks against schools, targeted efforts are also required to prevent such attacks against schools and other educational institutions, and to prepare them for situations of insecurity in order to minimize the damage to armed conflict. Finally, special activities are required to assist victims in their recovery and to ensure appropriate individual and collective compensation to compensate for such violations related to education.", "C. Preparation of educational systems to address natural disasters", "74. Education system managers should not ignore the growing number of natural disasters. Schools not only play a crucial role in preparing communities to gain more resistance to such situations, but they must also be adequately prepared to minimize the damage that natural disasters can cause to their own functioning. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the education sector when developing comprehensive disaster risk reduction strategies. At the same time, schools must systematically develop and adapt security measures to the specific circumstances they face.", "75. Schools are often not built or maintained to withstand disasters. An extensive consultation with children around the world led to the recent preparation of the children &apos; s charter for disaster risk reduction, underlining the need for schools to be safe and education not interrupted.[55] The Inter-Agency Network on Emergency Education coordinated the preparation of guidance notes on the measures necessary for the construction of safe schools and the adaptation of existing schools.[56] A considerable effort is needed to build the technical capacity to establish standards for the safety of education infrastructures, in order to avoid tragedies in which seismic and other events capture the lives of large numbers of children in unsafe schools, and to ensure their approval.", "76. Attention is also paid to the use of schools as a platform for increasing the preparation of students and disaster teachers and the following period. Several countries have included disaster risk reduction elements in their school curricula[57], others have considered the possibility of giving national education a priority to adaptation to climate change and disaster risk reduction.[58]", "77. The Special Rapporteur stresses that investing in prevention activities through education is a crucial element in protecting schools and communities to which they provide services against the effects of natural disasters. Education systems should therefore be actively involved in the development and implementation of disaster management strategies. Schools should also contribute, as part of their regular activities, to the establishment of a culture of prevention and preparation among students, staff and communities to which they belong. Given that the risks and needs of communities vary greatly, even within the same region, it is important to ensure that risk management strategies are developed through a participatory process that includes communities in which schools are located.", "D. Ensure that attention is paid to marginalized girls and groups", "78. The failure of Governments to address persistent inequities based on income, gender, location, ethnicity and language is one of the reasons for limited progress in achieving the Education for All Goals[59], as well as the Millennium Development Goals. The obstacles to schooling already exist during normal periods and their effects are evidently increased in emergency contexts. The cost of schooling can be greatly increased, and transportation between school and home often becomes very difficult and insecure, further excluding those living in poverty or those most vulnerable to violence. In this regard, targeted initiatives targeting marginalized groups and addressing their specific needs are essential to avoiding the expansion of inequalities in education.", "79. Activities to ensure gender parity in education are particularly relevant in this context. The widespread damage to sexual violence during conflict, which directly and indirectly affects women and girls, has been highlighted.[60] Insecure on the way to and from schools or schools, and around them, appears to be a central element of the exclusion of girls from educational systems. The lack of separate health services in emergency schools can also be a major obstacle to girls &apos; education.", "80. Despite the obvious restrictions on resources in emergency situations, neglect of the effects of discrimination and structural inequalities in education when planning, implementing and evaluating educational policies for such situations can lead to further marginalization and, in some cases, contribute to the resumption of the conflict.", "81. Refugees and internally displaced persons continue to face major obstacles when seeking education outside their communities of origin. The data collected by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the official camps show limited and unequal access to education in them; the overall rate of participation in primary education for refugee children in camps was 69 per cent and, at the secondary level, only 30 per cent.[61] Several countries maintain administrative obstacles to the enrolment of refugee and internally displaced children, despite the human rights obligation to provide education without discrimination of any kind to all children living in their territories[62] and the relevant provisions of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees[63]. Short-term funding for projects in situations of prolonged displacement adversely affects the education and progress of many thousands of refugee and internally displaced children[64]; gaps in funding education in such situations should be addressed as a priority because of the long-term effects that occur when education is denied to those populations.", "82. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/29), the Special Rapporteur had already emphasized that equal opportunities in education were included in most human rights treaties. These treaties establish the duty to ensure the right of access to public education programmes and institutions on a non-discriminatory basis and to provide primary education for all.", "E. Ensure the quality of education at all levels", "83. Enrolment in school alone does not ensure the realization of the right to education if, for example, the quality of education provided does not correspond to the appropriate standards. Restrictions on resources occurring in emergency periods do not justify disregarding the basic requirements for ensuring the quality of education, such as the presence of qualified teachers, the availability of adequate teaching materials, adequate periods of actual instruction and better classroom environments.", "84. States, international organizations and civil society continue to provide guidance to improve the quality of emergency education, using materials prepared by the Institutional Network for Emergency Education. A process of consultation with the participation of stakeholders in emergency education from all parts of the world concluded with an updated version of the Standard Minimum for Education: Preparedness, Response and Recovery of the Institutional Emergency Education Network, which provides an important policy guidance on the measures necessary to ensure the quality of education. The Network &apos; s Teaching and Learning Guidance Notes provide more specific pedagogical guidance based on the experience gained by educators working in emergency situations.", "85. As discussed above, inadequate and short-term funding of emergency and transitional education programmes has a profound impact on the potential to address the serious shortcomings that lead to very low levels of education quality. Furthermore, the overall trend in humanitarian work, focusing exclusively on primary education, limits investments in early childhood development and care, and in secondary and higher education. This bias greatly limits the prospects for student advancement and increases challenges for teacher training.", "86. The 2011 World Education Monitoring Report describes a number of critical issues to ensure the quality of education for students affected by conflict or at risk from conflict. It includes measures to ensure that children can learn in their mother tongue, particularly in the early stages, to reconsider the teaching of history and religion to show different perspectives on sensitive issues related to conflict, and to promote non-violent school environments.", "87. Literacy and effective teaching of elemental notions of arithmetic calculus and daily life skills, such as health, preparedness and conflict resolution, are essential for increasing resistance during emergency periods. School staff should receive appropriate incentives, and should be able to increase their capacity, to give appropriate attention to the psychological needs of students, the use of resources and the preparation of calendars that include recreation and expression activities, as well as the referral of severely affected students to receive additional support.", "88. The provision of a learning certificate is another problem related to the quality of education in emergency situations, particularly for refugee school students. Specific strategies are required to ensure that even in times of crisis, students manage their progress to be adequately recognized, monitored and documented.", "F. Briefing on education in emergency situations", "89. The obstacles to data collection in emergency situations continue to affect humanitarian activities in general. The lack of capacity to accurately assess education needs limits the ability to adequately design and evaluate education initiatives in emergency contexts. As already mentioned, the weaknesses in monitoring also lead to cover-up and consequent impunity in situations where schools are the direct target of violence.", "90. The 2011 World Education Monitoring Report identifies serious constraints in data collection in conflict situations: assessments of the needs of communities affected by conflict are, at best, random, even if unavoidable restrictions are taken into account in conducting surveys in conflict zones.[65] It also stresses that donor evaluations tend to underestimate needs in the education sector, as their proposals tend to be aimed at meeting low donor funding expectations.[66] Little attention is paid to assessing needs related to qualitative aspects of education, such as the provision of textbooks, hours of study and teacher training in the service. Human resource and infrastructure needs for secondary education are also often completely ignored.", "91. The gathering of information during emergencies requires specific strategies to overcome the various obstacles in these circumstances. These obstacles may include logistical difficulties, physical insecurity, political and ethical implications of activities in rapidly changing environments, and the technical challenges of working with populations in movement and populations with an unusual demographic composition.[67]", "92. The global education group developed a joint education needs assessment tool in 2010, as well as a short guide to rapid needs assessments to provide guidance on data collection in emergency situations. The need to develop better monitoring capacities was stressed, defining a core set of indicators, including the estimated number of children and young people to be helped, age and gender profiles, displacement patterns, educational materials, and teacher and infrastructure needs to facilitate the estimation of financial needs.[68]", "G. Conclusions and recommendations", "93. As noted in the previous report on emergency education (A/HRC/8/10), the reality for most communities affected by emergencies is access to severely limited education. Despite the increased attention given by the international community, critical challenges remain: funding for humanitarian activities continues to ignore the need to ensure education; schools continue to be victims of direct and indirect violence; and prevention activities are still timid in relation to the increased impact of natural disasters. In order to reverse the current trend, States and other entities providing and channeling humanitarian and traditional assistance should pay greater attention to education in emergency situations. The provision of education and the assurance that education is protected during emergency periods is not a choice but an obligation.", "94. In this context, the Special Rapporteur presents the following recommendations:", "(a) Ensure adequate funding for emergency education", "95. States should urgently increase their national, bilateral and multilateral funding commitments in education, as a pillar of the humanitarian and transition response. Explicit policy commitments should be made to ensure adequate and sustainable national and international support for education in emergency situations, as well as in protracted fragile and crisis situations. Such commitments must remain in force until the final stages of recovery, including in development frameworks. Recipient countries must respect human rights when requesting and administering international assistance.", "(b) Increase the protection of schools against attacks", "96. States should ensure systematic monitoring, documentation and reporting of violations of international law and international human rights standards committed against members of communities and educational institutions and their environments. The recent adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1998 (2011) should be complemented by increased attention to the situation of education in future monitoring of child rights violations during armed conflict. National, regional and international accountability mechanisms, including those of the Armed Forces, should fully and systematically address the obligations of State and non-State actors with respect to the right to education and other legal protections guaranteed to members of educational institutions and communities. Special activities are needed to strengthen the capacity of education providers to prevent and respond to attacks.", "(c) Strengthening security and disaster risk reduction", "97. States should ensure that disaster safety and risk considerations are taken into account in the planning, design, construction and reconstruction of educational facilities. Notions for disaster risk preparedness and reduction should be incorporated into educational curricula and policies. Participatory processes should be used with students and their communities to ensure local hazard preparedness and assessment.", "(d) Pay attention to the exclusion of girls and marginalized groups", "98. States should take specific measures to ensure the education of girls and marginalized groups in emergency situations. Specific efforts are needed to eliminate persistent or new patterns of discrimination and physical, financial, cultural and linguistic barriers that contribute to promoting inequalities during periods of emergency.", "(e) Ensuring the quality of education", "99. Emergency education providers should consider what is required to meet the quality standards of education. Particular attention should be paid to improving curricula, promoting human rights education and addressing the psychosocial needs of students and teachers.", "f) Develop a common framework for assessing emergency education needs", "100. New investments are required to ensure systematic data collection on the situation of emergency education. States and international and non-governmental organizations supporting education in emergency situations should seek to develop a common framework for assessing and communicating satisfied and unmet needs for education in emergency settings. That framework should take into account human rights obligations in relation to the right to education.", "[1] A/HRC/17/29.", "[2] A/HRC/17/29/Add.2.", "[3] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, articles 13 and 14, and the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in the Field of Education, establish this right, which is also guaranteed in articles 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, articles 10, 11 and 13 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,", "[4] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[5] The issue is also addressed in several publications of the UNESCO International Institute for the Planning of Education.", "[6] UNESCO, World Education Monitoring Report 2011, A Covered Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education, p. 12.", "[7] For example, recommendations addressed in 2009 and 2010 to Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Dominican Republic.", "[8] ILO/UNESCO, Recommendation on the Status of Teachers, para. 10 (l).", "[9] General comment 13 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, paras. 44 and 45.", "[10] General comment 3 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 12.", "[11] Human Rights Council resolution S-10/1 of 23 February 2009.", "[12] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 13, para. 52.", "[13] Article 2.1.", "[14] Article 4.", "[15] Article 4.2.", "[16] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 3, para. 11.", "[17] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment 11 (1999), para. 9 and General Comment 3 (1990), para. 14.", "[18] Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020, adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), para. 74.2 (a), and para. 72.1 (c).", "[19] Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Part I: Statement of Objectives, para. 25. The Objectives Expo reflects the commitment to strengthening national development strategies of partner countries and related operational frameworks (e.g., planning, budget and performance appraisal frameworks) and “defining performance measures and standards”.", "[20] In the area of education, the central idea of debt exchanges is the cancellation of external debt in exchange for the debtor government's commitment to mobilize domestic resources to spend, for example, on education.", "[21] See Innovative Financing for Development Pilot Group, “2+3=8, Innovate to finance education: Report of the Drafting Committee to the Working Group on Innovative Financing of Education”, 2010.", "[22] It was discussed at the second meeting of the International Working Group on Education of the Pilot Group on Innovative Financing for Education, Paris, 17 June 2010.", "[23] Dakar Framework for Action, adopted at the World Education Forum, 2000, para. 8 (i).", "[24] World Bank Group Education Strategy 2020, Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development, Executive summary, p. 1.", "[25] Communiqué of the Commonwealth Heads Meeting, held in Trinidad and Tobago from 27 to 29 November 2009, para. 89.", "[26] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment 3, para. 3: The means to be used to fulfil the obligation to take action are defined in article 2, paragraph 1, as “all appropriate means, including in particular the adoption of legislative measures”.", "[27] For example, in India, within the framework of the Children &apos; s Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009, the Federal Government will provide 65 per cent of public funding for education, and states will contribute 35 per cent.", "[28] In this context, it is important to note that, as a reflection of the innovative financing of education, there are several proposals on new mechanisms to counter the investment deficit in education and to sustain such long-term funding.", "[29] Jakarta Declaration, adopted at the International Conference on the Right to Basic Education as a Basic Human Right and the Legal Framework for its Financing (December 2005).", "[30] For example, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia adopted a decision in 2008 reminding the legislative body that it must comply with the constitutional obligation to allocate at least 20 per cent of the national budget to education in the financial period of 2009. The Government was therefore obliged to increase the education budget.", "[31] The High-level Panel on Education for All, since its Fifth Meeting, in 2005, has been recommending these measures to Governments. At its Tenth Meeting in March 2011, the High-level Panel requested national Governments to allocate at least 6 per cent of gross national product, or 20 per cent of public expenditure to education, and to ensure the cost-effective use of resources.", "[32] Committee on the Rights of the Child, Day of General Debate on “Resources for the Rights of the Child – Responsibility of States”, September 21, 2007.", "[33] A/64/665, para. 71 (b).", "[34] Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that &quot; an adequate system of scholarships &quot; should be introduced, inter alia, with respect to the full exercise of the right to education. In addition, the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education establishes the &quot; merit or needs &quot; approach with respect to &quot; the granting of permits and facilities &quot; to pupils (art. 3 (c)).", "[35] In Ecuador, teachers &apos; salaries have doubled in accordance with the Organic Law on Intercultural Education (2011).", "[36] Fourth meeting of the International Working Group on Innovative Financing for Education, UNESCO headquarters, Paris, 4 February 2011.", "[37] The “Education to All” Foundation, the Emergency Education Network, the project on the right to education/ActionAid International, the Save the Children International Alliance and the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund jointly signed this presentation.", "[38] UNESCO, World Education Monitoring Report 2011, p. 15.", "[39] International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Inter-agency Network for Emergency Education, Guidance Notes for Safer Schools (New York, INEE; Washington, World Bank, Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, 2009).", "[40] INEE, INEE Reference Guide on External Education Financing (New York, 2010).", "[41] Until 2010, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Norway and Sweden included education in their humanitarian assistance policies. In 2011, donor agencies from Australia (AusAID) and the United States of America (USAID) included education in emergency situations and in conflict-affected countries, respectively, in their education strategies. International Alliance Save the Children, “Making it happen: financing education in countries affected by conflict and emergencies”, 2011.", "[42] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 204.", "[43] Ibid., p. 19.", "[44] Development Cooperation Directorate of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, data sheets, “Ensuring fragile states are not left behind”, Paris, December 2010.", "[45] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 227.", "[46] Meeting of the Board of Directors of the Accelerated Education for All Initiative, 2011.", "[47] See Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, articles 2.1 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "[48] The right to education during conflicts is protected by the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949. Under humanitarian law, schools and educational institutions are civilian objects protected against deliberate attacks unless they are being used by belligerent forces for military purposes, and only at that time. See article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.", "[49] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[50] N. Boothby; A. Ager and R. Quinn, “Feasibility study for a global monitoring system for attacks on education: definitions and typology”, CPC Learning Network, Doha; Education Above All, New York, 2011.", "[51] The Institute of International Education, an independent non-profit organization, has participated in the rescue of academics who have been pursuing since its founding in 2002. The Institute launched its Fund for At Risk Academics as an official response to this permanent international dilemma. The Fund cooperates closely with the Network of At Risk Academics, the Council to assist refugee scholars and other similar organizations.", "[52] A/65/820-S/2011/250, para. 211.", "[53] Ibid.", "[54] A/64/254, para. 25.", "[55] Children &apos; s Charter – a plan of action for children for disaster risk reduction. Available at www.childreninachangingclimate.org.", "[56] Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Guidance Notes for Safer School Building, 2009.", "[57] Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, “Aligning regional and global disaster risk reduction agendas, Summary of key regional political commitments &quot; disaster risk reduction priorities”, 2011, p. 20.", "[58] Ibid., p. 25.", "[59] UNESCO, Report on Monitoring Education for All in the World of 2009, Summary, Overcoming inequality: Why governance is important, pp. 4, 7 and 39.", "[60] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 190.", "[61] Dryden-Peterson, S., “Conflict, education and displacement”, in Conflict & Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Toronto, 2011.", "[62] Convention on the Rights of the Child, articles 2 and 28.", "[63] Refugee children shall be accorded the same treatment as nationals with regard to elementary education (art. 22, para. 1) and treatment no less favourable than that accorded in the same circumstances to aliens in general with respect to education other than elementary education (art. 22, para. 2).", "[64] UNESCO, World Education Monitoring Report 2011, p. 31.", "[65] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 216.", "[66] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 206.", "[67] Jennifer Schlecht and Sara Casey, Sara “Challenges of collecting baseline data in emergency settings”, Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies, 2008.", "[68] UNESCO, 2011 World Education Monitoring Report, p. 217." ]
[ "Carta de fecha 4 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de Eritrea ante las Naciones Unidas", "Siguiendo instrucciones de mi Gobierno, tengo el honor de adjuntar a la presente las observaciones preliminares de Eritrea sobre el informe del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea (S/2011/433) de 18 de julio de 2011 (véase el anexo). Eritrea está preparando una respuesta exhaustiva al informe que se hizo público desde el 28 de julio de 2011, pero le agradecería que tuviera a bien publicar la presente carta y su anexo como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) Araya Desta Embajador y Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 4 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Representante Permanente de Eritrea ante las Naciones Unidas", "Observaciones preliminares del Sr. Yemane Ghebreab, Asesor Político del Presidente del Estado de Eritrea, sobre el informe del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea", "Nueva York, 22 de julio de 2011", "Quisiera aprovechar esta oportunidad para expresarle el agradecimiento de mi delegación a usted, como Presidente del Comité del Consejo de Seguridad dimanante de las resoluciones 751 (1992) y 1907 (2009) relativas a Somalia y Eritrea, y a través de usted, a los miembros del Comité, por organizar las consultas oficiosas.", "Debe reconocerse que, a pesar de sus firmes reservas sobre toda la cuestión, Eritrea ha colaborado plenamente con el Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea en el desempeño de su mandato.", "El Grupo de Supervisión visitó Eritrea en dos ocasiones y, además, se celebró una tercera reunión oficiosa en Europa. Eritrea también respondió a las consultas formuladas por escrito por el Grupo. Eritrea considera que la sustancia y el tenor del informe no reflejan las conversaciones mantenidas y se siente profundamente decepcionada. En cambio, el Grupo de Supervisión ha recibido una rotunda aprobación por parte de Etiopía, que pide con vehemencia una prórroga del mandato del Grupo y el endurecimiento del régimen de sanciones contra Eritrea.", "Eritrea también está consternada por el hecho de que el contenido del informe fuera presentado por un funcionario internacional de alto nivel en la Cumbre de la Autoridad Intergubernamental para el Desarrollo (IGAD) celebrada en Addis Abeba. La presentación selectiva se utilizó de manera indebida para influenciar las opiniones de los líderes de la IGAD, que posteriormente pidieron nuevas sanciones para Eritrea.", "En este momento, la delegación de Eritrea solo puede registrar una respuesta preliminar, pero fáctica, pues Eritrea no recibió una copia del informe, pese a haberlo solicitado oficialmente y por escrito. La delegación de Eritrea ha sido informada y se le ha permitido cierto acceso al informe, pero debido al escaso tiempo concedido y a la imposibilidad de ponerse en contacto con las autoridades pertinentes en Eritrea para que formularan observaciones y realizaran las verificaciones de las diversas acusaciones contenidas en el informe, la delegación no puede dar una respuesta completa.", "Así pues, Eritrea solicita una vez más al Comité de Sanciones que le envíe una copia del informe y le conceda tiempo suficiente para presentar una respuesta definitiva con documentos de prueba. Esto sería lo justo, pues no se puede juzgar a Eritrea sobre la base de un documento que no tiene en su poder y sin concederle la oportunidad de defenderse.", "Visión general de Eritrea sobre el informe del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea", "El informe puede dividirse en tres partes: información de antecedentes y análisis; cuerpo principal del informe, con acusaciones específicas; y recomendaciones.", "La perspectiva general de Eritrea puede resumirse en los siguientes puntos:", "• La sección de antecedentes y contexto del informe está repleta de generalizaciones sobre las políticas, las prácticas y las instituciones del Gobierno de Eritrea, así como de burdas acusaciones que no encuentran confirmación ni en la realidad sobre el terreno ni en el cuerpo principal del informe. Una lectura rápida puede generar fácilmente percepciones engañosas y llevar a conclusiones erróneas, mientras que si el informe se lee detenidamente, se observa que está repleto de acusaciones y, en cambio, contiene escasas pruebas tangibles.", "• Las acusaciones formuladas contra Eritrea en el cuerpo principal del informe pueden englobarse, en general, en dos categorías: acusaciones explicadas con gran detalle que crean impresiones equivocadas, pero que el Grupo de Supervisión después admite que no están documentadas con pruebas concluyentes; y afirmaciones sobre acontecimientos y acciones que tuvieron lugar antes del 23 de diciembre de 2009, la fecha a partir de la cual se ha de determinar el cumplimiento de la resolución 1907 (2009) por parte de Eritrea.", "• El informe no contiene pruebas concluyentes de ninguna violación por parte de Eritrea en relación con Somalia y Djibouti ni del embargo de armas que pesa sobre ella. Ello es altamente significativo, pues las acusaciones de actos ilícitos de Eritrea en relación con Somalia (en particular, el apoyo a Al-Shabaab) y con Djibouti fueron las que motivaron la imposición de sanciones a Eritrea. La justicia exigiría que este hecho se admitiera y que se decidiera levantar las sanciones contra Eritrea.", "• La acusación principal contra Eritrea, que constituye la base para la petición de nuevas sanciones, es la acusación exagerada y relatada de manera sensacionalista de una conspiración urdida para atacar Addis Abeba con bombas durante la Cumbre de la Unión Africana en enero de 2011. En este punto, cabe señalar que el objeto en las acusaciones contra Eritrea ha pasado de Somalia y Djibouti a Etiopía, que es al mismo tiempo el culpable, el acusador y la fuente de todas las “pruebas”. Además, Eritrea no tendría ningún interés en perturbar el desarrollo de una cumbre de la Unión Africana, ahora que acaba de volver a abrir su representación en Addis Abeba y que está participando en la Cumbre por primera vez tras una larga ausencia. Sería temerario y poco inteligente contemplar un ataque tan espantoso como ese. Y, lo que es más importante, Eritrea puede demostrar de manera concluyente y definitiva que no es culpable de planear y organizar dicha conspiración. (A continuación presentamos nuestra respuesta preliminar a esta acusación.)", "Observaciones de Eritrea sobre el análisis contextual del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea", "Situación interna de Eritrea", "El informe carece de todo sentido de la ecuanimidad y proyecta una imagen extremadamente negativa de Eritrea, imagen que no concuerda con la realidad. Como informó al Consejo de Seguridad durante el diálogo interactivo oficioso celebrado el 19 de julio de 2011, Eritrea está centrada en el desarrollo, que es la máxima prioridad del país.", "Relaciones entre Eritrea y Etiopía", "Si bien el Grupo de Supervisión reconoce la importancia vital y el papel crucial de esta cuestión con respecto a Eritrea, no le dedica la consideración que merece.", "El informe reconoce que Etiopía está procurando activamente desestabilizar Eritrea y menciona “el apoyo que presta Etiopía a grupos armados de la oposición”, pero una vez más, no le da el peso necesario.", "De hecho, Etiopía ha efectuado reiteradamente incursiones armadas, sabotajes y otras operaciones terroristas contra Eritrea, en particular contra el sector minero. Solo en los dos últimos años se han efectuado más de 30 operaciones, incluida una contra la sede de una empresa minera china. Etiopía también lleva 11 años dando cobijo, con descaro, a 16 grupos subversivos y terroristas “eritreos”, entre ellos el Movimiento de la Yihad Islámica Eritrea, para promover su programa, anunciado públicamente, de desestabilizar Eritrea.", "El informe del Grupo de Supervisión pasa por alto estos hechos, así como las reiteradas amenazas públicas que Etiopía ha formulado en tantas ocasiones. De hecho, Etiopía ha comunicado a los miembros del Consejo de Seguridad que visitaron el país que la política oficial de Etiopía era eliminar al Gobierno de Eritrea.", "La relación entre ambos países tiene ramificaciones importantes:", "• Dos guerras: una duró 30 años y se cobró la vida de 65.000 mártires; la segunda le costó la vida a 20.000 personas. Estas pérdidas humanas son enormes para un país pequeño con una población pequeña;", "• Etiopía sigue ocupando zonas enormes y estratégicas de los territorios soberanos eritreos;", "• Etiopía ha dejado clara su intención de tomar medidas militares para derrocar al Gobierno de Eritrea.", "En la actualidad, Etiopía busca la imposición de sanciones económicas y el aislamiento diplomático para impedir y frustrar los serios esfuerzos de Eritrea por tender la mano y contribuir a una estabilidad y una armonía duraderas en la región.", "El papel regional de Eritrea", "Una vez más, el Grupo de Supervisión opta por pasar por alto el constructivo papel que representa Eritrea en la región, incluida su contribución, ampliamente reconocida, a la paz en el Sudán, sin darse cuenta de que con ello revela su parcialidad.", "Respuesta preliminar de Eritrea a las acusaciones del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea", "1. Apoyo prestado a grupos armados implicados en actos de violencia o desestabilización o actos terroristas", "El Grupo de Supervisión comienza a tratar el tema identificando a varios oficiales que considera esenciales en la dirección y realización de las operaciones de inteligencia externa de Eritrea. El informe menciona a siete personas, la mayoría oficiales de las Fuerzas de Defensa, sin ningún vínculo con la inteligencia externa.", "Por ejemplo, el Grupo de Supervisión menciona al Coronel Gemachew Ayana, que ni siquiera es eritreo. El Coronel Gemachew Ayana es ciudadano etíope y pertenece a las Fuerzas de Defensa de Etiopía. Fue comandante de una división mecanizada del Ejército de Etiopía hasta 2003, cuando fue acusado, al igual que decenas de otros militares de Oromo, de pertenecer de manera clandestina al opositor Frente de Liberación de Oromo, y fue relevado en su puesto. Aproximadamente tres años después, se unió al Frente de Liberación de Oromo. Dado que todos estos son hechos fácilmente verificables, no se entiende por qué el Grupo de Supervisión afirmó en su informe que era un oficial eritreo encargado de operaciones de inteligencia externa. Como veremos, Gemachew está acusado de desempeñar una función clave en el supuesto complot para atacar Addis Abeba con bombas. A las presentes observaciones preliminares se adjunta una declaración del Coronel Gemachew (véase el apéndice).", "2. Instalaciones de adiestramiento", "Las instalaciones militares de Eritrea y su ubicación no son secretas. Contrariamente a lo que se indica en el informe del Grupo de Supervisión, el Organismo de Seguridad Nacional de Eritrea no realiza operaciones de adiestramiento militar. Y, lo que es más importante, gran parte de la información contenida en el informe es anterior a la resolución 1907 (2009) y, por ende, es irrelevante.", "3. Asistencia a grupos armados en presunta violación de la resolución 1907 (2009)", "Djibouti", "Si bien en el informe se denuncian dos casos de lo que se describe como apoyo limitado de Eritrea, sus fuentes son cuanto menos dudosas. Un excomandante del Frente para la Restauración de la Unidad y la Democracia detenido por el Gobierno de Djibouti no puede considerarse una fuente digna de crédito. Si bien el detenido afirmó que Eritrea proporcionaba “alimentos, medicinas y curaba a nuestros heridos”, negó haber recibido armas o equipo militar. Dijo también que los uniformes, armas y municiones del Frente se habían comprado en el Yemen; esto se contradice con las declaraciones de las autoridades de Djibouti, según las cuales el detenido había reconocido que Eritrea les proporcionaba armas. Además, la denuncia del Grupo de Supervisión hace referencia al período anterior a diciembre de 2009, ya que la afirmación más reciente sobre la participación de Eritrea data de octubre de ese año.", "En el informe se formula solamente otra denuncia, según la cual en febrero de 2011 el ejército de Djibouti había confiscado 50 kilogramos de explosivos escondidos en una cueva. El Grupo de Supervisión señaló que la fabricación de los explosivos databa de la era soviética y que “no ha logrado determinar su lugar de origen o cadena de custodia”. Dado que no se denuncia la participación de Eritrea, ¿por qué se incluye este caso entre las presuntas violaciones cometidas por Eritrea?", "Está claro que no existen pruebas de que Eritrea haya violado la resolución 1907 (2009) en lo que respecta a Djibouti.", "Etiopía", "Como se menciona anteriormente, la principal acusación formulada por el Grupo de Supervisión (y Etiopía), que sostienen que Eritrea está implicada en conspiraciones terroristas y actos de desestabilización regional, es la presunta conspiración para perpetrar un atentado con bomba en Addis Abeba durante la cumbre de la Unión Africana de enero de 2011. El Grupo de Supervisión afirma que “aunque era ostensiblemente una operación del Frente de Liberación de Oromo”, fue concebida, planeada y dirigida por la Dirección de Operaciones Externas del Gobierno de Eritrea, y llega a la conclusión de que “esta operación era realmente una actividad de los servicios de inteligencia de Eritrea, falsamente catalogada de iniciativa del Frente de Liberación de Oromo”.", "La operación se describe en varias páginas con el dramatismo propio de una novela de suspenso, empleando una narrativa confusa y contradictoria, llena de lagunas. Si se le da la oportunidad, Eritrea presentará una exposición detallada de los hechos que demostrará irrefutablemente que la acusación del Grupo de Supervisión contra Eritrea es totalmente infundada. En lo que respecta al presunto papel desempeñado por el Frente de Liberación de Oromo, la organización puede hablar por sí misma.", "En su respuesta preliminar, Eritrea presenta los siguientes hechos y elementos de prueba que ponen de relieve que las acusaciones del Grupo de Supervisión no están basadas en pruebas sólidas e irrefutables.", "La fuente de la información y las “pruebas” en que se basa la acusación son altamente sospechosas y carecen de credibilidad. El Grupo de Supervisión reconoce que la única fuente de sus acusaciones son las autoridades de seguridad de Etiopía y los presuntos autores detenidos por las fuerzas de seguridad de ese país. No cabe duda de que un Gobierno etíope hostil a Eritrea y que promueve activamente la imposición de sanciones adicionales está dispuesto a manipular, adornar, distorsionar o incluso inventar elementos de prueba y dispone de medios para hacerlo. Además, huelga decir que las declaraciones de los detenidos en manos de un Gobierno conocido por recurrir de forma habitual a la tortura nunca van a contradecir la versión oficial del Gobierno de Etiopía, ya que eso entrañaría graves consecuencias para ellos.", "Un hecho adicional que pone en tela de juicio la credibilidad de las declaraciones de los detenidos es la afirmación de que la persona que presuntamente desempeñó el papel principal, el coronel Gemachew Ayana, es un oficial de los servicios de inteligencia de Eritrea y no un oficial del Frente de Liberación de Oromo, como hemos visto anteriormente. Si los informantes desempeñaron las funciones que les atribuye el relato de la presunta conspiración, no hay razón alguna que les impida saber que Gemachew era de hecho un oficial del Frente de Liberación de Oromo. Si lo sabían y deliberadamente engañaron al Grupo de Supervisión (concediendo el beneficio de la duda al Grupo de Supervisión) para que creyera que Gemachew era un oficial de los servicios de inteligencia de Eritrea, deben haber sido instruidos por sus adiestradores con el único objetivo de implicar a Eritrea.", "La afirmación del Grupo de Supervisión de que algunos oficiales de Eritrea desempeñaron un papel esencial en la conspiración es falsa y se contradice con su propio relato. Para justificar la premisa de que el intento de atentado con bomba de Addis Abeba era una operación de Eritrea, el Grupo de Supervisión afirma que “solo uno de los detenidos del Frente de Liberación de Oromo, el jefe de equipo Omar Idriss Mohamed, parece haber estado en contacto habitual con los dirigentes del Frente de Liberación de Oromo [...] Todos los demás miembros de los equipos estuvieron aislados de las estructuras del Frente desde el momento de su reclutamiento y recibían todo el adiestramiento y las órdenes directamente de los oficiales eritreos”.", "Se añade que, según Omar (el jefe de equipo), solamente el Presidente del Frente, Dawud Ibsa, “tenía conocimiento de la existencia de esa operación especial y de sus objetivos, y no parece haber ejercido el mando ni el control de las acciones”.", "No obstante, según lo que se relata en el informe, e insistimos una vez más en que en modo alguno estamos dando credibilidad a las acusaciones, son los oficiales del Frente de Liberación de Oromo quienes desempeñaron el papel principal.", "Esto es lo que dice el relato: en 2008 un socio del Frente de Liberación de Oromo en Kenya puso a Fekadu, líder del equipo 1, en contacto con un coronel de Eritrea llamado Gemachew Ayana. (Como se ha dicho anteriormente, Gemachew es de hecho un oficial del Frente de Liberación de Oromo y no es eritreo). Gemachew también se puso en contacto con el jefe de equipo Omar Idriss Mohamed, quien dijo que en los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2009 había sido contactado por el Presidente del Frente, Dawud Ibsa, quien le había anunciado que se le asignaría una tarea secreta. En marzo de 2010, Gemachew “dio órdenes a Fekadu y a su equipo de que regresaran a Addis Abeba”. Fekadu “permaneció en contacto con Gemachew, y hay registros telefónicos que indican que conversaron al menos en 27 ocasiones”. Gemachew también realizó transferencias de dinero a miembros del equipo en Addis Abeba. Según Omar, fue Gemachew quien entregó a los miembros del equipo el material y los explosivos que se utilizarían en la operación. Una vez más, Gemachew “les daría las instrucciones finales y [...] los explosivos”. A principios de enero, Omar “pidió a Gemachew fondos adicionales”. En la última semana de enero, “cuando quedaba poco tiempo [...], Omar consideró que debía consultar a Gemachew [...] Estos registros (telefónicos) parecen indicar que [...] se pusieron en contacto por teléfono en 39 ocasiones, contactos que casi siempre iniciaba Gemachew”.", "El relato hace alguna referencia a eritreos que, no obstante, desempeñan papeles limitados y de carácter secundario, siempre tomando como base las sospechosas declaraciones de los detenidos.", "Aun si reconociéramos que el relato es fiel a la realidad (y Eritrea considera que no lo es), no cabe ninguna duda de que el presunto intento de atentado fue de principio a fin una iniciativa del Frente de Liberación de Oromo.", "El relato de los hechos plantea otros problemas.", "Se afirma categóricamente que la operación no estaba dirigida contra los líderes de la Unión Africana, pero posteriormente se dice que uno de los objetivos era el Hotel Sheraton, donde se alojaban la mayoría de ellos.", "El informe afirma que un fusil de francotirador, que supuestamente tenía en su poder un miembro del equipo, había sido vendido a Eritrea por Rumania, como corroboró el Gobierno de Rumania. Haremos lo posible por proporcionar información sobre la veracidad de esta información al Comité de Sanciones. Pero aun si asumimos que el fusil es de origen eritreo, eso no demuestra de manera concluyente cuándo y cómo acabó en manos del Gobierno de Etiopía. Por otra parte, el informe no ofrece prueba alguna de que el equipo esencial, los explosivos que iban a utilizarse en la presunta conspiración, procediera de Eritrea.", "El Grupo de Supervisión basa mayormente sus afirmaciones en una lista de contactos del Frente de Liberación de Oromo en Asmara, pero posteriormente reconoce que esa prueba esencial data de 2006 y posiblemente ya no tenga vigencia. Al darse cuenta de que sus argumentos son insostenibles, el Grupo de Supervisión trata torpemente de justificarse afirmando que algunos antiguos miembros del Frente de Liberación de Oromo (desertores), cuyo nombre no se menciona, le han asegurado que la lista sigue teniendo validez, olvidando que el testimonio de los desertores, que en la actualidad colaboran con el Gobierno de Etiopía, no puede considerarse una fuente digna de crédito.", "El relato desmiente la acusación de que Eritrea concibió, planeó y dirigió la supuesta operación en Addis Abeba. También demuestra que no existen pruebas irrefutables de la participación de Eritrea, ni siquiera del limitado papel que quedaría si se tiene en cuenta que los presuntos actores principales, quienes presuntamente ejercían el mando y el control de la operación, no eran eritreos. Si se le concede tiempo para ello, Eritrea desea proporcionar información adicional crucial en relación con esta acusación sensacionalista, que recuerda a una acusación formulada anteriormente por el Grupo de Supervisión, según la cual Eritrea tenía 2.000 soldados en Somalia, con información detallada sobre cuándo y cómo llegaron, dónde se desplegaron y cuántos lo hicieron. Esta información, que ocupó un lugar destacado en un informe anterior y que resultó ser totalmente infundada, se utilizó en su momento para abogar por la imposición de sanciones a Eritrea.", "Somalia", "Dado que el presunto apoyo militar de Eritrea a Al Shabaab ha sido un importante motivo de preocupación para el Consejo de Seguridad, así como el principal factor impulsor de la imposición de sanciones en virtud de la resolución 1907 (2009), resulta sorprendente que el informe del Grupo de Supervisión confirme que Eritrea no ha violado la resolución 1907 (2009) en lo que respecta al apoyo militar a Al Shabaab u otros grupos armados en Somalia. El Grupo de Supervisión menciona algunas afirmaciones realizadas por fuentes no identificadas, según las cuales se habrían producido envíos de armas de Eritrea a Kismaayo (de hecho, Etiopía formuló públicamente esas acusaciones), pero afirma categóricamente que “no ha podido verificar independientemente esos informes”.", "En lo que respecta al apoyo financiero, el Grupo de Supervisión afirma poseer pruebas documentales de los pagos efectuados por Eritrea a diversas personas vinculadas con Al Shabaab, pero reconoce que se refieren al año 1998. Menciona que algunas fuentes aseguran que los pagos siguen efectuándose y, según una de ellas, estos ascienden a 80.000 dólares al mes, pero no aporta la más mínima prueba.", "Sudán", "El informe reconoce que no es posible llegar a la conclusión de que Eritrea haya proporcionado asistencia militar directa a grupos implicados en la desestabilización de Sudán del Sur en contravención de la resolución 1907 (2009).", "4. Violación del embargo de armas", "El Grupo de Vigilancia menciona informes y pruebas circunstanciales de la adquisición de armas por parte de Eritrea, pero no afirma tener pruebas más allá de toda duda razonable. También afirma que no ha podido determinar si hay algún gobierno extranjero directamente involucrado en alguna violación deliberada del embargo de armas contra Eritrea.", "El informe del Grupo de Vigilancia menciona las acusaciones recibidas de que un militar de Eritrea está implicado en el contrabando de armas de Eritrea al Sudán. No aporta prueba alguna de las acusaciones y, en cualquier caso, las pruebas que aporta hacen referencia al período anterior a la resolución 1907 (2009).", "5. Financiación en apoyo de infracciones de la resolución 1907 (2009)", "El informe del Grupo de Vigilancia dedica mucho espacio a las acusaciones que apuntan a la existencia de actividades financieras encubiertas en apoyo de las violaciones del embargo de armas. Describe con detalle lo que considera fuentes de ingresos del Gobierno de Eritrea, con especial hincapié en las contribuciones de la diáspora eritrea y del sector minero. Lamentablemente, el Grupo de Supervisión repite algunas acusaciones (de fuentes sospechosas, incluidos individuos con intereses personales) sin aportar pruebas que demuestren la implicación de algunos miembros de la comunidad y empresarios eritreos en actividades ilegales. Estas acusaciones son claramente difamatorias y manchan la reputación de esas personas, que además son ciudadanos de los países en que residen, y de sus familias y empresas.", "El informe se adentra además en terreno peligroso desde el punto de vista jurídico cuando sugiere que las contribuciones de la diáspora eritrea son ilegales y contravienen las Convenciones de Viena. Dado que el Grupo de Vigilancia no ha logrado demostrar de manera concluyente las violaciones del embargo de armas, el análisis de las posibles fuentes de financiación no puede ser sino hipotético. Parecería que el único objetivo de este ejercicio es dar argumentos a quienes piden sanciones económicas contra Eritrea.", "Respuesta de Eritrea a las recomendaciones del Grupo de Supervisión", "La recomendación del Grupo de Vigilancia de imponer sanciones adicionales a Eritrea se contradice con el contenido y las pruebas que se presentan en la parte principal de su propio informe. Como hemos visto, Eritrea cumple lo estipulado en la resolución 1907 (2009) en lo que respecta a Somalia, Djibouti y el embargo de armas. También hemos demostrado que la acusación de que Eritrea planeó e intentó perpetrar un atentado con bomba en Addis Abeba no se sustenta en pruebas irrebatibles. Siendo así, la justicia y la equidad exigen que se levanten inmediatamente las sanciones contra Eritrea, por no hablar de las sanciones adicionales. También sería justo y equitativo que se impusieran sanciones al Gobierno de Etiopía, ya que el Grupo de Supervisión ha afirmado categóricamente que Etiopía ha actuado “en violación del embargo de armas general y completo” contra Somalia. Resulta muy significativo el hecho de que el Grupo de Supervisión, inexplicablemente, no haya formulado ninguna recomendación con respecto a las violaciones de las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad pertinentes, incluida la resolución 1907 (2009), cometidas por Etiopía.", "Conclusión", "Para concluir su respuesta preliminar, Eritrea solicita una vez más la oportunidad de presentar una respuesta exhaustiva y definitiva una vez que haya recibido y examinado el informe del Grupo de Supervisión para Somalia y Eritrea. Es obvio que no existe ninguna emergencia que justifique una decisión precipitada, injusta y peligrosa contra Eritrea por segunda vez en solo 18 meses.", "Apéndice", "Statement by Brigadier General Hailu Gonfa and Colonel Gemechu Avana", "14 September 2006", "Until a few days ago, we were officers in the Ethiopian army sworn to protect the country’s laws and diverse people from any threats. To our deepest dismay, we have come to the conclusion that the greatest threat to Ethiopia and the people emanates not from elsewhere but from the regime on power. Over the last years, the armed forces have been systematically reduced to protecting the narrow interest of a small clique determined to cling to power at all costs. Under the circumstances the choices confronting us are: Either to remain with the same oppressive machinery or wait and see hoping against hope that things would improve on their own or through a miracle. We have waited too long; we cannot wait any longer.", "Despite the calls by opposition groups to peacefully deal with the dire situation, EPRDF is showing no inclination whatsoever to address the country’s mounting social, economic and political problems. Instead, it is intensifying repression. Even though this repressive machinery did not spare any people in the country, the magnitude and scale of repression, harassment and intimidation committed against Oromo people has no comparison. Moreover, it is considering new military adventures in the region that would not serve the legitimate interest of all affected —and could plunge the region into chaos.", "Throughout the years we served this regime, we serve hoping things would improve over time and expected the regime would also resolve political conflicts peacefully and truly democratize the country where political power emanates from the will of the people not from force. Now we have found this to be an empty promise. We are particularly elated that the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) has offered a hope not only to eliminate the spectre of more mayhem but also chart a better future through a process of dialogue involving all stakeholders in the search for comprehensive solutions.", "We regret that the regime has flagrantly, and without serious consideration, rejected this offer of goodwill and continued on its path of destruction. We cannot therefore continue to defend a minority and overwhelmingly rejected regime, sadly, that is committing untold atrocities against our own people.", "It is time for us to take side in the fight between tyranny and liberty. Accordingly, we have dissociated ourselves from TPLF/EPRDF and joined the liberation struggle of our people gripped by the claws of tyranny. We have therefore joined the Oromo Liberation Front that is a member of the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) to realize the age-old dream of all peoples for freedom and democracy.", "To the Ethiopian Armed Forces", "The incumbent regime has been fooling us all by falsely extolling its commitment to freedom, democracy and speedy economic development. This commitment has been put to test over the last 15 years. The tyrannical behaviour of the regime demonstrates that this pledge runs skin deep and does not show any sign of change, which makes all our efforts and sacrifices in vain. We believe as long as the regime continues to defy the will of the people, our problems would multiply. That is why it has to be compelled to desist from its destructive path or be removed. We therefore call on you to follow our example and join the just and popular struggle.", "To the international community", "The minority Ethiopian regime does not have the capacity or the legitimacy to continue to rule the country. The regime, whose dismal 15-year tenure is more than enough to gauge its goodwill, needs to be pressed rather than appeased to submit to the call for dialogue. We strongly urge you to reconsider your support for it as it does not any more serve our common strategic interests." ]
[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon instruction from my Government I hereby attach Eritrea’s preliminary remarks on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (S/2011/433) of 18 July 2011 (see annex). While Eritrea is in the process of preparing a comprehensive response to the report, which has been made public since 28 July 2011, I would be most grateful if the present letter and its annex could be issued as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Araya Desta Ambassador and Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Preliminary remarks by Yemane Ghebreab, Political Adviser to the President of the State of Eritrea, on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "New York, 22 July 2011", "Let me take this opportunity to express my delegation’s appreciation to you as Chairman of the Security Council Committee, pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009), and through you to the members of the Committee, for arranging the informal consultations.", "It must be acknowledged that despite its strong reservations on the whole affair, Eritrea has fully cooperated with the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea in the discharge of its mandate.", "The Monitoring Group visited Eritrea twice and there was also a third informal discussion held in Europe. Eritrea also responded to the Group’s written queries. Eritrea finds that the substance and tenor of the Group’s report do not reflect those discussions and is hugely disappointed. In contrast, the Monitoring Group has received a ringing endorsement from Ethiopia, which is vociferously calling for an extension of the Group’s mandate and tightening of the sanctions regime against Eritrea.", "Eritrea is also dismayed by the fact that the contents of the report were presented by a high-level international civil servant to the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Summit held in Addis Ababa. The selective presentation was used inappropriately to sway the opinions of the IGAD leaders, who subsequently called for additional sanctions against Eritrea.", "At this time, the Eritrean delegation can only register a preliminary, but factual, response since Eritrea was not given a copy of the report, despite a written formal request. The Eritrean delegation has been briefed and allowed some access to the report, but due to the limited time allotted and the inability to contact relevant authorities in Eritrea for comments and verifications on the various allegations contained in the report, the delegation is unable to give a full response.", "Eritrea, therefore, once again requests from the Sanctions Committee a copy of the report and adequate time to present a definitive reply with supporting documents. This is only fair since Eritrea cannot be judged on the basis of a document that is not in its possession and without the opportunity to properly defend itself.", "Eritrea’s overview of the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "The report can be divided into three parts: background information and analysis; main body of the report with specific accusations; and recommendations.", "Eritrea’s overview of the report can be distilled into the following points:", "• The background (contextual) section of the report is replete with sweeping statements about the policies, practices and institutions of the Eritrean Government as well as gross accusations that are not borne out by either the reality on the ground or the main body of the report. A casual reading of the report can easily lead to misleading perceptions and erroneous conclusions, while a careful reading reveals that the report is tall on accusations and short on tangible evidence.", "• The accusations against Eritrea in the main body of the report generally fall into two categories: allegations that are narrated in great detail creating wrong impressions, but with the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea then admitting that the allegations are not backed by conclusive evidence; and allegations of events and actions that took place prior to 23 December 2009, the cutoff date for any determination of Eritrea’s compliance with resolution 1907 (2009).", "• There is no conclusive evidence in the report of any Eritrean violations in regard to Somalia and Djibouti, as well as the arms embargo on Eritrea. These are highly significant as they were accusations of Eritrean wrongdoings in regard to Somalia (particularly support to Al-Shabaab) and Djibouti that were the basis for the imposition of sanctions on Eritrea. Fairness would require an acknowledgement of this fact and a decision to lift the sanctions against Eritrea.", "• The centrepiece accusation against Eritrea, the basis for calls for additional sanctions, is the sensationalized allegation of a plot to bomb Addis Ababa during the African Union Summit in January 2011. Here it is pertinent to point out that the goalpost in accusations against Eritrea has shifted from Somalia and Djibouti to Ethiopia, which is the culprit, accuser and source of all “evidence” at the same time. Additionally, Eritrea would have no interest in disrupting a Summit of the African Union, when it had just reopened its mission in Addis Ababa and was participating in the Summit for the first time after a long absence. It would be reckless or stupid to contemplate such a hideous attack. More crucially, Eritrea can prove definitively and conclusively that it is not guilty of masterminding and directing the said plot. (We present our preliminary response to this allegation below.)", "Eritrea’s remarks on the contextual analysis of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "Domestic Eritrean situation", "The report lacks any sense of balance and projects an extremely negative portrait of Eritrea, which is at variance with reality. As Eritrea informed the Security Council during the informal interactive dialogue on 19 July 2011, Eritrea is focused on development, making it the country’s paramount priority.", "Eritrea-Ethiopia relations", "While the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea recognizes the vital relevance and crucial role of this issue in regard to Eritrea, it does not give it the consideration that it deserves.", "It acknowledges that Ethiopia is actively working to destabilize Eritrea and mentions “Ethiopia’s support of armed opposition groups”, but it again fails to give it due weight.", "In fact, Ethiopia has repeatedly carried out armed incursions, sabotage and other terrorist operations against Eritrea, targeting the mining sector in particular. There have been over 30 operations in the past two years alone, including one against the headquarters of a Chinese mining company. Ethiopia has also been hosting for almost 11 years now — and with audacity — an assortment of 16 subversive and terrorist “Eritrean” groups, including the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement, to promote its publicly pronounced agenda of destabilizing Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group report glosses over these facts as well as the repeated public threats made by Ethiopia on so many occasions. Indeed, Ethiopia has informed visiting Security Council members that Ethiopia’s official policy is the removal of the Eritrean Government.", "Significant ramifications of the relationship between the two countries:", "• Two wars: a 30-year one, which claimed the lives of 65,000 martyrs; a second one, which exacted a human toll of 20,000 lives. These human losses are huge for a small country with a small population;", "• Ethiopia continues to occupy huge and sensitive chunks of sovereign Eritrean territories;", "• Ethiopia has made clear its intention to take military measures to overthrow the Eritrean Government.", "Today, Ethiopia is seeking economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation to hamstring and pre-empt Eritrea’s serious efforts to reach out and contribute to enduring regional stability and harmony.", "Eritrea’s regional role", "Once again the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea chooses to ignore Eritrea’s constructive regional role, including its widely acknowledged contribution to peace in the Sudan, unwittingly revealing its biases.", "Eritrea’s preliminary reply to accusations of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "1. Support to armed groups involved in violence, destabilization and terrorism", "The Monitoring Group begins treatment of the subject by identifying officers it considers essential in the direction and conduct of Eritrea’s external intelligence operations. It names seven persons, most of whom are officers of the defence forces, with no links to external intelligence.", "For instance, the Monitoring Group mentions Colonel Gemachew Ayana, who is not even Eritrean. Colonel Gemachew Ayana is an Ethiopian citizen and was a member of the Ethiopian Defence Forces. He was commander of a Mechanized Division of the Ethiopian army until 2003 when he was accused, like dozens of other Oromo military officers, of clandestine involvement with the opposition Oromo Liberation Front and relieved of his post. Some three years later, he joined the Oromo Liberation Front. Given that these are easily verifiable facts, it is puzzling why the Monitoring Group claimed in its report that he is an Eritrean officer in external intelligence. As we shall see, Gemachew is accused of playing a key role in the alleged plot to bomb Addis Ababa. A statement by Colonel Gemachew is attached (see enclosure).", "2. Training facilities", "Eritrea’s military facilities and their locations are not a secret. Contrary to what the Monitoring Group report states, Eritrea’s National Security Agency does not undertake military training. Most importantly, much of the information contained in the report predates resolution 1907 (2009) and is therefore irrelevant.", "3. Assistance to armed groups alleged to be in violation of resolution 1970 (2009)", "Djibouti", "Although the report presents two allegations of what it calls “Eritrean support of limited scale”, its sources are dubious to say the least. A former FRUD commander, detained by the Djibouti Government, can hardly be expected to be a credible source. Although the detainee claimed that Eritrea provided “food, medicines and treatment for wounded fighters”, he denied receiving any weaponry or military equipment. He said that FRUD uniforms, arms and ammunition were purchased from Yemen. This contradicts claims by Djibouti authorities that the detainee had admitted that Eritrea provided arms. In addition, this Monitoring Group allegation relates to the period prior to December 2009, as the latest claim of any Eritrean involvement was October 2009.", "There is only one other allegation in the report, which claims that in February 2011 the Djibouti military seized 50 kgs of explosives hidden in a cave. The Monitoring Group said that the explosives were of Soviet era manufacture and that it “has been unable to trace their place of origin or chain of custody”. Since there was no allegation of any Eritrean involvement, why mention this under Eritrea’s alleged violations?", "It is clear that there is no evidence of Eritrean violation of resolution 1907 (2009) in regard to Djibouti.", "Ethiopia", "As mentioned above, the centrepiece of the Monitoring Group’s (and Ethiopia’s) accusations that Eritrea is engaged in terrorist plots and acts of regional destabilization is the alleged plot to bomb Addis Ababa during the African Union Summit in January 2011. The Monitoring Group claims that “although ostensibly an OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) operation”, it was conceived, planned and directed by the Eritrean National Security Agency. It concludes that the “operation was effectively an Eritrean intelligence activity falsely flagged as an OLF initiative”.", "The operation is described in a dramatic thriller fashion over several pages of confusing and contradictory narrative, one full of holes. If it is given the opportunity, Eritrea will present a detailed exposé that will prove conclusively that the Monitoring Group accusation of Eritrea is utterly unfounded. As to the alleged role of OLF, the organization can speak for itself.", "In this preliminary response, Eritrea presents the following facts and pieces of evidence that underscore that the Monitoring Group’s accusations are not based on solid and conclusive evidence.", "The source for the information and “evidence” that underpin the accusation are highly suspicious and not credible. The Monitoring Group admits that its only sources for its allegations are Ethiopian security authorities and alleged perpetrators detained by Ethiopian security. It is obvious that an Ethiopian Government that is hostile to Eritrea and actively campaigning for additional sanctions has the desire and the means to tamper with, embellish, distort, even fabricate pieces of evidence. It is also clear that any testimony by detainees in the hands of a Government that is well known for routinely resorting to torture cannot contradict the official Ethiopian Government version as this would lead to severe consequences for the detainees.", "An additional fact that severely tests the credibility of the testimony of the detainees is their claim that the person who allegedly played the central role, Colonel Gemachew Ayana, is an official in Eritrean intelligence and not an OLF official, as we have seen above. If the informants actually played the roles ascribed to them in the narrative of the alleged plot, there is no conceivable reason why they would not know that Gemachew was in fact an OLF official. If they knew and deliberately misled the Monitoring Group (to give the benefit of the doubt to the Monitoring Group) into thinking that he was an officer in Eritrean intelligence, then they must have been coached by their handlers with the express purpose of implicating Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group’s claim that Eritrean officers played the central role in the plot is plain wrong and contradicted by its own narrative. To justify its premise that the attempted bombing of Addis Ababa was an Eritrean operation, the Monitoring Group states that only one OLF detainee, the “team leader Omar Idriss Mohamed appears to have been in regular contact with the OLF leadership ... All other teams members were isolated from OLF structures from the moment of recruitment and received all training and orders directly from Eritrean officers.”", "It adds that according to Omar (the team leader) only OLF Chairman Dawud Ibsa “was aware of the existence of this special operation and its objectives, but he does not appear to have exercised any command or control over its actions”.", "According to the narrative in the report, however, and again we are by no means lending any credence to the allegations, it is OLF officials who allegedly played the key role.", "This is what the narrative says. Back in 2008, an OLF associate in Kenya had put the leader of team 1, Fekadu, in contact with an Eritrean Colonel named Gemachew Ayana. (As previously stated, Gemachew is in fact an OLF official and not an Eritrean.) Gemachew also approached Omar Idriss Mohamed, the overall team leader, who says that he was contacted in August/September 2009 by OLF Chairman Dawud Ibsa and informed that he would be given a secret assignment. In March 2010, Gemachew “instructed Fekadu and his team to return to Addis Ababa”. Fekadu “remained in contact with Gemachew with phone records indicating at least 27 conversations”. Gemachew also arranged for money transfers to team members in Addis Ababa. According to Omar, it was Gemachew who gave team members the equipment and explosives that would be used in the operation. Again, Gemachew “provided final instructions and explosives”. In early January, Omar “requested additional funds from Gemachew”. In the last week of January, “with time running out ... Omar felt the need to consult with Gemachew ... Phone records appear to indicate that they made contact 39 times ... mainly initiated by Gemachew.”", "There is some mention of Eritreans in the narrative, but in a limited and secondary role, again based on suspicious testimony from detainees.", "Even if we allow that the narrative is in fact true — and Eritrea believes it isn’t — it is abundantly clear that the alleged attempt was from start to finish an OLF effort.", "There are other major problems with the narrative.", "It states categorically that the operation did not target the African Union leaders, but then claims that one of the targets was the Sheraton Hotel where most of the leaders were staying.", "The report states that a sniper rifle, which was allegedly in the possession of one member of the team, was sold to Eritrea by Romania as corroborated by the Romanian Government. We will seek to get back to the Sanctions Committee with information on the veracity of this claim. But even if we assume that it is of Eritrean source, this till does not show conclusively when and how the rifle ended up in the hands of the Ethiopian Government. On the other hand, the report does not provide any evidence at all that the essential equipment and the explosives that were going to be used in the alleged plot were sourced from Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group bases much of its claims on an OLF contact list in Asmara but it then admits that this key piece of evidence is an outdated one from 2006. Realizing it is on untenable grounds, it flimsily tries to justify itself by claiming that unnamed former OLF members (defectors) had told it that the list is currently valid, forgetting that the testimony of defectors, now collaborating with the Ethiopian Government, cannot be regarded as credible sources.", "This account belies the claim that the alleged Addis Ababa operation was conceived, planned and directed by Eritrea. It also shows that there is no incontrovertible evidence of Eritrean involvement, even the limited role that remains once we take into account the alleged key actors, those who allegedly had the command and control, were non-Eritreans. If given the time, Eritrea wishes to provide crucial extra information pertaining to this sensationalized accusation, which reminds of an earlier accusation by the Monitoring Group that Eritrea had 2,000 soldiers in Somalia, with detailed information on when and how they arrived and where and in what numbers they were deployed. This showpiece of an earlier report, which proved to have been totally groundless, was used at the time to build a case for sanctions against Eritrea.", "Somalia", "Given that the allegations of Eritrea’s military support to Al-Shabaab has been the central concern of the Security Council and the main impetus behind the imposition of sanctions under resolution 1907 (2009), it is remarkable that the Monitoring Group report confirms that Eritrea is not in violation of resolution 1907 (2009) in regards to military support to Al-Shabaab or any armed group in Somalia. It mentions claims from unidentified sources of Eritrean arms shipments to Kismaayo (in fact, Ethiopia had publicly made those accusations), but states categorically that it “could not independently verify the reports”.", "Regarding financial support, the Monitoring Group states that it has documentary evidence of Eritrean payments to individuals linked to Al-Shabaab, but admits that these relate only to 1998. It mentions allegations that financing continues, one source claiming to the tune of $80,000 per month, but does not present a shred of evidence.", "Sudan", "The report acknowledges that it is not possible to conclude that Eritrea has provided direct military assistance to groups engaged in the destabilization of South Sudan in violation of resolution 1907 (2009).", "4. Violation of the arms embargo", "The Monitoring Group speaks about reports and circumstantial evidence of Eritrean arms procurement, but does not claim that it has evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. It also states that it has not been able to determine whether any Government is directly involved in any deliberate violation of the arms embargo in regard to Eritrea.", "The report mentions allegations received that an Eritrean military officer is involved in arms smuggling from Eritrea to the Sudan. It does not provide any proof of the allegations and in any case they relate to the pre-resolution 1907 (2009) period.", "5. Financing in support of violations of resolution 1907 (2009)", "The report devotes a lot of space to allegations that there may be covert financial activities in support of arms embargo violations. It goes into detail into what it considers are sources of revenue for the Eritrean Government, with particular emphasis to contributions from the Eritrean diaspora as well as the mining sector. It is sad that it repeats accusations (from suspicious sources, including individuals with personal agendas) without providing any evidence that insinuates that Eritrean community members and business people are involved in illegal activities. These allegations are simply defamatory and tarnish the reputations of these individuals, who are also citizens of the countries they reside in, as well as their families and businesses.", "The report also steps on a legal minefield by suggesting that contributions by the Eritrean diaspora are illegal and violate the Vienna Conventions. Since the Monitoring Group did not conclusively establish violations of the arms embargo, the discussion of the possible source of its financing can only be hypothetical. It seems the whole exercise is meant to give a fig leaf to calls for economic sanctions to Eritrea.", "Eritrea’s response to the recommendations of the Monitoring Group", "The recommendations of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea to impose additional sanctions against Eritrea fly against the content and evidence presented in the main body of its own report. As we have seen, Eritrea is in compliance with resolution 1907 (2009) in regards to Somalia, Djibouti and the arms embargo. We have also shown that the accusation that Eritrea masterminded and attempted the bombing plot on Addis Ababa is not supported by solid evidence. This being the case, fairness and justice demand that the sanctions on Eritrea be lifted immediately, not to speak of additional sanctions. Justice and fairness would also require that measures be taken against the Ethiopian Government as the Monitoring Group has stated categorically that Ethiopia is “in violation of the general and complete arms embargo” on Somalia. It is highly significant that the Monitoring Group inexplicably fails to make any recommendations in regard to Ethiopia’s violations of relevant Security Council resolutions, including 1907 (2009).", "Conclusion", "Eritrea concludes its preliminary submission by requesting once again the opportunity to present a comprehensive and definitive response after receiving and reviewing the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. Clearly there is no emergency that would justify a hasty, unfair and dangerous decision against Eritrea, for the second time in only 18 months.", "Enclosure", "Statement by Brigadier General Hailu Gonfa and Colonel Gemechu Ayana", "14 September 2006", "Until a few days ago, we were officers in the Ethiopian army sworn to protect the country’s laws and diverse people from any threats. To our deepest dismay, we have come to the conclusion that the greatest threat to Ethiopia and the people emanates not from elsewhere but from the regime on power. Over the last years, the armed forces have been systematically reduced to protecting the narrow interest of a small clique determined to cling to power at all costs. Under the circumstances the choices confronting us are: Either to remain with the same oppressive machinery or wait and see hoping against hope that things would improve on their own or through a miracle. We have waited too long; we cannot wait any longer.", "Despite the calls by opposition groups to peacefully deal with the dire situation, EPRDF is showing no inclination whatsoever to address the country’s mounting social, economic and political problems. Instead, it is intensifying repression. Even though this repressive machinery did not spare any people in the country, the magnitude and scale of repression, harassment and intimidation committed against Oromo people has no comparison. Moreover, it is considering new military adventures in the region that would not serve the legitimate interest of all affected — and could plunge the region into chaos.", "Throughout the years we served this regime, we serve hoping things would improve over time and expected the regime would also resolve political conflicts peacefully and truly democratize the country where political power emanates from the will of the people not from force. Now we have found this to be an empty promise. We are particularly elated that the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) has offered a hope not only to eliminate the spectre of more mayhem but also chart a better future through a process of dialogue involving all stakeholders in the search for comprehensive solutions.", "We regret that the regime has flagrantly, and without serious consideration, rejected this offer of goodwill and continued on its path of destruction. We cannot therefore continue to defend a minority and overwhelmingly rejected regime, sadly, that is committing untold atrocities against our own people.", "It is time for us to take side in the fight between tyranny and liberty. Accordingly, we have dissociated ourselves from TPLF/EPRDF and joined the liberation struggle of our people gripped by the claws of tyranny. We have therefore joined the Oromo Liberation Front that is a member of the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) to realize the age-old dream of all peoples for freedom and democracy.", "To the Ethiopian Armed Forces", "The incumbent regime has been fooling us all by falsely extolling its commitment to freedom, democracy and speedy economic development. This commitment has been put to test over the last 15 years. The tyrannical behaviour of the regime demonstrates that this pledge runs skin deep and does not show any sign of change, which makes all our efforts and sacrifices in vain. We believe as long as the regime continues to defy the will of the people, our problems would multiply. That is why it has to be compelled to desist from its destructive path or be removed. We therefore call on you to follow our example and join the just and popular struggle.", "To the international community", "The minority Ethiopian regime does not have the capacity or the legitimacy to continue to rule the country. The regime, whose dismal 15-year tenure is more than enough to gauge its goodwill, needs to be pressed rather than appeased to submit to the call for dialogue. We strongly urge you to reconsider your support for it as it does not any more serve our common strategic interests." ]
S_2011_494
[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith the preliminary comments of Eritrea on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (S/2011/433) of 18 July 2011 (see annex). Eritrea is preparing a comprehensive response to the report issued on 28 July 2011, but I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Araya Desta Embajador y Representante Permanente", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Eritrea to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Preliminary remarks by Mr. Yemane Ghebreab, Political Adviser to the President of the State of Eritrea, on the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "New York, 22 July 2011", "I would like to take this opportunity to express my delegation &apos; s appreciation to you, as Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, and through you, to the members of the Committee, for organizing informal consultations.", "It should be recognized that, despite its strong reservations on the whole issue, Eritrea has fully worked with the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group in carrying out its mandate.", "The Monitoring Group visited Eritrea twice and a third informal meeting was held in Europe. Eritrea also responded to the written consultations of the Panel. Eritrea considers that the substance and tenor of the report do not reflect the discussions held and is deeply disappointed. On the other hand, the Monitoring Group has received strong approval from Ethiopia, which vehemently calls for an extension of the Group &apos; s mandate and the tightening of the sanctions regime against Eritrea.", "Eritrea is also dismayed by the fact that the content of the report was presented by a high-level international official at the Summit of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in Addis Ababa. The selective presentation was misused to influence the views of IGAD leaders, who subsequently called for new sanctions for Eritrea.", "At this time, the Eritrean delegation can only register a preliminary but factual response, as Eritrea did not receive a copy of the report, despite formal and written requests. His delegation had been informed and had been given access to the report, but because of the limited time given and the inability to contact the relevant authorities in Eritrea to comment and to verify the various allegations contained in the report, the delegation could not give a full answer.", "Eritrea, therefore, once again requests the Sanctions Committee to send a copy of the report and give it sufficient time to submit a final response with evidence documents. This would be fair, for Eritrea cannot be judged on the basis of a document that it does not have in its power and without giving it the opportunity to defend itself.", "Eritrea &apos; s overview of the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea", "The report can be divided into three parts: background information and analysis; main body of the report, with specific accusations; and recommendations.", "The overall perspective of Eritrea can be summarized as follows:", "• The background and context section of the report is full of generalizations on the policies, practices and institutions of the Government of Eritrea, as well as of gross accusations that do not find confirmation or reality on the ground or in the main body of the report. Quick reading can easily generate misleading perceptions and lead to misconceptions, while if the report is read carefully, it is observed that it is full of accusations and, instead, contains little tangible evidence.", "• The allegations made against Eritrea in the main body of the report can generally be included in two categories: accusations explained in great detail that create mistaken impressions, but that the Monitoring Group later admits that they are not documented with conclusive evidence; and statements on events and actions that took place before 23 December 2009, the date on which Eritrea &apos; s compliance with resolution 1907 (2009) is to be determined.", "• The report contains no conclusive evidence of any violation by Eritrea in relation to Somalia and Djibouti or the arms embargo on it. This is highly significant, as Eritrea &apos; s allegations of unlawful acts in relation to Somalia (in particular, support for Al-Shabaab) and Djibouti were the ones that motivated the imposition of sanctions on Eritrea. Justice would require that this act be admitted and that the sanctions against Eritrea should be lifted.", "• The main charge against Eritrea, which is the basis for the request for further sanctions, is the exaggerated and related accusation of a conspiracy to attack Addis Ababa with bombs during the African Union Summit in January 2011. At this point, it should be noted that the object in the accusations against Eritrea has passed from Somalia and Djibouti to Ethiopia, which is at the same time the culprit, the accuser and the source of all “tests”. In addition, Eritrea would have no interest in disrupting the development of an African Union summit, now that it has just reopened its representation in Addis Ababa and is participating in the Summit for the first time after a long absence. It would be reckless and unintelligent to contemplate such a terrible attack as that. And, more importantly, Eritrea can demonstrate conclusively and definitively that it is not guilty of planning and organizing such a conspiracy. (We then present our preliminary response to this allegation.)", "Eritrea &apos; s observations on the contextual analysis of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group", "Internal situation in Eritrea", "The report lacks all sense of equanimity and projects an extremely negative image of Eritrea, an image that does not match reality. As reported to the Security Council during the informal interactive dialogue held on 19 July 2011, Eritrea is focused on development, which is the highest priority of the country.", "Relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia", "While the Monitoring Group recognizes the vital importance and crucial role of this issue with regard to Eritrea, it does not give it the consideration it deserves.", "The report recognizes that Ethiopia is actively seeking to destabilize Eritrea and mentions “the support Ethiopia provides to armed opposition groups,” but once again, it does not give it the necessary weight.", "In fact, Ethiopia has repeatedly carried out armed raids, sabotage and other terrorist operations against Eritrea, particularly against the mining sector. In the last two years alone, more than 30 operations have been carried out, including one against the headquarters of a Chinese mining company. Ethiopia has also been hosting 16 subversive and terrorist “eritreos” groups, including the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement, to promote its publicly announced programme of destabilizing Eritrea.", "The report of the Monitoring Group ignores these facts, as well as the repeated public threats Ethiopia has made on many occasions. In fact, Ethiopia has informed the members of the Security Council that they visited the country that Ethiopia &apos; s official policy was to eliminate the Government of Eritrea.", "The relationship between the two countries has important ramifications:", "• Two wars: one lasted 30 years and the life of 65,000 martyrs was covered; the second cost 20,000 people their lives. These human losses are enormous for a small country with a small population;", "• Ethiopia continues to occupy huge and strategic areas of Eritrean sovereign territories;", "• Ethiopia has made clear its intention to take military measures to overthrow the Government of Eritrea.", "At present, Ethiopia seeks the imposition of economic sanctions and diplomatic isolation to prevent and frustrate Eritrea &apos; s serious efforts to lay hands and contribute to lasting stability and harmony in the region.", "The regional role of Eritrea", "Once again, the Monitoring Group chooses to ignore the constructive role Eritrea plays in the region, including its widely recognized contribution to peace in the Sudan, without realizing that it reveals its bias.", "Eritrea &apos; s preliminary response to allegations of the Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group", "1. Support provided to armed groups involved in acts of violence or destabilization or terrorist acts", "The Monitoring Group begins to address the issue by identifying a number of officers that it considers essential in the direction and conduct of Eritrea &apos; s external intelligence operations. The report mentions seven people, most of whom are officers of the Defence Forces, with no link to external intelligence.", "For example, the Monitoring Group mentions Colonel Gemachew Ayana, who is not even Eritrean. Colonel Gemachew Ayana is an Ethiopian citizen and belongs to the Ethiopian Defence Forces. He was commander of a machined division of the Ethiopian Army until 2003, when he was accused, like dozens of other Oromo soldiers, of belonging clandestinely to the opposition Oromo Liberation Front, and was relieved in his position. About three years later, he joined the Oromo Liberation Front. Since all these are easily verifiable, it is not understood why the Monitoring Group stated in its report that it was an Eritrean officer in charge of external intelligence operations. As we will see, Gemachew is accused of playing a key role in the alleged plot to attack Addis Ababa with bombs. A statement by Colonel Gemachew is attached to the present preliminary comments (see enclosure).", "2. Training facilities", "Eritrean military installations and their location are not secret. Contrary to the report of the Monitoring Group, the Eritrean National Security Agency does not conduct military training operations. And, most importantly, much of the information contained in the report is prior to resolution 1907 (2009) and is therefore irrelevant.", "3. Assistance to armed groups in alleged violation of resolution 1907 (2009)", "Djibouti", "While the report reported two cases of what was described as Eritrea &apos; s limited support, its sources were the least doubtful. A former commander of the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy detained by the Government of Djibouti cannot be regarded as a credible source. While the detainee stated that Eritrea provided “food, medicines and cured our wounded,” he denied having received weapons or military equipment. He also said that the Front &apos; s uniforms, weapons and ammunition had been purchased in Yemen; this contradicts the statements of the Djibouti authorities, according to which the detainee had acknowledged that Eritrea provided them with weapons. In addition, the report of the Monitoring Group refers to the period prior to December 2009, as the most recent statement on Eritrea &apos; s participation dates from October 2009.", "In the report, only another complaint was made, according to which in February 2011, the Djiboutian army had confiscated 50 kilograms of explosives hidden in a cave. The Monitoring Group noted that the manufacture of explosives dates back to the Soviet era and that “has failed to determine their place of origin or chain of custody”. Since Eritrea &apos; s participation is not reported, why is this case included among the alleged violations committed by Eritrea?", "It is clear that there is no evidence that Eritrea has violated resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Djibouti.", "Ethiopia", "As mentioned above, the main allegation made by the Monitoring Group (and Ethiopia), which contend that Eritrea is involved in terrorist conspiracy and regional destabilization, is the alleged conspiracy to commit a bomb attack in Addis Ababa at the African Union summit in January 2011. The Monitoring Group states that “although it was ostensibly an operation of the Oromo Liberation Front,” it was conceived, planned and led by the Eritrean Government External Operations Directorate, and concludes that “this operation was really an activity of Eritrea’s intelligence services, falsely listed as an initiative of the Oromo Liberation Front.”", "The operation is described in several pages with the dramatism of a suspense novel, using a confusing and contradictory narrative, full of lagoons. If the opportunity is given, Eritrea will present a detailed statement of the facts that will irrefutablely demonstrate that the indictment of the Monitoring Group against Eritrea is totally unfounded. With regard to the alleged role played by the Oromo Liberation Front, the organization can speak for itself.", "In its preliminary response, Eritrea presents the following facts and evidence that highlight that the allegations of the Monitoring Group are not based on solid and irrefutable evidence.", "The source of the information and the “tests” on which the indictment is based are highly suspicious and lacking credibility. The Monitoring Group recognizes that the only source of its allegations is the Ethiopian security authorities and the alleged perpetrators arrested by the Ethiopian security forces. There is no doubt that an Ethiopian Government hostile to Eritrea and actively promoting the imposition of additional sanctions is willing to manipulate, adorn, distort or even invent evidence and has the means to do so. In addition, it goes without saying that the statements of detainees in the hands of a Government known for habitually resorting to torture will never contradict the official version of the Government of Ethiopia, as that would have serious consequences for them.", "An additional fact that calls into question the credibility of the statements of the detainees is the claim that the person who allegedly played the main role, Colonel Gemachew Ayana, is an Eritrean intelligence officer and not an officer of the Oromo Liberation Front, as we have seen before. If the informants performed the functions assigned to them by the account of the alleged conspiracy, there is no reason why they were prevented from knowing that Gemachew was in fact an officer of the Oromo Liberation Front. If they knew and deliberately deceived the Monitoring Group (by granting the benefit of doubt to the Monitoring Group) to believe that Gemachew was an Eritrean intelligence officer, they must have been instructed by their trainers with the sole objective of involving Eritrea.", "The statement by the Monitoring Group that some Eritrean officers played an essential role in the conspiracy was false and contradicted with their own account. To justify the premise that the Addis Ababa bomb attempt was an operation in Eritrea, the Monitoring Group states that “only one of the detainees of the Oromo Liberation Front, team leader Omar Idriss Mohamed, appears to have been in regular contact with the leaders of the Oromo Liberation Front [...] All other members of the teams were isolated from the structures of the Front from the time of their recruitment and received all the training and orders directly from Eritrean officers.”", "It is added that, according to Omar (the team leader), only the President of the Front, Dawud Ibsa, “was aware of the existence of that special operation and its objectives, and does not seem to have exercised command or control of actions.”", "However, as reported in the report, we once again insist that we are in no way credible to the accusations, it is the officers of the Oromo Liberation Front who played the main role.", "This is what the story says: in 2008 a member of the Oromo Liberation Front in Kenya put Fekadu, team leader 1, in contact with an Eritrean colonel named Gemachew Ayana. (As stated above, Gemachew is in fact an officer of the Oromo Liberation Front and is not Eritrean.) Gemachew also contacted team leader Omar Idriss Mohamed, who said that in the months of August and September 2009 he had been contacted by the President of the Front, Dawud Ibsa, who had announced that he would be assigned a secret task. In March 2010, Gemachew “ordered Fekadu and his team to return to Addis Ababa.” Fekadu “was in contact with Gemachew, and there are phone records that indicate that they spoke at least on 27 occasions.” Gemachew also made transfers of money to team members in Addis Ababa. According to Omar, it was Gemachew who handed the equipment members the material and explosives that would be used in the operation. Once again, Gemachew “will give you the final instructions and [...] the explosives.” Earlier in January, Omar “paid Gemachew for additional funds.” In the last week of January, “when there was little time left [...], Omar considered that he should consult Gemachew [...] These (telphonic) records seem to indicate that [...] they were contacted by phone on 39 occasions, contacts that almost always started Gemachew.”", "The story refers to Eritreans who, however, play limited and secondary roles, always on the basis of the suspect statements of the detainees.", "Even if we recognize that the story is true to reality (and Eritrea believes it is not), there is no doubt that the alleged attempt to attack was from beginning to end an initiative of the Oromo Liberation Front.", "The account of the facts raises other problems.", "It is categorically stated that the operation was not directed against African Union leaders, but it is subsequently said that one of the objectives was the Sheraton Hotel, where most of them were accommodated.", "The report states that a sniper rifle, which allegedly had a team member in its possession, had been sold to Eritrea by Romania, as corroborated by the Romanian Government. We will do our best to provide information on the veracity of this information to the Sanctions Committee. But even if we assume that the rifle is of Eritrean origin, it does not prove conclusively when and how it ended up in the hands of the Government of Ethiopia. On the other hand, the report provides no evidence that the essential equipment, the explosives to be used in the alleged conspiracy, came from Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group mainly bases its statements on a list of contacts of the Oromo Liberation Front in Asmara, but subsequently recognizes that this essential evidence dates back to 2006 and may no longer be valid. Noting that its arguments are unsustainable, the Monitoring Group is clumsily trying to justify itself by asserting that some former members of the Oromo Liberation Front (desertors), whose name is not mentioned, have assured it that the list remains valid, forgetting that the testimony of the defectors, who currently collaborate with the Government of Ethiopia, cannot be regarded as a credible source.", "The account detracts from the accusation that Eritrea conceived, planned and led the alleged operation in Addis Ababa. It also demonstrates that there is no irrefutable evidence of Eritrea &apos; s participation, even of the limited role that would remain if it is taken into account that the alleged main actors, who allegedly exercised command and control of the operation, were not Eritreans. If it is granted time for this, Eritrea wishes to provide crucial additional information regarding this sensationalistic accusation, which recalls an accusation previously made by the Monitoring Group, according to which Eritrea had 2,000 soldiers in Somalia, with detailed information on when and how they arrived, where they deployed and how many did. This information, which was prominent in a previous report and which proved to be totally unfounded, was used at the time to advocate the imposition of sanctions on Eritrea.", "Somalia", "As Eritrea &apos; s alleged military support to Al-Shabaab has been a major concern for the Security Council, as well as the main driving factor in the imposition of sanctions under resolution 1907 (2009), it is surprising that the report of the Monitoring Group confirms that Eritrea has not violated resolution 1907 (2009) with regard to military support to Al-Shabaab or other armed groups in Somalia. The Monitoring Group mentions some allegations made by unidentified sources, according to which Eritrean arms shipments to Kismaayo would have occurred (in fact, Ethiopia publicly made those allegations), but categorically states that “the reports have been unable to independently verify”.", "With regard to financial support, the Monitoring Group claims to possess documentary evidence of Eritrea &apos; s payments to a number of individuals associated with Al-Shabaab, but recognizes that they relate to the year 1998. It mentions that some sources ensure that payments continue to be made and, according to one of them, they amount to $80,000 a month, but it does not provide the slightest test.", "Sudan", "The report recognizes that it is not possible to conclude that Eritrea has provided direct military assistance to groups involved in the destabilization of South Sudan in contravention of resolution 1907 (2009).", "4. Violation of the arms embargo", "The Monitoring Group mentions circumstantial reports and evidence of the acquisition of weapons by Eritrea, but does not claim to have evidence beyond reasonable doubt. He also claims that he has been unable to determine whether any foreign government is directly involved in any deliberate violation of the arms embargo against Eritrea.", "The Monitoring Group &apos; s report mentions allegations that an Eritrean military is involved in smuggling Eritrean weapons into the Sudan. It does not provide any evidence of the allegations and, in any case, the evidence it provides refer to the period prior to resolution 1907 (2009).", "5. Financing in support of violations of resolution 1907 (2009)", "The Monitoring Group &apos; s report devotes a lot of space to allegations of covert financial activities in support of violations of the arms embargo. It describes in detail what it considers to be sources of income of the Government of Eritrea, with particular emphasis on the contributions of the Eritrean diaspora and the mining sector. Unfortunately, the Monitoring Group repeats some accusations (from suspicious sources, including individuals with personal interests) without providing evidence to demonstrate the involvement of some members of the Eritrean community and entrepreneurs in illegal activities. These accusations are clearly defamatory and stain the reputation of these people, who are also citizens of the countries in which they reside, and of their families and businesses.", "The report also goes into dangerous legal ground when it suggests that the contributions of the Eritrean diaspora are illegal and contravene the Vienna Conventions. Since the Monitoring Group has failed to demonstrate conclusively the violations of the arms embargo, the analysis of potential sources of financing cannot be but hypothetical. It would appear that the only objective of this exercise is to give arguments to those who seek economic sanctions against Eritrea.", "Eritrea &apos; s response to the recommendations of the Monitoring Group", "The Monitoring Group &apos; s recommendation to impose additional sanctions on Eritrea contradicts the content and evidence presented in the main part of its own report. As we have seen, Eritrea complies with resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia, Djibouti and the arms embargo. We have also shown that the allegation that Eritrea planned and attempted to commit a bomb attack in Addis Ababa is not based on irrebatible evidence. Thus, justice and equity require the immediate lifting of sanctions against Eritrea, not to mention the additional sanctions. It would also be fair and equitable to impose sanctions on the Government of Ethiopia, as the Monitoring Group has categorically affirmed that Ethiopia has acted “in violation of the general and complete arms embargo” against Somalia. It is very significant that the Monitoring Group, inexplicable, has not made any recommendations regarding violations of relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1907 (2009), by Ethiopia.", "Conclusion", "In concluding its preliminary response, Eritrea once again requests the opportunity to present a comprehensive and definitive response once it has received and considered the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. It is obvious that there is no emergency that warrants a hasty, unfair and dangerous decision against Eritrea for the second time in only 18 months.", "Appendix", "Statement by Brigadier General Hailu Gonfa and Colonel Gemechu Avana", "14 September 2006", "Until a few days ago, we were officers in the Ethiopian army sworn to protect the country’s laws and diverse people from any threats. To our deepest dismay, we have come to the conclusion that the greatest threat to Ethiopia and the people emanates not from elsewhere but from the regime on power. Over the last years, the armed forces have been systematically reduced to protecting the narrow interest of a small clique determined to cling to power at all costs. Under the circumstances the choices confronting us are: Either to remain with the same oppressive machinery or wait and see hoping against hope that things would improve on their own or through a miracle. We have waited too long; we cannot wait any longer.", "Despite the calls by opposition groups to peacefully deal with the dire situation, EPRDF is showing no inclination whatsoever to address the country’s mounting social, economic and political problems. Instead, it is intensifying repression. Even though this repressive machinery did not spare any people in the country, the magnitude and scale of repression, harassment and intimidation committed against Oromo people has no comparison. Moreover, it is considering new military adventures in the region that would not serve the legitimate interest of all affected —and could plunge the region into chaos.", "Throughout the years we served this regime, we serve hoping things would improve over time and expected the regime would also resolve political conflicts peacefully and truly democratize the country where political power emanates from the will of the people not from force. Now we have found this to be an empty promise. We are particularly elated that the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) has offered a hope not only to eliminate the spectre of more mayhem but also chart a better future through a process of dialogue involving all stakeholders in the search for comprehensive solutions.", "We regret that the regime has flagrantly, and without serious consideration, rejected this offer of goodwill and continued on its path of destruction. We cannot therefore continue to defend a minority and overwhelmingly rejected regime, sadly, that is committing untold atrocities against our own people.", "It is time for us to take side in the fight between tyranny and liberty. Accordingly, we have dissociated ourselves from TPLF/EPRDF and joined the liberation struggle of our people fluped by the claws of tyranny. We have therefore joined the Oromo Liberation Front that is a member of the Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) to realize the age-old dream of all peoples for freedom and democracy.", "To the Ethiopian Armed Forces", "The incumbent regime has been fooling us all by falsely extolling its commitment to freedom, democracy and speedy economic development. This commitment has been put to test over the last 15 years. The tyrannical behaviour of the regime demonstrates that this pledge runs skin deep and does not show any sign of change, which makes all our efforts and sacrifices in vain. We believe as long as the regime continues to defy the will of the people, our problems would multiply. That is why it has to be compelled to desist from its destructive path or be removed. We therefore call on you to follow our example and join the just and popular struggle.", "To the international community", "The minority Ethiopian regime does not have the capacity or the legitimacy to continue to rule the country. The regime, whose dismal 15-year tenure is more than enough to gauge its goodwill, needs to be pressed rather than appeased to submit to the call for dialogue. We strongly urge you to reconsider your support for it as it does not any more serve our common strategic interests." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: Cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "* A/66/150.", "El derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a la Asamblea General el informe de la Sra. Raquel Rolnik, Relatora Especial sobre una vivienda adecuada como elemento integrante del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado y sobre el derecho de no discriminación a este respecto, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 15/8, párrafo 2 h) del Consejo de Derechos Humanos", "Informe de la Relatora Especial sobre una vivienda adecuada como elemento integrante del derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado", "Resumen", "El presente informe se centra en la realización del derecho a una vivienda adecuada en situaciones posteriores a un desastre. El informe evalúa las normas y directrices en materia de derechos humanos pertinentes para un enfoque de la respuesta a los desastres basado en el derecho a una vivienda adecuada y analiza algunas limitaciones existentes. Describe en mayor profundidad los problemas principales relativos a la protección y realización de este derecho en la respuesta a los desastres, a saber: la falta de atención a los grupos vulnerables y desfavorecidos o la discriminación contra estos; la importancia desmedida que se da a la propiedad privada individual y la dificultad conexa de reconocer y abordar por igual las múltiples formas de tenencia en los programas de restitución y recuperación; los riesgos de considerar la reconstrucción posterior a un desastre principalmente como una oportunidad de negocios o de desarrollo que beneficia solo a unos pocos; y las limitaciones de los marcos de reconstrucción y recuperación existentes. El informe finaliza describiendo los aspectos fundamentales de un enfoque para la respuesta a los desastres que integre deliberada e integralmente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 4II. Evaluación 4 del marco jurídico y normativo aplicable a los desastres \nnaturales III. Discriminación 7 y vulnerabilidad: factores agravantes de los efectos de los desastres y las respuestas a \nestos A.Grupos 8 desfavorecidos más afectados por los \ndesastres B.Abandono 9 y discriminación revelados por los \ndesastres C.Medidas 9 de recuperación que no tienen en cuenta a los más vulnerables o discriminan contra \nellos IV. Reconocimiento 11 y protección de todas las formas de tenencia por igual, de los programas de restitución a los de soluciones \nduraderas A. Hacia 12 una noción más amplia de la restitución de la vivienda y la \npropiedad B.Reconocimiento 14 de los derechos de tenencia en la práctica a los fines de las soluciones \nduraderas V.¿Quién 16 se beneficia de las oportunidades que presentan los \ndesastres? A.De 17 la reurbanización de las zonas y las ciudades costeras a la externalización de la \nreconstrucción B.Actuar 19 con la diligencia debida para proteger el derecho a una vivienda \nadecuada VI.Recuperación 20 y soluciones duraderas: abordar todos los aspectos del derecho a una vivienda \nadecuada A.Insistencia 21 indebida en la vivienda y la \npropiedad B.Abordar 22 el contexto más amplio en las iniciativas de socorro y \nrecuperación C.Desconexión 23 entre la emergencia y la recuperación de largo \nplazo \nVII. Conclusión 24\nVIII.Recomendaciones 25A. Marco 25 general: respuesta a los desastres basada en el derecho a una vivienda \nadecuada B.Recomendaciones 28 relativas al \nseguimiento", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe se centra en la realización del derecho a una vivienda adecuada en entornos posteriores a un desastre. Debe leerse conjuntamente con el informe que la Relatora Especial presentó al Consejo de Derechos Humanos (A/HRC/16/42), en el que analiza las cuestiones comunes pertinentes para situaciones posteriores a conflictos y a desastres.", "2. Aunque hay muchos elementos comunes entre las situaciones posteriores a conflictos y a desastres, algunos problemas son específicos a estos últimos y requieren respuestas diferentes. La Relatora Especial eligió centrarse en los desastres, en vista de su prevalencia creciente en todo el mundo, con más efectos devastadores que nunca antes[1]; la probabilidad de que esta tendencia continúe como resultado del cambio climático, la urbanización rápida y el crecimiento de la población; y las experiencias y directrices relativamente escasas de que se dispone para abordar las cuestiones del derecho a una vivienda adecuada después de un desastre, en comparación con las que tratan las situaciones posteriores a los conflictos[2]. Además, la Relatora Especial realizó una visita de trabajo a Haití (del 8 al 11 de junio de 2011) para evaluar las iniciativas de reconstrucción y socorro tras el terremoto de enero de 2010, que influyó mucho en sus ideas para el presente informe y destacó la necesidad de centrarse en los desastres[3].", "3. Adoptar un enfoque para la reconstrucción y la recuperación después de los desastres basado en el derecho a una vivienda adecuada tiene repercusiones importantes. A la Relatora Especial le preocupa que hasta ahora las iniciativas de socorro y recuperación en casos de desastre hayan tenido, con pocas excepciones, una visión limitada de qué constituye el derecho a una vivienda adecuada, lo cual en algunos casos se tradujo en violaciones de este derecho. En la sección I del presente informe se evalúan las normas pertinentes. En las secciones II a V se analizan en mayor profundidad los problemas principales. El informe finaliza con la descripción de los aspectos fundamentales de un enfoque para la respuesta a los desastres que integre deliberada e integralmente el derecho a una vivienda y recomendaciones sobre medidas de seguimiento.", "II. Evaluación del marco jurídico y normativo aplicable a los desastres naturales", "4. Si bien hay una cantidad de normas y directrices que sirven para garantizar el derecho a una vivienda adecuada en las situaciones posteriores a los desastres, muchas veces se las entiende y aplica de manera fragmentada[4]. Se analizarán también otras limitaciones más específicas.", "5. El Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (artículo 11) es el instrumento que reconoce más claramente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada. El Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales subrayó la importancia de interpretar este derecho en términos amplios, determinando siete aspectos que los Estados debían poner en práctica progresivamente: seguridad jurídica de la tenencia; disponibilidad de servicios, materiales, facilidades e infraestructura; gastos soportables; habitabilidad; asequibilidad; lugar; y adecuación cultural[5]. Todos estos aspectos y las salvaguardias relativas a los desalojos y los reasentamientos derivados de este derecho[6] son pertinentes para la respuesta a los desastres, como también lo son los principios de participación y no discriminación e igualdad[7].", "6. No obstante, en la orientación existente sobre las situaciones de desastres se ha prestado poca atención al derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Cuando se lo menciona, se limita a la necesidad de proveer albergue o vivienda, o a los aspectos relativos a la protección[8]. Los escasos intentos de analizar el derecho de forma más integrada se limitaron al nivel de la orientación de una organización determinada y no constituyen políticas autorizadas de aplicación general[9]. Del mismo modo, los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, con pocas excepciones, no han abordado los aspectos concretos de las situaciones de desastres y sus efectos en el goce del derecho a una vivienda adecuada ni de otros derechos humanos, limitándose a generalidades[10].", "7. En cambio, la mayoría de las iniciativas que abordan los desastres desde una perspectiva de los derechos humanos ha guardado relación con grupos concretos, en particular las personas desplazadas y los refugiados. Los Principios Rectores de los Desplazamientos Internos son fundamentales a este respecto. Se los ha reconocido como un marco internacional importante para la protección de los desplazados internos en situaciones posteriores a los conflictos y a los desastres[11]. Si bien en un principio la atención se centraba en la protección de los desplazados internos en situaciones de conflictos o posteriores a estos, en los últimos años también se han elaborado directrices normativas y operacionales en relación con los desastres naturales, ampliando así el alcance de su aplicación a todas las personas afectadas por desastres, incluidos los desplazados internos pero sin limitarse a estos. Las Directrices operacionales sobre la protección de las personas en situaciones de desastres naturales del Comité Permanente entre Organismos son un documento importante a este respecto[12]. Estas Directrices y los Principios Rectores mencionados reconocen el derecho de las personas desplazadas por conflictos o desastres a soluciones duraderas, en particular el regreso a sus hogares o lugares de residencia habitual (y, como condición fundamental para un regreso duradero, la restitución de sus viviendas o tierras), la reubicación a otro lugar o la integración local[13].", "8. Los principios sobre la restitución de las viviendas y el patrimonio de los refugiados y las personas desplazadas[14] (los “principios Pinheiro”) de 2005 van un paso más allá y reconocen el “derecho a la restitución” de los refugiados o desplazados (que abarca la vivienda, la tierra y/u otro patrimonio) como derecho en sí mismo[15]. Cabe preguntarse si los principios Pinheiro se aplican a las situaciones posteriores a los desastres. La intención parece haber sido que deberían aplicarse, pues la idea subyacente del principio 1.2 es que las personas desplazadas, independientemente de la causa del desplazamiento, están en situación semejante y tienen derecho a regresar a sus lugares de residencia habitual y, en consecuencia, a restitución. Sobre esa base, algunos interpretan que los principios se aplican a todas las situaciones de desastres naturales[16]. No obstante, otros señalan que los principios se limitan explícitamente a la “privación de forma arbitraria o ilegal” de sus anteriores hogares, tierras, patrimonio o lugares de residencia habitual, después del desplazamiento[17].", "9. Ello no significa que los principios Pinheiro no sean pertinentes en las situaciones de desastres naturales. En primer lugar, se aplican plenamente en casos de privación arbitraria o ilegal o destrucción de viviendas o tierras en situaciones posteriores a un desastre, incluidos, posiblemente, los casos en que se niega a las personas desplazadas el derecho de regresar a sus hogares (véase la sección IV) y los casos de deficiencias infundadas del Estado respecto de la preparación, la mitigación y los sistemas de alerta temprana en relación con los desastres[18]. En segundo lugar, si se los toma como una aclaración de las normas vigentes relativas a los derechos de las personas desplazadas y los refugiados a regresar a sus hogares, los principios constituyen orientación pertinente sobre la mejor manera de gestionar las cuestiones técnicas y jurídicas relacionadas con la restitución de la vivienda, la tierra y el patrimonio, la cual desde entonces se ha reflejado en distinto grado en las políticas y la práctica.", "10. Así pues, un enfoque de la respuesta a los desastres que integre plenamente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada combinaría todos los conjuntos de normas y principios enumerados y tendría en su centro los distintos elementos del derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Las recomendaciones que figuran en la última sección del presente informe proponen la integración de esas normas en un marco consolidado, conceptual y operativo.", "III. Discriminación y vulnerabilidad: factores agravantes de los efectos de los desastres y las respuestas a estos", "11. Se reconoce ampliamente que la vulnerabilidad es un elemento importante de la reducción del riesgo y la gestión de los desastres[19]. Es más probable que las personas más vulnerables, como las que viven en la pobreza o carecen de seguridad de la tenencia, vivan en zonas propensas a los desastres; también corren mayor riesgo de desplazamiento y de pérdida de los medios de vida en casos de desastre, y les costará más recuperarse.", "12. Muchas veces la vulnerabilidad se ve agravada por la discriminación directa o indirecta, la cual repercute en la capacidad de las personas y las comunidades de protegerse de los desastres y recuperarse. Tal vez la relación entre la discriminación y los desastres y la respuesta a estos no sea aparente de inmediato. Es cierto que podría considerarse que la expresión “desastres naturales” excluye la idea de responsabilidad, lo cual a su vez implicaría la imposibilidad de que hubiera discriminación. Sin embargo, en general se acepta que la magnitud de los efectos y la distribución de las pérdidas por peligros naturales son provocadas en gran medida por el hombre (véase A/60/227). La preparación, la mitigación y la respuesta en relación con los desastres están sujetas a acciones u omisiones del Estado o condicionadas por estas y, por consiguiente, podrían ser discriminatorias.", "13. Los principios de igualdad y no discriminación están arraigados firmemente en las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Esta cuestión exige que los gobiernos y las organizaciones de asistencia presten atención especial a las vulnerabilidades y desigualdades en los contextos anteriores a los desastres; y que después de estos aborden las desigualdades y protejan a los más vulnerables. Los órganos creados en virtud de tratados de las Naciones Unidas han observado que aun en momentos de restricciones graves de los recursos, como suele suceder después de un desastre, los Estados tienen la obligación particular de proteger a los miembros más vulnerables de la sociedad[20]. Los Estados deberían adoptar medidas especiales para garantizar que los grupos desfavorecidos disfruten plenamente y en condiciones de igualdad de los derechos humanos[21]. En las situaciones posteriores a los desastres, estas medidas podrían traducirse en asistencia especial para respaldar el regreso de los grupos más vulnerables o encontrar tierras o viviendas para las familias sin tierra u hogar.", "A. Grupos desfavorecidos más afectados por los desastres", "14. Cuando el huracán Katrina asoló Nueva Orleáns en 2005, los afroamericanos y las personas pobres (aunque en gran medida estas dos categorías se confundían[22]) fueron los que más padecieron la devastación porque, en su mayoría, vivían en las secciones de la ciudad más bajas y propensas a las inundaciones. Además, numerosos habitantes de la zona metropolitana (que en general eran pobres) carecían de los medios para escapar de la inundación[23]. Por consiguiente, los efectos y costos particulares del huracán estaban estrechamente vinculados con las pautas sociales, económicas y de uso de la tierra preexistentes, a su vez relacionadas directamente con las políticas de vivienda y planificación urbana.", "15. En Honduras, después del huracán Mitch en 1998, entre los grupos afectados de manera desproporcionada figuraban las mujeres, los campesinos y los grupos indígenas, muchos de los cuales vivían en condiciones de tenencia insegura y en zonas vulnerables expuestas a vientos fuertes, inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra (véase A/HRC/16/42, párr. 32). En Colombia las inundaciones de 2010 y 2011 afectaron desproporcionadamente a las personas ya desplazadas por el conflicto, en particular las indígenas y afroamericanas, que en general vivían en zonas remotas que eran objeto de la violencia de los grupos armados[24].", "16. Después de las inundaciones de 2010 en el Pakistán, se reconoció que los pobres y los vulnerables fueron los que más sufrieron los efectos de la catástrofe, por carecer de patrimonio y redes de seguridad. Las personas desplazadas por las inundaciones que perdieron sus bienes y medios de vida eran mayormente arrendatarios y trabajadores sin tierras que habitaban en viviendas no permanentes o semipermanentes[25].", "B. Abandono y discriminación revelados por los desastres", "17. En Haití el terremoto exacerbó y reveló el problema oculto hasta entonces de las terribles condiciones que caracterizaban a los asentamientos informales en que vivía la mayor parte de la población de Puerto Príncipe[26]. Esos asentamientos, al igual que muchos en otros sitios, se habían formado espontáneamente y nunca habían sido reconocidos oficialmente por las autoridades. Tenían poco o ningún acceso a los servicios y la infraestructura básicos. Debido al terremoto, muchos de sus residentes se trasladaron a campamentos, ya sea por la destrucción o el daño sufrido por sus hogares o barrios, o para recibir alimentos o asistencia médica, participar en programas de trabajo a cambio de dinero en efectivo, ahorrar el alquiler (en el caso de los arrendatarios) o con la esperanza de recibir una casa.", "18. Dieciséis meses después del terremoto, todavía vivían 634.000 personas en más de 1.000 campamentos. Los observadores señalaron que la población de los campamentos estaba disminuyendo a un ritmo menor que en 2010, lo que indicaba que las personas no tenían adonde ir o habían decidido que por más precaria que fuera la situación de los campamentos, era mejor que la de origen[27]. Así pues, el terremoto puso de relieve pautas arraigadas de discriminación y abandono de larga data. Se registraron efectos semejantes en desastres ocurridos en otros lugares[28].", "C. Medidas de recuperación que no tienen en cuenta a los más vulnerables o discriminan contra ellos", "19. Las iniciativas de recuperación, al no tener en cuenta a algunos grupos o directamente discriminar contra ellos, pueden perpetuar y aun reforzar pautas preexistentes de vulnerabilidad y desventaja. Esto sucede muchas veces en relación con las mujeres. Después del tsunami del Océano Índico de 2004, se informó de que la respuesta internacional muchas veces fortalecía “a quienes estaban en mejor situación y/o se expresaban mejor … marginando a los que tenían poco patrimonio, en particular las mujeres”[29]. Por ejemplo, las iniciativas y políticas de socorro excluían a las mujeres de la asistencia para los medios de vida y a veces socavaban directamente los derechos preexistentes de las mujeres, como el derecho a la vivienda o la tierra en comunidades matrilineales[30]. Además, las mujeres son especialmente vulnerables cuando la tendencia es insegura, como suele suceder porque su acceso a la vivienda y la tierra muchas veces depende de su relación con un hombre o porque hacen frente a obstáculos adicionales por ser el único jefe de hogar[31].", "20. La respuesta a los desastres parece ser muy diferente según se trate de propietarios individuales y registrados formalmente o de quienes tienen otro tipo de arreglos de tenencia. Se ha observado que en la mayoría de los programas de reconstrucción de viviendas, la documentación de la tenencia y las pruebas legales de sus derechos son requisitos previos para establecer la admisibilidad del beneficiario, con lo cual se excluye a los más pobres y vulnerables, en particular los que viven en asentamientos informales con derechos de tenencia temporales o informales[32]. En algunos países muchas veces se excluye de los planes de vivienda permanente concebidos para reemplazar los bienes de los propietarios de viviendas a las personas desplazadas que son arrendatarios u ocupantes ilegales[33].", "21. Se han observado limitaciones de este tipo en las evaluaciones de las necesidades después de los desastres. Aun cuando en principio se analiza y reconoce la importancia de las condiciones relativas a la tenencia y la propiedad de la tierra, en la práctica estas no siempre se abordan en las políticas, estrategias y prioridades sectoriales. Por ejemplo, en la evaluación de las necesidades realizada por las instituciones financieras internacionales y el Gobierno del Pakistán después de las inundaciones, la estrategia de vivienda y reconstrucción propuesta no mencionaba las cuestiones de propiedad o tenencia de la tierra, centrándose solo en las técnicas y los costos de la reconstrucción de viviendas. Además, al parecer las prioridades de política relativas a otros sectores relacionados con la tierra, como la agricultura, favorecían a los propietarios de tierras[34].", "22. A menudo los múltiples factores de la vulnerabilidad y la discriminación tienen un efecto agravado. Las respuestas de los gobiernos federal y estatal después del huracán Katrina en los Estados Unidos en general fueron deficientes en cuanto al apoyo a los arrendatarios de menores ingresos, mayormente afroamericanos, y al tratamiento de los distintos obstáculos que les impedían acceder a viviendas con gastos soportables[35]. A pesar de que existía un programa federal de vales de vivienda, en la práctica fue difícil para las familias que tenían vales de alquiler encontrar unidades para arrendar. Las causas de ello incluían la escasez de viviendas públicas y de alquiler (debido a los daños originados por la tormenta y también a las decisiones adoptadas posteriormente de reducir drásticamente las viviendas públicas), los aumentos de los alquileres, la discriminación de los propietarios[36], el ritmo lento de la construcción de viviendas de alquiler y la decisión de los Estados del Golfo de destinar la mayoría de los fondos federales a la reparación de las viviendas de propietarios y no las de alquiler[37]. Debido a las opciones limitadas de alquiler, se negó de hecho el regreso a su ciudad y hogares anteriores a un gran número de familias[38], lo cual provocó un incremento del número de personas sin hogar[39].", "23. Los ejemplos mencionados muestran que la discriminación, tanto como la vulnerabilidad, es un factor fundamental en los efectos de los desastres y la respuesta a estos. La discriminación basada en la situación en cuanto a la tenencia pone de relieve el problema más amplio de la renuencia o la incapacidad de los gobiernos y las organizaciones internacionales y nacionales para reconocer y proteger todas las formas de tenencia por igual.", "IV. Reconocimiento y protección de todas las formas de tenencia por igual, de los programas de restitución a los de soluciones duraderas", "24. La Relatora Especial señala que la seguridad de la tenencia es un aspecto central del derecho a una vivienda adecuada. La seguridad de la tenencia no es lo mismo que el derecho a la propiedad privada[40], ni se limita al otorgamiento de títulos formales legales. Existen múltiples arreglos de tenencia legítima además de la propiedad privada[41], como los alquileres públicos o privados, la vivienda cooperativa, el alquiler, la ocupación o arrendamiento de la tierra en asentamientos informales y otros derechos de uso u ocupación en virtud de arreglos consuetudinarios o tradicionales, todos ellos con distinto grado de formalidad[42]. De ello se desprende que solo una minoría de las víctimas de desastres naturales podría tener derechos efectivos registrados oficialmente de propiedad individual de su vivienda o tierra.", "25. No obstante, a la Relatora Especial le preocupa que las políticas y prácticas en los entornos posteriores a un desastre estén sesgadas hacia la propiedad privada individual, como se señaló en la sección III. La sección IV se centra en las políticas y prácticas relativas a la restitución y, más en general, en las soluciones duraderas y la reconstrucción, como ejemplos de las tensiones que hay en la práctica entre la propiedad privada individual y otras formas de tenencia.", "A. Hacia una noción más amplia de la restitución de la vivienda y la propiedad", "26. Los principios de Pinheiro contienen la elaboración más específica del derecho a la restitución de la vivienda y la propiedad. Al momento de adoptarse, los principios respondían a la necesidad evidente de orientación sobre los procedimientos y mecanismos encaminados a facilitar la restitución de la propiedad. Actualmente, dado que los programas de regreso y restitución se han aplicado en contextos y circunstancias más diversos, es hora de reflexionar sobre los principios y volver a interpretarlos a la luz de esas prácticas.", "27. En su formulación concreta y los mecanismos sugeridos para determinar las reclamaciones relativas a la propiedad o la tierra, los principios no son totalmente claros en lo que se refiere al reconocimiento de todas las formas de derechos de tenencia. En tanto que algunos consideran que los principios son amplios[43], otros los han criticado por centrarse demasiado en la propiedad privada individual y los contextos de reclamaciones formales y registradas. Al referirse a los “derechos de los arrendatarios y otros no propietarios” (principio 16), podría considerarse que los principios cuestionan si estos están en igualdad de condiciones que los propietarios individuales. Del mismo modo, debe aclararse la exhortación en ese principio a que los mecanismos de restitución de la propiedad reconozcan “en la mayor medida posible” los de las personas que tienen derechos a la vivienda y la tierra distintos de la propiedad formal, aunque podría considerarse una sugerencia práctica y no que supone limitaciones a los derechos de los no propietarios[44].", "28. Los principios también deben considerarse en relación con el contexto particular en que se elaboraron. Aunque se nutrieron de varias fuentes, se basaron en la experiencia de los mecanismos de restitución oficial vigentes en ese momento, especialmente en Bosnia y Herzegovina, un contexto en que prevalecían el registro formal de la propiedad privada y lo que la ley yugoslava llamaba apartamentos “de propiedad social”[45]. Se ha criticado al mecanismo de restitución de Bosnia y Herzegovina, al igual que a otros, por no ocuparse suficientemente de los que no tenían propiedades o títulos formales de estas, ni de los sistemas de tenencia complejos e informales en un contexto de múltiples leyes consuetudinarias, estatales y religiosas[46].", "29. La Relatora Especial sugiere que la restitución de la vivienda y la propiedad debe entenderse como la restitución de todo derecho a la tenencia de la vivienda o la tierra anterior a un desastre, independientemente de la condición jurídica de esa tenencia o de que la tierra o la vivienda estén registradas formalmente. La Ley de restitución de los derechos sobre las tierras de Sudáfrica y la reciente orientación operacional sobre soluciones duraderas son ejemplos de este enfoque[47]. Sin adelantarse a una discusión más profunda y a la aclaración de sus disposiciones, debería considerarse sistemáticamente que los principios Pinheiro se aplican a un ámbito extenso de situaciones y derechos de tenencia. Varios de los elementos de los principios ya apuntan a una concepción amplia de la restitución, como el uso sistemático de la expresión “vivienda, tierra y propiedad” en lugar de referirse solo a la propiedad[48].", "30. Esta visión más amplia de la restitución se fundamenta en las obligaciones del Estado relacionadas con el derecho a una vivienda adecuada de respetar y garantizar la seguridad de la tenencia para todos, independientemente de la forma de tenencia. Este criterio reconoce como titulares de los derechos a todas las personas que no son dueños individuales de propiedades registradas formalmente. Si bien las necesidades en las situaciones posteriores a los desastres y a los conflictos variarán según el contexto, la tipología de las obligaciones de derechos humanos se mantiene. La restitución de la propiedad debe considerarse y aplicarse desde esta perspectiva.", "31. Las repercusiones prácticas de esta visión amplia de la restitución como parte del derecho a la obtención de reparaciones debería seguir examinándose con miras a articular la orientación según distintas hipótesis[49]. No obstante, a los fines del presente informe y teniendo en cuenta la evaluación con reservas de los principios de Pinheiro respecto de las situaciones de desastre (véase la sección II), la mayoría de las veces la restitución de la propiedad será una condición para el regreso y otras soluciones duraderas, no una reparación jurídica. Por consiguiente, comprender que todas las formas de tenencia tienen la misma legitimidad no solo es pertinente para la restitución sino más aún para los esfuerzos por asegurar la recuperación y soluciones duraderas. En estos casos, los Estados, junto con las organizaciones internacionales, deben evaluar los derechos de tenencia de todas las personas afectadas por el desastre y adoptar medidas para proteger y garantizar la tenencia después del desastre, en el lugar de residencia anterior o en otra parte, si las personas no pueden o no quieren regresar[50]. Además, los principios de no discriminación e igualdad requieren que los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales asignen prioridad a la asistencia dirigida a quienes tienen una tenencia más insegura y fortalezcan la seguridad de la tenencia de las personas cuya tenencia es débil, ambigua o vulnerable, una responsabilidad que a menudo se pasa por alto en las actividades de socorro y recuperación.", "B. Reconocimiento de los derechos de tenencia en la práctica a los fines de las soluciones duraderas", "32. Los organismos internacionales han mostrado renuencia a invertir en lugares de regreso o reubicación en que la tenencia de la tierra no es clara y en que los arreglos jurídicos o consuetudinarios en virtud de los cuales se determinan las reclamaciones relativas a la vivienda o la tierra son diversos y a veces incompatibles. A ese respecto, la reconstrucción de las zonas urbanas podría ser especialmente compleja, ya que muchas veces esas zonas se caracterizan por cuestiones complicadas sobre la propiedad y la tenencia de la tierra.", "33. Muchas organizaciones que actúan en Haití evidentemente tienen esta forma de pensar, según indica la evaluación siguiente:", "La condición de los mercados de la tierra es caótica y esencialmente anárquica. No hay registros de propiedad o son ambiguos. La falta de un título claro de un terreno o de la aprobación por escrito de un dueño verificado dificulta la provisión de una nueva casa a un posible beneficiario y el apoyo a la reocupación de su hogar anterior[51].", "Evidentemente se trata de una de las razones de la demora de la reconstrucción y el regreso en Haití. Del mismo modo, después del tsunami del Océano Índico, la promulgación de políticas y restricciones sobre el uso de la tierra contradictorias en los distintos niveles de gobierno y las controversias al respecto aparentemente han creado obstáculos a la labor internacional de recuperación y socavado gravemente los esfuerzos por gestionar los riesgos de desastre[52].", "34. En un entorno de este tipo cabe diferenciar entre dos tareas. A largo plazo, podría ser necesario registrar formalmente y fortalecer el registro de la propiedad o la tenencia por medio de reformas jurídicas y otros mecanismos, como la titularidad de la tierra, para resolver de manera definitiva la situación ambigua e incierta en que se encuentran muchas personas. No obstante, a corto plazo, estos medios podrían no ser los más adecuados para responder a las necesidades de reconstrucción y recuperación, y hacerlo sin reforzar las desigualdades[53]. La experiencia también da una idea de la enorme dificultad de abordar la gama completa de cuestiones de propiedad y tenencia y de reforma del régimen de la tierra después de un desastre o conflicto. El Gobierno del Pakistán observó que era fundamental tener en cuenta las complejidades sociales, políticas, técnicas y jurídicas relativas a las cuestiones de la tenencia de la tierra y el hecho de que estas no se limitaban a las zonas afectadas por un desastre[54]. A corto plazo sigue siendo esencial y oportuno evaluar los derechos de tenencia anteriores al desastre por medio de métodos rápidos para lograr una reconstrucción y recuperación eficaces que garanticen un nivel mínimo de seguridad de la tenencia para todos y aborden algunas de las peores formas de desigualdad e inseguridad.", "35. A los fines de la reconstrucción y el regreso, la forma óptima de determinar las reclamaciones de viviendas o tierras dependerá del contexto particular, en función de los arreglos, la formalidad y los registros de tenencia o propiedad, y los recursos disponibles. Como se mencionó, los mecanismos formales, administrativos o jurídicos, de restitución de la propiedad podrían no ser aplicables o adecuados en ciertas situaciones, en particular las que se caracterizaban por la existencia de múltiples arreglos de tenencia[55]. El Protocolo sobre los derechos de propiedad de las personas que regresan de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Región de los Grandes Lagos ofrece un enfoque más integrado a este respecto que los principios de Pinheiro, al disponer que las autoridades tanto administrativas como tradicionales abordaran las controversias sobre la propiedad, reconociendo así la importancia de los sistemas tradicional y consuetudinario en lo que se refiera a la tierra[56]. El Protocolo también contempla mecanismos alternativos e informales basados en la comunidad para resolver controversias, utilizando requisitos de pruebas de propiedad fundamentadas en testimonios[57]. En la práctica, las organizaciones que prestan apoyo al regreso de refugiados o desplazados muchas veces se han basado en los mecanismos de resolución de controversias del derecho consuetudinario o tradicional para resolver controversias sobre la tierra[58]. No obstante, es necesario ejercer cautela para que estos procesos no excluyan o desfavorezcan a las mujeres u otras personas particularmente vulnerables a la discriminación.", "36. Las prácticas de enumeración “comunitaria” o “participativa” van más allá. Estos procesos participativos se han aplicado en varios países con fines distintos, por ejemplo para determinar o fortalecer los derechos de tenencia en asentamientos informales o para adjudicar tierras[59]. Ante la falta de registros de las tierras, en caso de destrucción tras un desastre o en el contexto de múltiples arreglos de tenencia, las enumeraciones comunitarias ofrecen una alternativa prometedora y flexible para identificar la situación en cuanto a la ocupación y la tenencia anteriores al desastre o el conflicto, asegurando así un cierto nivel de seguridad de la tenencia que sirva de base a soluciones duraderas. Se han ejecutado proyectos de enumeración comunitaria después del tsunami del Océano Índico[60] y se han puesto en marcha iniciativas semejantes en Haití. Al definir los elementos básicos y los requisitos previos debería aprovecharse la experiencia adquirida de los procesos de elaboración de mapas comunitarios de los derechos locales sobre la tierra en situaciones posteriores a un desastre, incluida su relación con los procesos más formales de validación o gestión de la tierra gubernamentales, y la necesidad de complementarlos con mecanismos de resolución de controversias[61].", "37. Si bien los mecanismos para evaluar, respetar y fortalecer la tenencia después de un desastre dependerán del contexto, en todos los casos deben estar orientados por los principios de derechos humanos, como la participación de las comunidades afectadas y la igualdad de género.", "V. ¿Quién se beneficia de las oportunidades que presentan los desastres?", "38. A menudo se dice que los desastres presentan oportunidades importantes para emprender reformas a gran escala y una reconstrucción ambiciosa, dado que se vuelve a empezar “desde cero”. Los desastres ofrecen oportunidades para la protección y promoción de los derechos humanos, aunque también graves riesgos. A la Relatora Especial le preocupa que en algunos casos las iniciativas importantes de reconstrucción, aunque beneficien a algunos, hayan, por comisión u omisión, dejado de lado a los más vulnerables y violado en la práctica los elementos fundamentales del derecho a una vivienda adecuada.", "A. De la reurbanización de las zonas y las ciudades costeras a la externalización de la reconstrucción", "39. Muchos consideraron que el tsunami del Océano Índico de 2004 ofrecía importantes oportunidades de reurbanización, a veces con el pretexto de la seguridad pública y la mitigación del riesgo de desastres. Lo cierto es que después del tsunami, algunos países afectados prohibieron la reconstrucción de viviendas en la costa (zonas de amortiguación); esas zonas eran de 100 a 500 metros y, en algunos casos, de haberse aplicado plenamente la prohibición, hubieran requerido la reubicación de más de 100.000 casas[62]. Supuestamente en esas zonas se declaró la prohibición para proteger a los residentes de desastres futuros. También tuvieron efectos importantes en los medios de vida de los residentes, especialmente los que dependían del mar.", "40. Al mismo tiempo, surgieron planes ambiciosos de “reurbanización” y turismo de lujo, incluso en las zonas costeras cerradas a los residentes por razones de seguridad. Una junta de turismo anunció en ese momento que el tsunami ofrecía la oportunidad de convertir a su país en un “destino turístico de talla mundial”[63]. Se informó de que, en tanto que se prohibía a las personas desplazadas volver a sus hogares, esa prohibición no regía para los complejos hoteleros. En algunos lugares los urbanizadores simplemente aprovecharon la oportunidad para apoderarse de las tierras, especialmente las de las comunidades más vulnerables. En muchas zonas costeras surgieron hoteles de lujo. Las comunidades y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil denunciaron que la creación de esas zonas se usaba para desalojar arbitrariamente a los habitantes pobres y las comunidades indígenas de las zonas costeras en beneficio de las empresas y las nuevas instalaciones turísticas[64].", "41. La destrucción de gran parte de las viviendas disponibles en Nueva Orleáns después del huracán Katrina también se consideró una oportunidad para cambiar drásticamente las características urbanas y de las viviendas de la ciudad. En particular, se demolieron los cuatro complejos de viviendas públicas más grandes de la ciudad (los “cuatro grandes”), habitados mayormente por afroamericanos, para dar lugar a la reurbanización de comunidades de ingresos mixtos y a otros usos. Aunque en algunos casos tal vez no hubieran existido otras alternativas viables debido a la gravedad de los daños, las demoliciones se justificaron como indispensables para la recuperación de la ciudad y necesarias por razones de salud y seguridad[65]. El problema era que la reurbanización prevista incluía menos viviendas públicas que las que había en total antes del huracán Katrina[66]. Así, su demolición constituyó otro obstáculo que dificultó el regreso de los residentes de bajos ingresos a Nueva Orleáns (véase la sección III)[67].", "42. También se ha expresado preocupación por lo que se ha denominado “el negocio de la reconstrucción”, en virtud del cual la planificación, financiación y ejecución de la reconstrucción se externaliza a empresas privadas. En algunos casos se ha vinculado la externalización de la reconstrucción sin las salvaguardias necesarias con los efectos negativos en la idoneidad y los gastos soportables de la reconstrucción, así como con la habilidad de las personas de participar en las iniciativas de reconstrucción y beneficiarse de estas. En Chile, tras el terremoto y el tsunami posterior de febrero de 2010, el sector privado aparentemente desempeñó un papel central en la reconstrucción de los centros urbanos y las zonas costeras. De conformidad con los principios del Plan de Reconstrucción, las familias pueden optar por reconstruir sus hogares en el mismo solar de los edificios colapsados o adquirir una casa existente o recién construida. No obstante, habida cuenta de que la reconstrucción de las viviendas estaba respaldada principalmente por subvenciones vinculadas con la propiedad individual, los constructores privados preferían reconstruir las viviendas en zonas nuevas de las afueras de las ciudades y no en las zonas centrales, de las que provenían muchas personas desplazadas, y en las que los precios de la tierra y la vivienda eran mucho más altos[68]. También se informó de que empresas inmobiliarias ejercían presión sobre las familias para que vendieran la tierra y la vivienda a precios muy bajos en un momento de extrema vulnerabilidad, para allanar el camino para la reurbanización privada[69]. Esto sugiere que si se dejaran solo en manos del mercado, las nuevas viviendas para los pobres probablemente se construirían en la periferia.", "43. En el mercado de la construcción se observaron distorsiones semejantes. En un caso se informó de que en algunas ciudades se había otorgado a unas pocas empresas un monopolio de los materiales de construcción, en detrimento de las pequeñas empresas locales, y en otro el proceso de reconstrucción había provocado el aumento de precios de los proveedores y las empresas de construcción, obstaculizando los esfuerzos de reconstrucción[70]. Del mismo modo, la externalización de los alojamientos provisionales por los organismos humanitarios a contratistas internacionales podría desviar posibles recursos financieros para las personas desplazadas en lugar de destinarlos a que construyeran sus propias viviendas. Además, en este último caso los resultados podrían ser menos apropiados desde una perspectiva cultural[71].", "B. Actuar con la diligencia debida para proteger el derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "44. En los ejemplos analizados, la reconstrucción posterior a los desastres tuvo efectos negativos para los más pobres. En los casos más graves, los desastres permitieron un nuevo comienzo “a partir de cero” y sirvieron de excusa a agentes poderosos para destruir viviendas o apoderarse de tierras, lo que no hubiera sido posible en el contexto anterior a los desastres, en que era necesario seguir los procedimientos jurídicos y se debía consultar a los hogares afectados y otorgarles acceso a indemnizaciones. En el mejor de los casos, los Estados no supervisaron adecuadamente el funcionamiento y la reglamentación de los mercados de la vivienda y la reconstrucción posteriores a los desastres, ni adoptaron medidas para garantizar que la población siguiera teniendo acceso a viviendas con gastos razonables y no se la forzara en la práctica a dejar su lugar de origen. Aunque nada impide que los Estados soliciten el apoyo de empresas privadas en las iniciativas de reconstrucción, y por cierto las contribuciones del sector privado pueden ser decisivas para la recuperación, los gobiernos deben ejercer su papel de supervisión del desempeño del sector privado y garantizar que la reconstrucción no beneficie solo a unos pocos privilegiados en detrimento de otros.", "45. Estos ejemplos pueden considerarse “desalojos forzados por presiones”[72]. En estos casos rigen las normas internacionales relativas al desalojo forzado o el desplazamiento arbitrario. Si se demostrara el desalojo forzado, las personas deberían tener acceso a indemnizaciones, entre otras una audiencia justa, el acceso a asesoría letrada y la obtención de reparaciones, como la restitución de la vivienda o la tierra, una indemnización adecuada o una vivienda o tierra alternativa si así lo desean[73].", "46. Aun en los casos en que las preocupaciones sobre la seguridad pública son legítimas e imperiosas, las decisiones sobre el uso de la tierra y las reglamentaciones sobre la vivienda deben estar sujetas a las normas de derechos humanos, en particular los estrictos requisitos procesales relativos a los desalojos, el derecho a la interposición de recursos y la obtención de reparaciones y la posibilidad de revisión judicial, y los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales de las comunidades afectadas. El resultado de los desalojos no debería ser que las personas se queden sin vivienda. En los casos en que las personas afectadas no estén en condiciones de mantenerse, el Estado debe tomar medidas para que se les proporcione otra vivienda, reasentamiento o acceso a tierras productivas[74].", "47. Las medidas restrictivas también deben ajustarse al principio de proporcionalidad[75], en virtud del cual deben equilibrarse los derechos de las personas afectadas con el interés del Estado en mitigar los daños y garantizar la seguridad pública[76]. Por ejemplo, en el caso de la prevención de tsunamis, debe demostrarse que una reglamentación que impida a los residentes retornar a las zonas costeras es el medio menos restrictivo de lograr los objetivos de seguridad pública. El Estado debería probar que otras medidas de seguridad, como los sistemas de alerta o los diques, no están disponibles o no son eficaces[77].", "48. Por último, la experiencia respecto de las restricciones al uso de la tierra lleva ineludiblemente al examen de una serie de factores, incluido el hecho de que el reasentamiento de personas entraña grandes costos de infraestructura y servicios y podría alterar gravemente los medios de subsistencia de las personas y la vida de la comunidad[78]. Las pautas de asentamiento y vivienda no son aleatorias, sino que reflejan una trama económica y social específica que tal vez no pueda duplicarse en otro lugar. Así pues, las normas de derechos humanos y la evaluación de los costos sociales y económicos de los desplazamientos exigen un enfoque más limitado de la aplicación de las restricciones al uso de la tierra y la vivienda.", "VI. Recuperación y soluciones duraderas: abordar todos los aspectos del derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "49. Más allá de los aspectos más evidentes de la protección que se han examinado, es importante abordar la reconstrucción desde una perspectiva más amplia de la vivienda adecuada, entre otras cosas considerar la vivienda como un activo social, y con el objeto de realizar ese derecho gradualmente. Desde esta perspectiva, garantizar la recuperación y las soluciones duraderas significa reconstruir las comunidades y los barrios, y asegurar un nivel de vida adecuado, en que la construcción de unidades de vivienda sea solo una parte, a veces ni siquiera la más importante o urgente[79]. Los desastres no ocurren en el vacío; es importante evaluar y abordar el contexto más amplio de la vivienda en el que suceden los desastres.", "A. Insistencia indebida en la vivienda y la propiedad", "50. Las situaciones posteriores a los desastres suelen caracterizarse no solo por la destrucción masiva de viviendas, sino también por el desplazamiento de muchas personas, perturbaciones de las redes y relaciones sociales, daños en los servicios básicos o falta de acceso a estos, y pérdida de los medios de vida, empleos, activos o tierras, todos los cuales son factores decisivos que afectan el disfrute del derecho a una vivienda adecuada. No obstante, la reconstrucción y los esfuerzos por alcanzar soluciones duraderas se han centrado en los aspectos más tangibles de la vivienda (las estructuras físicas). Las organizaciones internacionales y los gobiernos suelen suponer que la reconstrucción de la vivienda es la prioridad principal de las personas afectadas, y no los medios de vida o la infraestructura del barrio[80]. Cuando se evalúa la vivienda, se la considera un sector técnico o económico y no un derecho humano, centrándose en las normas de construcción y los materiales y en la calidad del alojamiento de emergencia y provisional. En algunos casos la concentración en la restitución de la propiedad también ha ido en detrimento de la reconstrucción y la mejora de las condiciones sociales, políticas o económicas más amplias necesarias para respaldar un regreso sostenible, es decir el empleo, los servicios y la infraestructura básicas, y la seguridad. Un comentarista afirmó que la “casa”, y no el bienestar real de las personas desplazadas de sus hogares, se había convertido en el indicador del éxito[81].", "51. La conocida expresión “reconstruir mejor” parece querer abarcar las condiciones de vida más amplias de las comunidades afectadas, y por cierto es lo que debería hacer. En relación con el tsunami, el Enviado Especial de las Naciones Unidas para la Recuperación después del Tsunami observó que los recursos financieros, el enfoque internacional y la apertura a la reforma política y normativa que muchas veces caracterizan a los períodos posteriores a una crisis deberían permitirnos “reconstruir mejor” y romper con las pautas de desarrollo desigual de manera sostenible[82]. Se formularon llamamientos semejantes a considerar las inundaciones del Pakistán “una oportunidad para reconstruir mejor las vidas y acelerar la tarea de llevar dignidad a los millones de personas que viven en los márgenes de la sociedad”[83]. No obstante, la puesta en práctica de esta noble idea muchas veces se reduce a su significado más técnico, por ejemplo construir viviendas utilizando normas de resistencia a las inundaciones y los sismos[84].", "52. En cambio, algunos proyectos de reconstrucción en todo el mundo han intentado considerar el proceso de reconstrucción “una oportunidad para promover un proceso de desarrollo local”, sin limitarse a restablecer las condiciones anteriores al desastre y con la participación de la comunidad como factor esencial a este respecto[85].", "B. Abordar el contexto más amplio en las iniciativas de socorro y recuperación", "53. Como ya se mencionó, el terremoto de Haití puso de manifiesto las condiciones de vivienda en gran medida inadecuadas y la tenencia precaria e insegura de los asentamientos informales. La comunidad internacional, por centrarse en las personas desplazadas en los campamentos y ofrecer condiciones mejores a las que tenían muchos haitianos, convirtió de manera involuntaria a los campamentos en lugares deseables. Mientras no haya una reconstrucción sistemática acompañada del suministro de servicios en los barrios de regreso, las familias pobres tienen pocas razones para dejar los campamentos en los que la vivienda y los servicios son gratuitos. Aunque comprensible desde la perspectiva de una emergencia, un enfoque que se limita a la difícil situación de los desplazados internos y a las soluciones temporales, en medio de un contexto socioeconómico y de tenencia complicado, se convierte en un obstáculo a la recuperación de largo plazo y, en algunos casos, puede llevar a otros problemas de desarrollo[86]. Probablemente estas situaciones sean cada vez más frecuentes, junto con el aumento de la urbanización, muchas veces no planificado (véase A/64/255, párrs. 13 a 21).", "54. La situación en Haití también es un ejemplo del problema que enfrenta la justificación básica de la reconstrucción y la restitución de la propiedad: en contextos caracterizados por la pobreza masiva y condiciones de vida y de vivienda particularmente inadecuadas, la pregunta sigue siendo si el objetivo final de la reconstrucción debería ser suministrar viviendas de calidad para las personas que perdieron sus viviendas en el desastre. En cambio, la Relatora Especial cree que las intervenciones deben orientarse a realizar gradualmente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada para todos. En Haití, la reconstrucción y la recuperación guardan menos relación con la construcción de nuevas casas para las personas afectadas directamente por el desastre que con la mejora de las condiciones generales de vida y vivienda en los asentamientos no planificados y sin servicios en que repercutió el terremoto. Así pues, el enfoque debería centrase en los asentamientos y las comunidades, no en las construcciones individuales, y en el objetivo de crear lugares en los que la población pueda tener un nivel de vida adecuado.", "55. La planificación del uso de la tierra después de un desastre puede ser un instrumento poderoso para suministrar tanto una referencia para la reconstrucción como una base jurídica para la adopción de medidas inmediatamente después del desastre. La zonificación posterior a un desastre puede reconocer los asentamientos existentes, allanando el camino para las inversiones en infraestructura y la mejora de los asentamientos hasta ahora no planificados y sin servicios con el objeto de facilitar el regreso y la reconstrucción.", "56. Desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos, las inversiones en la mejora de los asentamientos caracterizados por condiciones de vida sumamente inadecuadas como parte de la respuesta a los desastres no solo son legítimas sino también indispensables, siempre que tengan en cuenta las obligaciones de no discriminación y atención a los más vulnerables. Además, por razones de principios y pragmáticas, en algunos contextos sería importante abordar la situación desde una perspectiva de más largo plazo. En el contexto de Haití esto significa centrarse en mejorar las condiciones en los asentamientos que no sufrieron daños en el desastre (siempre que no estén en zonas propensas a los desastres), pero que tienen las mismas características urbanas y de vulnerabilidad que los asentamientos afectados directamente.", "C. Desconexión entre la emergencia y la recuperación de largo plazo", "57. Los ejemplos mencionados ilustran también la desconexión que hay entre la fase de emergencia y la recuperación de largo plazo, así como las dificultades con que se enfrenta la comunidad internacional, en muchos contextos, para gestionar la transición de una a la otra[87].", "58. Centrarse en los beneficiarios individuales y en los suministros, como alimentos, alojamiento y kits sanitarios, como meta en sí misma podría constituir un desvío de la responsabilidad fundamental de respetar, proteger y satisfacer los derechos (a la vivienda, el agua y la salud, por ejemplo), y del requisito de pensar a largo plazo. En Haití se informó de que en la respuesta de la comunidad internacional habían predominado las necesidades inmediatas y, en consecuencia, las promesas concretas de apoyo a las necesidades de vivienda permanente habían sido menos importantes[88]. El grupo temático del alojamiento en Haití del Comité Permanente entre Organismos reconoció el riesgo de que las medidas de emergencia institucionalizaran los campamentos y consumieran los escasos recursos disponibles a expensas de soluciones más duraderas o permanentes.", "59. Del mismo modo, la construcción masiva de albergues temporales podría no ser necesaria ni adecuada, y en algunos casos tal vez obstaculizara las soluciones duraderas, como en los entornos urbanos de alta densidad en que podría impedirse a las personas construir cada vez más viviendas permanentes debido a la falta de espacio. Sin desearlo, la producción de estos albergues podría desviar recursos de la reconstrucción de viviendas y barrios permanentes, en un contexto de atención y corrientes de asistencia menores con el correr del tiempo[89]. Así pues, lamentablemente es común que algunas personas sigan viviendo en albergues temporales muchos años después de un desastre (véase A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, párr. 31). Los Estados y las organizaciones internacionales no deberían aceptar automáticamente el supuesto de que se necesitan albergues temporales, sin examinar la posibilidad de prestar apoyo a otras soluciones.", "60. Se han formulado muchos llamamientos a un enfoque integrado para garantizar la continuidad de la asistencia entre el socorro y la recuperación. En el informe anterior (A/HRC/16/42) al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, la Relatora Especial analizó algunas de las cuestiones de financiación relacionadas con esta cuestión. Desea alentar a los donantes a prestar apoyo a la recuperación y las soluciones duraderas en las etapas más tempranas posibles y a contribuir a la continuidad de la asistencia, entre otras cosas mediante financiación flexible que la haga posible.", "VII. Conclusión", "Un enfoque para la respuesta a los desastres que incorpore deliberada e integralmente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "61. Incorporar deliberada e integralmente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada en la respuesta a los desastres tiene repercusiones amplias. No obstante, en la práctica el derecho a una vivienda adecuada y su aplicación en la respuesta a los desastres se ha limitado a algunos aspectos del derecho, en particular aquellos relacionados con las estructuras físicas y la propiedad privada individual. En algunos casos las iniciativas de reconstrucción y recuperación, por omisión o comisión, han tenido efectos perjudiciales en las víctimas de los desastres y en su disfrute del derecho a una vivienda adecuada.", "62. A juicio de la Relatora Especial, los esfuerzos amplios para realizar el derecho a una vivienda adecuada en las iniciativas de reconstrucción no son solo una obligación, sino también una oportunidad. Si bien la respuesta a un desastre no reemplazará las iniciativas de desarrollo, ni debería hacerlo, brinda la oportunidad de reparar las desigualdades que exacerbaron o revelaron los efectos del desastre natural, y de contribuir a los esfuerzos por realizar gradualmente el derecho a una vivienda adecuada para todos, en particular mejorando la seguridad de la tenencia.", "63. Las recomendaciones que figuran a continuación describen los elementos principales de un enfoque para la respuesta a los desastres basado plenamente en el derecho a una vivienda adecuada. El propósito de estas recomendaciones es complementar la orientación existente en cuanto a la protección y la realización de este derecho. A menos que se indique lo contrario, se dirigen tanto a los gobiernos como a los donantes y las organizaciones internacionales. Por último, se formulan algunas recomendaciones relativas al seguimiento, teniendo en cuenta que este marco solo contiene principios generales que deben seguir perfeccionándose y poniéndose en práctica.", "VIII. Recomendaciones", "64. La Relatora Especial formula las recomendaciones siguientes:", "A. Marco general: respuesta a los desastres basada en el derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "Principios generales", "1. Derecho a una vivienda adecuada", "En todas las fases de la respuesta a los desastres se debería respetar y proteger el derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Este derecho debería entenderse como el derecho a vivir en condiciones de seguridad, y consideradas adecuadas en materia de seguridad de la tenencia; disponibilidad de servicios, materiales, instalaciones e infraestructura; gastos soportables; habitabilidad; asequibilidad; lugar; y adecuación cultural.", "2. Seguridad de la tenencia", "Debería reconocerse por igual a las múltiples formas de tenencia y garantizarse la seguridad de la tenencia para todos después de un desastre.", "3. Participación", "• Todos los grupos y personas afectados deberían tener acceso a la información y poder participar de manera significativa en la planificación y ejecución de las distintas etapas de la respuesta a los desastres.", "• En particular, todos los grupos y personas afectados deberían tener la oportunidad de participar en la identificación y determinación de los derechos de tenencia; la elección de programas de alojamientos provisionales y viviendas permanentes, y su planificación y puesta en práctica, y de soluciones duraderas (regreso, integración local, reasentamiento); y las decisiones sobre la planificación y las restricciones del uso de la tierra.", "• Debe garantizarse la participación de las mujeres.", "4. No discriminación y vulnerabilidad", "• En la evaluación de las necesidades después de un desastre (tanto de emergencia como de recuperación) deberían determinarse las desigualdades y vulnerabilidades que había antes del desastre, basadas en la raza, la condición socioeconómica, la tenencia, el género o todo otro motivo pertinente.", "• En los planes de recuperación deberían incluirse programas concebidos para abordar específicamente las desigualdades detectadas.", "• Deberían adoptarse medidas especiales para corregir la discriminación y garantizar la realización del derecho a una vivienda adecuada de los grupos más desfavorecidos, en particular con medidas destinadas a fortalecer la seguridad de la tenencia de los que tienen una situación insegura y/o por medio de la asignación de prioridad a la reconstrucción de viviendas y la provisión de alojamiento alternativo, como viviendas sociales o públicas, para los más vulnerables.", "Principios operacionales", "1. Igualdad de derechos en materia de alojamiento y vivienda", "• Todas las personas afectadas, independientemente de su condición en cuanto a la tenencia antes del desastre, deberían tener el mismo derecho al alojamiento en las fases de emergencia y transición.", "• El alojamiento y la vivienda deben cumplir los requisitos exigidos por las normas internacionales de derechos humanos[90].", "2. No hacer daño", "No debería causarse daño a otros, ni estos deberían causarlo, en lo que se refiere al respeto y la protección del derecho a una vivienda adecuada, incluida la seguridad de la tenencia:", "• Deberían protegerse los registros de la tierra, la vivienda y la identidad existentes.", "• Deberían protegerse las viviendas, la tierra y la propiedad de nuevos daños o destrucción.", "• Los Estados deben prohibir y sancionar por igual los desalojos forzados por el Gobierno o agentes privados.", "• Las reglamentaciones de salud y seguridad y las medidas de reducción del riesgo de desastres, que podrían disponer restricciones al uso de la tierra o a las viviendas, deben estar sujetas a las normas de derechos humanos; deben evaluarse sus repercusiones en los derechos humanos de las personas y las comunidades; y los derechos a la información y la participación deben mantenerse en todas las circunstancias.", "• Deben realizarse esfuerzos por garantizar que la asistencia humanitaria y para la vivienda, así como las leyes, los mecanismos y las instituciones relacionados con la restitución que surjan después de un desastre no discriminen por razones de condición en cuanto a la tenencia, intencionalmente o por defecto.", "3. Tenencia de “propietarios informales”", "Deberían respetarse los derechos de tenencia de los “propietarios informales”, es decir los que no poseen una propiedad individual registrada formalmente:", "• Deberían evaluarse y registrarse todos los derechos de tenencia anteriores al desastre, incluso en las evaluaciones de los daños del desastre y de las necesidades.", "• En los contextos en que no se registran formalmente la propiedad y la titularidad, los mecanismos acelerados para determinar los derechos de tenencia, en particular los procesos encabezados por la comunidad (enumeración comunitaria), deberían considerarse un elemento esencial y un requisito previo de la ejecución de programas de restitución, reconstrucción y recuperación.", "• La restitución de la vivienda y la propiedad debe entenderse como el reconocimiento y la restitución de los derechos de tenencia a la vivienda o la tierra.", "• Para las personas cuya tenencia es insegura, las medidas deberían destinarse a fortalecer la seguridad de esa tenencia, por ejemplo otorgándoles derechos a la vivienda o la tierra en sus lugares de origen, de forma inmediata o gradual. Cuando las personas afectadas no desean la restitución o el regreso o estos no son posibles porque la tierra desapareció o por razones imperiosas de seguridad que impiden el regreso, debe otorgárseles otra vivienda o tierras en una nueva ubicación.", "• Deben adoptarse medidas para respaldar la restitución de una vivienda adecuada o tierras o el acceso a otras alternativas a todos los propietarios informales, centrándose especialmente en los más vulnerables.", "4. Contexto de los programas de socorro y recuperación", "Los programas de socorro y recuperación deberían abordarse en el contexto general de la vivienda (en una zona, ciudad o país):", "• En la evaluación de las necesidades después de un desastre deberían identificarse los principales obstáculos que habían antes del desastre para la realización del derecho a una vivienda adecuada, así como las repercusiones de la situación anterior al desastre en las soluciones duraderas y el proceso de recuperación.", "• Debería abordarse la situación de la vivienda en sentido más amplio, incluidos los asentamientos no planificados y sin servicios, por medio de programas concretos, junto con programas de respuesta al desastre y centrándose en las poblaciones más vulnerables.", "5. Reconstrucción de las comunidades", "Se deberían reconstruir o restablecer las comunidades y los asentamientos, no solo las viviendas:", "• La reconstrucción debería aplicarse no solo a las estructuras físicas sino que también debería incluir o priorizar, según proceda y de conformidad con las necesidades y solicitudes de las personas afectadas, la reconstrucción o el establecimiento de infraestructura y servicios básicos y la mejora de los asentamientos.", "• Se deberían preservar y respaldar deliberadamente las estructuras y redes comunitarias, en la medida en que respeten las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, entre otras cosas, en materia de igualdad de género.", "6. Cumplimiento de las normas internacionales", "Si el regreso no es posible porque la tierra desapareció o hay razones objetivas de seguridad que lo impiden, o si las personas o grupos afectados no desean regresar, las condiciones de reasentamiento e integración local deben cumplir las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y las directrices relativas a una vivienda adecuada, los desalojos y el desplazamiento.", "7. Legislación sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastres", "Los Estados deben promulgar legislación sobre la reducción del riesgo de desastres que respete el derecho a una vivienda adecuada. Debe prestarse atención especial a las personas que podrían ser objeto de discriminación y exclusión, entre otras cosas por su situación en cuanto a la tenencia, y se deben adoptar medidas para protegerlas.", "B. Recomendaciones relativas al seguimiento", "1. Los organismos y mecanismos de las Naciones Unidas, el Comité Permanente entre Organismos o las organizaciones que son miembros de algunos de estos o cooperan con estos, deberían considerar la posibilidad de realizar otros estudios sobre la integración práctica del derecho a una vivienda adecuada en la respuesta a los desastres, utilizando como punto de partida el marco propuesto por la Relatora Especial.", "2. Se debería seguir trabajando en:", "• Los mecanismos de apoyo a la determinación acelerada de los derechos de tenencia, incluida la elaboración de mapas y la enumeración comunitarios, extrayendo lecciones de las prácticas existentes para asesorar sobre sus características esenciales y su aplicación en situaciones después de los desastres.", "• Las medidas jurídicas y prácticas necesarias en situaciones posteriores a los desastres para prestar apoyo a todas las personas que no son dueñas individuales de propiedades registradas formalmente.", "• Los instrumentos y herramientas de planificación territorial y uso de la tierra y su potencial para suministrar una base técnica y jurídica para los programas de regreso y reconstrucción.", "• El acceso al uso y el control de la tierra en situaciones de desastres naturales, incluidas las condiciones para la confiscación y adquisición de tierras destinadas al alojamiento o asentamiento.", "3. Al examinar los informes de los Estados y las visitas a los países, los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas deberían evaluar el disfrute de los derechos humanos específicos en las situaciones de desastres naturales y formular recomendaciones al respecto, así como el grado en que las iniciativas de prevención, socorro y recuperación de desastres contribuyen a su disfrute.", "[1] International Disaster Database, http://www.emdat.be.", "[2] Sin embargo, el presente informe se nutre de ejemplos de situaciones posteriores a un conflicto cuando estos son pertinentes y aplicables a las situaciones posteriores a un desastre y cuando no se dispone de ejemplos documentados en situaciones de desastre.", "[3] La Relatora Especial reitera su agradecimiento a la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos, que facilitaron su visita.", "[4] Se ha prestado más atención a los problemas relativos a los derechos humanos en situaciones de conflicto o posteriores a los conflictos y se ha seguido trabajando más sobre las normas pertinentes, que sobre los relativos a las situaciones posteriores a los desastres. Además de las normas que se analizan en este informe, las respuestas posteriores a los conflictos también se orientarían por el derecho internacional humanitario, el derecho internacional de los refugiados y las normas internacionales sobre la interposición de recursos y la obtención de reparaciones.", "[5] Véase Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general núm. 4, sobre el derecho a una vivienda adecuada.", "[6] Véase Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general núm. 7, sobre desalojos forzosos; véase también Principios básicos y directrices sobre los desalojos y el desplazamiento generados por el desarrollo (A/HRC/4/18, anexo 1).", "[7] La participación se analizó en el informe anterior presentado al Consejo de Derechos Humanos. En la sección III del presente informe se examina la no discriminación.", "[8] Por ejemplo, en las Directrices operacionales sobre la protección de las personas en situaciones de desastres naturales del Comité Permanente entre Organismos se hace referencia a una vivienda adecuada en la sección C.2.1, pero no en otras disposiciones posiblemente pertinentes.", "[9] Véase Erica Harper, International Law and Standards Applicable in Natural Disaster Situations (Roma, Organización Internacional para el Derecho del Desarrollo, 2009).", "[10] El Representante del Secretario General sobre los derechos humanos de los desplazados internos es una de las excepciones. Véanse las observaciones de los órganos de tratados y procedimientos especiales de las Naciones Unidas, Índice Universal de los Derechos Humanos, http://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/es/index.html.", "[11] La base de datos mundial sobre los Principios Rectores es un ejemplo de su amplio reconocimiento. Véase http://www.idpguidingprinciples.org/", "[12] La versión original se publicó por primera vez en 2006 y la versión revisada en 2011.", "[13] Principios Rectores de los Desplazamientos Internos, principio 28; Directrices operacionales sobre la protección de las personas en situaciones de desastres naturales del Comité Permanente entre Organismos, D.2.2, D.2.3.", "[14] Subcomisión de Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos, resolución 2005/21.", "[15] Principio 2.2. Véase también el debate aparentemente no resuelto respecto de si hay un derecho independiente a la restitución del patrimonio en virtud del derecho internacional: Malcolm Langford y Khulekani Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric? Land Restitution in International Law”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 28, núm. 2 (2010). No obstante, a los fines del presente informe, la Relatora Especial sostiene que el derecho a la restitución del patrimonio es un elemento esencial del derecho a la interposición de recursos y la obtención de reparaciones y del derecho de los refugiados y los desplazados internos a regresar a sus lugares de origen y residencia habitual.", "[16] Harper, International Law, capítulo 4 (véase la nota de pie de página 9).", "[17] Principio 1. Véase, entre otros, Charles Gould, “The Right to housing recovery after natural disasters”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 22 (2009); Rebecca Barber, “Protecting the right to housing in the aftermath of natural disaster: standards in international human rights law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 20, núm. 3 (2008).", "[18] Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Budayeva y otros c. Rusia, 29 de septiembre de 2008; Tribunal Supremo del Pakistán, causa de la Comisión sobre Inundaciones, 7 de junio de 2011; puede consultarse en http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=735 (consultado el 24 de julio de 2011).", "[19] Véase la resolución 64/200 de la Asamblea General.", "[20] Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general núm. 3, sobre la índole de las obligaciones de los Estados partes, art. 2 1) del Pacto. Véanse también las observaciones finales del Comité de los Derechos del Niño respecto de los desastres, por ejemplo CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2 y CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4.", "[21] Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, artículo 1 4); Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, artículo 4.", "[22] Por lo menos el 84% de la población pobre era afroamericana. The Brookings Institution, “New Orleans after the storm: lessons from the past, a plan for the future” (2005), pág. 6.", "[23] Ibid., pág. 13.", "[24] Elizabeth Ferris y Daniel Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously: A Review of Natural Disasters in 2010 (Londres, The Brookings Institution – London School of Economics, 2011), pág. 19. La Relatora Especial agradece la información recibida del Gobierno de Colombia sobre las distintas medidas adoptadas para abordar los efectos de La Niña, como el establecimiento del Fondo de Adaptación para que se ocupara de determinar y gestionar los proyectos destinados a formular soluciones duraderas, incluidas estrategias de mitigación y prevención.", "[25] Gobierno del Pakistán, Banco Asiático de Desarrollo y Banco Mundial, Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, pág. 68; Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, 2010-2011: Rapid Assessment and Policy Review (Oxford, Oxfam Reino Unido, 2011). La Relatora Especial reconoce la magnitud del desafío a que hizo frente el Gobierno y sus esfuerzos por gestionar las actividades de socorro y recuperación, en particular la puesta en práctica del programa de tarjetas Watan, que al no discriminar entre propietarios y no propietarios de tierra, alentaba a todos a regresar a sus hogares.", "[26] Se estima que antes del terremoto, el 80% de la población de Puerto Príncipe vivía en asentamientos humanos informales en solo el 20% de la tierra.", "[27] Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, matriz de seguimiento de desplazados, mayo de 2011.", "[28] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, pág. 3 (véase la nota de pie de página 25).", "[29] John Telford y John Cosgrove, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report (Londres, Coalición para la Evaluación del Tsunami, 2006), pág. 104.", "[30] Michael Lyons y Theo Shilderman, eds. Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing Reconstruction at Scale (Londres, Practical Action, 2010) (respecto de las comunidades de Sri Lanka); ActionAid, “Tsunami response: a human rights assessment” (2006), págs. 43 a 47.", "[31] Después del huracán Katrina, las mujeres se vieron especialmente afectadas por la falta de viviendas públicas o con gastos soportables, dado que antes de la tormenta eran jefas de hogar de la mayor parte de las viviendas públicas o subvencionadas con vales. Véase Ferris y Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously (véase la nota de pie de página 24).", "[32] Véase World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks after Natural Disasters. Proceedings (Ginebra, mayo de 2011), pág. 31.", "[33] Véase el informe del Enviado Especial de las Naciones Unidas para la Recuperación después del Tsunami, William J. Clinton, Key propositions for building back better (2006); Hakan Arslan y Cassio Johnson, “Turkey: can small actors overcome the absence of state will?”, en Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing; Lyons y Shilderman, eds. (véase la nota de pie de página 30).", "[34] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, págs. 24 y 25 (véase la nota de pie de página 25); Gobierno del Pakistán y otros, Pakistan Floods 2010, anexos sobre la vivienda, la agricultura y el sector financiero (véase la nota de pie de página 25). Para un análisis de las evaluaciones de la tierra y la tenencia, véase también la sección III del presente informe.", "[35] Grupo Consultivo sobre Desalojos Forzosos, Mission report to New Orleans, 26 a 31 de julio de 2009; y A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, párr. 30. En el 90% de los barrios en que predominaba la vivienda pública habitaban afroamericanos, de los cuales el 80% eran arrendatarios en esas zonas. Véase Ferris y Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, pág. 74 (véase la nota de pie de página 24).", "[36] La Relatora Especial acoge con satisfacción la información recibida del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América sobre las medidas adoptadas por el Gobierno, en particular por el Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano, para luchar contra la discriminación en la vivienda por agentes privados y públicos y, entre otras cosas, las medidas para combatir la discriminación sistemática causada por ordenanzas restrictivas de zonificación y alquiler que discriminaban contra los afroamericanos, como las ordenanzas promulgadas por el distrito de St. Bernard después del huracán.", "[37] Oficina de Rendición de Cuentas del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, Disaster Housing: FEMA needs more detailed guidance and performance measures to help ensure effective assistance after major disasters, 2009, págs. 11 a 13; “4 Years After Katrina: Housing crisis continues, low-income renters face discrimination”, Facing South, 21 de agosto de 2009.", "[38] Ferris y Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, pág. 74 (véase la nota de pie de página 24).", "[39] Grupo Consultivo sobre Desalojos Forzosos, “Mission Report”, pág. 5 (véase la nota de pie de página 35).", "[40] En algunas circunstancias la propiedad privada podría no ser la forma más conveniente de garantizar la tenencia. Véase A/HRC/10/7.", "[41] Véanse las observaciones sobre el informe de la Relatora Especial (A/HRC/16/42/2010) en apoyo de esta postura, formuladas por las delegaciones, Consejo de Derechos Humanos, 16º período de sesiones.", "[42] La Relatora Especial señala la categorización utilizada por los organismos humanitarios de “seis opciones de tenencia”, un reconocimiento de la necesidad de abordar también otras formas de tenencia. Naciones Unidas y Shelter Centre, Shelter after Disaster (2010), pág. 107.", "[43] Langford y Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?”, págs. 148 y 149 (véase la nota de pie de página 15).", "[44] Véase también el reconocimiento de los derechos de posesión de las comunidades tradicionales e indígenas en el principio 15.3, por separado del principio 16.", "[45] Véase http://www.ohr.int/plip; Norbert Wühler y Heike Niebergall, eds., Property Restitution and Compensation: Practices and Experiences of Claims Programmes (Ginebra, Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, 2008).", "[46] Rhodri Williams, “Post-conflict property restitution in Bosnia: balancing reparations and durable solutions in the aftermath of displacement”, presentado en el Simposio Internacional sobre desplazados internos en Turquía y el extranjero de TESEV, Estambul, diciembre de 2006; Conor Foley e Ingunn Sofie Aursnes, “Land, housing and property restitution after conflict: principles and practice”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine (2005), pág. 2; y Consejo Noruego para los Refugiados sobre el tribunal especial de restitución de la propiedad del Afganistán, 2005.", "[47] Oficina del Presidente, Ley de restitución de los derechos sobre las tierras (Ley núm. 22 de 1994), capítulo I 1) xi; Comité Permanente entre Organismos, Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons (Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 2010), pág. 35.", "[48] Véanse también los principios 8 y 15.2; E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1, párr. 62; y Langford y Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?” (véase la nota de pie de página 15).", "[49] Incluidas las situaciones en que los derechos de tenencia se basan solo en el uso o en las que la restitución es materialmente imposible, como en el caso en que los arrendatarios no pueden retornar a sus lugares de residencia o los sitios originales han desaparecido o han sido declarados non-aedificandi después del desastre.", "[50] Es importante destacar que el derecho de tenencia de una persona no depende de que vuelva a ocupar el antiguo lugar de residencia habitual.", "[51] Coalición para la Evaluación del Tsunami, “Haiti shelter sector assessment: one year after the earthquake” (abril de 2011), pág. 12.", "[52] Telford y Cosgrove, Synthesis Report, pág. 102 (véase la nota de pie de página 29 supra), y Ian Christoplos, Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: a Synthesis of Initial Findings (Londres, Coalición para la Evaluación del Tsunami, 2006), pág. 71.", "[53] Respecto de Haití, se observó que “un enfoque estricto de reemplazo de activos en relación con la provisión de viviendas y el apuro por confirmar los derechos de propiedad … no serán adecuados para satisfacer las necesidades de vivienda de la mayoría de la población afectada que son arrendatarios u ocupantes ilegales y no propietarios”. La propuesta de emprender rápidamente la puesta en marcha de un catastro se consideró inapropiada, pues posiblemente “reforzaría los sesgos hacia los propietarios formales más establecidos y poderosos que poseían documentación”. Kate Crawford y otros, “Coordination and the tenure puzzle in Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, núm. 48 (2010), pág. 8.", "[54] Observaciones recibidas en relación con un borrador anterior de este informe. Del mismo modo, el Gobierno de Timor-Leste eligió un marco de largo plazo para abordar las cuestiones relativas a la tierra. Observaciones formuladas por Timor-Leste respecto del informe de la Relatora Especial (A/HRC/16/42), 8 de marzo de 2011.", "[55] Los mecanismos formales especiales también requieren recursos y tiempo. Véase Kosovo Property Agency annual report, 2010.", "[56] Conferencia Internacional sobre la Región de los Grandes Lagos, Protocolo sobre los derechos de propiedad de las personas que regresan (Protocolo de los Grandes Lagos), 2006, artículo 4.", "[57] Protocolo de los Grandes Lagos, artículo 4 3).", "[58] Véase A/HRC/16/42, párrs. 44 y 45 (sobre Timor-Leste); y Foley y Aursnes, “Land, housing and property” (véase la nota de pie de página 46).", "[59] Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat), Count Me In: Surveying for Tenure Security and Urban Land Management (Nairobi, 2010).", "[60] Ibid., (sobre Aceh (Indonesia)), págs. 79 a 83; y Harper, International Law, pág. 209 (véase la nota de pie de página 9).", "[61] Véase World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, págs. 33 y 34 (véase la nota de pie de página 32).", "[62] Oli Brown y Alec Crawford, “Addressing land ownership after natural disasters: an agency survey”, 2006, pág. 6; y Human Rights Watch, “After the deluge: India’s reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami”, pág. 41. Posteriormente se dejaron de lado algunas de las restricciones más importantes.", "[63] Tourism Concern, “Post-tsunami reconstruction and tourism: a second disaster?”, 2005.", "[64] ActionAid, “Tsunami response”, págs. 17 y 18 (véase la nota de pie de página 30); Malcolm Langford y Jean du Plessis, “Dignity in the rubble? Forced evictions and human rights law”; y Brown y Crawford, “Addressing land ownership” (véase la nota de pie de página 62).", "[65] Julia Cass y Peter Whoriskey, “New Orleans to raze public housing”, Washington Post, 8 de diciembre de 2006.", "[66] Amnesty International, “UN-natural disaster: human rights in the Gulf coast”, 2010, pág. 6; y Grupo Consultivo sobre Desalojos Forzosos, Mission Report, págs. 5 y 28 a 32 (véase la nota de pie de página 35).", "[67] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, párr. 30. La Relatora Especial acoge con satisfacción la información recibida del Gobierno, así como el hecho de que gracias a una combinación de políticas de vivienda, en Nueva Orleáns ahora hay más beneficiarios de subvenciones para la vivienda que antes del huracán Katrina.", "[68] Informe de 2011 sobre el terremoto y tsunami del 27 de febrero de 2010 y el proceso de reconstrucción en Chile preparado para la Relatora Especial sobre una vivienda adecuada por la Coalición Internacional para el Hábitat, Hábitat para la Humanidad Internacional, el Instituto de la Vivienda de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo y el Observatorio de la Reconstrucción de la Universidad de Chile, “Sur Maule”, “Let’s build” y redes de observatorios y vivienda.", "[69] Ibid.", "[70] Ibid.; véase también A/HRC/13/20/Add.3, párr. 25.", "[71] Véase como contraste el éxito de los enfoques de reconstrucción impulsados por los propietarios. “World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks”, págs. 25 a 27 (véase la nota de pie de página 32 supra).", "[72] Malcolm Langford, “The right to return and resettlement after the tsunami disaster”, Disaster Brief, vol. 2 2) (julio a septiembre de 2005). La expresión “desalojos por presiones” se utiliza en algunos países para describir las acciones u omisiones de un arrendador que determinan que un sitio no sea habitable o apto para el uso previsto en el contrato de alquiler.", "[73] Véase Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, Observación general núm. 7; la resolución 60/147 de la Asamblea General, titulada Principios y directrices básicos sobre el derecho de las víctimas de violaciones manifiestas de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos y de violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario a interponer recursos y obtener reparaciones; y los principios de Pinheiro.", "[74] Observación general núm. 7, párr. 16; Directrices operacionales sobre la protección de las personas en situaciones de desastres naturales del Comité Permanente entre Organismos, C.2.4, C.2.5.", "[75] Comité de Derechos Humanos, Observación general núm. 27 relativa a la libertad de circulación.", "[76] “Protection of internally displaced persons in natural disasters: a working visit to Asia by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons”,Walter Kälin, 2005, pág. 22.", "[77] Langford, “The right to return and resettlement” (véase la nota de pie de página 72).", "[78] Banco Mundial, Hazards of nature, risks to development: an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters (Washington, D.C., 2006); Sistema de aprendizaje activo para la rendición de cuentas y el logro de resultados en la asistencia humanitaria, Responding to earthquakes, 2008: learning from earthquake relief and recovery.", "[79] Comité Permanente entre Organismos, Framework on Durable Solutions (véase la nota de pie de página 47). Pueden extraerse lecciones de las buenas prácticas de desarrollo en materia de reasentamientos, por ejemplo Michael Cernea y Christopher McDowell, eds., Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees (Washington, D.C., Banco Mundial, 2000).", "[80] Véase, por ejemplo, en relación con la construcción de viviendas en Indonesia, Lyons y Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, pág. 157 (véase la nota de pie de página 30).", "[81] Megan Ballard, “Post-conflict property restitution: flawed legal and theoretical foundations”, Berkeley Journal of International Law 462 (2010) (en relación con Bosnia y Herzegovina).", "[82] Enviado Especial de las Naciones Unidas para la Recuperación después del Tsunami, Key propositions for building back better (véase la nota de pie de página 33).", "[83] Gobierno del Pakistán, Banco Asiático de Desarrollo y Banco Mundial, Pakistan Floods, pág. 7 (véase la nota de pie de página 25).", "[84] Ibid., págs. 22 y 94.", "[85] Véanse por ejemplo algunos proyectos en el Perú: Lyons y Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, págs. 307 a 344 (véase la nota de pie de página 30).", "[86] El caso del Campamento Corail, en las afueras de Puerto Príncipe, es una prueba de este tipo de dificultades. Previsto como campamento temporal para los desplazados que vivían en las zonas de mayor riesgo, ha atraído a personas de todas partes y en pocos meses se transformó en un nuevo asentamiento informal, que a mayo de 2011 tenía por lo menos entre 50.000 y 60.000 residentes.", "[87] John Holmes, “Learning the lessons of Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange, núm. 48 (octubre de 2010), pág. 3.", "[88] Estrategia de los Estados Unidos de América denominada “Post-earthquake U.S. Government Haiti strategy: towards renewal and economic opportunity” (2011).", "[89] En Haití un albergue temporal cuesta en promedio 2.500 dólares de los EE.UU., en tanto se estima que el costo más bajo de una vivienda permanente ronda los 3.500 dólares.", "[90] Véase el principio general núm. 1." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Right to adequate housing", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Ms. Raquel Rolnik, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/8, paragraph 2 (h).", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living", "Summary", "The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster settings. The report assesses human rights standards and guidelines relevant to an approach to disaster response based on the right to adequate housing and discusses some existing limitations. It elaborates upon key challenges relating to the protection and realization of the right in disaster response: inattention to or discrimination against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups; the overemphasis on individual property ownership and the associated difficulty to recognize and address the multiplicity of tenure forms equally in restitution and recovery programmes; the risks of approaching post-disaster reconstruction predominantly as a business or development opportunity that benefits only a few; and limitations in existing frameworks for reconstruction and recovery. The report concludes by outlining the fundamentals of an approach to disaster response that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to adequate housing.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Assessment 4 of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural \ndisasters III. Discrimination 7 and vulnerability: compounding factors in the impacts on and responses to \ndisasters A. Disadvantaged 7 groups most affected by \ndisasters B.Neglect 8 and discrimination made visible by \ndisasters C.Recovery 9 responses overlooking or discriminating against the most \nvulnerable IV.Recognizing 10 and protecting all forms of tenure equally, from restitution to durable solutions \nprogrammes A.Towards 11 an expansive notion of housing and property \nrestitution B.Recognizing 13 tenure rights in practice, for the purpose of durable \nsolutions V. Disasters 15 as opportunities — for \nwhom? A.From 15 the redevelopment of coastal areas and cities to outsourcing \nreconstruction B.Acting 17 with due diligence to protect the right to adequate \nhousing VI.Recovery 18 and durable solutions: addressing all aspects of the right to adequate \nhousing A. Undue 19 focus on houses and \nproperty B.Addressing 20 the wider context in relief and recovery \nefforts C.Disconnect 21 between emergency and long-term \nrecovery \nVII. Conclusion 21\nVIII.Recommendations 22A.General 22 framework: disaster response based on the right to adequate \nhousing B.Recommendations 25 for \nfollow-up", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster settings. It should be read in conjunction with the report submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/42), in which the Special Rapporteur discusses common issues relevant to both post-conflict and post-disaster settings.", "2. While many commonalities exist across post-conflict and post-disaster situations, some challenges are specific to the latter and require different responses. The Special Rapporteur chose to focus on disasters, in the light of the increasing prevalence of disasters worldwide that have more devastating effects than ever before,[1] the likelihood that this trend will continue as a result of climate change, rapid urbanization and population growth, and the comparatively fewer experiences and guidelines available to address issues related to the right to adequate housing in the wake of disasters, compared to post-conflict settings.[2] The Special Rapporteur also had the opportunity to conduct a working visit to Haiti (8-11 June 2011) to assess reconstruction and relief efforts in the wake of the earthquake of January 2010, which greatly informed her thinking for the present report and highlighted the need to focus on disasters.[3]", "3. Taking an approach to post-disaster and recovery-based reconstruction on the right to adequate housing has significant implications. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that disaster relief and recovery efforts have so far, with notable exceptions, taken a narrow view of what constitutes the right to adequate housing, on some occasions leading to violations of the right. Section I of the present report assesses relevant standards. Sections II to V elaborate upon key challenges. The report concludes by outlining the fundamentals of an approach to disaster response that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to adequate housing and provides recommendations for follow-up measures.", "II. Assessment of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural disasters", "4. While there are a number of standards and guidelines relevant to ensuring the right to adequate housing in post-disaster situations, they are often understood and applied in a fragmented manner.[4] There are other more specific limitations too, as will be discussed.", "5. The right to adequate housing is most clearly recognized by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (article 11). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights underlined the importance of interpreting the right in broad terms, identifying seven aspects of the right that States must progressively realize: security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy.[5] All the aspects and safeguards pertaining to eviction and resettlement derived from the right[6] are relevant to disaster response, as are the human rights principles of participation and non-discrimination and equality.[7]", "6. However, existing guidance with respect to disaster situations has given little attention to the right to adequate housing. When reference to the right is made it is limited, with the right narrowed down to the need to provide shelter, housing or to aspects related to protection.[8] The few attempts to discuss the right in a more comprehensive manner have remained at the level of an individual organization’s guidance and not in the form of authoritative policies of broad application.[9] Equally, United Nations human rights mechanisms have, with notable exceptions, not addressed the specificities of disaster situations and their impacts on the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing or other human rights, remaining at the level of generalities.[10]", "7. Instead, most initiatives to address disasters from a human rights perspective have taken place with respect to specific groups, notably internally displaced persons and refugees. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are essential in this regard. They have been recognized as a significant international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons in both post-conflict and post-disaster situations.[11] While attention was at first geared to the protection of internally displaced persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, in recent years policy and operational guidelines have also been developed with respect to natural disasters, expanding the scope of application to all persons affected by disasters, including but not limited to internally displaced persons. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines) is an important document in this regard.[12] The Guidelines and the above-mentioned Guiding Principles recognize the right of persons displaced by conflict or disaster to durable solutions, namely, a return to their homes or places of habitual residence (and, as key condition for durable return, to have housing or land restored to them), relocation elsewhere or local integration.[13]", "8. The 2005 Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons[14] (“Pinheiro Principles”) go one step further by recognizing a distinct “right to restitution” (covering housing, land and/or other property) for refugees and displaced persons.[15] An important question is whether the Pinheiro Principles apply to post-disaster situations. The intention seemed to have been that they should apply, the central idea behind principle 1.2 being that people who are displaced — regardless of the reason for their displacement — are similarly situated and have a right to return to their places of habitual residence and thereby to restitution. On that basis, some interpret the Principles as applicable to all situations of natural disaster.[16] However, others point out that the Principles are explicitly limited to the “arbitrary or unlawful deprivation” of people’s former homes, land or places of habitual residence following displacement.[17]", "9. This is not to say that the Pinheiro Principles are irrelevant to natural disaster situations. First, they fully apply in actual cases of arbitrary or unlawful deprivation or destruction of housing or land occurring in post-disaster situations, including, arguably, when displaced persons are denied their right to return to their homes (see section IV below), and in cases of unreasonable State failings with respect to disaster preparedness, mitigation or early warning systems.[18] Second, taken as a specification of existing standards pertaining to the rights of displaced persons and refugees to return to their homes, the Principles provide relevant guidance on how best to manage the technical and legal issues associated with housing, land and property restitution, guidance which has since been reflected to varying degrees in policy and practice.", "10. Thus, an approach to disaster response that fully integrates the right to adequate housing would combine all the above sets of standards and principles and have at its core the various elements of the right to adequate housing. The recommendations in the final section of the present report propose the integration of those standards within a consolidated, conceptual and operational framework.", "III. Discrimination and vulnerability: compounding factors in the impacts on and responses to disasters", "11. Vulnerability is widely recognized as an important element in disaster risk reduction and management.[19] The most vulnerable, such as those living in poverty or with insecure tenure, are more likely to live in disaster-prone land; they are also at greater risks of displacement and loss of livelihood in the event of a disaster; and they will recover with more difficulty from the disaster.", "12. On many occasions, vulnerability is compounded by direct or indirect discrimination, impacting on the ability of individuals and communities to protect themselves from disasters and to recover. The relevance of discrimination to disasters and disaster response may not be immediately apparent. Indeed, the term “natural disaster” could be taken as precluding responsibility, which may imply, in turn, the impossibility of discrimination. However, it is well accepted that the magnitude of impacts and distribution of losses from natural hazards are to a large extent man-made (see A/60/227). Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response are all subject to or conditioned by State action or omission, and may therefore be discriminatory.", "13. The principles of equality and non-discrimination are firmly rooted in international human rights law. Attention to non-discrimination and equality requires Governments and aid organizations to pay particular attention to vulnerabilities and inequalities in pre-disaster contexts, and, in the aftermath of disasters, to address inequalities and protect the most vulnerable. United Nations treaty bodies have noted that even in times of severe resource constraints — as is typically the case in the wake of a disaster — States have a particular obligation to protect vulnerable members of society.[20] States should also take special measures to secure for disadvantaged groups the full and equal enjoyment of their human rights.[21] In post-disaster situations, such measures might translate into special assistance to support return of the most vulnerable groups or find land/housing for landless or homeless families.", "A. Disadvantaged groups most affected by disasters", "14. When Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in 2005, African Americans and poor people (with the two categories to a large extent blurred)[22] bore the brunt of the devastation because, for the most part, they lived most often in the lower-lying, more flood-prone sections of the city. In addition large numbers of the metropolitan area’s population (being generally poor) lacked the means to escape the flood.[23] The particular impacts and costs of the hurricane were therefore intimately linked to pre‑existing social, economic and land use patterns, directly related to housing and urban planning policies.", "15. In Honduras, in the wake of Hurricane Mitch in 1998, the groups disproportionately affected included poor women, peasants and indigenous groups, many of whom had been living under insecure tenure conditions and in vulnerable areas exposed to strong winds, flooding and landslides (see A/HRC/16/42, para. 32). In Colombia, the floods throughout 2010 and into 2011 were said to have disproportionately affected those already displaced by conflict, particularly indigenous and Afro-Colombians, who tended to live in remote areas subject to violence from armed groups.[24]", "16. In the aftermath of the Pakistan floods of 2010, it was acknowledged that the poor and vulnerable bore the brunt of the catastrophe, having no assets or safety nets. Those who were displaced by the floods and lost their assets and means of livelihood consisted disproportionately of landless tenants and labourers, living in non-/semi-permanent housing.[25]", "B. Neglect and discrimination made visible by disasters", "17. The earthquake in Haiti exacerbated and made visible a hitherto relatively invisible problem, namely, the dire conditions characterizing informal settlements in which the majority of the Port-au-Prince population lived.[26] The settlements, as many others elsewhere, had been created spontaneously and had never been recognized formally by the authorities. They had no or little access to basic infrastructure and services. With the earthquake, many of the residents moved to camps, either because their homes or neighbourhoods had been destroyed or damaged, or in order to be able to receive food or medical assistance, to take part in cash-for-work programmes, to save on rent (in the case of renters) or in the hope of receiving a house.", "18. Sixteen months after the earthquake, there were still 634,000 people in over 1,000 camps. Observers noted that the camp populations were declining more slowly than in 2010, suggesting that people had nowhere else to go or had decided that however precarious their situation in the camps, it was still better than their situation of origin.[27] The earthquake thus highlighted long-entrenched patterns of discrimination and neglect. Disasters elsewhere have had similar effects.[28]", "C. Recovery responses overlooking or discriminating against the most vulnerable", "19. Recovery efforts, by overlooking or directly discriminating against some groups, can perpetuate and even reinforce pre-existing patterns of vulnerability and disadvantage. This is often the case with women. In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, it was reported that the international response on many occasions strengthened “those who were better off and/or more articulate … while marginalizing those who had few assets, notably women”.[29] Relief efforts and policies, for instance, excluded women from livelihoods assistance and on occasion directly undermined women’s pre-existing rights, such as their rights to housing or land in matrilineal communities.[30] When women also happen to have insecure tenure — as they often do because their access to housing and land frequently hinges on a relationship with a man, or because they face additional hurdles as sole head of a household, they are particularly vulnerable.[31]", "20. Disaster response appears to differ greatly according to whether it addresses the situation of individual, formally registered, property owners or that of all those with other types of tenure arrangements. It has been noted that in most housing reconstruction programmes, tenure documentation and legal proof of rights are prerequisites for establishing beneficiary eligibility, with the consequence of excluding the poorest and most vulnerable, including those residing in informal settlements with temporary or informal rights of tenure.[32] In a number of countries, displaced renters and squatters often find themselves excluded from permanent housing schemes designed to replace the assets of homeowners.[33]", "21. Similar limitations have been seen in post-disaster needs assessments. While conditions pertaining to tenure and land ownership may be discussed and recognized as important at the level of principle, they are not always addressed in policies, strategies and sectoral priorities in practice. For instance, in the disaster needs assessment carried out by international financial institutions and the Government of Pakistan following the floods, the proposed housing and reconstruction strategy made no mention of land ownership or tenure issues, but only focused on the techniques and costs of housing reconstruction. In addition, policy priorities for other sectors relevant to land, such as agriculture, were said to favour landowners.[34]", "22. Often, multiple factors of vulnerability and discrimination have a compounding effect. Post-Katrina responses by the federal and state governments in the United States generally were found lacking when it came to supporting lower-income renters — predominantly African American — and addressing the range of obstacles that prevented them from accessing affordable housing.[35] Despite a federal programme of housing vouchers, in practice, families with rent vouchers had difficulties finding rental units. Reasons included public and rental housing shortages (due to storm damage but also to subsequent decisions to massively cut down public housing), rent increases, discrimination by landowners,[36] the slow pace of rental housing construction and the decision by states in the Gulf coast to direct the bulk of federal funds towards repairing homeowner units rather than rental ones.[37] With a very limited option to rent, an important number of families were de facto denied return to their city and former homes;[38] which resulted in a rise in homelessness.[39]", "23. The above examples show how discrimination, as much as vulnerability, is a key factor bearing upon disaster impact and response. Discrimination based on tenure status highlights a broader problem, namely the reluctance or inability of Governments, international and national organizations alike to adequately recognize and protect all forms of tenure equally.", "IV. Recognizing and protecting all forms of tenure equally, from restitution to durable solutions programmes", "24. The Special Rapporteur notes the centrality of tenure security in the right to adequate housing. Tenure security does not equate to a right to private ownership,[40] nor is it limited to the conferral of formal legal titles. There is a multiplicity of legitimate tenure arrangements besides private ownership,[41] such as public or private rental accommodation, cooperative housing, lease, occupation/rent of land or property in informal settlements, and other user or occupancy rights through customary or traditional arrangements all with varying degrees of formality.[42] It follows that only a minority of victims of natural disasters may in effect have individual, formally registered, ownership rights to their housing or land.", "25. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur is concerned that policy and practice in post-disaster settings are skewed towards individual private ownership, as already shown in section III above. Section IV will focus on policy and practices pertaining to restitution and more broadly to durable solutions and reconstruction, as illustrations of the tensions between individual property ownership and other forms of tenure in practice.", "A. Towards an expansive notion of housing and property restitution", "26. The right to housing and property restitution has found its most specific elaboration in the Pinheiro Principles. At the time of their adoption, the Principles responded to an obvious need for guidance on the procedures and mechanisms necessary to facilitate property restitution. Today, as programmes for return and restitution have been applied in more diverse contexts and circumstances, it is time to reflect on the Principles and reinterpret them in the light of such practices.", "27. The Principles, in their specific formulation and the mechanisms suggested to determine claims over property or land, are not entirely clear on the recognition of all forms of tenure rights. While some take an expansive view of the Principles,[43] others have criticized them as being overly focused on individual property ownership and contexts of formal and registered claims. By referring “the rights of tenants and other non-owners” in a separate provision (principle 16), the Principles may be seen to question whether these are on an equal footing with individual property owners. Equally, the call in the same principle for mechanisms of property restitution to recognize, “to the maximum extent possible”, those with rights to housing and land other than formal ownership needs clarification, although it could be seen as a practical suggestion rather than implying limitations to the entitlements of non-owners.[44]", "28. The Principles must also be read against the particular context in which they were developed. While drawing on a number of sources, they were shaped by the experience of formal restitution mechanisms operating at the time, in particular in Bosnia and Herzegovina — a context of largely formal registration of private property and of what Yugoslav law called “socially-owned” apartments.[45] The restitution mechanism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, like others, has been criticized for doing little for those who did not own property or did not have recognized formal titles to them, and for being unable to deal with complex, informal systems of tenure with a plurality of customary, state or religious laws.[46]", "29. The Special Rapporteur suggests that housing and property restitution must be understood as the restitution of any right to tenure related to housing or land prior to disaster, irrespective of tenure status or whether the land or housing is formally registered. An example of such an approach can be found in the South Africa Restitution of Land Rights Act, and in recent operational guidance on durable solutions.[47] Without pre-empting deeper discussion and clarification of their provisions, the Pinheiro Principles should be systematically viewed to embrace a wide ambit of situations and tenure rights. A number of elements in the Principles already point to an appropriately expansive conception of restitution, such as the systematic use of the term “housing, land and property” rather than only property.[48]", "30. This more expansive view of restitution is grounded in the State obligations associated with the right to adequate housing to respect and ensure tenure security for all, irrespective of the form of tenure. The approach recognizes all those who are not individual owners of formally registered property as rights-holders. While post-disaster and post-conflict needs will vary with the context, the typology of human rights duties remains the same. Property restitution should be viewed and implemented in this light.", "31. The practical implications of this expansive view of restitution as part of the right to remedy should be further examined with a view to articulating guidance on various scenarios.[49] For the purpose of the present report, however, and bearing in mind the qualified assessment of the Pinheiro Principles with respect to disaster situations (see section II above), property restitution will more often than not be a condition for return and other durable solutions, not a legal remedy. Understanding the equal legitimacy of all forms of tenure is thus not only relevant to restitution but even more so to efforts to ensure durable solutions and recovery. In such cases, States, with international organizations, must assess the tenure rights of all people affected by disasters and take measures to protect and ensure secure tenure post-disaster, whether at a former place of residence or elsewhere, should people be unable or unwilling to return.[50] Furthermore, the principle of non-discrimination and equality requires States and international organizations to prioritize assistance to those with most insecure tenure and strengthen tenure security for those with weak, ambiguous or vulnerable tenure, a responsibility often overlooked in relief and recovery efforts.", "B. Recognizing tenure rights in practice, for the purpose of durable solutions", "32. International agencies have shown reluctance to invest in places of return or relocation where land tenure is unclear and where legal and customary arrangements under which claims regarding housing or land may fall are diverse and at times conflicting. In that respect, reconstruction in urban areas might be particularly challenging since the areas they are often characterized by complicated land ownership and tenure issues.", "33. This mindset is evident among many organizations operating in Haiti. As evident in one assessment:", "The condition of land markets is chaotic and essentially lawless. Land ownership records are non-existent or ambiguous. Lack of clear title to a plot of land or written approval from a verified owner makes it difficult to supply a potential beneficiary with a new house or to support re-occupancy of prior homes.[51]", "Clearly, this has been one of the reasons for the delay in reconstruction and return in Haiti. Similarly, in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami, the promulgation of contradictory policies and restrictions on land use at various levels of government and the contention surrounding these were said to have created obstacles to international recovery work and severely undermined efforts to pursue disaster risk management.[52]", "34. Against this backdrop it is important to differentiate between two tasks. In the long term, there might be a need to formally record and strengthen ownership or tenure through legal reforms and other mechanisms such as land titling, thereby definitively resolving the ambiguous and uncertain situation in which many find themselves. In the short term, however, these means may not be the most appropriate to address reconstruction and recovery needs and to do so without reinforcing inequalities.[53] Experience also suggests the enormous challenge of attempting to deal with the full spectrum of ownership/tenure and land reform issues right after disaster or conflict. The Government of Pakistan noted that an appreciation of the social, political, technical and legal complexities of land tenure issues and the fact that those were not confined to the disaster-affected areas was essential.[54] In the short term, it remains nonetheless essential and opportune to assess pre-disaster tenure rights, through swift methods, in order to move effectively towards reconstruction and recovery in a way that ensures a minimum of tenure security to everyone and addresses some of the worse forms of inequality and insecurity.", "35. The optimal means for determining housing or land claims for the purpose of reconstruction and return will depend on the particular context, in terms of tenure or property arrangements, formality and registration, and resources. As discussed, formal administrative or judicial property restitution mechanisms might not be applicable or appropriate in a number of situations, in particular those characterized by multiple tenure arrangements.[55] The Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region offers a more comprehensive approach than the Pinheiro Principles in this regard, by providing that both administrative and traditional authorities should address property disputes, thereby acknowledging the importance of traditional and customary systems with regard to land.[56] The Protocol also envisages alternative and informal community-based mechanisms for resolving disputes, using requirements of proof of ownership based upon testimony.[57] In practice, organizations supporting return of refugees or displaced persons have often relied on customary law and traditional conflict resolution mechanisms to solve land disputes.[58] Caution must however be exercised so that women or others particularly vulnerable to discrimination are not excluded or disadvantaged in these processes.", "36. One step further are “community” or “participatory” enumeration practices. Such participatory processes have been implemented in various countries for various aims, for instance to determine and strengthen tenure rights in informal settlements or for land adjudication.[59] In the absence of land records, in case of their destruction following disaster, or in context of multiple tenure arrangements, community enumerations offer promising and flexible alternatives to identify the state of occupancy and tenure pre-disaster or pre-conflict, thus ensuring a certain level of certainty and security of tenure in informdurable solutions. Community enumeration projects were implemented in the wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami,[60] and have been started in Haiti. Lessons should be drawn from experience in defining key elements and prerequisites of successful community mapping processes, applied to post-disaster situations, including their relationship with more formal or Government-led validation or land management processes, and the need to complement them with conflict resolution mechanisms.[61]", "37. While mechanisms to assess, respect and strengthen tenure security post-disaster will differ depending on the context, they must in any event be guided by human rights principles, such as participation of affected communities and gender equality.", "V. Disasters as opportunities — for whom?", "38. It is often said that disasters, by creating a “clean slate”, offer major opportunities to launch into wide scale reforms and ambitious redevelopment. Disasters offer opportunities, but also serious risks, for the protection and promotion of human rights. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that in some cases, major redevelopment efforts, while benefiting some, have, by commission or omission, overlooked the most vulnerable and in fact violated key elements of the right to adequate housing.", "A. From the redevelopment of coastal areas and cities to outsourcing reconstruction", "39. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was seen by many as providing major opportunities for redevelopment, sometimes under the guise of public safety and disaster risk mitigation. In the tsunami’s aftermath, zones prohibiting housing reconstruction along the coast (buffer zones) were in fact introduced in a number of countries affected by the tsunami; they ranged from 100 to 500 metres and, in some cases, if implemented fully, would have required the relocation of over 100,000 houses.[62] The zones were purportedly declared to protect residents from future disasters. They also had major impacts on the livelihoods of residents, especially those who relied on the sea for a living.", "40. At the same time, ambitious plans for “redevelopment” and luxury tourism emerged, including for those coastal areas closed off to residents for safety reasons. One tourism board announced at the time that the tsunami offered an opportunity to make of its country a “world class tourism destination”.[63] It was reported that while displaced persons were prohibited from returning to their homes, the same prohibition did not apply to hotel complexes. In some places, land developers simply used the opportunity to grab land, especially from the most vulnerable communities. Luxury hotels sprang up in many coastal areas. Communities and civil society organizations complained that the creation of zones was used to arbitrarily evict poor coastal dwellers and indigenous communities to the benefit of businesses and new tourism facilities.[64]", "41. The destruction of much of the housing stock in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina was also seen as an opportunity to fundamentally change the housing and urban characteristics of the city. Notably, the four largest public housing complexes in New Orleans (the “big 4”), mostly inhabited by African Americans, were demolished to give way to planned redevelopment of mixed-income communities and other uses. Although in some cases there may have been no feasible alternatives because of the severity of the damages, the demolitions were mainly justified as essential to the city’s recovery and necessary for health and safety reasons.[65] Problematically, the planned developments were to include a small number of public housing units compared to the total available before Hurricane Katrina.[66] Their demolition was another obstacle preventing lower income residents from returning to New Orleans (see sect. III above).[67]", "42. Concerns have also been expressed over what has been called “the business of reconstruction”, whereby the planning, financing and implementation of reconstruction are outsourced to private companies. In some cases, outsourcing reconstruction without putting adequate safeguards in place has been associated with negative impacts on the adequacy and affordability of reconstruction as well as on people’s ability to participate in and benefit from reconstruction efforts. In Chile, following the earthquake and subsequent tsunami of February 2010, the private sector reportedly played a central role in the reconstruction of urban centres and coastal areas. Following one of the main principles of the national reconstruction plan, families have the choice to decide whether to rebuild their homes on the same sites of the collapsed buildings or to acquire a previously existing or a newly built house. However, as housing reconstruction was supported mainly by subsidies attached to individual property, private constructors preferred to rebuild housing in new areas on the outskirts of towns, rather than the central areas from which many people had been displaced, where land and housing prices were much higher.[68] Real estate companies were also said to pressure families to sell land and housing at very low prices in a moment where they were very vulnerable, in order to make way for private redevelopment.[69] This shows that if left only to the market, new housing for the poorest will likely be in the peripheries.", "43. Similar distortions were seen with respect to the construction market. In one case, it has been reported that in some cities a few companies were given a monopoly over construction materials, to the detriment of local small businesses, and in another, the reconstruction process led to increased prices by suppliers and construction companies, stymying individual reconstruction efforts.[70] Likewise, the outsourcing of transitional shelters by humanitarian agencies to international contractors might divert potential financial resources for displaced persons who could be supported to build their own shelter. The results in the latter instances are also less likely to be culturally appropriate.[71]", "B. Acting with due diligence to protect the right to adequate housing", "44. In the examples discussed above, post-disaster reconstruction has had negative impacts on the poorest. In the worst cases, disasters provided a clean slate and excuse for powerful actors to destroy housing or grab land, which would not have been possible in the pre-disaster context, where legal procedures would have had to be followed and affected households consulted and given access to remedies. At best, States did not adequately monitor the operation and regulation of the post-disaster housing and reconstruction markets, nor did they take measures to ensure that people retained access to affordable housing and were not in effect forced to leave their places of origin. While nothing prevents States from asking for the support of private companies in reconstruction efforts — and indeed private sector contributions can be essential to recovery — Governments must be mindful of their role to monitor private sector delivery and ensure that reconstruction does not benefit only a privileged few to the detriment of others.", "45. Such examples could be seen as “constructive forced evictions”.[72] In such cases, international standards pertaining to forced eviction or arbitrary displacement apply. When forced eviction has been proved, people should have access to remedies, including to a fair hearing, access to legal counsel and to receiving reparation, such as housing or land restitution, adequate compensation, or alternative housing/land if they so choose.[73]", "46. In cases where public security and safety concerns are legitimate and compelling, decisions over land use or housing regulations must nonetheless be subject to human rights standards — in particular the strict procedural requirements relating to the conduct of evictions, the right to redress and remedy and an opportunity for judicial review, and the economic, social and cultural rights of affected communities. Evictions should not result in individuals being rendered homeless. Where those affected are unable to provide for themselves, the State must take measures to ensure that alternative housing, resettlement or access to productive land is available.[74]", "47. Restrictive measures must also conform to the principle of proportionality.[75] This calls for a balancing act between the rights of those affected with the interests of the State in mitigating the damage and ensuring public safety.[76] With respect to tsunami prevention for instance, any regulation preventing residents from returning to beachfront areas must be shown to be the least restrictive means of achieving public safety objectives. A State would have to show that other safety measures such as warning systems or dykes are not available or effective.[77]", "48. Finally, experience with respect to land use restrictions compels consideration of a range of factors, including that resettling people involves large costs in terms of infrastructure and services and may also severely disrupt people’s livelihoods and community lives.[78] Settlement and housing patterns are not random but reflect a specific economic and social fabric that may be difficult to replicate elsewhere. Thus, both human rights standards and an assessment of the social and economic costs of displacement call for a more restrictive approach to the application of land/housing use restrictions.", "VI. Recovery and durable solutions: addressing all aspects of the right to adequate housing", "49. Beyond the more obvious protection aspects discussed above, it is important to address reconstruction from a broader view of adequate housing — including seeing housing as a social asset — and with the aim to progressively realize the right. Ensuring recovery and durable solutions, seen in this light, means rebuilding communities and neighbourhoods and ensuring an adequate standard of living, of which housing unit construction is only one part, sometimes not the most important or urgent.[79] Disasters do not take place in a vacuum: it is important to assess and address the wider housing context in which disasters take place.", "A. Undue focus on houses and property", "50. Post-disaster situations are likely to be characterized not only by massive damage to housing but also by mass displacement, disruption of social networks and relationships, damage or lack of access to basic services and loss of livelihoods, employment, assets, or land, which are all key factors that have an impact on enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. However, reconstruction and efforts to ensure durable solutions have too often focused on the most tangible aspects of housing (the physical structures). International organizations and Governments are prone to assume that housing reconstruction is the main priority for affected persons, rather than livelihoods or neighbourhood infrastructure.[80] When housing is assessed it is assessed as a technical or economic sector rather than as a human right, and the focus is on building and construction standards and materials, and on the quality of emergency and transitional shelters. In some cases the focus on property restitution has also been to the detriment of rebuilding and improving the broader social, political or economic conditions required to support sustainable return — jobs, basic services and infrastructure, and security. A commentator stated that, the “house” had become the measure of success of the return process rather than the actual welfare of the people displaced from their homes.[81]", "51. The well-known slogan, “Build Back Better”, seems to, and certainly should, aspire to address the broader living conditions of affected communities. The special envoy of the Secretary-General to the Indian Ocean tsunami noted that the financial resources, international focus and openness to political and policy reform that often characterized a post-crisis period should allow for “build back better” and break out of inequitable development patterns in a sustained way.[82] Similar calls were made to consider the Pakistan floods as “an opportunity to build back better lives and to step up to the task of bringing dignity to the millions who live on the margins of society”.[83] However, implementing this inspiring idea is often reduced to its most technical meaning, for instance building houses using flood- and seismic-resistant standards.[84]", "52. By contrast, a number of reconstruction projects worldwide have attempted to see the reconstruction process “as an opportunity to promote a local development process” rather than being limited to restoring pre-disaster conditions — the participation of communities being essential in that regard.[85]", "B. Addressing the wider context in relief and recovery efforts", "53. As mentioned above, the earthquake in Haiti highlighted the largely inadequate housing conditions and the precariousness and insecure tenure of informal settlements. The international community, by focusing on people displaced in camps, and by offering conditions superior to those enjoyed by many Haitians, inadvertently made camps attractive places. While systematic reconstruction accompanied by the provision of services in neighbourhoods of return is not forthcoming, there is thus little reason for poor families to leave the camps where housing and services are provided free of charge. Although understandable from an emergency perspective, a narrow focus on the plight of internally displaced persons and temporary solutions becomes, amidst a difficult socio-economic and tenure context, an obstacle to long-term recovery, and in some cases may result in further development problems.[86] Such situations are bound to become more frequent, with increased urbanization, much of which occurs in an unplanned manner (see A/64/255, paras. 13-21).", "54. The situation in Haiti also serves as an example of the challenges facing the basic rationale for reconstruction and property restitution: in contexts characterized by massive poverty and grossly inadequate living and housing conditions, the question remains as to whether the final goal of reconstruction should be to provide high-quality houses for those who lost their dwellings in the disaster. The Special Rapporteur believes that interventions must instead aim to progressively realize the right to adequate housing for all. In Haiti, reconstruction and recovery have less to do with the construction of new houses for individuals directly affected by the disaster than with the improvement of the overall living and housing conditions in the unplanned and unserviced settlements affected by the disaster. The approach should thus focus on settlements and communities, not individual constructions, and the aim to create places where people can have an adequate standard of living.", "55. Land use planning post-disaster can be a powerful instrument to provide both a reference for reconstruction and a legal basis for action in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. Post-disaster zoning can recognize de facto settlements, opening ground for investment in infrastructure and upgrading of hitherto unserviced and unplanned settlements in order to facilitate return and reconstruction.", "56. From a human rights perspective, investment in upgrading settlements characterized by grossly inadequate living conditions as part of disaster response is not only legitimate but also indispensable, bearing in mind the obligation of non‑discrimination and attention to the most vulnerable. Moreover, for principled and pragmatic reasons, in a number of contexts it would be important to address the situation from a longer-term perspective: in the context of Haiti, this means a focus on improving conditions in settlements not damaged by the disaster (provided they are not in disaster-prone areas) but with the same urbanistic and vulnerability characteristics as those affected by it.", "C. Disconnect between emergency and long-term recovery", "57. The above examples also illustrate the existing disconnect between the emergency phase and longer-term recovery, as well as the difficulties of the international community, in many contexts, to manage the transition from one to the other.[87]", "58. A focus on individual beneficiaries and on “deliverables” — food, shelters, health kits — as ends in themselves might divert from the fundamental responsibility to respect, protect and fulfil rights (to housing, water, health, for instance), and the requirement to think of the long term. In Haiti, it was reported that immediate needs had dominated the international community’s response and that specific pledges to support permanent housing requirements had therefore been less significant.[88] The Haiti Shelter Cluster of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee reported on the risks of institutionalizing camps and of consuming scarce resources in emergency measures at the expense of more durable permanent solutions were recognized.", "59. Similarly, the massive construction of transitional shelters might not always be required or appropriate and in some cases might impede durable solutions, such as in dense, urban settings where people might be prevented from incrementally building permanent housing due to lack of space. The production of these shelters might unintentionally divert resources from the reconstruction of permanent housing and neighbourhoods, in a context of diminishing attention and aid flows over time.[89] It is thus not uncommon, regrettably, for people to live in transitional shelters many years following a disaster (see A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 31). States and international organizations should not automatically assume the need for transitional shelters without considering whether alternative solutions can be supported.", "60. Many have made the call for an integrated approach to ensure a continuum of aid between relief and recovery. In the previous report (A/HRC/16/42) to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur discussed some of the funding issues associated with the issue. The Special Rapporteur would like to encourage donors to support durable solutions and recovery at the earliest time possible and to help to ensure a continuum of aid, including by funding that can be flexible enough to do so.", "VII. Conclusion", "An approach to disaster response deliberately and comprehensively integrating the right to adequate housing", "61. Integrating the right to adequate housing into disaster response has broad implications. In practice, however, comprehension of the right to adequate housing and its application to disaster response has been limited to only some aspects of the right, most notably linked to physical structures and individual property ownership. In some cases, reconstruction and recovery efforts — by omission or commission — have had a detrimental impact on victims of disasters and their enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.", "62. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, making comprehensive efforts to realize the right to adequate housing in reconstruction efforts is not only an obligation but also an opportunity. While disaster response will not — and should not — replace development efforts, it provides an occasion to redress the inequalities that either exacerbated the natural disaster’s impacts or were made visible by it, and to contribute to efforts to progressively realize the right to adequate housing for all, notably by improving tenure security.", "63. The recommendations below outline the fundamental elements of an approach to disaster response that is fully based on the right to adequate housing. They are meant to complement existing guidance when it comes to ensuring protection and realization of the right to adequate housing. Unless stated otherwise the recommendations are addressed to Governments, and international donors and organizations. Finally, recommendations for follow-up are provided, bearing in mind that the framework only outlines general principles that will need to be further refined and operationalized.", "VIII. Recommendations", "64. The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:", "A. General framework: disaster response based on the right to adequate housing", "Overarching principles", "1. Right to adequate housing", "In all phases of disaster response the right to adequate housing should be respected and protected. It should be understood as the right to live in safety and security, in conditions deemed adequate on grounds of security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy.", "2. Security of tenure", "The multiplicity of forms of tenure should be recognized equally and Security of tenure should be ensured for everyone post-disaster.", "3. Participation", "• All affected persons and groups should have access to information and be able to participate meaningfully in the planning and implementation of the various stages of the disaster response.", "• In particular, all affected persons and groups should have the opportunity to participate in the identification and determination of tenure rights; the choice over, planning and implementation of transitional shelter and permanent housing programmes, and of durable solutions (return, local integration, resettlement); and in decisions over land use planning and restrictions.", "• Women’s participation must be ensured.", "4. Non-discrimination and vulnerability", "• In post-disaster needs assessments (for both emergency and recovery), pre-disaster inequalities and vulnerabilities should be identified, whether based on race, socio-economic status, tenure, gender or any other relevant grounds.", "• In recovery plans, programmes should be devised to specifically address inequalities identified.", "• Special measures should be taken to redress discrimination and ensure the realization of the right to adequate housing for the most disadvantaged groups, including through measures to strengthen tenure security for those with insecure status and/or through the prioritization of housing reconstruction and the provision of alternate housing, such as social or public housing, for the most vulnerable.", "Operational principles", "1. Equal rights to shelter and housing", "• All affected persons, irrespective of their tenure status pre-disaster, should have equal rights to shelter in the emergency and transitional phases.", "• Shelter and housing must fulfil the requirements of adequacy in international human rights law.[90]", "2. Do no harm", "No harm should be caused by or to others in respecting and protecting the right to adequate housing, including tenure security:", "• Existing land, housing and identity records should be protected.", "• Housing, land and property should be protected from further damage or destruction.", "• States must prohibit and sanction forced evictions by Government and private actors alike.", "• Health and safety regulations as well as disaster risk reduction measures, which may call for land use or housing restrictions, must be subject to human rights standards: their impacts on the human rights of individuals and communities must be assessed, and due process rights, and the rights to information and participation, must be upheld in all circumstances.", "• Efforts must be made to ensure that humanitarian and shelter assistance, as well as the restitution laws, mechanisms and institutions that may emerge in post-disaster situations, do not intentionally or by default discriminate on the basis of tenure status.", "3. Tenure of “non-formal owners”", "The tenure rights of “non-formal owners”, namely those without individual, formally registered, property ownership, should be honoured:", "• All pre-disaster tenure rights, including in disaster damage and needs assessments, should be assessed and recorded.", "• In contexts where property and ownership are not formally registered, fast-track mechanisms to determine tenure rights, notably community-led processes (community enumeration), should be considered an essential element of and prerequisite to the implementation of restitution, reconstruction and recovery programmes.", "• Housing and property restitution must be understood as the recognition and restitution of all tenure rights to housing or land.", "• For those with insecure tenure, measures should aim at strengthening their security of tenure, for instance by granting rights to housing or land at places of origin, either immediately or in incremental stages. When restitution or return is not desirable for the affected persons or is not possible owing to land having disappeared or to compelling safety reasons that prevent the return, alternative housing or land should be granted at another location.", "• Measures must be taken to support the repossession of or alternative access to adequate housing or land for all non-formal owners, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable.", "4. Context of relief and recovery programmes", "Relief and recovery programmes should be addressed within the overall housing context (of an area/city/country):", "• In post-disaster needs assessments, major pre-disaster impediments to the realization of the right to adequate housing should be identified, as should the impact of pre-disaster situations on durable solutions and the recovery process.", "• The broader housing situation, including unplanned and unserviced settlements, should be addressed through targeted programmes in conjunction with programmes for disaster response and with a focus on the most vulnerable populations.", "5. Rebuilding communities", "Communities and settlements, not just houses, should be rebuilt or resettled:", "• Reconstruction should not only apply to physical structures but should also include or prioritize, as appropriate and according to the needs and requests of affected persons, the rebuilding or setting up of basic infrastructure and services and the upgrading of settlements.", "• Community structures and networks, to the extent that they respect international human rights standards including on gender equality, should be deliberately preserved and supported.", "6. Compliance with international standards", "If return is impossible because the land has disappeared or there are objective safety grounds preventing return, of if it is not desired by the affected individuals or groups, resettlement and local integration conditions must comply with international human rights standards and guidelines pertaining to adequate housing, evictions and displacement.", "7. Disaster risk reduction legislation", "States must adopt disaster risk reduction legislation that respects the right to adequate housing. Special attention must be given to those who may face discrimination and exclusion, including on the grounds of tenure status, and measures must be devised to protect them.", "B. Recommendations for follow-up", "1. United Nations agencies and mechanisms, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee or organizations that are members of or cooperating with it, should consider undertaking further research on the practical integration of the right to adequate housing in disaster response, taking as a starting point the framework proposed by the Special Rapporteur.", "2. Further work should be conducted on:", "• The mechanisms to support the fast-track determination of tenure rights, including community mapping and enumeration, drawing lessons from existing practices to advise on their essential features and application in post-disaster situations.", "• The legal and practical measures needed to support, in post-disaster situations, all those who are not individual owners of formally registered property.", "• Territorial planning and land use instruments and tools and their potential to provide a technical and legal foundation for return and reconstruction programmes.", "• The access to use and control over land in situations of natural disasters, including conditions for land requisition and acquisition for shelter/ settlement.", "3. In their examination of State reports and country visits, United Nations human rights mechanisms should assess and make recommendations on the enjoyment of specific human rights in natural disaster situations, as well as the extent to which disaster prevention, relief and recovery efforts contribute to their enjoyment.", "[1] International Disaster Database, http://www.emdat.be.", "[2] The present report will nonetheless draw from examples in post-conflict settings, when relevant and applicable to post-disaster situations, and in the absence of documented examples in disaster situations.", "[3] The Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate her thanks to the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, which facilitated her visit.", "[4] Human rights challenges in conflict and post-conflict settings have received more attention and the relevant standards have been further elaborated upon than in post-disaster situations. In addition to the standards discussed here, post-conflict responses would also be guided by international humanitarian law, refugee law and standards pertaining to remedies and reparation.", "[5] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 4, on the right to adequate housing.", "[6] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7, on forced evictions; see also “Basic principles and guidelines on development-based eviction and displacement” (A/HRC/4/18, annex 1).", "[7] Participation was discussed in the previous report to the Human Rights Council. Section III of the present report discusses non-discrimination.", "[8] For example, in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disaster, reference to adequate housing is made under C.2.1 but not in other potentially relevant provisions.", "[9] See Erica Harper, International Law and Standards Applicable in Natural Disaster Situations (Rome, International Development Law Organization, 2009).", "[10] The Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons is among the exceptions. See observations by United Nations treaty bodies and special procedures, Universal Human Rights Index, http://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/ en/index.html.", "[11] The legal database on the Guiding Principles attests to their wide recognition. See http://www.idpguidingprinciples.org/.", "[12] First issued in 2006, a revised version was published in 2011.", "[13] Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, principle 28; Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines, D.2.2, D.2.3.", "[14] Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, resolution 2005/21.", "[15] Principle 2.2. See also the seemingly unsettled debate as to whether there is a self-standing right to property restitution under international law: Malcolm Langford and Khulekani Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric? Land Restitution in International Law”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 28, No. 2 (2010). For the purposes of the present report, however, the Special Rapporteur is satisfied that the right to property restitution is an essential element of the right to remedy and reparation and to the right of refugees and internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and habitual residence.", "[16] Harper, International Law, chapter 4 (see footnote 9 above).", "[17] Principle 1. See, among others, Charles Gould, “The Right to housing recovery after natural disasters”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 22 (2009); Rebecca Barber, “Protecting the right to housing in the aftermath of natural disaster: standards in international human rights law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 20, Issue 3 (2008).", "[18] European Court of Human Rights, Budayeva and others v. Russia, 29 September 2008; Supreme Court of Pakistan, Floods Commission case, 7 June 2011, available from http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=735 (accessed 24 July 2011).", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 64/200.", "[20] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3 on the nature of States parties obligations, article 2 (1) of the Covenant. See also concluding observations by the Committee on the Rights of the Child with respect to disasters, for instance, CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2, CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4.", "[21] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 1 (4); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 4.", "[22] No less than 84 per cent of the city’s poor population was African-American. The Brookings Institution, “New Orleans after the storm: lessons from the past, a plan for the future” (2005), p. 6.", "[23] Ibid., p. 13.", "[24] Elizabeth Ferris and Daniel Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously: A Review of Natural Disasters in 2010 (London, The Brookings Institution — London School of Economics, 2011), p. 19. The Special Rapporteur welcomes information received from the Government of Colombia on the range of actions taken to address the effects of La Niña, such as the establishment of the “Fondo de Adaptación” charged to identify and manage projects aimed at finding durable solutions, including mitigation and preventing strategies.", "[25] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, p. 68; Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, 2010-2011: Rapid Assessment and Policy Review (Oxford, OxfamGB, 2011). The Special Rapporteur acknowledges the scale of the challenge faced by the Government and its efforts in handling relief and recovery, particularly the initiation of the Watan Card, which being non‑discriminatory between landowners and the landless, encouraged all to return home.", "[26] It is estimated that before the earthquake 80 per cent of the Port-au-Prince population lived in informal settlements, on only 20 per cent of the land.", "[27] International Organization for Migration, displacement tracking matrix, May 2011.", "[28] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, p. 3 (see footnote 25 above).", "[29] John Telford and John Cosgrove, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report (London, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006), p. 104.", "[30] Michael Lyons and Theo Shilderman, eds. Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing Reconstruction at Scale (London, Practical Action, 2010) (with respect to communities in Sri Lanka); ActionAid, “Tsunami response: a human rights assessment” (2006), pp. 43-47.", "[31] Following Hurricane Katrina, women were particularly affected by the lack of affordable/public housing since prior to the storm they had headed the majority of public housing and voucher-subsidized households. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously (see footnote 24 above).", "[32] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks after Natural Disasters: Proceedings (Geneva, May 2011), p. 31.", "[33] See report of the United Nations Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, William J. Clinton, “Key propositions for building back better” (2006); (Hakan Arslan and Cassidy Johnson, “Turkey: can small actors overcome the absence of state will?”, in Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing, Lyons and Shilderman, eds. (see footnote 30 above).", "[34] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus flood, pp. 24 and 25 (see footnote 25 above); Government of Pakistan and others, Pakistan Floods 2010, annexes on housing, agriculture and the financial sector (see footnote 25 above). See also part III of the present report for a discussion on tenure/land assessments.", "[35] See Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, “Mission report to New Orleans”, 26-31 July 2009, and A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. A total of 90 per cent of neighbourhoods dominated by public housing were populated by African-Americans, of which 80 per cent were renters in those areas. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24 above).", "[36] The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received by the Government of the United States of America and concerning the measures undertaken by the Government, including by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, to combat housing discrimination by private and public actors and, inter alia, its measures to combat systematic discrimination caused by restrictive zoning or rental ordinances that discriminate against African-Americans, such as ordinances passed by St. Bernard’s Parish after the hurricane.", "[37] United States Government Accountability Office, Disaster Housing: FEMA needs more detailed guidance and performance measures to help ensure effective assistance after major disasters, 2009, pp. 11-13; “4 Years After Katrina: Housing crisis continues, low-income renters face discrimination”, Facing South, 21 August 2009.", "[38] Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24 above).", "[39] Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, “Mission report”, p. 5 (see footnote 35 above).", "[40] In some circumstances, private ownership may in fact not be the most appropriate way to ensure tenure. See A/HRC/10/7.", "[41] See comments on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42/2010) by delegations supporting this view, Human Rights Council, sixteenth session.", "[42] The Special Rapporteur notes the categorization used among humanitarian agencies of “six tenure options”, an acknowledgment of the need to also address other forms of tenure. United Nations and Shelter Centre, Shelter after Disaster (2010), p. 107.", "[43] Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?”, pp. 148 and 149 (see footnote 15 above).", "[44] See also recognition of the possessory rights of traditional and indigenous communities, principle 15.3, separate from principle 16.", "[45] See http://www.ohr.int/plip; Norbert Wühler and Heike Niebergall), eds., Property Restitution and Compensation: Practices and Experiences of Claims Programmes (Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008).", "[46] Rhodri Williams, “Post-conflict property restitution in Bosnia: balancing reparations and durable solutions in the aftermath of displacement”, presented at TESEV International Symposium on internal displacement in Turkey and abroad, Istanbul, December 2006; Conor Foley, Ingunn Sofie Aursnes, “Land, housing and property restitution after conflict: principles and practice”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine (2005), p. 2. Norwegian Refugee Council, on Afghanistan’s special property restitution court, 2005.", "[47] Office of the President, No. 22 of 1994, Restitution of Land Rights Act, chapter I (1) xi; Inter‑Agency Standing Committee, Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons (Washington D.C., The Brookings Institution, 2010), p. 35.", "[48] See also principles 8 and 15.2; E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1, para. 62; Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?” (see footnote 15 above).", "[49] Including situations whereby tenure rights are solely based on use, or whereby restitution is materially impossible, such as in cases where tenants are unable to return to their places of residence, or the original sites have disappeared or been declared non-aedificandi after the disaster.", "[50] Importantly, someone’s right to tenure is not dependent on the actual reoccupancy of a former place of habitual residence.", "[51] International Housing Coalition, “Haiti shelter sector assessment: one year after the earthquake” (April 2011), p. 12.", "[52] Telford and Cosgrove, Synthesis report, p. 102 (see footnote 29 above); and Ian Christoplos, Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: a Synthesis of Initial Findings (London, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006), p. 71.", "[53] With respect to Haiti, it was commented that “a strict asset-replacement approach to housing provision and a rush to confirm property rights … will not be appropriate to meet the housing needs of the majority of the affected population who are tenants and squatters rather than owners”. A proposal to move quickly with the implementation of a cadastre was considered inappropriate, with the potential to “reinforce biases towards the most established and powerful formal owners able to produce documentation”. Kate Crawford and others, “Coordination and the tenure puzzle in Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine No. 48 (2010), p. 8.", "[54] Comments received on an earlier draft. Similarly, the Government of Timor-Leste chose a long time frame to address land issues. Comments by Timor-Leste on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42), 8 March 2011.", "[55] Formal special mechanisms are also resource- and time-consuming. See Kosovo property agency annual report, 2010.", "[56] International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons (Great Lakes Protocol), 2006, article 4.", "[57] Great Lakes Protocol, article 4 (3).", "[58] See A/HRC/16/42, paras. 44 and 45 (on Timor-Leste); and Foley and Aursnes, “Land, housing and property” (see footnote 46 above).", "[59] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Count Me In: Surveying for Tenure Security and Urban Land Management (Nairobi, 2010).", "[60] Ibid. (on Aceh, Indonesia), pp. 79-83; and Harper International Law, p. 209 (see footnote 9 above).", "[61] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, pp. 33 and 34 (see footnote 32 above).", "[62] Oli Brown and Alec Crawford, “Addressing land ownership after natural disasters: an agency survey”, 2006, p. 6; and Human Rights Watch, “After the deluge: India’s reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami”, p. 41. Some of the most important restrictions were ultimately abandoned.", "[63] Tourism Concern, “Post-tsunami reconstruction and tourism: a second disaster?”, 2005.", "[64] Action Aid, “Tsunami response”, pp. 17 and 18 (see footnote 30 above); Malcolm Langford and Jean du Plessis, “Dignity in the rubble? Forced evictions and human rights law”; and Brown and Crawford, “Addressing land ownership” (see footnote 62 above).", "[65] Julia Cass and Peter Whoriskey, “New Orleans to raze public housing”, Washington Post, 8 December 2006.", "[66] Amnesty International, “UN-Natural disaster: human rights in the Gulf coast”, 2010, p. 6; and Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, Mission report, pp. 5, 28-32 (see footnote 35 above).", "[67] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received from the Government, as well as the fact that, owing to a combination of housing policies, there are now more housing subsidies beneficiaries in New Orleans than prior to Hurricane Katrina.", "[68] 2011 report on the earthquake-tsunami of 27 February 2010 and the reconstruction process in Chile, prepared for the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing by Habitat International Coalition, Habitat for Humanity, the Housing Institute of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, the Observatory of Reconstruction, “Sur Maule”, “Let’s build” and “Observatory and Housing” networks.", "[69] Ibid.", "[70] Ibid; see also A/HRC/13/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[71] See by contrast the success of “owner-driven approaches” to reconstruction. World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, pp. 25-27 (see footnote 32 above).", "[72] Malcolm Langford, “The right to return and resettlement after the tsunami disaster”, Disaster Brief, vol. 2 (2) (July-September 2005). The term “constructive eviction” is used in some countries to describe actions or omissions by a landlord that make the premises unhabitable or unsuitable for the purposes for which they were leased.", "[73] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7, General Assembly resolution 60/147, entitled “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law; and the Pinheiro Principles.", "[74] General Comment No. 7, para. 16. Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines, C.2.4, C.2.5.", "[75] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27, on freedom of movement.", "[76] “Protection of internally displaced persons in natural disasters: a working visit to Asia by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons”, Walter Kälin, 2005, p. 22.", "[77] Langford, “The right to return and resettlement” (see footnote 72 above).", "[78] World Bank, Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development: an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters (Washington, D.C., 2006); Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action, “Responding to earthquakes, 2008: learning from earthquake relief and recovery”.", "[79] Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Framework on Durable Solutions (see footnote 47 above). Lessons could be drawn from good development practices on resettlement, for instance: Michael Cernea and Christopher McDowell, eds., Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2000).", "[80] See for instance, with reference to housing construction in Indonesia, Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, p. 157 (see footnote 30 above).", "[81] Megan Ballard, “Post-conflict property restitution: flawed legal and theoretical foundations, Berkeley Journal of International Law 462 (2010) (with respect to Bosnia and Herzegovina).", "[82] United Nations Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, “Key positions for building back better” (see footnote 33 above).", "[83] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods, p. 7 (see footnote 25 above).", "[84] Ibid., pp. 22 and 94.", "[85] See for instance projects in Peru: Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, pp. 307-344 (see footnote 30 above).", "[86] The case of “Camp Corail” at the outskirts of Port-au-Prince epitomizes such difficulties. Intended as a temporary camp for the displaced living in areas most at risk, it has attracted people from everywhere and has been transformed within a few months into a new informal settlement, with at least 50,000-60,000 residents as of May 2011.", "[87] John Holmes, “Learning the lessons of Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange No. 48 (October 2010), p. 3.", "[88] United States of America strategy entitled “Post-earthquake United States Government Haiti strategy: towards renewal and economic opportunity” (2011).", "[89] In Haiti, a T-shelter costs $2,500 on average, while the cheapest estimates for permanent housing are around $3,500 per house.", "[90] See overarching principle No. 1." ]
A_66_270
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "* A/66/150.", "The right to adequate housing", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of Ms. Raquel Rolnik, Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as an integral element of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this regard, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/8, paragraph 2 (h)", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as an integral element of the right to an adequate standard of living", "Summary", "The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster situations. The report assesses human rights standards and guidelines relevant to a disaster response approach based on the right to adequate housing and discusses some existing constraints. It describes in greater depth the main problems relating to the protection and realization of this right in the response to disasters, namely: the lack of attention to and discrimination against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups; the disproportionate importance of individual private property and the related difficulty of recognizing and addressing equally the multiple forms of tenure in restitution and recovery programmes; the risks of considering post-disaster reconstruction primarily as a business opportunity or a development opportunity. The report concludes by describing the fundamental aspects of a disaster response approach that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to adequate housing.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 4II. Assessment 4 of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural disasters III. Discrimination 7 and vulnerability: aggravating factors of the effects of disasters and responses to these A. Groups 8 most disadvantaged affected by disasters B.Abandonment 9 and discrimination revealed by disasters C. Measures 9 of recovery that do not take into account the most vulnerable or discriminate against them IV. Recognition 11 and protection of all forms of equal tenure, of restitution programmes to those of durable solutions A. Towards 12 a broader notion of housing and property restitution B.Recognition 14 of tenure rights in practice for durable solutions V.Who 16 benefits from the opportunities presented by disasters? A. From 17 the reurbanization of coastal areas and cities to the outsourcing of reconstruction B. Act 19 with due diligence to protect the right to adequate housing VI.Recovery 20 and durable solutions: address all aspects of the right to adequate housing A. Insidence 21 undue in housing and property VII.Abort 22 the broader context in relief and recovery initiatives C.Disconnection 23 between the long-term. Conclusion 24 VIII. Recommendations 25A. General framework 25: disaster response based on the right to adequate housing B. Recommendations 28", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report focuses on the realization of the right to adequate housing in post-disaster environments. It should be read in conjunction with the report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/42), which analyses common issues relevant to post-conflict and post-disaster situations.", "2. Although there are many common elements between post-conflict and post-disaster situations, some problems are specific to the latter and require different responses. The Special Rapporteur chose to focus on disasters, in view of their growing prevalence worldwide, with more devastating effects than ever before[1]; the likelihood that this trend will continue as a result of climate change, rapid urbanization and population growth; and the relatively limited experiences and guidelines available to address the issues of the right to adequate post-disaster housing, compared to those dealing with post-conflict situations[2]. In addition, the Special Rapporteur undertook a working visit to Haiti (from 8 to 11 June 2011) to assess reconstruction and relief efforts following the January 2010 earthquake, which had a strong impact on her ideas for the present report and stressed the need to focus on disasters.[3]", "3. Adopting an approach to post-disaster reconstruction and recovery based on the right to adequate housing has significant implications. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that disaster relief and recovery initiatives have so far had, with few exceptions, a limited view of what constitutes the right to adequate housing, which in some cases resulted in violations of this right. The relevant standards are evaluated in section I of the present report. The main problems are further analysed in sections II to V. The report concludes with the description of the fundamental aspects of a disaster response approach that deliberately and comprehensively integrates the right to housing and recommendations on follow-up measures.", "II. Assessment of the legal and policy framework applicable to natural disasters", "4. While there are a number of standards and guidelines that serve to ensure the right to adequate housing in post-disaster situations, they are often understood and applied in a fragmented manner.[4] Other more specific limitations will also be analysed.", "5. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (article 11) is the instrument that most clearly recognizes the right to adequate housing. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights stressed the importance of interpreting this right in broad terms, identifying seven aspects that States should progressively implement: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; bearable costs; inhabitability; affordability; place; and cultural adequacy[5]. All these aspects and safeguards relating to evictions and resettlements derived from this right[6] are relevant to disaster response, as are the principles of participation and non-discrimination and equality.[7]", "6. However, the existing guidance on disaster situations has given little attention to the right to adequate housing. When mentioned, it is limited to the need to provide shelter or housing, or to protection aspects.[8] The limited attempts to analyse the right in a more integrated manner were limited to the level of guidance of a given organization and are not authoritative policies of general application.[9] Similarly, United Nations human rights mechanisms, with few exceptions, have not addressed specific aspects of disaster situations and their impact on the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing or other human rights, limiting themselves to generalities.[10]", "7. On the other hand, most of the initiatives that address disasters from a human rights perspective have been linked to specific groups, particularly displaced persons and refugees. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are fundamental in this regard. They have been recognized as an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons in post-conflict and post-disaster situations.[11] While the focus at first focused on the protection of internally displaced persons in conflict or post-conflict situations, policy and operational guidelines on natural disasters have also been developed in recent years, thereby broadening the scope of their application to all persons affected by disasters, including internally displaced persons but not limited to them. The Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Natural Disaster Situations of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee are an important document in this regard.[12] These Guidelines and the aforementioned Guiding Principles recognize the right of persons displaced by conflicts or disasters to durable solutions, including return to their homes or habitual places of residence (and, as a fundamental condition for a lasting return, restitution of their homes or lands), relocation to another place or local integration.[13]", "8. The principles on the restitution of housing and the heritage of refugees and displaced persons[14] (the Pinheiro principles) of 2005 go one step further and recognize the “right to restitution” of refugees or displaced persons (which covers housing, land and/or other property) as a right in itself.[15] He wondered whether Pinheiro principles applied to post-disaster situations. The intention seems to have been that they should be applied, since the underlying idea of principle 1.2 is that displaced persons, regardless of the cause of displacement, are in a similar situation and have the right to return to their places of habitual residence and, consequently, to restitution. On that basis, some interpret that the principles apply to all situations of natural disasters[16]. However, others point out that the principles are explicitly limited to the “arbitrary or illegal deprivation” of their former homes, lands, property or places of habitual residence, after displacement.[17]", "9. This does not mean that Pinheiro principles are not relevant in natural disaster situations. First, they are fully applied in cases of arbitrary or illegal deprivation or destruction of homes or lands in post-disaster situations, including, possibly, cases where displaced persons are denied the right to return to their homes (see section IV) and cases of unfounded State deficiencies in disaster preparedness, mitigation and early warning systems[18]. Secondly, if taken as a clarification of the existing rules on the rights of displaced persons and refugees to return to their homes, the principles provide relevant guidance on how best to manage the technical and legal issues related to the restitution of housing, land and property, which has since been reflected to varying degrees in policies and practice.", "10. Thus, an approach to disaster response that fully integrates the right to adequate housing would combine all the set of standards and principles enumerated and would have at its centre the different elements of the right to adequate housing. The recommendations contained in the last section of the present report propose the integration of these standards into a consolidated, conceptual and operational framework.", "III. Discrimination and vulnerability: aggravating factors in the effects of and responses to disasters", "11. Vulnerability is widely recognized as an important element of risk reduction and disaster management.[19] Most vulnerable people, such as those living in poverty or without security of tenure, are likely to live in disaster-prone areas; they are also at increased risk of displacement and loss of livelihoods in the event of disasters, and will cost them more to recover.", "12. Vulnerability is often compounded by direct or indirect discrimination, which has an impact on the ability of individuals and communities to protect themselves from disasters and recover. Perhaps the relationship between discrimination and disasters and the response to them is not immediately apparent. It is true that the term “natural disasters” could be considered to exclude the idea of responsibility, which in turn would imply the impossibility of discrimination. It is generally accepted, however, that the extent of the effects and distribution of natural hazard losses are largely man-made (see A/60/227). Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response are subject to or conditioned by actions or omissions of the State and could therefore be discriminatory.", "13. The principles of equality and non-discrimination are firmly entrenched in international human rights standards. This issue requires Governments and aid organizations to pay special attention to vulnerabilities and inequalities in pre-disaster contexts; and to post-disaster inequalities and protect the most vulnerable. The United Nations treaty bodies have noted that even at times of severe resource constraints, as is often the case after a disaster, States have a particular obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society.[20] States should take special measures to ensure that disadvantaged groups enjoy full and equal enjoyment of human rights.[21] In post-disaster situations, these measures could result in special assistance to support the return of the most vulnerable groups or to find land or housing for landless families or households.", "A. Disadvantaged groups most affected by disasters", "14. When Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in 2005, African Americans and poor people (although to a large extent these two categories were confusing[22]) were the ones who suffered the most from devastation because they were mostly living in the lower sections of the city and prone to the floods. In addition, many inhabitants of the metropolitan area (who were generally poor) lacked the means to escape flooding.[23] Consequently, the particular effects and costs of the hurricane were closely linked to the social, economic and pre-existing patterns of land use, in turn directly related to housing and urban planning policies.", "15. In Honduras, after Hurricane Mitch in 1998, women, peasants and indigenous groups were disproportionately affected, many of whom lived in unsafe tenure and vulnerable areas exposed to strong winds, floods and landslides (see A/HRC/16/42, para. 32). In Colombia, the 2010 and 2011 floods disproportionately affected people already displaced by the conflict, in particular indigenous and African-American people, who generally lived in remote areas that were the subject of violence by armed groups.[24]", "16. Following the 2010 floods in Pakistan, it was recognized that the poor and the vulnerable were the ones who suffered the most from the effects of the catastrophe, because they lacked assets and safety nets. Those displaced by the floods that lost their property and livelihoods were mostly tenants and landless workers living in non-permanent or semi-permanent dwellings.[25]", "B. Abandonment and discrimination revealed by disasters", "17. In Haiti the earthquake erupted and revealed the hidden problem until then of the terrible conditions that characterized the informal settlements in which most of the population of Port-au-Prince lived[26]. Such settlements, like many elsewhere, had been spontaneously formed and had never been officially recognized by the authorities. They had little or no access to basic services and infrastructure. Due to the earthquake, many of its residents moved to camps, either because of the destruction or damage suffered by their homes or neighbourhoods, or to receive food or medical assistance, to participate in work programmes in exchange for cash, to save rent (for tenants) or in the hope of receiving a house.", "18. Sixteen months after the earthquake, 634,000 people were still living in more than 1,000 camps. The observers noted that the camp population was declining at a slower rate than in 2010, which indicated that people did not have where to go or had decided that the situation in the camps was more precarious than that of origin.[27] The earthquake thus highlighted long-standing patterns of discrimination and neglect. Similar effects were recorded in disasters that occurred elsewhere.[28]", "C. Recovery measures that do not take account of or discriminate against the most vulnerable", "19. Recovery efforts, not taking into account or directly discriminate against some groups, can perpetuate and even strengthen pre-existing patterns of vulnerability and disadvantage. This happens many times in relation to women. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, it was reported that the international response often strengthened “those who were in better position and/or expressed better ... marginalizing those who had little heritage, in particular women.”[29] For example, relief initiatives and policies excluded women from media assistance and sometimes directly undermined women &apos; s pre-existing rights, such as the right to housing or land in matriline communities[30]. In addition, women are particularly vulnerable when the trend is unsafe, as is often the case because their access to housing and land often depends on their relationship with a man or because they face additional obstacles because they are the only head of household[31].", "20. The response to disasters seems to be very different in terms of individual owners and formally registered or those with other types of tenure arrangements. It has been noted that in most housing reconstruction programmes, tenure documentation and legal evidence of their rights are preconditions for establishing the admissibility of the beneficiary, thus excluding the poorest and most vulnerable, particularly those living in informal settlements with temporary or informal tenure rights.[32] In some countries it is often excluded from permanent housing schemes designed to replace the property of the homeowners to displaced persons who are illegal tenants or occupants.[33]", "21. Such constraints have been observed in post-disaster needs assessments. Although the importance of land tenure and ownership conditions is analysed and recognized in principle, in practice they are not always addressed in sectoral policies, strategies and priorities. For example, in assessing the needs of international financial institutions and the Government of Pakistan after floods, the proposed housing and reconstruction strategy did not mention land ownership or tenure issues, focusing only on the techniques and costs of housing reconstruction. In addition, policy priorities for other land-related sectors, such as agriculture, appeared to favour landowners[34].", "22. Often the multiple factors of vulnerability and discrimination have an aggravating effect. The responses of the federal and state governments after Hurricane Katrina in the United States were generally poor in terms of support for less-income tenants, mostly African-American, and the treatment of the various obstacles that prevented them from accessing housing with bearable expenses.[35] Although there was a federal housing voucher program, in practice it was difficult for families who had rental vouchers to find units to rent. The causes of this included the shortage of public housing and rental (due to damage caused by the storm and also the subsequent decisions taken to drastically reduce public housing), increases in rents, discrimination against the owners[36], the slow pace of the construction of rental housing and the decision of the Gulf States to allocate the majority of federal funds for the repair of landlords and not rentals.[37] Due to limited rental options, the return to his city and pre-a large number of households was in fact denied.[38] This led to an increase in the number of homeless persons[39].", "23. The above examples show that discrimination, as well as vulnerability, is a key factor in the impact of and response to disasters. Discrimination based on tenure highlights the broader problem of reluctance or inability of Governments and international and national organizations to recognize and protect all forms of tenure alike.", "IV. Recognition and protection of all forms of equal tenure, restitution programmes for durable solutions", "24. The Special Rapporteur notes that security of tenure is a central aspect of the right to adequate housing. Security of tenure is not the same as the right to private property[40], nor is it limited to the granting of formal legal titles. There are multiple legitimate tenure arrangements in addition to private property[41], such as public or private rentals, cooperative housing, rental, occupation or lease of land in informal settlements and other rights of use or occupation under customary or traditional arrangements, all of which have different degrees of formality.[42] It follows that only a minority of victims of natural disasters could have effective rights officially registered on the individual ownership of their housing or land.", "25. However, the Special Rapporteur is concerned that policies and practices in post-disaster environments are biased towards individual private property, as noted in section III. Section IV focuses on restitution policies and practices and, more generally, on durable solutions and reconstruction, as examples of practical tensions between individual private ownership and other forms of tenure.", "A. Towards a broader notion of housing and property restitution", "26. Pinheiro's principles contain the most specific elaboration of the right to restitution of housing and property. At the time of adoption, the principles responded to the obvious need for guidance on procedures and mechanisms aimed at facilitating the restitution of property. Currently, since return and restitution programmes have been implemented in more diverse contexts and circumstances, it is time to reflect on the principles and reinterpret them in the light of those practices.", "27. In its specific formulation and the suggested mechanisms for determining property or land claims, the principles are not entirely clear in terms of recognition of all forms of tenure rights. While some consider that the principles are comprehensive,[43] others have criticized them for focusing too much on individual private property and the contexts of formal and registered claims. In referring to the “rights of tenants and other non-owners” (principle 16), the principles could be considered to question whether they are on an equal footing with individual owners. Similarly, the call in that principle should be made clear that the mechanisms for the restitution of property recognize “in the greatest measure possible” those of persons who have rights to housing and land other than formal property, although a practical suggestion could be considered rather than restricting the rights of non-owners.[44]", "28. The principles should also be considered in relation to the particular context in which they were developed. Although they were nurtured from various sources, they were based on the experience of the official restitution mechanisms in force at that time, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a context in which the formal registration of private property prevailed and what the Yugoslav law called “socially owned” apartments.[45] The restitution mechanism of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as others, has been criticized for not sufficiently addressing those who did not have formal properties or titles of these, nor of complex and informal tenure systems in a context of multiple customary, state and religious laws.[46]", "29. The Special Rapporteur suggests that restitution of housing and property should be understood as restitution of any right to pre-disaster housing or land, irrespective of the legal status of such tenure or that land or housing are formally registered. The South African Land Restitution Act and the recent operational guidance on durable solutions are examples of this approach.[47] Without further discussion and clarification of its provisions, the Pinheiro principles should be systematically considered to apply to a wide range of situations and tenure rights. Several of the elements of the principles already point to a broad conception of restitution, such as the systematic use of the term “living, land and property” rather than referring only to property.[48]", "30. This broader view of restitution is based on State obligations relating to the right to adequate housing to respect and ensure security of tenure for all, regardless of the form of tenure. This criterion recognizes as holders of the rights to all persons who are not individual owners of formally registered properties. While post-disaster and post-conflict needs will vary according to context, the nature of human rights obligations remains. Restitution of property should be considered and applied from this perspective.", "31. The practical impact of this broad vision of restitution as part of the right to reparations should continue to be examined with a view to articulating the orientation according to different hypotheses.[49] However, for the purposes of the present report and taking into account the assessment of Pinheiro &apos; s principles with respect to disaster situations (see section II), most of the time the restitution of property will be a condition for return and other durable solutions, not a legal remedy. Understanding, therefore, that all forms of tenure have the same legitimacy is not only relevant to restitution but also to efforts to ensure recovery and durable solutions. In such cases, States, together with international organizations, must assess the tenure rights of all persons affected by the disaster and take measures to protect and ensure post-disaster tenure, at the previous place of residence or elsewhere, if people cannot or do not want to return[50]. Furthermore, the principles of non-discrimination and equality require States and international organizations to prioritize assistance to those with more insecure tenure and to strengthen the security of tenure of persons with weak, ambiguous or vulnerable tenure, a responsibility that is often overlooked in relief and recovery efforts.", "B. Recognition of tenure rights in practice for durable solutions", "32. International agencies have shown reluctance to invest in places of return or relocation where land tenure is unclear and that legal or customary arrangements under which housing or land claims are determined are diverse and sometimes incompatible. In that regard, the reconstruction of urban areas could be particularly complex, as these areas are often characterized by complicated land ownership and tenure issues.", "33. Many organizations operating in Haiti obviously have this way of thinking, according to the following assessment:", "The condition of the land markets is chaotic and essentially anarchic. No property records or they're ambiguous. The lack of a clear title of a land or the written approval of a verified owner makes it difficult to provide a new home to a potential beneficiary and to support the reoccupation of his previous home.[51]", "This is obviously one of the reasons for the delay in reconstruction and return to Haiti. Similarly, following the Indian Ocean tsunami, the promulgation of policies and restrictions on the use of contradictory land at different levels of government and disputes in that regard have apparently created obstacles to international recovery work and severely undermined efforts to manage disaster risks.[52]", "34. In an environment of this type it is possible to differentiate between two tasks. In the long term, it may be necessary to formally register and strengthen the registration of ownership or tenure through legal reforms and other mechanisms, such as land ownership, to definitively resolve the ambiguous and uncertain situation in which many people are present. However, in the short term, these means may not be the most appropriate to respond to reconstruction and recovery needs, and to do so without strengthening inequalities.[53] Experience also gives an idea of the enormous difficulty of addressing the full range of property and tenure issues and land reform issues after a disaster or conflict. The Government of Pakistan noted that it was essential to take into account the social, political, technical and legal complexities relating to land tenure issues and the fact that they were not confined to disaster-affected areas.[54] In the short term, it remains essential and timely to assess pre-disaster tenure rights through rapid methods for effective reconstruction and recovery that ensure a minimum level of tenure security for all and address some of the worst forms of inequality and insecurity.", "35. For the purpose of reconstruction and return, the optimal way of determining housing or land claims will depend on the particular context, depending on the arrangements, formality and tenure or property records, and available resources. As mentioned, formal, administrative or legal mechanisms for restitution of property might not be applicable or appropriate in certain situations, particularly those characterized by the existence of multiple tenure arrangements.[55] The Protocol on the Property Rights of Persons Returning from the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region provides a more integrated approach in this regard than the Pinheiro principles, by providing both administrative and traditional authorities to address property disputes, thereby recognizing the importance of traditional and customary systems in land issues.[56] The Protocol also provides for community-based alternative and informal mechanisms to resolve disputes, using evidence-based evidence requirements based on testimony.[57] In practice, organizations supporting the return of refugees or displaced persons have often been based on customary or traditional law dispute resolution mechanisms to resolve land disputes.[58] However, it is necessary to exercise caution so that these processes do not exclude or defavor women or other persons particularly vulnerable to discrimination.", "36. The “community” or “participative” enumeration practices go further. These participatory processes have been implemented in several countries for different purposes, for example to identify or strengthen tenure rights in informal settlements or to award land[59]. In the absence of land records, in the event of destruction after a disaster or in the context of multiple tenure arrangements, community enumerations offer a promising and flexible alternative to identify the situation with regard to pre-disaster and pre-conflict occupation and tenure, thus ensuring a certain level of tenure security that will serve as a basis for durable solutions. Community enumeration projects have been implemented following the Indian Ocean tsunami[60] and similar initiatives have been launched in Haiti. In defining the basic elements and prerequisites, lessons learned from community mapping processes for local land rights in post-disaster situations, including their relationship to more formal processes of validation or governance, and the need to complement them with dispute resolution mechanisms, should be taken advantage of.", "37. While the mechanisms for assessing, respecting and strengthening post-disaster tenure will depend on the context, in all cases they must be guided by human rights principles, such as the participation of affected communities and gender equality.", "V. Who benefits from the opportunities presented by disasters?", "38. Disasters are often said to have important opportunities to undertake large-scale reforms and ambitious reconstruction, as they start again “from scratch.” Disasters offer opportunities for the protection and promotion of human rights, but also serious risks. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that, in some cases, major reconstruction efforts, although benefiting some, have, by commission or omission, left the most vulnerable and in practice violated the fundamental elements of the right to adequate housing.", "A. From the reurbanization of coastal areas and cities to the outsourcing of reconstruction", "39. Many considered that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami offered important opportunities for redevelopment, sometimes under the pretext of public security and disaster risk mitigation. The truth is that after the tsunami, some affected countries prohibited the reconstruction of homes on the coast (disengagement zones); those areas were 100 to 500 metres and, in some cases, had the prohibition been fully implemented, they would have required the relocation of more than 100,000 houses[62]. The ban was supposedly declared in those areas to protect residents from future disasters. They also had significant effects on the livelihoods of residents, especially those dependent on the sea.", "40. At the same time, ambitious “reurbanization” and luxury tourism plans emerged, including in closed coastal areas to residents for security reasons. A tourism board announced at that time that the tsunami offered the opportunity to turn its country into a “world-class tourist destination”.[63] It was reported that, while displaced persons were prohibited from returning to their homes, this ban did not govern hotel complexes. In some places the urbanizers simply took the opportunity to seize the land, especially those of the most vulnerable communities. Luxury hotels emerged in many coastal areas. Communities and civil society organizations reported that the creation of such zones was used to arbitrarily evict the poor and indigenous communities in coastal areas for the benefit of businesses and new tourist facilities.[64]", "41. The destruction of much of the homes available in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina was also seen as an opportunity to drastically change the urban and housing characteristics of the city. In particular, the four largest public housing complexes in the city (the “four large”) were demolished, mostly inhabited by African-Americans, to lead to the redevelopment of mixed income communities and other uses. Although in some cases other viable alternatives may not have existed due to the seriousness of damage, demolitions were justified as indispensable for the recovery of the city and necessary for health and safety reasons.[65] The problem was that the planned reurbanization included fewer public housing than those in total prior to Hurricane Katrina.[66] Thus, its demolition constituted another obstacle that hindered the return of low-income residents to New Orleans (see section III)[67].", "42. Concern has also been expressed about what has been called the “rebuilding business”, whereby reconstruction planning, financing and implementation is outsourced to private companies. In some cases, the outsourcing of reconstruction has been linked without the necessary safeguards with the negative effects on the adequacy and the bearable costs of reconstruction, as well as the ability of individuals to participate in and benefit from reconstruction efforts. In Chile, following the earthquake and tsunami in February 2010, the private sector apparently played a central role in the reconstruction of urban centres and coastal areas. In accordance with the principles of the Reconstruction Plan, families may choose to rebuild their homes on the same plot of collapsed buildings or acquire an existing or newly built house. However, in view of the fact that the reconstruction of housing was mainly supported by subsidies linked to individual ownership, private builders preferred to rebuild housing in new areas outside cities rather than in central areas, from which many displaced persons came, and where land and housing prices were much higher.[68] It was also reported that real estate companies exerted pressure on families to sell land and housing at very low prices at a time of extreme vulnerability, to pave the way for private reurbanization.[69] This suggests that if they were left alone in the hands of the market, new housing for the poor would probably be built on the periphery.", "43. Similar distortions were observed in the construction market. In one case, it was reported that in some cities a monopoly on construction materials had been given to a few companies, to the detriment of small local enterprises, and in another the reconstruction process had led to increased prices of suppliers and construction companies, hindering reconstruction efforts.[70] Similarly, the outsourcing of temporary shelters by humanitarian agencies to international contractors could divert potential financial resources for displaced persons rather than direct them to build their own homes. In addition, in the latter case the results could be less appropriate from a cultural perspective.[71]", "B. Act with due diligence to protect the right to adequate housing", "44. In the examples analysed, post-disaster reconstruction had a negative impact on the poorest. In the most serious cases, disasters allowed a new “zero” start and served as an excuse for powerful agents to destroy homes or seize land, which would not have been possible in the pre-disaster context, where legal procedures needed to be followed and affected households should be consulted and given access to compensation. At best, States did not adequately monitor the functioning and regulation of post-disaster housing and reconstruction markets, nor did they take steps to ensure that the population continued to have access to affordable housing and was not forced into practice to leave their place of origin. While nothing prevents States from seeking the support of private companies in reconstruction efforts, and by the way private sector contributions can be critical for recovery, Governments must exercise their role in monitoring private sector performance and ensure that reconstruction does not benefit only a few privileged to the detriment of others.", "45. These examples can be considered “forced evictions due to pressures”[72]. In such cases, international standards governing forced eviction or arbitrary displacement are governed. If forced eviction is proved, people should have access to compensation, including a fair hearing, access to legal advice and reparations, such as restitution of housing or land, adequate compensation or housing or alternative land if they so wish.[73]", "46. Even in cases where public security concerns are legitimate and compelling, decisions on land use and housing regulations must be subject to human rights standards, in particular the strict procedural requirements for evictions, the right to lodge remedies and the possibility of judicial review, and the economic, social and cultural rights of affected communities. The result of evictions should not be for people to stay homeless. Where affected persons are not in a position to remain, the State must take measures to provide them with other housing, resettlement or access to productive lands.[74]", "47. Restrictive measures should also be consistent with the principle of proportionality[75], whereby the rights of persons affected with the State &apos; s interest in mitigating damages and ensuring public security should be balanced.[76] For example, in the case of tsunami prevention, it should be shown that regulations preventing residents from returning to coastal areas are the least restrictive means of achieving public security objectives. The State should prove that other security measures, such as warning systems or dams, are not available or not effective.[77]", "48. Finally, experience with land-use constraints leads inescapably to the examination of a number of factors, including the fact that the resettlement of persons entails large infrastructure and services costs and could seriously alter the livelihoods of individuals and the lives of the community.[78] Settlement and housing patterns are not random, but reflect a specific economic and social fabric that may not be duplicated elsewhere. Thus, human rights standards and the assessment of the social and economic costs of displacement require a more limited approach to the application of land and housing restrictions.", "VI. Durable recovery and solutions: addressing all aspects of the right to adequate housing", "49. Beyond the most obvious aspects of the protection discussed, it is important to address reconstruction from a broader perspective of adequate housing, including considering housing as a social asset, and in order to realize this right gradually. From this perspective, ensuring recovery and durable solutions means rebuilding communities and neighbourhoods, and ensuring an adequate standard of living, where the construction of housing units is only a part, sometimes not even the most important or urgent.[79] Disasters do not occur in the vacuum; it is important to assess and address the broader housing context in which disasters occur.", "A. Undue insistence on housing and property", "50. Post-disaster situations tend to be characterized not only by massive destruction of homes, but also by the displacement of many people, disruptions of social networks and relations, damage to basic services or lack of access to them, and loss of livelihoods, jobs, assets or land, all of which are crucial factors affecting the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. However, reconstruction and efforts to achieve durable solutions have focused on the most tangible aspects of housing (physical structures). International organizations and Governments often assume that housing reconstruction is the main priority of affected persons, not the livelihood or infrastructure of the neighbourhood.[80] When assessing housing, it is considered a technical or economic sector rather than a human right, focusing on building standards and materials and the quality of emergency and temporary accommodation. In some cases the concentration on property restitution has also been detrimental to the reconstruction and improvement of the broader social, political or economic conditions necessary to support a sustainable return, i.e., basic employment, services and infrastructure, and security. One commentator stated that the “home” and not the real well-being of the displaced people from their homes had become the indicator of success.[81]", "51. The well-known expression “rebuild better” seems to want to cover the wider living conditions of the affected communities, and indeed it should do. With regard to the tsunami, the United Nations Special Envoy for Post-Tsunami Recovery noted that financial resources, the international approach and the openness to political and policy reform that often characterize post-crisis periods should enable us to “rebuild better” and break with uneven development patterns in a sustainable manner.[82] Similar appeals were made to consider the floods in Pakistan “an opportunity to better rebuild lives and accelerate the task of bringing dignity to the millions of people living on the margins of society.”[83] However, the implementation of this noble idea is often reduced to its most technical meaning, for example, building houses using flood resistance standards and earthquakes.[84]", "52. On the other hand, some reconstruction projects around the world have attempted to consider the reconstruction process “an opportunity to promote a local development process”, without merely re-establishing pre-disaster conditions and involving the community as an essential factor in this regard.[85]", "B. Addressing the broader context in relief and recovery initiatives", "53. As already mentioned, the earthquake in Haiti revealed largely inadequate housing conditions and the precarious and unsafe tenure of informal settlements. The international community, by focusing on displaced persons in the camps and offering better conditions to which many Haitians had, unwittingly turned the camps into desirable places. As long as there is no systematic reconstruction accompanied by the provision of services in the return neighbourhoods, poor families have little reason to leave the camps where housing and services are free. While understandable from an emergency perspective, an approach that is limited to the plight of internally displaced persons and temporary solutions, amid a complicated socio-economic and tenure context, becomes an obstacle to long-term recovery and, in some cases, can lead to other development challenges.[86] These situations are likely to be increasingly frequent, together with the increase in urbanization, often unplanned (see A/64/255, paras. 13-21).", "54. The situation in Haiti is also an example of the problem facing the basic justification for the reconstruction and restitution of property: in contexts characterized by massive poverty and particularly inadequate living and housing conditions, the question remains whether the ultimate goal of reconstruction should be to provide quality housing for people who lost their homes in the disaster. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur believes that interventions should be directed at gradually realizing the right to adequate housing for all. In Haiti, reconstruction and recovery are less related to the construction of new homes for people directly affected by the disaster than to the improvement of the overall living and housing conditions in unplanned and unserviced settlements where the earthquake affected. Thus, the approach should focus on settlements and communities, not on individual buildings, and on the goal of creating places where the population can have an adequate standard of living.", "55. Planning for land use after a disaster can be a powerful tool to provide both a reference for reconstruction and a legal basis for immediate post-disaster action. Post-disaster zoning can recognize existing settlements, paving the way for infrastructure investments and the improvement of settlements so far unplanned and unserviceable in order to facilitate return and reconstruction.", "56. From a human rights perspective, investments in the improvement of settlements characterized by extremely inadequate living conditions as part of the disaster response are not only legitimate but also indispensable, provided that they take into account obligations of non-discrimination and attention to the most vulnerable. Moreover, for reasons of principles and pragmatics, in some contexts it would be important to address the situation from a longer-term perspective. In the context of Haiti this means focusing on improving the conditions in settlements that did not suffer disaster damage (always not in disaster-prone areas), but which have the same urban and vulnerability characteristics as the directly affected settlements.", "C. Disconnection between emergency and long-term recovery", "57. The above examples also illustrate the disconnection between the emergency phase and the long-term recovery, as well as the difficulties facing the international community, in many contexts, in managing the transition from one to the other[87].", "58. Focusing on individual beneficiaries and supplies, such as food, shelter and health kits, as a goal in itself could be a deviation from the fundamental responsibility of respecting, protecting and satisfying rights (in housing, water and health, for example), and the long-term thinking requirement. In Haiti, it was reported that the response of the international community had dominated immediate needs and, consequently, concrete promises to support permanent housing needs had been less important.[88] The Inter-Agency Standing Committee cluster in Haiti recognized the risk of emergency measures institutionalizing the camps and consuming scarce resources available at the expense of more durable or permanent solutions.", "59. Similarly, the massive construction of temporary shelters could not be necessary or adequate, and in some cases might hinder durable solutions, such as in the high-density urban environments where people could be prevented from building more and more permanent homes due to lack of space. Without wishing, the production of these shelters could divert resources from the reconstruction of permanent homes and neighbourhoods, in a context of lesser care and assistance flows over time.[89] It is therefore regrettable that some people continue to live in temporary shelters many years after a disaster (see A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 31). States and international organizations should not automatically accept the assumption that temporary shelters are needed, without considering supporting other solutions.", "60. Many calls have been made for an integrated approach to ensure continuity of relief and recovery assistance. In the previous report (A/HRC/16/42) to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur analysed some of the financing issues related to this issue. He wished to encourage donors to support recovery and durable solutions at the earliest possible stages and to contribute to the continuity of assistance, including through flexible funding that would make it possible.", "VII. Conclusion", "A disaster response approach that deliberately and comprehensively incorporates the right to adequate housing", "61. A deliberate and comprehensive incorporation of the right to adequate housing in disaster response has broad implications. However, in practice the right to adequate housing and its implementation in disaster response has been limited to some aspects of the right, in particular those related to physical structures and individual private property. In some cases reconstruction and recovery initiatives, by omission or commission, have had adverse effects on disaster victims and on their enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.", "62. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that comprehensive efforts to realize the right to adequate housing in reconstruction efforts are not only an obligation, but also an opportunity. While the response to a disaster will not replace or should replace development efforts, it provides an opportunity to redress the inequalities that exacerbated or revealed the effects of the natural disaster, and to contribute to efforts to gradually realize the right to adequate housing for all, including by improving security of tenure.", "63. The following recommendations describe the main elements of a disaster response approach based fully on the right to adequate housing. The purpose of these recommendations is to complement the existing guidance on the protection and realization of this right. Unless otherwise indicated, they address both Governments and donors and international organizations. Finally, some follow-up recommendations are made, bearing in mind that this framework contains only general principles that need to be further refined and implemented.", "VIII. Recommendations", "64. The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:", "A. General framework: disaster response based on the right to adequate housing", "General principles", "1. Right to adequate housing", "The right to adequate housing should be respected and protected at all stages of disaster response. This right should be understood as the right to live in security, and considered appropriate in the field of security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; bearable expenses; inhabitability; affordability; place; and cultural adequacy.", "2. Security of tenure", "Multiple forms of tenure should be recognized equally and security of tenure for all after a disaster ensured.", "3. Participation", "• All affected groups and individuals should have access to information and be able to participate meaningfully in the planning and implementation of the different stages of disaster response.", "• In particular, all affected groups and individuals should have the opportunity to participate in the identification and determination of tenure rights; the choice of temporary housing and permanent housing programmes; and their planning and implementation; and durable solutions (return, local integration, resettlement); and decisions on land use planning and restrictions.", "• Women &apos; s participation must be ensured.", "4. Non-discrimination and vulnerability", "• In assessing post-disaster needs (both emergency and recovery) the inequalities and vulnerabilities that existed prior to the disaster, based on race, socio-economic status, tenure, gender or any other relevant reason.", "• Recovery plans should include programmes designed to specifically address identified inequalities.", "• Special measures should be taken to redress discrimination and ensure the realization of the right to adequate housing for the most disadvantaged groups, in particular measures aimed at strengthening security of tenure for those who have an unsafe situation and/or through the prioritization of housing reconstruction and the provision of alternative housing, such as social or public housing, for the most vulnerable.", "Operational principles", "1. Equal housing and housing rights", "• All affected persons, irrespective of their pre-disaster tenure status, should have the same right to accommodation in the emergency and transition phases.", "• Accommodation and housing must meet the requirements of international human rights standards[90].", "2. Don't hurt", "Others should not be harmed and should not be harmed, in respect of respect for and protection of the right to adequate housing, including security of tenure:", "• Existing land, housing and identity records should be protected.", "• Housing, land and property of new damage or destruction should be protected.", "• States should equally prohibit and punish forced evictions by the Government or private actors.", "• Health and security regulations and disaster risk reduction measures, which may have restrictions on land or housing, should be subject to human rights standards; their impact on the human rights of individuals and communities should be assessed; and the rights to information and participation should be maintained in all circumstances.", "• Efforts should be made to ensure that humanitarian and housing assistance, as well as laws, mechanisms and institutions related to restitution arising after a disaster do not discriminate on grounds of tenure status, intentionally or by default.", "3. Trend of “official owners”", "The tenure rights of “informal owners” should be respected, i.e. those who do not possess a formally registered individual property:", "• All pre-disaster tenure rights, including disaster and needs assessments, should be assessed and recorded.", "• In the contexts in which ownership and ownership are not formally registered, accelerated mechanisms for determining tenure rights, in particular community-led processes (community enumeration), should be considered an essential element and a prerequisite for the implementation of restitution, reconstruction and recovery programmes.", "• Restitution of housing and property should be understood as recognition and restitution of tenure rights to housing or land.", "• For persons whose tenure is insecure, measures should be used to strengthen security of tenure, for example by granting them rights to housing or land in their places of origin, immediately or gradually. When the affected persons do not want restitution or return or are not possible because the land disappeared or for compelling reasons of security that prevent return, they must be given another home or land in a new location.", "• Measures should be taken to support the restitution of adequate housing or land or access to other alternatives to all informal owners, focusing particularly on the most vulnerable.", "4. Context of relief and recovery programmes", "Relief and recovery programmes should be addressed in the overall context of housing (in an area, city or country):", "• The assessment of post-disaster needs should identify the main obstacles that had been before the disaster to the realization of the right to adequate housing, as well as the impact of the pre-disaster situation on durable solutions and the recovery process.", "• The broader housing situation, including unplanned and unserviceable settlements, should be addressed through concrete programmes, together with disaster response programmes and focusing on the most vulnerable populations.", "5. Reconstruction of communities", "Communities and settlements should be rebuilt or restored, not just housing:", "• Reconstruction should be applied not only to physical structures but should also include or prioritize, as appropriate and in accordance with the needs and requests of affected persons, the reconstruction or establishment of basic infrastructure and services and the improvement of settlements.", "• Community structures and networks should be deliberately preserved and supported, insofar as they respect international human rights standards, including on gender equality.", "6. Compliance with international standards", "If the return is not possible because the land disappeared or there are objective security reasons that prevent it, or if the affected individuals or groups do not wish to return, the conditions of resettlement and local integration must comply with international human rights standards and guidelines for adequate housing, evictions and displacement.", "7. Legislation on disaster risk reduction", "States should enact legislation on disaster risk reduction that respects the right to adequate housing. Particular attention should be paid to persons who might be discriminated against and excluded, including their tenure status, and measures should be taken to protect them.", "B. Follow-up recommendations", "1. United Nations agencies and mechanisms, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee or organizations that are members of or cooperate with some of these, should consider further studies on the practical integration of the right to adequate housing in disaster response, using as a starting point the framework proposed by the Special Rapporteur.", "2. Work should continue on:", "• Mechanisms to support the accelerated identification of tenure rights, including mapping and community enumeration, drawing lessons from existing practices to advise on their essential characteristics and their implementation in post-disaster situations.", "• The legal and practical measures necessary in post-disaster situations to support all persons who are not formally registered property owners.", "• Land planning and land use tools and tools and their potential to provide a technical and legal basis for return and reconstruction programmes.", "• Access to land use and control in natural disaster situations, including conditions for the confiscation and acquisition of land for accommodation or settlement.", "3. In reviewing State reports and country visits, United Nations human rights mechanisms should assess and make recommendations on the enjoyment of specific human rights in situations of natural disasters, as well as the extent to which disaster prevention, relief and recovery initiatives contribute to their enjoyment.", "[1] International Disaster Database, http://www.emdat.be.", "[2] However, the present report provides examples of post-conflict situations where they are relevant and applicable to post-disaster situations and where documented examples are not available in disaster situations.", "[3] The Special Rapporteur reiterates her gratitude to the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, which facilitated her visit.", "[4] More attention has been paid to human rights problems in conflict or post-conflict situations and more work has continued on relevant standards than on post-disaster situations. In addition to the standards discussed in this report, post-conflict responses would also be guided by international humanitarian law, international refugee law and international standards on resource interference and reparations.", "[5] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 4, on the right to adequate housing.", "[6] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7. on forced evictions; see also Basic principles and guidelines on development-generated evictions and displacement (A/HRC/4/18, annex 1).", "[7] Participation was discussed in the previous report submitted to the Human Rights Council. Non-discrimination is discussed in section III of the present report.", "[8] For example, the Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Natural Disaster Situations of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee refer to adequate housing in section C.2.1, but not in other possibly relevant provisions.", "[9] See Erica Harper, International Law and Standards Applicable in Natural Disaster Situations (Rome, International Development Law Organization, 2009).", "[10] The Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons is one of the exceptions. See the observations of United Nations treaty bodies and special procedures, Universal Human Rights Index, http://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/en/index.html.", "[11] The global database on the Guiding Principles is an example of its broad recognition. See http://www.idpguidingprinciples.org/", "[12] The original version was first published in 2006 and revised in 2011.", "[13] Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, principle 28; Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Natural Disaster Situations of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, D.2.2, D.2.3.", "[14] Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, resolution 2005/21.", "[15] principle 2.2. See also the apparently unresolved debate on whether there is an independent right to restitution of heritage under international law: Malcolm Langford and Khulekani Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric? Land Restitution in International Law”, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, vol. 28, No. 2 (2010). However, for the purposes of the present report, the Special Rapporteur submits that the right to restitution of property is an essential element of the right to appeal and to obtain reparations and the right of refugees and internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and habitual residence.", "[16] Harper, International Law, chapter 4 (see footnote 9).", "[17] Principle 1. See, among others, Charles Gould, “The Right to housing recovery after natural disasters”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 22 (2009); Rebecca Barber, “Protecting the right to housing in the aftermath of natural disaster: standards in international human rights law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 20, No. 3 (2008).", "[18] European Court of Human Rights, Budayeva and others c. Russia, 29 September 2008; Supreme Court of Pakistan, case of the flood commission, 7 June 2011; available at http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/page.asp?id=735 (accessed on 24 July 2011).", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 64/200.", "[20] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 3, on the nature of the obligations of States parties, article 2 (1) of the Covenant. See also the concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on disasters, for example CRC/C/MOZ/CO/2 and CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4.", "[21] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 1 (4); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 4.", "[22] At least 84% of the poor were African-American. The Brookings Institution, “New Orleans after the storm: lessons from the past, a plan for the future” (2005), p. 6.", "[23] Ibid., p. 13.", "[24] Elizabeth Ferris and Daniel Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously: A Review of Natural Disasters in 2010 (London, The Brookings Institution – London School of Economics, 2011), p. 19. The Special Rapporteur appreciates the information received from the Government of Colombia on the various measures taken to address the impact of La Niña, such as the establishment of the Adaptation Fund to identify and manage projects aimed at developing durable solutions, including mitigation and prevention strategies.", "[25] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods 2010: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, p. 68; Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, 2010-2011: Rapid Assessment and Policy Review (Oxford, Oxfam United Kingdom, 2011). The Special Rapporteur acknowledges the magnitude of the challenge faced by the Government and its efforts to manage relief and recovery activities, in particular the implementation of the Watan Card Programme, which, in the absence of discrimination between landowners and non-landowners, encouraged all to return to their homes.", "[26] It is estimated that before the earthquake, 80 per cent of the population of Port-au-Prince lived in informal human settlements in only 20 per cent of the land.", "[27] International Organization for Migration, IDP tracking matrix, May 2011.", "[28] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, p. 3 (see footnote 25).", "[29] John Telford and John Cosgrove, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report (London, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006), p. 104.", "[30] Michael Lyons and Theo Shilderman, eds. Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing Reconstruction at Scale (London, Practical Action, 2010) (Respect of Sri Lankan Communities); ActionAid, “Tsunami response: a human rights assessment” (2006), pp. 43-47.", "[31] After Hurricane Katrina, women were particularly affected by the lack of public housing or with bearable expenses, as they were heads of household for most public housing or subsidized with vouchers before the storm. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously (see footnote 24).", "[32] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks after Natural Disasters. Proceedings (Geneva, May 2011), p. 31.", "[33] See the report of the United Nations Special Envoy for Recovery after Tsunami, William J. Clinton, Key propositions for building back better (2006); Hakan Arslan and Cassio Johnson, “Turkey: can small actors overcome the absence of state will?”, at Building Back Better: Delivering People-Centred Housing; Lyons and Shilderman, eds. (see footnote 30).", "[34] Oxfam, Land Rights and the Indus Flood, p. 24-25 (see footnote 25); Government of Pakistan and others, Pakistan Floods 2010, annexes on housing, agriculture and the financial sector (see footnote 25). For an analysis of land and tenure assessments, see also section III of the present report.", "[35] Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, Mission report to New Orleans, 26-31 July 2009; and A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. In 90 per cent of the districts where public housing predominated, African Americans lived, of which 80 per cent were tenants in those areas. See Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24).", "[36] The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received from the Government of the United States of America on measures taken by the Government, in particular by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, to combat discrimination in housing by private and public actors and, inter alia, measures to combat systematic discrimination caused by restrictive zoning and rental laws that discriminated against African Americans, such as the ordinances promulgated by the St. Bernard after the hurricane.", "[37] United States Government Accountability Office, Disaster Housing: FEMA needs more detailed guidance and performance measures to help ensure effective assistance after major disasters, 2009, pp. 11-13; “4 Years After Katrina: Housing crisis continues, low-income renters face discrimination”, Facing South, 21 August 2009.", "[38] Ferris and Petz, A Year of Living Dangerously, p. 74 (see footnote 24).", "[39] Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, “Mission Report”, p. 5 (see footnote 35).", "[40] In some circumstances, private ownership may not be the most convenient way to secure tenure. See A/HRC/10/7.", "[41] See comments on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42/2010) in support of this position, made by delegations, Human Rights Council, sixteenth session.", "[42] The Special Rapporteur notes the categorization used by humanitarian agencies of “six tenure options”, a recognition of the need to address other forms of tenure as well. United Nations and Shelter Centre, Shelter after Disaster (2010), p. 107.", "[43] Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?”, pp. 148 and 149 (see footnote 15).", "[44] See also the recognition of the rights of possession of traditional and indigenous communities in principle 15.3, separate from principle 16.", "[45] See http://www.ohr.int/plip; Norbert Wühler and Heike Niebergall, eds., Property Restitution and Compensation: Practices and Experiences of Claims Programmes (Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2008).", "[46] Rhodri Williams, “Post-conflict property restitution in Bosnia: balancing reparations and durable solutions in the aftermath of displacement”, presented at the International Symposium on Internal Displacement in Turkey and the alien of TESEV, Istanbul, December 2006; Conor Foley and Ingunn Sofie Aursnes, “Land, housing and property restitution after conflict: principles and practice”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine (2005), p. 2; and Norwegian Refugee Council on the Special Court of Restitution of the Property of Afghanistan, 2005.", "[47] Office of the President, Land Rights Restitution Act (Act No. 22 of 1994), chapter I(1) xi; Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Framework on durable solutions for internally displaced persons (Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 2010), p. 35.", "[48] See also principles 8 and 15.2; E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17/Add.1, para. 62; and Langford and Moyo, “Right, remedy or rhetoric?” (see footnote 15).", "[49] Includes situations in which tenure rights are based solely on use or where restitution is materially impossible, as in the case where tenants cannot return to their places of residence or the original sites have disappeared or have been declared non-aedificandi after the disaster.", "[50] It is important to note that a person &apos; s right of tenure does not depend on the reoccupation of the former habitual place of residence.", "[51] Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, “Haiti shelter sector assessment: one year after the earthquake” (April 2011), p. 12.", "[52] Telford and Cosgrove, Synthesis Report, p. 102 (see footnote 29 above), and Ian Christoplos, Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response: a Synthesis of Initial Findings (London, Coalition for the Evaluation of Tsunami, 2006), p. 71.", "[53] Regarding Haiti, it was noted that “a strict asset-replacement approach in relation to the provision of housing and the rush to confirm property rights ... will not be adequate to meet the housing needs of the majority of the affected population who are illegal and non-owners tenants or occupants.” The proposal to quickly embark on the launch of a cadastre was considered inappropriate, as possibly “would strengthen the bias towards the most established and powerful formal owners possessing documentation.” Kate Crawford et al., “Coordination and the tenure puzzle in Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, No. 48 (2010), p. 8.", "[54] Comments received in connection with an earlier draft of this report. Similarly, the Government of Timor-Leste chose a long-term framework to address land issues. Comments by Timor-Leste on the report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/16/42), 8 March 2011.", "[55] Special formal mechanisms also require resources and time. See Kosovo Property Agency annual report, 2010.", "[56] International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons (Protocol of the Great Lakes), 2006, article 4.", "[57] Protocol of the Great Lakes, article 4 (3).", "[58] See A/HRC/16/42, paras. 44 and 45 (on Timor-Leste); and Foley and Aursnes, “Land, housing and property” (see footnote 46).", "[59] United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Count Me In: Surveying for Tenure Security and Urban Land Management (Nairobi, 2010).", "[60] Ibid., (on Aceh, Indonesia), pp. 79 to 83; and Harper, International Law, p. 209 (see footnote 9).", "[61] See World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks, pp. 33 and 34 (see footnote 32).", "[62] Oli Brown and Alec Crawford, “Addressing land ownership after natural disasters: an agency survey”, 2006, p. 6; and Human Rights Watch, “After the deluge: India’s reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami”, p. 41. Some of the most important restrictions were subsequently left aside.", "[63] Tourism Concern, “Post-tsunami reconstruction and tourism: a second disaster?”, 2005.", "[64] ActionAid, “Tsunami response”, pp. 17 and 18 (see footnote 30); Malcolm Langford and Jean du Plessis, “Dignity in the rubble? Forced evictions and human rights law”; and Brown and Crawford, “Addressing land ownership” (see footnote 62).", "[65] Julia Cass and Peter Whoriskey, “New Orleans to raze public housing”, Washington Post, December 8, 2006.", "[66] Amnesty International, “UN-natural disaster: human rights in the Gulf coast”, 2010, p. 6; and Advisory Group on Forced Evictions, Mission Report, pp. 5 and 28 to 32 (see footnote 35).", "[67] A/HRC/13/20/Add.4, para. 30. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the information received from the Government, as well as the fact that thanks to a combination of housing policies, in New Orleans there are now more beneficiaries of housing subsidies than before Hurricane Katrina.", "[68] Report 2011 on the earthquake and tsunami of 27 February 2010 and the reconstruction process in Chile prepared for the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing by the International Coalition for Habitat, Habitat for International Humanity, the Institute of Housing of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism and the Observatory for the Reconstruction of the University of Chile, “Sur Maule”, “Let’s build” and networks of observatories and housing.", "[69] Ibid.", "[70] Ibid.; see also A/HRC/13/20/Add.3, para. 25.", "[71] See as a contrast the success of owner-driven reconstruction approaches. “World Reconstruction Conference: Recovering and Reducing Risks”, p. 25-27 (see footnote 32 above).", "[72] Malcolm Langford, “The right to return and resettlement after the tsunami disaster”, Disaster Brief, vol. 2 (2) (July to September 2005). The term “pressure evictions” is used in some countries to describe the actions or omissions of a tenant who determine that a site is not habitable or suitable for the use provided for in the rental contract.", "[73] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 7; General Assembly resolution 60/147, entitled Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right of Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law to Remedies and Remedies; and Pinheiro Principles.", "[74] General comment No. 7, para. 16; Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Natural Disaster Situations of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, C.2.4, C.2.5.", "[75] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27 concerning freedom of movement.", "[76] “Protection of internally displaced persons in natural disasters: a working visit to Asia by the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons”,Walter Kälin, 2005, p. 22.", "[77] Langford, “The right to return and resettlement” (see footnote 72).", "[78] World Bank, Hazards of nature, risks to development: an IEG Evaluation of World Bank Assistance for Natural Disasters (Washington, D.C., 2006); Active learning system for accountability and results in humanitarian assistance, Responding to earthquakes, 2008: learning from earthquake relief and recovery.", "[79] Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Framework on Durable Solutions (see footnote 47). Lessons can be drawn from good resettlement development practices, such as Michael Cernea and Christopher McDowell, eds., Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2000).", "[80] See, for example, housing construction in Indonesia, Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, p. 157 (see footnote 30).", "[81] Megan Ballard, “Post-conflict property restitution: flawed legal and theoretical foundations”, Berkeley Journal of International Law 462 (2010) (in relation to Bosnia and Herzegovina).", "[82] United Nations Special Envoy for Recovery after Tsunami, Key propositions for building back better (see footnote 33).", "[83] Government of Pakistan, Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Pakistan Floods, p. 7 (see footnote 25).", "[84] Ibid., pp. 22 and 94.", "[85] See for example some projects in Peru: Lyons and Shilderman, eds., Building Back Better, pp. 307-344 (see footnote 30).", "[86] The Corail Camp case, on the outskirts of Port-au-Prince, is proof of this kind of difficulties. Previewed as a temporary camp for displaced persons living in the most at-risk areas, it has attracted people everywhere and in a few months has become a new informal settlement, which had at least 50,000 to 60,000 residents as of May 2011.", "[87] John Holmes, “Learning the lessons of Haiti”, Humanitarian Exchange, No. 48 (October 2010), p. 3.", "[88] United States of America strategy called “Post-earthquake U.S. Government Haiti strategy: towards renewal and economic opportunity” (2011).", "[89] In Haiti, a temporary shelter is on average US$ 2,500, while the lowest cost of a permanent housing is estimated at US$ 3,500.", "[90] See general principle No. 1." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Consecuencias de la deuda externa y de otras obligaciones financieras internacionales conexas de los Estados para el pleno goce de todos los derechos humanos, sobre todo los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General tiene el honor de transmitir a los miembros de la Asamblea General el informe del experto independiente, Sr. Cephas Lumina, sobre las consecuencias de la deuda externa y de las obligaciones financieras internacionales conexas de los Estados para el pleno goce de todos los derechos humanos, sobre todo los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, presentado de conformidad con las resoluciones 7/4 y 16/14 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "Informe del experto independiente sobre las consecuencias de la deuda externa y de las obligaciones financieras internacionales conexas de los Estados para el pleno goce de todos los derechos humanos, sobre todo los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales", "Resumen", "Las entidades de crédito a la exportación y aseguradoras de inversiones, comúnmente conocidas como entidades de crédito a la exportación, son en conjunto la principal fuente de financiación pública para la participación de las empresas extranjeras en proyectos industriales y de infraestructura de gran escala en los países en desarrollo y las economías emergentes. En los últimos años, las entidades de crédito a la exportación han asumido un papel cada vez más importante en la economía mundial, particularmente en el contexto de la crisis financiera mundial.", "Sin embargo, muchos proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación tienen consecuencias perjudiciales para el medio ambiente, la sociedad y los derechos humanos y no son financieramente viables. Numerosos informes han documentado violaciones de derechos humanos relacionadas con proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación, incluido el desplazamiento forzado de poblaciones locales, la violación de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, la negación del acceso a servicios básicos y daños ambientales. Además, las entidades de crédito a la exportación tienden a funcionar en secreto y a menudo sus decisiones de financiación y sus operaciones carecen de transparencia y mecanismos de rendición de cuentas.", "Este informe, presentado de conformidad con las resoluciones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos 7/4 y 16/4, tiene por finalidad centrar la atención en los efectos adversos de las actividades apoyadas por entidades de crédito a la exportación en el desarrollo sostenible y la realización de los derechos humanos en los países donde tales actividades se llevan a cabo. También examina la contribución de los créditos a la exportación a la carga de la deuda de esos países.", "En el informe se pide a los Estados que corrijan los efectos negativos de los proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación y se formulan algunas recomendaciones sobre medidas para asegurar que las actividades de las entidades de crédito a la exportación no menoscaben las obligaciones internacionales en materia de derechos humanos y otras obligaciones de los Estados de origen y anfitriones y no contribuyan a violar los derechos humanos.", "I. Introducción", "1. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación y aseguradoras de inversiones, comúnmente conocidas como entidades de crédito a la exportación, son en conjunto la principal fuente de financiación pública para la participación de las empresas extranjeras en proyectos industriales y de infraestructura de gran escala, especialmente en el sector de las industrias extractivas, en los países en desarrollo[1]. En 2005, las entidades de crédito a la exportación de los países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) aportaron 125.000 millones de dólares en concepto de crédito, seguros, garantías e intereses[2]. En 2007, las entidades de crédito a la exportación apoyaron colectivamente 1,4 billones de dólares en comercio e inversiones, lo que equivale a alrededor del 10% del total del comercio mundial de exportación[3]. Se estima que las actividades realizadas por las entidades de crédito a la exportación son superiores a las de todos los bancos de desarrollo multilaterales y los organismos de desarrollo en el extranjero y que financian directamente uno de cada ocho dólares del comercio mundial[4].", "2. En los últimos años, las entidades de crédito a la exportación han asumido un papel cada vez más importante en la economía mundial, particularmente en el contexto de la crisis financiera mundial. En abril de 2009, el Grupo de los 20, en la cumbre celebrada en Londres, y los países de la OCDE se comprometieron a prestar apoyo adicional al crédito a la exportación para ayudar a aumentar las corrientes de comercio internacional[5].", "3. Sin embargo, un número importante de proyectos apoyados por las entidades de crédito a la exportación, en particular grandes represas, oleoductos, centrales eléctricas de carbón y centrales nucleares que emiten gases de efecto invernadero, plantas químicas, proyectos mineros, y planes forestales y de plantación, tienen graves efectos ambientales, sociales y de derechos humanos[6]. Numerosos informes han documentado los efectos negativos para los derechos humanos de proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación, en particular el desplazamiento forzado de las poblaciones locales, represión estatal, violaciones de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, negación del acceso a los servicios básicos y daño ambiental[7]. Además, las entidades de crédito a la exportación a menudo no tienen salvaguardias adecuadas ni ejercen la diligencia debida, carecen de transparencia y se han visto involucradas en casos de corrupción.", "4. Este informe, presentado de conformidad con las resoluciones 7/4 y 16/14 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, trata de centrar la atención en los efectos adversos de los proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación en el desarrollo sostenible y la realización de los derechos humanos en los países donde se ejecutan. También examina la contribución de las entidades de crédito a la exportación a la carga de la deuda de los países en desarrollo.", "II. Panorama general de las entidades de crédito a la exportación", "A. ¿Qué es el crédito a la exportación?", "5. La expresión “crédito a la exportación” designa un arreglo relativo al seguro, la garantía o la financiación que permite a un comprador extranjero de bienes de capital y/o servicios exportados aplazar el pago durante un período de tiempo (corto plazo, por lo general menos de dos años; mediano plazo, por lo general de dos a cinco años; y largo plazo, por lo general más de cinco años)[8]. El crédito a la exportación es el principal tipo de servicio prestado por las entidades de crédito a la exportación.", "B. ¿Qué son las entidades de crédito a la exportación?", "6. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación son entidades públicas que ofrecen préstamos, subvenciones, garantías, créditos y seguros respaldados por el gobierno a empresas privadas de su país para apoyar las exportaciones y las inversiones extranjeras, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo y los mercados emergentes. La mayoría de los países desarrollados tienen al menos una entidad de crédito a la exportación, que suele ser un organismo oficial o cuasi oficial del gobierno[9].", "7. Aunque las entidades de crédito a la exportación revisten diferentes formas de organización, por lo general son respaldadas por un gobierno y operan de acuerdo con un mandato gubernamental. Una entidad de crédito a la exportación puede ser: a) un departamento gubernamental, como es el caso del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte (Export Credits Guarantee Department) y los Estados Unidos de América (Export-Import Bank); b) una sociedad autónoma, propiedad del gobierno y administrada de forma independiente, como en Australia (Export Finance and Insurance Corporation), Bélgica (Office National du Ducroire/Nationale Delcrederediennst) y el Canadá (Export Development Canada); o c) una empresa privada que actúa como agente del gobierno o una asociación del sector público y el sector privado (en la cual el gobierno toma las decisiones clave y corre los riesgos, en tanto que la empresa ofrece los servicios y lleva a cabo el análisis del riesgo inicial), como en Francia (Compagnie Française d’ Assurance pour le Commerce Exterieur), Alemania (Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs) y los Países Bajos (Atradius)[10]. Estas formas se reflejan en los acuerdos de financiación: presupuesto nacional, fondos especiales del gobierno, préstamos y capital del gobierno o acciones o bonos.", "8. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación proporcionan apoyo a las empresas nacionales de diferentes maneras. Ofrecen préstamos (directamente o a través de un banco comercial) a los compradores extranjeros para adquirir bienes y servicios procedentes del país de origen de la entidad de crédito a la exportación, lo que facilita la capacidad exportadora de las empresas locales. Los servicios financieros ofrecidos por las entidades de crédito a la exportación también revisten la forma de garantías para préstamos comerciales y seguros de crédito a la exportación. Para obtener una garantía de crédito, los exportadores deben contratar un seguro con una entidad de crédito a la exportación, que se compromete a pagar al exportador en caso de que el importador no pague. Los seguros de las entidades de crédito a la exportación también cubren las pérdidas derivadas de riesgos políticos, como la expropiación o nacionalización sin indemnización, la confiscación de las inversiones, las restricciones a la conversión de los dividendos y la transferencia de beneficios, la inestabilidad monetaria, las crisis económicas o la guerra. Mediante la concesión de garantías y seguros, las entidades de crédito a la exportación avalan operaciones que normalmente serían rechazadas en el mercado privado, debido a los riesgos económicos y políticos asociados con ellas.", "9. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación ofrecen financiamiento a tasas de interés, primas y cuotas más bajas que las ofrecidas en los mercados privados, y su apoyo exige el cumplimiento de menos requisitos económicos y poco (o ningún) cumplimiento de las normas ambientales, sociales y de transparencia, promoviendo de este modo transacciones financieras más fáciles, más arriesgadas y más rápidas. Sin embargo, para los prestatarios de los países en desarrollo, los préstamos respaldados por una entidad de crédito a la exportación tienen todavía tasas de interés más altas que muchos créditos otorgados por otras fuentes oficiales, como bancos u organismos de desarrollo[11].", "10. Por último, la mayoría de los prestamistas oficiales, como el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y otros organismos de desarrollo, tienen por objeto aparente promover el crecimiento económico local, el desarrollo y/o la reducción de la pobreza, pero la mayoría de las entidades de crédito a la exportación no tienen en absoluto un mandato de desarrollo. Su único propósito es promover las exportaciones de sus propios países o las inversiones extranjeras.", "III. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación y la deuda soberana", "11. La deuda relacionada con las entidades de crédito a la exportación constituye el mayor componente de la deuda de los países en desarrollo. Según el Banco Mundial, las entidades de crédito a la exportación eran acreedoras a finales de 2000 de un monto estimado de 500.000 millones de dólares, una cuarta parte del total de la deuda externa a largo plazo de esos países[12]. Varios países deben más del 50% de su deuda total a las entidades de crédito a la exportación. Según cifras de la OCDE correspondientes a 2001, por ejemplo, alrededor del 64% de la deuda de Nigeria y el 42% de la deuda de la República Democrática del Congo se había contraído con entidades de crédito a la exportación.", "12. Hay varias maneras en que los créditos a la exportación pueden contribuir a la deuda soberana de un país. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación pueden contribuir directamente a la carga de la deuda soberana cuando prestan a un gobierno o una entidad pública extranjera, o cuando garantizan o aseguran créditos comerciales otorgados a un gobierno o entidad pública. Si el deudor (la entidad pública) no cumple con sus pagos a la entidad de crédito a la exportación o a los acreedores asegurados por la entidad, la deuda contraída por la entidad pública se convierte en parte de la deuda soberana del país.", "13. Los créditos a la exportación también pueden generar deuda soberana indirectamente a través de contragarantías soberanas. Estas garantías encaminadas a reducir los riesgos de las transacciones entre un inversor privado (un exportador o proveedor de servicios, a menudo de un país desarrollado) y un receptor privado extranjero (un importador o destinatario de un proyecto o inversión, a menudo de un país en desarrollo). El exportador contrata un seguro con la entidad de crédito a la exportación de su país de origen para una transacción o proyecto con un riesgo económico o político considerable. A su vez, la entidad de crédito a la exportación requiere una contragarantía del gobierno del país del destinatario. En caso de incumplimiento o fracaso del proyecto, la entidad de crédito a la exportación paga a la empresa privada las pérdidas y pide el reembolso de sus gastos al gobierno del país en desarrollo, haciendo valer su contragarantía. Si el gobierno no puede pagar la contragarantía, el monto adeudado se añade a la deuda soberana del país. El riesgo financiero o político inherente a la transacción es transferido de los inversionistas privados a los contribuyentes del país del receptor privado.", "14. Otra forma es cuando los proyectos de la entidad de crédito a la exportación implican a los gobiernos en grandes pasivos contingentes, incluso en circunstancias en que no solicitan ni garantizan un crédito. Los gobiernos de los países en desarrollo suelen tener que ofrecer condiciones extraordinariamente generosas para atraer algunas inversiones privadas, como las dirigidas a proyectos energéticos. El gobierno puede tener que firmar un acuerdo de compra de energía que garantice la compra de energía a altos precios expresados en dólares. Como tal acuerdo de compra no es un préstamo, no se contabiliza como deuda, aunque puede tener enormes consecuencias presupuestarias para el gobierno interesado.", "15. Inevitablemente, el apoyo de la entidad de crédito a la exportación reduce la presión sobre los inversores para que actúen con la diligencia debida al evaluar el riesgo de incumplimiento o fracaso de un proyecto. La inversión irresponsable y el respaldo de la entidad de crédito a la exportación, por tanto, pueden contribuir a aumentar la deuda de los países en desarrollo.", "16. Los gobiernos que no pueden atender al servicio de la deuda, a menudo tienen que refinanciar sus pagos en foros internacionales, como el Club de París. Para los países menos adelantados, la deuda relacionada con el crédito a la exportación no se suele incluir en las negociaciones sobre el alivio o la condonación de la deuda. En la actualidad, toda la deuda en concepto de crédito a la exportación que se cancela después de concertar acuerdos de refinanciación de la deuda en el Club de París puede registrarse como asistencia oficial para el desarrollo. Por tanto, la cancelación de las deudas a las entidades de crédito a la exportación suele financiarse con cargo a los presupuestos de asistencia oficial. Sin embargo, las transacciones que originaron la deuda en concepto de crédito a la exportación no necesariamente sirven con fines de desarrollo. Los créditos a la exportación suelen apoyar proyectos nocivos desde el punto de vista ambiental y social.", "17. Las organizaciones de la sociedad civil han expresado su preocupación por el hecho de que algunas de las deudas derivadas de transacciones con entidades de crédito a la exportación en los países en desarrollo pueden ser deudas execrables o ilegítimas (véase A/64/289) y, por lo tanto, deben cancelarse. El experto independiente comparte esta preocupación e insta a los países deudores a realizar auditorías públicas transparentes de toda la deuda con las entidades de crédito a la exportación con el fin de determinar su naturaleza. De conformidad con el principio de la responsabilidad compartida de los acreedores y deudores para prevenir y resolver las situaciones de endeudamiento insostenible, cuya importancia se resaltó en el Consenso de Monterrey de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Financiación para el Desarrollo, el experto hace un llamamiento también a los Estados en que estén radicadas las entidades de crédito a la exportación para que realicen auditorías públicas transparentes de las carteras de préstamos de esas entidades.", "IV. Entidades de crédito a la exportación y derechos humanos", "A. Obligaciones de derechos humanos de las entidades de crédito a la exportación", "18. Los Estados tienen la responsabilidad primordial de la realización de los derechos humanos. Al respecto, tienen tres funciones esenciales: respetar, proteger y realizar los derechos humanos de las personas o grupos que se encuentran dentro de su territorio o jurisdicción. El deber de proteger supone la adopción de medidas para asegurar en todo momento que ningún tercero viole los derechos humanos. A tal efecto, los Estados deben adoptar medidas apropiadas para prevenir, investigar, castigar y reparar violaciones de los derechos humanos cometidas por terceros mediante políticas efectivas, legislación, reglamentación y enjuiciamiento (véase A/HRC/17/31, anexo, principio 1).", "19. Se reconoce cada vez más que las obligaciones de derechos humanos de los Estados pueden extenderse más allá de las fronteras, en ciertas circunstancias. Por ejemplo, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales ha puesto de relieve las obligaciones legales de los Estados de respetar los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales fuera de su jurisdicción y evitar acciones que tengan el efecto de vulnerarlos. En su Observación general núm. 14, el Comité señaló que para cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales los Estados Partes tienen que respetar el disfrute del derecho a la salud en otros países e impedir que terceros conculquen ese derecho en otros países siempre que puedan ejercer influencia sobre esos terceros por medios legales o políticos, de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el derecho internacional aplicable (E/C.12/2000/4, párr. 39)[13]. En el mismo espíritu, el Comité de Derechos Humanos, en su Observación general núm. 31, estipuló que un Estado parte debe respetar y garantizar los derechos enunciados en el Pacto a toda persona que esté bajo la autoridad o el control efectivo del Estado parte aunque no se encuentre en su territorio (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, párr. 10)[14].", "20. Por tanto, un Estado cuyas acciones vulneran los derechos humanos en el extranjero o cuya falta de regulación de los actores nacionales produce violaciones en otros países es responsable de esas violaciones[15]. Además, en virtud del artículo 2.1 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, los Estados tienen la obligación de proporcionar asistencia y cooperación internacionales con miras a lograr progresivamente la realización de los derechos enunciados en el Pacto.", "21. Si bien el Estado donde se ejecuta un proyecto respaldado por la entidad de crédito a la exportación es el principal responsable de la protección de los derechos humanos de la población local, el Estado al que pertenece la entidad de crédito a la exportación es responsable de la regulación y supervisión de las actividades llevadas a cabo por la entidad nacional de crédito a la exportación (ya sea propiedad del gobierno, tenga un mandato gubernamental o esté regulada por el gobierno) que menoscabe el goce de los derechos humanos de la población del Estado anfitrión. Como señaló el Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas, los Estados deben adoptar medidas adicionales de protección contra las violaciones de derechos humanos cometidas por empresas de su propiedad o bajo su control, o que reciban importantes apoyos y servicios de organismos estatales, como los organismos oficiales de crédito a la exportación y los organismos oficiales de seguros o de garantía de las inversiones, exigiendo, en su caso, la diligencia debida en materia de derechos humanos (A/HRC/17/31, anexo, principio 4).", "22. Sin embargo, los gobiernos no suelen ejercer la diligencia debida respecto de las acciones de sus entidades nacionales de crédito a la exportación. De hecho, las políticas operacionales de las entidades de crédito a la exportación y las leyes nacionales que las establecen no suelen incluir referencias a normas de derechos humanos. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación tampoco suelen tener una política clara sobre prevención de violaciones de derechos humanos o sobre la diligencia debida para identificar los posibles efectos nocivos de los proyectos en los derechos humanos y mitigarlos. Muchos Estados de origen de las entidades de crédito a la exportación también carecen de mecanismos eficaces para resolver denuncias de violaciones de derechos humanos como resultado de proyectos apoyados por la entidad de crédito a la exportación[16]. Además, rara vez se realizan evaluaciones del impacto de las violaciones de derechos humanos de las actividades respaldadas por las entidades de crédito a la exportación. Además, todas las operaciones y proyectos apoyados por las entidades de crédito a la exportación suelen estar protegidos por disposiciones de confidencialidad que impiden su divulgación a la población y las comunidades potencialmente afectadas, lo que socava los principios de derechos humanos de transparencia y participación.", "23. Como se explicó anteriormente, las actividades apoyadas por las entidades de crédito a la exportación pueden tener graves consecuencias para la carga de la deuda y el desarrollo sostenible de un país y, por tanto, para la vida de las personas. Los Estados deben velar por que los proyectos que apoyan a través de sus entidades de crédito a la exportación no produzcan violaciones de derechos humanos ni contribuyan a producirlas. Cuando un gobierno, directamente o a través de su entidad de crédito a la exportación, no ejerce la diligencia debida para proteger los derechos humanos de los comportamientos potencialmente nocivos de los actores no estatales, está vulnerando las obligaciones dimanantes de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos.", "24. Para que las entidades de crédito a la exportación ejerzan la diligencia debida, tienen que realizar y dar a conocer evaluaciones del impacto en los derechos humanos, en consulta con la población potencialmente afectada, antes de decidirse a apoyar un proyecto. También deben seguir realizando la supervisión independiente durante toda la duración del proyecto y volver a evaluar los riesgos en materia de derechos humanos. Para asegurarse de que las víctimas potenciales reciben la atención y la reparación adecuadas, las entidades de crédito a la exportación deben establecer un mecanismo de recepción de denuncias independiente, imparcial y no discriminatorio. La legislación nacional relativa al establecimiento de las entidades de crédito a la exportación y las políticas operacionales de estas últimas también deben tener en cuenta las normas de derechos humanos. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación deben evaluar todos los proyectos para determinar el cumplimiento de las normas de derechos humanos y establecer claramente los requisitos de la diligencia debida en sus políticas y sus acuerdos contractuales con los clientes.", "25. Las empresas privadas que reciben apoyo financiero de las entidades de crédito a la exportación también son responsables de los efectos de sus actividades en los derechos humanos. Cabe destacar a este respecto que el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en su resolución 8/7, subraya que las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas tienen la responsabilidad de respetar los derechos humanos (véase también resolución 17/4 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos). Hay que señalar, además, que el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales ha subrayado que los actores privados nacionales y transnacionales deben desarrollar sus actividades en el marco de un código de conducta en el que se tenga presente el respeto de esos derechos (E/C.12/1999/5, párr. 20).", "26. Las empresas privadas son responsables ante la comunidad de asegurar que sus actividades no violen los derechos humanos, ya sea directamente o a través de asociación de complicidad con los transgresores, y de tratar de prevenir o mitigar los efectos adversos en los derechos humanos (A/HRC/17/31, anexo, principio 13). El Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas ha hecho hincapié en que, además de cumplir las leyes nacionales, las empresas tienen la responsabilidad básica de respetar los derechos humanos, por tratarse de la expectativa social más elemental en relación con las empresas (véase A/HRC/11/13).", "27. Esta responsabilidad requiere un compromiso político con el cumplimiento de las normas de derechos humanos sobre la base de los instrumentos internacionales fundamentales de derechos humanos, la diligencia debida específicamente referida a los derechos humanos y la provisión de mecanismos de reclamación a las víctimas de violaciones de los derechos humanos. La diligencia debida de las empresas tiene que entrañar una serie de medidas que estas deben tomar para detectar, prevenir, mitigar y remediar los efectos adversos en los derechos humanos. Para llevar a cabo sus actividades con la diligencia debida, las empresas deben considerar el contexto en que operan, el impacto de sus actividades (mediante la realización de evaluaciones de impacto), y el comportamiento de las relaciones vinculadas a esas actividades, para evitar la complicidad con las vulneraciones de derechos humanos (A/HRC/17/31, anexo, principio 17). También deben establecer relaciones con las comunidades potencialmente afectadas, mediante continuas consultas y suministro de información.", "28. Cuando las violaciones ya han tenido lugar, deben proporcionarse a las víctimas mecanismos de reclamación. El Representante Especial ha subrayado que el acceso a recursos desempeña un papel importante en la responsabilidad empresarial respecto de los derechos humanos. Las empresas deben establecer mecanismos de reclamaciones, como líneas telefónicas para elevar quejas, servicios de asesoramiento para las víctimas y mediadores expertos.", "B. Impacto de las actividades de la entidad de crédito a la exportación en los derechos humanos", "29. Aunque es difícil obtener información precisa sobre proyectos respaldados por entidades de crédito a la exportación, debido a la forma secreta en que la mayoría de estas entidades opera, numerosos informes han documentado los efectos perjudiciales de estos proyectos en los derechos humanos. Según los informes, las actividades corporativas apoyadas por entidades de crédito a la exportación han producido en numerosas ocasiones violaciones de los derechos humanos, como acoso de las minorías étnicas, ocupación de tierras indígenas, desalojos forzosos y reasentamiento, falta de indemnización, destrucción de medios de vida rurales, violaciones de los derechos laborales, amenazas a la vida y la integridad física, aumento de la militarización, represión estatal, exclusión de las mujeres de la consulta, restricciones a la libertad de expresión y asociación, insuficiente consulta y participación de las personas afectadas por el proyecto, y restricciones al acceso a la justicia[17].", "C. Otros motivos de preocupación", "30. Las actividades apoyadas por las entidades de crédito a la exportación también han suscitado preocupación por la falta de transparencia y rendición de cuentas. La mayoría de esas entidades se han resistido a los llamamientos de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil para que publiquen información, afirmando que están exentas de los requisitos de transparencia debido al carácter delicado de sus actividades comerciales e internacionales y a la norma de confidencialidad que las protege.", "31. Aunque la disponibilidad de información sobre sus operaciones varía en función del país, las entidades de crédito a la exportación tienen menos mecanismos de transparencia y rendición de cuentas que otros organismos públicos. Esto socava todo intento de asegurar que esas entidades otorguen créditos responsables, se comporten con la diligencia debida y respeten los derechos humanos y las normas ambientales. De hecho, la mayoría de ellas no están obligadas a revelar información sobre los potenciales efectos negativos sociales y ambientales de los proyectos que apoyan. Algunas entidades sólo dan a conocer la información pertinente después que la transacción ha sido aprobada y está sujeta a la autorización del cliente.", "32. La falta de transparencia y rendición de cuentas de las operaciones de las entidades de crédito a la exportación pone a los gobiernos de origen e, indirectamente, a los contribuyentes, ante el riesgo de complicidad con proyectos que pueden producir violaciones de los derechos humanos, connivencia con prácticas de corrupción, participación en actividades de regímenes irresponsables y degradación ambiental. Siendo entidades públicas o semipúblicas, las entidades de crédito a la exportación tienen la responsabilidad de informar a los contribuyentes de cualquiera de estos riesgos.", "33. Los informes de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil indican que se sabe que los proyectos apoyados por las entidades de crédito a la exportación se han visto involucrados en casos de corrupción. Según Transparency International, el soborno de funcionarios extranjeros con el fin de obtener contratos para sus exportaciones se ha convertido en una práctica muy extendida en los países industrializados[18]. Los sobornos se consideran comisiones y se incluyen en el valor del contrato objeto de la garantía o en la indemnización del exportador, donde intervienen los seguros¹⁸.", "34. También se sabe que los proyectos respaldados por entidades de crédito a la exportación han apoyado las actividades de regímenes irresponsables. Por ejemplo, el Export-Import Bank de los Estados Unidos otorgó préstamos y garantías para el proyecto de la planta de energía nuclear de Bataan durante el régimen de Ferdinand Marcos en Filipinas. La entidad de crédito a la exportación alemana proporcionó el seguro para apoyar un acuerdo con Indonesia, durante el régimen de Suharto, para la compra y modernización de buques alemanes, que luego se utilizaron en el conflicto armado interno de Indonesia[19]. Del mismo modo, el Export Credits Guarantee Deparment del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte estuvo de acuerdo en suscribir una garantía en la venta de aviones de combate Hawk a la Fuerza Aérea de Indonesia, durante el régimen de Suharto, en 1993 y 1996. Se informó de que estos aviones fueron utilizados por el ejército indonesio para atacar aldeas de Timor Oriental en 1999[20].", "35. La concesión de préstamos y garantías por entidades de crédito a la exportación para proyectos de industrias extractivas como la tala, la minería, el gas o el petróleo puede tener un costo enorme para el medio ambiente de la región donde se ejecuta el proyecto y para la vida de sus comunidades. Pueden producir degradación ambiental, contaminación del suelo, el aire y el agua, destrucción de hábitats, emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, deforestación, desertificación y degradación del suelo, dependencia a largo plazo de combustibles fósiles y, en última instancia, un cambio climático mundial. A su vez, estos cambios ambientales pueden tener repercusiones en la salud de la población local, aumentando el riesgo de cáncer, enfermedades de la piel y las vías respiratorias y otros problemas relacionados con la salud. También pueden afectar el acceso de las personas a las fuentes de sustento, reducir su seguridad alimentaria y producir el desplazamiento de comunidades locales, en particular de pueblos indígenas de sus tierras tradicionales.", "36. Como se mencionó anteriormente, las entidades de crédito a la exportación desempeñan un papel importante en la economía mundial. Este papel supone la responsabilidad adicional de la entidad que apoya proyectos en países en desarrollo de llevar a cabo sus negocios respetando los requisitos de transparencia, rendición de cuentas y diligencia debida y en estricto cumplimiento de las normas acordadas internacionalmente en materia de derechos humanos y medio ambiente. Es lamentable que, siendo organismos de finanzas públicas que apoyan proyectos en países en desarrollo, la mayoría de las entidades de crédito a la exportación no tengan un mandato de desarrollo y su única misión sea promover las inversiones y las exportaciones de las empresas privadas, a menudo en detrimento de los derechos humanos y el desarrollo sostenible en los países donde apoyan los proyectos[21].", "37. Como ha indicado en el informe sobre su misión en Australia (A/HRC/17/37/Add.1), el experto independiente apoya plenamente la opinión de que la falta de requisitos de transparencia plantea serios problemas respecto de la rendición de cuentas de las entidades de crédito a la exportación a los contribuyentes de sus Estados de origen y los ciudadanos de los países en desarrollo donde se ejecutan los proyectos que apoyan. Los créditos suscritos por el gobierno del país de origen de una entidad de crédito a la exportación o garantizados por los gobiernos de los países donde se ejecutan los proyectos apoyados por las entidades de crédito a la exportación son cuestiones de interés público. Por tanto, es razonable esperar que un organismo público o una entidad financiada con fondos públicos cumplan los requisitos de transparencia y funcionen con mecanismos claros de rendición de cuentas.", "38. El experto independiente opina que debe exigirse a las entidades de crédito a la exportación que revelen públicamente la información relativa a sus actividades, incluida la evaluación de los proyectos, la toma de decisiones y la ejecución y lleven a cabo evaluaciones de los efectos en los derechos humanos de sus decisiones de financiación, además de evaluaciones del impacto ambiental y social. Toda limitación a la divulgación de información debe definirse clara y estrictamente. Esto permitiría que las entidades de crédito a la exportación tomaran decisiones responsables e informadas sobre los proyectos que apoyan.", "39. Además de los mecanismos de transparencia y rendición de cuentas que las entidades deben incorporar en sus políticas y procedimientos, instancias estatales, como las legislaturas nacionales o las oficinas nacionales de auditoría, tienen la responsabilidad de supervisar en forma permanente las actividades de las entidades de crédito a la exportación para asegurarse de que no vayan en detrimento de la asistencia exterior y las políticas de desarrollo de su país, ni de sus obligaciones internacionales en materia de derechos humanos. Estos problemas de derechos humanos requieren una mayor investigación.", "V. Regulación internacional de las actividades de las entidades de crédito a la exportación", "40. Dentro de la OCDE, las entidades de crédito a la exportación se rigen por el Acuerdo sobre los créditos a la exportación con apoyo oficial. El Acuerdo establece un marco jurídico y financiero para el otorgamiento de créditos a la exportación, con el objetivo de introducir disciplina y transparencia en las operaciones de crédito a la exportación. El acuerdo se centra principalmente en cuestiones como los tipos de interés mínimos y los pagos iniciales, calendarios de pago normalizados, procedimientos comunes de notificación, duración máxima de los créditos y disciplina y transparencia en el uso de la ayuda vinculada.", "41. Además, el Grupo de Trabajo de la OCDE sobre Crédito a la Exportación y Garantías Crediticias (Grupo de crédito a la exportación) es un foro para el examen de cuestiones de carácter no fiscal, como la corrupción, el medio ambiente y la competencia, la negociación de principios rectores comunes no vinculantes y el mejoramiento de la cooperación entre competidores.", "42. La Unión Internacional de Aseguradores de Crédito e Inversiones, conocida como Unión de Berna, también lleva a cabo cooperación internacional en materia de políticas de crédito a la exportación. Sin embargo, su función se limita al intercambio de información sobre los compradores extranjeros para reducir el riesgo comercial. La Unión de Berna reúne entidades de crédito a la exportación no sólo de los países de la OCDE, sino también de algunas economías emergentes. Incluye además a las entidades privadas que otorgan créditos a la exportación y seguros de inversión sin un mandato público. Los principios rectores de la Unión de Berna, que se aplican a todos los miembros, contienen vagas referencias a cuestiones como los daños al medio ambiente, la lucha contra la corrupción y la promoción de la transparencia.", "43. La mayoría de las entidades de crédito a la exportación de la OCDE han adoptado políticas sobre los efectos ambientales y sociales de sus actividades. Esas políticas suelen requerir evaluaciones del impacto ambiental.", "44. En 2003, la OCDE aprobó la recomendación del Grupo de crédito a la exportación sobre enfoques comunes en materia de medio ambiente y crédito a la exportación con apoyo oficial (conocidos como “los enfoques comunes”). Los enfoques comunes requieren que los gobiernos y las entidades de crédito a la exportación examinen los proyectos para determinar sus posibles efectos ambientales y si cumplen las normas internacionales. Tras un examen efectuado en junio de 2007, la OCDE actualizó las recomendaciones sobre enfoques comunes y pidió una mayor difusión pública de información y un mayor intercambio de información para promover la igualdad de condiciones entre las entidades. Las recomendaciones también exigen el cumplimiento de las normas ambientales del país anfitrión, la determinación y clasificación de los potenciales efectos ambientales y la realización de evaluaciones del impacto ambiental para proyectos que puedan tener importantes efectos ambientales adversos, así como la verificación de que los proyectos se adecuan a las políticas de salvaguardia del Banco Mundial o, en su caso, las normas de desempeño de las corporaciones financieras internacionales.", "45. Sin embargo, los enfoques comunes tienen una serie de inconvenientes. En primer lugar, son una recomendación no vinculante. En segundo lugar, contienen una cláusula de excepción (artículo 13) que permite a las entidades de crédito a la exportación que son miembros optar por la no aplicación de ninguna norma en absoluto, a condición de que informen al Grupo de crédito a la exportación y justifiquen esa decisión[22]. En tercer lugar, los enfoques comunes en la actualidad sólo se aplican a créditos a la exportación con apoyo oficial que tengan un plazo de amortización de un mínimo de dos años.", "46. Cabe destacar que los enfoques comunes no hacen referencia a los derechos humanos. Esta laguna ha llevado al Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas a recomendar que los enfoques comunes reconozcan claramente que los derechos humanos son un elemento decisivo de la sostenibilidad social de las empresas y los mercados y reconozcan explícitamente el papel de las entidades de crédito a la exportación en el fomento de la responsabilidad empresarial respecto de los derechos humanos[23]. El Representante Especial también ha sugerido que la OCDE considere la posibilidad de crear capacidad de derechos humanos en las entidades de crédito a la exportación mediante el establecimiento de un grupo de derechos humanos que elabore las herramientas adecuadas para que las entidades de crédito a la exportación puedan actuar con la diligencia debida en materia de derechos humanos y las ayude a adquirir la base de conocimientos y la competencia²³. Además, Amnistía Internacional ha recomendado que los proyectos apoyados por entidades de crédito a la exportación se evalúen sobre la base de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos con el fin de evitar que los proyectos causen o contribuyan a causar violaciones de derechos humanos[24]. El experto independiente apoya plenamente estas recomendaciones.", "47. Con respecto a la corrupción, en 2000, el Grupo de crédito a la exportación emitió una declaración de acción sobre cohecho y créditos a la exportación, que se revisó en 2006 y más tarde se convirtió en una recomendación de la OCDE. La recomendación reconoce el papel de las entidades de crédito a la exportación en la lucha contra la corrupción y recomienda medidas adecuadas para disuadir del cohecho en sus operaciones internacionales, en particular informando a los exportadores que solicitan crédito acerca de las consecuencias jurídicas del soborno, solicitando una declaración de los exportadores de que no han practicado el soborno, solicitando información sobre cargos de corrupción en el pasado, exigiendo información sobre los honorarios y las comisiones de los agentes, buscando a los clientes potenciales en las listas de exclusión de las instituciones financieras internacionales y suspendiendo un proyecto cuando haya pruebas de soborno[25].", "48. A pesar de estos esfuerzos limitados, las operaciones de las entidades de crédito a la exportación siguen estando muy poco reguladas a nivel mundial, y las normas y la regulación sobre transparencia y efectos en el medio ambiente y los derechos humanos son claramente insuficientes.", "VI. Responsabilidad del Estado por hechos ilícitos de las entidades de crédito a la exportación", "49. Al tener apoyo oficial, las entidades de crédito a la exportación pueden distinguirse de las instituciones financieras puramente privadas. Sean propiedad del gobierno o tengan un mandato del gobierno, estas entidades desempeñan sus funciones en el marco de la legislación nacional que prescribe sus mandatos. Todas las entidades de crédito a la exportación realizan algunas transacciones en nombre de su gobierno, con su apoyo y bajo su control. Esto establece un vínculo jurídico entre el Estado y la entidad[26]. Los consorcios públicos-privados de entidades de crédito a la exportación también están controlados por el Estado a través de la autorización, financiación y regulación de sus operaciones. Como consecuencia de este nexo jurídico, se puede argumentar que cualquier violación del derecho internacional cometida por las entidades de crédito a la exportación compromete la responsabilidad del Estado de origen y el hecho ilícito cometido por la entidad de crédito a la exportación será imputable al Estado.", "50. Para apoyar este punto de vista, cabe recordar que, de acuerdo con los artículos 4 y 5 del proyecto de artículos de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional sobre la responsabilidad del Estado por hechos internacionalmente ilícitos, la conducta de un órgano estatal, cualesquiera sean sus funciones o su posición, y de un órgano no estatal facultado por la ley de ese Estado para ejercer determinada autoridad gubernamental y que esté actuando en esa capacidad en el caso particular, será imputable al Estado con arreglo al derecho internacional. Por otra parte, a los efectos de la responsabilidad internacional y de conformidad con el principio de unidad del Estado, los actos u omisiones de cualquier dependencia del Estado pueden considerarse como un acto del Estado (A/56/10). Esto significa que las omisiones y los hechos ilícitos de las entidades de crédito a la exportación que son órganos del Estado son atribuibles al Estado en virtud del derecho internacional sobre la responsabilidad del Estado. Las entidades de crédito a la exportación establecidas como entidades estatales o departamentos gubernamentales son claramente autoridades públicas y, como tales, el Estado es responsable de sus hechos. Son propiedad exclusiva del Estado y actúan bajo su control. Del mismo modo, las entidades de crédito a la exportación establecidas como corporaciones autónomas de propiedad del Estado pueden ser gestionadas de forma independiente, pero sus actividades son, en última instancia, supervisadas por un departamento del gobierno, como el ministerio de comercio o finanzas. En consecuencia, esta segunda categoría de entidades de crédito a la exportación también puede considerarse bajo control del Estado. Aunque las empresas privadas o los consorcios públicos-privados que pertenecen a la tercera categoría poseen una mayor autonomía, el Estado conserva el control de sus operaciones a través de la regulación, financiación, aprobación de grandes desembolsos, supervisión o establecimiento de normas y procedimientos. En muchos casos, las decisiones finales respecto de las operaciones de las empresas privadas o públicas/privadas requieren la aprobación de un ministerio o un comité ministerial. En general, la implicación del Estado en las actividades de las entidades de crédito a la exportación es un factor común y no puede subestimarse.", "51. De conformidad con el derecho sobre la responsabilidad del Estado, los gobiernos deben asegurarse de que las entidades nacionales de crédito a la exportación no violan las obligaciones jurídicas internacionales, incluidas las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Cuando una entidad de crédito a la exportación no tiene en cuenta los efectos en los derechos humanos de los proyectos de las empresas privadas que apoya o no toma medidas para mitigarlos, corre el riesgo de comprometer la responsabilidad del Estado por la violación de las obligaciones dimanantes del derecho internacional, si se producen violaciones (A/HRC/17/31, anexo, principio 4). Con arreglo al derecho internacional, los Estados también tienen la obligación de garantizar que sus acciones o las de sus órganos, incluidas las entidades de crédito a la exportación, no causen daños a otro Estado.", "52. El Estado tiene también responsabilidad internacional por complicidad en los hechos ilícitos de otro Estado, si conocía las circunstancias del hecho ilícito (A/56/10, art. 16). Por consiguiente, si una entidad de crédito a la exportación apoya el proyecto de una empresa en un país que permite que la empresa opere en violación de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, el Estado de origen podría ser responsable de ayudar a cometer el hecho ilícito del Estado anfitrión[27].", "53. El comentario que figura en la primera parte del capítulo II del proyecto de artículos hace hincapié en que un Estado puede ser responsable por los efectos de la conducta de particulares si no ha adoptado las medidas necesarias para impedir esos efectos (A/56/10). Como se mencionó anteriormente, en virtud de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos, los Estados tienen el deber de regular las actividades de terceros para proteger contra las violaciones de los derechos humanos. Del mismo modo, en el contexto de la responsabilidad de las actividades de las empresas transnacionales, los Estados tienen la obligación de proteger contra las violaciones de los derechos humanos de las empresas locales en el extranjero[28].", "VII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "54. Los proyectos apoyados por las entidades de crédito a la exportación pueden tener efectos adversos en el desarrollo sostenible y los derechos humanos en los países donde se ejecutan. A menudo, las entidades de crédito a la exportación no son transparentes y no incorporan adecuadamente consideraciones ambientales, sociales y de derechos humanos en sus decisiones de financiación. Con arreglo al derecho internacional sobre la responsabilidad del Estado, las entidades de crédito a la exportación con apoyo oficial son órganos o agentes del Estado de origen y sus hechos ilícitos u omisiones pueden ser atribuibles a ese Estado. Por tanto, los Estados de origen tienen la obligación de regular sus actividades. Además, las entidades de crédito a la exportación tienen la responsabilidad de respetar los derechos humanos.", "55. Con el fin de asegurar que las actividades apoyadas por la entidad de crédito a la exportación no menoscaben las obligaciones internacionales de derechos humanos, contribuyan a violaciones de derechos humanos, obstaculicen el desarrollo sostenible de los países donde se ejecutan o contribuyan a la carga de la deuda de los países en desarrollo, el experto independiente recomienda que:", "a) Los Estados tomen medidas para garantizar que sus entidades de crédito a la exportación adopten y apliquen mejores salvaguardias ambientales y sociales, que sean compatibles con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos;", "b) Los Estados garanticen que sus entidades de crédito a la exportación mejoren la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas mediante la aplicación de políticas de información que exijan, entre otras cosas, la divulgación pública de toda la información sobre el impacto ambiental y social y los efectos en los derechos humanos y el desarrollo de las transacciones apoyadas por la entidad de crédito a la exportación, y que esa información se haga accesible a las comunidades afectadas;", "c) Los Estados tomen medidas, incluida la aprobación de legislación, para asegurar que sus entidades de crédito a la exportación no apoyen proyectos que causen o contribuyan a causar violaciones de derechos humanos y, a ese respecto, garanticen que sus entidades de crédito a la exportación cumplan su obligación de respetar los derechos humanos mediante la adopción de un marco de diligencia debida en materia de derechos humanos que permita evaluar el impacto negativo real y potencial en los derechos humanos y hacer frente a los riesgos con eficacia;", "d) Los Estados garanticen el acceso a recursos jurídicos nacionales efectivos a los afectados por las exportaciones y los proyectos apoyados por la entidad de crédito a la exportación, incluidas las víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos derivadas de las actividades apoyadas por la entidad de crédito a la exportación;", "e) La aplicación de los enfoques comunes de la OCDE en las políticas de determinación del cumplimiento de las normas ambientales, sociales y de derechos humanos por las entidades de crédito a la exportación sea obligatoria;", "f) La comunidad internacional apruebe una moratoria al reembolso de la deuda actual de los países más pobres con las entidades de crédito a la exportación, gran parte de la cual ha sido contraída con fines económicos improductivos; los países deudores realicen auditorías públicas transparentes de todas las reclamaciones relacionadas con las entidades de crédito a la exportación para determinar su legitimidad de conformidad con la doctrina de la deuda execrable; y todas las deudas que resulten contrarias a la doctrina se cancelen incondicionalmente.", "[1] Véase Doug Norlen, Rory Cox, Miho Kim y Catriona Glazebrook , eds., Unusual Suspects: Unearthing the Shadowy World of Export Credit Agencies (Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002), pág. 1; Bruce Rich, “Exporting destruction”, The Environmental Forum, septiembre/octubre de 2000; Malcolm Stephens; The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies (Washington, D.C., Fondo Monetario Internacional, 1999), pág. 63; Andrew M. Moravcsik, “Disciplining trade finance: The OECD export credit arragement”, International Organization, vol. 43, núm. 1 (Invierno 1989), pág. 176; OCDE, “Review of official export credit commitments to IDA-only countries (2001-2009)”, pág. 6, disponible en: www.oecd.org/dataecd/43/59/36945707.pdf.", "[2] Véase www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf. Véase también Karyn Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (Halifax Initiative Coalition, 2008), pág. 1.", "[3] Véase Bruce Rich, Foreclosing the Future: Coal, Climate and Public International Finance (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009), pág. 5, puede consultarse en www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf. Véase también Richard Wainwright, eds., Exporting Destruction: Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation (FERN, 2008), pág. 7.", "[4] Delio E. Gianturco, Export Credit Agencies: The Unsung Giants of International Trade and Finance (Westport, Connecticut, Quorum Books, 2001), pág. 1.", "[5] El comunicado final del G-20 sobre el Plan mundial de recuperación y reforma afirma que sus líderes garantizarán la disponibilidad de al menos 250.000 millones de dólares en los siguientes dos años para apoyar la financiación del comercio a través de las entidades de crédito a la exportación y las inversiones del Grupo y a través de los bancos multilaterales de desarrollo. Véase el Plan mundial de recuperación y reforma aprobado por los líderes del G-20 el 2 de abril de 2009. Puede consultarse en www.g20.org/Documents/final-communique.pdf. Véase también la declaración de la OCDE sobre la crisis financiera mundial y el crédito a la exportación de fecha 22 de abril de 2009. Puede consultarse en www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/42624233.pdf.", "[6] Norlen y otros, Unusual Suspects (véase nota 1), pág. 1.", "[7] Véase Gabrielle Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II: An Assessment of Sustainable Development Achievements of ECA Supported Projects Two Years After OECD Common Approaches Rev. 6 (ECA Watch, 2003); Stephanie Fried y Titi Soentoro, eds., A Brief Overview of Export Credit Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region (Mumbai, World Social Forum, 2004); Nicholas Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough: export credit agencies, corporate welfare and policy incoherence”, Corner House Briefing Paper No. 14 (Corner House, 1999), puede consultarse en www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resources/snouts-trough; Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, pág. 1. Véase también la presentación de Amnistía Internacional sobre la recomendación revisada relativa a los enfoques comunes en materia de créditos a la exportación con apoyo oficial, marzo de 2010, en POL 30/002/2010, pág. 1.", "[8] Véase OCDE, Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-member Economies: Introduction (2008). Puede consultarse en www.oecd-ilibrary.org.", "[9] Se encontrará información sobre los sistemas de financiación del crédito a la exportación en países miembros y no miembros de la OCDE en www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/export-credit-financing-systems-in-oecd-member-countries-and-non-member-economies_17273870.", "[10] Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (véase nota 2), pág. 2.", "[11] Aaron Goldzimer, “Worse than the World Bank? Export credit agencies – the secret engine of globalization” Backgrounder, vol. 9, núm. 1 (Invierno 2003), pág. 2.", "[12] Banco Mundial, Global Development Finance: Financing the Poorest Countries (Washington, D.C, 2002), pág. 107.", "[13] Véase también la Observación general núm. 12, sobre el derecho a una alimentación adecuada, párrs. 36 y 37; y la Observación general núm. 15, sobre el derecho al agua, párrs. 31 a 34.", "[14] Véase también Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Opinión consultiva, Informes de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, 2004, pág. 136.", "[15] Algunos órganos de tratados han instado a los Estados partes a tomar medidas para impedir que las empresas que se encuentran dentro de su jurisdicción comentan violaciones en el extranjero. Véase, por ejemplo, la Observación general núm. 19 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales sobre el derecho a la seguridad social (E/C.12/GC/19, párr. 54), y las observaciones finales del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial sobe los informes periódicos cuarto, quinto y sexto de los Estados Unidos de América (CERD/C/USA/CO/6).", "[16] En los Estados Unidos, la Overseas Private Investment Corporation, que funciona como una entidad de crédito a la exportación, ha establecido una oficina de rendición de cuentas para evaluar y examinar las denuncias relacionadas con los proyectos que apoya. Esta oficina ofrece a las comunidades locales, que puedan verse afectadas material, directa o adversamente, y a los patrocinadores de los proyectos, una instancia para presentar denuncias, independientemente de las actividades de la empresa. Véase www.opic.gov/doing-business/accountability.", "[17] Véase, por ejemplo, Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II (véase nota 7) y Norlen y otros, Unusual Suspects (véase nota 1).", "[18] Dieter Frisch, “Export credit insurance and the fight against international corruption” Transparency International Working Paper (Transparency International, 1999), puede consultarse en www.odiousdebts.org/odiousdebts/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=2366. Sobre el progreso insuficiente en la lucha contra la participación corporativa en el cohecho y la corrupción, véase también Transparency International, Transparency in Reporting on Anti-Corruption: A Report on Corporate Practices (2009).", "[19] Véase European Network on Debt and Development “Skeletons in the cupboard: illegitimate debt claims of the G7” (2007).", "[20] Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough” (véase nota 7).", "[21] Jubilee Australia, Risky Business: Shining a Spotlight on Australia’ s Export Credit Agency (Sydney (Australia), 2009), pág. 10.", "[22] Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction (véase nota 3) pág. 12. Véase también www.oekb.at/en/export-services/transparency-compliance/environment/oecd-common-approaches/pages/default.aspx.", "[23] Representante Especial del Secretario General sobre la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las empresas transnacionales y otras empresas, John Ruggie, “Engaging export credit agencies in respecting human rights”, declaración formulada en la reunión sobre los enfoques comunes del Grupo de crédito a la exportación de la OCDE, París, 23 de junio de 2010.", "[24] Véase la presentación de Amnistía Internacional sobre el examen de la recomendación revisada sobre los enfoques comunes (véase nota 7), pág. 4.", "[25] Wainwright, ed., Exporting destruction (véase nota 3), pág. 15.", "[26] Véase Özgür Can y Sara L. Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, documento preparado por ECA Watch, Halifax Initiative y ESCR-Net, julio de 2006, puede consultarse en www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf.", "[27] Véase Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (véase nota 2), págs. 3 a 7. Véase también Can y Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, págs. 4 a 8.", "[28] Véase Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, pág. 10; Can y Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, pág. 12." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Members of the General Assembly the report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, Cephas Lumina, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14.", "Report of the independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights", "Summary", "Export credit and investment insurance agencies, commonly known as export credit agencies, are collectively the principal source of public financing for foreign corporate involvement in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects in developing countries and emerging economies. In recent years, export credit agencies have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis.", "Nevertheless, many projects supported by export credit agencies have harmful environmental, social and human rights consequences and are not financially viable. Numerous reports have documented human rights violations arising from or associated with projects supported by export credit agencies, including forced displacement of local populations, violation of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage. In addition, export credit agencies tend to be secretive and often lack transparency and accountability in their funding decisions and operations.", "The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14, aims to focus attention on the adverse impact of export credit agency-supported activities on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in the countries where such activities are undertaken. It also examines the contribution of export credits to the debt burdens of those countries.", "The report calls upon States to address the negative impact of export credit agency-supported projects and makes some recommendations on measures to ensure that the activities of export credit agencies do not undermine the international human rights and other obligations of their home and host States and do not contribute to human rights violations.", "I. Introduction", "1. Export credit and investment insurance agencies, generally known as export credit agencies, are collectively the largest source of public financing for foreign corporate involvement in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects, particularly in the extractive industries sector, in developing countries.[2] In 2005, export credit agencies from the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provided $125 billion in credit, insurance, guarantee and interest support.[3] In 2007, export credit agencies collectively supported $1.4 trillion in trade and investment, equivalent to around 10 per cent of the world’s total export trade.[4] It is estimated that the activities undertaken by export credit agencies exceed those of all multilateral development banks and overseas development agencies and that they directly finance one in every eight dollars of world trade.[5]", "2. In recent years, export credit agencies have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis. In April 2009, the Group of 20, at its summit meeting in London, and OECD member countries pledged to provide extra support for export credits to help increase international trade flows.[6]", "3. Nevertheless, a significant number of the projects supported by export credit agencies, particularly large dams, oil pipelines, greenhouse gas-emitting coal and nuclear power plants, chemical facilities, mining projects and forestry and plantation schemes, have severe environmental, social and human rights impacts.[7] Numerous reports have documented the adverse human rights impact of projects supported by export credit agencies, including forced displacement of local populations, State repression, violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage.[8] In addition, export credit agencies often do not have adequate safeguards and due diligence, lack transparency and have been implicated in corruption.", "4. The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14, seeks to focus attention on the adverse impact of export credit agency-supported projects on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in the countries in which such projects are implemented. It also examines the contribution of export credits to the debt burden of developing countries.", "II. Overview of export credit agencies", "A. What is export credit?", "5. The term “export credit” refers to an insurance, guarantee or financing arrangement that enables a foreign buyer of exported capital goods and/or services to defer payment over a period of time (short term, usually under two years; medium term, usually from two to five years; and long term, usually over five years).[9] Export credit is the main type of facility provided by an export credit agency.", "B. What are export credit agencies?", "6. Export credit agencies are public entities that provide Government-backed or subsidized loans, guarantees, credits and insurance to private corporations from their home country to support exports and foreign investments, particularly in developing countries and emerging markets. Most developed countries have at least one export credit agency, which is usually an official or quasi-official agency of their Government.[10]", "7. Although export credit agencies take various organizational forms, they are usually backed by a Government and operate in accordance with a Government mandate. An export credit agency can be: (a) a Government department, as is the case in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Export Credits Guarantee Department) and the United States of America (Export-Import Bank); (b) an autonomous corporation, owned by the Government and independently managed, as in Australia (Export Finance and Insurance Corporation), Belgium (Office national du ducroire/Nationale Delcrederedienst) and Canada (Export Development Canada); or (c) a private company acting as a Government agent or a private-public partnership (where key decisions and risks are taken by the Government, while the company provides the services and undertakes the initial risk analysis), such as those in France (Compagnie française d’assurance pour le commerce extérieur), Germany (Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs) and the Netherlands (Atradius).[11] These forms are reflected in the funding arrangements: from the national budget, from special Government funds, from loans and capital from the Government or from shares or bonds.", "8. Export credit agencies provide support to domestic companies in different ways. They provide loans (directly or through a commercial bank) to foreign buyers to purchase goods and services originating in the agency’s home country, thus facilitating the export capacity of local corporations. Financial services offered by export credit agencies also take the form of guarantees for commercial loans and export credit insurance. To obtain a credit guarantee, exporters take out insurance with an export credit agency, which undertakes to pay the exporter should the importer default on payment. Export credit agencies’ insurance also cover the losses emanating from political risks, such as nationalization or expropriation without compensation, confiscation of investments, restrictions on conversion of dividends and transfer of profits, currency instability, economic crisis or war. Through the provision of guarantees and insurance, export credit agencies back transactions that would normally be refused in the private market owing to the economic or political risk associated with them.", "9. Export credit agencies offer financing at lower interest rates, premiums and fees than those offered by the private markets, and their support entails minor economic requirements and limited (or no) compliance with environmental, social and transparency standards, thus facilitating easier, riskier and faster financial transactions. Nevertheless, for borrowers in developing countries, export credit agency-backed loans still have higher interest rates than many provided by other official sources, such as development banks or agencies.[12]", "10. Finally, most official lenders, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other development agencies, ostensibly aim to promote local economic growth, development and/or poverty reduction, but most export credit agencies do not have a development mandate at all. Their singular purpose is to promote their own countries’ exports or foreign investments.", "III. Export credit agencies and sovereign debt", "11. Export credit agency-related debt constitutes the largest component of developing country debt. According to the World Bank, export credit agencies’ total exposure to developing countries had reached an estimated $500 billion by the end of 2000, one quarter of those countries’ total long-term external debt.[13] A number of countries owe more than 50 per cent of their total debt to export credit agencies. According to 2001 figures from OECD, for example, around 64 per cent of the debt of Nigeria and 42 per cent of the debt of the Democratic Republic of Congo were owed to export credit agencies.", "12. There are various ways in which export credits can contribute to a country’s sovereign debt. Export credit agencies can directly contribute to the sovereign debt burden when they lend to a Government or foreign public entity, or when they guarantee or insure commercial credits made available to a Government or public entity. If the debtor (the public entity) defaults on its payments to the export credit agency or to the creditor insured by the agency, the debt owed by the public entity becomes part of the country’s sovereign debt.", "13. Export credits may also generate sovereign debt indirectly through sovereign counterguarantees. These guarantees seek to reduce the risks of transactions between a private investor (an exporter or provider of services, often from a developed country) and a foreign private recipient (an importer or recipient of an investment or project, often from a developing country). The exporter takes up insurance with its home country’s export credit agency for a transaction or project with considerable economic or political risk. In turn, the export credit agency requires a counterguarantee from the recipient’s Government. In the event of default or failure of the project, the export credit agency pays the private company for its loss and seeks reimbursement for its costs from the developing country Government against its counterguarantee. If the Government is unable to pay the counterguarantee, the amount owed is added to the country’s sovereign debt. The inherent financial or political risk of the transaction is thus transferred from the private investor to the taxpayers of the country of the private recipient.", "14. Another way is when export credit agency projects involve Governments in large contingent liabilities even in circumstances where they do not borrow or guarantee a loan. Developing country Governments often have to offer extraordinarily generous terms to attract certain private investments such as those for power projects. The Government may have to sign a power purchase agreement guaranteeing the purchase of power at high dollar-denominated prices. Since such a purchase agreement is not a loan, it is not counted as debt, although it may have massive budgetary implications for the Government concerned.", "15. Inevitably, export credit agency backing reduces the pressure on investors to exercise due diligence in assessing the risk of default or failure of a project. Irresponsible investing and export credit agency backing can therefore contribute to an increase in the debt of developing countries.", "16. Governments that are unable to meet their debt obligations often need to reschedule their debt repayments in international forums, such as the Paris Club. For the least developed countries, export credit-related debt is often not included in negotiations on debt relief or cancellation. Currently, all export credit debt that is cancelled after debt rescheduling agreements in the Paris Club may be reported as official development assistance. Thus, the cancellation of export credit agency debts is often funded by official aid budgets. However, transactions that result in export credit debt do not necessarily serve development purposes; export credits typically support environmentally and socially harmful projects.", "17. Civil society organizations have expressed concern that some of the debt emanating from export credit agency transactions with developing countries may be odious or illegitimate (see A/64/289) and should therefore be cancelled. The independent expert shares this concern and urges debtor countries to conduct transparent public audits of all export credit agency debt in order to ascertain its nature. In keeping with the principle of shared responsibility of creditors and debtors for preventing and resolving unsustainable debt situations, as underscored in the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development, he also calls upon the home States of export credit agencies to undertake transparent public audits of the lending portfolios of their agencies.", "IV. Export credit agencies and human rights", "A. Human rights obligations of export credit agencies", "18. States bear primary responsibility for the realization of human rights. In this regard, they have three essential duties: to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of individuals or groups within their territory or jurisdiction. The duty to protect entails taking measures to ensure at all times that third parties do not violate human rights. Thus, States must take appropriate steps to prevent, investigate, punish and redress human rights abuses by third parties through effective policies, legislation, regulation and adjudication (see A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 1).", "19. It is increasingly recognized that States’ human rights obligations can extend beyond borders in certain circumstances. For example, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has underscored the legal obligations of States to respect economic, social and cultural rights beyond their jurisdiction and to avoid actions that have the effect of undermining them. In its general comment No. 14, the Committee has stated that to comply with their international obligations, States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right to health in other countries and to prevent third parties from violating that right in other countries, if they are able to influence these third parties by way of legal or political means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law (E/C.12/2000/4, para. 39).[14] In a similar vein, the Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 31, has stated that a State party must respect and ensure the rights laid down in the Covenant to anyone within the power or effective control of that State party, even if not situated within its territory (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, para. 10).[15]", "20. Thus, a State whose actions undermine human rights abroad or whose failure to regulate national actors results in violations in other countries is liable in respect of those violations.[16] In addition, under article 2.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to provide international assistance and cooperation with a view to achieving progressively the realization of the rights elaborated in the Covenant.", "21. While the State where an export credit agency-backed project is implemented bears primary responsibility for the protection of human rights of the local population, the agencies’ home States are responsible for the regulation and supervision of the activities carried out by their national export credit agencies (whether owned, mandated or regulated by Government) that had an adverse effect on the enjoyment of human rights of the population of the host State. As stated by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, States should take steps to protect against human rights abuses by business enterprises that are owned or controlled by the State or that receive substantial support and services from State agencies such as export credit agencies and official investment insurance or guarantee agencies, including, where appropriate, by requiring human rights due diligence (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 4).", "22. However, Governments rarely exercise due diligence concerning the actions of their national export credit agencies. Indeed, the agencies’ operational policies and the national laws establishing them typically never include references to human rights standards. Neither do export credit agencies have in place a clear policy on the prevention of human rights abuses or on due diligence to identify potential harmful effects of projects on human rights and to mitigate them. Many export credit agencies’ home States also lack effective mechanisms to adjudicate claims of human rights abuses resulting from projects backed by such agencies.[17] Moreover, impact assessments of human rights violations of export credit agency-backed operations are rarely undertaken. In addition, all transactions and projects supported by export credit agencies are often protected by confidentiality provisions that prevent their publication among the population and the potentially affected communities, thus undermining the human rights principles of transparency and participation.", "23. As explained above, export credit agency-supported activities can have serious consequences on a country’s debt burden and sustainable development and, consequently, on the lives of people. States should therefore ensure that the projects that they support through their export credit agencies do not result in or contribute to human rights abuses. When a Government, directly or through its export credit agency, fails to exercise due diligence to protect human rights from the potentially harmful behaviour of non-State actors, it is in breach of its obligations under international human rights law.", "24. For export credit agencies to operate with due diligence, they should carry out and publicize human rights impact assessments, in consultation with the potentially affected population, before deciding to support any project. They should also continue to conduct independent monitoring throughout the life of the project and reassess the human rights risks. To ensure that potential victims receive adequate attention and redress, export credit agencies should put in place an independent, fair and non-discriminatory grievance mechanism. National legislation establishing export credit agencies and their operational policies should also refer to human rights standards. Export credit agencies should assess all projects against human rights standards and establish clear due diligence requirements in their policies and contracts with clients.", "25. Private corporations that are financially supported by export credit agencies also bear responsibility for the human rights impact of their activities. It is noteworthy in this regard that the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 8/7, underscores the responsibility of transnational corporations and other business enterprises to respect all human rights (see also Human Rights Council resolution 17/4). It is also notable that the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stressed that national and transnational private actors should pursue their activities within the framework of a code of conduct conducive to the respect of those rights (E/C.12/1999/5, para. 20).", "26. Private corporations have a responsibility to the community to ensure that their activities do not violate human rights, either directly or through complicit association with abusers, and to seek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights impacts (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 13). It is notable that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises has stressed that, in addition to compliance with national laws, corporations have a basic responsibility to respect human rights, as this is the basic expectation that society has of business (see A/HRC/11/13).", "27. Such responsibility requires a policy commitment to comply with human rights standards grounded in core international human rights instruments, specific human rights due diligence and the provision of grievance mechanisms to victims of human rights abuses. Corporate due diligence should entail a number of steps that companies must take to become aware of, prevent, mitigate and address adverse human rights impacts. To conduct their businesses with due diligence, companies must consider the context in which they operate; the impact of their activities, by conducting human rights impact assessments; and the behaviour of the relationships connected to those activities, to avoid complicity in human rights abuses (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 17). They should also engage with potentially affected communities through continuous consultation and the provision of information.", "28. When abuses have already taken place, grievance mechanisms should be provided to the victims. The Special Representative has emphasized that access to remedies plays an important role in corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Corporations should establish grievance mechanisms such as hotlines for raising complaints, advisory services for victims and expert mediators.", "B. Impact of export credit agency activities on human rights", "29. Although it is difficult to obtain accurate information on export credit agency-backed projects owing to the secretive manner in which most of the agencies operate, numerous reports have documented the harmful impact of those projects on human rights. According to the reports, corporate activities supported by export credit agencies have on numerous occasions resulted in human rights violations, such as harassment of ethnic minorities, occupation of indigenous land, forced evictions and resettlement, lack of compensation, destruction of rural livelihoods, violations of labour rights, threats to life and bodily integrity, increased militarization, State repression, exclusion of women from consultation, restrictions on freedom of expression and association, insufficient participation of and consultation with people affected by the project and restrictions on access to justice.[18]", "C. Other concerns", "30. The activities supported by export credit agencies have also given rise to concerns about the lack of transparency and accountability. Most such agencies have resisted calls by civil society organizations to publish information, claiming that they are exempt from transparency requirements owing to the commercial and international sensitivity of their activities and the confidentiality rule that protects them.", "31. Although the availability of information on their operations varies from country to country, export credit agencies lag behind the transparency and accountability mechanisms of other public agencies. This undermines any attempts to ensure that the agencies provide responsible credit, behave with due diligence and respect human rights and environmental standards. Indeed, most of them are not obliged to disclose information about the potential adverse social and environmental impact of the projects that they support. Some agencies release the relevant information only after the transaction has been approved and subject to authorization from the client.", "32. The lack of transparency and accountability of export credit agency operations puts home Governments and, indirectly, their taxpayers, at risk of complicity in supporting projects that may result in human rights violations, connivance with corrupt practices, involvement in the activities of unaccountable regimes and environmental degradation. As public or semi-public entities, export credit agencies have a responsibility to inform taxpayers of any such risks.", "33. Reports by civil society organizations indicate that projects supported by export credit agencies are known to have been implicated in corruption cases. According to Transparency International, bribing foreign officials in order to secure contracts for their exports has become a widespread practice in industrialized countries.[19] The bribes are treated as commissions and are included in the contract value covered by the guarantee or in the indemnification of the exporter where insurances come into play.¹⁸", "34. Export credit agency-backed projects are also known to have supported the activities of unaccountable regimes. For example, loans and guarantees were provided by the Export-Import Bank of the United States for the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant project during the Ferdinand Marcos regime in the Philippines. The German export credit agency provided insurance to support a deal with Indonesia, during the Suharto regime, to purchase and modernize German vessels, which were eventually used in internal armed conflict in Indonesia.[20] Similarly, the Export Credits Guarantee Department of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland agreed to underwrite a guarantee on the sale of Hawk fighter jets to the Indonesian Air Force during the Suharto regime in 1993 and 1996. The jets were reported to have been used by the Indonesian military against villages in East Timor in 1999.[21]", "35. The provision of export credit agency loans and guarantees for extractive industry projects such as logging, mining, gas or oil can take an enormous toll on the environment of the region where the project is implemented and on the lives of their communities. They risk creating environmental degradation; land, air and water pollution; destruction of habitats; greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, desertification and soil degradation; long-term fossil fuel dependence; and ultimately, global climate change. In turn, these environmental changes may affect the health of the local population, increasing the risk of cancer, skin and pulmonary disease and other health-related problems. They may also affect people’s access to sources of livelihood, reducing their food security, and result in the displacement of local communities, particularly of indigenous peoples, from their traditional homelands.", "36. As stated above, export credit agencies play an important role in the global economy. This role entails an additional responsibility for agencies supporting projects in developing countries to conduct their businesses with transparency, accountability and due diligence and in strict compliance with internationally agreed standards on human rights and environmental issues. It is regrettable that as public finance bodies supporting projects in developing countries, most export credit agencies have no development mandate and their sole mission is to promote investments and exports of private corporations, often to the detriment of human rights and sustainable development in the countries where they support projects.[22]", "37. As intimated in his report on his mission to Australia (A/HRC/17/37/Add.1), the independent expert fully supports the view that the absence of transparency requirements raises serious questions about the accountability of export credit agencies to the taxpayers of their home States and to citizens of the developing countries where they support projects. Loans underwritten by an export credit agency’s home Government or guaranteed by the Governments of the countries where export credit agency-supported projects are being implemented are matters of public concern. It is therefore reasonable to expect a public body or a publicly funded body to abide by transparency requirements and operate with clear accountability mechanisms.", "38. The independent expert is of the view that export credit agencies should be required to publicly disclose information concerning their activities, including project assessment, decision-making and implementation, and to undertake assessments of the human rights impact of their financing decisions, in addition to environmental and social impact assessments. Any limitations to the disclosure of information should be clearly and narrowly defined. This would allow export credit agencies to make responsible and informed decisions about the projects they support.", "39. Besides the adoption of transparency and accountability mechanisms as part of agencies’ policies and procedures, State entities such as national legislatures or national audit offices have a responsibility to undertake ongoing monitoring of the activities of export credit agencies to ensure that their activities do not undermine their country’s foreign aid and development policies or their international human rights obligations. These human rights concerns require further investigation.", "V. International regulation of export credit agency activities", "40. Within OECD, export credit agencies are governed through the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits. The Arrangement establishes a legal and financial framework for export credit provision, with the aim of bringing discipline and transparency to export credit operations. The Arrangement focuses mainly on such issues as minimum interest rates and down payments, standardized repayment schedules, common reporting procedures, maximum duration of credits and discipline and transparency in the use of tied aid.", "41. In addition, the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees (Export Credit Group) provides a forum for the discussion of non-fiscal issues, such as corruption, environment and competition, the negotiation of non-binding common guiding principles and improved cooperation among competitors.", "42. International cooperation on export credit policy is also undertaken by the International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers, known as the Berne Union. However, its role is limited to exchanging information on foreign buyers to reduce commercial risk. The Berne Union gathers together export credit agencies not only from OECD countries but also from some emerging economies. It also includes private entities providing export credits and investment insurance without a public mandate. The guiding principles of the Berne Union, which apply to all members, contain vague references to such issues as environmental sensitivity, combating of corruption and promotion of transparency.", "43. Most OECD export credit agencies have adopted policies regarding the environmental and social impact of their activities. Such policies typically require environmental impact assessments.", "44. In 2003, OECD adopted the Export Credit Group’s recommendation on common approaches on environment and officially supported export credits, known as the Common Approaches. The Common Approaches require Governments and export credit agencies to review projects for their potential environmental impact and to evaluate them against international standards. After a review in June 2007, OECD updated the recommendation on the Common Approaches, calling for more public disclosure of information and increased exchange of information to promote a level playing field among agencies. The rules also require compliance with environmental standards in the host country, the screening and classification of potential environmental impact and the carrying out of environmental impact assessments for projects with potential significant adverse environmental impact, as well as the screening of projects against the World Bank safeguard policies or, where appropriate, the International Finance Corporation performance standards.", "45. However, the Common Approaches have a number of drawbacks. First, they are a non-binding recommendation. Second, they contain a derogation clause (article 13) that allows member export credit agencies, should they so decide, to opt out of applying any standards at all, provided they report and justify this to the Export Credit Group.[23] Third, the Common Approaches currently apply only to officially supported export credits with a repayment term of two years or more.", "46. It is notable that the Common Approaches make no reference to human rights, which has prompted the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises to recommend that the Common Approaches clearly acknowledge that human rights are a critical element in the social sustainability of enterprises and markets and explicitly recognize the export credit agencies’ role in fostering corporate responsibility to respect human rights.[24] The Special Representative has further suggested that OECD consider building export credit agency capacity on human rights by establishing a human rights working group to develop tools suitable for export credit agencies in undertaking human rights due diligence and help build in knowledge base and competency.²³ In addition, Amnesty International has recommended that export credit agency-supported projects be assessed against international human rights standards in order to prevent projects from causing or contributing to human rights violations.[25] The independent expert fully supports these recommendations.", "47. With regard to corruption, in 2000, the Export Credit Group issued an action statement on bribery and officially supported export credits, which was revised in 2006 and later converted into an OECD recommendation. The recommendation recognizes the role of export credit agencies in combating corruption and recommends appropriate measures to deter bribery in their international operations, including informing exporters requesting credit about the legal consequences of bribery, requesting a declaration that the exporters have not been engaged in bribery, requesting information on past corruption charges, requiring the disclosure of information on agents’ fees and commissions, checking the record of potential clients on the debarment lists of international financial institutions and suspending a project where there is evidence of bribery.[26]", "48. Despite these limited efforts, the operations of export credit agencies continue to be largely unregulated at the global level, and standards on and regulation of transparency and environmental and human rights effects are largely insufficient.", "VI. State responsibility for the wrongful acts of export credit agencies", "49. As officially supported agencies, export credit agencies can be distinguished from purely private financial corporations. Whether Government-owned or Government-mandated, they perform their functions under national laws or regulations that prescribe their mandates. All export credit agencies carry out some transactions on their Government’s behalf, with its support and under its control. This establishes a legal nexus between the State and the agency.[27] Private-public consortia of export credit agencies are also controlled by the State through the authorization, funding and regulation of their operations. As a consequence of this legal nexus, it can be argued that any violation of international law committed by an export credit agency triggers the responsibility of its home State and the wrongful act committed by the export credit agency will be attributable to that State.", "50. To support this view, it is worth recalling that according to articles 4 and 5 of the International Law Commission’s draft articles on Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, the conduct of any organ of the State, whatever functions or position it holds, and of any non-State organ empowered by the law of that State to exercise certain Governmental authority and acting in that capacity in the particular instance will be attributable to that State under international law. Moreover, for the purposes of international responsibility and in line with the principle of unity of the State, the acts or omissions of any unit of the State can be regarded as an act of the State (A/56/10). This means that the wrongful actions and omissions of export credit agencies that are organs of the State are attributable to the State under the international law of State responsibility. Export credit agencies established as State agencies or Government departments are clearly public authorities, and as such the State bears responsibility for their actions. They are wholly owned by the State and operate under its control. Similarly, export credit agencies established as autonomous corporations owned by the State may be independently managed, but their activities are ultimately overseen by a Government department such as the ministry of trade or finance. Accordingly, this second category of export credit agencies may also be considered as being under State control. Although private companies or private-public consortia belonging to the third category possess more autonomy, the State retains some control over their operations through regulation, funding, approval of large disbursements, oversight or the establishment of standards and procedures. In many cases, ultimate decisions regarding the operations of private or public-private corporations require the approval of a ministry or ministerial committee. Overall, the implication of the State in the activities of export credit agencies is a common factor and cannot be taken too lightly.", "51. In line with the law of State responsibility, Governments must ensure that national export credit agencies do not violate international legal obligations, including international human rights law. Where an export credit agency does not consider or take steps to mitigate the human rights impact of the projects of private companies they support, they risk triggering the responsibility of the State for violating international law obligations should abuses occur (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 4). States’ duty under international law also requires them to ensure that their actions or those of their organs, including export credit agencies, do not cause harm to another State.", "52. A State also bears international responsibility for complicity in the wrongful acts of another State if it had knowledge of the circumstances of the wrongful act (A/56/10, article 16). Accordingly, if an export credit agency supports the project of a corporation in a country that allows the corporation to operate in violation of international human rights law, the home State could be responsible for assisting the wrongful act of the host State.[28]", "53. The commentary on part one, chapter II, of the draft articles stresses that a State may be responsible for the effects of the conduct of private parties if it failed to take necessary measures to prevent those effects (A/56/10). As mentioned above, under international human rights law, States have a duty to regulate the activities of third parties to protect against human rights abuses. Similarly, in the context of the responsibility of transnational corporate activities, States are under the obligation to protect against human rights abuses of home corporations in foreign countries.[29]", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "54. Projects supported by export credit agencies can have an adverse impact on sustainable development and human rights in the countries in which they are implemented. Often, export credit agencies lack transparency and do not adequately incorporate environmental, social and human rights considerations into their funding decisions. Under the international law of State responsibility, officially supported export credit agencies are organs or agents of the home State, and their wrongful acts or omissions may be attributable to that State. As such, home States are under an obligation to regulate their activities. In addition, export credit agencies have a responsibility to respect human rights.", "55. In order to ensure that export credit agency-supported activities do not undermine international human rights obligations, contribute to violations of human rights, hamper sustainable development in the countries in which they are being undertaken or contribute to the debt burdens of developing countries, the independent expert recommends that:", "(a) States adopt measures to ensure that their export credit agencies adopt and implement stronger environmental and social safeguards that are consistent with international human rights standards;", "(b) States ensure that their export credit agencies improve transparency and accountability by implementing disclosure policies that require, inter alia, public disclosure of all information on the environmental, social, human rights and development impact of agency-supported transactions and that such information is made accessible to the affected communities;", "(c) States take measures, including adopting legislation, to ensure that their export credit agencies do not support projects that cause or contribute to human rights violations, and in this regard, that they ensure that their export credit agencies discharge their obligation to respect human rights by adopting a human rights due diligence framework through which they can assess the actual and potential negative human rights impact and address risks effectively;", "(d) States ensure access to effective national legal remedies for those affected by export credit agency-supported projects and exports, including the victims of human rights violations arising from export credit agency-supported activities;", "(e) The implementation of the OECD Common Approaches in environmental, social and human rights screening policies of export credit agencies become mandatory;", "(f) The international community adopt a moratorium on the repayment of current export credit agency debt for the poorest countries, much of which has been incurred for economically unproductive purposes, debtor countries conduct transparent public audits of all export credit agency claims to determine their legitimacy in conformity with the odious debts doctrine, and all debt found to be contrary to the doctrine be unconditionally cancelled.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See Doug Norlen, Rory Cox, Miho Kim and Catriona Glazebrook, eds., Unusual Suspects: Unearthing the Shadowy World of Export Credit Agencies (Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002), p. 1; Bruce Rich, “Exporting destruction”, The Environmental Forum, September/October 2000; Malcolm Stephens, The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies (Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 1999), p. 63; Andrew M. Moravcsik, “Disciplining trade finance: the OECD export credit arrangement”, International Organization, vol. 43, No. 1 (Winter 1989), p. 176; OECD, “Review of official export credit commitments to IDA-only countries (2001-2009)”, p. 6, available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/59/ 36945707.pdf.", "[3] See www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf. See also Karyn Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (Halifax Initiative, 2008), p. 1.", "[4] See Bruce Rich, Foreclosing the Future: Coal, Climate and Public International Finance (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009), p. 5, available from www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf. See also Richard Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction: Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation (FERN, 2008), p. 7.", "[5] Delio E. Gianturco, Export Credit Agencies: The Unsung Giants of International Trade and Finance (Westport, Connecticut, Quorum Books, 2001), p. 1.", "[6] The final communiqué of the Group of 20 on the Global Plan for Recovery and Reform states that its leaders will ensure the availability of at least $250 billion over the next two years to support trade finance through the Group’s export credit and investment agencies and through the multilateral development banks. See the Global Plan for Recovery and Reform, adopted by the leaders of the Group of 20 on 2 April 2009. Available from www.g20.org/Documents/ final-communique.pdf. See also the statement of OECD on the global financial crisis and export credits dated 22 April 2009. Available from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/42624233.pdf.", "[7] Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see footnote 1), p. 1.", "[8] See Gabrielle Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II: An Assessment of Sustainable Development Achievements of ECA-Supported Projects Two Years After OECD Common Approaches Rev. 6 (ECA Watch, 2003); Stephanie Fried and Titi Soentoro, eds., A Brief Overview of Export Credit Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region (Mumbai, World Social Forum, 2004); Nicholas Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough: export credit agencies, corporate welfare and policy incoherence”, Corner House Briefing Paper No. 14 (Corner House, 1999), available from www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/snouts-trough; Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 1. See also the submission of Amnesty International on the review of the revised recommendation on common approaches on the environment and officially supported export credits in March 2010 (POL 30/002/2010), p. 1.", "[9] See OECD, Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-member Economies: Introduction (2008). Available from www.oecd-ilibrary.org.", "[10] For information on export credit financing systems in OECD member and non-member countries, see www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/export-credit-financing-systems-in-oecd-member-countries-and-non-member-economies_17273870.", "[11] Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see footnote 2), p. 2.", "[12] Aaron Goldzimer, “Worse than the World Bank? Export credit agencies — the secret engine of globalization”, Backgrounder, vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 2003), p. 2.", "[13] World Bank, Global Development Finance: Financing the Poorest Countries (Washington, D.C., 2002), p. 107.", "[14] See also general comment No. 12 on the right to adequate food, paras. 36 and 37; and general comment No. 15 on the right to water, paras. 31-34.", "[15] See also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[16] Some treaty bodies have urged States parties to take steps to prevent companies under their jurisdiction from committing abuses abroad. See, for example, general comment No. 19 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the right to social security (E/C.12/GC/19), para. 54, and the Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on the fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of the United States (CERD/C/USA/CO/6).", "[17] In the United States, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, which operates as an export credit agency, has established an Office of Accountability to assess and review complaints about the projects that it supports. The Office offers local communities, which may be materially, directly or adversely affected by a project, and project sponsors, a means of raising complaints, independently from the Corporation’s operations. See www.opic.gov/doing-business/ accountability.", "[18] See, for instance, Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take 11 (see footnote 7) and Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see footnote 1).", "[19] Dieter Frisch, “Export credit insurance and the fight against international corruption”, Transparency International Working Paper (Transparency International, 1999). Available from www.odiousdebts.org/odiousdebts/index.cfm?DSP=content&ContentID=2366. On insufficient progress in tackling corporate involvement in bribery and corruption, see also Transparency International, Transparency in Reporting on Anti-Corruption: A Report on Corporate Practices (2009).", "[20] See European Network on Debt and Development, “Skeletons in the cupboard: illegitimate debt claims of the G7” (2007).", "[21] Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough” (see footnote 7).", "[22] Jubilee Australia, Risky Business: Shining a Spotlight on Australia’s Export Credit Agency (Sydney, Australia, 2009), p. 10.", "[23] Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction (see footnote 3), p. 12. See also http://www.oekb.at/ en/export-services/transparency-compliance/environment/oecd-common-approaches/pages/ default.aspx.", "[24] Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie, “Engaging export credit agencies in respecting human rights”, statement at the OECD Export Credit Group Common Approaches Meeting, Paris, 23 June 2010.", "[25] See the submission of Amnesty International on the review of the revised recommendation on the common approaches (see footnote 7), p. 4.", "[26] Wainwright, ed., Exporting Destruction (see footnote 3), p. 15.", "[27] See Özgür Can and Sara L. Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, paper prepared for ECA Watch, Halifax Initiative and ESCR-Net, July 2006. Available from www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf.", "[28] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see footnote 2), pp. 3-7. See also Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, pp. 4-8.", "[29] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 10; Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, p. 12." ]
A_66_271
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Consequences of external debt and other related international financial obligations of States for the full enjoyment of all human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the independent expert, Mr. Cephas Lumina, on the implications of foreign debt and related international financial obligations of States for the full enjoyment of all human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14.", "Report of the independent expert on the implications of external debt and related international financial obligations of States for the full enjoyment of all human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights", "Summary", "Export credit and investment insurers, commonly known as export credit entities, are, together, the main source of public funding for the participation of foreign companies in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects in developing countries and emerging economies. In recent years, export credit entities have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis.", "However, many projects supported by export credit entities have adverse environmental, social and human rights consequences and are not financially viable. Many reports have documented human rights violations related to projects supported by export credit entities, including forced displacement of local populations, violation of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage. In addition, export credit entities tend to operate in secret and often their financing decisions and their operations lack transparency and accountability mechanisms.", "This report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/4, aims to focus attention on the adverse effects of activities supported by export credit entities on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in countries where such activities are carried out. It also reviews the contribution of export credits to the debt burden of those countries.", "The report requests States to correct the negative effects of projects supported by export credit entities and makes recommendations on measures to ensure that the activities of export credit entities do not undermine international human rights obligations and other obligations of States of origin and hosts and do not contribute to the violation of human rights.", "I. Introduction", "1. Export credit and investment insurers, commonly known as export credit entities, are, together, the main source of public financing for the participation of foreign companies in large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects, especially in the extractive industries sector, in developing countries[1]. In 2005, export credits from member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) contributed $125 billion in credit, insurance, guarantees and interest[2]. In 2007, export credit entities collectively supported $1.4 billion in trade and investment, which is about 10 per cent of the total world export trade.[3] It is estimated that the activities carried out by export credit entities are higher than those of all multilateral development banks and development agencies abroad and that they directly finance one in eight dollars of world trade.[4]", "2. In recent years, export credit entities have assumed an increasingly important role in the global economy, particularly in the context of the global financial crisis. In April 2009, the Group of 20, at the London summit, and OECD countries pledged to provide additional support to export credit to help increase international trade flows[5].", "3. However, a significant number of projects supported by export credit entities, including large dams, pipelines, coal power plants and nuclear power plants that emit greenhouse gases, chemical plants, mining projects, and forest and planting schemes, have serious environmental, social and human rights effects[6]. Numerous reports have documented the negative impact on human rights of projects supported by export credit entities, including forced displacement of local populations, State repression, violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, denial of access to basic services and environmental damage.[7] In addition, export credit entities often lack adequate safeguards and due diligence, lack transparency and have been involved in corruption cases.", "4. This report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 7/4 and 16/14, seeks to focus attention on the adverse effects of projects supported by export credit entities on sustainable development and the realization of human rights in countries where they are implemented. It also reviews the contribution of credit entities to export to the debt burden of developing countries.", "II. Overview of export credit entities", "A. What is export credit?", "5. The term &quot; export credit &quot; designates an insurance, warranty or financing arrangement that allows a foreign buyer of capital goods and/or exported services to defer payment for a period of time (short term, usually less than two years; medium term, usually two to five years; and long term, usually more than five years)[8]. Export credit is the main type of service provided by export credit entities.", "B. What are export credit entities?", "6. Export credit entities are public entities that offer government-backed loans, subsidies, guarantees, credits and insurance to private companies in their country to support foreign exports and investments, particularly in developing countries and emerging markets. Most developed countries have at least one export credit entity, which is usually an official or quasi-official government agency.[9]", "7. Although export credit entities have different forms of organization, they are generally supported by a government and operate in accordance with a government mandate. An export credit entity may be: (a) a government department, as is the case of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Export Credits Guarantee Department) and the United States of America (Export-Import Bank); (b) an autonomous company, owned by the government and administered independently, as in Australia (Export Finance and Insurance Corporation), Belgium (Office National du Ducroire/Nationale Delcrederedienst) These forms are reflected in funding agreements: national budget, government special funds, loans and government capital or shares or bonds.", "8. Export credit entities provide support to national firms in different ways. They offer loans (directly or through a commercial bank) to foreign buyers to purchase goods and services from the country of origin of the export credit entity, which facilitates the export capacity of local companies. The financial services offered by export credit entities are also the form of guarantees for commercial loans and export credit insurance. In order to obtain a credit guarantee, exporters must hire insurance with an export credit entity, which is committed to paying the exporter in case the importer does not pay. Export credit insurance also covers losses arising from political risks, such as expropriation or nationalization without compensation, confiscation of investments, restrictions on the conversion of dividends and the transfer of profits, monetary instability, economic crises or war. Through the provision of guarantees and insurance, export credit entities endorse operations that would normally be rejected in the private market, owing to the economic and political risks associated with them.", "9. Export credit entities offer financing at lower rates of interest, premiums and quotas than those offered in private markets, and their support requires compliance with less economic requirements and little (or no) compliance with environmental, social and transparency standards, thereby promoting easier, more risky and faster financial transactions. However, for borrowers from developing countries, loans supported by an export credit entity still have higher interest rates than many credits provided by other official sources, such as banks or development agencies.[11]", "10. Finally, most of the official lenders, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other development agencies, are apparently aimed at promoting local economic growth, development and/or poverty reduction, but most export credit entities do not have a development mandate at all. Its sole purpose is to promote exports from its own countries or foreign investments.", "III. Export and sovereign debt credit entities", "11. Debt related to export credit entities is the largest component of the debt of developing countries. According to the World Bank, export credit entities were creditors at the end of 2000 of an estimated amount of $50 billion, one quarter of the long-term external debt of those countries.[12] Several countries owe more than 50 per cent of their total debt to export credit entities. According to OECD figures for 2001, for example, about 64 per cent of Nigeria &apos; s debt and 42 per cent of the Democratic Republic of the Congo &apos; s debt had been contracted with export credit entities.", "12. There are several ways in which export credits can contribute to the sovereign debt of a country. Export credit entities can contribute directly to the sovereign debt burden when they lend to a foreign government or public entity, or when they guarantee or secure commercial credits to a government or public entity. If the debtor (the public entity) does not comply with its payments to the export credit entity or to the creditors insured by the entity, the debt contracted by the public entity becomes part of the sovereign debt of the country.", "13. Export credits can also generate sovereign debt indirectly through sovereign counterclaims. These guarantees aimed at reducing the risks of transactions between a private investor (an exporter or service provider, often from a developed country) and a foreign private recipient (an importer or recipient of a project or investment, often from a developing country). The exporter contracts insurance with the export credit entity of his country of origin for a transaction or project with a considerable economic or political risk. In turn, the export credit entity requires a counter-guarantee of the Government of the recipient country. In the event of non-compliance or failure of the project, the export credit entity pays the private enterprise the losses and requests the reimbursement of its expenditures to the Government of the developing country, asserting its counter-guarantee. If the government cannot pay the counter-guarantee, the amount owed is added to the sovereign debt of the country. The financial or political risk inherent in the transaction is transferred from private investors to private recipient country contributors.", "14. Another way is when the projects of the export credit entity involve Governments in large contingent liabilities, even in circumstances where they do not request or guarantee credit. Governments in developing countries often have to offer extraordinarily generous conditions to attract some private investments, such as those for energy projects. The government may have to sign an energy purchase agreement that guarantees the purchase of energy at high prices expressed in dollars. As such a purchase agreement is not a loan, it is not accounted for as a debt, although it may have enormous budgetary implications for the government concerned.", "15. Inevitably, the export credit entity &apos; s support reduces pressure on investors to act with due diligence in assessing the risk of default or failure of a project. irresponsible investment and the support of the export credit entity, therefore, can contribute to increasing the debt of developing countries.", "16. Governments that cannot serve debt, often have to refinance their payments in international forums, such as the Paris Club. For the least developed countries, export credit debt is often not included in the negotiations on debt relief or cancellation. At present, all export credit debt cancelled after the conclusion of debt refinancing agreements at the Paris Club may register as official development assistance. Therefore, cancellation of debts to export credit entities is usually financed from official assistance budgets. However, transactions originating in export credit debt do not necessarily serve for development purposes. Export credits often support environmentally and socially harmful projects.", "17. Civil society organizations have expressed concern that some of the debts arising from transactions with export credit entities in developing countries may be execrable or illegitimate debts (see A/64/289) and should therefore be cancelled. The independent expert shares this concern and urges debtor countries to conduct transparent public debt audits with export credit entities in order to determine their nature. In accordance with the principle of the shared responsibility of creditors and debtors to prevent and resolve unsustainable debt situations, the importance of which was emphasized in the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development, the expert also appeals to States in which export credit entities are based to conduct transparent public audits of the loan portfolios of those entities.", "IV. Export and human rights credit institutions", "A. Human rights obligations of export credit entities", "18. States have the primary responsibility for the realization of human rights. In this regard, they have three essential functions: respect, protect and realize the human rights of persons or groups within their territory or jurisdiction. The duty to protect entails measures to ensure at all times that no third party violates human rights. To that end, States should take appropriate measures to prevent, investigate, punish and redress human rights violations committed by third parties through effective policies, legislation, regulation and prosecution (see A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 1).", "19. It is increasingly recognized that States &apos; human rights obligations may extend beyond borders, in certain circumstances. For example, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has emphasized the legal obligations of States to respect economic, social and cultural rights outside their jurisdiction and to avoid actions that have the effect of violating them. In its general comment No. 14. The Committee noted that States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right to health in other countries in order to fulfil their international obligations and to prevent third parties from violating that right in other countries provided that they may exercise influence on such third parties by legal or political means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law (E/C.12/2000/4, para. 39)[13]. In the same spirit, the Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 31, stipulated that a State party should respect and guarantee the rights set forth in the Covenant to any person under the authority or effective control of the State party even if it is not in its territory (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, para. 10)[14].", "20. Therefore, a State whose actions violate human rights abroad or whose lack of regulation of national actors produces violations in other countries is responsible for such violations.[15] Furthermore, under article 2.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to provide international assistance and cooperation with a view to progressively achieving the rights set forth in the Covenant.", "21. While the State implementing a project supported by the export credit entity is the primary responsibility for the protection of the human rights of the local population, the State to which the export credit entity belongs is responsible for the regulation and supervision of the activities carried out by the national export credit entity (whether owned by the Government, has a governmental mandate or is regulated by the Government) that undermines the enjoyment of human rights of the host State. As pointed out by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, States should take additional protection measures against human rights violations committed by or under their control or receive important support and services from State agencies, such as official export credit agencies and official investment or insurance agencies, requiring, where appropriate, due diligence in the field of human rights (A/HRC/17/HRC/17/", "22. However, Governments often do not exercise due diligence on the actions of their national export credit entities. Indeed, the operational policies of export credit entities and the national laws that establish them do not often include references to human rights standards. Export credit entities do not often have a clear policy on the prevention of human rights violations or due diligence to identify and mitigate the potential adverse effects of projects on human rights. Many States of origin of export credit entities also lack effective mechanisms to resolve complaints of human rights violations as a result of projects supported by the export credit entity.[16] In addition, assessments of the impact of human rights violations on activities supported by export credit entities are rarely undertaken. In addition, all operations and projects supported by export credit entities are often protected by confidentiality provisions that prevent their disclosure to the population and potentially affected communities, which undermines the human rights principles of transparency and participation.", "23. As explained above, activities supported by export credit entities may have serious implications for the debt burden and sustainable development of a country and therefore for the lives of individuals. States should ensure that projects that support export credits through their export credit entities do not produce or contribute to human rights violations. Where a government, directly or through its export credit entity, does not exercise due diligence to protect human rights from potentially harmful behaviours of non-State actors, it is violating obligations under international human rights law.", "24. In order for export credit entities to exercise due diligence, they must conduct and disseminate human rights impact assessments, in consultation with the potentially affected population, before deciding to support a project. They should also continue to carry out independent monitoring throughout the duration of the project and re-evaluate human rights risks. To ensure that potential victims receive adequate care and redress, export credit entities must establish an independent, impartial and non-discriminatory complaints mechanism. National legislation on the establishment of export credit entities and the operational policies of the latter should also take into account human rights standards. Export credit entities should evaluate all projects to determine compliance with human rights standards and clearly establish due diligence requirements in their policies and contractual agreements with clients.", "25. Private companies receiving financial support from export credit entities are also responsible for the impact of their human rights activities. It should be noted in this regard that the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 8/7, emphasizes that transnational corporations and other companies have the responsibility to respect human rights (see also Human Rights Council resolution 17/4). It should also be noted that the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has emphasized that national and transnational private actors should develop their activities in the framework of a code of conduct that takes into account the respect for these rights (E/C.12/1999/5, para. 20).", "26. Private companies are responsible to the community to ensure that their activities do not violate human rights, either directly or through partnership of complicity with transgressors, and to seek to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects on human rights (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 13). The Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises has emphasized that, in addition to complying with national laws, companies have the basic responsibility to respect human rights, as they are the most basic social expectancy in relation to enterprises (see A/HRC/11/13).", "27. This responsibility requires a political commitment to compliance with human rights standards on the basis of fundamental international human rights instruments, due diligence specifically related to human rights and the provision of complaints mechanisms for victims of human rights violations. The due diligence of enterprises must involve a number of measures to detect, prevent, mitigate and remedy adverse human rights effects. In order to carry out their activities with due diligence, companies should consider the context in which they operate, the impact of their activities (through impact assessments), and the behaviour of relationships related to these activities, in order to avoid complicity with human rights violations (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 17). They should also establish relations with potentially affected communities through continued consultations and provision of information.", "28. Where violations have already taken place, complaint mechanisms should be provided to victims. The Special Representative has stressed that access to resources plays an important role in entrepreneurship in human rights. Companies should establish complaints mechanisms such as telephone lines for raising complaints, victim counselling services and expert mediators.", "B. Impact of the activities of the export credit entity on human rights", "29. While it is difficult to obtain accurate information on projects supported by export credit entities, due to the secret way in which most of these entities operate, numerous reports have documented the adverse effects of these projects on human rights. According to reports, corporate activities supported by export credit entities have resulted in numerous instances of human rights violations, such as harassment of ethnic minorities, occupation of indigenous lands, forced evictions and resettlement, lack of compensation, destruction of rural livelihoods, violations of labour rights, threats to life and physical integrity, increase of militarization, state repression, exclusion of women from consultation, restrictions on freedom of expression and association, inadequate consultation of persons", "C. Other concerns", "30. Activities supported by export credit entities have also raised concerns about the lack of transparency and accountability. Most of these entities have resisted the appeals of civil society organizations to publish information, claiming that they are exempt from the transparency requirements due to the delicate nature of their business and international activities and the confidentiality rule that protects them.", "31. While the availability of information on their operations varies depending on the country, export credit entities have less transparency and accountability mechanisms than other public agencies. This undermines any attempt to ensure that such entities provide responsible credit, behave with due diligence and respect human rights and environmental standards. In fact, most of them are not obliged to disclose information about the potential social and environmental negative effects of the projects they support. Some entities only disclose the relevant information after the transaction has been approved and is subject to the authorisation of the client.", "32. The lack of transparency and accountability of the operations of export credit entities puts Governments of origin and, indirectly, taxpayers at the risk of complicity with projects that may result in human rights violations, collusion with corruption practices, participation in activities of irresponsible regimes and environmental degradation. As public or semi-public entities, export credit entities have the responsibility to inform taxpayers of any of these risks.", "33. Reports from civil society organizations indicate that projects supported by export credit entities are known to have been involved in cases of corruption. According to Transparency International, the bribery of foreign officials in order to obtain contracts for their exports has become a widespread practice in industrialized countries.[18] Briberries are considered commissions and are included in the value of the contract subject to the guarantee or in the compensation of the exporter, where the insurance is involved.18", "34. It is also known that projects supported by export credit entities have supported the activities of irresponsible regimes. For example, the United States Export-Import Bank provided loans and guarantees for the Bataan nuclear power plant project during the Ferdinand Marcos regime in the Philippines. The German export credit entity provided the insurance to support an agreement with Indonesia, during the Suharto regime, for the purchase and modernization of German vessels, which were then used in the Indonesian internal armed conflict.[19] Similarly, the United Kingdom Export Credits Guarantee Deparment agreed to sign a guarantee for the sale of Hawk fighter aircraft to the Indonesian Air Force during the Suharto regime in 1993 and 1996. It was reported that these aircraft were used by the Indonesian army to attack villages in East Timor in 1999.[20]", "35. The granting of loans and guarantees by export credit entities for projects in extractive industries such as logging, mining, gas or oil can cost enormously for the environment of the region where the project is implemented and for the lives of its communities. They can produce environmental degradation, soil pollution, air and water, habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, desertification and soil degradation, long-term dependence on fossil fuels and ultimately global climate change. In turn, these environmental changes may have an impact on the health of the local population, increasing the risk of cancer, skin and respiratory diseases and other health-related problems. They may also affect people &apos; s access to livelihoods, reduce their food security and lead to the displacement of local communities, particularly indigenous peoples from their traditional lands.", "36. As mentioned above, export credit entities play an important role in the global economy. This role entails the additional responsibility of the entity supporting projects in developing countries to carry out their business respecting the requirements of transparency, accountability and due diligence and in strict compliance with internationally agreed human rights and environment standards. It is regrettable that, as public finance agencies supporting projects in developing countries, most export credit entities do not have a development mandate and their only mission is to promote private enterprise investments and exports, often to the detriment of human rights and sustainable development in countries where they support projects[21].", "37. As indicated in the report on his mission to Australia (A/HRC/17/37/Add.1), the independent expert fully supports the view that the lack of transparency requirements poses serious problems with regard to the accountability of export credit entities to contributors of their home States and citizens of developing countries where the projects they support are implemented. Credits from the Government of the country of origin of an export credit entity or guaranteed by the Governments of the countries where projects supported by export credit entities are implemented are matters of public interest. It is therefore reasonable to expect a public agency or a publicly funded entity to meet the transparency requirements and to function with clear accountability mechanisms.", "38. The independent expert is of the view that export credit entities should be required to publicly disclose information on their activities, including project evaluation, decision-making and implementation, and to conduct human rights impact assessments of their funding decisions, as well as environmental and social impact assessments. Any limitation to the disclosure of information must be clearly and strictly defined. This would allow export credit entities to make responsible and informed decisions about the projects they support.", "39. In addition to the transparency and accountability mechanisms that entities must incorporate into their policies and procedures, state bodies, such as national legislatures or national audit offices, have the responsibility to permanently monitor the activities of export credit entities to ensure that they are not detrimental to their country &apos; s external assistance and development policies, or their international human rights obligations. These human rights problems require further research.", "V. International regulation of the activities of export credit entities", "40. Within OECD, export credit entities are governed by the Agreement on Export Credits with Official Support. The Agreement establishes a legal and financial framework for the granting of export credits, with the objective of introducing discipline and transparency in export credit operations. The agreement focuses primarily on issues such as minimum interest rates and initial payments, standard payment schedules, common notification procedures, maximum duration of credit and discipline and transparency in the use of related aid.", "41. In addition, the OECD Working Group on Export Credit and Credit Guarantees (Export Credit Group) is a forum for consideration of non-tax issues such as corruption, the environment and competition, negotiation of non-binding common guiding principles and enhancing cooperation among competitors.", "42. The International Credit and Investment Insurance Union, known as the Berne Union, also carries out international cooperation in export credit policies. However, its role is limited to the exchange of information on foreign buyers to reduce commercial risk. The Bern Union brings together export credit entities not only from OECD countries, but also from some emerging economies. It also includes private entities that grant export credit and investment insurance without a public mandate. The guiding principles of the Berne Union, which apply to all members, contain vague references to issues such as environmental damage, combating corruption and promoting transparency.", "43. Most OECD export credit entities have adopted policies on the environmental and social effects of their activities. Such policies often require environmental impact assessments.", "44. In 2003, OECD approved the recommendation of the Export Credit Group on Common Approaches to Environment and Export Credit with Official Support (known as “Common Approaches”). Common approaches require Governments and export credit entities to review projects to determine their potential environmental impacts and compliance with international standards. Following a review in June 2007, OECD updated recommendations on common approaches and called for increased public dissemination of information and increased exchange of information to promote equal conditions among entities. The recommendations also require compliance with the host country &apos; s environmental standards, identification and classification of potential environmental impacts and environmental impact assessments for projects that may have significant adverse environmental impacts, as well as verification that projects are in line with the World Bank &apos; s safeguard policies or, where appropriate, the performance standards of international financial corporations.", "45. However, common approaches have a number of drawbacks. First, they are a non-binding recommendation. Secondly, they contain an exception clause (article 13) that allows export credit entities that are members to opt for the non-implementation of any rule at all, provided that they report to the export credit group and justify that decision.[22] Third, common approaches currently apply only to export credits with official support that have a time-frame for a minimum of two years.", "46. It should be noted that common approaches do not refer to human rights. This gap has led the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises to recommend that common approaches clearly recognize that human rights are a critical element of corporate and market social sustainability and explicitly recognize the role of export credit entities in promoting corporate responsibility for human rights.[23] The Special Representative has also suggested that OECD consider building human rights capacity in export credit entities through the establishment of a human rights group to develop appropriate tools to enable export credit entities to act with due diligence on human rights and to help them acquire the knowledge base and competence.23 In addition, Amnesty International has recommended that projects supported by export credit entities be evaluated on the basis of international human rights standards in order to prevent projects from causing or contributing to human rights violations.[24] The independent expert fully supports these recommendations.", "47. With regard to corruption, in 2000, the Export Credit Group issued a statement on cohecho and export credit, which was revised in 2006 and later became an OECD recommendation. The recommendation recognizes the role of export credit entities in the fight against corruption and recommends appropriate measures to deter cohecho in their international operations, in particular by informing exporters requesting credit on the legal consequences of bribery, requesting a statement from exporters that have not practiced bribery, requesting information on corruption charges in the past, demanding information on the fees and commissions of agents, by derogating from lists of clients to lists.", "48. Despite these limited efforts, the operations of export credit entities remain largely unregulated at the global level, and the rules and regulations on transparency and impact on the environment and human rights are clearly insufficient.", "VI. State responsibility for unlawful acts of export credit entities", "49. By having official support, export credit entities can be distinguished from purely private financial institutions. Whether owned or mandated by the Government, these entities perform their functions under national legislation that prescribes their mandates. All export credit entities conduct some transactions on behalf of their government, with their support and under their control. This establishes a legal link between the State and the entity[26]. The public-private consortiums of export credit entities are also controlled by the State through the authorization, financing and regulation of its operations. As a result of this legal link, it may be argued that any violation of international law committed by export credit entities compromises the responsibility of the State of origin and the unlawful act committed by the export credit entity shall be attributable to the State.", "50. In support of this view, it should be recalled that, in accordance with articles 4 and 5 of the draft articles of the International Law Commission on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, the conduct of a State body, whatever its functions or position, and of a non-State body empowered by the law of that State to exercise certain governmental authority and acting in that capacity in the particular case, the State shall be imputable under international law. Moreover, for the purposes of international responsibility and in accordance with the principle of State unity, acts or omissions of any State unit may be regarded as an act of the State (A/56/10). This means that the omissions and wrongful acts of export credit entities which are State organs are attributable to the State under international law on State responsibility. Export credit entities established as State entities or government departments are clearly public authorities and, as such, the State is responsible for their facts. They are the exclusive property of the State and act under its control. Similarly, export credit entities established as autonomous state-owned corporations may be independently managed, but their activities are ultimately supervised by a government department, such as the Ministry of Trade or Finance. Accordingly, this second category of export credit entities may also be considered under State control. Although private companies or public-private consortiums belonging to the third category have greater autonomy, the State retains control of its operations through regulation, financing, approval of large disbursements, supervision or establishment of rules and procedures. In many cases, final decisions regarding the operations of private or public/private enterprises require the approval of a ministry or ministerial committee. In general, the involvement of the State in the activities of export credit institutions is a common factor and cannot be underestimated.", "51. In accordance with the law on State responsibility, Governments should ensure that national export credit entities do not violate international legal obligations, including international human rights standards. Where an export credit entity does not take into account the human rights effects of private enterprise projects that support or do not take measures to mitigate them, it is at risk of compromising State responsibility for the violation of obligations under international law if violations occur (A/HRC/17/31, annex, principle 4). Under international law, States also have an obligation to ensure that their actions or those of their organs, including export credit entities, do not cause harm to another State.", "52. The State also has international responsibility for complicity in the wrongful acts of another State, if it knew the circumstances of the wrongful act (A/56/10, art. 16). Therefore, if an export credit entity supports the project of a company in a country that allows the company to operate in violation of international human rights standards, the State of origin may be responsible for helping to commit the wrongful act of the host State[27].", "53. The commentary in part one of chapter II of the draft articles emphasizes that a State may be responsible for the effects of the conduct of individuals if it has not taken the necessary measures to prevent such effects (A/56/10). As mentioned above, under international human rights standards, States have a duty to regulate third-party activities to protect against human rights violations. Similarly, in the context of responsibility for the activities of transnational corporations, States have an obligation to protect against violations of the human rights of local companies abroad.[28]", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "54. Projects supported by export credit entities may have adverse effects on sustainable development and human rights in countries where they are implemented. Export credit entities are often not transparent and do not adequately incorporate environmental, social and human rights considerations into their financing decisions. Under international law on State responsibility, export credit entities with official support are organs or agents of the State of origin and their unlawful acts or omissions may be attributable to that State. States of origin therefore have an obligation to regulate their activities. In addition, export credit entities have a responsibility to respect human rights.", "55. In order to ensure that activities supported by the export credit entity do not undermine international human rights obligations, contribute to human rights violations, impede the sustainable development of countries where they are executed or contribute to the debt burden of developing countries, the independent expert recommends that:", "(a) States take measures to ensure that their export credit entities adopt and implement better environmental and social safeguards consistent with international human rights standards;", "(b) States ensure that their export credit entities improve transparency and accountability through the implementation of information policies that require, inter alia, public disclosure of all information on the environmental and social impact and human rights impacts and the development of transactions supported by the export credit entity, and that such information is made accessible to affected communities;", "(c) States take measures, including the adoption of legislation, to ensure that their export credit entities do not support projects that cause or contribute to human rights violations and, in this regard, to ensure that their export credit entities fulfil their obligation to respect human rights through the adoption of a human rights due diligence framework to assess the real and potential negative impact on human rights and to address risks effectively;", "(d) States ensure access to effective domestic legal remedies for export-affected and export-supported projects, including victims of human rights violations resulting from activities supported by the export credit entity;", "(e) The implementation of OECD common approaches to environmental, social and human rights compliance policies by export credit entities is mandatory;", "f) The international community approves a moratorium on the reimbursement of the current debt of the poorest countries to export credit entities, much of which has been contracted for unproductive economic purposes; the debtor countries conduct transparent public audits of all claims related to export credit entities to determine their legitimacy in accordance with the doctrine of execrable debt; and all debts that are contrary to the doctrine are cancelled.", "[1] See Doug Norlen, Rory Cox, Miho Kim and Catriona Glazebrook , eds., Unusual Suspects: Unearthing the Shadowy World of Export Credit Agencies (Oakland, California, Pacific Environment, 2002), p. 1; Bruce Rich, “Exporting destruction”, The Environmental Forum, September/October 2000; Malcolm Stephens; The Changing Role of Export Credit Agencies. 1 (Winter 1989), p. 176; OECD, “Review of official export credit commitments to IDA-only countries (2001-2009)”, p. 6, available at: www.oecd.org/dataecd/43/59/36945707.pdf.", "[2] See www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/35/37931024.pdf. See also Karyn Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (Halifax Initiative Coalition, 2008), p. 1.", "[3] See Bruce Rich, Foreclosing the Future: Coal, Climate and Public International Finance (Environmental Defense Fund, 2009), p. 5, available at www.edf.org/documents/9593_coal-plants-report.pdf. See also Richard Wainwright, eds., Exporting: Destruction Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation (FERN, 2008), p. 7.", "[4] Delio E. Gianturco, Export Credit Agencies: The Unsung Giants of International Trade and Finance (Westport, Connecticut, Quorum Books, 2001), p. 1.", "[5] The G-20 final communiqué on the Global Recovery and Reform Plan states that its leaders will ensure the availability of at least $25 billion over the next two years to support trade financing through the Group &apos; s export and investment credit entities and through multilateral development banks. See the Global Recovery and Reform Plan adopted by G-20 leaders on 2 April 2009. Available at www.g20.org/Documents/final-communique.pdf. See also the OECD statement on the global financial crisis and export credit dated 22 April 2009. Available at www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/22/42624233.pdf.", "[6] Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see note 1), p. 1.", "[7] See Gabrielle Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II: An Assessment of Sustainable Development Achievements of ECA Supported Projects Two Years After OECD Common Approaches Rev. 6 (ECA Watch, 2003); Stephanie Fried and Titi Soentoro, eds., A Brief Overview of Export Credit Agencies in the Asia-Pacific Region (Mumbai, World Social Forum, 2004); Nicholas Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough: export credit agencies, corporate welfare and policy incoherence”, Corner House Briefing Paper No. 14 (Corner House, 1999), available at www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resources/snouts-trough; Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 1. See also Amnesty International &apos; s submission on the revised recommendation on common approaches to export credits with official support, March 2010, at POL 30/002/2010, p. 1.", "[8] See OECD, Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-member Economics: Introduction (2008). Available at www.oecd-ilibrary.org.", "[9] Information on export credit financing systems in member and non-OECD countries will be found at www.oecd-ilibrary.org/trade/export-credit-financing-systems-in-oecd-member-countries-and-non-member-economies_17273870.", "[10] Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see note 2), p. 2.", "[11] Aaron Goldzimer, “Worse than the World Bank? Export credit agencies – the secret engine of globalization” Backgrounder, vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter 2003), p. 2.", "[12] World Bank, Global Development Finance: Financing the Poorest Countries (Washington, D.C., 2002), p. 107.", "[13] See also General Comment No. 12 on the right to adequate food, paras. 36 and 37; and general comment No. 15 on the right to water, paras. 31 to 34.", "[14] See also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, Reports of the International Court of Justice, 2004, p. 136.", "[15] Some treaty bodies have urged States parties to take measures to prevent companies within their jurisdiction from commenting on violations abroad. See, for example, general comment No. 19 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the Right to Social Security (E/C.12/GC/19, para. 54), and the concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination contain the fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports of the United States of America (CERD/C/USA/CO/6).", "[16] In the United States, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, which operates as an export credit entity, has established an accountability office to evaluate and review complaints related to the projects it supports. This office offers local communities, which may be affected directly or adversely, and project sponsors, an instance for filing complaints, regardless of the activities of the company. See www.opic.gov/doing-business/accountability.", "[17] See, for example, Watson, ed., Race to the Bottom, Take II (see note 7) and Norlen et al., Unusual Suspects (see note 1).", "[18] Dieter Frisch, “Export credit insurance and the fight against international corruption” Transparency International Working Paper (Transparency International, 1999), can be accessed at www.odiousdebts.org/odiousdebts/index.cfm?DSP=content strangerContentID=2366. On insufficient progress in the fight against corporate participation in crime and corruption, see also Transparency International, Transparency in Reporting on Anti-Corruption: A Report on Corporate Practices (2009).", "[19] See European Network on Debt and Development “Skeletons in the coupboard: illegitimate debt claims of the G7” (2007).", "[20] Hildyard, “Snouts in the trough” (see note 7).", "[21] Jubilee Australia, Risky Business: Shining a Spotlight on Australia’s Export Credit Agency (Sydney, Australia, 2009), p. 10.", "[22] Wainwright, ed., Exporting (see Destruction note 3) p. 12. See also www.oekb.at/en/export-services/transparency-compliance/environment/oecd-common-approaches/pages/default.aspx.", "[23] Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other companies, John Ruggie, “Engaging export credit agencies in respecting human rights”, statement made at the meeting on the common approaches of the OECD Export Credit Group, Paris, 23 June 2010.", "[24] See Amnesty International &apos; s submission on the review of the revised recommendation on common approaches (see note 7), p. 4.", "[25] Wainwright, ed., Exporting destruction (see note 3), p. 15.", "[26] See Özgür Can and Sara L. Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, paper prepared by ECA Watch, Halifax Initiative and ESCR-Net, July 2006, can be accessed at www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/ECAHRlegalFINAL.pdf.", "[27] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights” (see note 2), pp. 3-7. See also Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, pp. 4-8.", "[28] See Keenan, “Export credit agencies and the international law of human rights”, p. 10; Can and Seck, “The legal obligations with respect to human rights and export credit agencies”, p. 12." ]
[ "Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer", "Grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones", "51° período de sesiones", "1 a 5 de agosto de 2011", "Examen de los informes presentados por los Estados partes en virtud del artículo 18 de la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer", "Informe del grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones", "1. Es práctica del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer constituir un grupo de trabajo que se reúna antes de cada período de sesiones durante cinco días para preparar listas de cuestiones y preguntas sobre los informes iniciales y periódicos que examinará el Comité en uno de sus siguientes períodos de sesiones.", "2. El Comité decidió que el grupo de trabajo anterior al 51° período de sesiones se reuniera del 1 al 5 de agosto de 2011, inmediatamente después de su 49° período de sesiones, a fin de dar a los Estados partes tiempo suficiente para presentar respuestas por escrito a las listas de cuestiones y preguntas, y asegurar que se tradujeran oportunamente.", "3. Se nombró a las siguientes expertas para formar parte del grupo de trabajo anterior al 51° período de sesiones:", "Sra. Ayse Feride Acar", "Sra. Violet Awori", "Sra. Barbara Bailey", "Sra. Ismat Jahan", "Sra. Victoria Popescu", "4. El grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones eligió Presidenta a la Sra. Popescu.", "5. El grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones elaboró listas de cuestiones y preguntas relativas a los informes del Brasil, el Congo, Granada, Jordania, Noruega y Zimbabwe. A este respecto, el grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones siguió la decisión adoptada por el Comité en su 49º período de sesiones de limitar las listas de cuestiones a 20 preguntas, con tres cuestiones como máximo cada una. El grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones también examinó la lista de cuestiones previamente aprobada para Argelia (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4) y decidió no aprobar una lista de cuestiones suplementaria en la reunión. Cabe señalar, además, que al final de la reunión del grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones, la Secretaría recibió el informe presentado por las Comoras. El examen correspondiente a las Comoras, que al no haber recibido un informe se había previsto para el 51º período de sesiones, se realizará en el 53º período de sesiones para poder redactar una lista de cuestiones suplementaria sobre la base del informe presentado por el Estado parte. La lista de cuestiones y preguntas a falta del informe inicial y los informes periódicos de las Comoras (CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4) se había aprobado previamente.", "6. A fin de preparar las listas de cuestiones y preguntas, el grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones tuvo ante sí los informes de los Estados partes mencionados, así como los documentos básicos presentados por esos Estados, de estar disponibles; las recomendaciones generales aprobadas por el Comité; la información de antecedentes y los proyectos de listas de cuestiones y preguntas elaborados por la Secretaría, basados en una comparación analítica de los informes actuales de los Estados partes, y las deliberaciones del Comité sobre informes anteriores; y demás información pertinente, incluidas las observaciones finales del Comité y de otros órganos creados en virtud de tratados. Al preparar las listas de cuestiones y preguntas para los informes periódicos, el grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones prestó especial atención a la aplicación dada por los Estados partes a las observaciones finales formuladas por el Comité respecto de los informes anteriores.", "7. El grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones también utilizó la información presentada oralmente y por escrito por entidades y organismos especializados de las Naciones Unidas, así como por organizaciones no gubernamentales y una institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "8. Las listas de cuestiones y preguntas aprobadas por el grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones fueron transmitidas a los Estados partes correspondientes y figuran en los siguientes documentos:", "a) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas al séptimo informe periódico del Brasil (CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7);", "b) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas al sexto informe periódico del Congo (CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6)[1] ;", "c) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas a los informes periódicos primero a quinto combinados de Granada (CEDAW/C/GRD/Q/1-5);", "d) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas al quinto informe periódico de Jordania (CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5);", "e) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas al octavo informe periódico de Noruega (CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8);", "f) Lista de cuestiones y preguntas relativas a los informes periódicos segundo a quinto combinados de Zimbabwe (CEDAW/C/ZWE/Q/2-5).", "9. De conformidad con las decisiones 22/V, 25/II y 31/III del Comité, las listas de cuestiones y preguntas se centraron en temas que se abordan en la Convención. Entre ellos cabe mencionar el marco constitucional y legislativo y los mecanismos nacionales para el adelanto de la mujer; los estereotipos de género; la pobreza y el empleo; la violencia contra la mujer, incluida la violencia doméstica; la trata de mujeres y la explotación de la prostitución; la participación de la mujer en el proceso de adopción de decisiones; la educación y la capacitación; el empleo; la salud; las prestaciones sociales y económicas; las mujeres en situaciones vulnerables, como las mujeres de edad; las mujeres que viven en zonas rurales; las mujeres con discapacidad; las mujeres pertenecientes a minorías étnicas; las mujeres refugiadas y las migrantes; la igualdad ante la ley; y el matrimonio y las relaciones familiares.", "[1] El grupo de trabajo anterior al período de sesiones examinó el sexto informe periódico del Congo presentado por el Estado parte. El Comité, en sus observaciones finales anteriores, había solicitado al Estado parte que presentara los informes sexto y séptimo combinados; de esta manera, el diálogo constructivo sobre la aplicación dada por el Estado parte a la Convención abarcará el período correspondiente a los informes periódicos sexto y séptimo. Esta información se señalará a la atención del Estado parte." ]
[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Pre-session working group", "Fifty-first session", "1-5 August 2011", "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women", "Report of the pre-session working group", "1. It is the practice of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to convene a pre-session working group for five days to prepare lists of issues and questions relating to the initial and periodic reports that would be considered by the Committee at one of its future sessions.", "2. The Committee decided that the pre-session working group for the Committee’s fifty-first session would meet from 1 to 5 August 2011, immediately after its forty-ninth session, in order to ensure that sufficient time would be available to States parties to submit their written replies to the lists of issues and questions, as well as to ensure their timely translation.", "3. The following experts were designated as members of the pre-session working group:", "Ms. Ayse Feride Acar", "Ms. Violet Awori", "Ms. Barbara Bailey", "Ms. Ismat Jahan", "Ms. Victoria Popescu", "4. The pre-session working group elected Ms. Popescu as its Chair.", "5. The pre-session working group prepared lists of issues and questions with respect to the reports of Brazil, Congo, Grenada, Jordan, Norway and Zimbabwe. In this regard, the pre-session working group was guided by the decision of the Committee, adopted at its forty-ninth session, to limit the lists of issues to 20 questions, with each question containing no more than three issues. The pre-session working group also considered the list of issues previously adopted for Algeria (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4) and decided not to adopt a supplemental list of issues at the meeting. It is further noted that at the end of the meeting of the pre-session working group, Comoros submitted its report to the Secretariat. Comoros, which was scheduled to be considered in the absence of a report at the fifty-first session, will be considered at the fifty-third session to allow for supplemental list of issues to be drawn up based upon the report submitted by the State party. The list of issues for Comoros had been adopted previously in the absence of a report (CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4).", "6. To assist in the preparation of the lists of issues and questions, the pre-session working group had before it the reports of the States parties listed above, as well as the States parties’ core documents, if available; the general recommendations adopted by the Committee; background information and draft lists of issues and questions prepared by the Secretariat, based on an analytical comparison of current States parties’ reports, and the Committee’s discussion on earlier reports; and other pertinent information, including concluding observations of the Committee and other treaty bodies, if relevant. In preparing the lists of issues and questions for periodic reports, the pre-session working group paid particular attention to the States parties’ follow-up to the Committee’s concluding observations on previous reports.", "7. The pre-session working group benefited from written and oral information submitted by United Nations entities and specialized agencies, non-governmental organizations and a national human rights institution.", "8. Lists of issues and questions adopted by the pre-session working group were transmitted to the States parties concerned and are contained in the following documents:", "(a) List of issues and questions with regard to the seventh periodic report of Brazil (CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7);", "(b) List of issues and questions with regard to the sixth periodic report of Congo (CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6);[1]", "(c) List of issues and questions with regard to the initial to fifth combined periodic report of Grenada (CEDAW/C/GRD/Q/1-5);", "(d) List of issues and questions with regard to the fifth periodic report of Jordan (CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5);", "(e) List of issues and questions with regard to the eighth periodic report of Norway (CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8);", "(f) List of issues and questions with regard to the second to fifth combined periodic report of Zimbabwe (CEDAW/C/ZWE/Q/2-5).", "9. In accordance with the Committee decisions 22/V, 25/II and 31/III, the lists of issues and questions focused on themes addressed by the Convention. These themes include, inter alia, the Constitutional and legislative framework and national machinery for the advancement of women; gender stereotypes; poverty and employment; violence against women, including domestic violence; trafficking in women and exploitation of prostitution; participation of women in decision-making; education and training; employment; health; social and economic benefits; the situation of disadvantaged groups of women, such as older women, rural women, women with disabilities, women belonging to ethnic minorities, refugee and migrant women; equality before the law; and marriage and family relations.", "[1] The pre-session working group examined the sixth periodic report of the Republic of Congo submitted by the State party. The Committee in its previous concluding observations had requested the State party to provide a combined sixth and seventh period report; therefore, the constructive dialogue on the implementation of the Convention by the State party will cover the period corresponding to the sixth and seventh periodic report. This information will be brought to the attention of the State party." ]
CEDAW_C_PSWG_51
[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Pre-session working group", "Fifty-first session", "1-5 August 2011", "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women", "Report of the pre-session working group", "1. It is the practice of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to form a working group to meet before each session for five days to prepare lists of issues and questions on initial and periodic reports to be considered by the Committee at one of its next sessions.", "2. The Committee decided that the pre-session working group would meet from 1 to 5 August 2011, immediately after its forty-ninth session, in order to give States parties sufficient time to submit written replies to the lists of issues and questions, and to ensure that they were translated in a timely manner.", "3. The following experts were appointed to be part of the pre-session working group:", "Mrs. Ayse Feride Acar", "Mrs. Violet Awori", "Mrs. Barbara Bailey", "Mrs. Ismat Jahan", "Mrs. Victoria Popescu", "4. The pre-session working group elected Ms. Popescu.", "5. The pre-session working group prepared lists of issues and questions relating to the reports of Brazil, the Congo, Grenada, Jordan, Norway and Zimbabwe. In this regard, the pre-session working group followed the decision of the Committee at its forty-ninth session to limit the lists of issues to 20 questions, with three issues at a maximum of each. The pre-session working group also considered the list of issues previously adopted for Algeria (CEDAW/C/DZA/Q/4) and decided not to adopt a list of additional issues at the meeting. It should also be noted that at the end of the pre-session working group meeting, the Secretariat received the report submitted by the Comoros. The review of the Comoros, which had not received a report had been scheduled for the fifty-first session, would be held at the fifty-third session in order to draft a list of additional issues on the basis of the report submitted by the State party. The list of issues and questions in the absence of the initial report and the periodic reports of the Comoros (CEDAW/C/COM/Q/4) had been previously adopted.", "6. In order to prepare lists of issues and questions, the pre-session working group had before it the reports of the States parties mentioned, as well as the core documents submitted by those States, if available; the general recommendations adopted by the Committee; background information and draft lists of issues and questions prepared by the Secretariat, based on an analytical comparison of the current reports of States parties, and the Committee &apos; s deliberations on previous reports; and other relevant information, In preparing the lists of issues and questions for periodic reports, the pre-session working group paid particular attention to the implementation by States parties of the Committee &apos; s concluding observations on previous reports.", "7. The pre-session working group also used the information presented orally and in writing by United Nations entities and specialized agencies, as well as by non-governmental organizations and a national human rights institution.", "8. The lists of issues and questions adopted by the pre-session working group were transmitted to the States parties concerned and are contained in the following documents:", "(a) List of issues and questions relating to the seventh periodic report of Brazil (CEDAW/C/BRA/Q/7);", "(b) List of issues and questions relating to the sixth periodic report of the Congo (CEDAW/C/COG/Q/6)[1];", "(c) List of issues and questions relating to the combined first to fifth periodic reports of Grenada (CEDAW/C/GRD/Q/1-5);", "(d) List of issues and questions relating to the fifth periodic report of Jordan (CEDAW/C/JOR/Q/5);", "(e) List of issues and questions relating to Norway &apos; s eighth periodic report (CEDAW/C/NOR/Q/8);", "f) List of issues and questions relating to the combined second to fifth periodic reports of Zimbabwe (CEDAW/C/ZWE/Q/2-5).", "9. In accordance with Committee decisions 22/V, 25/II and 31/III, the lists of issues and questions focused on topics covered by the Convention. These include the constitutional and legislative framework and national mechanisms for the advancement of women; gender stereotypes; poverty and employment; violence against women, including domestic violence; trafficking in women and exploitation of prostitution; participation of women in decision-making; education and training; employment; health; social and economic benefits; women in vulnerable situations, such as women in rural areas; women in women &apos; s and women in women &apos; s status with disabilities;", "[1] The pre-session working group considered the sixth periodic report of the Congo submitted by the State party. In its previous concluding observations, the Committee had requested the State party to submit the combined sixth and seventh reports; thus, the constructive dialogue on the State party &apos; s implementation of the Convention would cover the period for the sixth and seventh periodic reports. This information shall be brought to the attention of the State party." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Derechos humanos y medidas coercitivas unilaterales", "Informe anual del Secretario General", "Resumen", "Este informe se presenta en cumplimiento de la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General, en que la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que señalara esa resolución a la atención de todos los Estados Miembros, siguiera recabando de ellos observaciones e información sobre la incidencia y los efectos negativos de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales en su población y le presentara en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones un informe analítico sobre la cuestión. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos ha recibido respuesta de los Gobiernos de la Argentina, Belarús, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, el Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, el Iraq, Kuwait y la República Dominicana a una nota verbal enviada por ella. En el presente informe figuran un resumen de todas las respuestas recibidas y un análisis de su contenido.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Información 3 recibida de los Estados \nMiembros \nArgentina 3\nBelarús 4\nBosniayHerzegovina 5\nBurkinaFaso 6\n Cuba 8 \nEcuador 12\nGuatemala 12\nGuyana 12\n Iraq 14\nKuwait 15\nRepúblicaDominicana 15III.Análisis 16 y \nconclusiones", "I. Introducción", "1. En el párrafo 15 de su resolución 65/217, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que señalara esa resolución a la atención de todos los Estados Miembros, siguiera recabando de ellos observaciones e información sobre la incidencia y los efectos negativos de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales en su población y le presentara en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones un informe analítico sobre la cuestión, al tiempo que reiteró la necesidad de destacar las medidas prácticas y preventivas adoptadas al respecto.", "2. El 5 de mayo de 2011, con arreglo al párrafo 15 de la resolución 65/217, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos remitió una petición de información a todas las misiones permanentes ante la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra. Al 25 de julio de 2011, la Oficina había recibido respuesta de los Gobiernos de la Argentina, Belarús, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, el Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, el Iraq, Kuwait y la República Dominicana.", "II. Información recibida de los Estados Miembros", "Argentina", "[Original: español] [1 de julio de 2011]", "La República Argentina ha apoyado en sus diversas presentaciones los proyectos de resolución relativos a los derechos humanos y medidas coercitivas unilaterales, tanto a nivel de la Asamblea General como del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Del mismo modo, la República Argentina votó a favor de la resolución 55/6 de la Asamblea General sobre eliminación de las medidas económicas coercitivas unilaterales extraterritoriales utilizadas como instrumento de coacción política y económica.", "La posición de la Argentina se funda en el deber que incumbe a todos los Estados de abstenerse de adoptar o aplicar medidas unilaterales contrarias al derecho internacional y a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas. También se basa en el anexo de la resolución 2625 (XXV) de la Asamblea General y en la Carta de Derechos y Deberes Económicos de los Estados que figura en la resolución 3281 (XXIX) de la Asamblea General. La utilización de medidas coercitivas unilaterales con efectos extraterritoriales afecta gravemente al comercio y la cooperación económica, incidiendo negativamente en la libre circulación de capitales y la libertad de comercio. La Argentina considera que la adopción de medidas coercitivas que bloquean el acceso de la población a bienes básicos de alimentación y salud constituye un acto que impide el ejercicio de los derechos humanos fundamentales, que no pueden violarse con base en la seguridad de un Estado.", "En virtud de la Ley argentina 24.871, las leyes extranjeras que, directa o indirectamente, tengan por objeto restringir o impedir el libre ejercicio del comercio y la circulación de capitales, bienes o personas en detrimento de algún país o grupo de países, no serán aplicables ni generarán efectos jurídicos de ninguna especie en el territorio argentino. De acuerdo con el artículo 1 de dicha Ley, carecerán también de efectos jurídicos en el territorio argentino las leyes extranjeras que pretendan generar efectos jurídicos extraterritoriales a través de la imposición de un bloqueo económico o limitando las inversiones en un determinado país, con el fin de provocar el cambio de la forma de gobierno de un país. La Argentina reafirma el carácter indivisible, universal e interdependiente de todos los derechos humanos.", "Belarús", "[Original: ruso] [23 de junio de 2011]", "La respuesta de la República de Belarús se refiere al mantenimiento de las medidas restrictivas de carácter político y económico impuestas por la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos de América a aquel país. En 2011 el Consejo Europeo impuso a varios funcionarios bielorrusos sanciones financieras y en materia de visados alegando que se había cometido fraude en las elecciones presidenciales celebradas el 19 de diciembre de 2010 y que posteriormente se había perseguido violentamente a la oposición democrática, la sociedad civil y los miembros de los medios de comunicación independientes. Al 20 de junio de 2011, eran 190 los ciudadanos bielorrusos a los que se habían impuesto sanciones en relación con los viajes al territorio de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea. Además, la Unión Europea impuso sanciones económicas a tres empresas bielorrusas: Beltekexporta, BT-Telekommunikazi y Sport-pari. Albania, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Croacia, la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, Islandia, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Noruega y Serbia también se sumaron a las sanciones de la Unión Europea contra Belarús.", "Desde junio de 2006, los Estados Unidos han impuesto sanciones a funcionarios bielorrusos relativas a sus propiedades en territorio estadounidense. Desde agosto de 2007, se han aplicado restricciones a los visados estadounidenses para varias categorías de funcionarios. Durante el período comprendido entre 2004 y 2011, los Estados Unidos aplicaron diferentes medidas restrictivas unilaterales de carácter económico a las principales compañías bielorrusas, incluidas Belneftexim, BelTekExport, Belorusneft e Integral. Las decisiones de la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos, así como de los países que apoyan las medidas coercitivas unilaterales en forma de sanciones adoptadas por aquellos, afectan directamente a los intereses de los ciudadanos bielorrusos corrientes y a su disfrute de los derechos económicos, sociales y de otro tipo, entre ellos el derecho al desarrollo. Esas medidas también repercuten en las actividades de la sociedad civil bielorrusa, incluidos los periodistas. Los tribunales sufren la presión ejercida por las sanciones, lo cual es inaceptable si se quiere preservar la independencia del poder judicial y respetar los derechos.", "Belarús se ve obligada a llamar la atención de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Derechos Humanos hacia las medidas coercitivas unilaterales aplicadas por la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y otros países en violación, entre otras, de la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General y la resolución 15/24 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre “Derechos humanos y medidas coercitivas unilaterales”. Belarús recuerda que, conforme a la Declaración sobre los principios de derecho internacional referentes a las relaciones de amistad y a la cooperación entre los Estados de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y conforme a los principios y disposiciones pertinentes que figuran en la Carta de Derechos y Deberes Económicos de los Estados, proclamada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 3281 (XXIX), de 12 de diciembre de 1974, en particular su artículo 32, ningún Estado podrá emplear medidas económicas, políticas o de ninguna otra índole, ni fomentar el empleo de tales medidas, con objeto de coaccionar a otro Estado para obtener de él la subordinación del ejercicio de sus derechos soberanos ni procurarse ventajas de ningún tipo.", "La República de Belarús se felicita de la atención que siguen prestando la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos a la cuestión de la realización de los derechos humanos en el contexto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y está convencida de la necesidad de establecer en el Consejo un procedimiento especial sobre las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y sus efectos en los derechos humanos. Belarús apoya la solicitud que figura en la resolución 15/24 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de que la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos prepare un estudio temático sobre el efecto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales en el disfrute de los derechos humanos, que incluya recomendaciones sobre medios de poner fin a esas medidas.", "Bosnia y Herzegovina", "[Original: inglés] [29 de junio de 2011]", "Bosnia y Herzegovina, como país soberano, independiente e internacionalmente reconocido, está profundamente convencida de que ningún Estado debería utilizar medidas económicas, políticas o de otro tipo para coaccionar a otros Estados a fin de someterlos a su voluntad o a la de otra potencia ni alentar a otros agentes internacionales a que las utilicen. Bosnia y Herzegovina defiende esta posición porque las medidas coercitivas unilaterales se oponen frontalmente a las normas de derecho internacional público y de derecho humanitario y, por tanto, constituyen una violación manifiesta de los instrumentos internacionales firmados y ratificados por las entidades y los Estados miembros reconocidos internacionalmente que forman parte del conjunto de organizaciones internacionales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, el Consejo de Europa, la Unión Europea y otros entes similares.", "Los derechos humanos están interrelacionados y son interdependientes. Ello significa que entre los derechos humanos fundamentales se encuentra el derecho al desarrollo mediante el apoyo al libre comercio y la circulación de personas, bienes, capitales y servicios. El principio de libre paso (“laissez passer”) fue concebido en la época de la Revolución Francesa y es uno de los fundamentos de la Unión Europea. Bosnia y Herzegovina cree que la restricción del derecho al desarrollo mediante el uso de medidas coercitivas unilaterales es una amenaza considerable para los derechos humanos consagrados, en primer lugar, en el Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y numerosos instrumentos internacionales que ha firmado y ratificado.", "La obstaculización del libre comercio se produce a costa de la población vulnerable de los países en desarrollo, incluidos los niños, los adolescentes, las mujeres y los ancianos. Es de lamentar que sigan aplicándose en todo el mundo medidas coercitivas unilaterales de carácter legislativo, económico y político, que influyen considerablemente en la situación social de los países en desarrollo y en el pleno ejercicio de los derechos humanos. A la luz de lo indicado anteriormente, Bosnia y Herzegovina opina que es necesario concienciar sobre los efectos negativos de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y la importancia de respetar las normas y los principios tanto del derecho internacional público como privado a fin de establecer relaciones amistosas entre los países y promover y proteger los derechos humanos.", "Bosnia y Herzegovina apoya firmemente la aplicación de la Declaración sobre el derecho al desarrollo e invoca el principio reconocido en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, conforme al cual no podrá privarse a nadie de sus propios medios de subsistencia. Las medidas coercitivas unilaterales son medidas con fines políticos impuestas por la fuerza por una sola parte que entran directamente en conflicto con los ideales de los Estados democráticos.", "Burkina Faso", "[Original: francés] [20 de julio de 2011]", "Burkina Faso apoya la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General sobre “Derechos humanos y medidas coercitivas unilaterales” y otros documentos aprobados en el marco de otros órganos internacionales para prohibir la adopción de medidas coercitivas unilaterales por los Estados. Entre estos documentos figuran la resolución 15/24 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y las anteriores resoluciones de la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre “Derechos humanos y medidas coercitivas unilaterales”, el Documento Final de la XIV Conferencia Cumbre de Jefes de Estado o de Gobierno del Movimiento de los Países No Alineados celebrada en La Habana en septiembre de 2006 y las recomendaciones de la Conferencia Mundial de Derechos Humanos celebrada en Viena en 1993, que exigen que los Estados se abstengan de utilizar medidas unilaterales incompatibles con el derecho internacional y la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.", "Burkina Faso sigue convencida de que, para preservar la paz y la seguridad, los Estados deben necesariamente tratar de promoverlas por medio de relaciones amistosas y de cooperación basadas en el principio de igualdad entre las naciones y su derecho a la libre determinación. El desarrollo de esas relaciones requiere que los Estados se abstengan de adoptar o aplicar medidas coercitivas unilaterales contrarias al derecho internacional, incluidos el recurso a la guerra, el militarismo y las medidas económicas y comerciales negativas impuestas unilateralmente. Estas medidas coercitivas unilaterales son contrarias a los principios fundamentales de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, la Carta de la Unión Africana y muchos otros instrumentos jurídicos internacionales.", "El acatamiento de las normas y principios establecidos por el derecho internacional, incluido el derecho humanitario, es el único medio para entablar relaciones internacionales pacíficas y que respeten los derechos humanos. La soberanía del Estado y la no intervención en los asuntos internos de otros Estados son principios fundamentales consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas que deberían guiar las relaciones entre los Estados. En opinión de Burkina Faso, en el contexto internacional actual, caracterizado por la divergencia de los intereses de los Estados, pero también por el desarrollo de marcos multilaterales para el diálogo entre ellos, los problemas en el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales deben abordarse necesariamente dentro de esos marcos. Los mecanismos establecidos bajo el amparo de las Naciones Unidas, incluido el Consejo de Seguridad, y otras organizaciones multilaterales internacionales y regionales son los únicos instrumentos legítimos para decidir acerca de las medidas apropiadas para salvaguardar la seguridad e instar a los Estados a que cumplan las normas internacionales. Todas las medidas coercitivas adoptadas unilateralmente por un Estado contra otro, con independencia de su finalidad, son contrarias al derecho internacional y, por tanto, deberían estar prohibidas.", "El recurso a la guerra o a la fuerza armada, de forma directa o indirecta, por parte de un Estado contra otro provoca siempre efectos desastrosos, tanto para los derechos humanos como para el desarrollo de las naciones. Todos los Estados deberían tratar a toda costa de resolver sus diferencias por medio de mecanismos de solución pacífica de las controversias reconocidos por el derecho internacional. Como país amante de la paz, Burkina Faso siempre ha intentado promover las buenas relaciones y la amistad con otros Estados. Este espíritu de paz ha conducido a la activa participación del Jefe de Estado de Burkina Faso en la solución de conflictos en la subregión, en particular en Côte d’Ivoire y en el Togo.", "Burkina Faso, en su calidad de Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana y muchas otras organizaciones internacionales y regionales, otorga gran importancia al multilateralismo en las relaciones internacionales, como lo demuestra su activa participación en diversos marcos regionales e internacionales. Burkina Faso es miembro del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Los marcos multilaterales son apropiados y legítimos para la resolución de los problemas surgidos en las relaciones entre Estados y de las cuestiones que pueden amenazar la paz y la seguridad internacionales. Burkina Faso respeta el estado de derecho y defiende firmemente el principio de igualdad, tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional. De conformidad con las normas y principios del derecho internacional, Burkina Faso no ha adoptado medidas coercitivas unilaterales contra ningún otro Estado.", "Desde la perspectiva del ordenamiento jurídico de Burkina Faso, las normas internacionales prevalecen sobre las medidas legislativas y administrativas internas. Conforme al artículo 151 de la Constitución de Burkina Faso, sus obligaciones internacionales, particularmente en el contexto de los acuerdos debidamente ratificados, prevalecen sobre las leyes internas. Por tanto, están prohibidas por ley las medidas contrarias a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y a las normas y principios internacionales aceptados por Burkina Faso. Las autoridades del país son firmes defensoras de los valores esenciales que guían las relaciones internacionales y están dispuestas a cooperar con otros Estados y órganos internacionales con miras a desarrollar relaciones amistosas y de cooperación en el mundo.", "Cuba", "[Original: español] [26 de mayo de 2011]", "Cuba señala que numerosas resoluciones de la Asamblea General, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y la antigua Comisión de Derechos Humanos, así como reiteradas declaraciones políticas aprobadas en importantes cumbres y conferencias internacionales de las Naciones Unidas, han dictaminado que la aplicación de medidas económicas coercitivas unilaterales es violatoria de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y del derecho internacional. La implementación de medidas coercitivas unilaterales como instrumento de coerción política y económica atenta contra el pleno disfrute de todos los derechos humanos, comenzando por el derecho a la vida, así como contra la independencia, la soberanía y el derecho de libre determinación de los pueblos. Las principales víctimas de estas medidas son los pueblos de los países contra los cuales se aplican, en particular los grupos más vulnerables de la población, especialmente los niños, las mujeres, los ancianos y las personas con discapacidad.", "Cuba recuerda que la Asamblea General dispuso en 1970 que ningún Estado puede usar o alentar el uso de medidas económicas, políticas o de cualquier otro tipo para coaccionar a otro Estado con vistas a obtener la subordinación del ejercicio de sus derechos soberanos o conseguir de este ventajas de cualquier tipo. Ello quedó refrendado en la Declaración sobre los principios de derecho internacional referentes a las relaciones de amistad y a la cooperación entre los Estados.", "Cuba indica que ha sido víctima por más de 50 años de la aplicación de medidas coercitivas unilaterales y, por ello, concede particular importancia a la consideración de este tema por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y la Asamblea General. Cuba cree que la aplicación de esas medidas ha sido el instrumento fundamental de la política de hostilidad y agresión de los Estados Unidos de América contra Cuba, en su obsesión por destruir el sistema político, económico y social establecido por la voluntad soberana del pueblo cubano. Asimismo, cree que el bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero impuesto por los Estados Unidos contra Cuba es el sistema de sanciones unilaterales más prolongado y cruel que se haya aplicado contra país alguno o haya conocido la historia de la humanidad. El objetivo de dicho bloqueo fue definido desde el 6 de abril de 1960 y ha sido la destrucción de la Revolución Cubana.", "Cuba sostiene que el bloqueo es un componente esencial de la política de terrorismo de Estado desplegada contra Cuba por sucesivos Gobiernos norteamericanos que, de forma sistemática, acumulativa e inhumana, ha afectado a la población cubana sin distinción de edad, sexo, raza, credo religioso o posición social. En opinión de Cuba, esta política se puede calificar como un acto de genocidio, en virtud del inciso c) del artículo II de la Convención de Ginebra para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio, de 9 de diciembre de 1948.", "Cuba hace referencia a las llamadas Leyes Torricelli, de 1992, y Helms-Burton, de 1996, cuyas disposiciones son contrarias a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, violatorias del derecho internacional y de los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Mediante estas Leyes, de marcado carácter extraterritorial, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha reforzado y extendido a terceros Estados y a sus empresas y ciudadanos la aplicación del bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero que ha impuesto contra Cuba durante 50 años.", "Cuba observa que, en la búsqueda constante de pretextos para dar continuidad a su bloqueo contra Cuba y el pueblo cubano, el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos ha incluido a este país, sin fundamento alguno, en cuanta lista elabora unilateralmente sobre supuestas violaciones de los derechos humanos, trata de personas, turismo sexual, prácticas terroristas, intolerancia religiosa, etc.", "Pese a la ofensiva mediática y diplomática desplegada por el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y a la adopción de algunas medidas cosméticas, el bloqueo se mantiene intacto en la actualidad, se continúa aplicando con todo rigor y se han reforzado los mecanismos políticos, administrativos y represivos para su instrumentación. No se ha emprendido acción alguna para desmontar el complejo entramado de leyes y disposiciones administrativas que conforman las bases legales y las regulaciones del bloqueo. El 11 de septiembre de 2009 se prorrogó la aplicación del bloqueo contra Cuba sobre la base del “interés nacional de los Estados Unidos”, con fundamento en la Ley de Comercio con el Enemigo de 1917, aplicable solo a situaciones de guerra y vigente únicamente para Cuba. Se aplican sanciones a empresas norteamericanas y europeas por realizar transacciones con Cuba. Con esta política se obstaculiza el intercambio de naturaleza científica, cultural o turística y se promueve el robo de marcas comerciales y de cifras millonarias de fondos cubanos congelados en los Estados Unidos. Además, se aplican mayores presiones para subordinar las relaciones con Cuba a los propósitos de “cambio de régimen” y se brinda apoyo financiero a las acciones dirigidas al derrocamiento del orden constitucional cubano.", "Cuba señala que la aplicación del bloqueo no es únicamente una cuestión bilateral entre Cuba y los Estados Unidos. La repetida aplicación extraterritorial de las leyes norteamericanas y la persecución contra los legítimos intereses de empresas y ciudadanos de terceros países afectan significativamente a la soberanía de muchos otros Estados. Los daños provocados por el carácter extraterritorial de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales se multiplican por la importante participación de los Estados Unidos y sus empresas en el comercio y las inversiones transnacionales. Las inversiones de empresas de terceros países en los Estados Unidos y las norteamericanas en el exterior, fundamentalmente en forma de fusiones y adquisiciones totales o parciales de empresas, agravan los efectos extraterritoriales de estas medidas, al reducir el espacio económico externo de Cuba y hacer más difícil, a veces imposible, la búsqueda de socios y suministradores para sortear el férreo bloqueo impuesto por los Estados Unidos.", "En su respuesta, Cuba afirma que, según cálculos muy conservadores, el daño directo al país como resultado del bloqueo hasta diciembre de 2009 supera ampliamente las decenas de miles de millones de dólares. A pesar de la aprobación de la más reciente resolución de la Asamblea General pidiendo el levantamiento del bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero contra Cuba, aprobada por una abrumadora mayoría de votos de los Estados Miembros el 28 de octubre de 2010, y de la existencia de 18 resoluciones anteriores que incluyen esa justa reivindicación, el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha continuado aplicando sus acciones contra Cuba.", "Cuba también indica en su respuesta que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha reclutado a mercenarios para que realicen acciones contra Cuba. En 2009, la Oficina de Control de Bienes Extranjeros multó a siete entidades por violar el bloqueo contra Cuba por un total de 315.503 dólares. El monto total de las multas aplicadas a individuos y entidades ascendió a 340.678 dólares. En el primer semestre de 2010 las multas a empresas ascendieron a 2.221.671 dólares. La Oficina de Control de Bienes Extranjeros impuso otras multas millonarias no solo por el comercio con Cuba, sino también con otros países en virtud de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales. Entre las entidades de terceros países multadas se incluyeron el Credit Suisse Bank de Suiza, el grupo bancario Australia and New Zealand Bank Group Ltd. y la subsidiaria en Suecia de la compañía química Innospec Inc. con sede en Delaware. En mayo de 2009, la Oficina de Control de Bienes Extranjeros denegó la solicitud del Banco Popular Español de liberar fondos bloqueados por una transferencia de Madrid a Moscú, realizada por Cubana de Aviación en diciembre de 2008, por un monto de 107.770,95 euros.", "A continuación se indica en la respuesta que, desde la compra de la compañía Lemery de México por la transnacional israelí Teva, de capital norteamericano, Cuba no puede seguir comprando el citostático Dactinomicina, medicamento de mayor utilidad en el tratamiento de sarcomas (neoplasia maligna). La utilización de este producto permitiría aumentar la tasa de supervivencia de los pacientes por encima del 70% de los casos. Sectores tan sensibles como los de la alimentación, la salud, la educación y la cultura han estado entre los principales blancos de esta política, lo cual repercute en la calidad de vida. Cuba alude a algunos ejemplos ocurridos entre mayo de 2009 y abril de 2010. Cuba no tiene acceso al medicamento temozolamida (Temodar), citostático específico para el uso en tumores del sistema nervioso central (gliomas y astrocitomas). Esta enfermedad afecta aproximadamente a 250 pacientes anuales, de los cuales alrededor de 30 son niños. El Cardiocentro Pediátrico “William Soler” se ve imposibilitado de adquirir dispositivos como catéteres, coils, guías y stents, que se utilizan para el diagnóstico y tratamiento por cateterismo intervencionista en niños con cardiopatías congénitas complejas. A las empresas norteamericanas se les prohíbe la venta de estos productos a Cuba. A los niños cubanos se les niega el uso del dispositivo norteamericano Amplatzer, elaborado a partir de materiales especiales para evitar el rechazo orgánico. Este dispositivo es utilizado para la cirugía a corazón abierto, intervención que, además de riesgosa, requiere de cuidado intensivo y una recuperación de tres semanas. El Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología de Cuba está imposibilitado de emplear placas de yodo radiactivo en el tratamiento del tumor retinoblastoma (tumor congénito que crece en la retina) al no poder adquirir dichas placas, dado que solo pueden ser compradas en los Estados Unidos. Ante la carencia de esta tecnología prevista básicamente para niños, la única alternativa es la extirpación del ojo y en algunos casos la extirpación de ambos órganos, procedimiento que acarrea serias limitaciones para la vida.", "En el sector de la alimentación, la empresa importadora Alimport se vio afectada entre mayo de 2009 y abril de 2010 por unos 102.900.000 dólares por concepto de “riesgo país”, costos bancarios y financieros y costos por la modalidad en instrumentos de pago. Disponer de estos fondos hubiera permitido a Cuba adquirir 337.000 toneladas de trigo, 451.000 toneladas de maíz o 109.000 toneladas de pollo a precio promedio de 2008. En el sector de la educación, Cuba se ha visto imposibilitada de adquirir el equipamiento necesario para la habilitación de 60 aulas terapéuticas para niños con discapacidades motoras por no tener acceso al mercado norteamericano y tener que recurrir a mercados más distantes y más caros. El costo de dichas aulas oscila alrededor de los 14.000 euros en el mercado europeo; sin embargo, en los Estados Unidos ese costo no excede de los 8.000 dólares.", "Según la respuesta de Cuba, de mayo de 2008 a mayo de 2010 el monto total de las importaciones cubanas en el sector de la educación se redujo a 18.200.000 dólares, el 10% de los cuales se destinó al pago de fletes. Si Cuba hubiera tenido acceso al mercado norteamericano solo habría dedicado el 3,7% al pago de fletes, por lo que habría podido adquirir el papel offset para la impresión de la totalidad de los libros de texto necesarios para cada una de las enseñanzas (primaria, secundaria, etc.), todos los juegos de instrumentos de trazado para la enseñanza de matemáticas en las escuelas primarias y de educación especial y 150.000 juegos de marcadores de pizarras acrílicas requeridos por la enseñanza de computación en todo el país en un año escolar.", "Cuba señala que, en el ámbito cultural, en 2002 fue firmado un acuerdo bilateral con el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones de las Ciencias Sociales de los Estados Unidos de América que apoyaría el proyecto de conservación de la Casa-Museo de Ernest Hemingway con material e insumos para la digitalización de correspondencia y documentos de la colección de Hemingway. Sin embargo, el Departamento del Tesoro no autorizó la transferencia a Cuba del financiamiento necesario para llevar a la práctica este proyecto. Estos ejemplos son una pequeña muestra de que las leyes, disposiciones y prácticas que sustentan el bloqueo se han mantenido en vigor, reforzándose los mecanismos políticos, administrativos y represivos para su instrumentación más eficaz y deliberada.", "El respeto del derecho internacional existe para todos por igual. Cuba afirma que es inadmisible que el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos mantenga el bloqueo, que empeora las condiciones de vida del pueblo cubano, e ignore que la comunidad internacional lleva 19 años llamando a poner fin al bloqueo contra Cuba en sucesivas resoluciones de la Asamblea General, a la par que condena sistemáticamente la aplicación de medidas coercitivas unilaterales en la propia Asamblea y en varios de sus órganos subsidiarios.", "La aplicación de esta política de bloqueo continúa siendo el principal obstáculo al desarrollo económico y social de Cuba y constituye una violación flagrante, masiva y sistemática de los derechos humanos y una transgresión del derecho a la paz, el desarrollo y la seguridad de un Estado soberano. El permanente respaldo de la comunidad internacional y su pronunciamiento enérgico contra la aplicación de tales prácticas han sido una importante herramienta en la lucha del pueblo cubano. Según la respuesta de Cuba, es importante que la comunidad internacional incremente la presión política sobre el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos exigiendo poner fin a esta política inhumana y obsoleta.", "Ecuador", "[Original: español] [6 de julio de 2011]", "El Ecuador, como Estado soberano, no aplica medidas coercitivas unilaterales que sean contrarias al derecho internacional, a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y a las normas y principios que rigen las relaciones pacíficas entre los Estados y que impidan la realización plena del desarrollo económico y social de la población, en particular los niños y las mujeres.", "El Ecuador no adopta medidas que menoscaben el bienestar de su población y creen obstáculos al goce de los derechos humanos. Por el contrario, el Ecuador busca implementar medidas tendientes a incrementar el nivel de vida de sus habitantes, así como el nivel de seguridad de la población, al amparo de los principios y objetivos establecidos en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del Ecuador (Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir). El Gobierno del Ecuador busca brindar atención al derecho de toda persona a un nivel de vida que asegure su salud y bienestar y el derecho a la alimentación, la atención médica, la educación y los servicios sociales necesarios. No se utiliza como instrumento de presión política el acceso a los alimentos y los medicamentos.", "Guatemala", "[Original: español] [8 de junio de 2011]", "La respuesta de la Comisión Presidencial Coordinadora de la Política del Ejecutivo en Materia de Derechos Humanos de Guatemala destaca que el Estado de Guatemala ha dado fiel cumplimiento a la resolución 65/217 y no ha adoptado medidas coercitivas unilaterales, que a toda luz serían contrarias al derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, así como a los principios de un Estado que lucha por el fortalecimiento de su democracia y por el respeto a los derechos humanos.", "Guyana", "[Original: inglés] [14 de junio de 2011]", "Guyana tiene presente y comparte las consideraciones generales que figuran en la resolución 65/217, en particular en el artículo 32 de la Carta de Derechos y Deberes Económicos de los Estados, proclamada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 3281 (XXIX) de 1974, en cuanto que condena el uso por los Estados de medidas económicas, políticas o de otra índole con objeto de coaccionar a otro Estado para obtener de él la subordinación del ejercicio de sus derechos soberanos. Guyana comparte la postura de la Asamblea General de que esas medidas y disposiciones legislativas coercitivas unilaterales son contrarias al derecho internacional, al derecho internacional humanitario y a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, que forman parte del derecho internacional consuetudinario general y de las normas y principios que rigen las relaciones pacíficas entre los Estados. Guyana no cuenta con disposiciones legislativas ni otro tipo de medidas coercitivas que alienten la coacción económica o política. Guyana se suma a la condena de los Estados que recurren a esas medidas y los insta a que las revoquen de manera efectiva.", "Guyana reafirma su compromiso de actuar de buena fe a fin de cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales conforme a los instrumentos internacionales a los que se ha adherido, incluidos el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Tras las primeras elecciones libres y limpias celebradas en octubre de 1992 después de una larga lucha por la restauración de la democracia, Guyana ha centrado sus esfuerzos en mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de su población y su Parlamento ha promulgado varias leyes que promueven y protegen específicamente los derechos humanos individuales, así como de grupos de personas vulnerables. Por medio de sus poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial, Guyana colabora para promover la aplicación de los tratados sobre derechos humanos y reconoce el carácter universal, indivisible, interdependiente e interrelacionado de todos los derechos humanos.", "Con respecto al pasaje de la resolución en que se reafirma “el derecho al desarrollo como parte integral de todos los derechos humanos”, la Constitución de Guyana establece, en su parte 2, título 1 (“Protección de los derechos y libertades fundamentales de las personas”), artículo 149C, que “nadie se verá obstaculizado en el ejercicio de su derecho a participar mediante cooperativas, sindicatos u organizaciones cívicas o socioeconómicas de carácter nacional en los procesos de gestión y toma de decisiones del Estado”. Por su parte, en el artículo 14 de la Constitución se indica que “el desarrollo económico incluye el objetivo de crear, promover y fomentar un sistema económico capaz de lograr y mantener una ventaja competitiva sostenible en el contexto de un entorno competitivo global, fomentando la capacidad empresarial, la iniciativa y creatividad de personas y grupos y las alianzas estratégicas con socios comerciales en los ámbitos nacional y mundial”. Guyana comparte la preocupación por los efectos negativos de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales en las relaciones internacionales, el comercio, la inversión y la cooperación.", "En su calidad de miembro de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM), Guyana apoya la integración regional y, por consiguiente, el establecimiento de un mercado y una economía únicos del Caribe. Como miembro de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR) y de la Organización de los Estados Americanos, Guyana asume con seriedad sus obligaciones y compromisos frente a estas organizaciones. Existen reclamaciones de dos países vecinos, Suriname y Venezuela, sobre el territorio de Guyana. Guyana decidió resolver la cuestión de sus fronteras marítimas con Suriname utilizando los recursos disponibles en el derecho internacional del mar y acudiendo a un tribunal arbitral internacional en lugar de aplicar medidas coercitivas. Guyana mantiene buenas relaciones con esos dos países y está comprometida en el proceso de buenos oficios de las Naciones Unidas en relación con la controversia que la enfrenta a Venezuela. Aunque Guyana es un pequeño país en desarrollo, ha brindado ayuda a Estados que han sufrido desastres naturales, como Granada, Haití, el Japón, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Lucía y Venezuela.", "Guyana está profundamente preocupada por la situación de los niños, principales víctimas de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales. Reconoce que todos los niños tienen derecho a llegar a la edad adulta disfrutando de salud y de paz y con dignidad y, a tal fin, se ha esforzado por asegurar los derechos de estos a la salud, la nutrición, la educación y el desarrollo social y emocional. Asimismo, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer y otras normas internacionales, Guyana ha aprobado amplias disposiciones constitucionales y legislativas y políticas para promover y proteger los derechos de la mujer. Estas reformas son importantes para prohibir la persistencia de medidas coercitivas unilaterales, que tienen consecuencias negativas para las actividades sociales y humanitarias y el desarrollo económico y social de los países en desarrollo como Guyana. Guyana sigue decidida a erradicar las medidas coercitivas unilaterales de toda índole que creen obstáculos tanto para el desarrollo como para los derechos humanos.", "En relación con el párrafo 2 de la resolución, relativo al derecho a la alimentación, la atención médica y la educación, Guyana presta especial atención al derecho a la alimentación y ha adoptado medidas positivas para eliminar el hambre y promover la seguridad alimentaria. Guyana vela por que los servicios en materia de salud se presten de manera equitativa y responsable. La política educativa del país asegura que todos los ciudadanos, con independencia de su raza, edad, credo o discapacidad física o mental, tengan oportunidad de desplegar su pleno potencial mediante el acceso en igualdad de condiciones a una educación de calidad, dentro de los recursos disponibles. La prestación de los servicios sociales necesarios, como la alimentación, la atención médica, la educación y las redes de seguridad social, no se utiliza como instrumento de presión política.", "Guyana tiene presente y asume el principio de libre determinación mencionado en los párrafos 4 y 7 de la resolución 65/217, conforme al cual las naciones tienen derecho a elegir libremente su soberanía y su situación política internacional sin coacciones ni interferencias externas. Por consiguiente, Guyana se suma a la condena y el rechazo de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales adoptadas por cualquier Estado u organismo de desarrollo multilateral o internacional. Guyana reitera que las medidas coercitivas unilaterales constituyen un obstáculo importante para la plena realización de los derechos humanos, el desarrollo de las sociedades, la seguridad y la solución pacífica de los conflictos en los ámbitos regional y mundial.", "Iraq", "[Original: árabe] [22 de julio de 2011]", "La República del Iraq apoya plenamente la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General y reitera la necesidad de que todos los Estados se abstengan de adoptar medidas coercitivas unilaterales. A pesar de que existen varias resoluciones sobre esta cuestión, los Estados siguen utilizando esas medidas arbitrarias. El Iraq condena el uso de medidas unilaterales, arbitrarias y extraterritoriales con miras a ejercer presión política sobre otros Estados. Esas medidas tienen efectos negativos sobre los derechos humanos, incluido el derecho básico a la alimentación, la salud y el desarrollo. El Iraq destaca la importancia de las medidas prácticas y preventivas frente a las medidas coercitivas unilaterales.", "Kuwait", "[Original: árabe] [24 de junio de 2011]", "Los derechos humanos están consagrados en la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos y en algunos otros instrumentos internacionales, así como en la mayoría de las constituciones nacionales. Se aplican a las relaciones entre los Estados y las personas y también tienen relevancia en las relaciones entre Estados. Todos los derechos humanos deben ser respetados sin excepción ni distinción. Kuwait apoya la labor de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos en pos del rechazo y la eliminación de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales. Esas medidas se utilizan para ejercer presión política y crean obstáculos al comercio y las relaciones internacionales. Kuwait respalda la aplicación de la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General y ofrece su apoyo y cooperación en este sentido. Es importante no politizar las cuestiones jurídicas derivadas de la aplicación de esta resolución. Es necesario estudiar la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y realizar una evaluación amplia y completa de las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas sobre este tema, incluidos los obstáculos a los que hay que hacer frente para lograr sus objetivos.", "Kuwait se niega a adoptar medidas legislativas, administrativas o económicas de carácter coercitivo o medidas que obstaculicen el desarrollo económico y cultural de otros Estados a fin de forzarlos a adoptar determinadas políticas. Las medidas coercitivas unilaterales tienen efectos negativos sobre la población de los países en desarrollo y sobre el desarrollo y son un obstáculo para el cumplimiento de la Declaración sobre el derecho al desarrollo. Estas medidas impiden el pleno disfrute de todos los derechos humanos, incluidos los derechos más elementales a la alimentación y la atención médica. Kuwait apoya las decisiones de la Asamblea General en relación con el derecho al desarrollo y rechaza la imposición de medidas coercitivas unilaterales que lo obstaculicen.", "Kuwait mantiene su enfoque de prestar asistencia y apoyo para el desarrollo internacional a más de 100 países en desarrollo y países menos adelantados, por ejemplo a través del Fondo de Desarrollo de Kuwait y también mediante su labor a favor del desarrollo sostenible en el ámbito nacional. Kuwait cree en la importancia del desarrollo y su relación con los derechos humanos y considera que es una esfera en la que se pueden conectar las personas y las comunidades.", "República Dominicana", "[Original: español] [27 de junio de 2011]", "La resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General tiene como objetivo reafirmar los principios y las disposiciones contenidos en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, las resoluciones anteriores del Consejo y de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y las normas de derecho internacional humanitario, que establecen que las leyes y las medidas coercitivas unilaterales aplicadas por el Estado generan consecuencias negativas para las actividades sociales y humanitarias, al igual que para el desarrollo económico y social de los países en desarrollo, incluidos sus efectos extraterritoriales. Esta resolución surge como respuesta a múltiples llamados de Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas sobre el perjuicio grave que las medidas coercitivas unilaterales aplicadas por otros Estados están generando sobre su población, en particular sobre los niños, las mujeres, las personas de edad y las personas con discapacidad en la región de América Latina. Cabe destacar en particular los informes presentados por Cuba, México y Venezuela.", "En la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, en vigor desde el 24 de octubre de 1945, en particular en su Artículo 10, se establece que “la Asamblea General podrá discutir cualesquier asuntos o cuestiones dentro de los límites de esta Carta o que se refieran a los poderes y funciones de cualquiera de los órganos creados por esta Carta y, salvo lo dispuesto en el Artículo 12, podrá hacer recomendaciones sobre tales asuntos o cuestiones a los Miembros de las Naciones Unidas o al Consejo de Seguridad o a este y a aquellos”. La República Dominicana, como Estado Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, no subestima el rol de dicha entidad en el proceso general de formación y desarrollo del derecho internacional.", "El compromiso de la República Dominicana con la comunidad internacional queda reflejado en la Constitución dominicana, de 26 de enero de 2010, en cuyo artículo 26, numerales 3 y 4, se establece que “las relaciones internacionales de la República Dominicana se fundamentan y rigen por la afirmación y promoción de sus valores e intereses nacionales, el respeto a los derechos humanos y al derecho internacional”. “En igualdad de condiciones con otros Estados, la República Dominicana acepta un ordenamiento jurídico internacional que garantice el respeto de los derechos fundamentales, la paz, la justicia y el desarrollo político, social, económico y cultural de las naciones. Se compromete a actuar en el plano internacional, regional y nacional de modo compatible con los intereses nacionales, la convivencia pacífica entre los pueblos y los deberes de solidaridad con todas las naciones”.", "III. Análisis y conclusiones", "3. En relación con la resolución 65/217 de la Asamblea General, presentaron observaciones sobre los derechos humanos y las medidas coercitivas unilaterales un total de 11 Estados Miembros. En conjunto, todos los Estados que respondieron fueron inequívocos en su objeción al uso de medidas coercitivas unilaterales.", "4. Los Estados que presentaron respuestas rechazaron el uso de medidas coercitivas unilaterales adoptadas por cualquier Estado u organismo de desarrollo multilateral o internacional. Esas medidas se consideraron violaciones de los derechos humanos y obstáculos para la plena realización de los derechos humanos, el desarrollo de las sociedades, la paz y la seguridad y la solución de controversias y conflictos. Varios Estados también afirmaron que no recurrían a esas medidas por principio.", "5. La mayoría de los Estados que presentaron respuestas se refirieron a los principios de derecho internacional, que incluyen la obligación de los Estados de abstenerse de adoptar o aplicar medidas unilaterales contrarias a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y al derecho internacional público. Se señaló que esas medidas se oponían a los ideales de los Estados democráticos y a los principios básicos de soberanía del Estado, independencia, igualdad soberana, libre determinación y no intervención en los asuntos internos. Las medidas coercitivas unilaterales afectan tanto al derecho internacional privado como al público, incluido el derecho internacional humanitario, y, por tanto, constituyen una violación de diversos instrumentos internacionales y regionales. Entre los instrumentos pertinentes citados por los Estados figuran la Declaración sobre los principios de derecho internacional referentes a las relaciones de amistad y a la cooperación entre los Estados de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y la Carta de Derechos y Deberes Económicos de los Estados, en virtud de la cual ningún Estado podrá emplear medidas económicas, políticas o de ninguna otra índole, ni fomentar el empleo de tales medidas, con objeto de coaccionar a otro Estado para obtener de él la subordinación del ejercicio de sus derechos soberanos ni procurarse ventajas de ningún tipo.", "6. Los Estados recordaron que, conforme al Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y al Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, no podrá privarse a nadie de sus propios medios de subsistencia. Varios Estados también reafirmaron su apoyo a la aplicación de la Declaración sobre el derecho al desarrollo. Se indicó que la utilización de medidas coercitivas unilaterales con efectos extraterritoriales afectaba gravemente al comercio y a la cooperación económica y tenía efectos negativos en la libre circulación de capitales y la libertad de comercio, lo cual, a su vez, constituía un obstáculo para la realización del derecho al desarrollo de las personas que viven en los países afectados.", "7. Los Estados que presentaron respuestas se refirieron a distintas formas de sanciones de carácter económico, comercial y financiero, entre las que figuran los bloqueos comerciales; las restricciones a las finanzas y la financiación, la propiedad, la propiedad intelectual, los visados y los viajes; y la interferencia en los intercambios de índole científica, cultural o turística. También se hizo referencia a la aplicación extraterritorial de las leyes y la interferencia con los intereses de las empresas y los ciudadanos de terceros países, especialmente en las esferas del comercio y la inversión.", "8. Los Estados señalaron que en todo el mundo seguían aplicándose medidas coercitivas unilaterales de índole legislativa, económica y política, que tenían consecuencias negativas trascendentales para los países contra los que se adoptaban y, más en general, para los derechos humanos y el desarrollo de los países en desarrollo. Se indicó que las principales víctimas eran las poblaciones de los países a los que se aplicaban esas medidas, especialmente las personas más vulnerables (niños, mujeres, ancianos y personas con discapacidad). En la realidad sobre el terreno, los países afectados sufrían, entre otras cosas, graves privaciones y la imposibilidad de acceder a medicamentos esenciales para salvar vidas, especialmente medicinas pediátricas, así como productos alimentarios básicos, servicios educativos y actividades culturales. La adopción de esas medidas coercitivas tiene efectos directos sobre el disfrute de los derechos humanos fundamentales.", "9. Varios Estados reafirmaron el carácter indivisible, universal, interrelacionado e interdependiente de todos los derechos humanos y la estrecha relación de este reconocimiento con el mantenimiento de relaciones pacíficas entre los Estados. Los Estados reiteraron su creencia en la relación entre el desarrollo y los derechos humanos y la paz. Con el fin de preservar la paz y la seguridad internacionales, todos los Estados deben promoverlas por medio de relaciones amistosas y de cooperación basadas en el principio de igualdad entre las naciones y su derecho a la libre determinación. A la vista del actual contexto internacional, caracterizado por la divergencia entre los intereses de los Estados, así como por el desarrollo de marcos multilaterales y el multilateralismo para el diálogo entre los Estados, los problemas en el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales deben abordarse desde un punto de vista multilateral. Se afirmó que los mecanismos establecidos bajo el amparo de las Naciones Unidas, incluido el Consejo de Seguridad, y otras organizaciones multilaterales internacionales y regionales eran los únicos instrumentos legítimos para decidir acerca de las medidas apropiadas para salvaguardar la seguridad e instar a los Estados a que cumplieran las normas internacionales.", "10. Como pasos prácticos y preventivos para hacer frente a las medidas coercitivas unilaterales, algunos Estados expresaron la opinión de que era necesario concienciar sobre los efectos negativos de esas medidas y la importancia de respetar las normas y los principios tanto del derecho internacional público como privado a fin de entablar relaciones amistosas entre los países y promover y proteger los derechos humanos. Los Estados mencionaron las disposiciones constitucionales y legislativas nacionales, incluidas las que consagraban los valores de la coexistencia pacífica entre los pueblos y el deber de solidaridad con todas las naciones.", "11. Algunos Estados han promulgado leyes en las que se establece que no serán aplicables ni tendrán efectos jurídicos en su territorio las leyes extranjeras que limiten o impidan, de forma directa o indirecta, el libre comercio y la libre circulación de capitales, bienes o personas y que afecten negativamente a cualquier país o grupo de países. Los Estados también ofrecieron ejemplos de disposiciones legales en las que se establecía que no tendrían ningún efecto jurídico en su territorio las leyes extranjeras destinadas a producir efectos jurídicos extraterritoriales a través de la imposición de sanciones económicas o la limitación de las inversiones en otro país con el objetivo de cambiar su gobierno.", "12. Se hizo referencia a las medidas internas adoptadas para respetar los derechos humanos y promover el desarrollo social y económico tanto dentro como fuera del territorio del Estado, reafirmando además la creencia de que debería permitirse a todo el mundo acceder a los artículos de primera necesidad y que en ningún caso se debería utilizar como instrumento político el acceso a la alimentación, la atención sanitaria y la educación, no solo dentro de los Estados sino también en la comunidad internacional en sentido amplio. Los Estados ofrecieron ejemplos ilustrativos de políticas y medidas adoptadas para promover los derechos humanos y el desarrollo, tanto para su propia población como mediante la asistencia y cooperación internacionales, especialmente a favor de los pueblos de los países en desarrollo.", "13. Un Estado sugirió que se estableciera un procedimiento especial del Consejo de Derechos Humanos sobre las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y sus efectos en los derechos humanos y apoyó explícitamente la solicitud que figuraba en la resolución 15/24 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de que la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos preparara un estudio temático sobre los derechos humanos y las medidas coercitivas unilaterales, que incluyera recomendaciones sobre los medios de poner fin a esas medidas. Algunos Estados se felicitaron de la atención que seguían prestando la Asamblea General y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos a la cuestión de los derechos humanos y las medidas coercitivas unilaterales." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights and unilateral coercive measures", "Annual report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/217, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring the resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to collect their views and information on the implications and negative effects of unilateral coercive measures on their populations and to submit an analytical report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has received replies from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq and Kuwait in response to a note verbale sent out by the Office. The present report comprises a summary of all responses received and an analysis of their contents.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Information 3 received from Member \nStates \nArgentina 3\nBelarus 4Bosnia 5 and \nHerzegovina Burkina 6 \n Faso \nCuba 7Dominican 11 \nRepublic \nEcuador 11\nGuatemala 12\nGuyana 12\nIraq 14\nKuwait 14III.Analysis 15 and \nconclusions", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 15 of its resolution 65/217, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring the resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to collect their views and information on the implications and negative effects of unilateral coercive measures on their populations and to submit an analytical report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, while reiterating the need to highlight the practical and preventive measures in this regard.", "2. On 5 May 2011, in accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 65/217, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a request for information to all permanent missions to the United Nations Office at Geneva. As at 25 July 2011, the Office had received responses from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq and Kuwait.", "II. Information received from Member States", "Argentina", "[Original: Spanish]", "[1 July 2011]", "The Republic of Argentina has consistently supported the resolutions on human rights and unilateral coercive measures in the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. It also voted for General Assembly resolution 55/6 on the suppression of the use of unilateral measures as coercive political and economic instruments.", "The Argentine position is based on the obligation of all States to refrain from adopting or applying unilateral measures that oppose international law or the Charter of the United Nations. It is also based on the annex to General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States contained in General Assembly resolution 3281 (XXIX). The use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affects trade and economic cooperation and has a negative impact on the free movement of capital and the freedom of trade. Argentina believes that the adoption of coercive measures that deny people access to basic health care and food prevents the enjoyment of fundamental human rights, which cannot be violated on the rationale of national security interests.", "Argentine Act 24.871 states that any foreign law that limits or prevents free trade and free movement of capital, goods or people, directly or indirectly, adversely affecting any country or group of countries, will not be applicable and will not have any legal effect within the territory of Argentina. Article I of this Act states that foreign laws intended to generate extraterritorial legal effects by imposing economic sanctions, or by limiting investments in another country, with the objective of changing its government will not have any legal effect within the territory of the Republic. Argentina reaffirms the indivisible, universal and interdependent nature of all human rights.", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "[23 June 2011]", "The response of the Republic of Belarus refers to the continued restrictive measures of a political and economic nature by the European Union and the United States of America in relation to Belarus. In 2011, the European Council imposed visa and financial sanctions against several officials of the Republic on the grounds of falsification of the Presidential elections of 19 December 2010 and subsequent violent persecution of the democratic opposition, civil society and members of the independent mass media. As at 20 June 2011, the number of Belorussian citizens subject to sanctions on travel to the territory of the States members of the European Union reached 190. In addition, the European Union imposed economic sanctions against three Belorussian enterprises, namely, Beltekexporta, BT-Telekommunikazi and Sport-pari. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Norway and Serbia also joined the European Union sanctions against Belarus.", "Since June 2006, the United States has imposed sanctions against officials of Belorussia affecting their property interests in United States territory. Since August 2007, United States visa restrictions have been applied against several categories of officials. During the period 2004-2011, a number of unilateral restrictive measures of an economic nature were applied by the United States of America against major Belorussian enterprises, including Belneftexim, BelTekExport, Belorusneft and Integral. The decisions of the European Union and the United States of America as well as the countries supporting their unilateral coercive measures in the form of sanctions directly affect the interests of ordinary Belorussian citizens and their enjoyment of economic, social and other rights, including the right to development. Such measures also affect the activities of Belorussian civil society, including journalists. Courts are under pressure from sanctions, which is not acceptable from the standpoint of preserving the independence of the judiciary and upholding rights.", "Belarus is obliged to draw the attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the unilateral coercive measures applied by the European Union, the United States of America and other countries, in violation of, inter alia, General Assembly resolution 65/217 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures”. It recalls that according to the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, and the relevant principles and provisions contained in the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 12 December 1974, in particular article 32 thereof, no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it, advantages of any kind.", "The Republic of Belarus welcomes the continued attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the question of the realization of human rights in the context of unilateral coercive measures and is convinced of the need to set up in the Council a special procedure on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights. Belarus supports the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a thematic study on the impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, including recommendations on actions aimed at ending such measures.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "[Original: English]", "[29 June 2011]", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a sovereign, independent and internationally recognized country, is deeply convinced that no State should use or encourage other international actors to use economic, political or any other type of measures to coerce other States in order to make them subordinate to the State or to great power. Bosnia and Herzegovina takes this position because unilateral coercive measures are in direct contradiction to the standards of public international law and humanitarian law and therefore constitute a flagrant violation of international instruments signed and ratified by internationally recognized entities/member States of families of international organizations of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union and the like.", "Human rights are interrelated and interdependent, and this means that they include as a fundamental human right the right to development through the support of free trade and the movement of people, goods, capital and services. The principle of free passage, or “laissez passer”, was conceived in the times of the French revolution and is built into the foundations of the European Union. Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that restricting the right to development through the use of unilateral coercive measures greatly jeopardizes the human rights enshrined, in the first place, in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous international instruments that it has signed and ratified.", "Interference with free trade takes place at the expense of vulnerable populations in developing countries, including children, adolescents, women and the elderly. Unfortunately, legislative, economic and political unilateral coercive measures continue to prevail worldwide, significantly influencing the social situation in developing countries and the full exercise of human rights. In the light of the above, Bosnia and Herzegovina is of the view that it is necessary to raise public awareness of the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures and the importance of respecting the standards and principles of both public and private international law in order to create friendly relations between countries and promote and protect human rights.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina strongly supports the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development and invokes the principle under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that no person shall be deprived of their own means of subsistence. Unilateral coercive measures are one-sided means of political force that directly conflict with the ideals of democratic States.", "Burkina Faso", "[Original: French]", "[20 July 2011]", "Burkina Faso supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures” and other documents adopted within the framework of other international bodies to prohibit the adoption of unilateral coercive measures by States. This includes Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 and previous resolutions of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures”; the Final Document of the Fourteenth Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Movement held in Havana in September 2006 and the recommendations of the World Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna in 1993, which all require that States refrain from the use of unilateral measures inconsistent with international law and the Charter of the United Nations.", "Burkina Faso remains convinced that to preserve peace and security, States must necessarily seek to promote them through friendly and cooperative relations, based on the principle of equality among nations and their right to self-determination. The development of such relations requires that States refrain from adopting or executing unilateral coercive measures contrary to international law, including through recourse to war, militarism and negative economic and trade measures imposed unilaterally. These unilateral coercive measures are contrary to the fundamental principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Charter of the African Union, and many other international legal instruments.", "Compliance with the rules and principles established by international law, including humanitarian law, are the only means to establish international relations that are peaceful and respectful of human rights. State sovereignty and non‑intervention in the internal affairs of other States are fundamental principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations which should guide relations among States. In the view of Burkina Faso, in the current international context marked by divergence of State interests, but also by the development of multilateral frameworks for dialogue between States, the challenges in international relations must necessarily be addressed within these frameworks. The mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations are the only legitimate authorities to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and to encourage a State to comply with international standards. All coercive measures adopted unilaterally by one State against another, regardless of the purpose, are contrary to international law and should therefore be prohibited.", "The resort to direct or indirect war or armed force by one State against another always causes disastrous effects, for both human rights and the development of nations. All States should seek at all costs to resolve their differences through the mechanisms of peaceful resolution of disputes recognized by international law. As a peace-loving country, Burkina Faso has always tried to promote healthy relationships and friendships with other States. It is this spirit of peace that led to the active involvement of the Head of State of Burkina Faso in conflict resolution in the subregion, including in Côte d’Ivoire and Togo.", "Burkina Faso, as a Member State of the United Nations, the African Union and many other international and regional organizations, attaches great importance to multilateralism in international relations, as is evidenced by its active participation in various regional and international frameworks. Burkina Faso is a member of the Human Rights Council. The multilateral frameworks are appropriate and legitimate for the resolution of challenges encountered in inter-State relations and issues that may threaten international peace and security. Burkina Faso upholds the rule of law and is committed to the principle of equality, both nationally and internationally. In accordance with the standards and principles of international law, Burkina Faso has not adopted unilateral coercive measures against any other State.", "From the perspective of the law in Burkina Faso, international standards have primacy over internal legislative and administrative measures. Under Article 151 of the Constitution of Burkina Faso, its international obligations, particularly in the context of agreements duly ratified, supersede national laws. Therefore, measures that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and the international standards and principles to which Burkina Faso has agreed are prohibited by law. The authorities of Burkina Faso, committed to the core values that guide international relations, are willing to cooperate with other States and international bodies for the development of friendly relations and cooperation in the world.", "Cuba", "[Original: Spanish]", "[26 May 2011]", "Cuba points out that numerous resolutions of the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the former Commission on Human Rights, as well as political declarations approved at major international summits and conferences of the United Nations, have ruled that the application of unilateral coercive economic measures is a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law. The implementation of unilateral coercive measures as an instrument of political and economic coercion threatens the enjoyment of all human rights, beginning with the right to life, as well as the independence, sovereignty and right to self-determination of peoples. The main victims of those measures are the people of the countries against which they are applied, especially the most vulnerable groups — children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities.", "Cuba recalls that the General Assembly decided in 1970 that no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other measures to coerce another State in order to obtain the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights or to obtain from it advantages of any kind. This was endorsed by the Declaration on the Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation between States.", "Cuba indicates that it has been a victim for over 50 years of the application of unilateral coercive measures and that it therefore attaches particular importance to the consideration of this matter by the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. Cuba believes that the application of such measures has been a fundamental instrument of a policy of hostility and aggression of the United States of America against Cuba, seeking to destroy the political, economic and social system established by the sovereign will of the Cuban people. Cuba believes that the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States against Cuba is the “longest and most cruel system of unilateral sanctions which has been applied against any country or witnessed by the history of humankind”. The purpose of the economic, commercial and financial embargo was the destruction of the Cuban revolution, as laid down on 6 April 1960.", "Cuba maintains that the embargo constitutes an essential component of a policy of State terrorism deployed against Cuba by successive American administrations which, in a systematic, cumulative and inhumane way, has affected all Cuban people, regardless of age, sex, race, religion or social status. The Cuban submission asserts that this policy qualifies as an act of genocide under subsection (c) of Article II of the Geneva Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948.", "Cuba refers to the so-called Torricelli Act of 1992 and the Helms-Burton Act of 1996, which, it says, contain provisions that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations, in violation of international law and World Trade Organization agreements. Through these laws of markedly extraterritorial nature, the United States Government has strengthened and extended to third countries, their companies and citizens, the application of the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed against Cuba for 50 years.", "Cuba has observed that, in an effort to justify the blockade against Cuba and its people, the United States Department of State has included Cuba, without any grounds, in a list elaborated unilaterally of perpetrators of alleged violations of human rights, human trafficking, sex tourism, practices of terrorism, religious intolerance, etc.", "Despite a media and diplomatic offensive by the United States Government and the adoption by it of some cosmetic measures, the embargo remains intact today and continues to be applied rigorously, with the political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for its implementation having been strengthened. There has been no action to dismantle the web of laws and administrative regulations/requirements that form the legal basis and regulations of the embargo. On 11 September 2009, the implementation of the embargo against Cuba was extended, based on “the national interest of the United States” and the 1917 Act of Trade with the Enemy, which applies only to situations of war and is valid only for Cuba. Sanctions apply to North American and European companies doing business with Cuba. This policy impedes exchanges of a scientific, cultural or touristic nature and promotes theft of trademarks and the freezing of millions of dollars of Cuban funds in the United States. More pressure is applied to subordinate relations with Cuba for the purposes of “regime change” and financial support is offered for actions aimed at overthrowing the constitutional order in Cuba.", "Cuba notes that the application of the embargo is not a bilateral issue only between Cuba and the United States. Repeated extraterritorial application of United States laws and the persecution against the legitimate interests of businesses and citizens of third countries significantly affect the sovereignty of many other States as well. The damages caused by the extraterritorial nature of unilateral coercive measures are multiplied by the important participation of the United States and its enterprises in trade and transnational investment. The investments of both third-country companies in the United States and of North American companies abroad, mainly in the form of mergers and partial or full acquisitions of companies, exacerbate the extraterritorial effects of these measures, by reducing the external economic space of Cuba and make it more difficult, sometimes impossible, to find partners and suppliers to avoid the strict blockade imposed by the United States.", "The Cuban submission states that, according to conservative estimates, the direct damage to Cuba resulting from the blockade until December 2009 exceeds tens of billions of dollars. Despite the approval of the most recent resolution of the General Assembly calling for the lifting of the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, adopted by an overwhelming majority of Member States on 28 October 2010, and notwithstanding the existence of 18 previous resolutions that include this just demand, the United States Government has continued to pursue this action against Cuba.", "The Cuban submission also states that the United States Government has recruited mercenaries to carry out acts against Cuba. In 2009, the Office of Foreign Assets Control fined seven entities for violating the blockade against Cuba in the amount of $315,503. The sum of fines on individuals and entities amounted to $340,678. In the first half of 2010, fines imposed on companies amounted to $2,221,671. The Office of Foreign Assets Control applied other million dollar fines for trade not only with Cuba, but also with other countries under/by virtue of unilateral coercive measures. The entities of third countries subjected to fines included Credit Suisse Bank of Switzerland, Australia and New Zealand Bank Group Ltd. and the subsidiary in Sweden of the chemical company Innospec Inc. based in Delaware. In May 2009, the Office of Foreign Assets Control refused the request of the Banco Popular Español to release funds amounting to €107,770.95 blocked via a transfer from Madrid to Moscow, realized by Cubana de Aviación in December 2008.", "The submission continues that, since the acquisition of the Lemery Company of Mexico by the Israeli transnational company Teva with United States capital, Cuba can no longer buy the cytostatic dactinomycin, the most useful drug in the treatment of sarcomas (malignant neoplasm). The use of this product would allow an increase in the survival rate of patients to over 70 per cent of all cases. Sensitive sectors, such as food, health, education and culture, have been among the main targets of this policy, which affects quality of life. The following are examples between May 2009 and April 2010. Cuba has no access to the medicine temozolamide (Temodar), specific cytostatic for use in central nervous system tumours (gliomas and astrocytomas). This affects approximately 250 patients annually, of which about 30 are children. The Pediatric Cardiology Centre “William Soler” is prevented from acquiring devices, such as catheters, coils, guides and stents, used for diagnosis and treatment by interventional catheterization for children with complex congenital heart disease. American companies are prohibited from selling these products to Cuba. Cuban children are denied the use of the American device Amplatzer made of special materials in order to avoid organic rejection/refusal. This device is used in open heart surgery, an intervention, in addition to being risky, that requires intensive care and recovery for three weeks. The Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Cuba is prevented from using plates of radioactive iodine in the treatment of retinoblastoma tumour (congenital tumour that grows on the retina) through inability to acquire these plates, which can be purchased only in the United States. In the absence of this technology, which is basically intended for children, the only alternative is the removal of the eye and, in some cases, the removal of both eyes, a medical method entailing serious limitations for life.", "In the food industry, the import company Alimport was affected between May 2009 and April 2010 in the approximate amount of $102,900,000 by the concept of “risk country” in the form of banking and financial costs and costs for the modality of payment instruments. If Cuba had these funds at its disposal, it could have purchased 337,000 tons of wheat, 451,000 tons of maize and 109,000 tons of chicken at 2008 average prices. In the field of education, Cuba has been prevented from acquiring the necessary equipment for 60 therapeutic classrooms for children with motor disabilities since it does not have access to the United States market and has to resort to markets that are more distant and more expensive. The cost of these classrooms is around €14,000 on the European market, but in the United States does not exceed $8,000 dollars.", "According to the submission, from May 2008 to May 2010, the total amount of Cuban imports in this sector fell to $18,200,000, of which 10 per cent was spent on freight. If Cuba had access to the United States market, it would have had to devote only 3.7 per cent to pay the freight, so it would have been able to buy offset paper for the printing of all textbooks needed for education (primary, secondary, etc.), all tracing toolkits for teaching mathematics in elementary schools and special education, and 150,000 sets of acrylic board markers for educational purposes around the country in the school year.", "Cuba notes that, in the cultural arena, a bilateral agreement was signed in 2002 with the National Social Sciences Research Council of the United States of America, which would support the project for conservation of the house-museum of Ernest Hemingway and supply materials for the scanning of correspondence and documents from the Hemingway collection. However, the Treasury Department did not authorize the transfer to Cuba of the funding necessary to implement this project. These are illustrative examples of laws, regulations and practices that support the embargo and that have remained in force, reinforcing the political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for its effective and deliberate implementation.", "The requirement to respect international law applies equally to everyone. Cuba states that it is unacceptable that the Government of the United States of America continues to maintain the embargo, which worsens the living conditions of the Cuban people, and ignores the fact that the international community has been calling for an end to the blockade against Cuba for 19 years in successive resolutions of the General Assembly, while it simultaneously condemns the application of unilateral coercive measures in the Assembly and several of its subsidiary organs.", "The application of this policy of blockade continues to be the main obstacle to the economic and social development of Cuba and constitutes a flagrant, massive and systematic violation of human rights and a transgression of the right to peace, and the development and the security of a sovereign State. The continued support of the international community and its strong pronouncement against the application of such measures has been an important tool in the struggle of the Cuban people. It is important that the international community increase the political pressure on the United States Government, calling for an end to this inhumane and obsolete policy, according to the Cuban submission.", "Dominican Republic", "[Original: Spanish] [27 June 2011]", "General Assembly resolution 65/217 seeks to reaffirm the principles and provisions enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council and the Commission on Human Rights, as well as norms of international humanitarian law, which establish that unilateral coercive measures and laws applied by a State generate negative consequences, including extraterritorial effects for social and humanitarian activities, as well as for the economic and social development of developing countries. This resolution is a response to multiple calls from Member States of the United Nations with regard to the serious damage that unilateral coercive measures applied by States on other States generate on populations, particularly children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities, in the Latin American region. The reports presented by Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela are particularly relevant.", "The Charter of the United Nations, in force since 24 October 1945, in particular, Article 10, states that “the General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters”. The Dominican Republic, as a Member State of the United Nations, does not underestimate the role of the said institution in the overall process of the formation and development of international law.", "The commitment of the Dominican Republic to the international community is enshrined in the Constitution of 26 January 2010, in its Article 26, paragraphs 3 and 4, which state: “the international relations of the Dominican Republic are founded and governed by the affirmation and promotion of its national values and interests, the respect for human rights and international law”. “On an equal footing with other States, the Dominican Republic accepts an international legal order that ensures respect for fundamental rights to peace, justice, and the political, social, economic and cultural development of nations. It commits to act at the international, regional and national levels in a manner consistent with national interests, peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duty of solidarity with all nations.”", "Ecuador", "[Original: Spanish] [6 July 2011]", "As a sovereign State, Ecuador does not apply unilateral coercive measures which are contrary to international law, the United Nations Charter and the rules and principles that govern peaceful relations between countries and which could prevent the full achievement of the economic and social development of the population, in particular the development of children and women.", "Ecuador does not adopt measures that could harm the well-being of its population and prevent it from enjoying human rights. On the contrary, Ecuador wants to implement measures to improve the living standards and the security level of the population, based on the principles and objectives established in the National Development Plan of Ecuador-National Plan for Well-being. The Government of Ecuador pays special attention to the right of each person to enjoy living standards that provide health and education and the right to food, health care, education and social services. Access to food and medication should not be used as a political tool.", "Guatemala", "[Original: Spanish] [8 June 2011]", "The response of the Presidential Commission for Coordinating Executive Policy in the Field of Human Rights in Guatemala underlines that the State of Guatemala has duly complied with resolution 65/217 and has not adopted any unilateral coercive measures which would be contrary to international human rights law and the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the principles of a State struggling for the strengthening of democracy and for respect for human rights.", "Guyana", "[Original: English] [14 June 2011]", "Guyana is both mindful of and agrees with the general considerations outlined in resolution 65/217, particularly article 32 of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 1974, insofar as it condemns use by a State of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights. It shares in the position of the General Assembly that such unilateral coercive measures and legislation are contrary to international law, international humanitarian law and the Charter of the United Nations, which form part of general customary international law and the norms and principles governing peaceful relations among States. Guyana has no legislation or other forms of coercive measures which encourage the use of economic or political coercion. It joins in the condemnation of States which resort to such measures and urges them to effectively reverse such actions.", "Guyana reaffirms its commitment to make good-faith efforts to fulfil its international obligations under international instruments to which it has acceded, including the Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. After the first free and fair elections in October 1992, following a long struggle for the restoration of democracy, Guyana has focused on the improved well-being and quality of life of its people, and its Parliament has enacted a series of statutes that specifically promote and protect the human rights of individuals as well as vulnerable groups of persons. Guyana, through its Executive, Legislature and Judiciary, collaborates to enhance the implementation of human rights treaties and recognizes the universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated character of all human rights.", "With regard to the reference in the resolution to “reaffirming the right to development as an integral part of all human rights”, Guyana’s Constitution, Part 2, Title 1, “Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual”, Article 149C, states that “no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of participating through cooperatives, trade unions, civic or socio-economic organizations of a national character, in the management and decision-making processes of the State”. Article 14 of the Constitution states that “the goal of economic development includes the objective of creating, promoting and encouraging an economic system capable of achieving and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage in the context of a global competitive environment, by fostering entrepreneurship, individual and group initiative and creativity, and strategic alliances with domestic and global business partners”. Guyana shares in the concern about the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on international relations, trade, investment and cooperation.", "As a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana supports regional integration and consequently the establishment of a Caribbean Single Market and Economy. As a member of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Organization of American States, Guyana takes seriously its obligations and commitments to these bodies. There exist claims on Guyana’s territory by two neighbouring countries — Suriname and Venezuela. Guyana chose to resolve the issue of its maritime boundaries with Suriname by utilizing the available remedies in the International Law of the Sea and the International Arbitral Tribunal, rather than through coercive measures. Guyana maintains good relations with both these countries and is committed to the United Nations good offices process with regard to the controversy with Venezuela. Guyana, although a small developing country, has reached out to assist States that have faced natural disasters, like Grenada, Haiti, Japan, Saint Vincent, Saint Lucia and Venezuela.", "Guyana is gravely concerned about the situation of children who are the main victims of unilateral coercive measures. It recognizes that every child has a right to grow to adulthood in health, peace and dignity and, to this end, has undertaken efforts to ensure the rights of children to health, nutrition, education, and social and emotional development. Similarly, in keeping with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other international standards, Guyana has developed comprehensive constitutional and legislative provisions and policies to promote and protect women’s rights. These reforms are important to prohibit the persistence of unilateral coercive measures which have negative implications for social and humanitarian activities and economic and social development of developing countries like Guyana. Guyana remains committed to eradicating all forms of unilateral coercive measures which create obstacles to both development and human rights.", "With reference to paragraph 2 of the resolution concerning the right to “food, medical care and education”, Guyana places emphasis on the right to food and has taken positive measures to eliminate hunger and promote food security. Guyana ensures that health-care delivery is based on equity and accountability. Its education policy ensures that all citizens, regardless of race, age, creed, physical or mental disability, have opportunities to achieve their full potential through equal access to quality education within available resources. The provision of necessary social services, such as food, medical care, education and social safety nets, “are not used as tools for political pressure”.", "Guyana is both mindful of and agrees with the principle of self-determination alluded to in paragraphs 4 and 7 of resolution 65/217, under which nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference. Consequently, it shares in the condemnation and rejection of unilateral coercive measures adopted by any State, multilateral or international developmental agency. Guyana reiterates that unilateral coercive measures constitute a major obstacle to the full realization of human rights, development of societies, security and peaceful resolution of conflicts at the regional and global levels.", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic] [22 July 2011]", "The Republic of Iraq fully supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 and reiterates the need for all States to refrain from unilateral coercive measures. Despite several resolutions on this issue, States still resort to the use of such arbitrary measures. Iraq condemns the use of arbitrary, extraterritorial, unilateral measures used to exert political pressure on other States. Such measures have a negative impact on human rights, including the basic right to food, health and development. Iraq stresses the importance of practical and preventive measures in the face of unilateral coercive measures.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic] [24 June 2011]", "Human rights are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and several other international instruments and are also contained in the majority of national constitutions. They apply to relations between States and individuals and are also of importance to relations between States. All human rights must be upheld without exception or selection. Kuwait supports all efforts by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights towards the rejection and elimination of unilateral coercive measures. Such measures are used to exert political pressure and pose obstacles to international relations and trade. Kuwait supports the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/217 and extends its support and cooperation in this regard. It is important not to politicize the legal issues involved in its implementation. It is necessary to study the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures and to do a comprehensive and complete assessment of United Nations resolutions on this subject, including obstacles facing the achievement of the objectives of these resolutions.", "Kuwait refuses to adopt any legislative, administrative or economic measures of a coercive nature or measures that obstruct the economic and cultural development of other States in order to force them to adopt certain policies. Unilateral coercive measures have negative effects on the populations of developing countries and development as laid out in the Declaration on the Right to Development. They impede the full enjoyment of all human rights, including the most elementary rights to food and medical care. Kuwait supports the decisions of the General Assembly in relation to the Right to Development and rejects the imposition of unilateral coercive measures which impede this right.", "Kuwait continues in its approach to international development assistance and support to more than 100 developing countries and least developed countries, for instance through the Kuwait Development Fund, and also through its work for sustainable development at the national level. Kuwait believes in the importance of development and its relationship to human rights and finds this to be an area to connect individuals and communities.", "III. Analysis and conclusions", "3. With regard to General Assembly resolution 65/217, a total of 11 Member States submitted their views on human rights and unilateral coercive measures. Collectively, all States which responded were unequivocal in their objection to the use of unilateral coercive measures.", "4. Respondent States rejected the use of unilateral coercive measures by any State, multilateral or international development agency. Such measures were viewed as violations of human rights and as obstacles to the full realization of human rights, development of societies, peace and security, and resolution of disputes and conflicts. Several States also stated that they do not resort to such measures as a matter of principle.", "5. Most respondents referred to the principles of international law which include the obligation of States to refrain from adopting or applying unilateral measures that are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and public international law. Such measures were said to contravene the ideals of democratic States and the basic principles of State sovereignty, independence, sovereign equality, self-determination and non-intervention in internal affairs. Unilateral coercive measures involve both private and public international law, including international humanitarian law, and therefore constitute a violation of several international as well as regional instruments. Relevant instruments cited by States include the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (under which no State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measure to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind).", "6. States recalled that under the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, no person can be deprived of his/her own means of subsistence. Several States also reaffirmed their support for the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development. It was noted that the use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affects trade and economic cooperation and has a negative impact on the free movement of capital and the freedom of trade, which in turn constitute obstacles to realization of the right to development of persons living in affected countries.", "7. Respondents referred to different forms of sanctions of an economic, commercial and financial nature. They include: trade embargoes; restrictions on finance and funding, property, intellectual property, visas and travel; and interference with exchanges of a scientific, cultural or touristic nature. Extraterritorial application of laws and interference with interests of businesses and citizens of third countries are also involved, especially in the areas of trade and investment.", "8. States observed that unilateral legislative, economic and political unilateral coercive measures continue to prevail worldwide, with far-reaching negative implications for countries against which such measures are adopted, and more broadly, on human rights and development in developing countries. The main victims are said to be the people of the countries against which these measures apply, especially the most vulnerable — children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities. Realities on the ground in affected countries included extreme hardships, denial of access to life-saving medication, especially paediatric medicines, basic food products, educational facilities and cultural amenities. The adoption of such coercive measures has a direct impact on the enjoyment of fundamental human rights.", "9. Several States reaffirmed the indivisible, universal, interrelated and interdependent nature of all human rights and the close relationship of this recognition to the maintenance of peaceful relations between States. States reiterated their belief in the relationship between development and human rights, as well as peace. To preserve international peace and security, all States must promote them through friendly and cooperative relations based on the principle of equality between nations and their right to self-determination. In view of the current international context marked by divergence of State interests, and also by the development of multilateral frameworks and multilateralism for dialogue between States, challenges in international relations must be addressed within the multilateral setting. It was stated that the mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations are the only legitimate authorities to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and to encourage a State to comply with international standards.", "10. By way of practical and preventive steps in the face of unilateral coercive measures, some States expressed the view that it is necessary to raise public awareness of the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures and the importance of respecting standards and principles of both public and private international law in order to create friendly relations between countries, and to promote and protect human rights. States cited national constitutional and legislative provisions, including those which upheld the values of peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duty of solidarity with all nations.", "11. Some States have enacted legislation providing that any foreign law that limits or prevents free trade and free movement of capital, goods or people, directly or indirectly, adversely affecting any country or group of countries, will not be applicable and will not have any legal effect within their territories. States also gave examples of legal provisions stating that foreign laws intended to generate extraterritorial legal effects by imposing economic sanctions, or by limiting investments in another country, with the objective of changing its government will not have any legal effect within their territories.", "12. References were made to internal measures adopted to uphold human rights and advance social and economic development both within territories and beyond, also restating the belief that access to basic necessities should be open to all, and that access to food, health care and education should under no circumstances be used as political tools, whether within States or in the broader international community. States provided illustrative examples of policies and actions adopted to promote human rights and development, both for their own populations and by way of international assistance and cooperation, especially for the benefit of people in developing countries.", "13. One State suggested the establishment of a Human Rights Council special procedure on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights, and explicitly supported the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a thematic study on human rights and unilateral coercive measures, including recommendations on actions aimed at ending such measures. Some States welcomed the continued attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures." ]
A_66_272
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights and unilateral coercive measures", "Annual report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/217, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring that resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to seek out comments and information on the impact and negative effects of unilateral coercive measures on their population and to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the issue. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has received a reply from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq, Kuwait and the Dominican Republic to a note verbale sent by it. The present report contains a summary of all responses received and an analysis of their content.", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II.Information 3 received from Member States Argentina 3 Belarus 4 BosniayHerzegovina 5 BurkinaFaso 6 Cuba 8 Ecuador 12 Guatemala 12 Guyana 12 Iraq 14 Kuwait 15 RepublicDominicana 15III.Analysis 16 and conclusions", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 15 of its resolution 65/217, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to bring that resolution to the attention of all Member States, to continue to seek out comments and information on the impact and negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on their population and to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the issue, while reiterating the need to highlight practical and preventive measures taken in this regard.", "2. On 5 May 2011, pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 65/217, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights forwarded a request for information to all permanent missions to the United Nations Office at Geneva. As at 25 July 2011, the Office had received a response from the Governments of Argentina, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Iraq, Kuwait and the Dominican Republic.", "II. Information received from Member States", "Argentina", "[Original: Spanish] [1 July 2011]", "The Argentine Republic has supported in its various presentations draft resolutions on human rights and unilateral coercive measures, both at the level of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. Similarly, the Argentine Republic voted in favour of General Assembly resolution 55/6 on the elimination of unilateral extraterritorial coercive economic measures used as an instrument of political and economic compulsion.", "Argentina &apos; s position is based on the duty of all States to refrain from adopting or implementing unilateral measures contrary to international law and the Charter of the United Nations. It is also based on the annex to General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States contained in General Assembly resolution 3281 (XXIX). The use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affects trade and economic cooperation, adversely affecting the free flow of capital and freedom of trade. Argentina believes that coercive measures that block the access of the population to basic food and health goods constitute an act that prevents the exercise of fundamental human rights, which cannot be violated on the basis of the security of a State.", "Under Argentinian Act No. 24,871, foreign laws which, directly or indirectly, aim to restrict or prevent the free exercise of trade and the circulation of capitals, goods or persons to the detriment of any country or group of countries, shall not be applicable or generate legal effects of any kind in the Argentine territory. In accordance with article 1 of the Act, foreign laws that purport to generate extraterritorial legal effects through the imposition of an economic blockade or limiting investments in a particular country shall also have no legal effect in the Argentine territory, in order to provoke a change in the form of government of a country. Argentina reaffirms the indivisible, universal and interdependent nature of all human rights.", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian] [23 June 2011]", "The response of the Republic of Belarus relates to the maintenance of restrictive political and economic measures imposed by the European Union and the United States of America on that country. In 2011, the European Council imposed on several Belarusian officials financial and visa sanctions on the grounds that fraud had been committed in the presidential elections held on 19 December 2010 and that the democratic opposition, civil society and members of the independent media had subsequently been violently pursued. As at 20 June 2011, there were 190 Belarusian citizens who had been sanctioned on travel to the territory of European Union member States. Furthermore, the European Union imposed economic sanctions on three Belarusian companies: Beltekexporta, BT-Telekommunikazi and Sport-pari. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Norway and Serbia also joined the European Union sanctions against Belarus.", "Since June 2006, the United States has imposed sanctions on Belarusian officials regarding their properties on U.S. territory. Since August 2007, restrictions on U.S. visas have been applied for several categories of staff. During the period from 2004 to 2011, the United States applied different unilateral restrictive measures of an economic nature to the main Belarusian companies, including Belneftexim, BelTekExport, Belorusneft and Integral. The decisions of the European Union and the United States, as well as those countries that support unilateral coercive measures in the form of sanctions adopted by those, directly affect the interests of ordinary Belarusian citizens and their enjoyment of economic, social and other rights, including the right to development. These measures also affect the activities of Belarusian civil society, including journalists. The courts were under pressure from sanctions, which was unacceptable if the independence of the judiciary was to be preserved and the rights to be respected.", "Belarus is obliged to draw the attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to unilateral coercive measures implemented by the European Union, the United States and other countries in violation, inter alia, of General Assembly resolution 65/217 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures”. Belarus recalls that, in accordance with the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with the relevant principles and provisions contained in the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 12 December 1974, in particular its article 32, no State may use economic, political or other measures.", "The Republic of Belarus welcomes the continuing attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the question of the realization of human rights in the context of unilateral coercive measures and is convinced of the need to establish in the Council a special procedure on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights. Belarus supported the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights should prepare a thematic study on the impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, including recommendations on ways and means of ending such measures.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "[Original: English] [29 June 2011]", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a sovereign, independent and internationally recognized country, is deeply convinced that no State should use economic, political or other measures to coerce other States in order to subject them to their will or to that of another power or to encourage other international actors to use them. Bosnia and Herzegovina defends this position because unilateral coercive measures are frontally opposed to the norms of public international law and humanitarian law and therefore constitute a flagrant violation of international instruments signed and ratified by internationally recognized entities and Member States that are part of the international organizations of the United Nations system, the Council of Europe, the European Union and other similar entities.", "Human rights are interrelated and interdependent. This means that fundamental human rights include the right to development through support for free trade and movement of persons, goods, capital and services. The principle of free passage (“laissez passer”) was conceived at the time of the French Revolution and is one of the foundations of the European Union. Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that the restriction of the right to development through the use of unilateral coercive measures is a significant threat to human rights enshrined, first, in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous international instruments it has signed and ratified.", "The obstruction of free trade occurs at the expense of the vulnerable population in developing countries, including children, adolescents, women and the elderly. It was regrettable that unilateral coercive measures of a legislative, economic and political nature, which had a significant impact on the social situation of developing countries and on the full exercise of human rights, continued to be applied worldwide. In the light of the above, Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that it is necessary to raise awareness of the negative effects of unilateral coercive measures and the importance of respecting the norms and principles of both public and private international law in order to establish friendly relations between countries and to promote and protect human rights.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina strongly supports the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development and invokes the principle recognized in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, whereby no one may be deprived of its own means of subsistence. Unilateral coercive measures are measures for political purposes imposed by a single party that directly conflict with the ideals of democratic States.", "Burkina Faso", "[Original: French] [20 July 2011]", "Burkina Faso supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 on “Human rights and unilateral coercive measures” and other documents adopted under other international bodies to prohibit unilateral coercive measures by States. These documents include Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 and previous resolutions of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council on &quot; Human rights and unilateral coercive measures &quot; , the Final Document of the XIV Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries held in Havana in September 2006 and the recommendations of the World Conference on Human Rights held in Vienna in 1993, which require States to refrain from the use of unilateral measures and unilateral acts of the United Nations.", "Burkina Faso remains convinced that, in order to preserve peace and security, States must necessarily seek to promote them through friendly relations and cooperation based on the principle of equality between nations and their right to self-determination. The development of such relations requires States to refrain from adopting or implementing unilateral coercive measures contrary to international law, including recourse to war, militarism and unilaterally imposed negative economic and trade measures. These unilateral coercive measures are contrary to the fundamental principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the African Union Charter and many other international legal instruments.", "The observance of the norms and principles established by international law, including humanitarian law, is the only means to engage in peaceful international relations and respect for human rights. The sovereignty of the State and non-intervention in the internal affairs of other States are fundamental principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations that should guide relations among States. In Burkina Faso &apos; s view, in the current international context, characterized by the divergence of the interests of States, but also by the development of multilateral frameworks for dialogue among them, problems in the field of international relations must necessarily be addressed within those frameworks. Mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations are the only legitimate instruments to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and urge States to comply with international standards. All coercive measures taken unilaterally by one State against another, regardless of its purpose, are contrary to international law and should therefore be prohibited.", "The use of war or armed force, directly or indirectly, by one State against another always causes disastrous effects, both for human rights and for the development of nations. All States should try at all costs to resolve their differences through mechanisms for the peaceful settlement of disputes recognized by international law. As a peace-loving country, Burkina Faso has always tried to promote good relations and friendship with other States. This spirit of peace has led to the active participation of the Head of State of Burkina Faso in conflict resolution in the subregion, in particular in Côte d’Ivoire and Togo.", "Burkina Faso, as a Member State of the United Nations, the African Union and many other international and regional organizations, attaches great importance to multilateralism in international relations, as demonstrated by its active participation in various regional and international frameworks. Burkina Faso is a member of the Human Rights Council. Multilateral frameworks are appropriate and legitimate for the resolution of problems arising from inter-State relations and issues that may threaten international peace and security. Burkina Faso respects the rule of law and firmly upholds the principle of equality, both at the national and international levels. In accordance with the rules and principles of international law, Burkina Faso has not taken unilateral coercive measures against any other State.", "From the perspective of Burkina Faso &apos; s legal system, international standards prevail over domestic legislative and administrative measures. According to article 151 of the Constitution of Burkina Faso, its international obligations, particularly in the context of duly ratified agreements, prevail over domestic laws. Therefore, anti-United Nations Charter and international standards and principles accepted by Burkina Faso are prohibited by law. The country &apos; s authorities are strong advocates for the essential values that guide international relations and are prepared to cooperate with other States and international bodies with a view to developing friendly and cooperative relations in the world.", "Cuba", "[Original: Spanish] [26 May 2011]", "Cuba notes that numerous resolutions of the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the former Commission on Human Rights, as well as repeated political declarations adopted at major United Nations summits and international conferences, have ruled that the implementation of unilateral coercive economic measures is in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. The implementation of unilateral coercive measures as an instrument of political and economic coercion undermines the full enjoyment of all human rights, beginning with the right to life, as well as against the independence, sovereignty and the right to self-determination of peoples. The main victims of these measures are the peoples of the countries against which they apply, in particular the most vulnerable groups of the population, especially children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities.", "Cuba recalls that in 1970 the General Assembly had established that no State could use or encourage the use of economic, political or other measures to coerce another State with a view to obtaining the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights or to achieving this advantage of any kind. This was endorsed in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States.", "Cuba indicated that it had been the victim of unilateral coercive measures for more than 50 years and therefore attached particular importance to the consideration of the subject by the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. Cuba believes that the implementation of these measures has been the fundamental instrument of the policy of hostility and aggression of the United States of America against Cuba, in its obsession to destroy the political, economic and social system established by the sovereign will of the Cuban people. It also believed that the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States against Cuba was the most prolonged and cruel unilateral sanctions system applied against any country or had known the history of humanity. The objective of this blockade was defined since April 6, 1960 and has been the destruction of the Cuban Revolution.", "Cuba contends that the embargo is an essential component of the policy of State terrorism deployed against Cuba by successive United States Governments which, in a systematic, cumulative and inhuman way, has affected the Cuban population without distinction of age, sex, race, religious creed or social position. In Cuba &apos; s view, this policy can be described as an act of genocide under article II (c) of the Geneva Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948.", "Cuba refers to the so-called Torricelli Acts of 1992, and Helms-Burton of 1996, whose provisions are contrary to the Charter of the United Nations, which violate international law and the World Trade Organization agreements. Through these laws, of a marked extraterritorial nature, the United States Government has strengthened and extended to third States and their companies and citizens the application of the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed on Cuba for 50 years.", "Cuba notes that, in the constant search for pretexts to continue its blockade against Cuba and the Cuban people, the United States Department of State has included this country, without any basis, in how much it elaborates unilaterally on alleged violations of human rights, trafficking in persons, sex tourism, terrorist practices, religious intolerance, etc.", "Despite the media and diplomatic offensive carried out by the United States Government and the adoption of some cosmetic measures, the blockade remains intact today, it continues to be applied with complete rigor and the political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for its implementation have been strengthened. No action has been taken to dismantle the complex of laws and administrative provisions that form the legal bases and regulations of the embargo. On 11 September 2009, the embargo against Cuba was extended on the basis of the “national interest of the United States”, on the basis of the Trade with the Enemy Act of 1917, applicable only to war situations and in force only for Cuba. Sanctions are applied to American and European companies for carrying out transactions with Cuba. This policy hinders the exchange of a scientific, cultural or tourist nature and promotes the theft of trade marks and millions of Cuban funds frozen in the United States. In addition, greater pressures are applied to subordinate relations with Cuba for the purposes of “regime change” and financial support is provided for actions aimed at overthrowing the Cuban constitutional order.", "Cuba notes that the implementation of the embargo is not only a bilateral issue between Cuba and the United States. The repeated extraterritorial application of American laws and the persecution against the legitimate interests of companies and citizens of third countries significantly affect the sovereignty of many other States. The damage caused by the extraterritorial nature of unilateral coercive measures is multiplied by the important participation of the United States and its companies in transnational trade and investment. Investments of third-country companies in the United States and the United States abroad, mainly in the form of total or partial mergers and acquisitions of companies, aggravate the extraterritorial effects of these measures, by reducing Cuba's external economic space and making it more difficult, sometimes impossible, to seek partners and suppliers to overcome the harsh embargo imposed by the United States.", "In its response, Cuba asserts that, according to conservative estimates, the direct damage to the country as a result of the blockade until December 2009 far exceeds tens of billions of dollars. Despite the adoption of the most recent General Assembly resolution calling for the lifting of the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, adopted by an overwhelming majority of votes of Member States on 28 October 2010, and the existence of 18 previous resolutions including that just claim, the United States Government has continued to implement its actions against Cuba.", "Cuba also indicated in its reply that the United States Government had recruited mercenaries to carry out actions against Cuba. In 2009, the Office for the Control of Foreign Assets recruited seven entities for violating the embargo against Cuba for a total of $315,503. Total fines for individuals and entities amounted to $340,678. In the first semester of 2010, fines to companies amounted to $2,221,671. The Office of Foreign Property Control imposed other million dollar fines not only for trade with Cuba, but also with other countries under unilateral coercive measures. Among the entities of third countries fined were the Credit Suisse Bank of Switzerland, the banking group Australia and New Zealand Bank Group Ltd. and the subsidiary in Sweden of the chemical company Innospec Inc., based in Delaware. In May 2009, the Office of Foreign Property Control denied the request of the Spanish People &apos; s Bank to release funds blocked by a transfer from Madrid to Moscow, carried out by Cubana de Aviación in December 2008, amounting to Euro107,770.95.", "It is indicated below in the answer that, since the purchase of the company Lemery of Mexico by the Israeli transnational Teva, of American capital, Cuba cannot continue to buy the cytostatic Dactinomicin, a drug of greater use in the treatment of sarcomas (evil neoplasia). The use of this product would increase the survival rate of patients above 70 per cent of cases. Sectors as sensitive as those of food, health, education and culture have been among the main targets of this policy, which has an impact on quality of life. Cuba alludes to some examples from May 2009 to April 2010. Cuba does not have access to the memorzolamide (Temodar), a cytostatic specific to the use in tumors of the central nervous system (gliomas and astrocytomas). This disease affects approximately 250 patients per year, of which about 30 are children. The “William Soler” Pediatric Cardiocentre is unable to acquire devices such as catheters, coils, guides and stents, which are used for diagnosis and treatment by interventional catheterism in children with complex congenital heart defects. American companies are prohibited from selling these products to Cuba. Cuban children are denied the use of the American device Amplatzer, made from special materials to avoid organic rejection. This device is used for open-heart surgery, which, besides risky, requires intensive care and a three-week recovery. The Cuban Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology is unable to use radioactive iodine plates in the treatment of the retinoblastoma tumor (congenital tumor that grows in the retina) because it is unable to acquire such plates, since they can only be purchased in the United States. In the absence of this technology basically intended for children, the only alternative is the removal of the eye and in some cases the removal of both organs, a procedure that carries serious limitations on life.", "In the food sector, the importing company Alimport was affected between May 2009 and April 2010 by some $102,900,000 for “country risk”, banking and financial costs and payment tooling costs. Having these funds would have allowed Cuba to acquire 337,000 tons of wheat, 451,000 tons of corn or 109,000 tons of chicken at an average price of 2008. In the education sector, Cuba has been unable to acquire the necessary equipment for the empowerment of 60 therapeutic classrooms for children with motor disabilities because they do not have access to the US market and have to resort to more distant and more expensive markets. The cost of such classrooms is around Euro14,000 in the European market; however, in the United States this cost does not exceed $8,000.", "According to Cuba &apos; s response from May 2008 to May 2010, the total amount of Cuban imports in the education sector was reduced to $18,200,000, of which 10 per cent was spent on freight charges. If Cuba had had access to the US market, it would have devoted only 3.7% to the payment of freights, so it would have been able to acquire the offset paper for the printing of the entire textbooks necessary for each of the teachings (primary, secondary, etc.), all the drawing instrument games for the teaching of mathematics in the primary and special education schools and 150.000 games of markers of acrylic boards required for the whole year.", "Cuba points out that, in the cultural field, in 2002 a bilateral agreement was signed with the National Council for Social Science Research of the United States of America that would support the conservation project of the Ernest Hemingway House-Museum with material and inputs for the digitization of correspondence and documents of the Hemingway collection. However, the Treasury Department did not authorize the transfer to Cuba of the necessary funding to implement this project. These examples show that the laws, provisions and practices that underpin the embargo have remained in force, strengthening political, administrative and repressive mechanisms for their most effective and deliberate implementation.", "Respect for international law exists for all alike. Cuba asserts that it is inadmissible that the United States Government maintains the blockade, which worsens the living conditions of the Cuban people, and ignores that the international community has been calling for an end to the embargo against Cuba in successive General Assembly resolutions, while systematically condemning the implementation of unilateral coercive measures in the Assembly itself and in several of its subsidiary bodies.", "The implementation of this embargo policy remains the main obstacle to Cuba &apos; s economic and social development and constitutes a flagrant, massive and systematic violation of human rights and a violation of the right to peace, development and security of a sovereign State. The continued support of the international community and its strong pronouncement against the implementation of such practices have been an important tool in the struggle of the Cuban people. According to Cuba &apos; s response, it is important for the international community to increase political pressure on the United States Government by demanding an end to this inhuman and obsolete policy.", "Ecuador", "[Original: Spanish] [6 July 2011]", "Ecuador, as a sovereign State, does not apply unilateral coercive measures that are contrary to international law, the Charter of the United Nations and the rules and principles governing peaceful relations between States and that impede the full realization of the economic and social development of the population, in particular children and women.", "Ecuador did not take measures that undermined the well-being of its people and created obstacles to the enjoyment of human rights. On the contrary, Ecuador seeks to implement measures to increase the standard of living of its inhabitants, as well as the level of security of the population, in accordance with the principles and objectives set out in the National Development Plan of Ecuador (Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir). The Government of Ecuador seeks to pay attention to the right of everyone to a standard of living that ensures their health and well-being and the right to food, medical care, education and social services. Access to food and medicine is not used as a tool of political pressure.", "Guatemala", "[Original: Spanish] [8 June 2011]", "The response of the Presidential Coordinating Commission on the Policy of the Executive on Human Rights of Guatemala stresses that the State of Guatemala has faithfully complied with resolution 65/217 and has not taken unilateral coercive measures, which in all light would be contrary to international human rights law and the Charter of the United Nations, as well as to the principles of a State which strives to strengthen its democracy and respect for human rights.", "Guyana", "[Original: English] [14 June 2011]", "Guyana bears in mind and shares the general considerations contained in resolution 65/217, in particular in article 32 of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 1974, as it condemns the use by States of economic, political or other measures to coerce another State to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights. Guyana shares the General Assembly &apos; s position that such unilateral coercive measures and legislation are contrary to international law, international humanitarian law and the Charter of the United Nations, which are part of general customary international law and the rules and principles governing peaceful relations among States. Guyana does not have legislative provisions or other coercive measures that encourage economic or political coercion. Guyana joined in condemning States that resorted to such measures and urged them to effectively revoke them.", "Guyana reaffirms its commitment to act in good faith in order to fulfil its international obligations under the international instruments to which it has acceded, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Following the first free and fair elections held in October 1992 after a long struggle for the restoration of democracy, Guyana has focused its efforts on improving the well-being and quality of life of its population and its Parliament has enacted several laws that specifically promote and protect individual human rights, as well as groups of vulnerable persons. Through its executive, legislative and judicial branches, Guyana works to promote the implementation of human rights treaties and recognizes the universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated nature of all human rights.", "With regard to the passage of the resolution reaffirming “the right to development as an integral part of all human rights”, the Constitution of Guyana establishes, in part 2, title 1 (“Protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of persons”), article 149C, which “no one will be hindered in the exercise of his right to participate through cooperatives, trade unions or civic or socio-economic organizations of a national nature in the management and decision-making processes of the State”. For its part, article 14 of the Constitution states that “economic development includes the objective of creating, promoting and fostering an economic system capable of achieving and sustaining a sustainable competitive advantage in the context of a global competitive environment, building business capacity, initiative and creativity of individuals and groups and strategic alliances with business partners at the national and global levels.” Guyana shares concern about the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on international relations, trade, investment and cooperation.", "As a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana supports regional integration and therefore the establishment of a unique Caribbean market and economy. As a member of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Organization of American States, Guyana takes seriously its obligations and commitments to these organizations. There are claims from two neighbouring countries, Suriname and Venezuela, on the territory of Guyana. Guyana decided to resolve the issue of its maritime borders with Suriname using the resources available in international law of the sea and to go to an international arbitral tribunal instead of applying coercive measures. Guyana maintains good relations with those two countries and is committed to the United Nations good offices process in relation to the dispute facing Venezuela. Although Guyana is a small developing country, it has helped States that have suffered natural disasters, such as Grenada, Haiti, Japan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia and Venezuela.", "Guyana is deeply concerned about the situation of children, the main victims of unilateral coercive measures. It recognizes that all children have the right to attain adulthood by enjoying health and peace and dignity and, to that end, has endeavoured to ensure their rights to health, nutrition, education and social and emotional development. Furthermore, in accordance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other international standards, Guyana has adopted comprehensive constitutional and legislative and policy provisions to promote and protect women &apos; s rights. These reforms are important to prohibit the persistence of unilateral coercive measures, which have negative implications for social and humanitarian activities and the economic and social development of developing countries such as Guyana. Guyana remains committed to eradicating unilateral coercive measures of all kinds that create obstacles both for development and for human rights.", "With regard to paragraph 2 of the resolution on the right to food, medical care and education, Guyana paid particular attention to the right to food and had taken positive steps to eliminate hunger and promote food security. Guyana ensures that health services are provided equitably and responsibly. The country &apos; s educational policy ensures that all citizens, regardless of their race, age, creed or mental disability, have the opportunity to deploy their full potential through equal access to quality education, within available resources. The provision of necessary social services, such as food, medical care, education and social safety nets, is not used as a tool of political pressure.", "Guyana bears in mind and assumes the principle of self-determination mentioned in paragraphs 4 and 7 of resolution 65/217, whereby nations have the right freely to choose their sovereignty and international political status without external coercion or interference. Guyana therefore joins in condemning and rejecting unilateral coercive measures taken by any State or agency of multilateral or international development. Guyana reiterates that unilateral coercive measures constitute an important obstacle to the full realization of human rights, the development of societies, security and the peaceful resolution of conflicts at the regional and global levels.", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic] [22 July 2011]", "The Republic of Iraq fully supports General Assembly resolution 65/217 and reiterates the need for all States to refrain from unilateral coercive measures. Despite several resolutions on this issue, States continue to use such arbitrary measures. Iraq condemns the use of unilateral, arbitrary and extraterritorial measures with a view to exerting political pressure on other States. These measures have a negative impact on human rights, including the basic right to food, health and development. Iraq stresses the importance of practical and preventive measures against unilateral coercive measures.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic] [24 June 2011]", "Human rights are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in some other international instruments, as well as in most national constitutions. They apply to relations between States and individuals and also have relevance in relations between States. All human rights must be respected without exception or distinction. Kuwait supports the work of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights towards the rejection and elimination of unilateral coercive measures. These measures are used to exert political pressure and create obstacles to international trade and relations. Kuwait supports the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/217 and offers its support and cooperation in this regard. It is important not to politicize the legal issues arising from the implementation of this resolution. It is necessary to consider the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures and to undertake a comprehensive and comprehensive assessment of United Nations resolutions on this subject, including the obstacles to be addressed in achieving their objectives.", "Kuwait refuses to adopt coercive legislative, administrative or economic measures or measures that impede the economic and cultural development of other States in order to force them to adopt certain policies. Unilateral coercive measures have a negative impact on the population of developing countries and on development and are an obstacle to the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development. These measures prevent the full enjoyment of all human rights, including the most basic rights to food and medical care. Kuwait supports the decisions of the General Assembly regarding the right to development and rejects the imposition of unilateral coercive measures that hinder it.", "Kuwait remains committed to providing assistance and support for international development to more than 100 developing countries and least developed countries, for example through the Kuwait Development Fund and also through its work for sustainable development at the national level. Kuwait believes in the importance of development and its relationship with human rights and believes that it is an area in which people and communities can be connected.", "Dominican Republic", "[Original: Spanish] [27 June 2011]", "General Assembly resolution 65/217 aims to reaffirm the principles and provisions contained in the Charter of the United Nations, previous resolutions of the Council and the Commission on Human Rights and rules of international humanitarian law, which establish that the laws and unilateral coercive measures implemented by the State generate negative consequences for social and humanitarian activities, as well as for the economic and social development of developing countries, including their extraterritorial effects. This resolution arises in response to multiple calls by States Members of the United Nations on the serious detriment that unilateral coercive measures implemented by other States are generating on their population, in particular on children, women, older persons and persons with disabilities in the Latin American region. Particularly noteworthy are the reports submitted by Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela.", "The Charter of the United Nations, in force since 24 October 1945, in particular in its Article 10, states that “the General Assembly may discuss any matters or issues within the limits of this Charter or that they relate to the powers and functions of any of the bodies established by this Charter and, except as provided for in Article 12, may make recommendations on such matters or matters to the Members of the United Nations or the Security Council or to the Council”. The Dominican Republic, as a Member State of the United Nations, does not underestimate the role of that entity in the overall process of training and development of international law.", "The Dominican Republic &apos; s commitment to the international community is reflected in the Dominican Constitution of 26 January 2010, in which article 26, paragraphs 3 and 4, states that “the international relations of the Dominican Republic are based and governed by the affirmation and promotion of their national values and interests, respect for human rights and international law”. “On an equal footing with other States, the Dominican Republic accepts an international legal system that guarantees respect for the fundamental rights, peace, justice and political, social, economic and cultural development of nations. It commits itself to act at the international, regional and national levels in a manner consistent with national interests, peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duties of solidarity with all nations.”", "III. Analysis and conclusions", "3. In connection with General Assembly resolution 65/217, a total of 11 Member States submitted observations on human rights and unilateral coercive measures. All responding States together were unequivocal in their objection to the use of unilateral coercive measures.", "4. The responding States rejected the use of unilateral coercive measures adopted by any State or agency of multilateral or international development. These measures were considered violations of human rights and obstacles to the full realization of human rights, the development of societies, peace and security and the resolution of disputes and conflicts. Several States also stated that they did not resort to such measures by principle.", "5. Most of the responding States referred to the principles of international law, which include the obligation of States to refrain from adopting or implementing unilateral measures contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and public international law. It was noted that these measures were opposed to the ideals of democratic States and the basic principles of State sovereignty, independence, sovereign equality, self-determination and non-intervention in internal affairs. Unilateral coercive measures affect both private and public international law, including international humanitarian law, and therefore constitute a violation of various international and regional instruments. The relevant instruments cited by States include the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, by virtue of which no State may use economic, political or other measures, or encourage the use of such measures, in order to coerce another State to obtain from it the benefits of sovereign rights.", "6. States recalled that, under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, no one may be deprived of their own means of subsistence. Several States also reaffirmed their support for the implementation of the Declaration on the Right to Development. It was indicated that the use of unilateral coercive measures with extraterritorial effects seriously affected trade and economic cooperation and had a negative impact on the free flow of capital and freedom of trade, which in turn constituted an obstacle to the realization of the right to development of persons living in the affected countries.", "7. Responding States referred to different forms of sanctions of an economic, commercial and financial nature, including trade embargoes; restrictions on finance and finance, property, intellectual property, visas and travel; and interference in scientific, cultural or tourist exchanges. Reference was also made to the extraterritorial application of laws and interference with the interests of companies and citizens of third countries, especially in the areas of trade and investment.", "8. States noted that unilateral coercive measures of a legislative, economic and political nature, with significant negative consequences for countries against which they were adopted, and more generally for the human rights and development of developing countries, continue to be implemented worldwide. It was indicated that the main victims were the populations of the countries to which these measures were applied, especially the most vulnerable (children, women, the elderly and persons with disabilities). In reality on the ground, affected countries suffered, inter alia, severe deprivation and the inability to access life-saving medicines, especially pediatric medicines, as well as basic food products, educational services and cultural activities. These coercive measures have a direct impact on the enjoyment of fundamental human rights.", "9. Several States reaffirmed the indivisible, universal, interrelated and interdependent nature of all human rights and the close relationship of this recognition with the maintenance of peaceful relations among States. States reiterated their belief in the relationship between development and human rights and peace. In order to preserve international peace and security, all States should promote them through friendly relations and cooperation based on the principle of equality between nations and their right to self-determination. In view of the current international context, characterized by the divergence between the interests of States, as well as the development of multilateral frameworks and multilateralism for dialogue among States, problems in the field of international relations must be addressed multilaterally. It was stated that the mechanisms established under the United Nations, including the Security Council, and other international and regional multilateral organizations were the only legitimate instruments to decide on appropriate measures to safeguard security and urge States to comply with international standards.", "10. As practical and preventive steps to address unilateral coercive measures, some States expressed the view that there was a need to raise awareness of the negative effects of such measures and the importance of respecting the norms and principles of both public and private international law in order to engage in friendly relations among countries and to promote and protect human rights. States mentioned national constitutional and legislative provisions, including those that enshrined the values of peaceful coexistence among peoples and the duty of solidarity with all nations.", "11. Some States have enacted laws stipulating that foreign laws that limit or prevent, directly or indirectly, free trade and free movement of capital, goods or persons and that adversely affect any country or group of countries shall not apply or have legal effects on their territory. States also provided examples of legal provisions establishing that there would be no legal effect on their territory on foreign laws intended to produce extraterritorial legal effects through the imposition of economic sanctions or the limitation of investments in another country in order to change their government.", "12. Reference was made to domestic measures taken to respect human rights and to promote social and economic development both within and outside the territory of the State, further reaffirming the belief that the world should be allowed to access the basic necessities and that access to food, health care and education, not only within States but also in the international community in the broad sense, should not be used as a political instrument. States provided illustrative examples of policies and measures taken to promote human rights and development, both for their own population and through international assistance and cooperation, especially for the peoples of developing countries.", "13. One State suggested the establishment of a special procedure of the Human Rights Council on unilateral coercive measures and their impact on human rights and explicitly supported the request contained in Human Rights Council resolution 15/24 that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights prepare a thematic study on human rights and unilateral coercive measures, including recommendations on ways and means of ending such measures. Some States welcomed the continuing attention of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council to the issue of human rights and unilateral coercive measures." ]
[ "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "Junta Ejecutiva", "Segundo período ordinario de sesiones de 2011", "12 a 15 de septiembre de 2011", "* E/ICEF/2011/13.", "Tema 8 del programa provisional*", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "Presupuesto institucional para 2012-2013", "Informe de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto", "I. Introducción", "1. La Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto ha examinado una versión anticipada del informe del Director Ejecutivo del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) sobre el proyecto de presupuesto institucional para el bienio 2012-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2). En el curso de su examen del informe, la Comisión Consultiva se reunió con el Director Ejecutivo Adjunto y otros representantes, quienes aportaron nueva información e hicieron aclaraciones.", "Formato y presentación", "2. La Comisión Asesora recuerda que en 2010 las Juntas Ejecutivas del UNICEF, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) aprobaron las propuestas presentadas en un informe conjunto de las tres organizaciones titulado “Hoja de ruta para el logro de un presupuesto integrado: clasificación de gastos y presupuestación basada en los resultados”. El informe constituía la culminación de un examen de las definiciones de gastos y la clasificación de actividades y costos asociados existentes, así como de los modelos y metodologías de presupuestación basada en los resultados de determinadas organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y donantes bilaterales a fin de determinar cuáles eran las mejores prácticas. Las tres organizaciones acordaron trabajar juntas para lograr una mayor armonización y mejora de la presentación del presupuesto de apoyo bienal para 2012-2013, y colaborar también en la presentación de un presupuesto único e integrado para cada organización a partir de 2014. La Comisión Consultiva observa que, de conformidad con la decisión 2011/6 de la Junta Ejecutiva del UNICEF, el presupuesto institucional para 2012-2013 se ha elaborado siguiendo el enfoque basado en los resultados y se presenta en el nuevo formato de clasificación de los gastos acordado por el UNICEF, el PNUD y el UNFPA. Por consiguiente, el presupuesto representa un hito importante en la hoja de ruta hacia la aplicación del presupuesto plenamente integrado en el año 2014.", "Recursos previstos", "3. De acuerdo con el plan de recursos resumido en el anexo I del presente documento, el total de recursos proyectados con cargo a recursos ordinarios, otros recursos y fondos fiduciarios para el bienio 2012-2013, incluido un saldo inicial de 2.816 millones de dólares, asciende a 11.700 millones de dólares, lo que supone un aumento de 1.281 millones de dólares, un 12,3%, con respecto al total de recursos previstos (10.419 millones de dólares) para 2010-2011. Para 2012-2013, el total de los recursos ordinarios se estima en 2.709 millones de dólares, es decir un aumento de 105 millones de dólares, un 4%, con respecto a los 2.604 millones de dólares en 2010-2011. Se prevén otros recursos por un monto de 6.150 millones de dólares, lo que representa un aumento de 381 millones de dólares, un 6,6%, con respecto al monto de 5.769 millones de dólares en 2010-2011; el total de los fondos fiduciarios se prevé en 2.841 millones de dólares, lo que representa un aumento de 795 millones de dólares, un 38,9%, con respecto al total de 2.046 millones de dólares para 2010-2011.", "4. Se estima que los ingresos procedentes de recursos ordinarios, en su mayoría contribuciones, ascenderán a 2.129 millones de dólares para el bienio 2012-2013, lo que supone un aumento de 138 millones de dólares, un 6,9%, con respecto al total de 1.991 millones de dólares para el bienio 2010-2011. Los ingresos con cargo a otros recursos ascenderán a 4.362 millones de dólares, un aumento de 333 millones de dólares, un 8,3%, con respecto a los 4.029 millones de dólares en 2010-2011. Se prevén fondos fiduciarios por un total de 2.393 millones de dólares, lo que supone un aumento de 594,8 millones de dólares, un 34%, con respecto a 2010-2011. En cuanto al uso de los recursos, el total de recursos propuesto para el bienio 2012-2013 asciende a 9.407 millones de dólares, de los cuales 8.441 millones de dólares se destinarán a programas y 966 millones de dólares se utilizarán para el presupuesto institucional (véanse también los párrafos 24 a 26).", "II. Presupuesto institucional propuesto para 2012-2013", "5. La Comisión Consultiva señala que, conforme a la nueva clasificación de los gastos, el presupuesto para actividades para la eficacia del desarrollo, actividades de las Naciones Unidas de coordinación del desarrollo, actividades de gestión, y actividades para fines especiales se conoce ahora como el presupuesto institucional. Este presupuesto utiliza el enfoque de la presupuestación basada en los resultados y se presenta en el nuevo formato de clasificación de los gastos indicado en el párrafo 2. Las definiciones de la terminología de las categorías de gastos figuran en el anexo 8 del informe sobre el presupuesto institucional.", "6. El proyecto de presupuesto institucional para el bienio 2012-2013 asciende a 966 millones de dólares, lo que representa una reducción de 54,1 millones de dólares, o un 5,3%, con respecto al presupuesto de apoyo bienal y el presupuesto para las actividades de seguridad combinados de 1.020,1 millones de dólares para 2010-2011. Las disminuciones del volumen por 43,4 millones de dólares se ven parcialmente compensadas por aumentos por un valor de 33,1 millones de dólares y 7 millones de dólares debidos a los ajustes por los gastos de personal, los tipos de cambio y la inflación. La disminución obedece también a gastos no recurrentes para proyectos de inversión por 36,9 millones de dólares y gastos no recurrentes para seguridad por un monto de 13,9 millones de dólares; estos gastos, realizados en 2010-2011, no se repetirán en 2012-2013.", "7. La disminución del volumen por un total de 43,4 millones de dólares obedece sobre todo a las medidas adoptadas para aumentar la eficacia de las operaciones, reducir los costos y mejorar la relación costo-calidad como resultado del examen de los gastos de operación, en particular por concepto de viajes internacionales, conferencias y reuniones, así como el aplazamiento de la compra de equipo de transporte y la reducción de la utilización de servicios de consultoría. También se prevén economías por el aumento del uso de locales y servicios comunes. El UNICEF espera que estas iniciativas se traduzcan en una disminución del volumen de 28,8 millones de dólares en la sede y de 5,0 millones de dólares en las oficinas exteriores (ibid., párrs. 46 y 47). Además, la Comisión Consultiva fue informada de que se estaba alentando a las oficinas regionales del UNICEF a que examinaran la posibilidad de establecer o ampliar centros de servicios multinacionales con el objetivo de generar economías de escala, reducir los costos de transacción y asegurar un apoyo operacional uniforme a las oficinas en los países (véase también el párrafo 20). La Comisión Consultiva acoge con satisfacción las medidas tomadas por el UNICEF en toda la organización para reducir los costos mediante el reexamen de las actividades operacionales en curso y el mayor uso posible de las nuevas tecnologías. La Comisión también alienta a utilizar los locales y servicios comunes, lo que debería aumentar la eficiencia y permitir lograr economías.", "8. También se informó a la Comisión Consultiva de que, en la preparación del presupuesto para 2012-2013, se había prestado particular atención a atribuir correctamente los costos —la identificación de los costos de actividades financiadas por otras fuentes— lo que se esperaba que generara una disminución del volumen de 5,1 millones de dólares (ibid., párr. 51); mientras que la reducción de las actividades de contratación de la Iniciativa de Talentos Nuevos y Emergentes a fin de evaluar su eficacia debía generar un ahorro de 4,5 millones de dólares (ibid., párr. 52).", "9. Las reducciones del volumen se compensan parcialmente por aumentos que ascienden a 33,1 millones de dólares, principalmente en las esferas de la coordinación de los grupos temáticos (3 millones de dólares); el fortalecimiento de la presencia del UNICEF en la República de Sudán del Sur, de reciente independencia (2,5 millones de dólares); el fortalecimiento de las actividades de supervisión y garantía institucionales mediante la creación de dos nuevos puestos adicionales en la Oficina de Auditoría Interna (0,6 millones de dólares); el fortalecimiento de la gestión de los recursos humanos (3,5 millones de dólares); la adopción de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad para el Sector Público (IPSAS) (3,2 millones de dólares); y el apoyo a las iniciativas de gestión de talentos (1 millón de dólares). Se prevén aumentos adicionales por la aplicación del sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales VISION (sistema virtual integrado de información), que se explica detalladamente en el párrafo 11 (10,2 millones de dólares); y el costo asociado con el establecimiento de una única plataforma de tecnología de organización para el UNICEF (9,1 millones de dólares).", "10. En general, la Comisión Consultiva acoge con satisfacción los progresos realizados por el UNICEF para mejorar la presentación presupuestaria, incluido el marco de presupuestación basada en los resultados y la incorporación de las clasificaciones de los costos. En el contexto de un enfoque armonizado con el PNUD y UNFPA, la Comisión alienta a realizar mayores esfuerzos para mejorar la presentación. En particular, si bien reconoce que la utilización de cuadros y otros medios de presentación sintetizan el presupuesto, la Comisión Consultiva cree que es necesario incluir más información en la descripción. La Comisión pide que, en el futuro, se incluyan estos detalles en las propuestas presupuestarias. La Comisión apoya las propuestas generales formuladas por el Director Ejecutivo pero, en el párrafo a continuación, presenta ulteriores observaciones con respecto a algunas iniciativas concretas.", "III. Comentarios y observaciones específicos", "Sistema VISION de planificación de los recursos institucionales y gestión del desempeño", "11. La Comisión Consultiva fue informada de que el UNICEF estaba camino de implantar el sistema VISION en todas sus oficinas el 1 de enero de 2012. Según los representantes del Director Ejecutivo, VISION, un sistema de planificación de los recursos institucionales basado en el SAP, tendrá un efecto importante en la forma en que el UNICEF opera en todas sus oficinas. Sus componentes principales son un sistema de aplicación central basado en el SAP y una plataforma de gestión del desempeño. Estos sistemas apoyarán y facilitarán la aplicación de mejoras institucionales en cuatro esferas de resultados: mejor rendición de cuentas y gestión eficaz del riesgo, excelencia de los programas, rendimiento de las operaciones y planificación eficaz de la ejecución y de los recursos. Los sistemas —que sustituirán al actual sistema SAP de planificación de los recursos institucionales utilizado en la sede y al Sistema de Gestión de Programas (ProMS) utilizado en las oficinas exteriores— incluirán también un sistema de información de gestión del desempeño en línea para supervisar e informar sobre cuestiones financieras centrales y resultados en todas las operaciones del UNICEF en el mundo, a escala mundial y a tiempo real.", "12. La Comisión fue informada también de que ya se había realizado una importante inversión para preparar la funcionalidad del sistema necesaria para las oficinas regionales y nacionales, además de que se estaban llevando a cabo fases pilotos en un pequeño número de oficinas en los países. Los preparativos incluían el diseño, la orientación y la formación, la comunicación y el seguimiento, así como la mejora de las capacidades de ancho de banda y comunicación. La Comisión fue informada además de que el costo estimado desde el bienio 2008-2009 hasta el final de 2010-2011 había sido de 37,1 millones de dólares. También se explicó que, después de la implementación del sistema en enero de 2012, se preveían retos importantes a medida que los nuevos usuarios se familiarizaran con el sistema y los mejores procesos operativos. El sistema, por tanto, iba a necesitar apoyo técnico y asesoramiento, de ahí que se hubieran asignado 10,2 millones de dólares para la implementación de VISION en el presupuesto institucional para 2012-2013.", "13. La Comisión Consultiva encomia al UNICEF por los avances realizados en la aplicación de un sistema mundial de gestión de recursos completamente integrado con capacidades mejoradas de gestión del rendimiento. La Comisión confía en que la experiencia del UNICEF en la aplicación de este sistema se compartirá con otras organizaciones.", "Estrategia posterior a la aplicación de las IPSAS", "14. La Comisión Consultiva recuerda que la adopción de estas normas fue aprobada por la Asamblea General en su resolución 60/283 (2006) y por la Junta Ejecutiva del UNICEF en su decisión 2007/10 con el fin de lograr los beneficios de una mayor transparencia y rendición de cuentas. El Comité recuerda además que, al objeto de lograr una mayor armonización con otros fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas, se había realizado un examen exhaustivo en consulta con otros organismos que había llevado a enmendar el Reglamento Financiero y la Reglamentación Financiera Detallada del UNICEF para dar cabida al método de contabilidad basado plenamente en valores devengados exigido por las IPSAS. Las observaciones y recomendaciones de la Comisión Consultiva sobre las enmiendas propuestas figuran en su informe aparte, que se presentará a la Junta Ejecutiva en su próximo período de sesiones.", "15. Durante el examen del presupuesto de 2012-2013, la Comisión Consultiva fue informada de que el UNICEF iba bien encaminado hacia la aplicación de las IPSAS en enero de 2012. Además, como parte de su estrategia para después de la aplicación, el UNICEF tenía previsto mantener una pequeña dependencia en la División de Gestión Financiera y Administrativa para proporcionar asesoramiento y asistencia, especialmente en relación con la capacitación y la creación de capacidad. Los representantes del Director Ejecutivo explicaron que el UNICEF no consideraba necesario establecer estructuras de apoyo adicionales ya que existía suficiente capacidad operativa para ocuparse de la aplicación en la mayor parte de sus oficinas en los países, y que la aplicación en las oficinas más pequeñas se financiaría con cargo a las oficinas regionales. Explicaron además que la capacidad existente se fortalecería aún más mediante capacitación, de ahí que se hiciera una asignación de 3,2 millones de dólares en el presupuesto institucional para 2012-2013 para cubrir los gastos de personal y los servicios de consultoría dedicados a actividades de creación de capacidad para las IPSAS. La Comisión fue informada también de que los beneficios de las IPSAS serían más perceptibles después del período inicial de aplicación, así como después del examen realizado por los auditores externos y su opinión sobre los estados financieros del UNICEF de 2012 que han de presentarse a mediados de 2013. Además, las lecciones aprendidas de la aplicación servirán para formular la estrategia posterior a la adopción que se reflejará en el presupuesto de 2014-2015. La Comisión Consultiva reitera su opinión de que la adopción de las IPSAS debería, en la medida de lo posible, realizarse en armonía con su adopción por otras organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y que lo aprendido por el UNICEF debería documentarse y compartirse. En este sentido, la Comisión señala a la atención el centro mundial de servicios compartidos de las IPSAS que está considerando el PNUD y que el UNICEF debería tener presente si piensa modificar su estrategia actual.", "Coordinación mundial de los grupos temáticos", "16. Durante el examen del proyecto de presupuesto, la Comisión Consultiva fue informada de que se había adoptado un enfoque de gestión por grupos para asegurar previsibilidad y rendición de cuentas del liderazgo en todos los sectores o esferas principales de la respuesta humanitaria y para fortalecer la preparación y la capacidad técnica de todo el sistema para responder a las emergencias humanitarias. En este sentido, se han establecido organismos rectores de los grupos temáticos para todos los sectores clave de la respuesta humanitaria, y al UNICEF se le ha asignado la función rectora en el plano mundial de los grupos temáticos sobre abastecimiento de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH) y nutrición; la codirección a nivel mundial del grupo temático en materia de educación, con la organización Save the Children Alliance; en el grupo temático mundial sobre protección, la función rectora en la esfera de la responsabilidad por la protección de la infancia, y, con el UNFPA, la codirección en la esfera de responsabilidad por la cuestión de la violencia basada en el género.", "17. La Comisión Consultiva observa que, en 2010-2011, la financiación y gestión de las responsabilidades del UNICEF relacionadas con los grupos temáticos estaban dispersas en el UNICEF. Con el fin de asegurar una mejor coordinación y liderazgo, en el presupuesto institucional de 2012-2013 se incluyó una asignación por valor de 3,5 millones de dólares para crear una dependencia de coordinación de los grupos temáticos mundiales en Ginebra, muy cerca de otros interlocutores humanitarios y de la Secretaría del Comité Permanente entre Organismos. Esta asignación financiará la creación de cinco puestos (cuatro de coordinador superior y uno de gestión de la información), además de otras actividades de coordinación del grupo temático.", "18. La Comisión Consultiva acoge con satisfacción el compromiso demostrado por el UNICEF asignando recursos a la coordinación de grupos, incluida la creación de una dependencia para la coordinación de los grupos. La Comisión considera que, cuando sea posible, las responsabilidades financieras deben ser compartidas de manera equitativa entre las organizaciones participantes.", "Cambios propuestos en la dotación de personal", "19. La Comisión Consultiva observa que se han asignado a puestos recursos que ascienden a un total estimado de 729,7 millones de dólares en el presupuesto institucional de 2012-2013 (ibid., anexo 5). Se propone un total de 2.919 puestos para el bienio, lo que refleja una disminución neta de 38 puestos con respecto a los 2.957 puestos del bienio 2010-2011 (ibid., anexo 6). Los cambios incluyen una disminución neta de 4 puestos de categoría D-1, un aumento neto de 14 puestos del Cuadro Orgánico de contratación internacional y 3 puestos de funcionarios nacionales, y una disminución neta de 51 puestos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales. La Comisión Consultiva acoge con satisfacción las aclaraciones proporcionadas por el organigrama detallado que ayudan a comprender mejor la estructura institucional y los cambios propuestos en la dotación de personal. La Comisión pide que se incluya en las futuras solicitudes presupuestarias.", "20. La Comisión Consultiva observa que los cambios en la dotación de personal mencionados supondrán una reducción total de 65 puestos (1 D-1, 2 funcionarios internacionales del Cuadro Orgánico, y 62 de otras categorías) en las oficinas en los países. Además, la Comisión toma nota de que 42 de las reducciones de puestos propuestas en las otras categorías se refieren a las oficinas en los países de la región de África oriental y meridional. La considerable disminución de puestos de la categoría de apoyo se debe en parte al cambio estratégico realizado para fortalecer la supervisión y la capacidad de las oficinas regionales que ha permitido facilitar la simplificación de los procesos institucionales y aumentar la eficacia de las operaciones en las oficinas en los países. Como ya se ha explicado en el párrafo 11, la puesta en marcha planificada del sistema VISION, así como la mejora de la capacidad del personal mediante la capacitación, son factores clave de la aplicación de esta estrategia. La estrategia incluirá también la creación y ampliación de centros de servicios multinacionales en la región de África Central y Occidental y en la región de América Latina y el Caribe con el objeto de seguir aumentando la eficacia a través de la consolidación de las operaciones. La Comisión Consultiva acoge con satisfacción los esfuerzos realizados por el UNICEF para aprovechar los beneficios de la tecnología de la información disponible a fin de aumentar la eficacia de la gestión de sus recursos y fortalecer el apoyo prestados a sus oficinas exteriores. Si bien la Comisión no se opone a los cambios de puestos propuestos, confía en que se haya prestado atención en asegurar que la reducción de puestos no repercuta negativamente en la ejecución de programas en las oficinas en los países.", "21. La Comisión Consultiva observa la propuesta de establecer dos nuevos puestos en la Oficina de Auditoría Interna para fortalecer la función de auditoría e investigación y para asegurar que se cumplan los requisitos establecidos en la carta de auditoría aprobada (véase párr. 9). La Comisión considera que el establecimiento de los puestos debería contribuir a un aumento de la responsabilidad y la transparencia.", "22. En respuesta a su solicitud, la Comisión Consultiva fue informada de que los planes del UNICEF de asignar 1 millón de dólares en el presupuesto institucional de 2012-2013 para apoyar las iniciativas de gestión de talentos, como la de completar la transición al sistema de gestión electrónica de la actuación profesional y la contratación electrónica, utilizando el e-PAS y los instrumentos de contratación electrónica elaborados en 2010-2011. La Comisión fue informada de que el e-PAS, que se utiliza actualmente sólo para el personal de contratación internacional, pasaría a utilizarse para todo el personal. Se informó también a la Comisión de que el UNICEF, en vez de crear su propio sistema, ha estado usando un sistema creado por el UNFPA a cuyos gastos de mantenimiento contribuye. Se indicó que la expansión del sistema para incluir a todo el personal supondría un costo adicional no recurrente para el UNICEF que se sufragaría con cargo a la asignación mencionada.", "23. Se comunicó además a la Comisión que en las iniciativas de gestión de los talentos estaba incluido el establecimiento de una nueva política de rotación del personal internacional del Cuadro Orgánico, según la cual ciertos grupos funcionales como los representantes adjuntos y los funcionarios de salud estarían sujetos a rotación planificada. El Comité fue informado de que en la actualidad, la rotación planificada se aplicaba solamente a los jefes de oficina. La Comisión fue informada asimismo que la rotación piloto, iniciada en 2010, estaba siendo sometida a un examen que se utilizaría para establecer la nueva política de rotación. Los recursos propuestos en el presupuesto sufragarán su diseño final y su puesta en práctica, junto con el sistema de desarrollo profesional y de gestión de talentos del UNICEF, como parte de un sistema coherente de gestión de los recursos humanos. La Comisión Consultiva toma nota de la iniciativa adoptada por el UNICEF para ampliar el alcance de su actual política de rotación de personal como un elemento en el desarrollo de un sistema más coherente de gestión de los recursos humanos. La Comisión confía en que la experiencia del UNICEF a este respecto será compartida con otros organismos.", "Recuperación de los gastos", "24. La Comisión Consultiva observa que en el período 2008-2009, el total de los gastos efectivamente recuperados ascendió a 320,3 millones de dólares, lo que representa una tasa media de recuperación del 6,7% del total de la asistencia a los programas financiada con otros recursos. La Comisión observa que, en el mismo período, el 36% del total del presupuesto institucional se financiaba con recuperaciones de gastos, lo que aseguraba que no se utilizaran recursos ordinarios para subsidiar gastos de apoyo para la asistencia a programas financiada con otros recursos. Como se indica en el anexo II del presente informe, se prevé que 338 millones de dólares, o el 35% del total del presupuesto institucional para el bienio 2012-2013, se financiarán mediante la recuperación de gastos, lo que supone un aumento con respecto al 24% presupuestado para 2010-2011.", "25. La Comisión observa además que un examen llevado a cabo conjuntamente por el UNICEF, el PNUD y el UNFPA en respuesta a la decisión 2011/6 de la Junta Ejecutiva del UNICEF ha confirmado que las definiciones de los gastos y la clasificación de las actividades revisadas no tienen repercusión alguna en la recuperación de gastos, por lo que no es necesario modificar de manera alguna la metodología de recuperación de gastos que se aplicará para el bienio 2012-2013. Se indica que las tasas y la metodología actuales se revisarán nuevamente con el PNUD y el UNFPA en 2013, en el contexto del nuevo presupuesto integrado para 2014, momento en el que es probable que se introduzcan todos los cambios, de ser necesarios.", "26. La Comisión Consultiva acoge con beneplácito la tendencia positiva hacia el financiamiento de un porcentaje cada vez mayor del presupuesto institucional mediante la recuperación de los gastos. La Comisión alienta las medidas adoptadas conjuntamente por el UNICEF, el PNUD y el UNFPA para determinar las tasas y la metodología de recuperación de los gastos en el futuro y queda a la espera de recibir más información al respecto.", "Anexo I", "Plan de recursos", "(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "2010-2011 2012-2013\n Recursos Otros Fondos Recursos Por- Recursos Otros Fondos Recursos Por- ordinarios recursos fiduciarios totales centaje ordinarios recursos fiduciarios totales centaje", "1. Recursos disponibles", "Balance inicial 613,0 1 740,0 303,0 2 656,0 – 580,0 1 788,0 448,0 2 816,0 –", "Ingresos", "Contribuciones 1 833,8 4 008,8 – 5 842,6 – 2 011,0 4 343,0 – 6 354,0 –", "Otros ingresos y 157,2 20,2 – 177,4 – 118,0 19,0 55,2 192,2 – reembolsos^(a)", "Ingresos totales 1 991,0 4 029,0 6 020,0 – 2 129,0 4 362,0 55,2 6 546,2 –", "Fondos fiduciarios – – 1 743,0 1 743,0 – – – 2 337,8 2 337,8 –", "Total disponible 2 604,0 5 769,0 2 046,0 10 419,0 – 2 709,0 6 150,0 2 841,0 11 700,0 –", "2. Uso de los recursos", "A. Actividades de desarrollo", "A.1 Programas 1 630,4 3 875,4 1 956,0 7 461,8 88,0 1 594,0 4 469,0 2 378,0 8 441,0 89,8", "A.2 Eficacia del desarrollo 188,5 77,2 – 265,7 3,1 159,6 91,8 5,0 256,4 2,7", "Subtotal actividades de 1 818,9 3 952,6 1 956,0 7 727,5 91,1 1 753,6 4 560,8 2 383,0 8 697,4 92,5 desarrollo", "B. Actividades de las 0,6 – – 0,6 0,0 3,5 – – 3,5 0,0 Naciones Unidas de coordinación del desarrollo", "C. Actividades de gestión", "C.1 Gastos recurrentes 533,6 169,4 – 703,0 8,3 444,6 238,0 – 682,6 7,3", "C.2 Gastos no 13,9 – – 13,9 0,2 1,0 3,2 – 4,2 0,0 recurrentes^(b)", "Subtotal actividades de 547,5 169,4 – 716,9 8,5 445,6 241,2 – 686,8 7,3 gestión", "D. Actividades para fines especiales", "D.1 Inversiones de capital 36,9 – – 36,9 0,4 19,3 – – 19,3 0,2", "D.2 Operaciones ajenas al – – – – – – – – – – UNICEF administradas por el UNICEF", "Subtotal actividades para 36,9 – – 36,9 0,4 19,3 – – 19,3 0,2 fines especiales", "Presupuesto institucional 773,5 246,6 – 1.020,1 12,0 628,0 333,0 5,0 966,0 10,3 total (A.2+B+C+D)", "Uso total de recursos 2 403,9 4 122,0 1 956,0 8 481,9 100,0 2 222,0 4 802,0 2 383,0 9 407,0 100,0 (A+B+C+D)", "3. Balance previsto de 200,1 1 647,0 90,0 1 937,1 – 487,0 1 348,0 458,0 2 293,0 – recursos^(c)", "4. Balances actualizados de 580,0 1 788,0 448,0 2 816,0 – recursos^(d)", "^(a) Incluye intereses, ingresos varios y la compensación del presupuesto institucional.", "^(b) 2010-2011: la Junta Ejecutiva aprobó la asignación de seguridad en 2008.", "^(c) El balance previsto de recursos constituye el total del saldo de efectivo del plan estratégico de mediano plazo revisado antes de contabilizar las reservas financiadas (para seguros después de la separación del servicio, bienes de capital, el fondo de separación y servicios de adquisición).", "^(d) El balance de recursos para 2010-2011 ha sido actualizado para incluir los cambios efectivos y previstos en los ingresos y los gastos.", "Anexo II", "Análisis de las tendencias y las ratios del presupuesto de apoyo: 1998 a 2011", "(En millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "1998-1999 2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011¹ 2012-2013", "Planificados", "Presupuesto de apoyo 527,5 545,5 574,2 701,9 757,4 912,8 1 020,1 966,0 bienal", "Presupuesto de apoyo 493,6 477,7 485,9 545,5 567,4 689,8 773,5 628,0 bienal con cargo a recursos ordinarios", "94% 88% 85% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "Presupuesto de apoyo 33,9 67,8 88,3 156,4 190,0 223,0 246,6 338,0 bienal con cargo a otros recursos y otras recuperaciones", "6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "Total de recursos 1 122,5 1 247,7 1 147,9 1 424,5 1 658,6 2 355,4 2 403,9 2 222,0 ordinarios", "Porcentaje del total de 56 62 58 62 66 71 68 72 recursos ordinarios destinados a programas", "Porcentaje del total de 44 38 42 38 34 29 32 28 recursos ordinarios destinados al presupuesto de apoyo bienal", "¹ Revisada para incluir la asignación de seguridad para 2010-2011 aprobada por la Junta de Auditores en 2008.", "1998-1999 2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009", "Efectivos", "Gastos efectivos del 507,5 521,9 568,9 682,2 739,0 892,5 presupuesto de apoyo bienal", "Gastos efectivos del 465,0 437,6 466,1 481,3 468,3 572,2 presupuesto de apoyo bienal con cargo al presupuesto ordinario", "92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "Presupuesto de apoyo 42,5 84,3 102,7 200,9 270,7 320,3 bienal con cargo a otros recursos y otras recuperaciones", "8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "Total recursos 1 065,1 1 178,0 1 206,0 1 365,0 1 745,0 2 087,8 ordinarios", "Porcentaje del total de 56 63 61 65 73 73 recursos ordinarios destinados a programas", "Porcentaje del total de 44 37 39 35 27 27 recursos ordinarios destinados al presupuesto de apoyo bienal" ]
[ "United Nations Children’s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "Item 8 of the provisional agenda[1]", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNICEF institutional budget for 2012-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I. Introduction", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered an advance version of the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) on the proposed institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2). During its consideration of the report, the Advisory Committee met with the Deputy Executive Director and other representatives, who provided additional information and clarifications.", "Format and presentation", "2. The Advisory Committee recalls that in 2010 the Executive Boards of UNICEF, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) approved the proposals that were presented in a joint report of the three organizations entitled, “Road map to an integrated budget: cost classification and results-based budgeting”. The report was the culmination of a review of existing cost definitions and classification of activities and associated costs, as well as results-based budgeting models and methodologies of selected United Nations organizations and bilateral donors, in order to identify best practices. The three organizations agreed to work together for greater harmonization and improvement in the presentation of the biennial support budget for 2012-2013, and also work towards the presentation of a single, integrated budget for each organization beginning in 2014. The Advisory Committee notes that in accordance with decision 2011/6 of the UNICEF Executive Board, the 2012-2013 institutional budget has been prepared following the results-based approach and is presented in the new cost classification format agreed upon by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA. The budget therefore represents an important milestone on the roadmap to the implementation of the fully integrated budget in 2014.", "Projected resources", "3. According to the resource plan summarized in annex I of the present document, the total projected resources from regular resources, other resources and trust funds for the biennium 2012-2013, including an opening balance of $2,816 million, amount to $11,700 million, reflecting an increase of $1,281 million, or 12.3 per cent, compared with the total planned resources of $10,419 million for 2010-2011. For 2012-2013, total regular resources are projected at $2,709 million, reflecting an increase of $105 million, or 4 per cent, compared with $2,604 million in 2010-2011. Other resources are projected at $6,150 million, reflecting an increase of $381 million, or 6.6 per cent, compared with $5,769 million in 2010-2011, and total trust funds are projected at $2,841 million, reflecting an increase of $795 million, or 38.9 per cent, compared with the total of $2,046 million for 2010-2011.", "4. Income from regular resources, mostly contributions, is estimated at $2,129 million for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting an increase of $138 million, or 6.9 per cent compared with $1,991 million for the biennium 2010-2011. Income from other resources is estimated at $4,362 million, reflecting an increase of $333 million, or 8.3 per cent compared with $4,029 million in 2010-2011. Trust fund receipts are projected at $2,393 million, reflecting an increase of $594.8 million, or 34 per cent compared with 2010-2011. As regards the use of resources, the total resources proposed for the 2012-2013 biennium is $9,407 million, of which $8,441 million will be used for programmes and $966 million for the institutional budget (see also paragraphs 24-26 below).", "II. Proposed institutional budget for 2012-2013", "5. The Advisory Committee notes that according to the new cost classification, the budget for development effectiveness, United Nations development coordination activities, management activities, and special purpose activities is now referred to as the institutional budget. It is based on the results-based budgeting approach and is presented in the new cost classification format as indicated in paragraph 2 above. The definitions for the terminology of the above cost categories are provided in annex 8 of the institutional budget report.", "6. The proposed institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium amounts to $966 million, which represents a decrease of $54.1 million, or 5.3 per cent, compared with the combined biennial support budget and security budget of $1,020.1 million for 2010-2011. The volume decreases amount to $43.4 million, which is partially offset by volume increases amounting to $33.1 million and an amount of $7 million due to adjustments for staff costs, exchange rates and inflation. The decrease is also due to one time costs for investment projects amounting to $36.9 million and one time security costs in the amount of $13.9 million, which were undertaken in 2010-2011 and will not be undertaken in 2012-2013.", "7. The volume decreases of $43.4 million mainly comprised the operational efficiencies, cost reductions and value-for-money measures resulting from a review of operational costs, particularly international travel, conferences and meetings, as well as the deferral of the purchase of transport equipment and a reduction in the use of consultants. Savings are also expected from the increased use of common premises and common administrative services. UNICEF expects that the above-mentioned initiatives will translate into decreases of $28.8 million at headquarters and $5 million in the field offices (ibid., paragraphs 46-47). Furthermore, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF regional offices were being encouraged to look into the possibility of establishing or expanding multi-country service centres to generate economies of scale, reduce transactional costs and ensure consistent operations support to country offices (see also paragraph 20 below). The Advisory Committee welcomes the organization-wide efforts made by UNICEF to achieve cost reductions by re-examining existing operational activities and maximizing the use of new technologies. The Committee also encourages the use of common premises and common services, which should yield efficiencies and savings.", "8. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in the preparation of the 2012-2013 budget, particular attention had been paid to the correct attribution of costs — the identification of costs for activities funded from other sources — and that was expected to generate decreases of $5.1 million (ibid., paragraph 51); while the scaling back on recruitment activities of the New and Emerging Talent Initiative, so as to assess its effectiveness, was expected to generate savings of $4.5 million (ibid., paragraph 52).", "9. The volume decreases are partially offset by increases of $33.1 million, mainly in the areas of global cluster coordination ($3 million); strengthening the presence of UNICEF in the newly independent Republic of South Sudan ($2.5 million); strengthening corporate oversight and assurance activities through the establishment of two additional posts in the Office of Internal Audit ($0.6 million); strengthening human resources management ($3.5 million); strengthening corporate and oversight assurance activities ($0.6 million); the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) ($3.2 million); and supporting talent management initiatives ($1 million). Additional increases are expected from the implementation of the VISION (Virtual Integrated System of Information) enterprise resource planning (ERP) system — further explained in paragraph 11 below ($10.2 million); and the cost of development of a single organizational technology platform for the organization ($9.1 million).", "10. Overall, the Advisory Committee welcomes the progress made by UNICEF to improve its budget presentation, including the results-based budgeting framework and incorporation of the new cost classifications. Within the context of the harmonized approach with UNDP and UNFPA, the Committee encourages further efforts to improve the presentation. In particular, while the Advisory Committee appreciates that the utilization of tables and other means of presentation renders the budget more succinct, it is of the opinion that additional information is required in the narrative. The Committee requests that future budget proposals should provide such detail. While supporting the overall proposals made by the Executive Director, in the paragraphs below, the Committee provides further comments on some specific initiatives.", "III. Specific comments and observations", "VISION enterprise resource planning (ERP) and performance management system", "11. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on course to implement VISION at all its locations on 1 January 2012. According to the representatives of the Executive Director, VISION, which is a global SAP-based ERP system, is expected to have a major impact in the way UNICEF operates in all of its offices. Its main components are an SAP-based central application system and a performance management platform. These systems will support and facilitate implementation of organizational improvements in four results areas: improved accountability and effective risk management; programme excellence; operations performance; and effective resource planning and implementation. The systems — which will replace the existing headquarters-based SAP ERP system and the field-based Programme Manager System (ProMS) — will also deliver a web-based performance management information system for monitoring and reporting on core financial and results-based information across the worldwide operations of UNICEF both globally and in real-time.", "12. The Committee was also informed that significant investment had already gone into the preparation of the required system functionality for regional and country offices in addition to pilot phases being implemented in a small number of country offices. The preparations included design; guidance and training; communication and monitoring; as well as the improvement of bandwidth and communication capabilities. The Committee was further informed that the estimated cost from the biennium 2008-2009 to the end of 2010-2011 was $37.1 million. It was also explained that, after the implementation of the system in January 2012, significant challenges were anticipated as new users were introduced to the system and to the improved business processes. The system would therefore require technical and advisory support, hence the provision of $10.2 million for VISION implementation in the institutional budget for 2012-2013.", "13. The Advisory Committee commends UNICEF for the progress made towards the implementation of a fully integrated global resource management system with enhanced performance management capabilities. The Committee trusts that UNICEF’s experience in the implementation of this system will be shared with other organizations.", "IPSAS post-implementation strategy", "14. The Advisory Committee recalls that the adoption of IPSAS was approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/283 (2006) and by the UNICEF Executive Board in its decision 2007/10 in order to achieve the benefits of improved transparency and accountability. The Committee further recalls that, in order to achieve greater harmonization with other United Nations funds and programmes, an extensive review was undertaken in consultation with other agencies leading to the amendment of the Financial Regulations and Rules of UNICEF to accommodate full accrual based accounting as required by IPSAS. The Advisory Committee’s comments and recommendations on the proposed amendments are contained in its separate report, which will be before the Executive Board at its next session.", "15. During its consideration of the 2012-2013 budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on track for the implementation of IPSAS in January 2012. The Committee was further informed that, as part of its post-implementation strategy, UNICEF planned to maintain a small unit in the Division of Financial Management and Administration (DFAM) to provide advice and assistance, particularly in the areas of training and capacity-building. The representatives of the Executive Director explained that UNICEF did not consider it necessary to set up additional support structures because there was sufficient operational capacity to handle the implementation in the majority of its country offices, and that the implementation in the smaller offices would be supported from the regional offices. It was further explained that the existing capacity would be further strengthened through training, hence the allocation of $3.2 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget to cover the cost of staff and consultants dedicated to IPSAS capacity-building activities. The Committee was also informed that the benefits of IPSAS would be more discernible after the initial period of implementation, as well as following the external auditors’ review and opinion on UNICEF’s 2012 financial statements to be provided in mid-2013. In addition, the lessons learned from the implementation exercise would inform the post-implementation strategy to be reflected in the 2014-2015 budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its opinion that the implementation of IPSAS should, to the extent possible, be harmonized with that of the other United Nations organizations and that the lessons learned by UNICEF should be documented and similarly shared. In this regard, the Committee draws attention to the IPSAS global shared service centre approach being considered by UNDP, which UNICEF should bear in mind if it considers changing its present strategy.", "Global cluster coordination", "16. During its consideration of the proposed budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that, a global cluster approach had been put in place to ensure predictable leadership and accountability in all the main sectors or areas of humanitarian response and to strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies. In that regard, cluster lead agencies had been designated for all key humanitarian response sectors, with UNICEF being assigned the global leadership role for the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition clusters; the global co-leadership role for the education cluster, with the International Save the Children Alliance; within the global protection cluster, the leadership role for the child protection area of responsibility, and, jointly with UNFPA, the co-leadership role for the gender-based violence area of responsibility.", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2010-2011, the funding and management of the cluster responsibilities of UNICEF was dispersed within UNICEF. In order to ensure better coordination and leadership, resources amounting to $3.5 million have now been allocated in the 2012-2013 institutional budget for the establishment of a global cluster coordination unit in Geneva, which is in close proximity to other humanitarian partners and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee secretariat. The allocation will cover the establishment of five posts (four Senior Coordinators and one Information Management post), in addition to other cluster coordination activities.", "18. The Advisory Committee welcomes the demonstrated commitment of UNICEF by allocating resources to cluster coordination, including the establishment of a cluster coordination unit. The Committee is of the view that, where feasible, the financial responsibilities should be shared equitably among the participating organizations.", "Proposed staffing changes", "19. The Advisory Committee notes that resources amounting to an estimated $729.7 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget have been allocated to posts (ibid., annex 5). A total of 2,919 posts are proposed for the biennium, reflecting a net decrease of 38 posts compared with 2,957 in the 2010-2011 biennium (ibid., annex 6). The changes comprise a net decrease of 4 posts at D-1 level; net increases of 14 international Professional posts and 3 National Officer posts; and a net decrease of 51 General Service posts. The Advisory Committee welcomes the clarity provided by the detailed organigramme, which facilitates a better understanding of the organizational structure and the proposed staffing changes. The Committee requests that it be included in future budget submissions.", "20. The Advisory Committee notes that the above staffing changes will entail an overall reduction of 65 posts (1 D-1, 2 international Professional, and 62 other levels) at country office level. In addition, the Committee notes that 42 of the proposed post reductions in the other levels category are in the country offices of the Eastern and Southern Africa region. The significant decrease in posts in the support category is due in part to the strategic shift to strengthen the oversight and capacity of the regional offices, which has facilitated the simplification of business processes and the achievement of operational efficiencies in the country offices. As earlier explained in paragraph 11 above, the planned roll-out of VISION, as well as the enhancement of staff capacity through training, are key factors in the implementation of this strategy. The strategy will also include the establishment and expansion of multi-country operations service centres in the West and Central Africa region; and in the Latin America and the Caribbean region in order to achieve further efficiencies through the consolidation of operations. The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made by UNICEF to harness the benefits of available information technology to achieve greater efficiencies in the management of its resources and strengthen the support to its field offices. While the Committee does not object to the proposed post changes, it trusts that care has been taken to ensure that the reduction in posts will not adversely impact programme delivery at country office level.", "21. The Advisory Committee notes the proposed establishment of 2 additional posts in the Office of Internal Audit to strengthen the audit and investigation function and to ensure that the requirements of the approved audit charter are met (see paragraph 9, above). It is the Committee’s view that the establishment of the posts should contribute to greater accountability and transparency.", "22. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed about the plans of UNICEF to allocate $1 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget to support talent management initiatives, such as completing the transition to electronic performance management and recruitment through the use of e-PAS and e‑recruitment tools that were developed in 2010-2011. The Committee was informed that e-PAS, which currently serves only international staff, would be expanded to cover all staff. The Committee was further informed that UNICEF, rather than building its own system, has been using a system built by UNFPA for which it is contributing to the maintenance costs. It was indicated that the expansion of the system to cover all staff would entail an additional one-time cost for UNICEF to be met from within the above-mentioned allocation.", "23. The Committee was also informed that the talent management initiatives included the development of a new rotation policy for international Professional staff, according to which certain functional groups such as deputy representatives and health officers would be subject to a managed rotation. The Committee was informed that presently, managed rotation was being applied only to heads of office. The Committee was further informed that a pilot rotation exercise, which had been launched in 2010, was currently under review and would inform the new rotation policy. The resources proposed in the budget would cover its final design and implementation, along with the career development and talent management system of UNICEF, as part of a coherent human resources management system. The Advisory Committee notes the initiative taken by UNICEF to expand the scope of its existing staff rotation policy as an element in the development of a more coherent human resources management system. The Committee trusts that the experience of UNICEF in this regard will be shared with other agencies.", "Cost Recovery", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that actual cost recoveries in the 2008-2009 period amounted to $320.3 million, representing an average recovery rate of 6.7 per cent on total programme assistance funded by other resources. For the same period, the Committee notes that 36 per cent of the total institutional budget was funded from cost recoveries, which ensured that regular resources were not used to subsidize support costs for programme assistance funded by other resources. As indicated in annex II of the present report, $338 million, or 35 per cent of the total institutional budget for the 2012-2013 biennium, is projected to be funded through cost recoveries, an increase from the 24 per cent budgeted for 2010-2011.", "25. The Committee further notes that a review undertaken jointly by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA in response to the UNICEF Executive Board decision 2011/6 has confirmed that the revised cost definitions and classification of activities have no impact on cost recovery and thus necessitated no changes in the cost recovery methodology to be applied for the 2012-2013 biennium. It is indicated that the current rates and methodology will again be reviewed jointly with UNDP and UNFPA in 2013, within the context of the new integrated budget for 2014, at which time any changes, if necessary, would likely be made.", "26. The Advisory Committee welcomes the positive trend by which an increasing percentage of the institutional budget is being funded from cost recovery. The Committee encourages the joint efforts by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA to determine future cost recovery methodology and rates. It looks forward to receiving further information in this regard.", "Annex I", "Resource plan (In millions of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 2012-2013\n Regular Other Trust Total % Regular Other Trust Total % resources resources funds resources resources resources funds resources", "1. Resources available", "Opening balance 613.0 1 740.0 303.0 2 656.0 — 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 —", "Income", "Contributions 1 833.8 4 008.8 — 5 842.6 — 2 011.0 4 343.0 — 6 354.0 —", "Other income and 157.2 20.2 — 177.4 — 118.0 19.0 55.2 192.2 — reimbursements^(a)", "Total Income 1 991.0 4 029.0 6 020.0 — 2 129.0 4 362.0 55.2 6 546.2 —", "Trust funds — — 1 743.0 1 743.0 — 2 337.8 2 337.8 —", "Total available 2 604.0 5 769.0 2 046.0 10 419.0 — 2 709.0 6 150.0 2 841.0 11 700.0 —", "2. Use of resources", "A. Development activities", "A.1 Programmes 1 630.4 3 875.4 1 956.0 7 461.8 88.0 1 594.0 4 469.0 2 378.0 8 441.0 89.8", "A.2 Development 188.5 77.2 — 265.7 3.1 159.6 91.8 5.0 256.4 2.7 effectiveness", "Subtotal development 1 818.9 3 952.6 1 956.0 7 727.5 91.1 1 753.6 4 560.8 2 383.0 8 697.4 92.5 activities", "B. United Nations 0.6 — — 0.6 0.0 3.5 — — 3.5 0.0 development coordination activities", "C. Management activities", "C.1 Recurring costs 533.6 169.4 — 703.0 8.3 444.6 238.0 — 682.6 7.3", "C.2 Non-recurring costs 13.9 — — 13.9 0.2 1.0 3.2 — 4.2 0.0 b/", "Subtotal management 547.5 169.4 — 716.9 8.5 445.6 241.2 — 686.8 7.3 activities", "Total institutional 773.5 246.6 - 1 020.1 12.0 628.0 333.0 5.0 966.0 10.3 budget (A.2 + B + C + D)", "Total use of resources (A 2 403.9 4 122.0 1 956.0 8 481.9 100.0 2 222.0 4 802.0 2 383.0 9 407.0 100.0 + B + C + D)", "3. Projected balance of 200.1 1647.0 90.0 1937.1 - 487.0 1 348.0 458.0 2 293.0 - resources^(c)", "4. Updated balances of 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 — resources^(d)", "^(a) Includes interest, miscellaneous income and offset to the institutional budget.", "^(b) 2010-2011: Security allocation approved by the Executive Board in 2008.", "^(c) Projected balance of resources represents revised medium-term financial plan total cash balance before the funded reserves (for after-service health insurance, capital assets, separation fund and procurement services).", "^(d) Balance of resources for 2010-2011 has been updated to include actual and projected changes in income and expenditure.", "Annex II", "Analysis of Trends and Ratios of Support budget — 1998 to 2011", "(In millions of United States dollars)", "PLANNED 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09 10-11 1/ 12-13", "Biennial Support Budget   527.5 545.5 574.2 701.9 757.4 912.8 1,020.1 966.0 (BSB)", "BSB From Regular 493.6 477.7 485.9 545.5 567.4 689.8 773.5 628.0 resources", "94% 88% 85% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "BSB From OR and other 33.9 67.8 88.3 156.4 190.0 223.0 246.6 338.0 Recoveries", "6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "Total Regular Resources   1122.5 1247.7 1147.9 1424.5 1658.6 2355.4 2403.9 2222.0", "% of total RR used for 56% 62% 58% 62% 66% 71% 68% 72% Programmes", "% of total RR used for   44% 38% 42% 38% 34% 29% 32% 28% BSB", "1/ Revised to include 2010-2011 Security allocation approved by the Executive Board approved in 2008.", "ACTUAL 98-99 00-01 02-03 04-05 06-07 08-09", "Actual BSB Expenditures   507.5 521.9 568.9 682.2 739.0 892.5", "Actual BSB From Regular 465.0 437.6 466.1 481.3 468.3 572.2 resources", "92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "BSB From OR and other 42.5 84.3 102.7 200.9 270.7 320.3 Recoveries", "8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "Total Regular Resources   1065.1 1178.0 1206.0 1365.0 1745.0 2087.8", "% of total RR used for 56% 63% 61% 65% 73% 73% Programmes", "% of total RR used for   44% 37% 39% 35% 27% 27% BSB", "[1] * E/ICEF/2011/13." ]
E_ICEF_2011_AB_L.3
[ "United Nations Children &apos; s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "* E/ICEF/2011/13.", "Item 8 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Children &apos; s Fund", "Institutional budget for 2012-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I. Introduction", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered an advance version of the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF) on the proposed institutional budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2). During its consideration of the report, the Advisory Committee met with the Deputy Executive Director and other representatives, who provided further information and made clarifications.", "Format and presentation", "2. The Advisory Committee recalls that in 2010 the Executive Boards of UNICEF, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) approved the proposals presented in a joint report of the three organizations entitled “Route road map for an integrated budget: cost classification and results-based budgeting”. The report constituted the completion of a review of cost definitions and the classification of existing associated activities and costs, as well as the results-based-budgeting models and methodologies of selected United Nations organizations and bilateral donors to identify best practices. The three organizations agreed to work together to achieve greater harmonization and improvement in the presentation of the biennial support budget for 2012-2013, and also collaborate in the presentation of a single and integrated budget for each organization beginning in 2014. The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with Executive Board decision 2011/6, the institutional budget for 2012-2013 has been developed following the results-based approach and is presented in the new cost classification format agreed by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA. Accordingly, the budget represents an important milestone in the road map towards the full integrated budget implementation in 2014.", "Planned resources", "3. In accordance with the resource plan summarized in annex I to the present document, the total projected resources from regular resources, other resources and trust funds for the biennium 2012-2013, including an initial balance of $2.816 million, amount to $11.7 billion, an increase of $128 billion, or 12.3 per cent, over the total projected resources ($10.419 million) for 2010-2011. For 2012-2013, total regular resources are estimated at $2,709 million, an increase of $105 million, 4 per cent, compared to $2,604 million in 2010-2011. Other resources are projected at $6.1 billion, representing an increase of $381 million, 6.6 per cent, compared with the amount of $5.769 million in 2010-2011; the total trust funds are projected at $2.841 million, an increase of $795 million, 38.9 per cent, compared with the total amount of $2,046 million for 2010-2011.", "4. Income from regular resources, mostly contributions, is estimated at $2,129 million for the biennium 2012-2013, an increase of $138 million, 6.9 per cent, compared with $1,991 million for the biennium 2010-2011. Income from other resources will amount to $4,362 million, an increase of $333 million, 8.3 per cent, compared to $4,029 million in 2010-2011. Trust funds totalling $2,393 million, an increase of $594.8 million, 34 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. With regard to the use of resources, the total resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $9,407 million, of which $8,441 million will be allocated for programmes and $966 million will be used for the institutional budget (see also paras. 24-26).", "II. Proposed institutional budget for 2012-2013", "5. The Advisory Committee notes that, under the new cost classification, the budget for development effectiveness activities, United Nations development coordination activities, management activities, and special-purpose activities is now known as the institutional budget. This budget uses the results-based budgeting approach and is presented in the new cost classification format indicated in paragraph 2. The definitions of the terminology of the categories of expenditure are contained in annex 8 to the report on the institutional budget.", "6. The proposed institutional budget for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $966 million, reflecting a reduction of $54.1 million, or 5.3 per cent, in respect of the biennial support budget and the combined security budget of $1,020.1 million for 2010-2011. The volume decreases of $43.4 million are partially offset by increases of $33.1 million and $7 million due to adjustments for staff costs, exchange rates and inflation. The decrease is also attributable to non-recurrent expenditures for investment projects of $36.9 million and non-recurrent security costs of $13.9 million; these expenditures, incurred in 2010-2011, will not be repeated in 2012-2013.", "7. The decrease in volume by a total of $43.4 million relates mainly to measures taken to increase the efficiency of operations, reduce costs and improve the cost-quality ratio as a result of the review of operating expenses, in particular for international travel, conferences and meetings, as well as the deferral of the purchase of transport equipment and the reduction of the use of consultancy services. Savings are also envisaged for the increase in the use of common premises and services. UNICEF hopes that these initiatives will result in a decrease in the volume of $28.8 million at headquarters and $5.0 million at field offices (ibid., paras. 46 and 47). In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF regional offices were being encouraged to consider establishing or expanding multinational service centres with the objective of generating economies of scale, reducing transaction costs and ensuring uniform operational support to country offices (see also para. 20). The Advisory Committee welcomes the actions taken by UNICEF throughout the organization to reduce costs through the review of ongoing operational activities and the widest possible use of new technologies. The Committee also encourages the use of common premises and services, which should enhance efficiency and enable savings.", "8. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in the preparation of the budget for 2012-2013, particular attention had been paid to the proper allocation of costs — the identification of the costs of activities funded by other sources — which was expected to result in a decrease in the volume of $5.1 million (ibid., para. 51); while the reduction in the recruitment activities of the New and Emerging Talents Initiative in order to assess its effectiveness should generate a 4.5 million.", "9. Volume reductions are partially offset by increases amounting to $33.1 million, mainly in the areas of cluster coordination ($3 million); strengthening the presence of UNICEF in the Republic of South Sudan, newly independent ($2.5 million); strengthening institutional oversight and assurance through the creation of two additional posts in the Office of Internal Audit ($0.6 million); strengthening of talent ($0.6 million); Additional increases are expected from the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system VISION (integrated virtual information system), which is detailed in paragraph 11 ($10.2 million); and the cost associated with the establishment of a single organizational technology platform for UNICEF ($9.1 million).", "10. Overall, the Advisory Committee welcomes the progress made by UNICEF in improving budget presentation, including the results-based budgeting framework and the incorporation of cost classifications. In the context of a harmonized approach with UNDP and UNFPA, the Commission encourages greater efforts to improve the presentation. In particular, while acknowledging that the use of tables and other means of presentation synthesize the budget, the Advisory Committee believes that more information is needed in the description. The Committee requests that these details be included in the budget proposals in the future. The Commission supports the general proposals made by the Executive Director but, in the paragraph below, presents further comments on some specific initiatives.", "III. Specific comments and observations", "VISION enterprise resource planning and performance management system", "11. The Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on track to implement the VISION system in all its offices on 1 January 2012. According to the representatives of the Executive Director, VISION, an enterprise resource planning system based on SAP, will have an important effect on how UNICEF operates in all its offices. Its main components are a SAP-based central application system and a performance management platform. These systems will support and facilitate the implementation of institutional improvements in four results areas: enhanced accountability and effective risk management, programme excellence, operational performance and effective implementation and resource planning. The systems, which will replace the current enterprise resource planning system used at headquarters and the Programme Management System (ProMS) used in the field offices, will also include an online performance management information system to monitor and report on central financial issues and results in all UNICEF operations worldwide, globally and in real time.", "12. The Committee was also informed that significant investment had already been made to prepare the functionality of the system needed for regional and national offices, in addition to pilot phases in a small number of country offices. Preparations included design, guidance and training, communication and follow-up, as well as improved bandwidth and communication capabilities. The Committee was further informed that the estimated cost from the biennium 2008-2009 to the end of 2010-2011 had been $37.1 million. It was also explained that, following the implementation of the system in January 2012, significant challenges were envisaged as new users became familiar with the system and the best operating processes. The system, therefore, would need technical support and advice, hence $10.2 million for the implementation of VISION in the 2012-2013 institutional budget.", "13. The Advisory Committee commends UNICEF for the progress made in implementing a fully integrated global resource management system with improved performance management capacities. The Committee trusts that the experience of UNICEF in implementing this system will be shared with other organizations.", "Post-implementation strategy", "14. The Advisory Committee recalls that the adoption of these standards was approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/283 (2006) and by the Executive Board of UNICEF in its decision 2007/10 in order to achieve the benefits of greater transparency and accountability. The Committee further recalls that, in order to achieve greater harmonization with other United Nations funds and programmes, a comprehensive review had been conducted in consultation with other agencies that had led to amending the Financial Regulations and Rules of UNICEF to accommodate the fully accrual accounting approach required by IPSAS. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposed amendments are contained in its separate report, to be submitted to the Executive Board at its next session.", "15. During the review of the 2012-2013 budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF was on track to implement IPSAS in January 2012. In addition, as part of its post-implementation strategy, UNICEF planned to maintain a small unit in the Division for Financial and Administrative Management to provide advice and assistance, especially with regard to training and capacity-building. The representatives of the Executive Director explained that UNICEF did not consider it necessary to establish additional support structures as there was sufficient operational capacity to deal with implementation in most of its country offices, and that implementation in smaller offices would be funded from regional offices. They further explained that existing capacity would be further strengthened through training, hence an allocation of $3.2 million in the institutional budget for 2012-2013 to cover staff costs and consultancy services devoted to IPSAS capacity-building activities. The Committee was also informed that the benefits of IPSAS would be more noticeable after the initial implementation period, as well as after the review by the external auditors and their opinion on the 2012 UNICEF financial statements due in mid-2013. In addition, lessons learned from implementation will serve to formulate the post-adoption strategy reflected in the 2014-2015 budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that the adoption of IPSAS should, to the extent possible, be carried out in line with its adoption by other United Nations organizations and that what UNICEF learned should be documented and shared. In this regard, the Committee draws attention to the global IPSAS shared services centre that UNDP is considering and that UNICEF should bear in mind if it intends to change its current strategy.", "Global coordination of thematic clusters", "16. During the review of the proposed budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that a cluster management approach had been adopted to ensure predictability and accountability of leadership in all sectors or major areas of humanitarian response and to strengthen system-wide preparedness and technical capacity to respond to humanitarian emergencies. In this regard, the lead agencies of the thematic clusters have been established for all key sectors of the humanitarian response, and UNICEF has been assigned the global leadership role of the thematic groups on water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition; the global co-direction of the thematic cluster on education, with the Save the Children Alliance; in the global protection cluster, the UNFPA leadership role in the area of responsibility for children;", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that in 2010-2011, funding and management of UNICEF responsibilities related to thematic clusters were scattered in UNICEF. In order to ensure better coordination and leadership, the 2012-2013 institutional budget included an allocation of $3.5 million to establish a coordination unit for global thematic groups in Geneva, very close to other humanitarian actors and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Secretariat. This allocation will finance the creation of five posts (four Senior Coordinator and one Information Management), in addition to other coordination activities of the thematic cluster.", "18. The Advisory Committee welcomes the commitment shown by UNICEF by allocating resources to group coordination, including the establishment of a unit for group coordination. The Committee considers that, where possible, financial responsibilities should be shared equally among participating organizations.", "Proposed staffing changes", "19. The Advisory Committee notes that resource posts totalling $729.7 million have been allocated to the institutional budget for 2012-2013 (ibid., annex 5). A total of 2,919 posts are proposed for the biennium, reflecting a net decrease of 38 posts over 2,957 posts for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., annex 6). The changes include a net decrease of 4 D-1 posts, a net increase of 14 international Professional posts and 3 national staff posts, and a net decrease of 51 General Service posts. The Advisory Committee welcomes the clarification provided by the detailed organizational chart that helps to better understand the institutional structure and proposed staffing changes. The Committee requests that it be included in future budget submissions.", "20. The Advisory Committee notes that the changes in the above-mentioned staffing level will result in a total reduction of 65 posts (1 D-1, 2 international Professional staff and 62 other categories) in country offices. In addition, the Committee notes that 42 of the proposed reductions in posts at the other levels relate to country offices in the Eastern and Southern Africa region. The significant decrease in support grade posts is partly due to the strategic shift made to strengthen the oversight and capacity of regional offices that has facilitated the simplification of business processes and increased the effectiveness of country office operations. As explained in paragraph 11, the planned implementation of the VISION system, as well as the enhancement of staff capacity through training, are key factors in the implementation of this strategy. The strategy will also include the establishment and expansion of multinational service centres in the Central and West Africa region and in the Latin American and Caribbean region in order to further enhance effectiveness through the consolidation of operations. The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made by UNICEF to harness the benefits of available information technology in order to enhance the effectiveness of the management of its resources and to strengthen the support provided to its field offices. While the Committee did not oppose the proposed post changes, it hoped that attention had been paid to ensuring that the reduction in posts did not have a negative impact on programme delivery in country offices.", "21. The Advisory Committee notes the proposal to establish two new posts in the Internal Audit Office to strengthen the audit and investigation function and to ensure compliance with the requirements set out in the approved audit letter (see para. 9). The Committee considers that the establishment of posts should contribute to increased accountability and transparency.", "22. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNICEF plans to allocate $1 million in the 2012-2013 institutional budget to support talent management initiatives, such as completing the transition to the electronic performance and electronic recruitment management system, using e-PAS and electronic recruitment tools developed in 2010-2011. The Committee was informed that the e-PAS, currently used only for international staff, would be used for all staff. The Committee was also informed that UNICEF, instead of creating its own system, has been using a system created by UNFPA for which maintenance costs contribute. It was indicated that the expansion of the system to include all staff would provide an additional non-recurrent cost to UNICEF to be covered by the above-mentioned allocation.", "23. The Committee was further informed that talent management initiatives included the establishment of a new rotation policy for international Professional staff, according to which certain functional groups such as deputy representatives and health officials would be subject to planned rotation. The Committee was informed that at present, planned rotation applied only to heads of offices. The Committee was also informed that the pilot rotation, initiated in 2010, was undergoing a review to be used to establish the new rotation policy. The resources proposed in the budget will cover its final design and implementation, together with the UNICEF talent management and professional development system, as part of a coherent human resources management system. The Advisory Committee notes the initiative taken by UNICEF to expand the scope of its current staff rotation policy as an element in the development of a more coherent human resources management system. The Committee trusts that the experience of UNICEF in this regard will be shared with other agencies.", "Recovery of expenditure", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that during the period 2008-2009, the total actual cost recovered amounted to $320.3 million, representing an average recovery rate of 6.7 per cent of the total programme assistance funded from other resources. The Committee notes that, during the same period, 36 per cent of the total institutional budget was funded by cost recovery, which ensured that regular resources were not used to subsidize support costs for programme assistance funded from other resources. As indicated in annex II to the present report, $338 million or 35 per cent of the total institutional budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is expected to be funded through cost recovery, an increase over 24 per cent budgeted for 2010-2011.", "25. The Committee further notes that a review conducted jointly by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA in response to Executive Board decision 2011/6 has confirmed that the cost definitions and classification of revised activities have no impact on cost recovery, and therefore there is no need to change the cost recovery methodology to be applied for the biennium 2012-2013. It is indicated that current rates and methodology will be revised again with UNDP and UNFPA in 2013, in the context of the new integrated budget for 2014, at which time all changes are likely to be introduced, if necessary.", "26. The Advisory Committee welcomes the positive trend towards financing an increasing share of the institutional budget through cost recovery. The Committee encourages the steps taken jointly by UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA to identify future cost recovery rates and methodology and is awaiting further information.", "Annex I", "Resource plan", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 2012-2013 Resources Other Funds Resources by- Resources Other Funds Regular resources Total trust resources regular centage regular total trust resources centage", "1. Resources available", "Initial balance 613.0 1 740.0 303.0 2 656,0 - 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 -", "Income", "Contributions 1 833.8 4 008.8 - 5 842,6 - 2 011,0 4 343,0 - 6 354,0 -", "Other income and 157,2 20,2 - 177,4 - 118,0 19,0 55,2 192,2 - refunds^(a)", "Total income 1 991.0 4 029.0 6 020.0 - 2 129.0 4 362.0 55.2 6 546.2 -", "Trust funds - - 1 743,0 1 743,0 - - - 2 337,8 2 337,8 -", "Total available 2 604,0 5 769,0 2 046,0 10 419,0 - 2 709,0 6 150,0 2 841,0 11 700,0 -", "2. Use of resources", "A. Development activities", "A.1 Programmes 1 630.4 3 875.4 1 956,0 7 461,8 88,0 1 594,0 4 469,0 2 378,0 8 441,0 89,8", "A.2 Development effectiveness 188,5 77,2 - 265,7 3,1 159,6 91,8 5,0 256,4 2,7", "Subtotal activities of 1 818.9 3 952.6 1 956.0 727.5 91.1 1 753.6 4 560.8 2 383.0 8 697.4 92.5 development", "B. Activities of 0.6 - - 0.6 0.0 3.5 - - 3.5 0.0 United Nations development coordination", "C. Management activities", "C.1 Recurrent costs 533.6 169.4 - 703.0 8.3 444.6 238,0 - 682,6 7,3", "C.2 Expenditure no 13,9 - 13,9 0.2 1,0 3,2 - 4.2 0.0 recurrents^(b)", "Subtotal activities of 547.5 169.4 - 716.9 8.5 445.6 241.2 - 686.8 7.3 management", "D. Special-purpose activities", "D.1 Capital investments 36.9 - - 36.9 0.4 19.3 - - 19.3 0.2", "D.2 Non-core operations - - - - - - - - UNICEF managed by UNICEF", "Subtotal activities for 36.9 - - 36.9 0.4 19.3 - - 19.3 0.2 special purposes", "Institutional budget 773,5 246,6 - 1.020,1 12,0 628,0 333,0 5,0 966,0 10.3 total (A.2+B+C+D)", "Total resource usage 2 403,9 4 122,0 1 956,0 8 481,9 100,0 2 222,0 4 802,0 2 383,0 9 407,0 100,0 (A+B+C+D)", "3. Planned balance of 200.1 1 647,0 90,0 1 937,1 - 487,0 1 348,0 458,0 2 293,0 - resources^(c)", "4. Updated balances of 580.0 1 788.0 448.0 2 816.0 - resources^(d)", "^(a) It includes interest, miscellaneous income and compensation for the institutional budget.", "^(b) 2010-2011: the Executive Board approved the security allocation in 2008.", "^(c) The projected balance of resources represents the total cash balance of the revised medium-term strategic plan before accounting for funds (for after-service insurance, capital assets, the separation fund and procurement services).", "^(d) The resource balance for 2010-2011 has been updated to include actual and projected changes in income and expenditure.", "Annex II", "Analysis of trends and ratios of the support budget: 1998-2011", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "2008-2009", "Planned", "Support budget 527.5 545.5 574,2 701,9 757,4 912,8 1 020.1 966.0 biennial", "Support budget 493,6 477,7 485,9 545,5 567,4 689.8 773.5 628.0 regular resources biennial", "94% 88% 78% 75% 76% 76% 65%", "Support budget 33.9 67.8 88.3 156.4 190.0 223.0 246.6 338.0 biennial from other resources and other recoveries", "6% 12% 15% 22% 25% 24% 24% 35%", "Total resources 1 122.5 1 247.7 1 147.9 42.5 1 658.6 2 355.4 2 403.9 2 222.0 regulars", "Percentage of total 56 62 58 62 66 71 68 72 regular resources for programmes", "Percentage of total 44 38 42 38 34 29 32 28 regular resources for the biennial support budget", "1 Revised to include the 2010-2011 security allocation approved by the Board of Auditors in 2008.", "2008-2009", "Cash", "Actual expenditure of 507,5 521.9 568,9 682,2 739,0 892,5 biennial support budget", "Actual expenditures of 465.0 437.6 466.1 481,3 468,3 572,2 regular budget biennial support budget", "92% 84% 82% 71% 62% 64%", "Support budget 42.5 84.3 102.7 200.9 270.7 320.3 biennial from other resources and other recoveries", "8% 16% 18% 29% 38% 36%", "Total resources 1 065.1 1 178.0 1 206.0 1 365.0 1 745.0 2 087.8", "Percentage of total 56 63 61 65 73 73 regular resources for programmes", "Percentage of total 44 37 39 35 27 27 regular resources for the biennial support budget" ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 15 del programa provisional*", "Cultura de paz", "Aplicación de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción sobre una Cultura de Paz", "Nota del Secretario General", "El Secretario General transmite adjunto el informe de la Directora General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, presentado de conformidad con la resolución 65/11 de la Asamblea General.", "* A/66/150.", "Informe de la Directora General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura", "Resumen", "En este informe, preparado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), se presenta un breve resumen de las actividades realizadas durante el último año por la UNESCO y otras entidades competentes de las Naciones Unidas para aplicar la Declaración y el Programa de Acción sobre una Cultura de Paz, de conformidad con la solicitud de la Asamblea General formulada en su resolución 65/11. El informe comprende las contribuciones recibidas de la Organización Mundial del Trabajo, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos, la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, la Universidad para la Paz, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres y el Banco Mundial. También incluye una sección en la que se formulan recomendaciones para actividades futuras.", "I. Aplicación del Programa de Acción sobre una Cultura de Paz", "1. Este informe se presenta de conformidad con la resolución 65/11 y en él se describen las medidas adoptadas para dar cumplimiento a esa resolución y las actividades emprendidas por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para aplicar el Programa de Acción y promover una cultura de paz y no violencia. También se proporciona información sobre el modo en que la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), para quien la promoción de una cultura de paz es la expresión de su mandato fundamental, está fortaleciendo aún más el movimiento mundial en pro de una cultura de paz una vez concluido el Decenio Internacional de una Cultura de Paz y No Violencia para los Niños del Mundo (2001-2010) a nivel nacional, regional e internacional. Se ofrece además una perspectiva general de las actividades emprendidas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat), la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT), el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), la Universidad para la Paz, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres) y el Banco Mundial, para dar cumplimiento a la resolución 65/11 relativa a la aplicación de la Declaración y el Programa de Acción sobre una Cultura de Paz. Dichas actividades se presentan en ocho secciones, que corresponden a los ocho ámbitos de acción especificados en el Programa de Acción sobre una Cultura de Paz.", "A. Medidas para promover una cultura de paz por medio de la educación", "2. En el marco de la Recomendación de 1974 sobre la educación para la comprensión, la cooperación y la paz internacionales y la educación relativa a los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales, la UNESCO continuó promoviendo una cultura de paz por medio de la educación, apoyando a los Estados miembros para que impartieran una educación de calidad e inclusiva que fomente la paz, los derechos humanos, la tolerancia, el entendimiento intercultural, la democracia, la no violencia y el respeto.", "3. En colaboración con los asociados pertinentes, la UNESCO fortaleció las capacidades de los Estados miembros para integrar el enfoque basado en los derechos humanos en todos sus sistemas educativos, elaborando directrices prácticas sobre las competencias relacionadas con valores fundamentales como los derechos humanos, la paz y la tolerancia y la educación para el desarrollo sostenible, dirigidas a los Estados miembros, y difundiendo buenas prácticas en esa materia. Esto comprendió la prestación de apoyo y asesoramiento normativo para la promoción de materiales didácticos que resulten apropiados desde el punto de vista cultural y lingüístico. La organización elaboró asimismo recursos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, manuales y directrices sobre temas pertinentes, como el aprendizaje para la convivencia, los derechos humanos y los derechos del niño, la paz y la democracia, la igualdad entre los géneros y la prevención de la violencia en la escuela.", "4. La UNESCO continuó abogando en favor de la paz, los derechos humanos, el entendimiento intercultural y la educación para recordar el Holocausto, mediante los foros internacionales y regionales de alto nivel sobre políticas y aprovechando plenamente las redes y los institutos afiliados, como la Red de Escuelas Asociadas de la UNESCO, las Cátedras UNESCO y el Programa de Hermanamiento de Universidades, y el Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding en Seúl. También recompensó actividades ejemplares dirigidas a movilizar a los países y los pueblos en favor de la paz. El Premio de Fomento de la Paz Félix Houphouët-Boigny de 2010 fue otorgado a las Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo, una organización no gubernamental argentina, en reconocimiento de su infatigable lucha de más de 30 años en pro de los derechos humanos, la justicia y la paz. Además, se proporcionó apoyo al Concurso Internacional de Ensayo para los Jóvenes de 2011, organizado por la Fundación Goi para la Paz.", "5. Se consiguieron diversos resultados concretos mediante la modalidad innovadora de una plataforma intersectorial sobre el diálogo intercultural y una cultura de paz, que abarca a toda la organización. Entre los logros más importantes figuran la digitalización de las historias generales y regionales, ya terminada, y la adopción por representantes de 46 países africanos de contenidos pedagógicos convenidos conjuntamente y derivados de la Historia General de África. También se llevó a cabo un estudio interregional e interconfesional con el fin de analizar las prácticas contemporáneas de diálogo entre las religiones en la juventud de todo el mundo y se distribuyó ampliamente la publicación titulada Poner fin a la violencia en la escuela: guía para los docentes, en árabe, español, francés e inglés. La Red El Poder de la Paz respaldó una serie de proyectos en diferentes países y regiones, como la iniciativa juvenil de difusión sonora en directo de “Connecting cultures” (Conexión entre culturas), la producción conjunta de jóvenes de Palestina y del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte de un vídeo llamado “Our everyday lives”, y el programa de debate y concurso en línea organizado en Zambia, “This is my life ...”. La Red también contribuyó a un plan de estudios sobre cobertura periodística de conflictos y a una serie de talleres de formación sobre el tema, en colaboración con la Universidad de Rhodes de Sudáfrica.", "6. Con ocasión de la observancia del Año Internacional de la Juventud, se creó mayor conciencia de las cuestiones del desarrollo de los jóvenes y de su función de apoyo al desarrollo nacional y a una cultura de paz y no violencia. Como copresidenta de la Red interinstitucional de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo de la juventud, la UNESCO apoyó la aprobación y aplicación de un planteamiento marco de las Naciones Unidas para la celebración del Año Internacional de la Juventud, la declaración conjunta de los directores de organismos de las Naciones Unidas al respecto y la contribución común de las Naciones Unidas a la Conferencia Mundial de la Juventud (México, D.F., agosto de 2010). En asociación con el movimiento deportivo, la UNESCO también ayudó a crear conciencia de la importancia de los deportes en el desarrollo de los jóvenes, la acción comunitaria y la creación de una cultura de paz y no violencia. Esto comprendió la organización, junto con el Comité Olímpico Internacional, de la séptima Conferencia mundial sobre deportes, educación y cultura: “Dar voz a los jóvenes” (celebrada en Durban (Sudáfrica), en diciembre de 2010). Se prestó apoyo a actividades de investigación en América Latina y el Caribe y en la Comunidad de Estados Independientes con el fin de facilitar a los Estados miembros información útil para la formulación de políticas y programas destinados a los jóvenes, entre otras cosas, sobre la prevención de la violencia juvenil. También se ofreció asesoramiento a los pequeños Estados insulares en desarrollo del Pacífico para preparar documentos de políticas para los jóvenes que fueran realistas, viables y orientados hacia la adopción de medidas prácticas.", "7. Para ayudar a los jóvenes a superar las dificultades específicas que se les plantean, la FAO continuó apoyando a las Escuelas de campo y de vida para agricultores jóvenes en varios países africanos, Asia y el Oriente Medio. En esta iniciativa se combina el apoyo a los jóvenes para ofrecerles oportunidades de educación y formación ocupacional, y la promoción del empleo. Utilizando el calendario de temporadas agrícolas como modelo, los jóvenes adquieren destrezas agrícolas a la vez que reciben lecciones para la vida diaria, como la importancia de fijar metas, de abrir espacio para el desarrollo personal y del trabajo en equipo. También hay un componente orientado hacia el empleo, mediante el cual se alienta y facilita la incorporación de los graduandos en las federaciones y sindicatos de agricultores para que puedan tener acceso a los recursos y colocar sus productos en los mercados.", "8. En colaboración con otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas, incluida la UNESCO, ONU-Hábitat contribuyó mediante su Programa de ciudades más seguras a que se diera más atención en el desarrollo urbano a los grupos de jóvenes más vulnerables, aprovechando el capital social que representan para ampliar las oportunidades de las comunidades y barrios desfavorecidos, incluso en lo que respecta a las escuelas y la participación ciudadana. En el marco de este programa se está creando una red mundial de ciudades más seguras para fortalecer el movimiento mundial en pro de una cultura de paz.", "9. El ACNUR continuó ofreciendo educación y deporte a los jóvenes refugiados mediante su campaña de Nueve millones, que llegó a 460.000 personas en 2010, promoviendo una cultura de paz y no violencia en 20 países. En todos los proyectos se logró mejorar la convivencia entre los refugiados y la comunidad de acogida y en varios de ellos se redujo el riesgo de reclutamiento militar de los jóvenes que no asisten a la escuela. Los informes del programa indican que el deporte tuvo repercusiones importantes para ayudar a reducir el comportamiento destructivo, el VIH, el consumo indebido de drogas y la violencia sexual y basada en el género, entre otros males. El 75% de los proyectos estaban dirigidos especialmente a las jóvenes y niñas que no asistían a la escuela, y que pueden cumplir un papel fundamental en la paz, la reconstrucción y la prosperidad de sus países, si se les ofrece la oportunidad.", "10. El ACNUR llevó a cabo programas en varios países con el fin de contrarrestar la xenofobia, promoviendo la tolerancia y el respeto de los extranjeros, incluidos los refugiados. Recientemente puso en marcha una campaña en América Latina con el lema “Pongámonos en el lugar de los refugiados y las personas desplazadas y demos el primer paso para comprender su situación”. El objetivo de la campaña es promover la tolerancia y la integración local de los refugiados y de las personas desplazadas.", "11. La Universidad para la Paz, que recibió de la Asamblea General en 1980 el mandato de ofrecer a la humanidad educación para la paz, trabajó arduamente para construir una cultura de paz mediante sus programas de educación y capacitación. Consiguió llegar a un público más amplio, estableciendo asociaciones y programas de intercambio con otras universidades y poniendo en marcha programas de instrucción en línea y de aprendizaje a distancia, incluido un singular programa en línea que otorga la Maestría en estudios sobre la paz.", "12. El UNICEF estableció un marco para crear sistemas educativos y escuelas basadas en los derechos y amigas de la infancia que se caracterizan por ser inclusivas y sanas, y por ofrecer protección a todos los niños. Este enfoque de las escuelas amigas de la infancia fue utilizado por varios países para combatir la violencia contra los niños y promover la educación para la paz. Como centros de cuidado y apoyo, las escuelas prestan servicios muy necesarios a los niños más desfavorecidos, en particular a los huérfanos y los niños que han padecido violencia. Estos servicios comprenden abastecimiento de agua, saneamiento e higiene, ChildLine (una línea telefónica de emergencia gratuita), alimentación escolar y atención sanitaria en la escuela, y la participación de los padres y madres, la policía y los propios niños en la administración escolar. Los acuerdos concertados entre el UNICEF y Child Helpline International, aprobados en 2010, beneficiaron a 11 países de las regiones de África oriental y meridional. Entre los resultados derivados de esos acuerdos figuran el establecimiento de líneas telefónicas de emergencia gratuitas de ChildLine, asesoramiento en línea mediante un servicio de mensajería y un proyecto en curso de reunión de información para la protección de la infancia.", "13. Teniendo en cuenta que los grupos de población más marginados, pobres y desfavorecidos son también los que están expuestos a un mayor riesgo de consumo de drogas y farmacodependencia, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito contribuyó a la creación de una cultura de paz y no violencia procurando alcanzar a esos grupos con sus proyectos de reducción de la demanda. Estos proyectos se centraron en promover el concepto de que el consumo de drogas y la farmacodependencia deben entenderse como un trastorno de la salud que puede tratarse eficazmente en el marco del sistema de salud, utilizando enfoques de prevención, tratamiento y cuidado basados en datos empíricos. Los programas de prevención, como los que imparten instrucción para la vida cotidiana y la vida en familia y los relacionados con el sitio de trabajo, ayudan a crear comunidades más sanas y seguras que contribuyen a una sociedad de paz. Los servicios integrales de tratamiento y atención de los farmacodependientes son instrumentos útiles para rehabilitar y reintegrar en sus sociedades a las personas afectadas por el consumo y la dependencia de drogas, con el fin de que puedan ayudar a alcanzar y a mantener la paz.", "B. Medidas para promover el desarrollo económico y social sostenible", "14. Como organismo rector del Decenio de las Naciones Unidas de la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible, 2005-2014, la UNESCO presta apoyo a los Estados Miembros para incorporar los principios, valores y prácticas del desarrollo sostenible en la concepción y elaboración de políticas y planes de educación integrales, que comprendan la educación sobre el cambio climático, en las políticas de formación de docentes, la revisión de textos escolares y planes de estudio y la renovación de las estrategias pedagógicas. También promueve un firme compromiso con la diversidad cultural. Desde el período del último informe se elaboró, en colaboración con la Organización Islámica para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, una herramienta de aprendizaje de perspectivas múltiples sobre la educación para el desarrollo sostenible, centrada en los recursos hídricos, que pronto se pondrá a prueba sobre el terreno. Además, la UNESCO fortaleció las capacidades relativas a la educación sobre el cambio climático en varios Estados miembros (en particular en las Maldivas y Viet Nam) e hizo una contribución a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático que se celebró en Cancún (México) (COP 16). El Año Internacional de la Diversidad Biológica y la décima Conferencia de las Partes en el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (COP X) (celebrada en Nagoya (Japón) del 27 al 29 de octubre de 2010) ofrecieron múltiples oportunidades de estrechar la colaboración con la Red del Plan de Escuelas Asociadas de la UNESCO, la red de Cátedras UNESCO sobre la educación para el desarrollo sostenible, la Red Mundial de Reservas de Biosfera y el Programa sobre el Hombre y la Biosfera. La UNESCO también apoyó a los países menos adelantados para la consecución de sus metas relativas al desarrollo sostenible e hizo aportaciones al Programa de Acción aprobado en la Cuarta Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Países Menos Adelantados, que tuvo lugar en Estambul (Turquía), del 9 al 13 de mayo de 2011.", "15. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito trabajó en pro de la reducción de la pobreza como parte de sus actividades de desarrollo alternativo y de sus programas de reducción de los cultivos ilícitos mediante intervenciones en las explotaciones y fuera de ellas para promover oportunidades lícitas de generación de ingresos para los agricultores, basadas en la demanda impulsada por los mercados. La Oficina se esforzó por promover la seguridad alimentaria prestando asistencia técnica para ayudar a aumentar la producción de alimentos, en particular, mediante el suministro de semillas de alto rendimiento resistentes a las enfermedades y asistencia para crear y administrar bancos de alimentos.", "16. Mediante la importante asociación establecida en el marco de su programa de Educación para la Población Rural, la FAO ayudó a empoderar a los pobres de las zonas rurales para facilitar su plena integración en el proceso de desarrollo y reducir así la posibilidad de que se vean involucrados en conflictos. A través de esa asociación, integrada por 400 miembros (gobiernos, organizaciones intergubernamentales y representantes de la sociedad civil y de los círculos académicos), la FAO ayudó a incorporar la educación para la población rural en los planes nacionales de desarrollo y produjo varias publicaciones y conjuntos de materiales con ese fin.", "17. La FAO llevó a cabo operaciones en 28 países de África, Asia y América Latina, que tuvieron una influencia positiva en la vida de más de 9 millones de personas de las zonas rurales. Los proyectos se financiaron con recursos por valor de más de 315 millones de dólares recibidos del Mecanismo Alimentario de la Unión Europea.", "18. El OOPS continuó ejecutando un programa de gran escala de alivio de la pobreza, así como programas de alimentación de emergencia para los más pobres entre los pobres. El Programa de la red de seguridad social del Organismo proporcionó alguna ayuda a las familias que viven en condiciones de pobreza extrema mediante una pequeña subvención en efectivo y alimentos que se distribuyeron trimestralmente a cerca de 300.000 refugiados en toda la región. Además, el Organismo proporcionó apoyo de emergencia en forma de alimentos, dinero en efectivo y posibilidades de empleo de emergencia a personas que se habían visto afectadas por conflictos y desastres naturales. Esas intervenciones de emergencia continúan en la Franja de Gaza, la Ribera Occidental y el Líbano, donde cientos de miles de beneficiarios necesitados de toda la región reciben ayuda de una o varias de esas iniciativas.", "19. ONU-Hábitat continuó facilitando el acceso a vivienda asequible y adecuada para los pobres y ayudando a mejorar los tugurios y a prevenir de manera sistemática su formación. Se adoptaron medidas para dar aplicación a una resolución del Consejo de Administración de ONU-Hábitat relativa a la formulación de una nueva estrategia mundial para la vivienda, que tuviera en cuenta los retos que implica proporcionar una vivienda adecuada y sostenible y una infraestructura básica y la necesidad de integrar las políticas de vivienda en las estrategias y medidas gubernamentales de planificación urbana más amplias, para armonizarlas con otras políticas sociales, económicas y ambientales.", "C. Medidas para promover el respeto de todos los derechos humanos", "20. La UNESCO continuó promoviendo activamente el derecho a la educación mediante su trabajo relativo a la aplicación del Programa Mundial para la educación en derechos humanos, aprobado por la Asamblea General en 2004 (véase la resolución 59/113 A). Se prepararon diversos materiales para ayudar a los Estados Miembros a integrar la educación para la paz y los derechos humanos en los sistemas escolares, incluida la publicación Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Education. También se produjo una película breve titulada Education for human rights – young people talking, en colaboración con las comisiones nacionales para la UNESCO y los coordinadores nacionales de la Red del Proyecto de Escuelas Asociadas de la UNESCO en diez países. En la película se ilustran las inquietudes y retos que se plantean hoy a los jóvenes escolares, en lo que respecta a la igualdad entre los géneros, la violencia, la paz y la diversidad cultural, desde la perspectiva de la educación sobre los derechos humanos.", "21. Para reforzar la promoción, el fomento de la capacidad y las actividades de orientación normativa en el ámbito de derechos humanos, la UNESCO ayudó a compilar y diseñar material de capacitación en el marco del nuevo mecanismo de incorporación de los derechos humanos del Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Dicho mecanismo tiene por objeto aumentar la eficacia de las Naciones Unidas para aplicar un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos en la programación, especialmente a nivel de los países, y en la formulación de los marcos de asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo.", "22. Otro material de capacitación sobre los derechos humanos elaborado durante el período de este informe comprende la primera versión del manual “Empowering the Poor through Human Rights Litigation” y los cuatro volúmenes de la colección pionera de la UNESCO sobre la eliminación de la pobreza como derecho humano, que ofrecen un análisis pluridimensional de la pobreza.", "23. Como parte de las actividades de la UNESCO dirigidas a crear mayor conciencia de los derechos humanos, la Directora General otorgó, en el Día de los Derechos Humanos (el 10 de diciembre), el Premio UNESCO-Bilbao para la Promoción de una Cultura de los Derechos Humanos a la Sra. Asma Jhangir del Pakistán, en reconocimiento de su compromiso y su contribución a la promoción del diálogo interreligioso e intercultural, la tolerancia, el entendimiento mutuo y la cooperación para la paz.", "24. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito abordó las cuestiones relativas a los derechos humanos y la igualdad entre los géneros mediante sus programas de prevención, tratamiento, cuidado y apoyo relacionados con el VIH. En 2010 prestó asistencia a unos 40 países para llevar a cabo estudios sobre las leyes y las políticas relativas al VIH en los centros penitenciarios, sobre el VIH y los consumidores de drogas inyectables, y sobre las personas que están expuestas a la trata de seres humanos. En al menos 49 países, la Oficina ha proporcionado apoyo técnico para la formulación de políticas y programas relativos al SIDA que estén basados en los derechos humanos, que incorporen una perspectiva de género y que resulten equitativos, destinados a los centros penitenciarios, los consumidores de drogas inyectables y las personas que están expuestas a la trata de seres humanos, de conformidad con los tratados de derechos humanos y las normas internacionales conexas.", "25. Mediante sus programas de educación, salud y servicios sociales, de mejora de la infraestructura y de los campamentos de refugiados, y de microfinanciación, el OOPS contribuyó a la realización de los derechos socioeconómicos de los refugiados palestinos. En ese contexto se destacaron especialmente los servicios de educación. Cerca de 500.000 niños continuaron su educación en unas 700 escuelas del OOPS en toda la región, recibiendo la enseñanza impartida por unos 20.000 maestros del Organismo.", "D. Medidas para garantizar la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres", "26. La UNESCO trabajó en pro de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, otorgando prioridad a la consecución de ese objetivo en todas sus esferas de competencia. La igualdad entre hombres y mujeres es una de las dos prioridades globales establecidas en la Estrategia a Plazo Medio para 2008-2013. En el Plan de acción prioritario para la igualdad entre los sexos para 2008-2013, un documento orientado hacia el logro de resultados que fue aprobado por el Consejo Ejecutivo de la UNESCO en su 181ª reunión, se describen las actividades que han de llevar a cabo los diversos sectores del programa de la UNESCO para el empoderamiento de la mujer y el logro de la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres.", "27. Con el propósito de fortalecer las actividades de la UNESCO para el empoderamiento de las mujeres y las niñas mediante una educación de calidad, la Directora General puso en marcha una nueva asociación mundial para la educación de las mujeres y las niñas, en un foro de alto nivel celebrado el 26 de mayo de 2011, en presencia del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, Ban Ki-moon, las Primeras Ministras de Bangladesh y de Malí y la Secretaria de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América, así como representantes de organizaciones no gubernamentales y dirigentes empresariales. La Alianza Mundial de la UNESCO para la Educación de las Niñas y las Mujeres, cuyo lema es “Una mejor vida, un mejor futuro”, cuenta con el respaldo de un grupo de expertos de alto nivel y está dirigido primordialmente a ayudar a las adolescentes analfabetas o semialfabetizadas y a ampliar a gran escala los programas de alfabetización de las mujeres mediante asociaciones con empresas tales como Nokia, Procter & Gamble, GEMS educación, Microsoft, Apple (McIntosh) y la Fundación Packard. Ya han comenzado algunos de los proyectos en África y Asia.", "28. La UNESCO emprendió iniciativas para fomentar la participación de las mujeres en la solución de conflictos, la consolidación de la paz y la reconstrucción y para hacer frente a la violencia por motivos de género, especialmente por medio del Centro de Investigación y Documentación de la Mujer Palestina en Ramallah, el Centro Regional de Investigación y Documentación para la Mujer, el Género y la Consolidación de la Paz en la Región de los Grandes Lagos (de categoría 2), con sede en Kinshasa, y la Red Internacional de Mujeres Filósofas.", "29. Con el fin de apoyar y alentar a las jóvenes de todos los medios culturales a ocupar cargos en las disciplinas científicas, la UNESCO ofreció a las mujeres oportunidades de perfeccionamiento y formación en las ciencias, principalmente por medio del Instituto UNESCO-IHE para la Educación relativa al Agua, situado en Delft (Países Bajos). También concedió becas a jóvenes científicas a través de la asociación UNESCO L’Oréal y estableció nuevas asociaciones y redes de mujeres científicas o fortaleció las ya existentes.", "30. Además, la organización promovió el empoderamiento político y social de las mujeres mediante programas de educación y capacitación para la conservación y gestión del patrimonio cultural, natural e inmaterial. Asimismo, otorgó prioridad a las mujeres artesanas para ayudarlas a establecer pequeñas empresas propias con el fin de aumentar sus beneficios socioeconómicos. Además, se establecieron políticas y actividades a nivel nacional en las que se tuvieron en cuenta las consideraciones culturales y de género para la prevención y el cuidado del VIH/SIDA, así como para promover la salud de las madres, en el marco del programa “Unidos en la acción”.", "31. Mediante sus campañas de instrucción básica sobre informática basadas en la comunidad, la UNESCO fortaleció la capacidad de las mujeres para acceder a la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y utilizarla para su adelanto y educación permanente, en particular para adquirir medios de vida sostenibles. Se señala como ejemplo el programa piloto de alfabetización móvil, iniciado por la UNESCO en colaboración con la Fundación Bunyad y la empresa de telefonía móvil Mobilink, en el que se establecieron 50 centros de aprendizaje comunitarios, en los que 1.250 mujeres analfabetas adquirieron conocimientos básicos de lectoescritura.", "32. La FAO continuó incorporando los intereses de género en los programas agrícolas y de desarrollo rural, organizando actividades de capacitación y sensibilización sobre las cuestiones de género para los encargados de la formulación de políticas y la toma de decisiones y el personal técnico, con el fin de apoyarlos en la formulación y ejecución de programas y proyectos que tengan en cuenta una perspectiva de género, a fin de corregir las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en la actividad agrícola y la seguridad alimentaria, haciendo especial hincapié en el acceso a los recursos productivos, el control de estos y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones.", "33. Con el fin de fomentar la igualdad entre los géneros, el OOPS se aseguró de que las niñas y las mujeres tuvieran acceso en igualdad de condiciones a todos sus servicios, prestó apoyo a los centros de formación ocupacional para las mujeres y estableció programas expresamente dedicados a promover los derechos y oportunidades de la mujer. Se establecieron varios centros de programas para la mujer en los campamentos de toda la región para prestar servicios a las mujeres. También se ofrecieron oportunidades a las mujeres por conducto del programa de “Igualdad en acción” en Gaza y se crearon planes de préstamo especiales para mujeres empresarias en los programas de microfinanciación y microempresas del Organismo.", "34. ONU-Mujeres prestó apoyo a los Estados Miembros y a las entidades del sistema de las Naciones Unidas para alcanzar la igualdad entre los géneros y el empoderamiento de la mujer, mediante sus actividades en cinco esferas temáticas prioritarias, enunciadas en su plan estratégico para 2011-2013: a) expandir el liderazgo y la participación de las mujeres; b) poner fin a la violencia contra las mujeres; c) fortalecer la aplicación del programa sobre la mujer y la paz y la seguridad; d) aumentar el empoderamiento económico de las mujeres, y e) conseguir que las prioridades relativas a la igualdad entre los géneros ocupen un lugar central en los planes y presupuestos nacionales a todos los niveles.", "35. La OIT promovió la igualdad entre los géneros mediante la prestación de servicios de asesoramiento, la capacitación, la elaboración de instrumentos, las actividades de promoción y el apoyo para la compilación, producción y divulgación de buenas prácticas que propicien la igualdad entre los géneros en el ámbito laboral. A nivel de los países, supervisó los programas de cooperación técnica con una perspectiva de género para asegurar que se tuvieran en cuenta los intereses de las mujeres y los hombres en el trabajo y promovió actividades dirigidas a incorporar las cuestiones de género en los aspectos técnicos de la labor de la OIT. También se llevaron a cabo con carácter experimental auditorías de género participativas de las entidades que colaboran con la OIT.", "E. Medidas para promover la participación democrática", "36. La UNESCO fomentó la participación democrática con una serie de iniciativas, como el diálogo filosófico arabo-asiático sobre la democracia y la justicia social, el diálogo sobre la democracia y los derechos humanos entre el mundo árabe y África, y las investigaciones del Centro Internacional de Humanidades de Biblos (Líbano). Además, prestó apoyo para la promulgación de leyes que propicien medios de información libres e independientes, la capacitación de periodistas y profesionales de la información en técnicas de información imparciales e independientes, especialmente en las zonas de conflicto o que han superado recientemente un conflicto, y prestó asistencia a los medios de comunicación para informar sobre elecciones.", "37. Para acompañar la transición a la democracia en varios países del mundo árabe, las iniciativas recientes de la UNESCO estuvieron dedicadas principalmente a fomentar la participación cívica de los jóvenes en Egipto, fortalecer la libertad de prensa y la capacitación de periodistas y facilitar asistencia preelectoral a los profesionales de la información en Egipto y Túnez, entre otras cosas, mediante una conferencia internacional de apoyo a los medios de información de esos países, organizada en colaboración con la televisión francesa y la Unión Europea de Radiodifusión, y la organización de talleres regionales de capacitación en Beirut sobre la planificación, supervisión y evaluación de la protección social en el mundo árabe. También se organizó una mesa redonda internacional sobre el tema “Democracia y renovación en el mundo árabe”, en la que participaron intelectuales y expertos del mundo árabe para considerar cómo debería hacerse la transición a la democracia. A partir de las conclusiones de esa importante mesa redonda, la UNESCO elaboró una hoja de ruta para acompañar la transición.", "F. Medidas para promover el entendimiento, la tolerancia y la solidaridad", "38. En cumplimiento de su función de liderazgo de la celebración del Año Internacional de Acercamiento de las Culturas en 2010, la UNESCO aprovechó su experiencia de más de 60 años para promover el conocimiento y la comprensión mutuos de los pueblos. El objetivo primordial del Año era disipar la incertidumbre derivada de la ignorancia, los prejuicios y la exclusión, que son fuente de tensiones, inseguridad, violencia y conflictos. La tarea consistía en demostrar los beneficios de la diversidad cultural, reconociendo la importancia de los intercambios entre las culturas y de los vínculos forjados entre ellas. Se buscaba integrar los principios del diálogo en todos los niveles normativos para crear un entorno propicio al acercamiento de las culturas, mejorando así las relaciones de armonía entre los pueblos.", "39. El proceso de la celebración del Año se facilitó con varias iniciativas complementarias. La celebración simultánea de otros años internacionales (el Año Internacional de la Diversidad Biológica, el Año Internacional de la Juventud y el Año Internacional de los Afrodescendientes) y días mundiales (como el Día Mundial de la Filosofía y el Día Mundial de la Diversidad Cultural para el Diálogo y el Desarrollo) permitieron profundizar en los temas tratados y lograr una mayor convergencia entre ellos.", "40. El plan de acción comprendía cuatro temas principales, para facilitar la implicación de los Estados miembros y de las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales en las actividades del Año: a) fomentar el conocimiento recíproco de la diversidad cultural, étnica, lingüística y religiosa; b) crear un marco de valores comunes compartidos por todos; c) fortalecer la educación de calidad y las competencias interculturales, y d) fomentar el diálogo para el desarrollo sostenible. Estos temas se basaban en los principios de la dignidad igual de las culturas, el respeto mutuo y el fortalecimiento de la cooperación internacional para una paz duradera.", "41. Las actividades específicas (casi 1.000, en total) organizadas por los Estados miembros y los asociados, entre ellos la Alianza de Civilizaciones y otros interesados de la sociedad civil, se describen en el sitio web de la UNESCO (http://www.unesco.org//es/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures).", "42. El Año ayudó a sensibilizar a un público amplio y diverso, integrado mayormente por jóvenes, acerca del valor de la diversidad cultural y su corolario, el diálogo intercultural, como parte del acercamiento. Una idea central surgió de las actividades del Año: en el nuevo entorno internacional hay que tener más presentes los vínculos que existen entre la diversidad cultural, el diálogo, el desarrollo, la seguridad y la paz. Estos conceptos interdependientes deben contribuir a la formación de un nuevo enfoque para crear una cultura de paz y no violencia. El diálogo solo podrá ser eficaz si se cumplen los requisitos básicos de igualdad, justicia, reducción de la pobreza y respeto de los derechos humanos.", "43. Con el fin de propiciar la reflexión sobre las nuevas dimensiones de la paz en el siglo XXI, la Directora General de la UNESCO estableció un Panel de alto nivel sobre la paz y el diálogo entre las culturas, integrado por autoridades, intelectuales y artistas de todas las regiones del mundo, que se reúne para trazar nuevos caminos que conduzcan a la paz. Su misión primordial consiste en complementar la labor de la UNESCO en este ámbito y aportar diversas perspectivas de las distintas regiones y de los diversos sectores interesados. La primera reunión del Panel de alto nivel se celebró en París el 18 de febrero de 2010 para proclamar el Año Internacional de Acercamiento de las Culturas, 2010 (véase A/65/299, anexo). El Panel de alto nivel se reunió nuevamente en Nueva York el 11 de marzo de 2011 para tratar el tema “Construir la paz: la reconciliación mediante la educación, las ciencias, la cultura y las comunicaciones”. El informe de esa reunión puede consultarse en el sitio web de la UNESCO (http://www.unesco.org//es/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/).", "44. La UNESCO también contribuyó a la paz, el entendimiento mutuo y la cohesión social mediante la promoción de un diálogo entre las civilizaciones y culturas, de conformidad con el Programa Mundial para el Diálogo entre Civilizaciones y su Programa de Acción, aprobado por la Asamblea General en 2001 (resolución 56/6), y con las orientaciones establecidas por los propios órganos rectores de la UNESCO.", "45. En el marco del Memorando de Entendimiento suscrito con la Alianza de Civilizaciones (Río de Janeiro, mayo de 2010), la UNESCO puso en marcha el Programa del Vademecum Intercultural, con financiación aportada por España. Dicho programa se centra en cinco proyectos dirigidos a fortalecer los lazos entre las sociedades árabe-musulmana y europea para fomentar el entendimiento mutuo. Estos son:", "a) Una antología científica, filosófica, literaria y artística de la civilización árabe-musulmana y su aportación a la renovación de la filosofía y la cultura occidentales. La antología se ha concebido como un instrumento para maestros, estudiantes y el público general, con el fin de ofrecer una visión intercultural de la historia que une al mundo árabe-musulmán y el Occidente;", "b) Una visión filosófica de la civilización árabe-musulmana: relatos de rutas, encuentros, puentes y diálogos. Esto comprende la producción de herramientas pedagógicas para ilustrar ejemplos de diálogo e intercambio en la civilización árabe-musulmana y a través de ella, dirigidas a los maestros de enseñanza secundaria;", "c) Ilustrar interrelaciones y entablar diálogos: los museos como espacios cívicos para desarrollar competencias interculturales. Este proyecto está dedicado a concebir nuevos enfoques de la museología para dar a conocer intercambios históricos entre las culturas;", "d) Jóvenes artistas para el diálogo intercultural entre el mundo árabe y el mundo occidental. Este proyecto ofrece reconocimiento a jóvenes artistas por sus obras creativas en favor del diálogo árabe-occidental;", "e) El proyecto de información para la paz de la Red El Poder de la Paz. La Red es una plataforma interactiva que se propone utilizar mecanismos innovadores para promover la paz a través de los medios de comunicación y de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones.", "46. Además, en estrecha colaboración con la Alianza de Civilizaciones, el Programa de Hermanamiento de Universidades de la UNESCO estableció una red que vincula la instrucción para el uso de los medios de comunicación e información al diálogo intercultural en seis universidades del Brasil, China, Egipto, España, los Estados Unidos de América y la región del Caribe. Las actividades comprenderán la promoción de investigaciones internacionales e interculturales, reuniones, publicaciones, actividades de capacitación y producción de contenidos para la instrucción básica sobre los medios de comunicación e información y su utilización para el diálogo entre culturas y religiones y la cooperación mundial.", "47. Con el fin de promover el Diálogo de la sociedad civil en el Cuerno de África, la UNESCO colaboró con el Foro del Gran Cuerno de África, un foro de investigación independiente sobre políticas en el que intervienen investigadores de la región y de la diáspora, para organizar una conferencia de ministros de la juventud (que tuvo lugar en Djibouti en diciembre de 2010). En la conferencia se examinaron las investigaciones disponibles y se formularon recomendaciones en materia de políticas para cada Estado miembro.", "48. Además, la UNESCO prestó apoyo al Diálogo Filosófico entre África y las Américas, que tuvo lugar en abril de 2011. La reunión, que fue organizada en el marco del Año Internacional de los Afrodescendientes, congregó a filósofos de África, de la diáspora africana y de las Américas para tratar problemas de actualidad. El Diálogo facilitó la creación de una red de filósofos de África, América Latina, el Caribe y América del Norte con el objeto de mejorar la cooperación académica y la creación de capacidad por diversos medios, como los programas de intercambio estudiantil.", "49. En Asia central, el diálogo intercultural se promovió mediante el establecimiento de un portal de la cultura como instrumento para la cooperación y el diálogo con Europa sobre las artes y la cultura, y otras actividades diversas (expediciones, conferencias, investigaciones científicas y publicaciones) organizadas por el Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones sobre Asia Central y el Instituto Internacional para el Estudio de las Civilizaciones Nómadas.", "50. En Europa sudoriental se fomentó el diálogo intercultural entre jefes de Estado mediante la organización de una serie de reuniones regionales que tuvieron lugar en Ohrid (ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia) (2003), Tirana (2004), Varna (Bulgaria) (2005), Opatija (Croacia) (2006), Bucarest (junio de 2007), Atenas (junio de 2008), Cetinje (Montenegro) (2009) y Estambul (Turquía) (2010), con el propósito de crear una visión común del futuro basada en la cooperación internacional. La reunión en la cumbre de 2011 se celebrará en Serbia.", "51. En Israel y los territorios palestinos se creó un comité académico conjunto (israelo-palestino) con una representación equilibrada de hombres y mujeres, conformado por miembros de distintas universidades, institutos de investigación y centros de estudio de Israel y Palestina. El comité trabajará de manera conjunta para establecer y promover el diálogo y la cooperación académica entre israelíes y palestinos.", "52. También se promovió la consolidación de la paz y el entendimiento intercultural en el Oriente Medio con la tercera fase del Programa de Cooperación Universitaria de “Maestrías en ciencias sociales y asuntos humanitarios”, 2010-2011, establecido en cooperación con la Universidad de Roma. Este programa promueve el intercambio y la cooperación académica entre profesores y estudiantes de universidades israelíes y palestinas.", "53. La UNESCO promovió la ciencia para la paz y la no violencia como medio de impulsar el diálogo intercultural y la cooperación para ayudar a prevenir posibles conflictos relacionados con los recursos naturales, como los recursos de agua dulce y tierra cultivable, y para resolver problemas complejos ambientales y de desarrollo a nivel mundial. Con ese fin, proporcionó apoyo técnico a la Organización Israelo-Palestina para la Ciencia, que ofrece a los científicos palestinos e israelíes oportunidades de colaboración en proyectos científicos conjuntos. También ha proporcionado apoyo a la serie de conferencias de Malta, en las que participan científicos del Oriente Medio y de las regiones vecinas para tratar problemas relativos a la investigación y educación en ciencias químicas en la región y buscar conjuntamente soluciones satisfactorias a todos. La quinta conferencia de la serie, que se celebró en la sede de la UNESCO (en diciembre de 2011), estuvo dedicada al tema “Fronteras de las ciencias químicas: investigación y educación en el Oriente Medio: un puente hacia la paz y el desarrollo internacional”.", "54. Mediante su Programa sobre el Hombre y la Biosfera, la UNESCO ayudó a los países a establecer reservas de la biosfera transfronterizas para promover la reconciliación, el diálogo intercultural, la paz y la cooperación sobre asuntos relacionados con la adaptación al cambio climático, la pérdida de diversidad biológica, el desarrollo sostenible y el turismo ecológico. Hay diez reservas de ese tipo en 15 países de América Latina, Europa y África. En la última reunión del Consejo internacional de coordinación, celebrada en junio de 2011, el programa aprobó la creación de la Reserva de Biosfera Trifinio Fraternidad en El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras, la primera reserva trinacional de la biosfera en Centroamérica.", "55. Mediante su programa “Del posible conflicto a la cooperación posible”, la UNESCO facilitó diálogos interdisciplinarios de múltiples niveles para fomentar la paz, la cooperación y el desarrollo en relación con la ordenación de los recursos hídricos transfronterizos compartidos. El programa está encaminado a mejorar la seguridad hídrica fortaleciendo la capacidad de los interesados para la ordenación de los recursos hídricos transfronterizos con el fin de anticipar, prevenir y resolver los conflictos de aguas.", "56. También se ha creado mayor conciencia de la importancia de promover la ciencia para la paz mediante actividades que han recibido apoyo en relación con la observancia anual del Día Mundial de la Ciencia para la Paz y el Desarrollo, que se celebra el 10 de noviembre.", "G. Medidas para apoyar la comunicación participativa y la libre circulación de la información", "57. La UNESCO siguió ejecutando actividades clave de fomento de la capacidad en las que se pone de relieve la contribución decisiva de los medios de comunicación al diálogo, la democracia y el desarrollo, así como a la protección de los derechos humanos. Se fortaleció la capacidad de los profesionales de esos medios en relación con la seguridad de los periodistas, la información en situaciones de conflicto y la información sobre elecciones.", "58. En 2010 se creó mayor conciencia sobre la libertad de expresión y el acceso a la información mediante diversas actividades. El Día Mundial de la Libertad de Prensa de 2010 se centró en el tema “Libertad de información: el derecho de saber”. Los participantes en la conferencia internacional celebrada con motivo de ese Día Mundial en Australia aprobaron la Declaración de Brisbane, en la que se exhorta a los gobiernos a promulgar leyes sobre la libertad de información y se destaca la importancia de los medios de información independientes y pluralistas como componentes fundamentales del buen gobierno y el desarrollo basado en los derechos humanos. El Día Mundial de la Libertad de Prensa se celebró en no menos de 100 países. El Premio Mundial de Libertad de Prensa UNESCO-Guillermo Cano se otorgó a Mónica González Mujica, en reconocimiento de sus investigaciones periodísticas durante la dictadura en Chile.", "59. Se prestó apoyo a organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales que trabajan en el ámbito de la libertad de expresión, especialmente en relación con la lucha contra la impunidad de los crímenes y actos de violencia perpetrados contra periodistas. La UNESCO siguió prestando apoyo a la red de Intercambio Internacional por la Libertad de Expresión (IFEX), en particular a grupos de países en desarrollo y en transición, a fin de promover una mejor protección de la libertad de prensa y los derechos de los periodistas. De hecho, la seguridad de los profesionales de los medios de difusión fue motivo de grave preocupación en 2010 y la Directora General de la UNESCO condenó públicamente el asesinato de 62 periodistas. El Consejo del Programa Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Comunicación adoptó una decisión sobre la seguridad de los periodistas y la cuestión de la impunidad, en la que se exhorta a los gobiernos a informar a la UNESCO sobre sus investigaciones de los asesinatos de periodistas.", "60. Se prestó asistencia a los Estados Miembros para fomentar medios de difusión libres, independientes y pluralistas, mediante el Programa Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Comunicación, que ayudó a poner en marcha 83 proyectos en 61 países en desarrollo. En 2010, el Premio del Programa Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Comunicación y la UNESCO de Comunicación Rural se otorgó conjuntamente a la radioemisora comunitaria La voz de los campesinos de México y al periodista egipcio Amr Mamdouh Ellissy.", "61. La UNESCO siguió promoviendo la radio comunitaria y los centros comunitarios multimedia, mediante el establecimiento de proyectos de radiodifusoras comunitarias en 19 países. Se señalaron, en total, 50 prácticas ejemplares de las radios comunitarias relativas a la gestión, sostenibilidad, programación y participación de las comunidades, y se prestó asistencia a la Asociación Mundial de Radiodifusoras Comunitarias para la formulación de un código de prácticas común destinado a los encargados de esas radios. La revisión de las políticas relativas a las radiodifusoras comunitarias en la India, realizada con la asistencia de la UNESCO, dio lugar a una recomendación sobre la creación de un fondo público nacional de apoyo al desarrollo de esos medios de comunicación.", "62. Se reforzó la capacidad de los institutos de capacitación sobre los medios de comunicación y de formación de periodistas con arreglo a los criterios de excelencia de la UNESCO en esa materia: 63 instituciones de enseñanza del periodismo de 51 países adaptaron el plan modelo de estudios de la organización.", "63. La UNESCO también fomentó el acceso universal a la información prestando asistencia para la formulación de marcos de políticas nacionales sobre la información, especialmente en relación con el Programa de Información para Todos.", "64. La FAO apoyó el empleo de medios de comunicación como la radio rural, los vídeos participativos y herramientas impresas y audiovisuales para ampliar la participación e implicación de la población rural en las iniciativas de desarrollo. Mediante su Programa para colmar la brecha digital en el medio rural a fin de reducir la inseguridad alimentaria y la pobreza, la FAO procuró ampliar la capacidad de los individuos y las instituciones en las zonas rurales para la reunión y el intercambio de información, recurriendo a diversos medios de comunicación para reducir la pobreza y lograr la seguridad alimentaria.", "65. La Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones puso en marcha en 2008 la iniciativa de protección en línea de los niños para crear conciencia de la importancia de proteger a los niños en línea, educar al público en general y establecer directrices, inclusive para los propios niños. En el marco de la iniciativa también se elaboran normas técnicas interoperacionales para proteger a los niños en línea, y se ayuda a los países a establecer líneas telefónicas de emergencia y a formular estrategias y leyes nacionales sobre la materia. Además, la UIT promovió la función de la tecnología de la información y las telecomunicaciones como catalizador de la paz, en un grupo de estudio sobre el tema “Las voces de la tecnología: el acceso de los jóvenes a Internet”, que tuvo lugar durante la Cumbre Mundial de Jóvenes por la Paz celebrada en 2011, y la organización de un acto sobre el tema “La tecnología de la información como catalizador de la paz, los derechos humanos y el desarrollo”, durante la Reunión de Alto Nivel sobre la Juventud patrocinada por las Naciones Unidas.", "H. Medidas para promover la paz y la seguridad internacionales", "66. La UNESCO prestó apoyo a los países en situaciones posteriores a conflictos o desastres por medio de una plataforma intersectorial dedicada expresamente a ese fin. A partir de esa plataforma se proporcionó asistencia a los países para la reconstrucción de sus sistemas educativos con el objetivo último de lograr la educación para todos; se suministró asesoramiento sobre políticas y apoyo especializado para la solución de conflictos relativos a los recursos naturales; se revitalizó la infraestructura de investigación de los países; se integraron las iniciativas de prevención de desastres y atenuación de sus efectos, en particular los sistemas de alerta temprana, en la respuesta a las situaciones posteriores a conflictos y desastres; y se contribuyó a la protección y rehabilitación del patrimonio cultural y natural dañado.", "67. Durante el período que abarca este informe, se prestó asistencia a los Estados miembros afectados por desastres naturales como el terremoto de Haití, las inundaciones en el Pakistán y Benin, el tsunami y la erupción volcánica en Indonesia, y el terremoto y el tsunami en el Japón. También se prestó apoyo a países que salían de un conflicto, como el Afganistán, la República Democrática del Congo, el Iraq, el territorio palestino ocupado y varios países de África occidental.", "68. La organización participó en 16 de los 26 llamamientos humanitarios de la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, en particular para las respuestas al terremoto de Haití y las inundaciones en el Pakistán. Además, comenzó a ejecutar 8 de sus 10 programas conjuntos con los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países (en el Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica, la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia, Guatemala, Haití, el Líbano, México, Panamá y la República Democrática del Congo), con una asignación prevista de 8,3 millones de dólares, en el contexto de la ventana temática de “Solución de conflictos y consolidación de la paz” del Fondo de España para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.", "69. Se suministró apoyo para actividades conjuntas con los asociados de las Naciones Unidas, en particular el ACNUR y las organizaciones regionales africanas, en todos los países africanos que salían de una crisis, a su solicitud, especialmente por medio del Programa de Educación para Casos de Emergencia y de Reconstrucción. En 2008 se puso en marcha un programa global de asistencia especial después de los conflictos, en las esferas de competencia de la UNESCO, en favor de Côte d’Ivoire, y también se han establecido delegaciones en países con necesidades específicas (Djibouti, Liberia, Sierra Leona y el Sudán). A escala regional y subregional, la UNESCO secundó las iniciativas de la Unión Africana y de las organizaciones regionales inscritas en el marco de acción de la Unión Africana para la reconstrucción y el desarrollo después de los conflictos y también como parte del Mecanismo de Coordinación Regional de las Naciones Unidas.", "70. La UNESCO también publicó en 2011 el Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación para Todos en el Mundo, que figura en “Una crisis encubierta: conflictos armados y educación”, en el que se examinaron las consecuencias perjudiciales de los conflictos en las metas de la Educación para Todos. En el documento se describe un programa de actividades para proteger el derecho a la educación durante los conflictos, fortalecer las disposiciones de asistencia a los niños, los jóvenes y los adultos afectados por los conflictos, y reconstruir los sistemas educativos en los países que salen de conflictos. Aprovechando las experiencias de diversos países, en el documento se definen los problemas y se formulan soluciones que pueden contribuir a que la educación sea una fuerza a favor de la paz, la cohesión social y la dignidad humana.", "71. Con el propósito de promover la paz y la seguridad internacionales, respaldando las iniciativas dirigidas a incorporar a múltiples interesados en el diálogo entre las culturas, la UNESCO celebró consultas con una amplia gama de entidades y organizaciones asociadas para determinar las posibilidades de establecer alianzas y emprender actividades conjuntas.", "72. La UNESCO también participó en el Grupo de Tareas de las Naciones Unidas de lucha contra el terrorismo y presentó recientemente una propuesta de financiación para formular y ejecutar programas que ofrezcan apoyo para la prevención de los conflictos, promuevan la educación para la paz y ayuden a contrarrestar el llamado del extremismo violento en Nigeria.", "73. El ACNUR promovió la educación para la reconstrucción, la consolidación de la paz y la construcción de la nación mediante el programa de becas de la Iniciativa Académica Alemana para Refugiados Albert Einstein (DAFI), con ayuda del cual 1.900 estudiantes de 37 países adelantaron sus estudios universitarios en 2010. Mediante el fortalecimiento de la autonomía y el aprovechamiento del capital humano, la DAFI proporcionó a los refugiados modelos para emular, facilitó soluciones duraderas y dotó a los estudiantes de destrezas importantes para la reconstrucción y la paz y la construcción de la nación.", "74. La FAO coordinó una serie de planes de acción en países que han salido de conflictos para apoyar el desarrollo agrícola y la seguridad alimentaria, y participó en el desarrollo de los aspectos agrícolas de las evaluaciones de las necesidades en situaciones posteriores a un conflicto, coordinadas por la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Coordinación de Operaciones para el Desarrollo.", "75. El UNICEF apoyó la creación de espacios amigos de la infancia, en los que se combina el aprendizaje con los juegos, la socialización entre iguales y las actividades de expresión, todo ello en un espacio que ofrece protección a los niños, en el Afganistán, Albania, Angola, Colombia, El Salvador, Haití, Kosovo, Liberia, Timor-Leste y Turquía. También respaldó la adopción de un enfoque que abarca a todos los sectores en Nepal para ayudar a crear un sistema más equitativo y fomentar la cohesión. El programa de educación en situaciones de emergencia y transición posterior a las crisis, que entró en funcionamiento en 2006, apoya los programas de enseñanza del UNICEF en 39 países y territorios. El conflicto es un rasgo característico de muchos de los países que reciben financiación mediante las intervenciones del programa. Éste colaboró con la Oficina del Representante Especial del Secretario General para la cuestión de los niños y los conflictos armados, con el fin de documentar las violaciones graves cometidas contra los niños en 22 países, por conducto del Mecanismo de vigilancia y presentación de informes sobre la materia, establecido en 2005 conforme a lo dispuesto en la resolución 1612 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad. La información así obtenida se consigna en un informe anual del Secretario General en el que se indican las partes que han cometido violaciones graves.", "76. ONU-Hábitat prestó apoyo a un total de 48 países para poner en práctica políticas dirigidas a mejorar el acceso a la tierra y la vivienda, incluso en el contexto de la reconstrucción después de las crisis. De esos países, 15 han recibido ayuda para la reconstrucción: 6 en África y la región de los Estados árabes, 8 en Asia y el Pacífico y 1 en Europa oriental y central.", "77. La OIT proporcionó asistencia técnica a varios países en situaciones posteriores a un conflicto con el fin de demostrar la eficacia de las respuestas basadas en el empleo para resolver los problemas de consolidación de la paz. También ofreció ayuda para ampliar la capacidad de los gobiernos y de las organizaciones de empleadores y de trabajadores, que conforman la estructura tripartita de la OIT, con el fin de promover el trabajo decente y la justicia social. La organización fomenta la capacidad mediante el suministro de instrucción, asesoramiento (que comprende datos y estadísticas del trabajo, códigos laborales y reconstrucción), y la difusión de publicaciones pertinentes. Como parte de su labor, también promueve ante los donantes y los organismos asociados y a través de los medios de comunicación, la importancia central del empleo en la consolidación de la paz.", "78. El Banco Mundial publicó recientemente el Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial, 2011: conflicto, seguridad y desarrollo, en el que se resalta la importancia de la legitimidad institucional para apoyar el pacto entre el Estado y la sociedad y la necesidad de hacer inversiones para fomentar la seguridad ciudadana, la justicia y la creación de empleo con el fin de reducir la violencia. El Banco está decidido a hacer efectivos los planteamientos fundamentales del Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial, 2011, que comprenden el fortalecimiento de su asociación con los principales sectores que trabajan en situaciones precarias y, en particular, con los fondos, programas y organismos de las Naciones Unidas.", "II. Medidas que han de adoptarse en el futuro para promover una cultura de paz y no violencia", "79. A partir de las enseñanzas derivadas del Decenio Internacional de una cultura de paz y no violencia para los niños del mundo, 2001-2010, y del Año Internacional de Acercamiento de las Culturas (2010), la UNESCO, en consulta con sus Estados Miembros, está elaborando un programa de acción intersectorial e interdisciplinario unificado para una cultura de paz y no violencia. El programa de acción está encaminado a fortalecer aún más el movimiento global para promover una cultura de paz y no violencia a nivel nacional, regional e internacional.", "80. De conformidad con la decisión de la Junta Ejecutiva de la UNESCO de mayo de 2011 relativa a los preparativos del proyecto de programa y presupuesto de la organización para 2012-2013, el Programa de Acción comprenderá un número realista de actividades específicas en torno a las siguientes tareas:", "a) Fortalecer la educación para una cultura de paz y no violencia a fin de conseguir la solidaridad intercultural, el diálogo entre generaciones y el entendimiento mutuo en aras de la reconciliación y la construcción de la paz;", "b) Promover las ciencias exactas y naturales como lenguaje universal y vector de diálogo e intercambios interculturales y de paz;", "c) Destacar la función que cumplen las ciencias sociales y humanas en la promoción de los valores universales, la democracia y los derechos humanos;", "d) Poner de relieve la importancia capital que revisten la diversidad cultural, el diálogo intercultural y el patrimonio en todas sus formas para el entendimiento mutuo y la reconciliación;", "e) Estudiar las posibilidades que ofrecen los medios de comunicación para propiciar la reconciliación, la tolerancia y el entendimiento intercultural, haciendo hincapié en la utilización de los nuevos medios de comunicación por los jóvenes.", "81. El programa de acción procurará movilizar a todas las partes interesadas pertinentes en los planos mundial, regional, subregional y nacional y aprovechará también la experiencia multidisciplinaria de la UNESCO en la educación, las ciencias, la cultura y la comunicación e información, para formular programas innovadores que consigan resultados de gran impacto para promover una cultura de paz y no violencia.", "82. El programa de acción será ejecutado y administrado por una plataforma intersectorial sobre la cultura de paz y no violencia, expresamente dedicada a ese fin. Esa plataforma también tendrá a su cargo la ejecución del “Programa Internacional Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz para una Cultura de Paz y Diálogo”, una iniciativa del Reino de Arabia Saudita, que ha aportado 5 millones de dólares con ese propósito.", "III. Recomendaciones", "83. La Asamblea General tal vez desee considerar la posibilidad de adoptar las siguientes medidas:", "a) Explorar las posibilidades de armonizar los informes que se le han de presentar sobre todos los temas relacionados con la cultura de paz, la diversidad cultural, la tolerancia, el entendimiento mutuo, el acercamiento y la no violencia, así como el diálogo intercultural, incluido el diálogo entre religiones, para conseguir una mayor coherencia de las políticas;", "b) Solicitar al Grupo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, incluidos sus equipos regionales y todos los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países, que incluyan en las actividades y documentos de la programación común para los países, principalmente en los marcos de asistencia de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo, componentes de los programas dedicados a promover una cultura de paz y no violencia, e incluso, según proceda, la prevención y solución de conflictos, así como la reconciliación después de estos;", "c) Invitar a la Escuela Superior del Personal del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas a elaborar módulos de capacitación y material de enseñanza en ese campo y a ofrecer talleres de capacitación a los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países con el fin de crear sinergias y una mayor coherencia y coordinación, de modo que los equipos puedan responder mejor a las necesidades específicas de los países;", "d) Establecer un grupo de trabajo entre organismos sobre una cultura de paz y no violencia para examinar iniciativas comunes y considerar la posibilidad de establecer una hoja de ruta con objetivos y resultados previstos cuantificables, y supervisar la ejecución de esas medidas;", "e) Acoger con beneplácito los esfuerzos de la UNESCO dirigidos a establecer mecanismos nacionales y regionales, tales como los foros interculturales, para destacar los beneficios del diálogo intercultural y la diversidad cultural desde una perspectiva basada en los derechos humanos, a fin de combatir la violencia y fomentar la paz en la vida cotidiana, e invitar a los Estados Miembros a respaldar esos esfuerzos en el contexto de su compromiso con una cultura de paz;", "f) Alentar a los Estados Miembros a establecer vínculos entre las organizaciones que se dedican a promover el diálogo intercultural y que están comprometidas con la tarea de fomentar el desarrollo sostenible y la paz, a fin de crear un nuevo dinamismo para la convivencia pacífica." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of Peace", "Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/11.", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), presents a succinct summary of the activities carried out over the past year by UNESCO and other relevant United Nations entities to implement the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, as requested by the General Assembly in resolution 65/11. The report includes contributions received from the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Telecommunication Union, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the University for Peace, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and the World Bank. It also includes a section on recommendations for future action.", "I. Implementation of the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with resolution 65/11 and provides information on actions undertaken to implement the resolution and on activities undertaken by the United Nations system to implement the Programme of Action and to promote a culture of peace and non-violence. It provides information on how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), for which the promotion of a culture of peace is the expression of its fundamental mandate, is strengthening further the global movement for a culture of peace following the observance of the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010), at the national, regional and international levels. It also provides an overview of the activities carried out by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the University for Peace, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the World Bank to implement resolution 65/11 on the Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace. These activities are presented in eight sections, corresponding to the eight actions defined in the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace.", "A. Actions to foster a culture of peace through education", "2. Within the framework of the 1974 Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Cooperation, Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, UNESCO continued to foster a culture of peace through education by supporting its member States in providing quality, inclusive education that promotes the values of peace, human rights, tolerance, intercultural understanding, democracy, non-violence and respect.", "3. In collaboration with relevant partners, UNESCO strengthened Member States’ capacities to integrate the human rights-based approach throughout their educational systems by developing practical guidelines on competencies related to core values, such as human rights, peace and tolerance, and education for sustainable development for its member States and disseminating good practices. This included the provision of support and policy advice for the promotion of culturally and linguistically appropriate learning materials. The organization also developed teaching and learning resources, manuals and guidelines on relevant topics, such as learning to live together, human rights and the rights of the child, peace and democracy, gender equality, and the prevention of violence in schools.", "4. UNESCO continued to advocate for peace, human rights, intercultural understanding and Holocaust remembrance education through high-level international and regional policy forums, building on its affiliated networks and institutes, including the UNESCO Associated Schools Network, UNESCO Chairs and University Twinning and Networking programme, and the Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for Intercultural Understanding in Seoul. Outstanding examples of activities designed to mobilize countries and peoples in favour of peace were also rewarded. The 2010 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize was awarded to The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a non-governmental organization in Argentina, in recognition of its tireless battle for over 30 years in pursuit of human rights, justice and peace. Support was also provided for the 2011 Goi Peace Foundation International Essay Contest for Young People.", "5. A number of concrete results were delivered through the innovative modality of an organization-wide intersectoral platform on intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace. Important achievements included the digitization of the now completed general and regional histories and the adoption by representatives from 46 African countries of jointly agreed pedagogical content drawn from the general history of Africa. An interregional and interfaith study was undertaken with a view to analysing contemporary interreligious dialogue practices among youth worldwide, and the publication Stopping Violence in School — A Guide for Teachers was widely distributed in Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Power of Peace Network provided support to a number of projects in different countries and regions, such as the youth broadcasting initiative “Connecting cultures”, the joint Palestine/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland video production “Our everyday lives”, and the online debate programme and contest in Zambia, “This is my life …”. The Power of Peace Network also contributed to the curriculum on conflict-sensitive reporting and the related training workshop series in cooperation with Rhodes University in South Africa.", "6. Building on the opportunity of the observance of the International Year of Youth (2010), progress was made in raising awareness on youth development issues and on the role of youth in supporting national development and a culture of peace and non-violence. As the co-Chair of the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, UNESCO supported the adoption and implementation of a United Nations framework approach for the celebration of the International Year of Youth, the joint statement of the heads of United Nations entities on the International Year of Youth and the joint United Nations input to the World Youth Conference (Mexico City, August 2010). Through partnerships with the sports movement, UNESCO also raised awareness of the importance of sports in youth development and community action, as well as in building a culture of peace and non-violence. This included the organization with the International Olympic Committee of the 7th World Conference on Sport, Education and Culture: “Giving a Voice to Youth” (Durban, South Africa, December 2010). Research was supported in Latin American and the Caribbean and in the Commonwealth of Independent States to provide Member States with information to elaborate policies and programmes on youth, including on the prevention of youth violence. Policy advice for the development of realistic and achievable action-oriented policy documents on youth was also provided to small island developing States in the Pacific.", "7. To address the specific challenges faced by youth, FAO continued to support the Junior Farmer Field and Life Schools approach in several African countries, Asia and Middle East. The approach combines the provision of support for vocational educational training opportunities with the promotion of employment. Using the agricultural calendar as a model for life, youth learn agricultural skills while developing corresponding life lessons, such as setting goals, the importance of personal space for growth, and teamwork. There is also an employment-oriented component, which encourages and facilitates graduates’ inclusion in farmers’ federations and unions in order for them to access resources and place their produce in the markets.", "8. Together with other United Nations agencies, including UNESCO, UN‑Habitat, through its Safer Cities Programme, strengthened the focus of city development on the most vulnerable categories of young people, building on their social capital to enhance opportunities within disadvantaged communities and neighbourhoods, including schools and active citizenship. Through this programme, a global network on safer cities is being developed to strengthen the global movement for a culture of peace.", "9. UNHCR continued to deliver education and sport for refugee youth through its Nine million campaign, which reached 460,000 people in 2010, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence in 20 countries. All projects enhanced the coexistence between refugees and the host community, and several reduced the risk of military recruitment of out-of-school youth. Programme reports show that sport had a significant impact in combating, among other issues, destructive behaviour, HIV, drug abuse and sexual and gender-based violence. Seventy-five per cent of the projects particularly targeted out-of-school youth and girls, who could play key roles in a country’s peace, reconstruction and prosperity if given the opportunity.", "10. UNHCR worked in a number of countries to implement programmes that aim to roll back xenophobia by promoting tolerance towards and respect for foreigners, including refugees. It recently launched a campaign in Latin America on the theme “Let’s put ourselves in the shoes of refugees and displaced persons and take the first step to understand their situation” to promote tolerance and local integration of refugees and displaced persons.", "11. The University for Peace, mandated by the General Assembly in 1980 to offer education for peace to humanity, worked actively to build a culture of peace through its educational and capacity-building programmes. It reached out to a wider audience by arranging partnerships and exchange programmes with other universities and initiating online, distance-learning instruction programmes, including a unique, complete online MA programme in peace studies.", "12. UNICEF developed a framework for rights-based, child-friendly educational systems and schools that are characterized as “inclusive, healthy and protective for all children”. This child-friendly schooling approach was used by several countries to address violence against children and promote peace education. Schools as centres of care and support provide much-needed services for the most disadvantaged children, particularly orphans, and those who have suffered from violence. These services include water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), ChildLine, school feeding and school health, and are combined with the participation of parents, police and the children themselves in school governance. Agreements between UNICEF and Child Helpline International, approved in 2010, benefited 11 countries in the Eastern and Southern Africa regions. Results associated with these agreements include the setting up of toll-free ChildLine numbers, short messaging service/online counselling, and ongoing child protection mapping exercise.", "13. As the most marginalized, poor and disadvantaged people are also those at increased risk for drug use and dependence, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime helped to build a culture of peace and non-violence by reaching out to them through its demand reduction projects. These projects focused on promoting the understanding of drug use and dependence as a health disorder that can be addressed effectively within the health system, using evidence-based approaches to drug abuse prevention, treatment and care. Prevention programmes, such as life skill training, family skills training and workplace-related programmes, help to build healthier and safer communities that contribute to peaceful societies. Comprehensive drug dependence treatment and care services are powerful tools for the rehabilitation and reintegration into their societies of those affected by the use of and dependency on drugs so that they can contribute to building and sustaining peace.", "B. Actions to promote sustainable economic and social development", "14. As the lead agency for the 2005-2014 United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, UNESCO is supporting Member States in integrating the principles, values and practices of sustainable development into the design and development of inclusive education policies and plans, including climate change education, teacher development policies, textbook and curriculum revision and renewal of pedagogical approaches. It is also advocating for a strong commitment to cultural diversity. Since the last reporting period, a multiperspective learning tool in Education for Sustainable Development with a focus on water, was prepared in cooperation with the Islamic Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, and will soon be tested in the field. In addition, UNESCO also developed capacities on climate change education in several Member States (in particular the Maldives and Viet Nam), and contributed to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico (COP 16). The International Year of Biodiversity and the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP X) (Nagoya, Japan, 27-29 October 2010) provided many opportunities for further cooperation with the Associated Schools Network, the UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development Chairs network, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and the Man and the Biosphere programme. UNESCO also supported the least developed countries in achieving their sustainable development goals and contributed to the Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May 2011.", "15. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime worked to reduce poverty as part of its alternative development activities and illicit crop reduction programmes through farm and off-farm activities that promote legitimate income-generating opportunities to farmers and is based on market-driven demand. The Office strove to promote food security by delivering technical assistance to help increase food productivity, in particular through the provision of high-yield, disease-resistant seeds as well as assistance in creating and managing food banks.", "16. FAO helped to empower the rural poor to become fully integrated in the development process and, consequently, less susceptible to be involved in conflicts through its Education for Rural People flagship partnership. Through this partnership, which includes 400 members (governments, intergovernmental organizations, civil society and academia), FAO helped mainstream Education for Rural People in national development plans and produced several publications and toolkits.", "17. FAO fielded operations in 28 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, touching the lives of more than 9 million people in rural areas. Projects were supported with funding of over $315 million that was received from the European Union Food Facility.", "18. UNRWA continued to implement a large-scale poverty relief programme, as well as emergency feeding programmes for the poorest of the poor. The Agency’s Social Safety Net Programme provided a measure of support to abject poor families through a small cash subsidy and food package distributed quarterly to nearly 300,000 refugees throughout the region. In addition, the Agency provided emergency support in the form of food, cash and emergency employment opportunities to those who were affected by conflict and natural disaster. These emergency interventions are ongoing in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and Lebanon, with hundreds of thousands of needy beneficiaries throughout the region receiving one or more of these interventions.", "19. UN-Habitat continued to ensure access to affordable and adequate housing for the poor and to help improve slums and prevent their formation in a systemic manner. Action taken was in implementation of a resolution by its Governing Council to formulate a new global housing strategy, which took into account the challenges of providing adequate and sustainable housing and basic infrastructure and the need to integrate housing policies into broader urban planning strategies and governmental actions, aligning them with other social, economic and environmental policies.", "C. Actions to promote respect for all human rights", "20. UNESCO continued to actively promote the right to education through its work to implement the World Programme for Human Rights Education, adopted by the General Assembly in 2004 (see General Assembly resolution 59/113 A). A series of materials was developed to assist Member States in integrating education for peace and human rights into school systems, including the publication Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Education. A short film entitled Education for human rights young people talking was also produced in cooperation with the national commissions for UNESCO and national coordinators of the UNESCO Associated Schools Project Network from 10 countries. The film showcases the concerns of and challenges facing young people in schools today related to gender equality, violence, peace and cultural diversity from a human rights education perspective.", "21. To reinforce advocacy, capacity-building and policy-oriented action in the area of human rights, UNESCO contributed to the collection and design of training materials in the framework of the new human rights mainstreaming mechanism of the United Nations Development Group. This mechanism aims to increase the effectiveness of the United Nations in applying a human rights-based approach to programming, especially at the country level, in the formulation of United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks.", "22. Other human rights training materials that were developed during the reporting period include the master of the manual entitled Empowering the Poor through human rights litigation, and the four volumes of the UNESCO pioneer collection on freedom from poverty as a human right, which offers a multidimensional analysis of poverty.", "23. As part of the efforts of UNESCO to raise awareness of human rights, the Director-General awarded on Human Rights Day (10 December) the UNESCO/ Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights to Asma Jahangir of Pakistan in recognition of her commitment and contribution to fostering interreligious and intercultural dialogue, tolerance, mutual understanding and cooperation for peace.", "24. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime addressed issues relating to human rights and gender equality through its HIV prevention, treatment, care and support programmes. In 2010, it provided support to some 40 countries to conduct legal and policy reviews as they relate to HIV and prison settings, HIV and injecting drug users, and people vulnerable to human trafficking. In at least 49 countries, the Office has provided technical support to develop human rights-based, gender-responsive and equitable AIDS policies and programmes for prison settings, injecting drug users and people vulnerable to human trafficking in line with human rights treaties and related international standards.", "25. Through UNRWA programmes in education, health and social services, and infrastructure and refugee camp improvement as well as microfinance, the Agency contributed to the realization of various socio-economic rights of Palestine refugees. Education services were the most prominent. Nearly 500,000 children continued their education in almost 700 UNRWA schools throughout the region, taught by nearly 20,000 teaching staff of the Agency.", "D. Action to ensure equality between women and men", "26. UNESCO worked to ensure equality between men and women by giving priority to the pursuit of gender equality through action in all its fields, having been designated as one of two global priorities in the medium-term strategy for 2008-2013. A results-based Priority Gender Equality Action Plan for 2008-2013, endorsed by its Executive Board, describes the actions that UNESCO programme sectors are to pursue for the empowerment of women and gender equality.", "27. To strengthen the efforts of UNESCO in empowering girls and women through quality education, the Director-General launched a new global partnership for girls’ and women’s education at a high-level forum on 26 May 2011, in the presence of United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and Mali and the United States Secretary of State, as well as representatives of non‑governmental organizations and business leaders. The UNESCO Global Partnership for Girls’ and Women’s Education, “Better life, better future”, supported by a high-level panel, focuses on reaching illiterate or semi-literate adolescent girls and scaling up women’s literacy programmes through partnerships with corporations such as Nokia, Procter and Gamble, GEMS education, Microsoft, Apple (Macintosh) and the Packard Foundation. Some of the projects have already been initiated in Africa and Asia.", "28. UNESCO developed initiatives to foster the participation of women in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and reconstruction, and to address gender-based violence, notably through the Palestinian Women’s Research and Documentation Centre in Ramallah, the category 2 Regional Research and Documentation Centre for Women, Gender and Peacebuilding for the Great Lakes Region in Kinshasa, and through its International Network of Women Philosophers.", "29. To support and encourage young women from all cultural backgrounds to go into jobs in scientific fields, the Organization provided capacity development and training opportunities in the sciences for women, namely through its UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education in Delft, the Netherlands, by providing fellowships for young women scientists through the UNESCO L’Oréal partnership and by establishing and reinforcing new associations and networks of women scientists.", "30. The political and social empowerment of women was also promoted through education and training programmes in the conservation and management of cultural, natural and intangible heritage. Priority was also given to women craft workers to assist them in developing their small enterprises so as to heighten the socio-economic benefits. In addition, culturally sensitive and gender-responsive policies and actions at the country level in HIV/AIDS prevention and care as well as in maternal health were developed at the country level in the context of “delivering as one”.", "31. Through its community-based information literacy campaigns, the Organization reinforced the capacities of women to access and use information and communications technologies for development and lifelong learning, in particular for sustainable livelihoods. An example is the pilot mobile literacy programme that UNESCO launched with the Bunyad Foundation and the mobile phone company Mobilink, through which 50 community-based learning centres were established in which 1,250 illiterate women acquired basic literacy skills.", "32. FAO continued to mainstream gender concerns in agriculture and rural development programmes by organizing gender training and awareness-raising events for policy- and decision makers and technical staff in order to support them with the formulation and implementation of gender-sensitive programmes and projects to address gender gaps in agriculture and food security, with special emphasis on access and control of productive resources and for institutional strengthening.", "33. UNRWA promoted gender equality by ensuring that girls and women have equal access to all of its services, by supporting vocational training centres for women, and by developing targeted programmes to further the rights of and opportunities for women. A number of women’s programme centres were established in camps throughout the region to provide services to women. Opportunities were also offered to women through the Equality in Action programme in Gaza, and specific loan schemes targeting female entrepreneurs were also developed through its Microfinance and Microenterprise Programme.", "34. UN-Women supported Member States and United Nations system entities in achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment through its activities in five thematic priorities, as reflected in its strategic plan, 2011-2013: (a) expanding women’s leadership and participation; (b) ending violence against women; (c) strengthening the implementation of the women and peace and security agenda; (d) enhancing women’s economic empowerment; and (e) making gender equality priorities central to national planning and budgeting at all levels.", "35. ILO promoted gender equality through the provision of advisory services, training, tools development, advocacy and support for the collection, production and dissemination of good practices on gender equality issues in the world of work. At the country level, it supervised gender-specific technical cooperation programmes to address the concerns of women and men in the world of work and promoted efforts to mainstream gender into technical areas of the work of ILO. It also piloted participatory gender audits among ILO constituents.", "E. Actions to foster democratic participation", "36. UNESCO fostered democratic participation through a number of initiatives, including the Arab and Asian philosophical dialogue on democracy and social justice, the dialogue on democracy and human rights between the Arab world and Africa, as well as through the research of the International Centre for Human Sciences in Byblos, Lebanon. In addition, it provided support for the establishment of media legislation conducive to free and independent media, the training of journalists and media professionals in non-partisan and independent reporting techniques, especially in conflict and post-conflict areas, and by assisting the media in covering elections.", "37. To accompany the transition to democracy in several countries of the Arab world, recent initiatives of UNESCO focused on fostering the civic engagement of youth in Egypt; strengthening freedom of the press, and training journalists and providing media professionals with pre-electoral assistance in Egypt and Tunisia, including an International Conference in support of Tunisian and Egyptian Broadcast Media co-organized with France télévisions and the European Broadcasting Union; and organizing capacity-building regional workshops in Beirut on designing, monitoring and evaluating social protection in the Arab world. In addition, an international round table was held on the theme “Democracy and renewal in the Arab world”, which brought together intellectuals and experts from the Arab world, to discuss how to make the transition to democracy. Based on the findings of this important round table, UNESCO developed a road map designed to accompany the transition to democracy in the Arab world.", "F. Actions to advance understanding, tolerance and solidarity", "38. In leading the 2010 International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, UNESCO capitalized on its experience of over 60 years to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of people”. The main objective of the Year was to help dissipate any confusion stemming from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion that create tension, insecurity, violence and conflict. The task was to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity by acknowledging the importance of exchanges between cultures and the ties forged between them. Its aim was to integrate the principles of dialogue into policies at all levels so as to foster an environment conducive to the rapprochement of cultures, thus enhancing harmonious relations among peoples.", "39. The process to launch the Year was facilitated by a number of complementary initiatives. The parallel celebrations of several international years (International Year of Biodiversity, International Year of Youth and International Year for People of African Descent) and of World Days (such as World Philosophy Day and World Day of Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development) enabled a deepening and convergence of the themes addressed.", "40. The action plan included four main themes, to facilitate the ownership of the Year by Member States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations: (a) promoting reciprocal knowledge of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) building a framework for commonly shared values; (c) strengthening quality education and the building of intercultural competence; and (d) fostering dialogue for sustainable development. These themes were based on the principles of the equal dignity of cultures, mutual respect, and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "41. The specific activities (almost 1,000 in all) organized by Member States and partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and relevant stakeholders from civil society, to celebrate the Year can be found on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/en/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures).", "42. The Year was instrumental in building awareness within a wide, diverse and largely young audience of the wealth of cultural diversity and its corollary, intercultural dialogue, as part of rapprochement. One central idea emerged: in the new international landscape, greater account must be taken of the linkages among cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace. These interdependent notions should inform a new approach to building a culture of peace and non‑violence. Dialogue can be effective only if the basic prerequisites, namely, equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights, are met.", "43. In order to foster a reflection on the new dimensions of peace in the twenty-first century, the Director-General of UNESCO established a High Panel on Peace and Dialogue among Cultures. The High Panel, comprised of decision makers, intellectuals and artists from all regions of the world, convenes to chart new avenues leading to peace. Its principal mission is to complement the work of UNESCO in this area and to bring to bear a diversity of perspectives from various regions and a wide range of stakeholders. The first meeting of the High Panel was held on 18 February 2010 in Paris to launch the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, 2010 (see A/65/299, annex). The High Panel met again in New York on 11 March 2011 and addressed the theme “Building peace: reconciliation through the power of education, the sciences, culture and communication”. The report on that meeting is available on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/ en/2011-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second-meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/).", "44. UNESCO also contributed to peace, mutual understanding and social cohesion through the promotion of a dialogue among civilizations and cultures in accordance with the Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations and its Programme of Action adopted by the General Assembly in 2001 (resolution 56/6), as well as with directions set by the governing organs of UNESCO.", "45. In the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding signed with the Alliance of Civilizations (Rio, May 2010), UNESCO implemented the Intercultural Vademecum Programme with funding from Spain. This programme focuses on five projects which aim to reinforce the links between Arab-Muslim and European societies in order to foster mutual understanding. These projects are:", "(a) A scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic anthology of Muslim/Arab civilization and its contribution to the revival of Western philosophy and culture. The anthology is designed as a tool for teachers, students and the general public to present an intercultural vision of history that unites the Muslim/Arab world and the West;", "(b) A philosophical look at Muslim/Arab civilization: accounts of routes, encounters, bridges and dialogues. This entails the production of educational tools that aim to illustrate instances of dialogue and exchanges within and through the Muslim/Arab civilization and are geared towards secondary schoolteachers;", "(c) Illuminating Interrelations and Engaging Dialogues: Museums as a Civic Space for Developing Intercultural Skills. This project is centred on developing museological approaches for communicating historical intercultural exchange;", "(d) Young artists for intercultural dialogue between the Arab and Western worlds. This project aims to give recognition to young artists for their creative achievements in favour of Arab/Western dialogue;", "(e) The Power of Peace Network: reporting for peace. The Network is an interactive platform that seeks to harness innovative mechanisms to promote peace through the media and information and communications technologies.", "46. Furthermore, in close cooperation with the Alliance of Civilizations, the UNESCO/University Twinning and Networking Programme established a network linking media and information literacy to intercultural dialogue at six universities in Brazil, China, Egypt, Spain, the United States of America and the Caribbean region. Activities will include the promotion of international and intercultural research, meetings, publications, training activities and content production relating to media and information literacy and its application to cross-cultural, interreligious dialogue and global cooperation.", "47. To promote the Dialogue in Civil Societies in the Horn of Africa, UNESCO collaborated with the Greater Horn Horizon Forum, an independent research policy forum with the participation of researchers from the region and from the diaspora, to organize a Conference of Youth Ministers (December 2010, Djibouti). The Conference examined available research and identified policy recommendations for each Member State.", "48. In addition, UNESCO also supported an Interregional Philosophical Dialogue between Africa and the Americas on “Africa and its Diaspora” in April 2011. The Conference, organized within the framework of the International Year for People of African Descent (2011), brought together philosophers from Africa, its Diaspora, and the Americas to address contemporary challenges. The Dialogue facilitated the creation of a network of philosophers from Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and North America with the aim of enhancing academic cooperation and capacity-building, including through student exchange programmes.", "49. In Central Asia, intercultural dialogue was promoted through the creation of a Cultural Portal as a tool for cooperation and dialogue in the arts and culture with Europe, and through different activities (expeditions, conferences, scientific research and publications) that have been developed by the International Institute for Central Asian Studies and the International Institute for Nomadic Civilizations.", "50. In South-Eastern Europe, intercultural dialogue among heads of State was supported through the organization of a series of regional meetings in Ohrid, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2003), Tirana (2004), Varna, Bulgaria (2005), Opatija, Croatia (2006), Bucharest (June 2007), Athens (June 2008), Cetinje, Montenegro (2009), and Istanbul, Turkey (2010), which aimed to create a common vision of the future that is based on international cooperation. The 2011 Summit will be held in Serbia.", "51. For Israel and the Palestinian Territories, a gender-balanced Joint (Israeli-Palestinian) Academic Committee was set up, composed of members from different universities, research institutes and think tanks in Israel and Palestine. The Committee will work together towards the attainment and the promotion of dialogue and academic cooperation within and between Israelis and Palestinians.", "52. Peacebuilding and intercultural understanding in the Middle East was also promoted through the third edition of the Programme of University Cooperation “Masters on Social Sciences and Humanitarian Affairs” 2010-2011, launched in cooperation with the University of Rome. This Programme promotes academic exchanges and cooperation among faculty and students from Israeli and Palestinian universities.", "53. UNESCO promoted science for peace and non-violence as a vehicle for intercultural dialogue and cooperation to help prevent potential conflicts over natural resources, such as freshwater and arable land, and to address complex global environmental and development challenges. To that end, it provided technical support to the Israeli Palestinian Science Organization, which offers opportunities for Palestinian and Israeli scientists to work together on joint scientific projects. It has also provided support for the Malta Conferences series, which bring together scientists from the Middle East and neighbouring regions to discuss problems relating to chemical research and education in the region, and to jointly seek solutions that are satisfactory to all. The fifth conference in this series was organized at UNESCO headquarters (December 2011) on the theme “Frontiers of chemical sciences: research and education in the Middle East: a bridge to peace and international development.”", "54. Through its Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO supported countries in establishing transboundary biosphere reserves to promote reconciliation, intercultural dialogue, peace and cooperation on issues related to adaptation to climate change, loss of biodiversity, sustainable development and ecotourism. There are 10 such reserves in 15 countries of Latin America, Europe and Africa. At its last International Coordinating Council meeting in June 2011, the programme approved the Trifinio Fraternidad Biosphere Reserve in El Salvador/Guatemala/Honduras, the first trinational biosphere reserve in Central America.", "55. Through its programme “From potential conflict to cooperation potential”, UNESCO facilitated multilevel and interdisciplinary dialogues to foster peace, cooperation and development related to the management of shared, transboundary water resources. The programme attempts to enhance water security by strengthening the capacity of stakeholders in the management of transboundary water resources to anticipate, prevent and resolve water conflicts.", "56. Awareness was also raised about the importance of promoting science for peace through activities that have been supported during the annual observance of World Science Day for Peace and Development on 10 November.", "G. Action to support participatory communication and the free flow of information", "57. UNESCO continued key capacity-building actions that underline the instrumental role that the media play in dialogue, democracy and development processes and for the protection of human rights. The capacities of media professionals were strengthened in journalism safety, conflict-sensitive reporting and reporting on elections.", "58. Awareness of freedom of expression and access to information was increased through several activities in 2010. World Press Freedom Day 2010 focused on the theme “Freedom of information: the right to know”. Participants at the World Press Freedom Day 2010 international conference in Australia adopted the Brisbane Declaration, calling on governments to adopt freedom of information laws and highlighting the importance of independent and pluralistic media as fundamental elements of good governance and development based on human rights. The World Press Freedom Day 2010 was celebrated in at least 100 countries. The UNESCO/Guillermo Cano Prize was presented to Mónica González Mujica in recognition of her investigative journalism during the dictatorship in Chile.", "59. Support was given to IGOs and NGOs working in the field of freedom of expression, in particular with regard to combating the impunity of crimes and violence against journalists. UNESCO continued to support the International Freedom of Expression Exchange network, in particular for groups in developing countries and countries in transition, to promote better protection of freedom of the press and the rights of journalists. The safety of media professionals was a critical concern in 2010, with the UNESCO Director-General condemning the killings of 62 journalists. The International Programme for the Development of Communication Council adopted a decision on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity, calling on governments to report to UNESCO on their investigations into the killings of journalists.", "60. Member States were assisted in the development of free, independent and pluralistic media through support from the International Programme for the Development of Communication for the launch of 83 projects in 61 developing countries. The Mexican community radio station, La voz de los campesinos, and the Egyptian journalist, Amr Mamdouh Ellissy, were the joint laureates of the UNESCO-International Programme for the Development of Communication Prize for Rural Communication in 2010.", "61. UNESCO continued to promote community radio and community multimedia centres with the introduction of community radio projects in 19 countries. A total of 50 best community radio practices were identified in the areas of management, sustainability, programming and community involvement, and support was provided to the World Association of Community Broadcasters to develop a common code of practice for community radio operators. The community radio policy review in India, supported by UNESCO, resulted in a recommendation to create a national public fund to support community media development.", "62. The capacities of media training and journalism education institutions were strengthened according to the UNESCO criteria of excellence in journalism training, with 63 journalism training institutions in 51 countries adapting the UNESCO model curricula for journalism education.", "63. UNESCO also fostered universal access to information by assisting in the formulation of national information policy frameworks, in particular within the framework of the Information for All Programme.", "64. FAO supported the use of media such as rural radio, participatory video, print and audiovisual tools to increase the participation and ownership of rural people of development initiatives. Through its programme “Bridging the rural digital divide to reduce poverty and food insecurity”, FAO worked to strengthen human and institutional capacities in rural areas to harness and exchange information using a variety of media so as reduce poverty and ensure food security.", "65. ITU launched the Child Online Protection initiative in 2008 to raise awareness about the importance of protecting children online, educate the general public and develop guidelines, including for children themselves. The initiative is also developing interoperable technical standards to protect children online, helping countries to establish national hotlines and developing national strategy and legislative processes. ITU also promoted the role of information and communications technologies as catalysts for peace through a panel on the theme “Voices of technology: a focus on youth and access to the Internet” during the 2011 World Youth Peace Summit and the holding of an event on the theme “Information technology as a catalyst for peace, human rights and development” during the United Nations High-level Meeting on Youth.", "H. Actions to promote international peace and security", "66. UNESCO provided support to countries in post-conflict and post-disaster situations through a dedicated Intersectoral Platform. This Platform provided assistance to countries in reconstructing their educational systems with the goal of realizing education for all; providing policy advice and expertise on resolving conflicts that may arise over natural resources; revitalizing in-country research facilities; integrating disaster prevention and mitigation efforts, in particular early warning systems, into post-conflict and post-disaster responses; and protecting and rehabilitating damaged cultural and natural heritage.", "67. During the reporting period, support was provided to Member States affected by natural disasters, namely, the earthquake in Haiti, the floods in Benin and Pakistan, the tsunami and volcanic eruption in Indonesia, and the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. It also supported countries in post-conflict environments, such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and several countries in West Africa.", "68. The Organization participated in 16 of the 26 appeals launched by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, notably for the responses to the earthquake in Haiti and the floods in Pakistan. It also began implementation of 8 of 10 joint United Nations country team programmes with an expected allocation of $8.3 million, under the “Conflict resolution and peacebuilding” thematic window of the Spanish Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, Haiti, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mexico, Lebanon and Panama).", "69. Support was provided for joint activities with United Nations partners, notably UNHCR and African regional organizations, in all post-crisis African countries at their request, in particular through its Programme of Education for Emergencies and Reconstruction. A post-conflict overall support programme in UNESCO fields of competence for Côte d’Ivoire was launched in 2008, and antennas have been established in countries with specific needs (Djibouti, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Sudan). At the regional and subregional levels, UNESCO also provided support to the African Union and to regional organizations’ initiatives in line with the African Union framework of action for post-conflict reconstruction and development and as part of the United Nations Regional Coordination Mechanism.", "70. UNESCO also launched the Education for All Global Monitoring Report in 2011 on “The hidden crisis: armed conflict in education”, which examined the damaging consequences of conflict for the Education for All goals. It sets out an agenda to protect the right to education during conflict, strengthen the provision of assistance to children, youth and adults affected by conflict, and rebuild educational systems in countries emerging from conflict. Drawing on experiences from a range of countries, it identified problems and set forth solutions that can help make education a force for peace, social cohesion and human dignity.", "71. To promote international peace and security by furthering efforts to engage multi-stakeholders in the dialogue among cultures, UNESCO consulted with a broad range of partners and organizations to identify possibilities for joint action and partnerships.", "72. UNESCO also participated in the inter-agency United Nations Counter-Terrorism Task Force and recently submitted a funding proposal to develop and implement programmes to support conflict prevention, promote peace education and contribute to countering the appeal of violent extremism in Nigeria.", "73. UNHCR promoted education for reconstruction, peacebuilding and nation building through its Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative (DAFI) scholarship programme, through which 1,900 students in 37 countries advanced their university studies in 2010. By enhancing self-reliance and developing human capital, DAFI provided refugee role models, facilitated durable solutions and equipped students with skills important to reconstruction, and peacebuilding and nation building.", "74. FAO coordinated a number of plans of action in post-conflict countries to support agricultural development and food security in post-conflict situations, and it also participated in developing the agricultural aspects of the post-conflict needs assessments, coordinated through the United Nations Development Operations Coordination Office.", "75. UNICEF supported child friendly spaces, which combine learning with play, peer-to-peer socialization and expressive activities all within a protective space for children in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia, Timor-Leste and Turkey. UNICEF also supported the development of a sector-wide approach in Nepal to contribute towards a more equitable system and foster cohesion. The Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition programme, in operation since 2006, supports UNICEF education programming in 39 countries and territories. Conflict represents a characteristic in many of the countries that are funded by Education in Emergencies and Post-Crisis Transition Interventions. It worked together with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to document grave violations committed against children in 22 country situations through the monitoring and reporting mechanism on grave violations against children in armed conflicts, established in 2005 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005). The information is included in an annual report of the Secretary-General that lists parties that have committed severe violations.", "76. UN-Habitat supported a total of 48 countries in implementing policies to improve access to land and housing, including in the area of post-crisis reconstruction. Of these, 15 countries have received support for post-crisis reconstruction, six in Africa and the Arab States region, eight in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Eastern and Central Europe.", "77. ILO provided technical assistance to countries in post-conflict situations with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of employment-focused responses to peacebuilding challenges. It also provided capacity-building for governments, employers’ organizations and workers’ organizations — the tripartite constituency of ILO — to promote decent work and social justice. It conducts capacity-building through training, the provision of advice (including labour data and statistics, labour codes and reconstruction), and the dissemination of relevant publications. This also includes advocating for the centrality of employment in peacebuilding with donors and partner agencies, and in the media.", "78. The World Bank recently released the World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development, which emphasized the importance of institutional legitimacy to support the State-society compact and the need to invest in citizen security, justice and jobs in order to reduce violence. It is committed to the operationalization of key messages within the 2011 World Development Report, including strengthening its partnerships with key actors working in fragile situations, and in particular with the funds, programmes and agencies of the United Nations.", "II. Future action to promote a culture of peace and non‑violence", "79. Building on the lessons learned from the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World, 2001-2010, and the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2010), UNESCO is developing, in consultation with its Member States, a consolidated intersectoral and interdisciplinary Programme of Action for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence. This Programme of Action aims to strengthen further the global movement to promote a culture of peace and non-violence at national, regional and international levels.", "80. As per the May 2011 decision of the UNESCO Executive Board concerning the preparation of the Organization’s draft programme and budget for 2012-2013, it will be developed with a realistic number of targeted actions that will address the following areas:", "(a) Strengthening education for a culture of peace and non-violence to achieve intercultural solidarity and intergenerational dialogue and mutual understanding in favour of reconciliation and peacebuilding;", "(b) Promoting natural sciences as a universal language and a vehicle for intercultural dialogue and exchange as well as peace;", "(c) Underlining the role of social and human science in promoting universal values, democracy and human rights;", "(d) Highlighting the crucial roles of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and heritage in all their forms for mutual understanding and reconciliation;", "(e) Exploring opportunities offered by the media as a vehicle for reconciliation, tolerance and intercultural understanding by highlighting the use of new media by youth.", "81. It will seek to mobilize all relevant stakeholders at the global, regional, subregional and national levels. It will also harness the multidisciplinary expertise of UNESCO in education, the sciences, culture and communications and information to develop innovative programmes that achieve high-impact results in promoting a culture of peace and non-violence.", "82. The Programme of Action will be implemented and managed by a dedicated Intersectoral Platform on a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence. This Platform will also be responsible for implementing the “Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz International Programme for a Culture of Peace and Dialogue,” an initiative of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has contributed $5 million.", "III. Recommendations", "83. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following actions:", "(a) Explore the possibilities for harmonizing reporting to the General Assembly on all issues that deal with a culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding, rapprochement and non-violence as well as intercultural dialogue, including interreligious dialogue, so as to strengthen policy coherence;", "(b) Call on the United Nations Development Group, including its regional teams and all United Nations country teams, to include in common country programming exercises and documents, mainly United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks, programme components focused on the promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, including, as appropriate, on conflict prevention and resolution as well as post-conflict reconciliation;", "(c) Invite the United Nations System Staff College to develop in that area training modules and learning materials and offer training workshops for United Nations country teams in order to build synergies, coherence and coordination, enabling the teams to better respond to country-specific needs;", "(d) Establish an inter-agency working group on a culture of peace and non‑violence to discuss common initiatives and to consider developing a road map with goals and measurable expected results and to monitor the implementation of such efforts;", "(e) Welcome the efforts of UNESCO to establish national and regional mechanisms, such as intercultural forums to highlight the benefits of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity from a human rights-based perspective in order to fight violence and build peace in everyday life, and invite Member States to sustain those efforts in the context of their commitment to a culture of peace;", "(f) Encourage Member States to create links among organizations that are active in promoting intercultural dialogue and that are committed to fostering sustainable development and peace in order to create a new dynamic for living peacefully together." ]
A_66_273
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of peace", "Implementation of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General transmits herewith the report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/11.", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "This report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), provides a brief summary of the activities undertaken during the past year by UNESCO and other relevant United Nations entities to implement the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, in accordance with the request of the General Assembly contained in its resolution 65/11. The report includes contributions received from the World Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the International Telecommunication Union, the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund, the University for Peace, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. It also includes a section that makes recommendations for future activities.", "I. Implementation of the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with resolution 65/11 and describes the measures taken to implement that resolution and the activities undertaken by the United Nations system to implement the Programme of Action and to promote a culture of peace and non-violence. Information is also provided on how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), for whom the promotion of a culture of peace is the expression of its fundamental mandate, is further strengthening the global movement for a culture of peace once the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the World &apos; s Children (2001-2010) is concluded at the national, regional and international levels. In addition, an overview of the activities undertaken by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund (UNICEF), the University These activities are presented in eight sections, which correspond to the eight areas of action specified in the Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace.", "A. Measures to promote a culture of peace through education", "2. In the framework of the 1974 Recommendation on Education for International Understanding, Cooperation and Peace and Education on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, UNESCO continued to promote a culture of peace through education, supporting member States to provide quality and inclusive education that fosters peace, human rights, tolerance, intercultural understanding, democracy, non-violence and respect.", "3. In collaboration with relevant partners, UNESCO strengthened the capacities of member States to integrate the human rights-based approach into all their educational systems, developing practical guidelines on competencies related to key values such as human rights, peace and tolerance and education for sustainable development, addressed to member States, and disseminating good practices in this regard. This included providing policy support and advice for the promotion of culturally and linguistically appropriate teaching materials. The organization also developed teaching and learning resources, manuals and guidelines on relevant topics, such as learning for coexistence, human rights and the rights of the child, peace and democracy, gender equality and the prevention of violence at school.", "4. UNESCO continued to advocate for peace, human rights, intercultural understanding and education to remember the Holocaust, through high-level international and regional forums on policies and to take full advantage of affiliated networks and institutes, such as the UNESCO Associated Schools Network, the UNESCO Chairs and the University Twinning Programme, and the Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding in Seoul. It also recommended exemplary activities aimed at mobilizing countries and peoples for peace. The 2010 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Promotion Award was awarded to the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, an Argentine non-governmental organization, in recognition of its tireless struggle for human rights, justice and peace. In addition, support was provided to the 2011 International Youth Test Contest, organized by the Goi Peace Foundation.", "5. A number of concrete results were achieved through the innovative modality of a cross-sectoral platform on intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace, covering the entire organization. Among the most important achievements are the digitization of the general and regional histories, already completed, and the adoption by representatives of 46 African countries of agreed pedagogical content and derived from the General History of Africa. An interregional and interfaith study was also conducted to analyse contemporary practices of interfaith dialogue among youth around the world and the publication entitled Ending Violence at School was widely distributed: a guide for teachers, in Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Network The Power of Peace supported a number of projects in different countries and regions, such as the youth-led live sound dissemination initiative of “Connecting cultures”, the joint production of young people from Palestine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of a video called “Our everyday lives”, and the online debate and contest programme organized in Zambia, “This is my life ...”. The Network also contributed to a curriculum on journalistic conflict coverage and a series of training workshops on the subject, in collaboration with the University of Rhodes of South Africa.", "6. On the occasion of the observance of the International Year of Youth, there was a growing awareness of youth development issues and their role in supporting national development and a culture of peace and non-violence. As co-chair of the United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, UNESCO supported the adoption and implementation of a United Nations framework approach to the International Year of Youth, the joint statement by United Nations agency directors on this issue and the United Nations common contribution to the World Youth Conference (Mexico, D.F., August 2010). In partnership with the sports movement, UNESCO also helped to raise awareness of the importance of sports in youth development, community action and the creation of a culture of peace and non-violence. This included the organization, together with the International Olympic Committee, of the seventh World Conference on Sports, Education and Culture: “Give voice to young people” (held in Durban, South Africa, in December 2010). Research activities in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Commonwealth of Independent States were supported in order to provide member States with useful information for the formulation of youth policies and programmes, including on the prevention of youth violence. Advice was also provided to Pacific small island developing States to prepare youth policy documents that were realistic, viable and action-oriented.", "7. In order to help young people overcome their specific difficulties, FAO continued to support the Youth Farmers &apos; Field and Life Schools in several African countries, Asia and the Middle East. This initiative combines support to young people to provide opportunities for education and vocational training, and employment promotion. Using the calendar of agricultural seasons as a model, young people acquire agricultural skills while receiving lessons for everyday life, such as the importance of setting goals, opening space for personal development and teamwork. There is also an employment-oriented component, which encourages and facilitates the incorporation of graduates into farmers &apos; federations and trade unions so that they can have access to resources and place their products in markets.", "8. In collaboration with other United Nations agencies, including UNESCO, UN-Habitat contributed through its Safer Cities Programme to give more attention to urban development to the most vulnerable youth groups, taking advantage of the social capital they represent to expand the opportunities of disadvantaged communities and neighbourhoods, including with regard to schools and citizen participation. Under this programme, a global network of safer cities is being established to strengthen the global movement for a culture of peace.", "9. UNHCR continued to provide education and sport to young refugees through its 9 million-dollar campaign, which reached 460,000 people in 2010, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence in 20 countries. In all projects, the coexistence between refugees and the host community was improved and several of them reduced the risk of military recruitment of young people who did not attend school. Programme reports indicate that sport had a significant impact on helping to reduce destructive behaviour, HIV, drug abuse and sexual and gender-based violence, among others. Seventy-five per cent of the projects were targeted especially at young women and girls who did not attend school, and who could play a key role in the peace, reconstruction and prosperity of their countries, if they were given the opportunity.", "10. UNHCR conducted programmes in several countries to counter xenophobia, promoting tolerance and respect for foreigners, including refugees. He recently launched a campaign in Latin America with the slogan “Let’s get into the place of refugees and displaced persons and give us the first step to understand their situation.” The aim of the campaign is to promote tolerance and local integration of refugees and displaced persons.", "11. The University for Peace, which received from the General Assembly in 1980 the mandate to provide humankind with peace education, worked hard to build a culture of peace through its education and training programmes. It succeeded in reaching a wider audience, establishing partnerships and exchange programmes with other universities, and initiating online and distance learning programmes, including a unique online programme that the Master &apos; s Degree in Peace Studies.", "12. UNICEF established a framework for creating educational systems and schools based on children &apos; s rights and friends that are characterized by being inclusive and healthy, and providing protection to all children. This approach of child-friendly schools was used by several countries to combat violence against children and promote peace education. As care and support centres, schools provide much-needed services to the most disadvantaged children, particularly orphans and children who have experienced violence. These services include water, sanitation and hygiene, ChildLine (a free emergency hotline), school feeding and health care at school, and the participation of parents, police and children themselves in school administration. The agreements between UNICEF and Child Helpline International, adopted in 2010, benefited 11 countries from the Eastern and Southern Africa regions. Results from these agreements include the establishment of ChildLine free emergency telephone lines, online counselling through a messaging service and an ongoing information-gathering project for child protection.", "13. In view of the fact that the most marginalized, poor and disadvantaged population groups are also at greater risk of drug use and drug dependence, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime contributed to the creation of a culture of peace and non-violence by seeking to reach those groups with its demand reduction projects. These projects focused on promoting the concept that drug use and drug dependence should be understood as a health disorder that can be effectively treated within the health system, using evidence-based prevention, treatment and care approaches. Prevention programmes, such as those providing instruction for daily life and family life and those related to the workplace, help to create healthier and safer communities that contribute to a peace society. Comprehensive drug treatment and care services are useful tools to rehabilitate and reintegrate people affected by drug use and dependence into their societies so that they can help to achieve and maintain peace.", "B. Measures to promote sustainable economic and social development", "14. As the lead agency of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, 2005-2014, UNESCO supports Member States in mainstreaming the principles, values and practices of sustainable development in the design and development of comprehensive education policies and plans, including climate change education, in teacher training policies, the revision of school texts and curricula and the renewal of pedagogical strategies. It also promotes a strong commitment to cultural diversity. Since the last report, in collaboration with the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, a multi-pronged learning tool on education for sustainable development, focusing on water resources, was developed and will soon be tested on the ground. In addition, UNESCO strengthened climate change education capacities in a number of member States (particularly in the Maldives and Viet Nam) and contributed to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico (COP 16). The International Year of Biodiversity and the tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP X) (held in Nagoya, Japan) from 27 to 29 October 2010) offered multiple opportunities to strengthen collaboration with the UNESCO Associated Schools Plan Network, the UNESCO Chairs Network on Education for Sustainable Development, the World Biosphere Reserve Network and the Biosphere Reserve Programme. UNESCO also supported the least developed countries in achieving their sustainable development goals and contributed to the Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 13 May 2011.", "15. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime worked on poverty reduction as part of its alternative development activities and illicit crop reduction programmes through and outside farm interventions to promote lawful income-generating opportunities for farmers, based on market-driven demand. The Office endeavoured to promote food security by providing technical assistance to help increase food production, including through the provision of disease-resistant high-performance seeds and assistance to create and manage food banks.", "16. Through the important partnership established within the framework of its Education for Rural Population programme, FAO helped empower the rural poor to facilitate their full integration into the development process and thus reduce the possibility of being involved in conflict. Through this partnership, consisting of 400 members (governments, intergovernmental organizations and representatives of civil society and academia), FAO helped to incorporate education for the rural population into national development plans and produced a number of publications and materials for that purpose.", "17. FAO conducted operations in 28 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, which had a positive impact on the lives of more than 9 million people in rural areas. The projects were funded with resources of more than $315 million received from the EU Food Mechanism.", "18. UNRWA continued to implement a large-scale poverty alleviation programme, as well as emergency food programmes for the poorest. The Agency &apos; s Social Security Network Programme provided some assistance to families living in extreme poverty through a small cash and food subsidy that was distributed quarterly to about 300,000 refugees throughout the region. In addition, the Agency provided emergency support in the form of food, cash and emergency employment opportunities to persons affected by conflicts and natural disasters. These emergency interventions continue in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and Lebanon, where hundreds of thousands of beneficiaries in need throughout the region are assisted by one or more of these initiatives.", "19. UN-Habitat continued to facilitate access to affordable and adequate housing for the poor and to help improve slums and systematically prevent their training. Measures were taken to implement a UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution on the development of a new global housing strategy, taking into account the challenges of providing adequate and sustainable housing and basic infrastructure and the need to integrate housing policies into broader government strategies and measures for urban planning, in order to align them with other social, economic and environmental policies.", "C. Measures to promote respect for all human rights", "20. UNESCO continued to actively promote the right to education through its work on the implementation of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, adopted by the General Assembly in 2004 (see resolution 59/113 A). Various materials were prepared to assist Member States in integrating peace and human rights education into school systems, including the publication Contemporary Issues in Human Rights Education. There was also a short film entitled Education for human rights – young people talking, in collaboration with the national commissions for UNESCO and the national coordinators of the UNESCO Associated School Project Network in ten countries. The film illustrates the concerns and challenges that young schoolchildren face today in terms of gender equality, violence, peace and cultural diversity, from the perspective of human rights education.", "21. To strengthen the promotion, capacity-building and policy-oriented activities in the field of human rights, UNESCO helped to compile and design training materials within the framework of the new human rights mainstreaming mechanism of the United Nations Development Group. This mechanism aims to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations in implementing a human rights-based approach to programming, especially at the country level, and in the formulation of United Nations development assistance frameworks.", "22. Another human rights training material developed during the reporting period includes the first version of the manual “Empowering the Poor through Human Rights Litigation” and the four volumes of the UNESCO pioneer collection on poverty eradication as a human right, which provide a multidimensional analysis of poverty.", "23. As part of UNESCO &apos; s efforts to raise awareness of human rights, the Director-General granted the UNESCO-Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights to Ms. Asma Jhangir of Pakistan, in recognition of his commitment and contribution to the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, tolerance, mutual understanding and cooperation for peace.", "24. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime addressed human rights and gender equality issues through its HIV prevention, treatment, care and support programmes. In 2010, it provided assistance to some 40 countries to conduct studies on HIV laws and policies in prisons, HIV and injecting drug users, and on persons exposed to human trafficking. In at least 49 countries, the Office has provided technical support for the formulation of human rights-based AIDS policies and programmes that incorporate a gender perspective and are equitable, for penitentiary centres, injecting drug users and persons exposed to trafficking in human beings, in accordance with human rights treaties and related international standards.", "25. Through its education, health and social services, infrastructure improvement and refugee camps and microfinance programmes, UNRWA contributed to the realization of the socio-economic rights of Palestinian refugees. In that context, education services were particularly highlighted. Nearly 500,000 children continued their education in some 700 UNRWA schools throughout the region, receiving education from some 20,000 Agency teachers.", "D. Measures to ensure equality between women and men", "26. UNESCO worked for equality between women and men, giving priority to achieving this goal in all its areas of competence. Equality between men and women is one of the two global priorities set out in the Medium-Term Strategy for 2008-2013. The priority action plan for gender equality for 2008-2013, a results-oriented document adopted by the Executive Council of UNESCO at its eighteenth meeting, describes the activities to be carried out by the various sectors of the UNESCO programme for the empowerment of women and the achievement of gender equality.", "27. In order to strengthen UNESCO &apos; s activities for the empowerment of women and girls through quality education, the Director-General launched a new global partnership for the education of women and girls, at a high-level forum held on 26 May 2011, in the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and Mali and the Secretary of State of the United States of America, as well as representatives of non-governmental organizations. The UNESCO World Alliance for Girls &apos; and Women &apos; s Education, whose motto is “A Better Life, a Better Future”, is supported by a high-level panel of experts and is primarily aimed at helping illiterate or semi-literate adolescents and to scale up women &apos; s literacy programmes through partnerships with companies such as Nokia, Procter &apos; Gamble, GEMS Education, Microsoft, Apple (Mc) Some of the projects have already begun in Africa and Asia.", "28. UNESCO undertook initiatives to promote women &apos; s participation in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and reconstruction and to address gender-based violence, especially through the Palestine Women &apos; s Research and Documentation Centre in Ramallah, the Regional Research and Documentation Centre for Women, Gender and Peacebuilding in the Great Lakes Region (class 2), based in Kinshasa, and the International Network of Women in Philas.", "29. In order to support and encourage young women from all cultural backgrounds to hold positions in scientific disciplines, UNESCO provided women with opportunities for development and training in science, mainly through the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, located in Delft, Netherlands. It also granted scholarships to young scientists through the UNESCO L’Oréal association and established new associations and networks of scientific women or strengthened existing ones.", "30. In addition, the organization promoted women &apos; s political and social empowerment through education and training programmes for the conservation and management of cultural, natural and immaterial heritage. It also accorded priority to artisan women to help them establish small businesses themselves in order to increase their socio-economic benefits. In addition, policies and activities were established at the national level that took into account cultural and gender considerations for the prevention and care of HIV/AIDS, as well as to promote the health of mothers, within the framework of the &quot; Units in Action &quot; programme.", "31. Through its community-based information and communication literacy campaigns, UNESCO strengthened women &apos; s ability to access and use information and communication technology for their advancement and continuing education, in particular for sustainable livelihoods. The pilot programme for mobile literacy, launched by UNESCO in collaboration with the Bunyad Foundation and the Mobilink mobile phone company, established 50 community learning centres, where 1,250 illiterate women acquired basic literacy skills.", "32. FAO continued to mainstream gender concerns into agricultural and rural development programmes, organizing gender-sensitive training and sensitization activities for policymakers and decision-making and technical staff, with a view to supporting them in the development and implementation of gender-sensitive programmes and projects, in order to address gender-sensitive differences in agriculture and food security, with a particular emphasis on access to productive resources, and on gender mainstreaming.", "33. In order to promote gender equality, UNRWA ensured that girls and women have equal access to all their services, provided support to women &apos; s vocational training centres and established programmes specifically to promote women &apos; s rights and opportunities. Several women &apos; s programme centres were established in camps throughout the region to provide services to women. Women &apos; s opportunities were also offered through the &quot; Equal in Action &quot; programme in Gaza and special loan schemes for women entrepreneurs were created in the Agency &apos; s microfinance and microenterprise programmes.", "34. UN-Women supported Member States and entities of the United Nations system to achieve gender equality and women &apos; s empowerment, through its activities in five priority thematic areas, as set out in its strategic plan for 2011-2013: (a) to expand women &apos; s leadership and participation; (b) to end violence against women; (c) to strengthen the implementation of the gender and peace and security agenda; (d) to enhance the empowerment of women and", "35. ILO promoted gender equality through the provision of advisory services, training, the development of tools, advocacy and support for the compilation, production and dissemination of good practices that promote gender equality at work. At the country level, it monitored technical cooperation programmes with a gender perspective to ensure that the interests of women and men at work were taken into account and promoted activities aimed at mainstreaming gender into the technical aspects of ILO work. Participatory gender audits of partners working with ILO were also conducted on a pilot basis.", "E. Measures to promote democratic participation", "36. UNESCO promoted democratic participation with a number of initiatives, such as the Arab-Asian philosophical dialogue on democracy and social justice, the dialogue on democracy and human rights between the Arab world and Africa, and the research of the International Centre for Humanities of Biblos (Lebanon). In addition, it supported the enactment of free and independent media legislation, the training of journalists and information professionals in impartial and independent information techniques, especially in conflict zones or which have recently overcome conflict, and provided assistance to the media to report on elections.", "37. To accompany the transition to democracy in several countries of the Arab world, recent UNESCO initiatives were focused primarily on promoting the civic participation of youth in Egypt, strengthening press freedom and training of journalists and providing pre-election assistance to information professionals in Egypt and Tunisia, including through an international conference to support the media in those countries, organized in collaboration with the French television and the European Union of Broadcasting, An international round table on the theme &quot; Democracy and Renewal in the Arab World &quot; was also organized, in which intellectuals and experts from the Arab world participated to consider how the transition to democracy should be made. Based on the findings of that important round table, UNESCO developed a road map to accompany the transition.", "F. Measures to promote understanding, tolerance and solidarity", "38. In keeping with its leadership role in the celebration of the International Year of Culture Approach in 2010, UNESCO took advantage of its experience over 60 years to promote mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples. The primary objective of the Year was to dispel the uncertainty arising from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion, which are a source of tension, insecurity, violence and conflict. The task was to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity, recognizing the importance of inter-cultural exchanges and forged links between them. It was sought to integrate the principles of dialogue at all policy levels in order to create an environment conducive to the approach of cultures, thereby improving the harmony between peoples.", "39. The process of celebrating the Year was facilitated by a number of complementary initiatives. The simultaneous celebration of other international years (the International Year of Biodiversity, the International Year of Youth and the International Year of People of African Descent) and world days (such as the World Day of Philosophy and the World Day of Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development) allowed us to deepen the topics covered and achieve greater convergence among them.", "40. The plan of action included four main themes to facilitate the involvement of member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations in the Year &apos; s activities: (a) fostering mutual knowledge of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) creating a common values framework shared by all; (c) strengthening quality education and intercultural skills; and (d) fostering dialogue for sustainable development. These topics were based on the principles of the equal dignity of cultures, mutual respect and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "41. The specific activities (almost 1,000, in total) organized by member States and partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and other civil society stakeholders, are described on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/s/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures).", "42. The Year helped to sensitize a broad and diverse audience, composed mainly of young people, about the value of cultural diversity and its corollary, intercultural dialogue, as part of the approach. A central idea emerged from the activities of the Year: the links between cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace must be taken into account in the new international environment. These interdependent concepts should contribute to the formation of a new approach to creating a culture of peace and non-violence. Dialogue can be effective only if the basic requirements for equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights are met.", "43. In order to foster reflection on the new dimensions of peace in the twenty-first century, the Director-General of UNESCO established a High-level Panel on Peace and Dialogue among Cultures, composed of authorities, intellectuals and artists from all regions of the world, which meets to trace new paths leading to peace. Its primary mission is to complement UNESCO &apos; s work in this area and to provide a range of perspectives from different regions and the various sectors concerned. The first meeting of the High-level Panel was held in Paris on 18 February 2010 to proclaim the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, 2010 (see A/65/299, annex). The High-level Panel met again in New York on 11 March 2011 to discuss the theme “Building peace: reconciliation through education, science, culture and communications”. The report of that meeting is available on the UNESCO website (http://www.unesco.org/s/2010-international-year-for-the-rapprochement-of-cultures/high-panel-on-peace-and-dialogue-among-cultures/second meeting-of-the-high-panel-11-march-2011/).", "44. UNESCO also contributed to peace, mutual understanding and social cohesion through the promotion of a dialogue among civilizations and cultures, in accordance with the World Programme for Dialogue among Civilizations and its Programme of Action, adopted by the General Assembly in 2001 (resolution 56/6), and with the guidance provided by the governing bodies of UNESCO.", "45. In the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding signed with the Alliance of Civilizations (Rio de Janeiro, May 2010), UNESCO launched the Intercultural Vademecum Programme, with funding from Spain. The programme focuses on five projects aimed at strengthening links between Arab-Muslim and European societies to foster mutual understanding. These are:", "(a) A scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic anthology of Arab-Muslim civilization and its contribution to the renewal of Western philosophy and culture. Anthology has been conceived as an instrument for teachers, students and the general public, in order to offer an intercultural vision of history that unites the Arab-Muslim world and the West;", "(b) A philosophical vision of Arab-Muslim civilization: stories of routes, encounters, bridges and dialogues. This includes the production of pedagogical tools to illustrate examples of dialogue and exchange in and through Arab-Muslim civilization aimed at secondary school teachers;", "(c) Illustrate interrelations and engage in dialogues: museums as civic spaces to develop intercultural skills. This project is dedicated to designing new approaches to museums to raise awareness of historical exchanges among cultures;", "(d) Young artists for intercultural dialogue between the Arab world and the Western world. This project offers recognition to young artists for their creative works for the Arab-Western dialogue;", "(e) The Peace Information Project of the Network The Power of Peace. The Network is an interactive platform that aims to use innovative mechanisms to promote peace through the media and information and communications technology.", "46. In addition, in close collaboration with the Alliance of Civilizations, the UNESCO University Twinning Programme established a network that links instruction for the use of the media and information to intercultural dialogue in six universities in Brazil, China, Egypt, Spain, the United States of America and the Caribbean region. Activities will include the promotion of international and intercultural research, meetings, publications, training and content production activities for basic media and information instruction and its use for intercultural and religious dialogue and global cooperation.", "47. In order to promote civil society dialogue in the Horn of Africa, UNESCO collaborated with the Forum of the Great Horn of Africa, an independent policy research forum involving researchers from the region and the diaspora, to organize a conference of youth ministers (which took place in Djibouti in December 2010). The conference discussed available investigations and made policy recommendations for each member State.", "48. In addition, UNESCO supported the Africa-America Philosophy Dialogue, which took place in April 2011. The meeting, which was organized in the framework of the International Year of People of African Descent, brought together philosophers from Africa, the African Diaspora and the Americas to deal with current problems. The Dialogue facilitated the creation of a network of philosophers from Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and North America to improve academic cooperation and capacity-building through various means, such as student exchange programmes.", "49. In Central Asia, intercultural dialogue was promoted through the establishment of a culture portal as a tool for cooperation and dialogue with Europe on arts and culture, and other diverse activities (expeditions, conferences, scientific research and publications) organized by the International Research Institute for Central Asia and the International Institute for the Study of Traveller Civilizations.", "50. In South-Eastern Europe, intercultural dialogue between heads of State was promoted through the organization of a series of regional meetings held in Ohrid (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) (2003), Tirana (2004), Varna (Bulgaria) (2005), Opatija (Croatia) (2006), Bucharest (June 2007), Athens (June 2008), Cetinje (Montene basedgro) (2009) and Istanbul (Turkey) (2010). The 2011 summit meeting will be held in Serbia.", "51. In Israel and the Palestinian territories, a joint academic committee (Israeli-Palestinian) was established with a balanced representation of men and women, made up of members of different universities, research institutes and study centres in Israel and Palestine. The committee will work together to establish and promote dialogue and academic cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians.", "52. The consolidation of peace and intercultural understanding in the Middle East was also promoted with the third phase of the University Cooperation Programme of “Masters in Social Sciences and Humanitarian Affairs”, 2010-2011, established in cooperation with the University of Rome. This program promotes academic exchange and cooperation between teachers and students from Israeli and Palestinian universities.", "53. UNESCO promoted science for peace and non-violence as a means of promoting intercultural dialogue and cooperation to help prevent potential conflicts related to natural resources, such as freshwater resources and arable land, and to resolve complex global environmental and development challenges. To that end, it provided technical support to the Israeli-Palestinian Organization for Science, which provides Palestinian and Israeli scientists with opportunities to collaborate on joint scientific projects. It has also provided support to the series of conferences in Malta, involving scientists from the Middle East and the neighbouring regions to address research and education problems in the chemical sciences in the region and to seek together satisfactory solutions for all. The fifth conference of the series, held at UNESCO headquarters (in December 2011), was dedicated to the theme “Civil Sciences Forums: Research and Education in the Middle East: A Bridge to Peace and International Development”.", "54. Through its Man and Biosphere Programme, UNESCO helped countries to establish cross-border biosphere reserves to promote reconciliation, intercultural dialogue, peace and cooperation on issues related to climate change adaptation, biodiversity loss, sustainable development and ecotourism. There are ten such reserves in 15 countries in Latin America, Europe and Africa. At the last meeting of the International Coordinating Council in June 2011, the programme approved the creation of the Trifinio Fraternity Biosphere Reserve in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, the first trinational reserve of the biosphere in Central America.", "55. Through its programme &quot; From potential conflict to possible cooperation &quot; , UNESCO facilitated multi-level interdisciplinary dialogues to promote peace, cooperation and development in the management of shared transboundary water resources. The programme is aimed at improving water security by strengthening the capacity of stakeholders to manage transboundary water resources in order to anticipate, prevent and resolve water conflicts.", "56. Increased awareness of the importance of promoting science for peace has also been created through activities that have been supported in the annual observance of the World Day of Science for Peace and Development, which is held on 10 November.", "G. Measures to support participatory communication and the free flow of information", "57. UNESCO continued to implement key capacity-building activities highlighting the critical contribution of the media to dialogue, democracy and development, as well as to the protection of human rights. The capacity of media professionals in relation to the safety of journalists, information in conflict situations and information on elections was strengthened.", "58. In 2010, greater awareness of freedom of expression and access to information was created through various activities. The 2010 World Press Freedom Day focused on the theme “Freedom of information: the right to know”. The participants at the international conference on World Day in Australia adopted the Brisbane Declaration, which calls upon Governments to enact laws on freedom of information and stresses the importance of independent and pluralistic media as fundamental components of good governance and human rights-based development. World Press Freedom Day was held in no less than 100 countries. The UNESCO-Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Award was awarded to Mónica González Mujica, in recognition of his journalistic research during the dictatorship in Chile.", "59. Support was provided to intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations working in the area of freedom of expression, particularly in the fight against impunity for crimes and acts of violence against journalists. UNESCO continued to support the International Freedom of Expression Exchange Network (IFEX), in particular groups of developing and transition countries, in order to promote better protection of press freedom and the rights of journalists. In fact, the security of media professionals was of serious concern in 2010 and the Director-General of UNESCO publicly condemned the murder of 62 journalists. The Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication adopted a decision on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity, calling on Governments to report to UNESCO on their investigations into the killings of journalists.", "60. Assistance was provided to Member States to promote free, independent and pluralistic media through the International Programme for the Development of Communication, which helped launch 83 projects in 61 developing countries. In 2010, the International Programme for the Development of Communication and UNESCO for Rural Communication jointly awarded the community radio station The voice of the Mexican peasants and the Egyptian journalist Amr Mamdouh Ellissy.", "61. UNESCO continued to promote community radio and community multimedia centres through the establishment of community radio projects in 19 countries. In total, 50 exemplary practices of community radios related to the management, sustainability, programming and participation of communities were identified and the Global Association of Community Radio broadcasters was assisted in the development of a common code of practice for broadcasters. The revision of policies on community radio broadcasters in India, with UNESCO assistance, led to a recommendation on the creation of a national public fund to support the development of such media.", "62. The capacity of media training institutes and the training of journalists was strengthened in accordance with UNESCO &apos; s criteria of excellence in this area: 63 journalism education institutions in 51 countries adapted the organization &apos; s model curriculum.", "63. UNESCO also encouraged universal access to information by assisting in the development of national information policy frameworks, especially with regard to the Information Programme for All.", "64. FAO supported the use of media such as rural radio, participatory videos and printed and audiovisual tools to expand the participation and involvement of rural people in development initiatives. Through its programme to bridge the digital divide in rural areas in order to reduce food insecurity and poverty, FAO sought to expand the capacity of individuals and institutions in rural areas for information collection and exchange, using various media to reduce poverty and achieve food security.", "65. In 2008, the International Telecommunication Union launched an online child protection initiative to raise awareness of the importance of protecting children online, educating the general public and establishing guidelines, including for children themselves. The initiative also develops inter-operational technical standards to protect children online, and assists countries in establishing emergency telephone lines and in formulating national strategies and laws on the subject. In addition, ITU promoted the role of information and telecommunications technology as a catalyst for peace, in a study group on the theme &quot; Voices of technology: access of young people to the Internet &quot; , which took place at the 2011 Youth for Peace World Summit and the organization of an event on the theme &quot; Information technology as a catalyst for peace, human rights and development &quot; , during the United Nations-sponsored High-level Meeting.", "H. Measures to promote international peace and security", "66. UNESCO supported countries in post-conflict or post-disaster situations through a cross-sectoral platform specifically dedicated to that end. From this platform, assistance was provided to countries for the reconstruction of their educational systems with the ultimate goal of achieving education for all; policy advice and specialized support for the resolution of natural resource conflicts; the research infrastructure of countries was revitalized; disaster prevention and mitigation initiatives were integrated, in particular early warning systems, in response to post-conflict and disaster recovery;", "67. During the reporting period, assistance was provided to member States affected by natural disasters such as the earthquake in Haiti, floods in Pakistan and Benin, the tsunami and volcanic eruption in Indonesia, and the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Support was also provided to countries emerging from conflict, such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and several West African countries.", "68. The organization participated in 16 of the 26 humanitarian appeals of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, in particular for responses to the Haiti earthquake and floods in Pakistan. In addition, it began implementing 8 of its 10 joint programmes with the United Nations country teams (in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Haiti, Lebanon, Mexico, Panama and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), with a projected allocation of $8.3 million in the context of the thematic window on &quot; Conflict resolution and peacebuilding &quot; of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Fund.", "69. Support was provided for joint activities with United Nations partners, in particular UNHCR and African regional organizations, in all African countries emerging from crisis, at their request, especially through the Emergency and Reconstruction Education Programme. A comprehensive post-conflict special assistance programme was launched in 2008 in UNESCO &apos; s areas of competence for Côte d &apos; Ivoire, and delegations have also been established in countries with specific needs (Djibouti, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Sudan). At the regional and subregional levels, UNESCO outlined the initiatives of the African Union and regional organizations in the African Union framework of action for post-conflict reconstruction and development and also as part of the United Nations Regional Coordination Mechanism.", "70. UNESCO also published in 2011 the Monitoring Report on Education for All in the World, contained in “An Covered Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education”, which examined the harmful consequences of conflicts in the goals of Education for All. The document describes a programme of activities to protect the right to education during conflict, strengthen assistance arrangements for children, youth and adults affected by conflict, and rebuild educational systems in post-conflict countries. Building on the experiences of various countries, the document defines problems and formulates solutions that can contribute to education as a force for peace, social cohesion and human dignity.", "71. In order to promote international peace and security, in support of multi-stakeholder initiatives in intercultural dialogue, UNESCO held consultations with a wide range of partners and organizations to identify opportunities for partnership and joint activities.", "72. UNESCO also participated in the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Task Force and recently presented a funding proposal to develop and implement programmes that provide support for conflict prevention, promote peace education and help counter the call for violent extremism in Nigeria.", "73. UNHCR promoted education for reconstruction, peace-building and nation-building through the fellowship programme of the German Academic Initiative for Refugees Albert Einstein (DAFI), with the help of which 1,900 students from 37 countries advanced their university studies in 2010. Through the strengthening of autonomy and the use of human capital, DAFI provided refugees with models to emulate, facilitate durable solutions and provide students with important skills for the reconstruction and peace and nation-building.", "74. FAO coordinated a number of action plans in post-conflict countries to support agricultural development and food security, and participated in the development of agricultural aspects of post-conflict needs assessments, coordinated by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Development Operations.", "75. UNICEF supported the creation of children &apos; s friendly spaces, combining learning with games, socialization between the same and expression activities, all in a space that provides protection for children, in Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia, Timor-Leste and Turkey. It also supported the adoption of an approach covering all sectors in Nepal to help create a more equitable system and foster cohesion. The post-crisis education and transition programme, which became operational in 2006, supports UNICEF education programmes in 39 countries and territories. Conflict is a characteristic feature of many of the countries that receive funding through programme interventions. It worked with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to document grave violations committed against children in 22 countries, through the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism, established in 2005 in accordance with Security Council resolution 1612 (2005). The information thus obtained is contained in an annual report of the Secretary-General indicating parties that have committed serious violations.", "76. UN-Habitat supported a total of 48 countries to implement policies aimed at improving access to land and housing, including in the context of post-crisis reconstruction. Of these countries, 15 have received reconstruction assistance: 6 in Africa and the Arab States region, 8 in Asia and the Pacific and 1 in Eastern and Central Europe.", "77. ILO provided technical assistance to a number of post-conflict countries in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of employment-based responses in addressing peacebuilding challenges. It also provided assistance to enhance the capacity of Governments and employers &apos; and workers &apos; organizations, which make up the tripartite structure of ILO, in order to promote decent work and social justice. The organization builds capacity through the provision of instruction, advice (including data and labour statistics, labour codes and reconstruction), and the dissemination of relevant publications. As part of its work, it also promotes to donors and partner agencies and through the media the central importance of employment in peacebuilding.", "78. The World Bank recently published the 2011 World Development Report: Conflict, Security and Development, highlighting the importance of institutional legitimacy to support the State-society pact and the need to make investments to promote citizen security, justice and job creation in order to reduce violence. The Bank is committed to implementing the key approaches to the 2011 World Development Report, which include strengthening its partnership with the major sectors working in precarious situations and, in particular, with United Nations funds, programmes and agencies.", "II. Future actions to promote a culture of peace and non-violence", "79. Based on the lessons learned from the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the World &apos; s Children, 2001-2010, and the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2010), UNESCO, in consultation with its Member States, is developing a unified cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary programme of action for a culture of peace and non-violence. The programme of action is aimed at further strengthening the global movement to promote a culture of peace and non-violence at the national, regional and international levels.", "80. In accordance with the decision of the Executive Board of UNESCO of May 2011 on the preparations for the proposed programme and budget of the organization for 2012-2013, the Programme of Action will comprise a realistic number of specific activities around the following tasks:", "(a) To strengthen education for a culture of peace and non-violence in order to achieve intercultural solidarity, intergenerational dialogue and mutual understanding for the sake of reconciliation and peace-building;", "(b) Promote the exact and natural sciences as a universal language and vector of intercultural and peace dialogue and exchanges;", "(c) Stress the role of social and human sciences in promoting universal values, democracy and human rights;", "(d) Emphasize the vital importance of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and heritage in all its forms for mutual understanding and reconciliation;", "(e) To study the possibilities offered by the media to foster reconciliation, tolerance and intercultural understanding, emphasizing the use of new media by young people.", "81. The programme of action will seek to mobilize all relevant stakeholders at the global, regional, subregional and national levels and will also take advantage of UNESCO &apos; s multidisciplinary experience in education, science, culture and communication and information, to develop innovative programmes that achieve high-impact results to promote a culture of peace and non-violence.", "82. The programme of action will be implemented and managed by a cross-sectoral platform on the culture of peace and non-violence, specifically dedicated to that end. This platform will also be responsible for the implementation of the &quot; Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz International Programme for a Culture of Peace and Dialogue &quot; , an initiative of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has contributed $5 million for that purpose.", "III. Recommendations", "83. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following measures:", "(a) Explore the possibilities of harmonizing the reports to be submitted to it on all issues related to the culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding, rapprochement and non-violence, as well as intercultural dialogue, including interreligious dialogue, for greater policy coherence;", "(b) To request the United Nations Development Group, including its regional teams and all United Nations country teams, to include in common country programming activities and documents, primarily within United Nations development assistance frameworks, programme components dedicated to promoting a culture of peace and non-violence, including, as appropriate, conflict prevention and resolution, and post-conflict reconciliation;", "(c) Invite the United Nations System Staff College to develop training modules and teaching materials in this field and to provide training workshops to United Nations country teams to create synergies and greater coherence and coordination, so that teams can better respond to the specific needs of countries;", "(d) Establish an inter-agency working group on a culture of peace and non-violence to discuss common initiatives and consider establishing a road map with quantifiable objectives and expected results, and monitor the implementation of such measures;", "(e) To welcome UNESCO &apos; s efforts to establish national and regional mechanisms, such as intercultural forums, to highlight the benefits of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity from a human rights-based perspective, in order to combat violence and promote peace in everyday life, and to invite Member States to support such efforts in the context of their commitment to a culture of peace;", "f) Encourage Member States to establish linkages between organizations engaged in promoting intercultural dialogue and committed to promoting sustainable development and peace in order to create a new dynamism for peaceful coexistence." ]
[ "Carta de fecha 5 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de la India ante las Naciones Unidas", "Tengo el honor de comunicarle que, durante la presidencia de la India, está previsto que el Consejo de Seguridad celebre un debate abierto sobre las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, concretamente el viernes 26 de agosto de 2011. A fin de contribuir a orientar las deliberaciones sobre el tema, la India ha preparado el documento de concepto que se adjunta, titulado “El mantenimiento de la paz: balance y preparación para el futuro” (véase el anexo).", "Le agradecería que tuviera a bien hacer distribuir la presente carta y su anexo como documento del Consejo de Seguridad.", "(Firmado) H. S. Puri Representante Permanente", "Anexo de la carta de fecha 5 de agosto de 2011 dirigida al Secretario General por el Representante Permanente de la India ante las Naciones Unidas", "Presidencia de la India del Consejo de Seguridad Agosto de 2011", "El mantenimiento de la paz: balance y preparación para el futuro", "Documento de concepto", "El mantenimiento de la paz, término que no aparece en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, se ha convertido en una empresa fundamental de las Naciones Unidas; consume más recursos, da trabajo a más gente y ocupa más tiempo del Consejo de Seguridad que cualquier otra cuestión. Ningún otro instrumento del Consejo ha tenido mayores repercusiones en la proveniencia y aplicación del derecho internacional y el derecho internacional humanitario que los mandatos de mantenimiento de la paz. El mantenimiento de la paz representa el concepto de la cooperación de los Estados Miembros en el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad internacionales mejor que ningún otro esfuerzo colectivo.", "En los dos últimos decenios, el monto de los presupuestos de mantenimiento de la paz se ha multiplicado aproximadamente por 27, el personal de mantenimiento de la paz se ha multiplicado por 10 y el número de operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz ha alcanzado cotas sin precedentes. Pese a las graves deficiencias y las abundantes imperfecciones, resulta evidente que el mantenimiento de la paz y el personal de mantenimiento de la paz han obtenido resultados. El hecho de que otras organizaciones de seguridad internacionales y regionales hayan asumido la responsabilidad del mantenimiento de la paz y hayan dado ese calificativo a las fuerzas desplegadas en el exterior es otro indicador de éxito.", "Han existido varias generaciones de operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En los cinco primeros decenios de su existencia las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas consistían principalmente en operaciones de vigilancia de treguas o de interposición de personal militar de mantenimiento de la paz entre combatientes. Posteriormente, el tamaño, el alcance y la naturaleza de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz experimentaron un cambio drástico. A menudo se desplegaban en el contexto de conflictos dentro de los Estados (a diferencia de los conflictos entre Estados). Los mandatos se ampliaron a fin de incluir la aplicación de determinadas normas y la asunción de determinadas funciones que normalmente realizaban las autoridades estatales (por ejemplo, celebración de elecciones, administración de justicia, cumplimiento de la ley). El Consejo comenzó también a generar mandatos que invocaban los Capítulos VI y VII de la Carta conjuntamente. Eso supuso un aumento considerable del número de situaciones en que se autorizaba o se exigía el uso de la fuerza por el personal de mantenimiento de la paz. De resultas de ese proceso, las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz complejas o multidimensionales que se pusieron en marcha en los dos últimos decenios comenzaron a adquirir una dimensión adicional de consolidación de la paz. Además, ha aparecido una generación aún más reciente de misiones con mandato exclusivo de consolidación de la paz. En la actualidad se reconoce que el personal de mantenimiento de la paz ha actuado y sigue actuando como primer agente de consolidación de la paz.", "Así pues, las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz se han adentrado en un nuevo territorio. La evolución de la naturaleza y el alcance de sus mandatos ha planteado importantes cuestiones de derecho internacional en general, y de soberanía estatal, derecho internacional humanitario y normas internacionales de derechos humanos en particular. La medida en que se pueden usar las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz como instrumentos de innovación en la aplicación del derecho internacional y las normas internacionales es un ámbito que requiere un mayor grado de entendimiento común entre los Estados Miembros. La relación de esas innovaciones con los principios que rigen el mantenimiento de la paz, entre los que figuran el consentimiento de las partes, la no utilización de la fuerza excepto en casos de legítima defensa o defensa de un mandato y la imparcialidad, deberá aclararse más para que las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas conserven su credibilidad y aceptabilidad universales. A menudo el personal de mantenimiento de la paz se ve obligado a tomar decisiones de importancia vital en situaciones de ambigüedad jurídica. También se les pide a menudo que tomen duras decisiones de índole moral. Para que las actividades de mantenimiento de la paz sean eficaces es preciso que esos hombres y mujeres operen en un entorno de certeza jurídica.", "Especial atención merece la cuestión del consentimiento, que tiene consecuencias para el concepto de la soberanía del Estado que constituye la base de la Carta.", "El principal problema a que se enfrentan hoy en día las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz es la escasez de recursos. El gasto anual actual en mantenimiento de la paz es inferior a 8.000 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos. A título comparativo, cabe señalar que, si bien la dotación de efectivos de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas y de la Fuerza Internacional de Asistencia para la Seguridad desplegada en el Afganistán es prácticamente la misma, el gasto total de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz en los dos últimos decenios (menos de 50.000 millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos) es inferior al gasto anual de la Fuerza, según los datos disponibles.", "Existe una profunda discordancia entre los recursos y los mandatos de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz desplegados por las Naciones Unidas en el Congo bajo el mandato de la Operación de las Naciones Unidas en el Congo (ONUC) en 1961 apenas llegaban a 20.000. El mandato se detallaba en menos de 300 palabras en la página web de las Naciones Unidas. Unos cuatro decenios más tarde, las Naciones Unidas desplegaron de nuevo cerca de 20.000 efectivos en el mismo país como parte de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUC). En el sitio web de las Naciones Unidas se necesitan unas 3.000 palabras para describir el mandato.", "La escasez de recursos se pone de manifiesto en varios casos. Por ejemplo, la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo (MONUSCO) opera en una zona de dimensiones comparables a las de un continente, pero tiene que arreglarse en su zona de responsabilidad con un porcentaje de un efectivo de mantenimiento de la paz por varios cientos de kilómetros cuadrados. Los multiplicadores de fuerza que les permitirían aprovechar sus recursos no están presentes en cantidad suficiente.", "La situación resulta insatisfactoria y se impone la necesidad de celebrar un debate en profundidad sobre el problema de los recursos. La incapacidad del Consejo para hacerlo dará lugar a deficiencias en el rendimiento de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas que erosionarán a su vez la legitimidad del Consejo.", "El mantenimiento de la paz es una asociación de colaboración entre el Consejo de Seguridad, que representa la voluntad de la comunidad internacional, la Asamblea General, que aprueba los presupuestos, y el país anfitrión, que da su consentimiento a una operación de mantenimiento de la paz. Los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía son parte integral de esa asociación y facilitan la cooperación. El personal de mantenimiento de la paz representa al Consejo sobre el terreno y convierte sus palabras en obras. Los países que aportan efectivos y fuerzas de policía son, de hecho, los intermediarios fundamentales en ese proceso.", "El Consejo de Seguridad está obligado a consultar al personal de mantenimiento de la paz. Este requisito se basa en lo previsto explícitamente en el Artículo 44 de la Carta y obedece además al interés en la eficacia del funcionamiento. El conocimiento directo que los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía obtienen de las realidades sobre el terreno y su considerable experiencia en mantenimiento de la paz deben tenerse en cuenta en el proceso de adopción de decisiones del Consejo de Seguridad. Asimismo, es evidente que el Consejo necesita un mayor acceso a la información en su ámbito de responsabilidad, que se ha incrementado enormemente. Los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía, muchos de los cuales no solo tienen efectivos sobre el terreno, sino también representación diplomática, actividades de cooperación técnica y económica y, en ocasiones, representantes de la sociedad civil y una presencia comercial, están capacitados como nadie para proporcionar información creíble y útil.", "Ha habido progresos en cuanto a la mejora del proceso de consulta, pero aún pueden lograrse avances a fin de explotar plenamente el potencial de esta relación. Las reuniones consultivas deben ser estructuradas y predecibles en lo que al programa y el calendario se refiere. Esto permitirá a los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía optimizar sus contribuciones sustantivas.", "Uno de los motivos por los que los mandatos no son acordes con los recursos son las escasas consultas con los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía durante el proceso de generación del mandato. En el informe Brahimi se recomendó un proceso de generación de mandatos en dos etapas en que el Consejo podía dejar una resolución en forma de proyecto hasta que la Secretaría pudiera confirmar si los Estados Miembros podían o no aportar los contingentes necesarios y los elementos de apoyo esenciales. Hasta la fecha esto no se ha llevado a la práctica; este podría ser el momento adecuado para hacerlo.", "En vista de que la energía, los recursos y las capacidades mundiales comienzan a escasear, la necesidad de celebrar consultas es cada vez mayor y mayores serán también los beneficios que se deriven de ellas.", "Las asociaciones de colaboración también han introducido innovaciones, como el despliegue conjunto de personal de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas con las organizaciones regionales y de seguridad. Unas tres cuartas partes de los efectivos de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas y de los presupuestos se despliegan en el continente africano. El refuerzo de las capacidades de la Unión Africana en materia de mantenimiento de la paz es un requisito esencial para mejorar las condiciones de seguridad en las zonas más conflictivas de África.", "El establecimiento de una asociación de colaboración no significa que se deba ceder terreno. El número de actores en las situaciones de conflicto va en aumento y la comunidad internacional debe desarrollar sinergias entre dichos actores y, al mismo tiempo, adoptar medidas para evitar la duplicación de tareas y los gastos innecesarios. El mantenimiento de la paz es una de las competencias fundamentales de las Naciones Unidas. Seguirán produciéndose situaciones de crisis y, habida cuenta de la legitimidad y credibilidad sin par de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de las Naciones Unidas, es probable que siga habiendo demanda de las capacidades del Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz y los países que aportan contingentes y fuerzas de policía. Es preciso proteger esos conocimientos especializados.", "Se necesitan capacidades policiales y de estado de derecho para consolidar la capacidad de las Naciones Unidas en el ámbito del mantenimiento de la paz. Los Estados Miembros deben reflexionar sobre los tipos de capacidades que se necesitan y sobre su composición y proveniencia. Este ejercicio debe llevarse a cabo con arreglo a las necesidades de las autoridades nacionales, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de los países anfitriones. Debe promoverse un enfoque del mantenimiento de la paz centrado en las capacidades que se rija por la demanda y responda a las prioridades nacionales." ]
[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that, under the presidency of India, the Security Council is scheduled to hold an open debate on the subject of United Nations peacekeeping operations on Friday, 26 August 2011. In order to help steer the discussions on the subject, India has prepared the attached concept note, entitled “Peacekeeping: taking stock and preparing for the future” (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Indian presidency of the Security Council August 2011", "Peacekeeping: taking stock and preparing for the future A concept note", "Peacekeeping, a term that does not exist in the Charter of the United Nations, has become a central enterprise of the United Nations. It consumes more resources, employs more people and occupies a greater share of the Security Council’s time than any single other issue. No other Council instrument has had a greater impact on the provenance and application of international law and international humanitarian law as its peacekeeping mandates. Peacekeeping represents, better than any other collective endeavour, the concept of Member States cooperating in the maintenance of international peace and security.", "In the last two decades, peacekeeping budgets have increased approximately 27 times; the number of peacekeepers has grown about tenfold and the number of peacekeeping operations is at an all-time high. Despite serious shortcomings and abundant imperfections, it is evident that peacekeeping and peacekeepers have delivered results. The adoption of the mantle of peacekeeping by other international and regional security organizations, to describe out-of-area deployments, is another indicator of its success.", "There have been several generations of peacekeeping operations. In the first five decades of their existence, United Nations peacekeeping missions were largely truce supervision operations or involved the interposition of military peacekeepers between combatants. Thereafter, peacekeeping missions changed dramatically in size, scope and nature. They were often deployed in the context of conflict within States (as opposed to conflict between States). Mandates expanded to include enforcement of certain norms and the assumption of certain functions usually undertaken by State authorities (e.g. elections, administration of justice, law enforcement). The Council also began to generate mandates that invoked Chapter VI and Chapter VII of the Charter jointly. This meant that the number of situations where force could be used, or was required to be used, by peacekeepers grew significantly. In the process, these complex or multidimensional peacekeeping operations, launched over the last two decades, proceeded to acquire an added dimension of peacebuilding. A still newer generation of missions that have exclusive peacebuilding mandates has also appeared. It is now recognized that peacekeepers have been and are “early peacebuilders”.", "Peacekeeping operations have thus moved into newer territory. The change in the nature and scope of their mandates has involved important questions of international law in general, and issues of State sovereignty, international humanitarian law and international human rights law in particular. The extent to which peacekeeping missions can be used as instruments of innovation in the application of international law and norms is an area where a greater degree of common understanding is required among Member States. The relationship of these innovations to the guiding principles of peacekeeping, including consent of the parties, non-use of force except in self-defence or defence of the mandate and impartiality, will require clarification for United Nations peacekeeping to retain its credibility and universal acceptability. Peacekeepers are often asked to make life-and-death decisions in situations of legal ambiguity. They are also frequently asked to make tough moral choices. Effective peacekeeping requires that the men and women operate in an environment of legal certitude.", "The issue of consent, which has implications for the concept of State sovereignty that is the basis of the Charter, needs particular attention.", "The central challenge that peacekeeping missions now face is the resource gap. The current annual outlay for peacekeeping is under $8 billion. For purposes of comparison, it is interesting to note that while the number of United Nations peacekeepers is roughly the same as the number of soldiers in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) deployed in Afghanistan, the total expenditure for United Nations peacekeeping in the last two decades (under $50 billion) is reportedly less than the annual expenditure on ISAF.", "There is a severe mismatch between the resources and the mandates of peacekeeping operations. The United Nations deployed just under 20,000 peacekeepers in the Congo in 1961 under the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). Its mandate on the United Nations website is detailed in less than 300 words. About four decades later, the United Nations again deployed about 20,000 peacekeepers in the same country under the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). The United Nations website takes about 3,000 words to describe their mandate.", "The paucity of resources is made evident in a number of ways. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), for example, operates in an area that is almost continental in scale, but has to make do with a ratio of one peacekeeper for several hundred square kilometres in its area of responsibility. Enablers that would allow them to leverage their resources are not present in adequate quantity.", "This is an unsatisfactory situation and a serious discussion is required on the issue of resources. The inability of the Council to address this will lead to a performance deficit on the part of United Nations peacekeeping missions, which in turn could erode the legitimacy of this Council.", "Peacekeeping is partnership. It is a partnership between the Security Council, which represents the will of the international community, the General Assembly, which approves the budgets and the host country, which consents to a peacekeeping operation. Troop- and police-contributing countries are an integral part of this partnership and facilitate this cooperation. Their peacekeepers represent the Council on the ground and convert its word into deed. Troop- and police-contributing countries, in effect, are the vital intermediaries in this process.", "The requirement that the Security Council consult them is based not only in the explicit provisions of Article 44 of the Charter but is also in the interest of efficient and effective functioning. The direct knowledge that troop- and police-contributing countries obtain of ground realities and their considerable experience in peacekeeping needs to be factored into the decision-making process of the Security Council. It is also evident that the Council requires greater access to information in its vastly increased scope of functioning. Troop- and police-contributing countries, many of whom have not just troops but diplomatic presence, technical and economic cooperation activities and sometimes a civil society or commercial presence in the field, are uniquely suited to provide credible and relevant information.", "There has been progress in improving the consultations process but there is scope for forward movement in order to fully exploit the potential of this relationship. Consultative meetings should be structured and predictable, in terms of timing and agenda. This will enable troop- and police-contributing countries to optimize their substantive contributions.", "One of the reasons for which mandates are not aligned with resources is owing to insufficient consultations with troop- and police-contributing countries during the mandate generation process. The Brahimi report had recommended a two-stage mandate generation process wherein the Security Council can leave a resolution in draft form until such time as the Secretariat is able to confirm or deny that the required troops and critical support elements are available from contributing Member States. This has not so far been implemented, and it might be an opportune time to do so.", "As global power, resources and capabilities are becoming more dispersed, the need to consult, and benefits arising therefrom, will increase.", "Partnership has also meant innovations, such as the joint deployment of United Nations peacekeepers with regional and security organizations. About three-quarters of United Nations peacekeeping personnel and budgets are deployed in the African continent. The strengthening of African Union capacities in peacekeeping is a key requirement in improving security conditions in troubled parts of Africa.", "Partnership does not mean ceding ground. The number of actors in conflict situations is increasing and the international community needs to develop synergies between these actors while guarding against duplication and waste. Peacekeeping is a core competence of the United Nations. Crises will occur again and the unique legitimacy and credibility of United Nations peacekeeping means that there is likely to be a continued demand for the capacities of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and troop- and police-contributing countries. This expertise needs to be protected.", "Policing and rule of law capabilities are required to consolidate the peacekeeping capabilities of the United Nations. Member States need to deliberate on the types of capacities that are required, the mix of capacities and their sourcing. This exercise needs to be undertaken in accordance with the needs of national authorities and relevance to conditions of the host countries. A capability-driven approach to peacekeeping that is demand-driven and responsive to national priorities needs to be fostered." ]
S_2011_496
[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that, during the presidency of India, the Security Council is expected to hold an open debate on United Nations peacekeeping operations, specifically on Friday, 26 August 2011. In order to help guide the discussions on the subject, India has prepared the attached concept paper entitled &quot; Peacekeeping: balance and preparation for the future &quot; (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Presidency of India of the Security Council August 2011", "Peacekeeping: balance and preparation for the future", "Concept paper", "The maintenance of peace, a term that does not appear in the Charter of the United Nations, has become a fundamental company of the United Nations; it consumes more resources, gives work to more people and occupies more time of the Security Council than any other issue. No other instrument of the Council has had greater impact on the provenance and application of international law and international humanitarian law than peacekeeping mandates. Peacekeeping represents the concept of cooperation of Member States in the maintenance of international peace and security better than any other collective effort.", "Over the past two decades, the amount of peacekeeping budgets has increased by approximately 27, peacekeeping personnel have increased by 10 and the number of peacekeeping operations has reached unprecedented peaks. Despite serious shortcomings and abundant imperfections, it was clear that the maintenance of peace and peacekeepers had achieved results. The fact that other international and regional security organizations have assumed responsibility for the maintenance of peace and have given that qualification to the forces deployed abroad is another indicator of success.", "There have been several generations of peacekeeping operations. In the first five decades of its existence, United Nations peacekeeping missions consisted mainly of truce monitoring or interposition of military peacekeeping personnel among combatants. Subsequently, the size, scope and nature of peacekeeping missions experienced drastic change. They were often deployed in the context of conflicts within States (unlike conflicts between States). Mandates were expanded to include the application of certain rules and the assumption of certain functions normally performed by State authorities (e.g., elections, administration of justice, law enforcement). The Council also began to generate mandates that invoke Chapters VI and VII of the Charter together. This resulted in a significant increase in the number of situations where the use of force by peacekeepers was authorized or required. As a result of that process, complex or multidimensional peacekeeping operations that had been launched over the past two decades began to acquire an additional peacebuilding dimension. In addition, an even more recent generation of missions with an exclusive peacebuilding mandate has emerged. It is now recognized that peacekeepers have acted and continue to act as the first peacebuilding agent.", "Thus, peacekeeping operations have entered a new territory. The evolution of the nature and scope of their mandates has raised important issues of international law in general, and of State sovereignty, international humanitarian law and international human rights law in particular. The extent to which peacekeeping missions can be used as instruments of innovation in the implementation of international law and international standards is an area that requires a greater degree of common understanding among Member States. The relationship of such innovations to the principles governing the maintenance of peace, including the consent of the parties, the non-use of force except in cases of self-defence or defence of a mandate and impartiality, should be further clarified so that United Nations peacekeeping operations retain their universal credibility and acceptability. Peacekeepers are often forced to make vital decisions in situations of legal ambiguity. They are also often asked to make harsh moral decisions. In order for peacekeeping to be effective, such men and women must operate in an environment of legal certainty.", "Special attention deserves the question of consent, which has implications for the concept of the sovereignty of the State which constitutes the basis of the Charter.", "The main challenge facing peacekeeping missions today is the shortage of resources. The current annual peacekeeping expenditure is less than US$ 8 billion. In comparison, it should be noted that, while the strength of the United Nations peacekeeping operations and the International Security Assistance Force deployed in Afghanistan is almost the same, the total cost of peacekeeping operations over the past two decades (less than US$ 5 billion) is lower than the annual expenditure of the Force, according to available data.", "There is a deep discord between the resources and mandates of peacekeeping operations. The peacekeepers deployed by the United Nations in the Congo under the mandate of the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) in 1961 were only 20,000. The mandate was detailed in less than 300 words on the United Nations website. About four decades later, the United Nations again deployed some 20,000 troops in the same country as part of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). Some 3,000 words are needed on the United Nations website to describe the mandate.", "The shortage of resources is evident in several cases. For example, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) operates in an area of dimensions comparable to that of a continent, but has to be fixed in its area of responsibility with a percentage of peacekeeping cash for several hundred square kilometres. The force multipliers that would allow them to take advantage of their resources are not present in sufficient quantities.", "The situation was unsatisfactory and there was a need for in-depth discussion on the problem of resources. The Council &apos; s inability to do so will result in deficiencies in the performance of United Nations peacekeeping missions that will in turn erode the legitimacy of the Council.", "Peacekeeping is a partnership between the Security Council, which represents the will of the international community, the General Assembly, which approves the budgets, and the host country, which gives its consent to a peacekeeping operation. The troop- and police-contributing countries are an integral part of this partnership and facilitate cooperation. Peacekeepers represent the Council on the ground and turn their words into works. The troop- and police-contributing countries are indeed the key intermediaries in this process.", "The Security Council is obliged to consult with peacekeeping personnel. This requirement is based on what is explicitly provided for in Article 44 of the Charter and is further relevant to the effectiveness of the operation. The direct knowledge that troop- and police-contributing countries derive from the realities on the ground and their considerable peacekeeping experience should be taken into account in the decision-making process of the Security Council. It is also clear that the Council needs greater access to information in its area of responsibility, which has increased enormously. The troop- and police-contributing countries, many of which have not only troops on the ground, but also diplomatic representation, technical and economic cooperation activities, and sometimes civil society representatives and a commercial presence, are trained as no one to provide credible and useful information.", "There has been progress in improving the consultation process, but progress can still be made to fully exploit the potential of this relationship. Advisory meetings should be structured and predictable in terms of the agenda and timetable. This will enable troop- and police-contributing countries to optimize their substantive contributions.", "One of the reasons why mandates are not commensurate with resources is the limited consultation with troop- and police-contributing countries during the mandate-building process. The Brahimi report recommended a two-stage mandate-generation process in which the Council could leave a draft resolution until the Secretariat could confirm whether or not Member States could provide the necessary contingents and essential support elements. To date this has not been implemented; this could be the right time to do so.", "In view of the fact that global energy, resources and capacities are becoming scarce, the need for consultations is increasing and greater will also be the benefits derived from them.", "Partnerships have also introduced innovations, such as the joint deployment of United Nations peacekeepers with regional and security organizations. Some three quarters of United Nations peacekeeping and budgets are deployed on the African continent. Strengthening African Union peacekeeping capacities is an essential requirement for improving security in the most conflicting areas in Africa.", "The establishment of a partnership does not mean that land should be given. The number of actors in conflict situations is increasing and the international community must develop synergies among those actors and, at the same time, take steps to avoid duplication of work and unnecessary costs. Peacekeeping is one of the key competencies of the United Nations. Crisis situations will continue to occur and, in the light of the unparalleled legitimacy and credibility of United Nations peacekeeping operations, there is a likelihood of continued demand for the capacities of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and troop- and police-contributing countries. Such expertise must be protected.", "Police and rule of law capacities are needed to build United Nations peacekeeping capacity. Member States should reflect on the types of capacities needed and on their composition and provenance. This exercise should be carried out in accordance with the needs of national authorities, taking into account the conditions of host countries. A demand-driven peacekeeping approach should be promoted and responsive to national priorities." ]
[ "Comisión de Derecho Internacional", "63º período de sesiones", "Ginebra, 26 de abril a 3 de junio y 4 de julio a 12 de agosto de 2011", "Responsabilidad de las organizaciones internacionales", "Comentarios y observaciones recibidos de los Gobiernos", "Adición", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 3II.Comentarios 3 y observaciones recibidos de los \nGobiernos A.Comentarios 3 \ngenerales \nChile 3B.Comentarios 3 concretos sobre el proyecto de \nartículos 1.Proyecto 3 de artículo 1 – Alcance del presente proyecto de \nartículos \nChile 3 2. 4 Proyectode artículo4–Elementos delhechointernacionalmente ilícitode una \norganizacióninternacional \nChile 4 3. 4 Proyectode artículo8–Comportamiento que una organizacióninternacional reconoceyadopta \ncomopropio \nChile 4 4. 5 Proyectode \nartículo21–Contramedidas \nChile 5 5. 5 \nComentariosgenerales \nChile 5 \n 6. 5 Proyectode artículo50–Objetoy límitesde \nlascontramedidas \nChile 5 7. 6 Proyectode artículo51–Contramedidas tomadas por miembrosde una \norganizacióninternacional \nChile 6", "I. Introducción", "Se ha recibido una respuesta adicional por escrito de Chile (9 de mayo de 2011) con comentarios y observaciones en relación con el proyecto de artículos sobre la responsabilidad de las organizaciones internacionales aprobado en primera lectura por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional en su 61º período de sesiones, celebrado en 2009 (A/64/10, párr. 50).", "II. Comentarios y observaciones recibidos de los Gobiernos", "A. Comentarios generales", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "Las organizaciones internacionales son un componente esencial del sistema actual de derecho internacional, por cuanto contribuyen activamente en la protección de la paz y la seguridad internacionales, e intervienen positivamente en 1os diferentes ámbitos en los que actúan. Por esta razón, un cuerpo normativo que regule adecuada y coherentemente la responsabilidad internacional de las mismas parece tanto inevitable como necesario.", "A1 Gobierno de Chile le parece adecuado que el proyecto de artículos se haya basado, en su estructura y contenido, en los artículos sobre la responsabilidad del Estado, y se concuerda con la decisión de la Comisión en cuanto a que las características propias de las organizaciones internacionales hacen necesaria la redacción de un cuerpo normativo diferente y propio.", "B. Comentarios concretos sobre el proyecto de artículos", "Primera parte Introducción", "1. Proyecto de artículo 1 Alcance del presente proyecto de artículos", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "El Gobierno de Chile está de acuerdo con el concepto general expresado en el párrafo 5) del comentario, en cuanto a que el surgimiento de responsabilidad requiere de la violación de una obligación internacional.", "Segunda parte El hecho internacionalmente ilícito de una organización internacional", "Capítulo I Principios generales", "2. Proyecto de artículo 4 Elementos del hecho internacionalmente ilícito de una organización internacional", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "En opinión del Gobierno de Chile, las acciones de las organizaciones internacionales realizadas en un territorio sometido a la jurisdicción de un determinado Estado podrían ser calificadas como lícitas de acuerdo a la legislación del territorio, por lo que sigue siendo útil incluir una disposición similar a la del artículo 3 de los artículos sobre la responsabilidad del Estado.", "Capítulo II Atribución de un comportamiento a una organización internacional", "3. Proyecto de artículo 8 Comportamiento que una organización internacional reconoce y adopta como propio", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "En el párrafo 5) del comentario se señala que, respecto del órgano competente para reconocer y adoptar un acto como propio, se siguen las reglas de la organización. Sin embargo, es muy posible que las reglas de la organización no ayuden en todos los casos. Las reglas de la organización probablemente traten sobre las funciones de cada órgano y sobre qué órganos tienen el poder para obligar a la organización en instrumentos internacionales. Probablemente el caso de asunción de responsabilidad por actos de terceros no esté especificado en el instrumento constitutivo como función de ningún órgano. La aplicación por analogía de las reglas sobre los poderes de los diversos órganos para celebrar acuerdos u obligar a la organización de cualquier otro modo, no serían aplicables a casos de asunción de responsabilidad por actos de terceros. Puede ser que el órgano que haga este tipo de reconocimiento sea un órgano que tenga una posición media dentro del organigrama de la organización, y sería conveniente resolver si esos órganos pueden comprometer la responsabilidad de la organización por sus dichos o si solo pueden hacerlo los órganos directivos de la organización.", "Capitulo V Circunstancias que excluyen la ilicitud", "4. Proyecto de artículo 21 Contramedidas", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "[Véase el comentario del artículo 51 más adelante.]", "Cuarta parte Modos de hacer efectiva la responsabilidad internacional de una organización internacional", "Capítulo II Contramedidas", "5. Comentarios generales", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "El Gobierno de Chile expresa una opinión favorable respecto a si debe haber un capítulo relativo a las contramedidas, por cuanto no hay ninguna razón para que una organización internacional que viola una obligación internacional deba quedar exenta de la adopción de contramedidas por un Estado o una organización internacional lesionados con el fin de persuadirla a que cumpla sus obligaciones.", "6. Proyecto de artículo 50 Objeto y límites de las contramedidas", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "Existe la necesidad de limitar las contramedidas para no perjudicar el ejercicio de la competencia funcional de las organizaciones internacionales. Esta cuestión parece resuelta por el párrafo 4 del artículo 50. Sin embargo, definir las restricciones a las contramedidas sobre la base de este criterio, amplio e impreciso, puede resultar muy difícil, y haría la aplicación de contramedidas inoperante en la práctica.", "7. Proyecto de artículo 51 Contramedidas tomadas por miembros de una organización internacional", "Chile", "[Original: español]", "Acerca de la cuestión de si un miembro de una organización internacional responsable que hubiese sufrido un perjuicio puede tomar contramedidas respecto de ella, a nuestro juicio, en principio, sí debería ser posible, sin perjuicio de la aplicación de las reglas de la organización como lex specialis. Por lo anterior, se concuerda con la norma, así como con los requisitos establecidos en el proyecto de artículo 51.", "Cuando las reglas de la organización no regulan, explícita o implícitamente, la cuestión de las contramedidas en las relaciones entre una organización internacional y sus miembros, la regla general debería permitir su imposición. En virtud de lo señalado, el artículo 51 debería estar redactado en forma positiva, para expresar con mayor claridad la regla general aplicable en el caso de no existir reglas de la organización que resuelvan expresamente la aplicación de contramedidas. El mismo comentario se efectúa respecto del artículo 21." ]
[ "International Law Commission", "Sixty-third session", "Geneva, 26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August 2011", "Responsibility of international organizations", "Comments and observations received from Governments", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Comments 3 and observations received from \nGovernments A.General 3 \ncomments \nChile B. 3 Specific commentson thedraft \narticles 1. Draft 3 article 1 — Scope of the present draft \narticles \nChile 2.Draft 4 article4— Elementsofan internationally wrongful actofaninternational \norganization \nChile 3.Draft 4 article8— Conduct acknowledged and adoptedbyaninternational organizationas its \n own \nChile 4.Draft 5 article21— \nCountermeasures \nChile 5. 5 General comments(part four— chapter \n II) \nChile 6.Draft 5 article50—Object andlimitsof \ncountermeasures \nChile 7.Draft 6 article51— Countermeasuresby membersofaninternational \norganization \nChile", "I. Introduction", "An additional written reply, containing comments and observations on the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, adopted on first reading by the International Law Commission at its sixty-first session, in 2009 (A/64/10, para. 50), was received from Chile (9 May 2011).", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "A. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "International organizations are a key component of the current system of international law, in that they contribute actively to the preservation of international peace and security and have a positive impact in the different spheres in which they operate. For this reason, a body of norms that suitably and coherently regulates their international responsibility seems both necessary and unavoidable.", "It is appropriate that the draft articles are based, in terms of structure and content, on the articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, and Chile concurs with the decision of the Commission that the distinctive nature of international organizations necessitates the drafting of a separate body of norms that is specific to them.", "B. Specific comments on the draft articles", "Part one", "Introduction", "1. Draft article 1", "Scope of the present draft articles", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Chile agrees with the general concept expressed in paragraph (5) of the commentary, to the effect that responsibility is linked with a breach of an international obligation.", "Part two", "The internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chapter I", "General principles", "2. Draft article 4", "Elements of an internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "The Government of Chile believes that the actions of international organizations in a territory subject to the jurisdiction of a given State might be characterized as lawful under the law of that territory. As a result, it is still useful to include a provision similar to article 3 of the articles on State responsibility.", "Chapter II", "Attribution of conduct to an international organization", "3. Draft article 8", "Conduct acknowledged and adopted by an international organization as its own", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Paragraph (5) of the commentary states that the rules of the organization govern the issue of which organ would be competent to acknowledge and adopt a conduct as its own. It is very possible, however, that the rules of the organization will not help in all cases. The rules of the organization will probably identify the functions of each organ and which organs have the power to bind the organization in international instruments, but the organization’s constituent instrument probably will not specify which organ is to take responsibility for the conduct of third parties. The rules on the powers of the various organs to conclude agreements or otherwise bind the organization could not be applied by analogy to cases involving the assumption of responsibility for the conduct of third parties. The organ acknowledging such conduct may occupy a middle rank in the organization’s hierarchy, and a decision needs to be taken as to whether statements by such organs can bind the organization’s responsibility or whether only its management organs can do so.", "Chapter V", "Circumstances precluding wrongfulness", "4. Draft article 21", "Countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "[See the comment under article 51, below].", "Part four", "The implementation of the international responsibility of an international organization", "Chapter II", "Countermeasures", "5. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Chile is in favour of the inclusion of a chapter on countermeasures, since there is no reason why an international organization which breaches an international obligation should be exempted from the adoption of countermeasures by an injured State or international organization to induce it to comply with its obligations.", "6. Draft article 50", "Object and limits of countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Countermeasures need to be restricted so as not to prejudice the exercise by international organizations of their functional competence. This issue appears to be resolved by draft article 50, paragraph 4. However, defining the restrictions on countermeasures on the basis of such broad, imprecise wording may prove very difficult, rendering the application of countermeasures unworkable in practice.", "7. Draft article 51", "Countermeasures by members of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "As to whether an injured member of a responsible international organization may take countermeasures against that organization, Chile believes that this should, in principle, be possible, without prejudice to the application of the rules of the organization as lex specialis. Accordingly, it is in agreement with this provision and with the requirements established in draft article 51.", "When the rules of the organization do not, explicitly or implicitly, regulate the question of countermeasures in relations between an international organization and its members, the general rule should be to permit the imposition of such measures. Accordingly, draft article 51 should be drafted positively in order to state more clearly the general rule applicable in cases where there are no rules of the organization that expressly decide the application of countermeasures. The same comment applies to article 21." ]
A_CN.4_636_ADD.2
[ "International Law Commission", "Sixty-third session", "Geneva, 26 April-3 June and 4 July-12 August 2011", "Responsibility of international organizations", "Comments and observations received from Governments", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 3II.Comments 3 and comments received from Governments A.Comments 3 generals Chile 3B.Comments 3 specifics on draft articles 1.Project 3 of article 1 - Scope of the present draft articles Chile 3 2. 4 Draft article4–Elements of the internationally wrongful act of an international organization Chile 4 3. 4 Draft article8–Comportment that an international organization recognizes and approves as Chile 4.4 5 Draft article21–Contramedidas Chile 5 5. 5 Commentsgeneral Chile 5 6. 5 Draft article50–Object and limits of countermeasures Chile 5 7. 6 Draft article51–Contramedidas by members of an international organization Chile 6", "I. Introduction", "An additional written reply has been received from Chile (9 May 2011) with comments and observations on the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations adopted on first reading by the International Law Commission at its sixty-first session, held in 2009 (A/64/10, para. 50).", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "A. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "International organizations are an essential component of the current international law system, as they actively contribute to the protection of international peace and security, and are positively involved in 1 different areas in which they operate. For this reason, a normative body that properly and coherently regulates the international responsibility of them seems both inevitable and necessary.", "A1 Government of Chile finds it appropriate for the draft articles to be based, in their structure and content, on the articles on State responsibility, and to agree with the Commission &apos; s decision that the characteristics of international organizations require the drafting of a different and proper normative body.", "B. Specific comments on the draft articles", "Part One", "1. Draft article 1 Scope of the present draft articles", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "The Government of Chile agrees with the general concept expressed in paragraph (5) of the commentary that the emergence of responsibility requires a violation of an international obligation.", "Part II The internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chapter I General principles", "2. Draft article 4 Elements of the internationally wrongful act of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "In the view of the Government of Chile, the actions of international organizations in a territory subject to the jurisdiction of a particular State could be qualified as lawful in accordance with the law of the territory, and it remains useful to include a provision similar to that of article 3 of the articles on State responsibility.", "Chapter II Attribution of conduct to an international organization", "3. Draft article 8 Behavior recognized and adopted by an international organization as its own", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "Paragraph (5) of the commentary states that, with respect to the competent body to recognize and adopt an act as its own, the rules of the organization are followed. However, the rules of the organization may not help in all cases. The rules of the organization probably address the functions of each body and on which bodies have the power to force the organization into international instruments. Probably the case of liability for acts of third parties is not specified in the constituent instrument as the function of any organ. The analogous application of the rules on the powers of the various bodies to conclude agreements or to force the organization in any other way would not apply to cases of assuming responsibility for acts of third parties. It may be that the body making such recognition is an organ with an average position within the organization &apos; s organizational chart, and it would be useful to resolve whether such bodies could compromise the organization &apos; s responsibility for such bodies or whether only the organization &apos; s governing bodies could do so.", "Chapter V Circumstances that exclude wrongfulness", "4. Draft article 21 Countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "[See the commentary to article 51 below. ]", "Part Four Ways to Ensuring the International Responsibility of an International Organization", "Chapter II Countermeasures", "5. General comments", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "The Government of Chile expresses a favourable view as to whether there should be a chapter on countermeasures, since there is no reason for an international organization that violates an international obligation to be exempt from the adoption of countermeasures by an injured State or international organization in order to persuade it to fulfil its obligations.", "6. Draft article 50 Object and limits of countermeasures", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "There is a need to limit countermeasures in order not to prejudice the exercise of the functional competence of international organizations. This issue seems resolved by article 50, paragraph 4. However, defining restrictions on countermeasures on the basis of this broad and imprecise approach can be very difficult, and would make the application of inoperable countermeasures in practice.", "7. Draft article 51 Countermeasures taken by members of an international organization", "Chile", "[Original: Spanish]", "On the question of whether a member of a responsible international organization who had suffered harm could take countermeasures with respect to it, in our view, in principle, it should be possible, without prejudice to the application of the rules of the organization as lex specialis. Accordingly, it is consistent with the rule, as well as with the requirements set out in draft article 51.", "When the rules of the organization do not explicitly or implicitly regulate the issue of countermeasures in the relations between an international organization and its members, the general rule should permit its imposition. Under the above, article 51 should be drafted in a positive manner, in order to express more clearly the general rule applicable in the absence of rules of the organization that expressly resolve the application of countermeasures. The same comment is made on article 21." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 b) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: cuestiones de derechos humanos, incluidos otros medios de mejorar el goce efectivo de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales", "Instituciones nacionales para la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "El presente informe, que abarca el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2010 y septiembre de 2011, contiene información sobre las actividades llevadas a cabo por la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos con objeto de asistir en la creación de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y el fortalecimiento de las existentes; las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos y esas instituciones al respecto; el apoyo prestado a las actividades internacionales y regionales de esas instituciones; la asistencia técnica prestada en relación con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, en colaboración con otros organismos, fondos y programas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas; y la cooperación entre las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los mecanismos internacionales para la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos. También incluye información sobre la labor de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en relación con ciertas cuestiones temáticas.", "El presente informe complementa el informe del Secretario General presentado al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de fecha 7 de febrero de 2011 (A/HRC/16/76), que abarca las actividades realizadas en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2010.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introducción", "1. Este informe se presenta de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la resolución 64/161 de la Asamblea General, en la que la Asamblea pidió al Secretario General que la informase en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones sobre la aplicación de la resolución. El informe abarca las actividades del período comprendido entre septiembre de 2010 y septiembre de 2011 y complementa el informe del Secretario General al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de fecha 7 de febrero de 2010 (A/HRC/16/76), que abarca las actividades del período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2010.", "2. En su resolución 64/161, la Asamblea General reconoció la multiplicidad de actores dedicados a establecer o fortalecer instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. Alentó a la cooperación entre las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y toda la gran diversidad de actores, entre ellos las Naciones Unidas y en particular la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH), el Comité Internacional de Coordinación de instituciones nacionales para la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos, (el Comité Internacional de Coordinación), las redes regionales de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos[1], así como las asociaciones regionales e internacionales de ombudsman. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea acogió también con beneplácito los esfuerzos realizados por la Alta Comisionada para establecer asociaciones en apoyo de las instituciones nacionales y alentó a todos los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, así como a los organismos, fondos y programas, a que cooperaran, en el marco de sus mandatos respectivos, con los Estados Miembros y las instituciones nacionales. Entre esta multiplicidad de actores, los Estados Miembros ejercen una función destacada en relación con el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. A ese respecto, también en su resolución 64/161, la Asamblea alentó a los Estados Miembros a que establecieran instituciones nacionales eficaces, independientes y plurales.", "3. El presente informe tiene por objeto ofrecer un resumen de las funciones que ejercen los actores antes mencionados para el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de instituciones nacionales independientes de derechos humanos. También examina las asociaciones y otros acuerdos de cooperación que se han establecido hasta la fecha en los planos nacional, regional e internacional.", "II. Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos e instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "4. El apoyo y la extensión a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos son parte integrante del mandato del ACNUDH. En su declaración introductoria al 24º período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación (Ginebra, 17 de mayo de 2011), la Alta Comisionada reiteró que las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos eran asociados cruciales para el ACNUDH debido a la función básica que representaban en los sistemas nacionales de protección de los derechos humanos, en particular para ocuparse de las cuestiones de derechos humanos más fundamentales en el plano nacional.", "5. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, por conducto de la Sección de Instituciones Nacionales y Mecanismos Regionales, continuó prestando apoyo jurídico y técnico para el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. Ha continuado impulsando su larga relación con el Comité Internacional de Coordinación prestando apoyo de secretaría tanto al propio Comité como a su Subcomité de Acreditación.", "6. La Asamblea General se ha referido a la función del ACNUDH relativa a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos como una labor en curso. Por consiguiente, alentó a la Alta Comisionada a ampliar aún más las actividades de apoyo a esas instituciones (véase la resolución 64/161, párr. 13). Además del mandato de larga data del ACNUDH de apoyar a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, en 2011 la Asamblea le pidió que desarrollara y apoyara actividades dedicadas a dos categorías específicas de instituciones: ombudsman y mediadores (véase la resolución 65/207, párr. 5).", "A. Servicios de asesoramiento prestados por la Oficina en relación con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "7. Las actividades del ACNUDH encaminadas a fortalecer la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en los planos nacional, regional e internacional se llevan a cabo principalmente por conducto de la Sección de Instituciones Nacionales y Mecanismos Regionales, que trabaja en consultas con otras dependencias del ACNUDH, incluidas sus misiones sobre el terreno. La Oficina ha seguido prestando asesoramiento y asistencia para el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones a través de sus oficinas nacionales y regionales, los asesores de derechos humanos y los componentes de derechos humanos de las misiones de paz de las Naciones Unidas, así como mediante la colaboración con otros asociados de las Naciones Unidas, incluido el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), y con los órganos de coordinación regionales de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. El ACNUDH también colabora estrechamente con organizaciones intergubernamentales, instituciones académicas y organizaciones de la sociedad civil.", "8. El ACNUDH presta asistencia jurídica y técnica a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y otros interesados nacionales. Ofrece asesoramiento acerca de disposiciones constitucionales y legislativas relativas a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, así como sobre su forma, sus funciones, sus competencias y sus responsabilidades. También se llevan a cabo análisis comparativos, evaluaciones de las necesidades de cooperación técnica, elaboración de proyectos y misiones de evaluación, para ayudar a que las instituciones se atengan a los Principios relativos al estatuto de las instituciones nacionales de promoción y protección de los derechos humanos (Principios de París) (véase la resolución 48/134, anexo).", "9. La Oficina continuó organizando el programa de becas a empleados de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A. En el período que se examina, participaron en ese programa empleados de instituciones de los siguientes países: Egipto, India, Qatar, Nicaragua, Perú, Uganda y Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte. La finalidad del programa de becas es permitir a empleados de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de todo el mundo que comprendan y aprecien mejor el sistema internacional de derechos humanos. Gracias a esta experiencia, los becarios adquieren conocimientos y experiencia práctica sobre el sistema de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos el sistema de órganos creados en virtud de tratados, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, el examen periódico universal y los procedimientos especiales. También se familiarizan con la labor del ACNUDH de colaboración y asistencia a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, y con cuestiones técnicas y sustantivas relacionadas con ellas. Tanto el ACNUDH como las instituciones nacionales se benefician del programa de becas, tanto por los conocimientos especializados sustantivos que obtienen como por la experiencia de trabajar en una institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "1. América y el Caribe", "10. La Oficina para América del Sur del ACNUDH organizó dos talleres destinados a fomentar la capacidad del Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Chile, dedicados a los indicadores de derechos humanos (11 y 12 de abril de 2011) y a la presentación de informes a órganos de derechos humanos creados en virtud de tratados (20 de mayo de 2011).", "11. Los días 18 y 19 de abril de 2011, el ACNUDH, mediante su Oficina Regional para América del Sur, organizó una capacitación sobre los indicadores de recursos humanos para la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Perú (Defensoría del Pueblo), dirigida a más de 30 de sus empleados y dedicada especialmente a los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales. El taller estuvo destinado a integrar mejor los indicadores de derechos humanos en los análisis e informes de la institución.", "12. El 20 de abril de 2011, la Oficina Regional para América del Sur del ACNUDH organizó conjuntamente con la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Perú una sesión de capacitación para pueblos indígenas. Su finalidad fue aumentar los conocimientos y la conciencia sobre la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y el sistema internacional de derechos humanos, incluyendo la manera en que los pueblos indígenas y la sociedad civil pueden hacer uso satisfactoriamente de los mecanismos de las Naciones Unidas. La sesión de capacitación estuvo destinada a miembros de 30 organizaciones indígenas y de la sociedad civil del Perú.", "13. En el contexto del proceso de nombramiento del responsable de la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Ecuador (Defensor del Pueblo), el ACNUDH ha prestado apoyo con miras a aumentar la conciencia sobre las normas internacionales. Ese apoyo incluyó una sesión de capacitación celebrada en junio de 2011 para los miembros del Consejo de Participación Ciudadana y Control Social, el órgano responsable de elegir al Defensor.", "14. En el contexto de su visita a México (3 a 9 de julio de 2011), la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos mantuvo una reunión con el Presidente de la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos para deliberar sobre el impulso a la cooperación en ámbitos como los indicadores de derechos humanos, los defensores de los derechos humanos, los derechos de los trabajadores migrantes y la reciente reforma constitucional. Durante su visita, la Alta Comisionada se reunió también con la Federación Mexicana de Organismos Públicos de Derechos Humanos, compuesta por 32 comisiones subnacionales de derechos humanos.", "15. En septiembre de 2011, la Oficina Regional para América del Sur del ACNUDH organizó, junto con la institución nacional de derechos humanos de la Argentina (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación), una sesión de capacitación para miembros de la sociedad civil y organizaciones indígenas. Tuvo lugar en dos regiones del país y estuvo dedicada a presentar los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos.", "16. Durante el período examinado en el presente informe, la Oficina Regional para América del Sur del ACNUDH mantuvo reuniones con diputados y funcionarios gubernamentales en las que se habló sobre el establecimiento de una institución nacional de derechos humanos en el Uruguay. El ACNUDH destacó la importancia de velar por la independencia y la autonomía de la institución, por su financiación adecuada y por el proceso de selección de sus integrantes.", "17. Durante este período, el ACNUDH continuó prestando apoyo a los esfuerzos encaminados a establecer en Chile una institución nacional de derechos humanos que se atenga a los Principios de París. La Oficina Regional para América del Sur del ACNUDH organizó reuniones informativas con representantes del Senado y distribuyó folletos sobre las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los Principios de París. El ACNUDH dirigió una carta a todos los miembros de la Cámara de Diputados para señalar a su atención la recomendación del examen periódico universal relativa al establecimiento de una institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "18. Durante el período sobre el que se informa, la Oficina Regional para América del Sur del ACNUDH colaboró con la institución nacional de derechos humanos de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para intensificar su compromiso con la protección de los derechos de las personas privadas de libertad y en relación con el examen periódico universal. El ACNUDH impartió capacitación sobre el examen periódico universal al personal de la Defensoría (véase A/HRC/16/76, párr. 14).", "19. El ACNUDH, el PNUD, la Organización Internacional de la Francofonía y la Oficina de Protección del Ciudadano y de la Ciudadana elaboraron una estrategia general conjunta de tres años para el fortalecimiento de la Oficina de Protección, que se aplicará de 2011 a 2013. Dentro de ese proyecto se contrató a un consultor para que prestara asistencia a la Oficina de Protección en la ejecución de su mandato.", "2. África", "20. En marzo de 2011, tras la promulgación de la Ley para el establecimiento de la Comisión Nacional Independiente de Derechos Humanos en Burundi, el 5 de enero de 2011, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en ese país organizó consultas en Rutana, Gitega y Bujumbura. Esas consultas estaban destinadas a sensibilizar a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil sobre la nueva ley y a velar por la transparencia del proceso de selección y nombramiento de los integrantes de la Comisión. El 19 de mayo de 2011, la Asamblea Nacional nombró a los siete integrantes y a los miembros de la Mesa.", "21. El ACNUDH, en cooperación con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país, organizó consultas para sensibilizar sobre el establecimiento de una nueva institución nacional de derechos humanos en el Níger. Del 6 al 8 de julio de 2011 se mantuvieron consultas con varios ministerios. Los días 4 a 6 de julio se celebró en Tahoua un taller dirigido a organizaciones de la sociedad civil.", "22. En enero de 2011, la Comisión Nacional Independiente sobre Derechos Humanos de Liberia, establecida oficialmente en octubre de 2010, adquirió sus nuevas oficinas. La Sección de Derechos Humanos y Protección de la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia cooperó con los altos cargos de la Comisión a fin de asesorarles sobre el plan de trabajo para 2011, incluida una guía sobre la reconciliación nacional que fue presentada a la Presidenta, y sobre el proyecto Palava Hut. La Comisión Nacional Independiente sobre Derechos Humanos y la Sección de Derechos Humanos y Protección acordaron el mandato para dos consultores nacionales encargados de elaborar un plan estratégico y un reglamento interno. El 20 de mayo de 2011, la Sección celebró un taller de media jornada con la Comisión Nacional para deliberar sobre los mandatos, organigramas y planes de acción de ambas entidades, y hablar sobre su cooperación.", "23. Durante el período del presente informe, la Oficina Regional para África Oriental del ACNUDH apoyó a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Buena Gobernanza de la República Unida de Tanzanía en la elaboración de una presentación de las partes interesadas al examen periódico universal, con capacitación y un ejercicio de validación. El ACNUDH también participó en el proceso de elaboración de un plan de acción nacional sobre derechos humanos para la República Unida de Tanzanía, proceso dirigido, entre otros, por la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Buena Gobernanza.", "24. El ACNUDH prestó apoyo para que las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Namibia, Sudáfrica, Zambia y Zimbabwe pudieran acudir al seminario subregional que organizó sobre el seguimiento de las observaciones finales del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, celebrado en Pretoria del 22 al 24 de junio de 2011.", "25. La Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Zimbabwe, que aún no está plenamente en funcionamiento, nombró a sus miembros en 2010. El ACNUDH aportó observaciones sustantivas al proyecto de ley por el que se establece esa Comisión. El ACNUDH y el PNUD contrataron a un consultor por un período de seis meses para que ofreciera apoyo técnico y de capacidad a los comisarios. El ACNUDH y el PNUD también organizaron reuniones de capacitación y sensibilización con varias partes interesadas nacionales a fin de promover el establecimiento y el funcionamiento de la Comisión de conformidad con los Principios de París. Se invitó al Vicepresidente de la Comisión al seminario regional antes mencionado celebrado en Pretoria.", "26. El ACNUDH formuló observaciones sobre varios proyectos relativos a una normativa para el nombramiento de los miembros de la sociedad civil de la futura institución nacional de derechos humanos de Mozambique. También ha estado colaborando estrechamente con el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en ese país para ampliar los servicios técnicos y de asesoramiento al Gobierno y la sociedad civil a fin de establecer la institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "27. En agosto de 2011, el ACNUDH apoyó la contratación de un consultor en Sudán del Sur para aportar conocimientos técnicos especializados a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y capacitar a su personal.", "28. El ACNUDH siguió colaborando estrechamente con la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Sudáfrica mediante la Iniciativa contra la discriminación, un proyecto de un año de duración financiado por el ACNUDH que se puso en marcha en noviembre de 2010. Mantuvo consultas periódicas con el personal de la Comisión para supervisar la ejecución del proyecto, encaminado a impartir capacitación a la Comisión sobre la manera de tratar las inquietudes relativas a los derechos humanos de los no nacionales y luchar contra la xenofobia y la discriminación.", "29. La Oficina Regional para África Meridional del ACNUDH colaboró estrechamente con los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países de la región para fomentar el establecimiento y fortalecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en las Comoras y las Seychelles.", "30. Durante el período examinado en el presente informe, el ACNUDH apoyó a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Etiopía en la preparación de un plan de acción nacional sobre derechos humanos. La Oficina Regional para África Oriental del ACNUDH prestó asesoramiento a la Comisión para fomentar la interacción con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados, es decir, exámenes de Etiopía que realizarían próximamente el Comité de Derechos Humanos y el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer. En agosto de 2011, el ACNUDH, el PNUD y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos llevaron a cabo un análisis de las deficiencias de la Comisión con objeto de evaluar sus capacidades. El ACNUDH también brindó asesoramiento sobre el proceso de acreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación e impartió capacitación al personal y los miembros de la Comisión sobre los Principios de París.", "31. Durante el período que abarca el presente informe, la Oficina Regional para África Oriental del ACNUDH prestó apoyo a la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Djibouti con objeto de garantizar su asistencia al examen del país por el Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer en el contexto de un programa conjunto trienal encaminado a poner en práctica las recomendaciones del examen periódico universal sobre Djibouti.", "32. En el último trimestre de 2010, el ACNUDH llevó a cabo actividades de capacitación sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la República Centroafricana (véase A/HRC/16/76, párr. 26).", "3. Asia y el Pacífico", "33. En el último trimestre de 2010, el ACNUDH, en cooperación con el PNUD y el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico, realizó una evaluación de la capacidad de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Jordania y Tailandia (ibid., párr. 31).", "4. Europa y Asia Central", "34. Por invitación del Centro Noruego de Derechos Humanos, el ACNUDH participó en un debate titulado “La Institución Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Noruega: ¿Quo vadis?”, celebrado en Oslo el 11 de enero de 2011. La reunión formó parte del proceso nacional de consultas sobre la reestructuración del Centro y a ella asistieron representantes de la sociedad civil y empleados del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Noruega. El ACNUDH prestó asistencia técnica y brindó asesoramiento sobre la reestructuración de la institución nacional de derechos humanos de Noruega y su reacreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "35. Durante su visita a la Federación de Rusia, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos pronunció un discurso ante la Reunión Anual del Consejo de Coordinación de Ombudsman Subnacionales de la Federación de Rusia, celebrada en San Petersburgo el 18 de febrero de 2011. Afirmó que el ACNUDH consideraba muy prioritario el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y oficinas del ombudsman que se atuvieran a las normas internacionales pertinentes, y el apoyo a las mismas. En particular, el ACNUDH podía compartir conocimientos especializados sobre la función de las instituciones de ombudsman acerca del estado de derecho, las condiciones de detención y la reforma del sector de la seguridad. La Alta Comisionada alentó a los participantes a que incrementaran su colaboración con los órganos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados y los mecanismos de procedimientos especiales del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. También apeló al Ombudsman Federal a que creara posibilidades para que las instituciones subnacionales actuaran en conjunción con el Consejo de Derechos Humanos y pidió que esas instituciones accedieran a la coordinación y los intercambios mantenidos en el plano internacional por mediación del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, y se beneficiaran de ellos.", "36. En marzo de 2011, el ACNUDH formuló observaciones sobre el reglamento de la Asamblea Nacional de Serbia relativas a las disposiciones que rigen la relación entre el Ombudsman y el Parlamento, específicamente sobre los mecanismos de supervisión y el examen de informes presentados por la institución nacional de derechos humanos a la Asamblea Nacional. La Asamblea tuvo en consideración las observaciones del ACNUDH durante la enmienda de su reglamento. El ACNUDH y el equipo de las Naciones Unidas en el país continúan colaborando intensamente con la Asamblea Nacional y el Ombudsman de Serbia para fortalecer las relaciones entre ambos órganos nacionales.", "37. En junio de 2011 se puso en marcha oficialmente el programa conjunto de asistencia técnica de las Naciones Unidas para fortalecer la capacidad de la institución nacional de derechos humanos de Tayikistán. En ese programa participan los organismos siguientes, además de la institución del Ombudsman: el ACNUDH, el PNUD, la Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA. El programa está destinado a fortalecer la capacidad de la institución nacional de derechos humanos de Tayikistán para investigar las denuncias, ejecutar actividades de educación y extensión al público, y mejorar su asociación con actores estatales clave y organizaciones de la sociedad civil a fin de promover cambios en las políticas y la legislación de derechos humanos.", "38. En julio de 2011, previa petición del Ministerio de Justicia y el Seimas Ombudsman de Lituania, el ACNUDH formuló observaciones sobre la Ley del Seimas Ombudsman. Igualmente, el 12 de julio de 2011, el ACNUDH participó en una reunión consultiva organizada en Vilna por la Presidenta de Lituania y el Ministerio de Justicia sobre el establecimiento de una institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "39. El ACNUDH colaboró con funcionarios gubernamentales de la República de Moldova sobre las enmiendas propuestas a la legislación nacional en vigor relativa a la institución nacional de derechos humanos de categoría B, haciendo hincapié, entre otras cosas, en los procedimientos de nombramiento y la selección del Ombudsman. El Asesor sobre Derechos Humanos del ACNUDH en la República de Moldova y el Representante Regional del ACNUDH para Europa colaboraron con funcionarios del Ministerio de Justicia y diputados, entre otros. Además, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos envió una comunicación al Gobierno en la que lo instaba a actuar con rapidez para mejorar la institución nacional de derechos humanos, con miras a solicitar su reacreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "40. El Asesor sobre Derechos Humanos del ACNUDH en la República de Moldova prestó apoyo a la institución nacional de derechos humanos de diversas maneras, incluida la capacitación sobre el examen periódico universal y sobre la supervisión de instituciones para discapacitados mentales, la mejora de la biblioteca de la institución y el impulso a la planificación estratégica. El Asesor participó en la mesa de un proyecto del PNUD y la Comisión Europea dedicado al fortalecimiento de la institución nacional de derechos humanos.", "41. La Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos asistió en el fortalecimiento de las infraestructuras nacionales de derechos humanos en Croacia, los Países Bajos, Noruega, Hungría, Lituania y Eslovaquia. El ACNUDH prestó asesoramiento, junto con observaciones sobre la legislación, y señaló a la atención de los gobiernos, las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y otras partes interesadas en estos procesos la importancia de garantizar un diálogo auténtico mediante consultas plurales y participativas.", "42. El Asesor sobre Derechos Humanos del ACNUDH en Serbia colaboró estrechamente con la Oficina del Ombudsman en ese país para reforzar la labor de la institución relativa a la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos. El apoyo del ACNUDH incluyó la elaboración de un informe completo sobre los derechos humanos del pueblo romaní y sobre la eficacia de las medidas de inclusión de los romanís aplicadas en el país. Se prevé que el informe, junto con las recomendaciones al Gobierno de Serbia, se presenten al Parlamento Nacional a principios de 2012.", "43. El Asesor sobre Derechos Humanos del ACNUDH en la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia prestó apoyo a la Oficina del Ombudsman en su solicitud de acreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "44. Durante el último trimestre de 2010, el ACNUDH ayudó a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Serbia y los Países Bajos en el fomento de sus capacidades (ibid., párrs. 39 y 40).", "5. Oriente Medio y África Septentrional", "45. El ACNUDH, el PNUD y el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico prestaron apoyo a la evaluación de la capacidad de la institución de Palestina (6 a 8 de febrero de 2011 y 3 a 15 de abril de 2011) y del Afganistán (13 a 26 de mayo de 2011). La evaluación de la capacidad incluyó entrevistas con el personal de las instituciones y con otros interesados.", "46. Durante el período del presente informe, el ACNUDH prestó asesoramiento jurídico sobre los proyectos de legislación relativos al establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en Túnez y en la Arabia Saudita.", "47. El ACNUDH organizó un taller sobre los Principios de París en Omán (véase A/HRC/16/76, párr. 30).", "B. Apoyo a iniciativas regionales relacionadas con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "1. América y el Caribe", "48. El ACNUDH, en cooperación con la secretaría del Commonwealth, organizó un taller regional sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París para la región del Caribe. El taller tuvo lugar en Puerto España del 21 al 23 de marzo de 2011. El principal objetivo del taller, que se basó en avances recientes relacionados con los derechos humanos en el Caribe incluidos los logrados mediante el proceso del examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, fue desarrollar y fortalecer los sistemas nacionales de protección de los derechos humanos en los Estados del Caribe con la finalidad a corto y mediano plazo de establecer instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. Asistieron al taller diputados y personal de las instituciones del Ombudsman y los gobiernos, incluidos fiscales generales, de 12 Estados del Caribe de habla inglesa. También participaron en esta actividad representantes del equipo de las Naciones Unidas en Barbados y de la Organización de Estados del Caribe Oriental. Se aprobó la Declaración de Puerto España (véase el anexo).", "49. Durante el 24º período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, la Red de Instituciones Nacionales para la Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos del Continente Americano mantuvo una reunión paralela a fin de deliberar sobre su plan de trabajo para 2011-2012. Los participantes debatieron sobre un programa permanente de creación de capacidad para el personal de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de la región y sobre el establecimiento de un consejo asesor para la Red. Asimismo, acordaron elaborar un sitio web para la Red del Conteniente Americano y celebrar su próxima reunión regional anual de 2011 en Guatemala.", "2. África", "50. El PNUD, el ACNUDH y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos celebraron una reunión en Ginebra el 21 de mayo de 2011 a fin de tratar la cooperación y el apoyo en la que, entre otras cosas, definieron la metodología para realizar análisis de deficiencias y prestar asistencia a la elaboración y validación del plan estratégico de la Red.", "51. El ACNUDH participó como facilitador en un programa de capacitación dirigido a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de África (Accra, 30 de mayo a 8 de junio de 2011). El taller fue organizado por el Raoul Wallenberg Institute, la Universidad de Lund y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos. Su objetivo principal fue mejorar la capacidad y los conocimientos del personal de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos acerca de los Principios de París. Entre los participantes, unos 26 empleados de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, figuraban investigadores, capacitadores, oficiales jurídicos, administradores y gestores de Etiopía, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, la República Unida de Tanzanía, Rwanda, Sierra Leona, Sudáfrica, Uganda y Zambia.", "3. Asia y el Pacífico", "52. Los días 28 a 30 de marzo de 2011, el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico, el PNUD y el ACNUDH organizaron en Bangkok un taller de capacitación sobre la evaluación de la capacidad de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de la región de Asia y el Pacífico. El ACNUDH apoyó la participación de un representante de la secretaría de la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos, con sede en Kenya, para fomentar el intercambio eficaz entre las redes de la región de Asia y el Pacífico y de África de experiencias y buenas prácticas relativas a la evaluación de la capacidad de las instituciones.", "4. Europa y Asia Central", "53. El ACNUDH brindó apoyo al Grupo de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Europa en sus esfuerzos por establecer una secretaría permanente. El ACNUDH apoyó la organización de una reunión, celebrada en Ginebra el 21 de febrero de 2011, con objeto de detectar medidas concretas para el establecimiento de la secretaría permanente. A la reunión acudieron representantes de 13 instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos europeas y las secretarías permanentes del Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos. También asistieron delegados de las Misiones Permanentes en Ginebra y de mecanismos regionales como la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales, la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) y el Consejo de Europa. Uno de los resultados principales de la reunión fue el apoyo unánime expresado por los participantes a esta iniciativa.", "54. El ACNUDH participó en el Taller sobre la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la promoción y protección de los derechos de la mujer y la igualdad entre los géneros, celebrado en Praga los días 28 y 29 de marzo de 2011. El taller fue organizado por la OSCE y la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos para las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de países de Europa Oriental.", "55. El ACNUDH asistió a la cuarta reunión anual de la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea con instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, celebrada en Viena el 5 de abril de 2011. El ACNUDH, en su declaración, prestó especial atención a la diversidad de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Europa y a la tendencia de fusionar instituciones de derechos humanos y de igualdad o de hacer hincapié en la cooperación entre diversos tipos de instituciones de igualdad, derechos humanos y ombudsman. También subrayó la importancia de establecer una secretaría permanente para el Grupo de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Europa.", "56. El ACNUDH asistió a la Reunión Suplementaria de la Dimensión Humana de la OSCE los días 14 y 15 de abril en Viena. La Oficina compartió su experiencia en brindar asistencia a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos para fortalecer su función en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, como resultado del reciente examen de sus métodos de trabajo, como el derecho a la palabra, la distribución de declaraciones por escrito y la participación en el examen periódico universal.", "57. El 17 de mayo de 2011, durante el 24º período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, los miembros del Grupo de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Europa celebraron una reunión para tratar los temas siguientes: establecimiento de una secretaría permanente para el Grupo de Europa; colaboración con la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales, con el Proceso de Interlaken y con la OSCE; grupo de trabajo del Grupo de Europa relativo a la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad; y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los órganos de igualdad (Equinet). Durante la reunión, el Grupo de Europa eligió a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Escocia para su Presidencia. Las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Francia, Luxemburgo y Dinamarca fueron elegidas miembros del Comité Europeo de Coordinación. La institución nacional de derechos humanos de Alemania fue elegida miembro europeo del Subcomité de Acreditación y del Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "58. El ACNUDH asistió a una conferencia sobre instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la zona de la OSCE, celebrada en Vilna los días 13 y 14 de julio de 2011. La conferencia fue organizada conjuntamente por la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos de la OSCE y la Presidencia en funciones de la OSCE (Presidencia de la OSCE). Su objetivo fue facilitar el intercambio de experiencias entre instituciones de ombudsman, comisiones de derechos humanos, institutos y otros mecanismos que colaboran con el poder ejecutivo, la judicatura, los parlamentos y la sociedad civil.", "59. El ACNUDH asistió a una reunión interinstitucional oficiosa con el Consejo de Europa y la Oficina de Instituciones Democráticas y Derechos Humanos en Varsovia los días 4 y 5 de octubre de 2010. La Oficina compartió experiencias sobre la asistencia a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos para desarrollar su marco legislativo e impulsar la capacidad.", "60. Los días 20 y 21 de octubre de 2010, el ACNUDH participó en una Mesa redonda regional sobre el mecanismo preventivo nacional en el marco del Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura en Zagreb, organizado por el PNUD y el Ombudsman de Croacia. La Mesa redonda se dedicó especialmente a la prevención de la tortura y la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos.", "5. Oriente Medio y África Septentrional", "61. Los días 27 y 28 de abril de 2011, en Nuakchot, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos participó en la séptima Reunión Anual de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de los Estados Árabes, dedicada a la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en el seguimiento de las recomendaciones de los órganos de las Naciones Unidas creados en virtud de tratados. A la reunión, organizada por la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Mauritania, acudieron representantes de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Argelia, Egipto, Jordania, Mauritania, Qatar y Túnez. Los participantes aprobaron la Declaración de Nuakchot.", "C. Apoyo de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos a iniciativas internacionales relacionadas con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "1. Comité Internacional de Coordinación de las Instituciones Nacionales para la Promoción y la Protección de los Derechos Humanos", "62. El ACNUDH prestó apoyo al Comité Internacional de Coordinación en el desarrollo y la administración de su sitio web (http://nhri.ohchr.org), que entró en funcionamiento en 2011 en sustitución de www.nhri.net.", "63. El 7 de agosto de 2011, el ACNUDH recibió una carta de la Presidencia en curso y la entrante del Comité Internacional de Coordinación en la que se pedía a las Naciones Unidas que organizaran en 2013 la celebración del 20º aniversario de la aprobación de los Principios de París. El Comité Internacional de Coordinación expresó su opinión de que los preparativos para ese acto debían comenzar en 2012 y de que la cuestión debía incluirse en el programa del sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. De conformidad con la propuesta que figuraba en esa carta, se recomienda que la Asamblea General dedique una sesión plenaria especial en su sexagésimo octavo período ordinario de sesiones, de 2013, a celebrar el 20º aniversario de la aprobación de los Principios de París y que la Asamblea General incluya una disposición a esos efectos en su resolución bienal sobre las instituciones nacionales para la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos.", "a) 24º período de sesiones anual", "64. El 24º período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación se celebró en Ginebra del 17 al 19 de mayo de 2011. En su programa figuraban las mejores prácticas de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en el seguimiento de las recomendaciones del examen periódico universal; la participación de esas instituciones en los órganos creados en virtud de tratados; las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los derechos de los pueblos indígenas; la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la protección de los derechos de la mujer; el seguimiento de la Conferencia de Examen de Durban; la educación en materia de derechos humanos; y las empresas y los derechos humanos. Acudieron a él miembros de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos procedentes de más de 80 países, así como funcionarios gubernamentales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, académicos y organizaciones intergubernamentales.", "b) Reunión de la Mesa", "65. La reunión de la Mesa del Comité Internacional de Coordinación se celebró el 16 de mayo de 2011 en Ginebra. Los miembros de la Mesa deliberaron sobre las declaraciones del Comité Internacional de Coordinación ante el 17º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, relativa a la aprobación del proyecto de Protocolo facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, y ante la Conferencia de los Estados partes en la Convención sobre los derechos de las personas con discapacidad. Además, la Mesa aprobó la propuesta de que la siguiente conferencia bienal del Comité Internacional de Coordinación estuviera dedicada a la igualdad entre los géneros y las mujeres y las niñas.", "66. Los miembros de la Mesa decidieron establecer un grupo de trabajo, compuesto por representantes de las cuatro regiones, dedicado a la participación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en órganos de las Naciones Unidas. Además, convinieron en apoyar la aprobación de una resolución de la Asamblea General que hiciera hincapié en los Principios de París y la participación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en órganos de las Naciones Unidas, y también de una resolución sobre las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en el 17º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "2. Subcomité de Acreditación", "67. El ACNUDH brindó apoyo de secretaria a la reunión del Subcomité de Acreditación celebrada los días 23 a 27 de mayo de 2011 en Ginebra. El Subcomité examinó las 20 instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos siguientes: nueva acreditación para Bangladesh, Hungría, Sierra Leona y Suecia; reacreditación para Australia, Austria, el Canadá, El Salvador, la India, Mauritania, Namibia, Nicaragua, Noruega, Nueva Zelandia, el Reino Unido (Irlanda del Norte), Rumania y el Senegal; aplazamiento: Azerbaiyán, Eslovaquia y Nigeria.", "III. Cooperación entre los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "68. La cooperación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos con los mecanismos internacionales y regionales de derechos humanos es una exigencia fundamental de los Principios de París. El ACNUDH siguió prestando asistencia a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos para que actuaran en conjunción con los órganos creados en virtud de tratados y el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, incluso en el examen periódico universal y los procedimientos especiales. A ese respecto, el ACNUDH lleva a cabo su labor en coordinación con la Presidencia del Comité Internacional de Coordinación y el representante en Ginebra.", "69. Durante el período que se examina, el ACNUDH siguió apoyando y facilitando la participación del Comité Internacional de Coordinación en procesos decisivos encaminados a fortalecer los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos, como el examen del Consejo de Derechos Humanos y la reforma del órgano creado en virtud de tratados.", "A. Consejo de Derechos Humanos", "70. La colaboración activa del Comité Internacional de Coordinación en el examen del Consejo de Derechos Humanos dio como resultado más oportunidades de participación para las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A en el Consejo. El 25 de marzo de 2011, el Consejo aprobó el resultado del examen de la labor y el funcionamiento del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (resolución 16/21, anexo). El resultado incluye disposiciones relativas a la participación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A en el examen periódico universal y los procedimientos especiales y su interacción con ellos (véanse las secciones correspondientes más adelante).", "71. En 2011 el ACNUDH, en cooperación con el representante del Comité Internacional de Coordinación en Ginebra, continuó apoyando la participación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Durante el 16º período de sesiones del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (28 de febrero a 25 de marzo de 2011) se presentaron ocho contribuciones por escrito: seis de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A (Bosnia y Herzegovina, Georgia, Malasia, Marruecos, Nicaragua y Ucrania) y dos de redes regionales (el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de la región de Asia y el Pacífico y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de África). En el 17º período de sesiones del Consejo (30 de mayo a 17 de junio de 2011) se presentaron tres contribuciones por escrito: del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, de la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Reino Unido y de la institución nacional de derechos humanos de la República de Corea.", "72. El 9 de marzo de 2011, durante el 16º período de sesiones del Consejo, el ACNUDH, en cooperación con el Consejo Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Marruecos, organizó un acto paralelo sobre la aplicación de las recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación (Ginebra, 9 de marzo de 2011).", "73. El 16 de junio de 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó por consenso la resolución 17/9 relativa a las instituciones nacionales para la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos.", "1. Examen periódico universal", "74. El ACNUDH siguió prestando apoyo a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos para que actuaran en conjunción con el mecanismo del examen periódico universal. En 2011, durante los períodos de sesiones 10º (febrero), 11º (mayo) y 12º (octubre) del examen periódico universal, las 19 instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos siguientes presentaron contribuciones a los informes de las partes interesadas en el examen periódico universal: 10º período de sesiones: Austria, Australia (categoría A), Georgia (categoría A), Namibia (categoría A), Nepal (categoría A), Níger y Paraguay (categoría A); 11º período de sesiones: Dinamarca (categoría A), Grecia (categoría A), Sierra Leona y Somalia/Somalilandia; y 12º período de sesiones: Haití, Irlanda (categoría A), República de Moldova, República Unida de Tanzanía (categoría A), Swazilandia, Tailandia (categoría A), Togo (categoría A) y Uganda (categoría A).", "75. En marzo de 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos estableció los siguientes derechos de participación para las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A: a) se incluirá una sección separada para las contribuciones de la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Estado examinado en el informe de los interesados; y b) la institución nacional de derechos humanos del Estado examinado tendrá derecho a intervenir inmediatamente después del Estado examinado durante la aprobación del resultado del examen por el pleno del Consejo (véase la resolución 16/21, anexo, párrs. 9 y 13).", "2. Procedimientos especiales", "76. En marzo de 2011, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos otorgó a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A el derecho a designar candidatos a titulares de mandatos de los procedimientos especiales y a intervenir inmediatamente después del país examinado en el diálogo interactivo que se celebrara tras la presentación de los informes de los titulares de mandatos de los procedimientos especiales sobre las misiones a los países (ibid., anexo, párrs. 22 a) y 28).", "B. Órganos creados en virtud de tratados", "77. El ACNUDH ha seguido apoyando la participación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en los períodos de sesiones de órganos creados en virtud de tratados durante el período examinado, ofreciendo información y asistiendo a las reuniones. El 11 de julio de 2011, la Presidenta del Comité Internacional de Coordinación y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Alemania, Dinamarca, Etiopía y Francia participaron en un período de sesiones organizado por el Comité de Recursos Humanos sobre la mejora de la cooperación con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos.", "78. El ACNUDH ha preparado una nota informativa para facilitar a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que deseen acceder al sistema de órganos creados en virtud de tratados información práctica, como diversas oportunidades para su interacción con esos órganos, y los métodos de trabajo y reglamentos de los órganos que son pertinentes para la participación de las instituciones nacionales.", "IV. Cooperación entre la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, los organismos, fondos y programas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y las organizaciones internacionales y regionales en relación con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "79. La cooperación de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos con las Naciones Unidas y los organismos, fondos y programas del sistema de las Naciones Unidas es un requisito fundamental de los Principios de París. En 2008, la Asamblea General alentó a todos los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas así como a los organismos, fondos y programas a que cooperaran, en el marco de sus mandatos respectivos, con los Estados Miembros y las instituciones nacionales para la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos. A ese respecto, la Asamblea General acogió con beneplácito los esfuerzos del ACNUDH para establecer alianzas en apoyo de las instituciones nacionales.", "80. Durante el período examinado, el ACNUDH se dedicó especialmente a desarrollar la asistencia de las Naciones Unidas, lo que incluyó la formalización, mediante un intercambio de cartas en marzo de 2011, de una colaboración tripartita entre el Comité Internacional de Coordinación, el ACNUDH y el PNUD. Entre los ámbitos de esa colaboración tripartita se cuentan el fortalecimiento de la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y las redes regionales, y la facilitación y el apoyo a la colaboración entre los organismos, fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos.", "81. El PNUD, el ACNUDH y el Comité Internacional de Coordinación celebraron una reunión en Nueva York en febrero de 2011 en la que decidieron iniciar una asociación de colaboración tripartita mediante un intercambio de cartas. Los elementos clave de esa asociación incluyen los siguientes: el establecimiento de un examen estratégico anual realizado por el PNUD, el ACNUDH y el Comité Internacional de Coordinación sobre el establecimiento, el desarrollo y la eficacia de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos; la colaboración con los mecanismos de derechos humanos de las Naciones Unidas; proyectos conjuntos de evaluación de la capacidad y análisis de las deficiencias de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos; la colaboración en cuestiones temáticas; y la gestión de la información y los conocimientos. La primera reunión anual del examen estratégico tendrá lugar a finales de agosto de 2011.", "A. Diálogo árabe-europeo de derechos humanos sobre la tortura y el estado de derecho", "82. El ACNUDH participó en el sexto Diálogo árabe-europeo de derechos humanos sobre la tortura y el estado de derecho, celebrado en Berlín los días 11 a 13 de mayo de 2011.", "B. Asociación de Ombudsman del Mediterráneo", "83. El ACNUDH acudió en calidad de observador a la quinta reunión de la Asociación de Ombudsman del Mediterráneo, dedicada al tema “La función del Ombudsman en el fortalecimiento de la buena gobernanza y la democracia” y celebrada en Saint Julian (Malta) los días 30 y 31 de mayo de 2011. En su declaración, el ACNUDH dio a conocer a los participantes la resolución 65/207 de la Asamblea General sobre el papel de los ombudsman, mediadores y demás instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos, en la cual la Asamblea acogió con beneplácito la participación activa de la Oficina en todas las reuniones internacionales y regionales de ombudsman, mediadores y otras instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y pidió, en cooperación con el ACNUDH, su acreditación por conducto del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, para posibilitar su interacción efectiva con los órganos competentes de derechos humanos del sistema de las Naciones Unidas.", "C. Federación Iberoamericana del Ombudsman", "84. El ACNUDH participó en la reunión anual de la Federación Iberoamericana del Ombudsman. Instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos e instituciones del ombudsman de América Latina, España y Portugal asistieron a la reunión, celebrada del 1 al 3 de junio de 2011 en Alcalá de Henares (España). Los participantes trataron, entre otras cosas, los desafíos actuales y futuros para las Defensorías del Pueblo en la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos, los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos; la promoción de los derechos humanos y los informes de las instituciones nacionales; la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos para la aplicación de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales; las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos; y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y la protección de los grupos vulnerables.", "V. Cooperación con organizaciones no gubernamentales e instituciones académicas", "85. El ACNUDH se esforzó por promover la participación de organizaciones no gubernamentales en las actividades del Comité Internacional de Coordinación y su Subcomité de Acreditación. El 7 de octubre de 2010 se celebró un Foro de Organizaciones no Gubernamentales antes de la décima Conferencia Internacional de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos en Edimburgo (Reino Unido) (véase A/HRC/16/76, párr. 70). En mayo de 2011, asistieron al período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación (Ginebra) 50 miembros de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de todo el mundo. La reunión del Subcomité de Acreditación celebrada después del período de sesiones se benefició de las aportaciones recibidas de organizaciones no gubernamentales de Austria, la India y Mauritania.", "VI. Cuestiones temáticas", "A. Pueblos indígenas", "86. El ACNUDH y el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico están elaborando una publicación conjunta titulada The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: An Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions (La Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas: guía operativa para las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos), con objeto de apoyar y fortalecer la labor de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en la promoción y protección de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.", "87. El 11 de julio de 2011, durante al cuarto período de sesiones del Mecanismo de expertos sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas de las Naciones Unidas, se celebraron consultas paralelas con instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en Ginebra. El objetivo principal de esas consultas fue intercambiar buenas prácticas en el adelanto de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas que pudieran quedar reflejadas en la guía.", "B. Historia, principios, funciones y responsabilidades de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos", "88. Durante el período que se examina, el ACNUDH publicó una versión actualizada de su Serie de capacitación profesional núm. 4 titulada National Human Rights Institutions: History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities[2]. Esta publicación, basada en la versión de 1995, ofrece una imagen general de los principales temas actuales relacionados con el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos independientes, incluido el papel que representan en los sistemas nacionales de promoción y protección de los derechos humanos, así como su interacción con el sistema internacional de derechos humanos. La publicación también abarca los avances internacionales más recientes al respecto, como resoluciones de la Asamblea General y material del Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "C. Las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en Estados federales", "89. Durante el 24º período de sesiones anual del Comité Internacional de Coordinación, el ACNUDH organizó una reunión paralela sobre las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en Estados federales. Los participantes deliberaron sobre las particularidades de esos Estados (como la descentralización y el gobierno autónomo local), así como las ventajas y los desafíos para las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos en países con sistemas de gobierno federales.", "VII. Conclusiones", "90. El cumplimiento de los Principios de París es un requisito fundamental para garantizar la eficacia, la independencia, la autonomía y la pluralidad de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. Las instituciones nacionales, al igual que los gobiernos, los parlamentos y demás interesados pertinentes, deberán adoptar todas las medidas necesarias para velar por el funcionamiento ininterrumpido de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París. También se alienta a las instituciones de ombudsman y mediadores a que actúen ateniéndose a esos principios y soliciten la acreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "91. Se acoge con beneplácito el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que respeten los Principios de París en los países donde no existan. El cumplimiento de los Principios de París en la fase previa al establecimiento es clave para asegurar la independencia y legitimidad de las nuevas instituciones. Se recomienda llevar a cabo procesos amplios y participativos de consultas con organizaciones de la sociedad civil durante la preparación de la legislación relativa a las nuevas instituciones.", "92. Se recomienda encarecidamente prestar especial atención a los Principios de París durante el nombramiento de los miembros de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos. Se alienta a los Estados Miembros y las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos a que promuevan un proceso de nombramiento transparente y velen por la representación plural de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil dedicadas a la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos.", "93. En su calidad de componentes fundamentales del sistema nacional de derechos humanos, se alienta a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos a que trabajen en colaboración con otros componentes de ese sistema, a saber, el ejecutivo, la judicatura, el parlamento, la sociedad civil, los medios de comunicación y el sector académico.", "94. Se alientan los programas conjuntos interinstitucionales de los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en los países para apoyar a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y la participación en ellos de asociados nacionales, regionales e internacionales. Se acoge con beneplácito el examen estratégico anual de las actividades relacionadas con las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos establecido por el PNUD, el ACNUDH y el Comité Internacional de Coordinación.", "95. Se recomienda que las instituciones subnacionales de derechos humanos colaboren con la institución federal para velar por la protección equitativa de todos los derechos humanos en todo el país. Se alienta encarecidamente la interacción de esas instituciones subnacionales con el sistema internacional de derechos humanos, incluidos el examen periódico universal, los órganos creados en virtud de tratados y los procedimientos especiales.", "96. En su resolución 16/21 sobre el examen de la labor y el funcionamiento del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, este fortaleció la función de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A en el examen periódico universal y los procedimientos especiales.", "97. Se alienta a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos a que representen un papel activo durante el segundo ciclo del examen periódico universal del Consejo de Derechos Humanos (2012-2016). Se alienta a las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de categoría A a que ejerzan sus derechos de participación establecidos en la resolución 16/21 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos.", "98. Se acoge con beneplácito la aprobación de la Declaración de Puerto España sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París en el Caribe. Se alienta la puesta en marcha de iniciativas similares en otras subregiones.", "99. Se recibe con satisfacción la decisión del Grupo de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Europa de establecer una secretaría permanente. Esa secretaría consolidará la arquitectura regional y se prevé que tenga repercusiones positivas para el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que se atengan a los Principios de París en toda Europa.", "Anexo", "Taller regional sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París en el Caribe", "Puerto España (Trinidad y Tabago)", "21 a 23 de marzo de 2011", "Declaración de Puerto España", "De conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y la Secretaría del Commonwealth, con el apoyo del equipo de las Naciones Unidas en Trinidad y Tabago, organizaron un Taller regional de tres jornadas de duración sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París en el Caribe, celebrado en Puerto España (Trinidad y Tabago) del 21 al 23 de marzo de 2011.", "Los participantes en el taller de los Estados del Caribe de habla inglesa Antigua y Barbuda, las Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, las Bermudas, Dominica, Granada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, Santa Lucía, Suriname, Trinidad y Tabago, y los representantes de los equipos de las Naciones Unidas en Barbados y Trinidad y Tabago:", "• Expresan su agradecimiento al Gobierno de Trinidad y Tabago por actuar como anfitrión de este Taller regional sobre el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París en el Caribe y, en particular, al fiscal general, el Excmo. Anand Ramlogan, por inaugurarlo oficialmente.", "• Expresan su agradecimiento a la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos y a la Secretaría del Commonwealth por organizar conjuntamente este Taller regional.", "• Reconocen la participación de la Oficina del Coordinador Residente interino de las Naciones Unidas en Trinidad y Tabago y, en calidad de especialistas, de los representantes de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de Filipinas y el Canadá.", "• Destacan la importancia de sensibilizar a los gobiernos, los parlamentos y demás interesados nacionales pertinentes sobre los valores y los beneficios de establecer instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos.", "• Reconocen la importancia de basarse en los marcos de derechos humanos en vigor para crear modelos caribeños de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que se atengan a los Principios de París.", "• Destacan la importancia de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, incluidas las instituciones de ombudsman, para lograr que los valores de los derechos humanos formen parte de la vida y el lenguaje cotidianos.", "• Subrayan la importancia de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, incluidas las instituciones de ombudsman, como actores fundamentales del impulso a la promoción y la protección de los derechos humanos.", "• Reconocen la función y el liderazgo que los actores de la sociedad civil aportan a la protección y la promoción de los derechos humanos.", "• Reconocen la función que ejercen las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, incluidas las instituciones de ombudsman, para facultar a todos los pueblos con objeto de que comprendan y ejerzan sus derechos humanos.", "• Reconocen la imagen general brindada y los debates mantenidos sobre el establecimiento y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, sus antecedentes históricos y jurídicos, las normas mínimas que deben cumplir esas instituciones, así como sus funciones básicas, características principales y métodos de funcionamiento.", "• Reconocen la importancia de adoptar las medidas necesarias para establecer instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que se atengan a los Principios de París y solicitar la acreditación ante el Comité Internacional de Coordinación de instituciones nacionales para la promoción y protección de los derechos humanos.", "• Reconocen la función significativa que pueden ejercer en el plano internacional las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos que se atengan a los Principios de París mediante la interacción con los mecanismos internacionales de derechos humanos, como el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, los órganos creados en virtud de tratados y los procedimientos especiales.", "• Reciben con agrado la importancia dada en el Taller a facilitar de manera práctica el intercambio de conocimientos especializados y experiencias en relación con el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos de conformidad con los Principios de París.", "• Reconocen que, aunque los países del Caribe hacen frente a desafíos únicos para el establecimiento de instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, podrán acceder, si así lo solicitan los Estados Miembros, a la asistencia y el apoyo de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, otros organismos de las Naciones Unidas y el Comité Internacional de Coordinación, así como de la Secretaría del Commonwealth.", "Puerto España (Trinidad y Tabago), 23 de marzo de 2011", "[1] El Grupo de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Europa, la Red de Instituciones Nacionales para la Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos del Continente Americano, el Foro de Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos de Asia y el Pacífico y la Red de Instituciones Nacionales Africanas de Derechos Humanos.", "[2] Publicación de las Naciones Unidas, número de venta: E.09.XIV.4." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "National institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights", "Report by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period from September 2010 to September 2011, contains information on the activities undertaken by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to assist in establishing and strengthening national human rights institutions; measures taken by Governments and national human rights institutions in this regard; support provided to international and regional activities of national human rights institutions; technical assistance provided with regard to national human rights institutions, together with other United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes; and cooperation between national human rights institutions and international mechanisms to promote and protect human rights. Information regarding the work of national human rights institutions in respect of specific thematic issues is also included.", "The present report complements the report of the Secretary-General to the Human Rights Council of 7 February 2011 (A/HRC/16/76), which covers activities for the period from January to December 2010.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/161, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution. The report covers activities for the period from September 2010 to September 2011 and complements the report of the Secretary-General to the Human Rights Council of 7 February 2010 (A/HRC/16/76), which covers activities for the period from January to December 2010.", "2. By its resolution 64/161, the General Assembly recognized the multiplicity of actors engaged in the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. It encouraged cooperation among national human rights institutions and the whole spectrum of actors, among which the United Nations, in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (International Coordinating Committee), the regional networks of national human rights institutions,[1] as well as the regional and international associations of Ombudsman. In the same resolution, the Assembly also welcomed the efforts made by the High Commissioner to develop partnerships in support to national institutions and it encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms as well as agencies, funds and programmes to work within their respective mandates with Member States and national institutions. Among this multiplicity of actors, Member States have a prominent role to play when it comes to the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. In that regard, also in its resolution 64/161, the Assembly encouraged Member States to establish effective, independent and pluralistic national institutions.", "3. The present report is aimed at providing a summary of the roles that the above-mentioned actors play in the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions. It also looks at the partnerships and other cooperation arrangements that have been developed so far at the national, regional and international levels.", "II. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and national human rights institutions", "4. Support and outreach to national human rights institutions is an integral part of the mandate of OHCHR. In her introductory statement at the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva, 17 May 2011), the High Commissioner reiterated that national human rights institutions are critical partners for OHCHR due to the central place they have in the national human rights protection system, particularly in addressing the most critical human rights issues at the national level.", "5. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, continued to provide legal and technical support for the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. It has continued to develop its long-standing relationship with the International Coordinating Committee by means of providing secretariat support to both the Committee itself and its Subcommittee on Accreditation.", "6. The General Assembly has referred to the role of OHCHR in national human rights institutions as a work in progress. Consequently, it encouraged the High Commissioner to further extend activities in support of those institutions (see resolution 64/161, para. 13). In addition to the long-standing mandate of OHCHR to support national human rights institutions, in 2011 the Assembly requested OHCHR to develop and support activities related to two specific categories of institutions: Ombudsman institutions and mediators (see resolution 65/207, para. 5).", "A. Advisory services provided by the Office relating to national human rights institutions", "7. The activities of OHCHR to strengthen the role of national human rights institutions at the country, regional and international levels are carried out mainly through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, which works in consultation with other parts of OHCHR, including field presences. The Office has continued to provide advice and assistance in the establishment and strengthening of institutions through its country and regional offices, human rights advisers and human rights components of United Nations peace missions, as well as through collaboration with other United Nations partners, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and regional coordinating bodies of national human rights institutions. OHCHR also works closely with intergovernmental organizations, academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "8. The Office provides legal and technical assistance to national human rights institutions and other national stakeholders. Advice is provided on constitutional and legislative provisions regarding national human rights institutions, as well as on their nature, functions, powers and responsibilities. Comparative analysis, technical cooperation needs assessments, project formulation and evaluation missions are also undertaken to assist the institutions’ compliance with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions (Paris Principles) (see General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex).", "9. The Office continued to host the fellowship programme for staff of A-status national human rights institutions. In the reporting period, staff from institutions in the following countries participated in the programme: Egypt, India, Qatar, Nicaragua, Peru, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The aim of the fellowship programme is to give staff members of national human rights institutions from all over the world a better understanding and appreciation of the international human rights system. Through this experience, the fellows gain knowledge and working level experience with the United Nations human rights system, including the treaty body system, the Human Rights Council, the universal periodic review and the special procedures. They are also familiarized with OHCHR work with and for national human rights institutions, and technical and substantive issues relating to national human rights institutions. Both OHCHR and the national institutions stand to gain from the fellowship programme, in terms of both substantive expertise and experience working within a national human rights institution.", "1. The Americas and the Caribbean", "10. The OHCHR Office for South America organized two workshops to further develop the capacities of the Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos of Chile. The workshops focused on human rights indicators (11-12 April 2011) and on reporting to human rights treaty bodies (20 May 2011).", "11. On 18 and 19 April 2011, OHCHR, through its Regional Office for South America, organized trainings on human rights indicators for the national human rights institution of Peru (Defensoría del Pueblo). The training targeted more than 30 staff of the national human rights institution, and it focused particularly on economic, social and cultural rights. The workshop aimed at better integrating human rights indicators into the analysis and reports of the national human rights institution.", "12. On 20 April 2011, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America co‑organized with the national human rights institution of Peru a training session for indigenous peoples. The training aimed at increasing knowledge and awareness of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the international human rights machinery, including how indigenous peoples and civil society can successfully use United Nations mechanisms. The training session targeted members of 30 Peruvian indigenous and civil society organizations.", "13. In the context of the appointment process of the head of the national human rights institution of Ecuador (Defensor del Pueblo), OHCHR has provided support with a view to raising awareness on international standards. OHCHR support included a training session in June 2011 for members of the Council for Public Participation and Social Control, the body responsible for the selection of the Defensor.", "14. In the context of her visit to Mexico (3-9 July 2011), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights held a meeting with the President of the National Human Rights Commission aimed at discussing further cooperation in areas such as human rights indicators, human rights defenders, migrant worker’s rights and the recent constitutional reform. During her visit, the High Commissioner also met with the Mexican Federation of Human Rights Public Institutions that encompasses 32 subnational human rights commissions.", "15. In September 2011, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized, jointly with the national human rights institution of Argentina (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación) a training session for members of civil society and indigenous organizations. It took place in two regions of the country and focused on presenting the rights of indigenous peoples and the international human rights mechanisms.", "16. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America held meetings with parliamentarians and Government officials regarding the establishment of a national human rights institution in Uruguay. OHCHR highlighted the importance of ensuring the institution’s independence and autonomy, adequate funding and the commissioners’ selection process.", "17. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to support the efforts aimed at establishing a Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institution in Chile. The OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized informational meetings with representatives of the Senate Chamber and distributed fact sheets on national human rights institutions and the Paris Principles. OHCHR addressed a letter to all members of the Parliament to draw their attention on the universal periodic review recommendation related to the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "18. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America liaised with the national human rights institution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in order to increase its engagement on the protection of the rights of persons deprived of liberty and on the submission to the universal periodic review. OHCHR delivered training to staff of the Defensoría on the universal periodic review (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 14).", "19. The Office, UNDP, the Organisation International de la Francophonie and the Office de la Protection du Citoyen et de la Citoyenne developed a three-year joint global strategy for the strengthening of the Office de la Protection, which will be implemented from 2011 to 2013. As part of that project, a consultant was recruited to assist the Office de la Protection in discharging its mandate.", "2. Africa", "20. In March 2011, further to the adoption of the Act for the establishment of the Independent National Human Rights Commission in Burundi, on 5 January 2011, the United Nations Office in Burundi organized consultations in Rutana, Gitega and Bujumbura. Those consultations aimed at raising awareness of civil society organizations on the new law, as well as at ensuring the transparency of the selection and appointment process of the Commissioners. On 19 May 2011, the National Assembly appointed the seven commissioners, as well as the members of the Bureau.", "21. OHCHR, in cooperation with the United Nations country team, organized consultations to raise awareness of the establishment of a new national human rights institution in Niger. A consultation took place with various ministries, from 6 to 8 July 2011. A workshop addressed to civil society organizations was held in Tahoua from 4 to 6 July.", "22. In January 2011, the Independent National Commission on Human Rights of Liberia, which was formally established in October 2010, acquired its new office. The United Nations Mission in Liberia Human Rights and Protection Section engaged with the leadership of the Commission to advise on the 2011 workplan of the Commission, including a road map on national reconciliation that was submitted to the President, and the Palava Hut project. The Independent National Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights and Protection Section agreed on the terms of reference for two national consultants to develop a strategic plan and internal rules of procedure. On 20 May 2011, the Human Rights and Protection Section convened a half-day workshop with the National Commission to discuss the mandates, the organizational charts and the action plans of both entities, and to discuss cooperation between the Commission and the Section.", "23. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa supported the Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance of the United Republic of Tanzania in making a stakeholder submission to the universal period review, including through trainings and a validation exercise. OHCHR is also engaged in the process of developing a national human rights action plan for the United Republic of Tanzania, a process led, inter alia, by the Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance.", "24. OHCHR supported the attendance of the national human rights institutions from Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe to the subregional seminar organized by OHCHR on the follow-up of the concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, held in Pretoria, from 22 to 24 June 2011.", "25. The Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission, which is not yet fully operational, appointed its members in 2010. OHCHR provided substantive comments to the draft bill establishing the Human Rights Commission in Zimbabwe. A consultant was recruited for a period of six months by OHCHR and UNDP in order to provide technical and capacity support to the commissioners. OHCHR and UNDP also undertook capacity-building and awareness-raising meetings with various national stakeholders to promote the establishment and operationalization of the Commission in accordance with Paris Principles. The Deputy Chair of the Commission was invited to the above-mentioned regional seminar held in Pretoria.", "26. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights provided comments to various drafts of a regulation on the appointment of civil society members of the future national human rights institution in Mozambique. OHCHR has been working closely with the United Nations country team in extending technical and advisory services to the Government and the civil society in seeking to establish the national human rights institution in the country.", "27. In August 2011, OHCHR supported the recruitment of a consultant in South Sudan to provide technical expertise to the Human Rights Commission and build the capacities of the Commission’s staff.", "28. The Office continued to work closely with the South African Human Rights Commission through the Anti-Discrimination Initiative, a year-long project funded by OHCHR that started in November 2010. OHCHR held periodic consultations with the officials of the Commission in monitoring the implementation of the project, which is aimed at building the capacity of the Commission in addressing human rights concerns of non-nationals and in countering xenophobia and discrimination.", "29. The OHCHR Regional Office for Southern Africa worked closely with United Nations country teams in the region to promote the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in the Comoros and Seychelles.", "30. During the reporting period, OHCHR supported the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to prepare a national human rights action plan. The OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa provided advice to the Commission in order to promote interaction with the United Nations treaty bodies, namely, upcoming reviews of Ethiopia by the Human Rights Committee and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. In August 2011, OHCHR, UNDP and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions carried out a gap analysis of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission to assess its capacities. OHCHR also provided advice on the process of accreditation before the International Coordinating Committee, and provided training to staff and commissioners on the Paris Principles.", "31. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for East Africa supported the National Human Rights Commission of Djibouti in ensuring its attendance of the review of the country by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women within the context of a three-year joint programme to implement the universal periodic review recommendations to Djibouti.", "32. In the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR carried out capacity-building activities on the establishment of national human rights institutions in the Central African Republic (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 26).", "3. Asia and the Pacific", "33. In the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR carried out, in cooperation with UNDP and Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, capacity assessments of the national human rights institutions of Jordan and Thailand (ibid., para. 31).", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "34. Upon invitation from the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, OHCHR participated in a discussion entitled “The National Institution for Human Rights in Norway: Quo vadis?”, held in Oslo on 11 January 2011. The meeting was part of the national consultation process on the restructuring of the Centre and was attended by a number of representatives of civil society and staff members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway. OHCHR delivered technical assistance and advice with regard to the restructuring of the Norwegian national human rights institution and its reaccreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "35. During her visit to the Russian Federation, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights addressed the Annual Meeting of the Coordination Council of Subnational Ombudsmen of the Russian Federation, held in St. Petersburg on 18 February 2011. She stated that OHCHR regarded the establishment and support of national human rights institutions and Ombudsman offices in compliance with the relevant international standards as a high priority. In particular, OHCHR could share expertise regarding the role of Ombudsman institutions in the rule of law, conditions of detention and security sector reform. The High Commissioner encouraged the participants to enhance their engagement with the United Nations treaty bodies and the special procedures mechanisms of the Human Rights Council. The High Commissioner appealed to the Federal Ombudsman to create space for the subnational institutions to interact with the Human Rights Council. She also called on them to get access to, and benefit from, the coordination and exchanges which took place at the international level through the International Coordinating Committee.", "36. In March 2011, OHCHR provided comments to the rules of procedure of the National Assembly of Serbia. The comments focused on provisions regulating the relationship between the Ombudsman and the Parliament, specifically on mechanisms of oversight and consideration of reports submitted by the national human rights institution to the National Assembly. The comments of OHCHR were considered by the National Assembly while amending the above-mentioned rules of procedure. OHCHR and the United Nations country team continue to work closely with the National Assembly and the Serbian Ombudsman in order to strengthen the relationship between these two national bodies.", "37. In June 2011, the United Nations joint technical assistance programme to strengthen the capacity of the national human rights institution in Tajikistan was officially launched. In addition to the Ombudsman institution, the following agencies are part of the programme: OHCHR, UNDP, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations Population Fund, the International Labour Organization, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. The programme aims at strengthening the capacity of the national human rights institution of Tajikistan to handle complaints, to carry out education and public outreach activities and to improve its partnership with key State actors and civil society organizations with a view to promoting changes in human rights policies and legislation.", "38. In July 2011, upon request from the Ministry of Justice and the Seimas Ombudsman of Lithuania, OHCHR provided comments on the Law of the Seimas Ombudsman. Likewise, on 12 July 2011, OHCHR participated in Vilnius in a consultative meeting organized by the President of Lithuania and the Ministry of Justice on the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "39. OHCHR worked with Government officials of the Republic of Moldova on proposed amendments to the existing legislation of the Republic of Moldova’s B‑status national human rights institution, focusing, among other things, on the appointment procedures and the selection of the Ombudsman. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova and the OHCHR Regional Representative for Europe engaged a range of officials, including officials in the Ministry of Justice and key parliamentarians. In addition, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a communication to the Government urging swift action to improve the national human rights institution, with a view to an application for reaccreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "40. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova provided support to the national human rights institution in a variety of ways, including a training on the universal periodic review and on monitoring institutions for the mentally disabled, strengthening the institution’s library and the development of strategic planning for the national human rights institution. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser participated in the board of a UNDP-European Commission project focused on strengthening the national human rights institution.", "41. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights assisted in the strengthening of the national human rights infrastructures in Croatia, the Netherlands, Norway, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. OHCHR provided advice, including comments on legislation, and drew the attention of Governments, national human rights institutions and other stakeholders involved in these processes to the importance of ensuring genuine dialogue through pluralistic and participatory consultation.", "42. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in Serbia worked closely with the Office of the Serbian Ombudsman with a view to strengthen the institution’s work in human rights protection and promotion. OHCHR support included the development of a comprehensive report on the human rights of Roma people and on effectiveness of the Roma inclusion measures applied in the country. The report, along with the recommendations to the Government of Serbia, is expected to be submitted to the National Parliament in early 2012.", "43. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia provided support to the Ombudsman’s Office in applying for accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "44. During the last trimester of 2010, OHCHR supported the national human rights institutions of Serbia and the Netherlands in strengthening their capacities (ibid., paras. 39 and 40).", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "45. The Office, UNDP and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions provided support to the capacity assessments of the national human rights institution of Palestine (6-8 February 2011 and 3-15 April 2011) and the national human rights institution of Afghanistan (13-26 May 2011). The capacity assessment included interviews with the staff of the institutions, as well with other stakeholders.", "46. During the reporting period, OHCHR provided legal advice on draft legislation on the establishment of national human rights institutions in Tunisia and Saudi Arabia.", "47. The Office organized a workshop on the Paris Principles in Oman (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 30).", "B. Support to regional initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. The Americas and the Caribbean", "48. The Office, in cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat, organized a regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles for the Caribbean region. The workshop took place in Port of Spain from 21 to 23 March 2011. Building on recent developments relating to human rights in the Caribbean, including through the Human Rights Council universal periodic review process, the main objective of the workshop was to develop and strengthen the national human rights protection system in the Caribbean States with the short- and medium-term goal of developing the establishment of national human rights institutions. Parliamentarians, Ombudsman institutions and Government officials, including attorneys general, from 12 English-speaking Caribbean States, attended the workshop. Representatives from the United Nations country team in Barbados and from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States also participated in this activity. The Port of Spain Declaration was adopted (see annex).", "49. At the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Americas held a meeting in order to discuss its work plan for 2011-2012. Participants discussed the creation of a permanent capacity-building programme for national human rights institution staff in the region, and setting up an advisory council to the Americas Network. Participants agreed to develop a website for the Americas Network and to hold their upcoming 2011 annual regional meeting in Guatemala.", "2. Africa", "50. The United Nations Development Programme, OHCHR and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions held a meeting in Geneva on 21 May 2011, in order to discuss cooperation and support, including, inter alia, defining the methodology to carry out gaps analyses and the provision of assistance to develop and validate the Network’s strategic plan.", "51. The Office participated as a facilitator in a training programme for national human rights institutions in Africa (Accra, 30 May-8 June 2011). The workshop was organized by the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, the University of Lund and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. The main purpose of the training was to enhance the capacity and knowledge of national human rights institution staff on the Paris Principles. Participants, approximately 26 staff of national human rights institutions, included investigators, trainers, legal officers, administrators and managers from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia.", "3. Asia and the Pacific", "52. From 28 to 30 March 2011, a training workshop on capacity assessments of national human rights institutions in the Asia-Pacific region was held in Bangkok by the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, UNDP and OHCHR. The OHCHR workshop supported the participation of one representative from the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions secretariat based in Kenya, in order to promote an effective exchange of experiences and good practices regarding national human rights institution capacity-assessment between the two national human rights institution networks in the Asia-Pacific region and Africa.", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "53. The Office provided support to the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions in its efforts to establish its permanent secretariat. OHCHR supported the organization of a meeting, held in Geneva on 21 February 2011, aimed at identifying concrete steps towards the establishment of the permanent secretariat. The meeting gathered together representatives from 13 European national human rights institutions, and the permanent secretariats of the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and of the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. The meeting was also attended by delegates from Permanent Missions in Geneva and from regional mechanisms such as the Fundamental Rights Agency, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the Council of Europe. One of the main outcomes of the meeting was the unanimous support expressed by the participants for this initiative.", "54. The Office participated in the Workshop on the Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Promotion and Protection of Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, held in Prague on 28 and 29 March 2011. The workshop was organized by OSCE and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights for national human rights institutions from Eastern European countries.", "55. The Office attended the fourth annual meeting of the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency with national human rights institutions, held on 5 April 2011 in Vienna. OHCHR focused in its statement on the diverse national human rights institution landscape in Europe and the trend to merge human rights and equality institutions or to emphasize cooperation among various types of equality, human rights or Ombudsman institutions. It also underlined the importance of the establishment of a permanent secretariat of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions.", "56. The Office attended the OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on 14 and 15 April in Vienna. The Office shared its experience in assisting national human rights institutions to strengthen their role in the Human Rights Council, as a result of the recent review of its working methods, including speaking rights, distribution of written statements and participation in the universal periodic review.", "57. On 17 May 2011, at the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, the members of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions held a meeting in order to discuss the following topics: establishment of a permanent secretariat within the European Group; engagement with the European Fundamental Rights Agency, with the Interlaken Process and with OSCE; the European Group Working Group on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and the National Human Rights Institutions and Equality Bodies (Equinet). During the meeting, the European Group elected the Scottish Human Rights Commission as the Chair of the European Group. The national human rights institutions of France, Luxembourg and Denmark were elected as members of the European Coordinating Committee. The national human rights institution of Germany was elected as the European member of the Subcommittee on Accreditation of the International Coordinating Committee.", "58. OHCHR attended a conference on national human rights institutions in the OSCE area, held on 13 and 14 July 2011, in Vilnius. The conference was co‑organized by the OSCE/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the OSCE Chairmanship-in-Office (OSCE Chair). The conference aimed at facilitating the exchange of experiences by Ombudsman institutions, human rights commissions, institutes and other mechanisms working with the executive, the judiciary, parliaments and civil society.", "59. OHCHR attended an informal inter-institutional meeting with the Council of Europe and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights on 4 and 5 October 2010 in Warsaw. The Office shared experiences in assisting national human rights institutions to build their legislative frameworks and capacity.", "60. On 20 and 21 October 2010, OHCHR participated in a Regional Round Table on National Preventive Mechanism under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture in Zagreb, which was organized by UNDP and the Ombudsman of Croatia. The Round Table focused on the prevention of torture and the role of national human rights institutions.", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "61. On 27 and 28 April 2011, in Nouakchott, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights participated in the seventh Annual Meeting of National Human Rights Institutions in the Arab States on the theme of the role of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the United Nations treaty bodies. The meeting, hosted by the National Human Rights Commission of Mauritania, gathered together representatives from the national human rights institutions of Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Qatar and Tunisia. Participants adopted the Declaration of Nouakchott.", "C. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights support to international initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights", "62. The Office provided support to the International Coordinating Committee in developing and administering its website (http://nhri.ohchr.org), which became operational in 2011 and replaced www.nhri.net.", "63. On 7 August 2011, OHCHR received a letter from the current and incoming Chairs of the International Coordinating Committee, calling upon the United Nations to hold an event in 2013 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles. The International Coordinating Committee expressed its belief that preparations for the event should begin in 2012, and that this issue should be placed on the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Following the proposal contained in the letter, it is recommended that the General Assembly hold a special plenary meeting at its sixty-eighth regular session in 2013 to mark the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles and that the General Assembly include a provision to that effect in its regular biennial resolution on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "(a) Twenty-fourth annual meeting", "64. The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee was held in Geneva from 17 to 19 May 2011. The agenda included best practices of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the universal periodic review; engagement of national human rights institutions with treaty bodies; national human rights institutions and the rights of indigenous peoples; the role of national human rights institutions in the protection of women’s rights; follow-up to the Durban Review Conference; human rights education; and business and human rights. The meeting was attended by members of national human rights institutions from more than 80 countries, as well as government officials, civil society organizations, scholars and intergovernmental organizations.", "(b) Bureau meeting", "65. The meeting of the Bureau of the International Coordinating Committee was held on 16 May 2011 in Geneva. The members of the Bureau discussed the statements of the International Coordinating Committee to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on the adoption of the draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Bureau also endorsed the proposal that the next biennial conference of the International Coordinating Committee should focus on gender equality and women and girls.", "66. The Bureau members decided to establish a Working Group, comprised of representatives from the four regions, to work on the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies. In addition, the Bureau members agreed to support the adoption of a General Assembly resolution with an emphasis on the Paris Principles and the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies, as well as to support the adoption of a resolution on national human rights institutions at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "2. Subcommittee on Accreditation", "67. The Office provided secretariat support to the session of the Subcommittee on Accreditation, which took place from 23 to 27 May 2011 in Geneva. The Subcommittee reviewed the following 20 national human rights institutions: new accreditation for Bangladesh, Hungary, Sierra Leone and Sweden; reaccreditation for Australia, Austria, Canada, El Salvador, India, Mauritania, Namibia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Romania, Senegal and United Kingdom (Northern Ireland); deferral for Azerbaijan, Nigeria and Slovakia.", "III. Cooperation between United Nations human rights mechanisms and national human rights institutions", "68. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with the international and regional human rights mechanisms is a key requirement of the Paris Principles. OHCHR continued to assist national human rights institutions to interact with the treaty bodies and the Human Rights Council, including the universal periodic review and the special procedures. The work of OHCHR in this regard is carried out in a coordinated fashion with the International Coordinating Committee Chair and the Geneva representative.", "69. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to support and facilitate the engagement of the International Coordinating Committee in landmark processes aimed at strengthening the international human rights mechanisms, such as the Human Rights Council review and the treaty body reform.", "A. Human Rights Council", "70. The active engagement of the International Coordinating Committee in the Human Rights Council review resulted in greater participatory opportunities for A‑status national human rights institutions in the Council. On 25 March 2011, the Council adopted the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council (resolution 16/21, annex). The outcome includes provisions regarding the participation and interaction of A-status national human rights institutions with the universal periodic review and the special procedures (see respective sections below).", "71. In 2011, OHCHR, in cooperation with the Geneva representative of the International Coordinating Committee, continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in the Human Rights Council. During the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (28 February-25 March 2011), eight written contributions were submitted: six from A-status national human rights institutions (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Malaysia, Morocco, Nicaragua and Ukraine) and two from regional networks of national human rights institutions (Asia-Pacific Forum and Network of Africa National Human Rights Institutions). During the seventeenth session of the Council (30 May-17 June 2011), three written contributions were submitted: one from the International Coordinating Committee; one from the national human rights institution of the United Kingdom and one from the national human rights institution of the Republic of Korea.", "72. On 9 March 2011, at the margins of the sixteenth session of the Council, OHCHR organized, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Council of Morocco, a side event on the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Geneva, 9 March 2011).", "73. On 16 June 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus resolution 17/9 on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "1. Universal periodic review", "74. The Office continued to provide support to national human rights institutions to interact with the universal periodic review mechanism. In 2011, during the tenth (February), eleventh (May) and twelfth (October) sessions of the universal periodic review, the following 19 national human rights institutions submitted contributions to the universal periodic review stakeholders’ reports: tenth session: Australia, Austria (A status), Georgia (A status), Namibia (A status), Nepal (A status), Niger and Paraguay (A status); eleventh session: Denmark (A status), Greece (A status), Sierra Leone, Somalia/Somaliland; and twelfth session: Haiti, Ireland (A status), the Republic of Moldova, Swaziland, Thailand (A status), Togo (A status), Uganda (A status) and United Republic of Tanzania (A status).", "75. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council stipulated the following participatory rights to A-status national human rights institutions: (a) a separate section with national human rights institution contributions from the State under review shall be included in the stakeholders’ report; and (b) the national human rights institution of the State under review shall be entitled to intervene immediately after the State under review during the adoption of the outcome of the review by the Council plenary (see resolution 16/21, annex, paras. 9 and 13).", "2. Special procedures", "76. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council granted to A-status national human rights institutions the right to nominate candidates as special procedures mandate holders and to intervene immediately after the country concerned during the interactive dialogue, following the presentation of a country mission report by a special procedure mandate holder (ibid., annex, paras. 22 (a) and 28).", "B. Treaty bodies", "77. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in treaty body sessions during the reporting period, by providing information and attending sessions. On 11 July 2011, the Chair of the International Coordinating Committee and the national human rights institutions of Denmark, Ethiopia, France and Germany participated in a session organized by the Human Rights Committee on improving cooperation with national human rights institutions.", "78. The Office has developed an information note, to provide practical information to national human rights institutions wishing to access the treaty body system, including various opportunities for national human rights institutions’ interaction with the treaty bodies and the working methods and rules of procedure of treaty bodies that are relevant to the participation of national human rights institutions.", "IV. Cooperation between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes and international and regional organizations on national human rights institutions", "79. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with the United Nations and United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes is a key requirement of the Paris Principles. In 2008, the General Assembly encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms as well as agencies, funds and programmes, to work within their respective mandates with Member States and national institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights. In this regard, the General Assembly welcomed the efforts made by OHCHR to develop partnerships in support of national institutions.", "80. During the reporting period, OHCHR has focused in developing United Nations assistance, including the formalization, by an exchange of letter in March 2011, of a tripartite collaboration between the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR and UNDP. The areas of cooperation of this tripartite collaboration include, inter alia, strengthening the role of national human rights institutions and regional networks, as well as facilitating and supporting engagement of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes with national human rights institutions.", "81. The United Nations Development Programme, OHCHR and the International Coordinating Committee held a meeting in New York in February 2011, at which they decided to enter into a tripartite partnership through exchange of letters. Key elements of the partnership include: establishing an annual UNDP-OHCHR-International Coordinating Committee strategic review of the establishment, development and effectiveness of national human rights institutions; engagement with the United Nations human rights mechanisms; joint national human rights institution capacity-assessment and gap analysis projects; engagement on thematic issues; information and knowledge management. The first annual meeting of the strategic review is to take place at the end of August 2011.", "A. Arab-European Human Rights Dialogue on Torture and Rule of Law", "82. The Office participated in the sixth Arab-European Human Rights Dialogue on Torture and Rule of Law, held in Berlin from 11 to 13 May 2011.", "B. Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen", "83. The Office attended the fifth meeting of the Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen on the theme “The role of the Ombudsman in reinforcing good governance and democracy” in St. Julian, Malta, on 30 and 31 May 2011, as an observer. In its statement, OHCHR familiarized the participants with General Assembly resolution 65/207 on the role of the Ombudsman, mediator and other national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights, in which the Assembly welcomed the active participation of the Office in all international and regional meetings of the Ombudsman, mediator and other national human rights institutions and requested, in cooperation with OHCHR, their accreditation by the International Coordinating Committee, in order to enable them to interact effectively with the relevant United Nations human rights bodies.", "C. Ibero American Federation of the Ombudsman", "84. The Office participated in the annual meeting of the Ibero American Federation of the Ombudsman. National human rights institutions and Ombudsman institutions from Latin America, Portugal and Spain attended the meeting, held from 1 to 3 June 2011 in Alcala de Henares, Spain. Participants discussed, among other things, the current and future challenges for the Defensorias del Pueblo in promoting and protecting human rights, the Millennium Development Goals and national human rights institutions; the promotion of human rights and reports of national institutions; the role of national human rights institutions in the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights; national human rights institutions and international human rights mechanisms; and national human rights institutions and the protection of vulnerable groups.", "V. Cooperation with non-governmental organizations and academic institutions", "85. The Office worked in promoting the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the activities of the International Coordinating Committee and its Subcommittee on Accreditation. On 7 October 2010, a Forum of Non‑Governmental Organizations preceded the tenth International Conference of National Human Rights Institutions (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 70). In May 2011, the annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva) was attended by 50 members of civil society organizations from around the world. The session of the Subcommittee on Accreditation held after the annual meeting, benefited from the inputs received by NGOs from Austria, India and Mauritania.", "VI. Thematic issues", "A. Indigenous peoples", "86. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions are developing a joint publication entitled “The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: an operational guide for national human rights institutions”, aimed at supporting and strengthening the work of national human rights institutions in the protection and promotion of indigenous peoples’ rights.", "87. On 11 July 2011, in conjunction with the fourth session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, a national human rights institutions consultation took place in Geneva. The main objective of the consultation was to exchange good practices in advancing the rights of indigenous peoples which could be reflected in the guide.", "B. History, principles, roles and responsibilities of national human rights institutions", "88. During the reporting period, the Office launched an updated version of the OHCHR Professional Training Series No. 4 entitled National Human Rights Institutions: History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities.[2] Based on the 1995 version, the publication provides an overview of the current key topics related to the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions, including the roles those institutions play within the national systems of promotion and protection of human rights as well as their interaction with the international human rights system. The publication also encompasses the latest international developments in this area, such as the most recent General Assembly resolutions and materials from the International Coordinating Committee.", "C. National human rights institutions in federal States", "89. At the margins of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR organized a side event on national human rights institutions in federal States. Participants discussed the particularities of those States (including decentralization and local self-governance), as well as the strengths and challenges of national human rights institutions in countries with federal systems of governance.", "VII. Conclusions", "90. Compliance with the Paris Principles is a key requirement for ensuring the effectiveness, independence, autonomy and pluralism of national human rights institutions. National institutions, as well as Governments, parliaments and other relevant stakeholders, shall take all the necessary measures to ensure the continuing operation of national human rights institutions, in accordance with the Paris Principles. Ombudsman institutions and mediators are also encouraged to act in accordance with these principles, and to seek accreditation before the International Coordinating Committee.", "91. The establishment of a Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institution in countries where it does not exist is welcomed. Observance of the Paris Principles in the pre-establishment phase is key to ensuring the independence and legitimacy of the new institution. It is recommended to carry out broad and participatory consultation processes with civil society organizations while drafting the enabling legislation for national human rights institutions.", "92. It is strongly recommended to pay particular attention to the Paris Principles while appointing the members of national human rights institutions. Members States and national human rights institutions are encouraged to promote a transparent appointment process and ensure the pluralistic representation of civil society organizations involved in the promotion and protection of human rights.", "93. As key parts of the national human rights system, national human rights institutions are encouraged to work cooperatively with other components of this system, namely, the executive, the judiciary, the parliament, civil society, the media and academia.", "94. United Nations country teams’ inter-agency joint programmes to support national human rights institutions and the engagement of national, regional and international partners in these programmes are encouraged. The establishment of the annual UNDP-OHCHR-International Coordinating Committee strategic review of activities related to national human rights institutions is welcomed.", "95. It is recommended that subnational human rights institutions work together with the federal national human rights institution to ensure that all human rights are equally protected across the country. Interaction by subnational human rights institutions with the international human rights system, including the universal periodic review, the treaty bodies and the special procedures, is strongly encouraged.", "96. By its resolution 16/21 on the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, the Council strengthens the role of A-status national human rights institutions in the universal periodic review and the special procedures.", "97. National human rights institutions are encouraged to play an active role during the second cycle of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council (2012-2016). A-status national human rights institutions are encouraged to make use of their participatory rights as spelled out in Human Rights Council resolution 16/21.", "98. The adoption of the Port of Spain Declaration on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean is welcome. Similar initiatives in other subregions are encouraged.", "99. The decision of the European Group of National Human Rights Institutions to establish a permanent secretariat is welcome. This secretariat will consolidate the regional architecture and it is expected to have a positive impact in the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles across Europe.", "Annex", "Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean", "Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 21-23 March 2011", "Port of Spain Declaration", "In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat, with the support of the United Nations country team in Trinidad and Tobago, organized a three-day Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean, held in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago from 21 to 23 March 2011.", "The Workshop participants from the English Caribbean States of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and representatives of the United Nations country teams from Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago:", "• Express appreciation to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for hosting this Regional Workshop on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean and, in particular, to the Attorney General, the Hon. Anand Ramlogan, for officially opening the Workshop.", "• Express appreciation to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat for co-organizing this Regional Workshop.", "• Acknowledge the participation of the Acting United Nations Resident Coordinator’s Office in Trinidad and Tobago and, as resource persons, the representatives of the National Human Rights Institutions from the Philippines and Canada.", "• Emphasize the importance of sensitizing Governments, Parliaments, and other relevant national stakeholders on the values and benefits of establishing national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize the importance of building on existing human rights frameworks to create Caribbean models of national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles.", "• Emphasize the importance of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, to making human rights values part of everyday life and language.", "• Emphasize the relevance of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, as key actors in strengthening human rights promotion and protection.", "• Recognize the role and leadership that civil society actors bring to human rights protection and promotion.", "• Recognize the role of national human rights institutions, including Ombudsman institutions, in empowering all people to understand and exercise their human rights.", "• Acknowledge the comprehensive overview given and discussions held on the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions, their historical and legal background, the minimum standards national human rights institutions have to comply with, as well as the core functions, main features and methods of operation of national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize the importance of taking necessary measures in order to establish national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles and to seek accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "• Acknowledge the significant role that national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles can play at the international level by interacting with the international human rights mechanisms, including the Human Rights Council, treaty bodies and special procedures.", "• Welcome the practical focus of the Workshop in facilitating the sharing of expertise and experiences in connection with the establishment of Paris Principles-compliant national human rights institutions.", "• Recognize that, while Caribbean countries have unique challenges concerning the establishment of national human rights institutions, assistance and support from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Development Programme, other United Nations agencies, the International Coordinating Committee, as well as the Commonwealth Secretariat, in establishing national human rights institutions may be made available at the request of Members States.", "Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, 23 March 2011", "[1] The European Group of National Human Rights Institutions, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Americas, the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions.", "[2] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIV.4." ]
A_66_274
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "National institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period from September 2010 to September 2011, contains information on activities undertaken by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to assist in the establishment of national human rights institutions and the strengthening of existing human rights institutions; measures taken by Governments and such institutions in this regard; support provided to international and regional activities of those institutions; technical assistance provided in relation to national human rights institutions; It also includes information on the work of national human rights institutions on certain thematic issues.", "The present report complements the report of the Secretary-General submitted to the Human Rights Council dated 7 February 2011 (A/HRC/16/76), which covers the activities undertaken during the period January to December 2010.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. 1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/161, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution. The report covers the activities for the period from September 2010 to September 2011 and complements the report of the Secretary-General to the Human Rights Council dated 7 February 2010 (A/HRC/16/76), covering the activities for the period from January to December 2010.", "2. In its resolution 64/161, the General Assembly recognized the multiplicity of actors involved in establishing or strengthening national human rights institutions. It encouraged cooperation between national human rights institutions and the wide range of actors, including the United Nations and in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (the International Coordinating Committee), regional networks of national human rights institutions[1], as well as regional and international ombudsman associations. In the same resolution, the Assembly also welcomed the efforts of the High Commissioner to establish partnerships in support of national institutions and encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms, as well as agencies, funds and programmes, to cooperate, within their respective mandates, with Member States and national institutions. Among this multiplicity of actors, Member States play a leading role in establishing and strengthening national human rights institutions. In that regard, also in its resolution 64/161, the Assembly encouraged Member States to establish effective, independent and plural national institutions.", "3. The present report is intended to provide a summary of the functions of the above-mentioned actors for the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions. It also reviews partnerships and other cooperation agreements that have been established to date at the national, regional and international levels.", "II. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and National Human Rights Institutions", "4. Support and outreach to national human rights institutions are an integral part of the mandate of OHCHR. In her introductory statement to the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva, 17 May 2011), the High Commissioner reiterated that national human rights institutions were crucial partners for OHCHR because of their core role in national human rights protection systems, in particular in addressing the most fundamental human rights issues at the national level.", "5. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, continued to provide legal and technical support for the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions. It has continued to promote its long relationship with the International Coordinating Committee by providing secretariat support to both the Committee itself and its Subcommittee on Accreditation.", "6. The General Assembly has referred to the role of OHCHR concerning national human rights institutions as ongoing work. It therefore encouraged the High Commissioner to further expand the support activities for those institutions (see resolution 64/161, para. 13). In addition to the long-standing mandate of OHCHR to support national human rights institutions, in 2011 the Assembly requested it to develop and support activities dedicated to two specific categories of institutions: ombudsman and mediators (see resolution 65/207, para. 5).", "A. Advisory services provided by the Office in relation to national human rights institutions", "7. OHCHR efforts to strengthen the role of national human rights institutions at the national, regional and international levels are carried out mainly through the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section, which works in consultations with other OHCHR units, including their field missions. The Office has continued to provide advice and assistance for the establishment and strengthening of institutions through its national and regional offices, human rights advisers and human rights components of United Nations peace missions, as well as through collaboration with other United Nations partners, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the regional coordinating bodies of national human rights institutions. OHCHR also works closely with intergovernmental organizations, academic institutions and civil society organizations.", "8. OHCHR provides legal and technical assistance to national human rights institutions and other national stakeholders. It provides advice on constitutional and legislative provisions relating to national human rights institutions and on their form, functions, competences and responsibilities. Comparative analysis, needs assessments of technical cooperation, project development and assessment missions are also carried out to help institutions adhere to the Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (Paris Principles) (see resolution 48/134, annex).", "9. The Office continued to organize the fellowship programme for employees of national human rights institutions at category A. In the period under review, employees from institutions from the following countries participated in this programme: Egypt, India, Qatar, Nicaragua, Peru, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The purpose of the fellowship programme is to enable employees of national human rights institutions worldwide to better understand and appreciate the international human rights system. Through this experience, fellows acquire knowledge and practical experience on the United Nations human rights system, including the treaty body system, the Human Rights Council, the universal periodic review and special procedures. They are also familiar with the work of OHCHR in collaboration and assistance to national human rights institutions, and with technical and substantive issues related to them. Both OHCHR and national institutions benefit from the fellowship programme, both because of the substantive expertise they obtain and the experience of working in a national human rights institution.", "1. America and the Caribbean", "10. The Office for South America of OHCHR organized two workshops to build the capacity of the Chilean National Human Rights Institute, dedicated to human rights indicators (11 and 12 April 2011) and to report to human rights treaty bodies (20 May 2011).", "11. On 18 and 19 April 2011, OHCHR, through its Regional Office for South America, organized a training on human resources indicators for the national human rights institution in Peru (Defensoría del Pueblo), aimed at more than 30 of its employees and specifically dedicated to economic, social and cultural rights. The workshop was aimed at better integrating human rights indicators into the analysis and reports of the institution.", "12. On 20 April 2011, OHCHR Regional Office for South America jointly organized a training session for indigenous peoples with the national human rights institution in Peru. Its purpose was to increase knowledge and awareness of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the international human rights system, including how indigenous peoples and civil society can successfully use United Nations mechanisms. The training session was for members of 30 indigenous and civil society organizations in Peru.", "13. In the context of the process of appointing the person responsible for the national human rights institution of Ecuador (Defensor del Pueblo), OHCHR has provided support to raise awareness of international standards. This support included a training session held in June 2011 for members of the Citizen Participation and Social Control Council, the body responsible for electing the Ombudsman.", "14. In the context of her visit to Mexico (3-9 July 2011), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights held a meeting with the Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission to discuss the momentum for cooperation in such areas as human rights indicators, human rights defenders, migrant workers &apos; rights and recent constitutional reform. During her visit, the High Commissioner also met with the Mexican Federation of Public Human Rights Agencies, composed of 32 subnational human rights commissions.", "15. In September 2011, OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized, together with the national human rights institution of Argentina (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación), a training session for members of civil society and indigenous organizations. It took place in two regions of the country and was dedicated to presenting the rights of indigenous peoples and international human rights mechanisms.", "16. During the reporting period, OHCHR Regional Office for South America held meetings with deputies and government officials on the establishment of a national human rights institution in Uruguay. OHCHR stressed the importance of ensuring the independence and autonomy of the institution, its adequate funding and the selection process for its members.", "17. During this period, OHCHR continued to support efforts to establish a national human rights institution in Chile that conforms to the Paris Principles. The OHCHR Regional Office for South America organized briefings with representatives of the Senate and distributed leaflets on national human rights institutions and the Paris Principles. OHCHR addressed a letter to all members of the Chamber of Deputies to draw their attention to the recommendation of the universal periodic review on the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "18. During the reporting period, the OHCHR Regional Office for South America worked with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela &apos; s national human rights institution to enhance its commitment to the protection of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty and in relation to the universal periodic review. OHCHR provided training on the universal periodic review to the Ombudsman &apos; s staff (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 14).", "19. OHCHR, UNDP, the International Organization of la Francophonie and the Office for the Protection of the Citizen and the Citizen developed a three-year joint comprehensive strategy for strengthening the Protection Office, to be implemented from 2011 to 2013. Within that project, a consultant was hired to assist the Protection Office in the implementation of its mandate.", "2. Africa", "20. In March 2011, following the enactment of the Act on the Establishment of the Independent National Human Rights Commission in Burundi on 5 January 2011, the United Nations Office in Burundi organized consultations in Rutana, Gitega and Bujumbura. These consultations were aimed at sensitizing civil society organizations on the new law and ensuring the transparency of the selection and appointment process for members of the Commission. On 19 May 2011, the National Assembly appointed the seven members and members of the Bureau.", "21. OHCHR, in cooperation with the United Nations country team, organized consultations to raise awareness of the establishment of a new national human rights institution in Niger. Consultations with several ministries were held from 6 to 8 July 2011. A workshop for civil society organizations was held in Tahoua from 4 to 6 July.", "22. In January 2011, the Independent National Commission on Human Rights of Liberia, officially established in October 2010, acquired its new offices. The Human Rights and Protection Section of the United Nations Mission in Liberia cooperated with the Commission &apos; s senior officials to advise them on the 2011 workplan, including a guide on national reconciliation that was presented to the Chair, and on the Palava Hut project. The Independent National Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights and Protection Section agreed on the terms of reference for two national consultants to develop a strategic plan and internal regulations. On 20 May 2011, the Section held a half-day workshop with the National Commission to discuss the mandates, organizational charts and action plans of both entities, and to discuss their cooperation.", "23. During the reporting period, OHCHR &apos; s Regional Office for Eastern Africa supported the United Republic of Tanzania Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance in preparing a presentation by stakeholders to the universal periodic review, with training and a validation exercise. OHCHR also participated in the process of developing a national action plan on human rights for the United Republic of Tanzania, a process led, inter alia, by the Commission on Human Rights and Good Governance.", "24. OHCHR supported national human rights institutions in Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe to attend the subregional workshop it organized on follow-up to the concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, held in Pretoria from 22 to 24 June 2011.", "25. The Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission, which is not yet fully operational, appointed its members in 2010. OHCHR provided substantive comments to the draft law establishing the Commission. OHCHR and UNDP hired a consultant for a period of six months to provide technical and capacity-building support to Commissioners. OHCHR and UNDP also organized training and awareness-raising meetings with various national stakeholders to promote the establishment and functioning of the Commission in accordance with the Paris Principles. The Vice-Chairman of the Commission was invited to the above-mentioned regional seminar in Pretoria.", "26. OHCHR commented on a number of projects on a policy for the appointment of members of civil society from the future national human rights institution in Mozambique. It has also been working closely with the United Nations country team to expand technical and advisory services to the Government and civil society to establish the national human rights institution.", "27. In August 2011, OHCHR supported the recruitment of a consultant in South Sudan to provide expertise to the Commission on Human Rights and to train its staff.", "28. OHCHR continued to work closely with the South African Human Rights Commission through the Anti-Discrimination Initiative, a one-year project funded by OHCHR that was launched in November 2010. It held regular consultations with the Commission staff to monitor the implementation of the project, aimed at providing training to the Commission on how to address the human rights concerns of non-nationals and combat xenophobia and discrimination.", "29. The OHCHR Regional Office for Southern Africa worked closely with the United Nations country teams in the region to promote the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in the Comoros and Seychelles.", "30. During the reporting period, OHCHR supported the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission in the preparation of a national action plan on human rights. The OHCHR Regional Office for Eastern Africa advised the Commission to promote interaction with United Nations treaty bodies, i.e., Ethiopian reviews to be conducted shortly by the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. In August 2011, OHCHR, UNDP and the African National Human Rights Institutions Network conducted an analysis of the Commission &apos; s shortcomings in assessing its capacities. OHCHR also provided advice on the accreditation process to the International Coordinating Committee and provided training to Commission staff and members on the Paris Principles.", "31. During the reporting period, OHCHR Regional Office for Eastern Africa supported the Djibouti National Human Rights Commission in order to ensure its assistance to the country review by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in the context of a three-year joint programme aimed at implementing the recommendations of the universal periodic review on Djibouti.", "32. In the last quarter of 2010, OHCHR conducted training on the establishment of national human rights institutions in the Central African Republic (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 26).", "3. Asia and Pacific", "33. In the last quarter of 2010, OHCHR, in cooperation with UNDP and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, conducted a capacity assessment of national human rights institutions in Jordan and Thailand (ibid., para. 31).", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "34. At the invitation of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, OHCHR participated in a discussion entitled “The Norwegian National Human Rights Institution: Quo vadis?”, held in Oslo on 11 January 2011. The meeting was part of the national consultative process on the restructuring of the Centre and was attended by representatives of civil society and employees of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. OHCHR provided technical assistance and provided advice on the restructuring of Norway &apos; s national human rights institution and its re-creditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "35. During her visit to the Russian Federation, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights addressed the Annual Meeting of the Coordinating Council of Subnational Ombudsmen of the Russian Federation, held in St. Petersburg on 18 February 2011. It stated that OHCHR considered the establishment of national human rights institutions and ombudsman offices as a matter of priority and support for relevant international standards. In particular, OHCHR could share expertise on the role of ombudsman institutions on the rule of law, conditions of detention and security sector reform. The High Commissioner encouraged participants to increase their collaboration with the United Nations treaty bodies and the special procedures mechanisms of the Human Rights Council. It also appealed to the Federal Ombudsman to create possibilities for subnational institutions to act in conjunction with the Human Rights Council and called for such institutions to access and benefit from coordination and exchanges held at the international level through the International Coordinating Committee.", "36. In March 2011, OHCHR commented on the regulations of the National Assembly of Serbia regarding the provisions governing the relationship between the Ombudsman and the Parliament, specifically on the monitoring mechanisms and the review of reports submitted by the national human rights institution to the National Assembly. The Assembly took into consideration the comments of OHCHR during the amendment of its rules of procedure. OHCHR and the United Nations country team continue to work intensively with the National Assembly and the Serbian Ombudsman to strengthen relations between the two national bodies.", "37. In June 2011, the joint United Nations technical assistance programme was officially launched to strengthen the capacity of the national human rights institution in Tajikistan. This programme includes the following agencies, in addition to the institution of the Ombudsman: OHCHR, UNDP, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund, the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations Population Fund, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS. The programme is aimed at strengthening the capacity of the Tajik national human rights institution to investigate complaints, implement education and outreach activities to the public, and enhance its partnership with key State actors and civil society organizations to promote changes in human rights policies and legislation.", "38. In July 2011, at the request of the Ministry of Justice and the Seimas Ombudsman of Lithuania, OHCHR commented on the Seimas Ombudsman Act. Similarly, on 12 July 2011, OHCHR participated in a consultative meeting organized in Vilna by the President of Lithuania and the Ministry of Justice on the establishment of a national human rights institution.", "39. OHCHR worked with Government officials of the Republic of Moldova on the proposed amendments to the existing national legislation relating to the national human rights institution at the B level, emphasizing, inter alia, the appointment procedures and the selection of the Ombudsman. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova and the OHCHR Regional Representative for Europe collaborated with officials of the Ministry of Justice and deputies, among others. In addition, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a communication to the Government urging it to act expeditiously to improve the national human rights institution, with a view to requesting its accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "40. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the Republic of Moldova provided support to the national human rights institution in a variety of ways, including training on the universal periodic review and monitoring of institutions for mental disabilities, improving the institution &apos; s library and encouraging strategic planning. The Adviser participated in the table of a UNDP/European Commission project on strengthening the national human rights institution.", "41. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights assisted in strengthening national human rights infrastructures in Croatia, the Netherlands, Norway, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. OHCHR provided advice, together with comments on legislation, and brought to the attention of Governments, national human rights institutions and other stakeholders in these processes the importance of ensuring genuine dialogue through plural and participatory consultations.", "42. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in Serbia worked closely with the Office of the Ombudsman in Serbia to strengthen the work of the institution on the promotion and protection of human rights. OHCHR &apos; s support included the development of a comprehensive report on the human rights of the Roma people and on the effectiveness of the measures for the inclusion of Roma in the country. The report, together with the recommendations to the Government of Serbia, is expected to be submitted to the National Parliament in early 2012.", "43. The OHCHR Human Rights Adviser in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia supported the Office of the Ombudsman in its request for accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "44. During the last quarter of 2010, OHCHR helped national human rights institutions in Serbia and the Netherlands in building their capacities (ibid., paras. 39 and 40).", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "45. OHCHR, UNDP and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions supported the capacity assessment of the Palestinian institution (6-8 February 2011 and 3-15 April 2011) and Afghanistan (13-26 May 2011). The capacity assessment included interviews with institutional staff and other stakeholders.", "46. During the reporting period, OHCHR provided legal advice on draft legislation on the establishment of national human rights institutions in Tunisia and Saudi Arabia.", "47. OHCHR organized a workshop on the Paris Principles in Oman (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 30).", "B. Support for regional initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. America and the Caribbean", "48. OHCHR, in cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat, organized a regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles for the Caribbean Region. The workshop was held in Puerto España from 21 to 23 March 2011. The main objective of the workshop, which was based on recent advances related to human rights in the Caribbean, including those achieved through the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council, was to develop and strengthen national human rights protection systems in Caribbean States for the short- and medium-term purpose of establishing national human rights institutions. The workshop was attended by deputies and staff from the Ombudsman institutions and Governments, including general prosecutors, from 12 English-speaking Caribbean States. Representatives of the United Nations country team in Barbados and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States also participated in this activity. The Declaration of Port of Spain was adopted (see annex).", "49. During the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights of the American Continent held a parallel meeting to discuss its work plan for 2011-2012. Participants discussed a standing capacity-building programme for the staff of national human rights institutions in the region and the establishment of an advisory council for the Network. They also agreed to develop a website for the American Contender Network and to hold their next annual regional meeting in Guatemala in 2011.", "2. Africa", "50. UNDP, OHCHR and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions held a meeting in Geneva on 21 May 2011 to address cooperation and support, inter alia, by defining the methodology for undertaking gaps analysis and assisting in the development and validation of the Network &apos; s strategic plan.", "51. OHCHR participated as facilitator in a training programme for African national human rights institutions (Accra, 30 May-8 June 2011). The workshop was organized by the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, the University of Lund and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. Its main objective was to improve the capacity and knowledge of staff of national human rights institutions on the Paris Principles. Participants included approximately 26 employees of national human rights institutions, including researchers, trainers, legal officers, administrators and managers from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia.", "3. Asia and Pacific", "52. On 28-30 March 2011, the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, UNDP and OHCHR organized a training workshop in Bangkok on capacity-building of national human rights institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. OHCHR supported the participation of a representative of the secretariat of the Kenya-based Network of African National Human Rights Institutions to promote the effective exchange of experiences and good practices on institution-building among networks in the Asia-Pacific region and Africa.", "4. Europe and Central Asia", "53. OHCHR supported the Group of European National Human Rights Institutions in its efforts to establish a permanent secretariat. OHCHR supported the organization of a meeting, held in Geneva on 21 February 2011, to identify concrete measures for the establishment of the permanent secretariat. The meeting was attended by representatives of 13 European national human rights institutions and the permanent secretariats of the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions. Delegates from Permanent Missions in Geneva and regional mechanisms such as the Agency for Fundamental Rights, the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe also attended. One of the main outcomes of the meeting was the unanimous support expressed by the participants in this initiative.", "54. OHCHR participated in the Workshop on the Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Promotion and Protection of Women &apos; s Rights and Gender Equality, held in Prague on 28 and 29 March 2011. The workshop was organized by OSCE and the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights for national human rights institutions in Eastern European countries.", "55. OHCHR attended the fourth annual meeting of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights with national human rights institutions, held in Vienna on 5 April 2011. OHCHR, in its statement, paid particular attention to the diversity of European national human rights institutions and the trend of merging human rights and equality institutions or emphasizing cooperation among various types of equality, human rights and ombudsman institutions. It also stressed the importance of establishing a permanent secretariat for the Group of European National Human Rights Institutions.", "56. OHCHR attended the OSCE Supplementary Meeting on 14 and 15 April in Vienna. The Office shared its experience in assisting national human rights institutions to strengthen their role in the Human Rights Council, as a result of the recent review of their working methods, such as the right to speak, the distribution of written statements and participation in the universal periodic review.", "57. On 17 May 2011, during the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee, the members of the Group of National Human Rights Institutions of Europe held a meeting to discuss the following topics: establishment of a permanent secretariat for the European Group; collaboration with the Agency for Fundamental Rights, the Interlaken Process and OSCE; working group of the European Group on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and national human rights institutions. During the meeting, the Group of Europe elected the Scottish Human Rights Commission for its presidency. The national human rights institutions of France, Luxembourg and Denmark were elected members of the European Coordinating Committee. The national human rights institution in Germany was elected a European member of the Subcommittee on Accreditation and the International Coordinating Committee.", "58. OHCHR attended a conference on national human rights institutions in the OSCE area, held in Vilna on 13 and 14 July 2011. The conference was organized jointly by the OSCE Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the OSCE Acting Presidency (OECD Chair). Its objective was to facilitate the exchange of experiences among ombudsman institutions, human rights commissions, institutes and other mechanisms that collaborate with the executive, the judiciary, parliaments and civil society.", "59. OHCHR attended an informal inter-agency meeting with the Council of Europe and the Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in Warsaw on 4 and 5 October 2010. The Office shared experiences on assistance to national human rights institutions to develop their legislative framework and build capacity.", "60. On 20 and 21 October 2010, OHCHR participated in a regional round table on the national preventive mechanism under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture in Zagreb, organized by UNDP and the Croatian Ombudsman. The round table focused on the prevention of torture and the role of national human rights institutions.", "5. Middle East and North Africa", "61. On 27 and 28 April 2011, at Nuakchot, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights participated in the Seventh Annual Meeting of National Human Rights Institutions of Arab States, devoted to the role of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the United Nations treaty bodies. The meeting, organized by the National Human Rights Commission of Mauritania, was attended by representatives of the national human rights institutions of Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Qatar and Tunisia. The participants adopted the Nuakchot Declaration.", "C. Support by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to international initiatives related to national human rights institutions", "1. International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights", "62. OHCHR supported the International Coordinating Committee in the development and management of its website (http://nhri.ohchr.org), which became operational in 2011 to replace www.nhri.net.", "63. On 7 August 2011, OHCHR received a letter from the current Chair and the incoming International Coordinating Committee requesting the United Nations to organize in 2013 the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles. The International Coordinating Committee expressed its view that preparations for that event should begin in 2012 and that the issue should be included in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. In accordance with the proposal contained in that letter, it is recommended that the General Assembly devote a special plenary meeting at its sixty-eighth regular session in 2013 to the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Paris Principles and that the General Assembly include a provision for that purpose in its biennial resolution on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "(a) Twenty-fourth annual session", "64. The twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee was held in Geneva from 17 to 19 May 2011. Its programme included the best practices of national human rights institutions in following up on the recommendations of the universal periodic review; the participation of such institutions in the treaty bodies; national human rights institutions and the rights of indigenous peoples; the role of national human rights institutions in the protection of women &apos; s rights; follow-up to the Durban Review Conference; human rights education; and business and human rights. It was attended by members of national human rights institutions from over 80 countries, as well as government officials, civil society organizations, academics and intergovernmental organizations.", "(b) Meeting of the Bureau", "65. The meeting of the Bureau of the International Coordinating Committee was held on 16 May 2011 in Geneva. The members of the Bureau discussed the declarations of the International Coordinating Committee at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on the adoption of the draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In addition, the Bureau approved the proposal that the next biennial conference of the International Coordinating Committee be devoted to gender equality and women and girls.", "66. The Bureau members decided to establish a working group, composed of representatives from the four regions, dedicated to the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies. They also agreed to support the adoption of a General Assembly resolution emphasizing the Paris Principles and the participation of national human rights institutions in United Nations bodies, as well as a resolution on national human rights institutions at the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "2. Sub-Committee on Accreditation", "67. OHCHR provided secretarial support to the meeting of the Subcommittee on Accreditation held from 23 to 27 May 2011 in Geneva. The Subcommittee considered the following 20 national human rights institutions: new accreditation for Bangladesh, Hungary, Sierra Leone and Sweden; re-creditation for Australia, Austria, Canada, El Salvador, India, Mauritania, Namibia, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Romania and Senegal; postponement: Azerbaijan, Slovakia and Nigeria.", "III. Cooperation between United Nations human rights mechanisms and national human rights institutions", "68. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with international and regional human rights mechanisms is a fundamental requirement of the Paris Principles. OHCHR continued to assist national human rights institutions in working in conjunction with the treaty bodies and the Human Rights Council, including in the universal periodic review and special procedures. In this regard, OHCHR works in coordination with the Chair of the International Coordinating Committee and the representative in Geneva.", "69. During the period under review, OHCHR continued to support and facilitate the participation of the International Coordinating Committee in critical processes aimed at strengthening international human rights mechanisms, such as the review of the Human Rights Council and the reform of the treaty body.", "A. Human Rights Council", "70. The active collaboration of the International Coordinating Committee in the review of the Human Rights Council resulted in more opportunities for participation for national human rights institutions at the level of A in the Council. On 25 March 2011, the Council adopted the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council (resolution 16/21, annex). The result includes provisions relating to the participation of national human rights institutions at category A in the universal periodic review and special procedures and their interaction with them (see sections below).", "71. In 2011, OHCHR, in cooperation with the representative of the International Coordinating Committee in Geneva, continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in the Human Rights Council. During the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (28 February-25 March 2011), eight written contributions were submitted: six national human rights institutions at the A level (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Malaysia, Morocco, Nicaragua and Ukraine) and two regional networks (the Asia Pacific National Human Rights Institutions Forum and the African National Human Rights Institutions Network). At the seventeenth session of the Council (30 May-17 June 2011), three written contributions were submitted: the International Coordinating Committee, the United Kingdom National Human Rights Institute and the national human rights institution of the Republic of Korea.", "72. On 9 March 2011, during the sixteenth session of the Council, OHCHR, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Council of Morocco, organized a side event on the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Geneva, 9 March 2011).", "73. On 16 June 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus resolution 17/9 on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "1. Universal periodic review", "74. OHCHR continued to support national human rights institutions to act in conjunction with the universal periodic review mechanism. In 2011, during the tenth (February), eleventh (May) and twelfth (October) sessions of the universal periodic review, the following 19 national human rights institutions submitted contributions to the reports of stakeholders in the universal periodic review: 10th session: Austria, Australia (category A), Georgia (category A), Namibia (category A), Nepal (category A), Niger and Paraguay (category A);", "75. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council established the following rights of participation for national human rights institutions at category A: (a) a separate section will be included for the contributions of the national human rights institution of the State under review in the report of stakeholders; and (b) the national human rights institution of the State under review will have the right to intervene immediately after the State under review during the adoption of the outcome of the review by the full Council (see resolution 16/21, annex, paras. 9 and 13).", "2. Special procedures", "76. In March 2011, the Human Rights Council granted category A national human rights institutions the right to nominate candidates for special procedures mandate holders and to intervene immediately after the country under review in the interactive dialogue to be held following the submission of reports of special procedures mandate holders on country missions (ibid., annex, paras. 22 (a) and 28).", "B. Treaty bodies", "77. OHCHR has continued to support the participation of national human rights institutions in treaty body sessions during the reporting period, providing information and attending meetings. On 11 July 2011, the Chairperson of the International Coordinating Committee and the national human rights institutions of Germany, Denmark, Ethiopia and France participated in a session organized by the Human Resources Committee on enhancing cooperation with national human rights institutions.", "78. OHCHR has prepared a briefing note to provide national human rights institutions wishing to access the treaty body system with practical information, such as various opportunities for their interaction with those bodies, and the working methods and regulations of bodies relevant to the participation of national institutions.", "IV. Cooperation between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system and international and regional organizations in relation to national human rights institutions", "79. The cooperation of national human rights institutions with the United Nations and the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system is a fundamental requirement of the Paris Principles. In 2008, the General Assembly encouraged all United Nations human rights mechanisms and agencies, funds and programmes to cooperate, within their respective mandates, with Member States and national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights. In that regard, the General Assembly welcomed the efforts of OHCHR to build partnerships in support of national institutions.", "80. During the reporting period, OHCHR focused on developing United Nations assistance, including the formalization, through an exchange of letters in March 2011, of a tripartite collaboration between the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR and UNDP. Areas of such tripartite collaboration include strengthening the role of national human rights institutions and regional networks, and facilitating and supporting collaboration between United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and national human rights institutions.", "81. UNDP, OHCHR and the International Coordinating Committee held a meeting in New York in February 2011, in which they decided to initiate a tripartite partnership through an exchange of letters. The key elements of this partnership include the following: the establishment of an annual strategic review conducted by UNDP, OHCHR and the International Coordinating Committee on the Establishment, Development and Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions; collaboration with United Nations human rights mechanisms; joint capacity-building projects and analysis of gaps in national human rights institutions; collaboration on thematic issues; and information and knowledge management. The first annual meeting of the strategic review will take place at the end of August 2011.", "A. Arab-European human rights dialogue on torture and the rule of law", "82. OHCHR participated in the sixth Arab-European human rights dialogue on torture and the rule of law, held in Berlin from 11 to 13 May 2011.", "B. Association of Mediterranean Ombudsman", "83. OHCHR attended the fifth meeting of the Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen on the theme &quot; The role of the Ombudsman in strengthening good governance and democracy &quot; , held in Saint Julian, Malta, on 30 and 31 May 2011. In its statement, OHCHR informed participants of General Assembly resolution 65/207 on the role of ombudsman, mediators and other national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights, in which the Assembly welcomed the active participation of the Office in all international and regional meetings of ombudsman, mediators and other national human rights institutions, and requested, in cooperation with OHCHR, its effective coordination of the United Nations system.", "C. Ibero-American Ombudsman Federation", "84. OHCHR participated in the annual meeting of the Ibero-American Ombudsman Federation. National human rights institutions and ombudsman institutions in Latin America, Spain and Portugal attended the meeting, held from 1 to 3 June 2011 in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. Participants addressed, inter alia, the current and future challenges for the Ombudsman &apos; s Offices in the promotion and protection of human rights, the Millennium Development Goals and national human rights institutions; the promotion of human rights and reports of national institutions; the role of national human rights institutions in the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights; national human rights institutions and international human rights mechanisms; and national human rights institutions.", "V. Cooperation with non-governmental organizations and academic institutions", "85. OHCHR endeavoured to promote the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of the International Coordinating Committee and its Subcommittee on Accreditation. A Non-Governmental Organizations Forum was held on 7 October 2010 prior to the tenth International Conference of National Human Rights Institutions in Edinburgh, United Kingdom (see A/HRC/16/76, para. 70). In May 2011, 50 members of civil society organizations from around the world attended the annual session of the International Coordinating Committee (Geneva). The meeting of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation held after the session benefited from inputs received from non-governmental organizations from Austria, India and Mauritania.", "VI. Thematic issues", "A. Indigenous peoples", "86. OHCHR and the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions are developing a joint publication entitled The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: An Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions (The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions), to support and strengthen the work of national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples.", "87. On 11 July 2011, parallel consultations were held with national human rights institutions in Geneva during the fourth session of the United Nations Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The main objective of these consultations was to exchange good practices in the advancement of the rights of indigenous peoples that could be reflected in the guide.", "B. History, principles, functions and responsibilities of national human rights institutions", "88. During the reporting period, OHCHR published an updated version of its Professional Training Series No. 4 entitled National Human Rights Institutions: History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities[2]. This publication, based on the 1995 version, provides an overview of the main current themes related to the establishment and strengthening of independent national human rights institutions, including their role in national systems for the promotion and protection of human rights, as well as their interaction with the international human rights system. The publication also covers the latest international developments in this regard, such as General Assembly resolutions and material of the International Coordinating Committee.", "C. National Human Rights Institutions in Federal States", "89. During the twenty-fourth annual session of the International Coordinating Committee, OHCHR organized a parallel meeting on national human rights institutions in federal States. Participants discussed the particularities of those States (such as decentralization and local self-government), as well as the advantages and challenges for national human rights institutions in countries with federal government systems.", "VII. Conclusions", "90. Compliance with the Paris Principles is a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring the effectiveness, independence, autonomy and plurality of national human rights institutions. National institutions, like Governments, parliaments and other relevant stakeholders, should take all necessary measures to ensure the continued functioning of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles. Ombudsman and mediator institutions are also encouraged to act in accordance with these principles and request accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee.", "91. The establishment of national human rights institutions that respect the Paris Principles in countries where they do not exist is welcomed. Compliance with the Paris Principles in the pre-establishment phase is key to ensuring the independence and legitimacy of the new institutions. It is recommended to conduct comprehensive and participatory consultations with civil society organizations during the preparation of legislation on new institutions.", "92. Particular attention is strongly recommended to the Paris Principles during the appointment of members of national human rights institutions. Member States and national human rights institutions are encouraged to promote a transparent appointment process and to ensure the plural representation of civil society organizations engaged in the promotion and protection of human rights.", "93. As key components of the national human rights system, national human rights institutions are encouraged to work in collaboration with other components of that system, namely, the executive, the judiciary, parliament, civil society, the media and academia.", "94. Joint inter-agency programmes of United Nations country teams are encouraged to support and participate in national human rights institutions by national, regional and international partners. The annual strategic review of activities related to national human rights institutions established by UNDP, OHCHR and the International Coordinating Committee is welcomed.", "95. It is recommended that subnational human rights institutions work with the federal institution to ensure equal protection of all human rights throughout the country. The interaction of these subnational institutions with the international human rights system, including the universal periodic review, treaty bodies and special procedures, is strongly encouraged.", "96. In its resolution 16/21 on the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, the Council strengthened the role of national human rights institutions at category A in the universal periodic review and special procedures.", "97. National human rights institutions are encouraged to play an active role during the second cycle of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council (2012-2016). National level A human rights institutions are encouraged to exercise their rights of participation as set out in Human Rights Council resolution 16/21.", "98. The adoption of the Port-of-Spain Declaration on the Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean is welcomed. Similar initiatives are encouraged in other subregions.", "99. The decision of the Group of European National Human Rights Institutions to establish a permanent secretariat is welcomed. The secretariat will consolidate the regional architecture and is expected to have a positive impact on the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions in line with the Paris Principles throughout Europe.", "Annex", "Regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean", "Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago)", "21-23 March 2011", "Declaration of Port of Spain", "In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat, with the support of the United Nations team in Trinidad and Tobago, organized a three-day regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean, held in Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago) from 21 to 23 March 2011.", "Participants in the workshop of English-speaking Caribbean States Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and representatives of the United Nations country teams in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago:", "• They express their appreciation to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago for hosting this regional workshop on the establishment of national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles in the Caribbean and, in particular, to the Attorney-General, His Excellency. Anand Ramlogan, for officially opening it.", "• They express their appreciation to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commonwealth Secretariat for jointly organizing this regional workshop.", "• They recognize the participation of the Office of the Acting Resident Coordinator of the United Nations in Trinidad and Tobago and, as specialists, of the representatives of the national human rights institutions of the Philippines and Canada.", "• They emphasize the importance of sensitizing Governments, parliaments and other relevant national stakeholders on the values and benefits of establishing national human rights institutions.", "• They recognize the importance of building on existing human rights frameworks to create Caribbean models of national human rights institutions that conform to the Paris Principles.", "• They emphasize the importance of national human rights institutions, including ombudsman institutions, in ensuring that human rights values are part of everyday life and language.", "• They underscore the importance of national human rights institutions, including ombudsman institutions, as key actors in promoting and protecting human rights.", "• They recognize the role and leadership that civil society actors play in protecting and promoting human rights.", "• They recognize the role of national human rights institutions, including ombudsman institutions, in empowering all peoples to understand and exercise their human rights.", "• They recognize the general picture provided and the discussions held on the establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions, their historical and legal backgrounds, the minimum standards to be met by such institutions, as well as their basic functions, main features and methods of operation.", "• They recognize the importance of taking the necessary measures to establish national human rights institutions that conform to the Paris Principles and request accreditation to the International Coordinating Committee of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.", "• They recognize the significant role that national human rights institutions that are in line with the Paris Principles can play at the international level through interaction with international human rights mechanisms, such as the Human Rights Council, treaty bodies and special procedures.", "• They welcome the importance given at the Workshop to facilitate in a practical way the exchange of expertise and experiences in establishing national human rights institutions in accordance with the Paris Principles.", "• They recognize that, while Caribbean countries face unique challenges in the establishment of national human rights institutions, they may, if requested by Member States, access the assistance and support of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Development Programme, other United Nations agencies and the International Coordinating Committee, as well as the Commonwealth Secretariat.", "Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), 23 March 2011", "[1] The Group of European National Human Rights Institutions, the Network of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights of the American Continent, the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and the Network of African National Human Rights Institutions.", "[2] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.XIV.4." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 114 b) del programa provisional*", "Elecciones para llenar vacantes en órganos subsidiarios y otras elecciones", "Elección de los miembros de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional", "Nota del Secretario General", "Adición", "Índice", "Página\nI.Introducción 2II. Currículos 2 de los \ncandidatos Carlos 2 Oswaldo Salgado \nEspinoza(Ecuador)", "I. Introducción", "El currículo del candidato enviado por el Ecuador, en consonancia con el artículo 5 del estatuto de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional, para sustituir la candidatura del Sr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (véase el documento A/66/88/Add.3), figura en la sección II infra.", "II. Currículos de los candidatos", "Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza (Ecuador)", "[Original: español]", "Nacionalidad: Ecuatoriana", "Ciudad, Provincia, Estado: Quito – Pichincha – Ecuador.", "Formación:", "Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.", "Abogado de los Tribunales de Justicia de la República del Ecuador.", "Ingeniero Comercial.", "Mediador de las Cámaras de la Producción del Azuay.", "Árbitro de las Cámaras de la Producción del Azuay.", "Diplomado Superior en Gestión Ambiental con Mención en Protección del Medio", "Ambiente Físico.", "Diplomado en Derecho Notarial y Registral.", "Diplomado en Propiedad Industrial.", "Máster en Derecho Administrativo.", "Doctor en Jurisprudencia.", "Candidato a Doctor (Ph.D.) en Derecho por la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, con la tesis doctoral: “El Órgano Jurisdiccional aplicable a la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas –UNASUR–”.", "Otros estudios de postgrado en:", "Derecho:", "Derecho Administrativo, Universidad del Azuay; en Derecho Notarial y Registral, de la Universidad del Belgrano, Argentina; la Universidad de la Habana, Cuba; y, de Propiedad Industrial en la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; en Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Exteriores e Internacionales, Instituto Europeo Campus Stellae, España.", "Administración de Empresas:", "Maestría en Gerencia Empresarial (MBA), Escuela Politécnica Nacional.", "Economía:", "Maestría en Economía, Universidad de Cuenca.", "Medio Ambiente:", "Diplomado en Gestión Ambiental, Universidad del Azuay y Universidad de Alicante.", "Proyectos:", "Certificado Internacional en Formulación, Evaluación y Gestión de Proyectos, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y Escuela Politécnica Nacional. Especialista, Escuela Politécnica Nacional.", "Educación:", "Maestría en Dirección de Proyectos eLearning (MDPeL), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.", "Breve experiencia profesional y académica:", "Miembro Fundador de la Escuela Judicial de América Latina (EJAL), 15 de abril de 2011.", "Director General de COSE & Asociados, Consultora Salgado Espinoza & Asociados, Asesoría Nacional e Internacional, desde el 15 de enero de 2011.", "Magistrado del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina, desde 2005 hasta el 14 de enero de 2011.", "Presidente del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina, enero 2008 a enero 2009.", "Académico Honorario de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Jurídicas de Bolivia.", "Mediador y Árbitro de las Cámaras de la Producción del Azuay, desde 2002, hasta el 2005.", "Miembro de la Comisión Latinoamericana de e-Justicia.", "Coordinador General de la Asociación Iberoamericana de Propiedad Intelectual (AIPI).", "Miembro del Consejo Consultivo y Fiscal de la REDLAJ, Red Latinoamericana de Jueces.", "Director General del “Centro Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales para el Siglo 21” (CELDIS 21).", "Profesor de Pregrado y Postgrados con la Cátedra de Derecho de la Integración en las Universidades:", "• Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Modalidad a Distancia (2008-marzo 2011); y,", "• Universidad de las Américas (UDLA) (2009-marzo 2011).", "Profesor Principal de la Universidad de Cuenca desde 1989 en las Cátedras de:", "• Legislación Laboral,", "• Legislación Tributaria,", "• Legislación Societaria,", "• Legislación Mercantil,", "• Ley Orgánica de Administración Financiera y Control (LOAFYC),", "• Normatividad del Sector Público Ecuatoriano para el Administrador y Contador; y,", "• Derecho Económico.", "Miembro de Reciclando Solidaridad, Proyecto Ambiental y Solidario, cuyas bases se gestaron en la Alcaldía del Arq. Fernando Cordero Cueva.", "Miembro del Consejo Universitario (por la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas); y, del Consejo de Planificación Académica, en representación del Área Social (Facultades de Economía, Filosofía y Jurisprudencia), de la Universidad de Cuenca.", "Director General de COSE & Asociados, Consultora y Asesoría Jurídica, Contable, Administrativa, Financiera y Económica, desde 1989 a 2005.", "Síndico de los Colegios Profesionales de Cuenca y Azuay: Ingenieros Civiles, Administradores de Empresas y de Economistas.", "Asesor Jurídico de varias empresas y comunidades del Azuay.", "Primer Gerente de la Empresa Municipal de Aseo de Cuenca –EMAC–, que logró implantar las Normas ISO 14000 y OSHAS 18000 en el Primer Relleno Sanitario del Ecuador que obtuvo Licencia Ambiental por el Ministerio del Ambiente, único en Latinoamérica con certificaciones ISO 14001 en la rama, de 1999 a 2005.", "Gerente General de Constructora de Caminos S.A.", "Profesor de Matemáticas y Física de los siguientes Colegios de Cuenca: Técnico Salesiano, Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas) y Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón.", "Autor de 24 publicaciones y ponencias:", "• “La responsabilidad en la Ley Orgánica de Administración Financiera y Control”, Universidad de Cuenca, 1989.", "• “Normatividad del sector público ecuatoriano para el administrador y contador”, Universidad de Cuenca, 1995.", "• “Ping-Pong de una competencia jurisdiccional”", "La indefensión de ciertos actos administrativos emanados por la Administración Pública, de competencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo de Cuenca, en el período 1994-2000, 2003.", "• “El Tribunal de Justicia, órgano jurisdiccional de la Comunidad Andina”, Primer Encuentro de Derecho Internacional, realizado en Asunción, septiembre de 2007.", "• “El derecho de integración: reflexiones en torno a su aplicación y seguimiento”, con ocasión del Primer Encuentro de Cortes Internacionales y Regionales del Mundo, realizada en Managua, Nicaragua, entre el 4 y el 5 de octubre de 2007.", "• “Reflexiones en torno al 5° Encuentro de Cortes Supremas del MERCOSUR y Asociados”, realizado en Brasilia entre el 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2007.", "• “Experiencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina”, a propósito del Encuentro de Altas Autoridades de los Sistemas Judiciales de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas –UNASUR–, Santiago de Chile, 26 de noviembre de 2007.", "• “La marca notoriamente conocida en el régimen de propiedad industrial de la Comunidad Andina”, a propósito del Primer Encuentro Internacional de Propiedad Intelectual, desarrollado en Cancún, México, entre el 26 y 29 de febrero de 2008.", "• “La justicia comunitaria andina”, socialización de la Comunidad Andina a los sectores empresariales del Ecuador (Curso intensivo de capacitación), Guayaquil, 6 y 7 de marzo de 2008.", "• “La solución de controversias de la Comunidad Andina, como mecanismo de seguridad jurídica y tutela ciudadana”, en el Taller Subregional de Acceso a la Justicia Ambiental para mejorar las condiciones de acceso a la Justicia Ambiental en Latinoamérica, 13 al 14 de marzo de 2008, Lima, Perú.", "• “El Tribunal Andino, hacia una justicia efectiva comunitaria: gestión e indicadores de desempeño”, a propósito del Informe Anual de Actividades del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina, 25 de marzo de 2008, Bogotá, Colombia.", "• “El marco jurídico constitucional del MERCOSUR y de la Comunidad Andina – Desafíos actuales”, del 5 al 6 de mayo de 2008, Montevideo, Uruguay.", "• “El rol de los jueces nacionales en la aplicación del derecho comunitario”, Encuentro de Facultades y Escuelas de Derecho de la Comunidad Andina – Creación de un Currículo de Estudio del Derecho Comunitario Andino, realizado en Lima, el 9 y 10 de junio de 2008.", "• “Derecho de integración”, texto guía para la Maestría en Derecho Empresarial, publicado por la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja –UTPL– 2008.", "• “Ponencia sobre “Visión de futuro de los sistemas de solución de controversias de la UNASUR, en una opción integradora de la Comunidad Andina y el MERCOSUR”, por videoconferencia, por medio del sistema “flashmeeting”, invitado por la Red Latinoamericana de Jueces –REDLAJ– dentro de “Cooperación y Justicia Digital”, conferencia dirigida a diferentes Jueces y Magistrados de Iberoamérica, 12 de diciembre de 2008.", "• Curso intensivo de capacitación en el ordenamiento jurídico comunitario y sistema andino de solución de controversias, dirigido a Funcionarios Públicos, Gestores y Facilitadores de Justicia, Jueces y Magistrados, 9 de febrero de 2009, Quito.", "• “El derecho andino y la integración fronteriza y transporte”, a propósito del Foro Binacional, realizado en Tulcán del 13 al 14 de abril de 2009.", "• “La sociedad del conocimiento y los derechos humanos: visión de futuro en los procesos de integración latinoamericana”, a propósito del III Encuentro Iberoamericano sobre Cooperación Judicial, realizado del 23 al 26 de noviembre de 2009, en Fortaleza, Brasil.", "• “Bases del derecho para la integración y comunitario”, texto guía para pregrado de la Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), 2009.", "• “Texto guía de derecho de la integración para la Maestría en Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad de las Américas (UDLA) ”, 2010.", "• “La importación y exportación de servicios dentro del concepto de la integración andina y latinoamericana”, en el Seminario Internacional organizado por la Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria y el Instituto de Administración Tributaria y Aduanera del Perú, dictado el 1 de septiembre de 2010, en la Sede Central del SUNAT, Lima, Perú.", "• “Integración andina – importación y exportación de servicios”, dentro del VII Encuentro Nacional Jurídico, organizado por la Intendencia Nacional Jurídica, el Instituto de Administración Tributaria y Aduanera y la Superintendencia de Administración Tributaria del Perú –SUNAT–, realizado en el Hotel Sol de Oro, el 2 de septiembre en Lima, Perú.", "• “Visión de futuro de la integración latinoamericana”, en el “II Encuentro de Magistrados de la Comunidad Andina y el MERCOSUR”, realizado en Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, del 6 al 8 de Septiembre de 2010.", "• Tomo 1, de la Colección: “Sendero Suramericano del Siglo 21”, “El ABC del Derecho para la Integración, el Surco de la Neo-Integración”, 2010.", "Distinciones y logros importantes", "• Segundo Mejor Egresado de la Escuela y acreedor a una beca completa para estudiar en el Colegio Técnico Salesiano.", "• Merecedor de becas estudiantiles por estudiante sobresaliente del Colegio Técnico Salesiano de Cuenca, mismos que servían para otros compañeros de escasos recursos económicos.", "• Graduación de Bachiller, con calificación Sobresaliente.", "• Seleccionado a partir de los 12 años como Profesor de Matemáticas; y a partir de los 18 años, Profesor de Matemáticas y Física de los Colegios: Santo Tomás Apóstol (Riobamba), Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas-Cuenca), Técnico Salesiano (Cuenca) y Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón (Cuenca).", "• En el año de Voluntario Salesiano (entregar un año de la juventud a la Sociedad), a los 18 años, haber fomentado con otros soñadores como el difunto Padre Antonio Amador (en esa época aspirante a sacerdote), el actual concejal de Quito, Pablo Ponce, entre otros, la creación del Oratorio Don Bosco en Riobamba (Centro de ayuda juvenil a los niños de escasos recursos económicos, para una recreación saludable de los fines de semana).", "• Presidente la Asociación Escuela de Administración de Empresas de la Universidad de Cuenca. (Sin ser afiliado a ningún partido o grupo político).", "• Miembro del H. Consejo Directivo de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Cuenca, por tres períodos. (Sin ser afiliado a ningún partido o grupo político).", "• Miembro del H. Consejo Universitario, por la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, de la Universidad de Cuenca. (Sin ser afiliado a ningún partido o grupo político).", "• Graduación de Licenciado en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, con Sobresaliente.", "• Recomendación de Publicación de la Tesis de Licenciatura, por parte del Tribunal.", "• Haber triunfado en el Concurso de Oposición y Méritos para Profesor Principal de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, para todas las cátedras (Ley Orgánica de Administración Financiera y Control –LOAFYC–, Laboral, Societario, Mercantil y Tributario) de Legislación de la Facultad, en la Universidad de Cuenca.", "• Graduación de Ingeniero Comercial, con Sobresaliente.", "• Haber sido propuesto por la Asamblea del Pueblo del Azuay, para integrar el Tribunal Supremo Electoral, en la caída de Abdalá Bucarán.", "• Graduación con Sobresaliente en la Maestría en Derecho Administrativo.", "• Gerente de la empresa que construyó el mejor relleno sanitario del Ecuador, y ganó reconocimientos internacionales y nacionales en al ámbito ambiental y de sostenibilidad financiera, y haber conseguido la primera Licencia Ambiental e implementar la norma ISO 14000 y OSHAS 18000 en el Relleno Sanitario, siendo el único en su género en Latinoamérica.", "• Seleccionado como Ponente y Conferencista de la experiencia exitosa de Cuenca-Ecuador, en el Encuentro Internacional de Instituciones Públicas y Privadas, para el intercambio de experiencias exitosas en el tratamiento y disposición de los desechos sólidos y el proyecto de reciclaje, San José de Costa Rica, del 21 al 28 de marzo de 2004.", "• Presidente de los cursantes de la Maestría en Gestión Empresarial, MBA, de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN).", "• Presidente de los cursantes de la Maestría en Economía y Miembro al Consejo Académico de la Maestría en representación de los Estudiantes, realizada en la Universidad de Cuenca.", "• Promotor y Fundador del Programa “Reciclando Solidaridad”, que trata de ayudar a los más necesitados del país.", "• Designado por unanimidad por los Plenipotenciarios de los Países Miembros de la Comunidad Andina: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela, el 31 de agosto de 2005, como Magistrado Principal del Ecuador, para integrar el Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina.", "• Elegido por unanimidad: Presidente del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina (enero de 2008 a enero de 2009).", "• Nombrado Académico Honorario, de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Jurídicas de Bolivia, que lo hacen por excepción a extranjeros destacados en el dominio de ciertas áreas del derecho, reconociendo el conocimiento en el campo del Derecho Internacional, Derecho Comunitario y de Integración.", "• Elegido por unanimidad Coordinador General de la Asociación Iberoamericana de Propiedad Intelectual (AIPI), que integra a 15 países de Iberoamérica.", "• Designado Miembro del Consejo Consultivo y Fiscal de la REDLAJ, Red Latinoamericana de Jueces, sin ser uno de los Miembros Fundadores.", "• Propuesto por méritos propios Profesor de Postgrados contratado en la Cátedra de Derecho de la Integración en las Universidades: Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Modalidad a Distancia.", "• Egresado con sobresaliente (9.55 sobre 10) en el doctorado en derecho (Ph.D.) de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of the members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II. Curricula 2 vitae of \ncandidates Carlos 2 Oswaldo Salgado \nEspinoza(Ecuador)", "I. Introduction", "The curriculum vitae of the candidate submitted by Ecuador, in accordance with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, in substitution of its nomination of Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (see document A/66/88/Add.3), is contained in section II below.", "II. Curricula vitae of candidates", "Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza (Ecuador)", "[Original: Spanish]", "Nationality: Ecuadorian", "City, province, state: Quito — Pichincha — Ecuador", "Background:", "Bachelor’s degree in political and social sciences.", "Attorney for the courts of justice of the Republic of Ecuador.", "Commercial engineer.", "Mediator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce.", "Arbitrator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce.", "Diploma in environmental management, with a minor in protection of the physical environment.", "Diploma in notary and public records law.", "Diploma in industrial property law.", "Master’s Degree in Administrative Law.", "Juris Doctor.", "Doctoral candidate (PhD) in law at the Simón Bolívar Andean University; doctoral thesis on “The jurisdictional organ applicable to the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)”.", "Other graduate studies in:", "Law:", "Administrative law at the University of Azuay;", "Notary and public records law at the University of Belgrano, Argentina and the University of Havana, Cuba;", "Industrial property law at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina;", "International law and foreign and international relations, Campus Stellae European Institute, Spain.", "Business administration:", "Master of Business Administration (MBA), National Polytechnic School.", "Economy:", "Master of Economics, University of Cuenca.", "Environment:", "Diploma in environmental management, University of Azuay and University of Alicante.", "Projects:", "International certificate in project development, evaluation and management, Inter‑American Development Bank and National Polytechnic School.", "Specialist, National Polytechnic School.", "Education:", "Master’s degree in eLearning Project Management (MDPeL), Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain.", "Summary of professional and academic experience:", "Founding member of the Latin American Judicial Academy (EJAL), 15 April 2011.", "Director-General of COSE & Associates, Salgado Espinoza & Associates, National and International Consulting Firm, since 15 January 2011.", "Judge for the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, from 2005 to 14 January 2011.", "President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, January 2008 to January 2009.", "Honorary Academician at the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia.", "Mediator and arbitrator for the Azuay Chamber of Commerce, from 2002 to 2005.", "Member of the Latin American e-Justice Commission.", "General Coordinator of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI).", "Member of the Advisory and Budget Council of the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ).", "Director General of the Latin American Centre for Social Research for the 21st Century (CELDIS 21).", "Professor of undergraduate and graduate studies in regional integration law at the following universities:", "• Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL), distance learning programme, 2008-March 2011; and", "• University of the Americas (UDLA), 2009-March 2011.", "Senior Lecturer at the University of Cuenca since 1989 in the areas of:", "• Labour law", "• Tax law", "• Corporate law", "• Trade law", "• Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control", "• Ecuadorian public sector regulations for managers and accountants", "• Economic law", "Member of “Reciclando Solidaridad, Proyecto Ambiental y Solidario” (“Recycling Solidarity, Project for the Environment and Solidarity”), which was developed by the administration of Mayor Fernando Cordero Cueva (also an architect).", "Member of the University Council, representing the Department of Economics, and of the Academic Planning Council, representing the Division of Social Science (Departments of Economics, Philosophy and Jurisprudence), of the University of Cuenca.", "Director-General of COSE & Associates, a legal, accounting, administrative, financial and economic consulting and advisory firm, 1989-2005.", "Trustee for the professional associations of civil engineers, business managers and economists of Cuenca and Azuay.", "Legal adviser to several businesses and communities in Azuay.", "First Manager of the Cuenca Municipal Waste Company (EMAC), which successfully implemented ISO 14000 and OHSAS 18000 regulations at the First Landfill of Ecuador. The Landfill was issued an environmental licence by the Ministry of the Environment, and is the only landfill in Latin America with ISO 14001 certification. From 1999 to 2005.", "General Manager of Constructora de Caminos S.A.", "Mathematics and physics teacher at the following high schools in Cuenca: Salesian Technical, Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón.", "Author of 24 publications and conference papers:", "• “La responsabilidad en la Ley Orgánica de Administración Financiera y Control”, University of Cuenca, 1989.", "• “Normatividad del sector público ecuatoriano para el administrador y contador”, University of Cuenca, 1995.", "• “Ping-pong de una competencia jurisdiccional: la indefensión de ciertos actos administrativos emanados por la Administración Pública, de competencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo de Cuenca, en el periodo 1994-2000”, 2003.", "• “El Tribunal de Justicia, órgano jurisdiccional de la Comunidad Andina”, First International Law Conference, held in Asunción, September 2007.", "• “El derecho de integración: reflexiones en torno a su aplicación y seguimiento”, presented at the First World Conference of International and Regional Courts, held in Managua, Nicaragua, from 4 to 5 October 2007.", "• “Reflexiones en torno al 5° Encuentro de Cortes Supremas del MERCOSUR y Asociados”, Brasilia, 8 and 9 November 2007.", "• “Experiencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina”, presented at the High-Level Summit of Judicial Authorities of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), Santiago, 26 November 2007.", "• “La marca notoriamente conocida en el régimen de propiedad industrial de la Comunidad Andina”, presented at the First International Forum on Intellectual Property, held in Cancun, Mexico, from 26 to 29 February 2008.", "• “La justicia comunitaria andina: socialización de la Comunidad Andina a los sectores empresariales del Ecuador”, intensive training course, Guayaquil, 6 and 7 March 2008.", "• “La solución de controversias de la Comunidad Andina, como mecanismo de seguridad jurídica y tutela ciudadana”, presented at the Subregional Workshop on Access to Environmental Justice in Latin America, 13 and 14 March 2008, Lima, Peru.", "• “El Tribunal Andino, hacia una justicia efectiva comunitaria: gestión e indicadores de desempeño”, for the Annual Report on Activities of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, 25 March 2008, Bogotá, Colombia.", "• “El marco jurídico constitucional del MERCOSUR y de la Comunidad Andina — desafíos actuales”, 5 and 6 May 2008, Montevideo, Uruguay.", "• “El rol de los jueces nacionales en la aplicación del derecho comunitario”, Summit of Law Schools and Faculties from the Andean Community — Drafting of a Curriculum on Andean Community Law, held in Lima, 9 and 10 June 2008.", "• “Derecho de integración”, course material for the Master of Business Law, published by the Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL), 2008.", "• “Visión de futuro de los sistemas de solución de controversias de la UNASUR, en una opción integradora de la Comunidad Andina y el MERCOSUR”, paper delivered via videoconference using the FlashMeeting system, by invitation from the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ) for a conference for Ibero-American judges and magistrates, 12 December 2008.", "• Intensive training course on the Community legal system and Andean system for dispute settlement for public officials, managers and facilitators in the justice system, judges and magistrates, 9 February 2009, Quito.", "• “El derecho andino y la integración fronteriza y transporte”, presented at the Binational Forum, held in Tulcán, 13 and 14 April 2009.", "• “La sociedad del conocimiento y los derechos humanos: visión de futuro en los procesos de integración latinoamericana”, presented at the Third Ibero‑American Conference on Judicial Cooperation, 23 to 26 November 2009, Fortaleza, Brazil.", "• “Bases del derecho para la integración y comunitario”, undergraduate course material for the University of the Americas (UDLA), 2009.", "• Course material on regional integration law for the Master’s Programme in Intellectual Property at the University of the Americas (UDLA), 2010.", "• “La importación y exportación de servicios dentro del concepto de la integración andina y latinoamericana”, presented at the international seminar organized by the National Superintendency of Tax Administration (SUNAT) and the Institute for Tax and Customs Administration of Peru, held on 1 September 2010, at SUNAT Headquarters, Lima, Peru.", "• “Integración andina — importación y exportación de servicios”, presented at the Seventh National Juridical Conference, organized by the National Juridical Administration and the Institute for Tax and Customs and Administration and the National Superintendency of Tax Administration (SUNAT) of Peru, held at the Hotel Sol de Oro on 2 September in Lima, Peru.", "• “Visión de futuro de la integración latinoamericana”, presented at the Second Conference of Magistrates from the Andean Community and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from 6 to 8 September 2010.", "• Volume 1 of the series “Sendero suramericano del siglo 21”, “El ABC del derecho para la integración, el surco de la neo-integración”, 2010.", "Distinctions and important achievements", "• Graduated second in the class from primary school and received a full scholarship to study at the Salesian Technical High School.", "• Awarded scholarships for outstanding low-income students at the Cuenca Salesian Technical High School.", "• Graduated with a high school degree, with distinction.", "• At age 12, was selected to be a mathematics teacher, and starting at age 18, was a mathematics and physics teacher at the following high schools: Santo Tomás Apóstol (Riobamba), Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas-Cuenca), Salesian Technical (Cuenca) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón (Cuenca).", "• At age 18, spent a year as a Salesian Volunteer to build, along with other dreamers, like the late Father Antonio Amador (at the time an aspiring priest) and Pablo Ponce, the current councillor of Quito, among others, the Don Bosco Oratory in Riobamba, a youth help centre for low-income children, to provide a healthy weekend recreation facility. (In the Salesian Volunteer programme, young people devote a year of their lives to serving society.)", "• President of the Association of the School of Business Administration, University of Cuenca (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Member of the Honourable Board of Directors of the Department of Economics of the University of Cuenca, for three sessions (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Member of the Honourable University Council of the University of Cuenca, representing the Department of Economics (without being affiliated with any political party or group).", "• Graduated with a bachelor’s degree in political and social sciences, with distinction.", "• Undergraduate thesis recommended for publication by the University panel.", "• Passed the competitive examination for Senior Lecturer in the Department of Economics at the University of Cuenca, for all law courses offered by the Department (Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control and labour, corporate, trade and tax law).", "• Graduated with distinction as a commercial engineer.", "• Nominated by the People’s Assembly of Azuay to the Supreme Electoral Court after the fall of Abdalá Bucaram.", "• Graduation with distinction; earned a Master’s Degree in Administrative Law.", "• Managed the company that built the best landfill in Ecuador, which earned it international and national recognition for its environmental and financial sustainability. The company was awarded the first environmental licence and implemented ISO 14000 and OSHAS 18000 regulations at the landfill, the only one of its kind in Latin America.", "• Selected as a presenter and speaker on the successful experience of Cuenca for the International Conference of Public and Private Institutions for the exchange of best practices in solid waste treatment and disposal and recycling projects, San José, Costa Rica, 21 to 28 March 2004.", "• President of student candidates for the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) programme at the National Polytechnic School (EPN).", "• President of student candidates for the Master of Economics programme and student representative of the programme on the Academic Council of the University of Cuenca.", "• Promoter and founder of the “Recycling Solidarity Programme”, dedicated to helping the country’s neediest people.", "• On 31 August 2005, by unanimous decision of the member countries of the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), appointed Chief Justice for Ecuador to the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.", "• Unanimously elected President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community (January 2008 to January 2009).", "• Named Honorary Academician of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia, a title granted on an exceptional basis to foreigners who have distinguished themselves in certain branches of law, in recognition of expertise in the field of international law, Community law and regional integration law.", "• Unanimously elected General Coordinator of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI), which is made up of 15 Ibero-American countries.", "• Appointed to serve on the Advisory and Budget Council of the Latin American Network of Judges (REDLAJ) (though not one of the founding members).", "• Merits-based appointment as Professor of Graduate Studies in Regional Integration Law for the Distance Learning Programme of the Private Technical University of Loja (UTPL).", "• Graduated with distinction (9.55/10) from Simón Bolivar Andean University doctoral programme in law (PhD)." ]
A_66_90_ADD.2
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page I. Introduction 2II. Curricules 2 of the candidates Carlos 2 Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza(Ecuador)", "I. Introduction", "The candidate &apos; s curriculum sent by Ecuador, consistent with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, to replace Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (see A/66/88/Add.3), see section II below.", "II. Curricules of candidates", "Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza (Ecuador)", "[Original: Spanish]", "Nationality: Ecuador", "City, Province, State: Quito – Pichincha – Ecuador.", "Training:", "Bachelor of Political and Social Science.", "Lawyer of the Courts of Justice of the Republic of Ecuador.", "Commercial Engineer.", "Azuay Production Camera Mediator.", "Arbitrator of the Azuay Production Chambers.", "Senior Diploma in Environmental Management with Mention in Environmental Protection", "Physical environment.", "Diploma in Notarial and Registration Law.", "Diploma in Industrial Property.", "Master in Administrative Law.", "Doctor in Jurisprudence.", "Candidate a Doctor (Ph.D.) in Law by the Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, with the doctoral thesis: “The Jurisdictional Body applicable to the Union of South American Nations –UNASUR”.", "Other postgraduate studies in:", "Right:", "Administrative Law, University of Azuay; in Notarial and Record Law, University of Belgrano, Argentina; University of Havana, Cuba; and, of Industrial Property at the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; in International Law and Foreign and International Relations, Instituto Europea Campus Stellae, Spain.", "Business Administration:", "Master in Business Management (MBA), National Polytechnic School.", "Economy:", "Master in Economics, Universidad de Cuenca.", "Environment:", "Diploma in Environmental Management, University of Azuay and University of Alicante.", "Projects:", "International Certificate in Project Development, Evaluation and Management, Inter-American Development Bank and National Polytechnic School. Specialist, National Polytechnic School.", "Education:", "Master's Degree in Project Management eLearning (MDPeL), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.", "Short professional and academic experience:", "Founding Member of the Latin American Judicial School (EJAL), 15 April 2011.", "Director General de COSE & Asociados, Consultora Salgado Espinoza & Asociados, Asesoría Nacional e Internacional, desde el 15 de enero de 2011.", "Judge of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, from 2005 to 14 January 2011.", "President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, January 2008 to January 2009.", "Honorary academic at the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia.", "Mediator and Arbitrator of the Azuay Production Chambers, from 2002 to 2005.", "Member of the Latin American Commission of e-Justice.", "General Coordinator of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI).", "Member of the Advisory Council and Prosecutor of REDLAJ, Latin American Network of Judges.", "Director General of the Latin American Center for Social Research for the 21st Century (CELDIS 21).", "Professor of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies with the Chair of the Law of Integration in Universities:", "• Individual Loja Technique (UTPL), Distance Modality (2008-March 2011); and,", "• University of the Americas (UDLA) (2009-March 2011).", "Principal Professor of the University of Cuenca since 1989 in the Chairs of:", "• Labour legislation,", "• Tax legislation,", "• Corporate Legislation,", "• Commercial legislation,", "• Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control (LOAFYC),", "• Regulation of the Ecuadorian Public Sector for the Administrator and Accounter; and,", "• Economic law.", "Member of Reciclando Solidaridad, Proyecto Ambiental y Solidario, whose bases were developed in the Alcaldía del Arq. Fernando Cordero Cueva.", "Member of the University Council (by the Faculty of Economics); and, of the Academic Planning Council, representing the Social Area (Faculties of Economics, Philosophy and Jurisprudence), of the University of Cuenca.", "Director General de COSE &quot; Asociados, Consultant and Legal, Accounting, Administrative, Financial and Economic Advisers &quot; , from 1989 to 2005.", "Syndicate of the Professional Schools of Cuenca and Azuay: Civil Engineers, Business Administrators and Economists.", "Legal Counsel of several companies and communities of the Azuay.", "First Manager of the Municipal Company of Aseo de Cuenca –EMAC–, who managed to implement the ISO 14000 and OSHAS 18000 standards in the First Sanitary Filling of Ecuador that obtained Environmental License from the Ministry of the Environment, unique in Latin America with ISO 14001 certifications in the branch, from 1999 to 2005.", "General Manager of Constructora de Caminos S.A.", "Professor of Mathematics and Physics of the following Schools of Cuenca: Salesian Technician, Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón.", "Author of 24 publications and presentations:", "• “The responsibility in the Organic Law on Financial Administration and Control”, Universidad de Cuenca, 1989.", "• “Normativity of the Ecuadorian public sector for the administrator and accountant”, Universidad de Cuenca, 1995.", "• “Ping-Pong of a jurisdictional competition”", "The defence of certain administrative acts emanated by the Public Administration, under the jurisdiction of the Administrative Court of Cuenca, in the period 1994-2000, 2003.", "• “The Court of Justice, Jurisdictional Organ of the Andean Community”, First Meeting of International Law, held in Asunción, September 2007.", "• “The right to integration: reflections on its implementation and follow-up”, on the occasion of the First Meeting of International and Regional Courts of the World, held in Managua, Nicaragua, between 4 and 5 October 2007.", "• “Reflections on the 5th Meeting of Supreme Courts of MERCOSUR and Associates”, held in Brasilia from 8 to 9 November 2007.", "• “Experience of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community”, on the occasion of the Meeting of High Authorities of the Judicial Systems of the Union of South American Nations –UNASUR –, Santiago de Chile, 26 November 2007.", "• “The notoriously known brand in the Andean Community’s industrial property regime”, on the First International Meeting of Intellectual Property, held in Cancun, Mexico, from 26 to 29 February 2008.", "• “The Andean Community Justice”, Socialization of the Andean Community to the business sectors of Ecuador (Intensive Training Course), Guayaquil, 6 and 7 March 2008.", "• “The settlement of disputes of the Andean Community, as a mechanism of legal security and citizen guardianship”, at the Subregional Workshop on Access to Environmental Justice to Improve Conditions of Access to Environmental Justice in Latin America, 13-14 March 2008, Lima, Peru.", "• “The Andean Court, towards effective community justice: management and performance indicators”, for the Annual Report of Activities of the Andean Community Court of Justice, March 25, 2008, Bogotá, Colombia.", "• “The constitutional legal framework of MERCOSUR and the Andean Community – Current Challenges”, from 5 to 6 May 2008, Montevideo, Uruguay.", "• “The Role of National Judges in the Application of Community Law”, Meeting of Schools and Schools of Law of the Andean Community – Creation of a Curriculum of Study of Andean Community Law, held in Lima on June 9 and 10, 2008.", "• “Integration Rights”, a guide for the Master’s Degree in Business Law, published by the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja –UTPL– 2008.", "• “Ponence on “Vision of the future of the UNASUR dispute settlement systems, in an inclusive option of the Andean Community and MERCOSUR”, by videoconference, through the “flashmeeting” system, invited by the Latin American Network of Judges –REDLAJ – within “Cooperation and Digital Justice”, conference addressed to different Judges and Judges of Ibero-American, December 12, 2008.", "• Intensive training course in the community legal system and the Andean dispute resolution system, aimed at Public Officials, Gestores and Facilitators of Justice, Judges and Judges, 9 February 2009, Quito.", "• “The Andean law and border and transport integration”, on the Binational Forum, held in Tulcan from 13 to 14 April 2009.", "• “The society of knowledge and human rights: a vision of the future in the Latin American integration processes”, on the occasion of the Third Ibero-American Meeting on Judicial Cooperation, held from 23 to 26 November 2009, in Fortaleza, Brazil.", "• “Bases of the Law for Integration and Community”, a pre-graduate text by the University of the Americas (UDLA), 2009.", "• “Text law guide to integration for Masters in Intellectual Property at the University of the Americas (UDLA) ”, 2010.", "• “The import and export of services within the concept of Andean and Latin American integration”, at the International Seminar organized by the National Superintendency of Tax Administration and the Institute of Tax and Customs Administration of Peru, issued on 1 September 2010, at the Central Headquarters of SUNAT, Lima, Peru.", "• “Andean Integration – Import and Export of Services”, in the 7th National Legal Meeting, organized by the National Legal Intendency, the Institute of Tax and Customs Administration and the Superintendence of Tax Administration of Peru – SUNAT, held at the Sol de Oro Hotel, on 2 September in Lima, Peru.", "• “Vision of the future of Latin American integration”, at the “II Meeting of Judges of the Andean Community and MERCOSUR”, held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from September 6 to 8, 2010.", "• Volume 1, of the Collection: “Sendero Suramericano del Siglo 21”, “El ABC del Derecho para la Integración, el Surco de la Neo-Integración”, 2010.", "Significant distinctions and achievements", "• Second Best graduate of the School and creditor to a full scholarship to study at the Salesian Technical College.", "• Deserver of student scholarships by outstanding student of the Salesian Technical College of Cuenca, which served for other co-workers with scarce economic resources.", "• Bachelor's degree, with outstanding grade.", "• Selected from the age of 12 as Professor of Mathematics; and from the age of 18, Professor of Mathematics and Physics of the Colleges: Saint Thomas Apostle (Riobamba), Rosa de Jesús Cordero (Catalinas-Cuenca), Salesian Technician (Cuenca) and Manuela Garaicoa de Calderón (Cuenca).", "• In the year of Salesian Volunteer (delivering a year of youth to the Society), at the age of 18, having fostered with other dreamers such as the late Father Antonio Amador (at that time aspiring to priest), the current councillor of Quito, Pablo Ponce, among others, the creation of the Don Bosco Oratory in Riobamba (Centre for Youth Assistance to Children of limited economic resources, for a healthy recreation of the week).", "• President of the School of Business Administration of the University of Cuenca. (Without being affiliated to any political party or group).", "• Member of the H. Board of Directors of the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the University of Cuenca, for three periods. (Without being affiliated to any political party or group).", "• Member of the H. University Council, by the Faculty of Economics, University of Cuenca. (Without being affiliated to any political party or group).", "• Graduation of Bachelor of Political and Social Sciences, with Outstanding.", "• Licensing Thesis Publication Recommendation, by the Tribunal.", "• To have triumphed in the Competition of Opposition and Merits for Principal Professor of the Faculty of Economic Sciences, for all the Chairs (Organic Law of Financial Administration and Control –LOAFYC–, Laboral, Corporate, Commercial and Tax) of Laws of the Faculty, at the University of Cuenca.", "• Graduation of Commercial Engineer, with Outstanding.", "• It has been proposed by the Azuay People's Assembly to integrate the Supreme Electoral Tribunal into the fall of Abdalá Bucarán.", "• Graduation with Outstanding in the Master's Degree in Administrative Law.", "• Manager of the company that built the best sanitary filling in Ecuador, and won international and national recognitions in the field of environmental and financial sustainability, and have obtained the first Environmental License and implement the ISO 14000 and OSHAS 18000 in the Sanitary Filling, being the only one in its genre in Latin America.", "• Selected as a Speaker and Lecturer of the successful experience of Cuenca-Ecuador, at the International Meeting of Public and Private Institutions, for the exchange of successful experiences in the treatment and disposition of solid wastes and the recycling project, San José de Costa Rica, from 21 to 28 March 2004.", "• President of the Master's Degree in Business Management, MBA, National Polytechnic School (EPN).", "• President of the Master's Degree in Economics and Member of the Academic Council of the Master's Degree in Students' Representation, held at the University of Cuenca.", "• Promoter and Founder of the “Recycling Solidarity” Program, which seeks to help the most needy in the country.", "• Unanimously appointed by the Plenipotentiaries of the Member Countries of the Andean Community: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, on 31 August 2005, as Chief Magistrate of Ecuador, to integrate the Court of Justice of the Andean Community.", "• unanimously elected: President of the Court of Justice of the Andean Community (January 2008-January 2009).", "• Appointed Honorary Academic Officer, of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Bolivia, who do so by exception to foreigners who stand out in the domain of certain areas of law, recognizing knowledge in the field of International Law, Community Law and Integration.", "• Elected unanimously, Coordinator General of the Ibero-American Intellectual Property Association (AIPI), which integrates 15 countries of Ibero-American.", "• Designated Member of the Advisory Council and Prosecutor of REDLAJ, Latin American Network of Judges, without being one of the Founding Members.", "• Proposed by own merits Professor of Postgraduates hired in the Chair of Law of Integration in Universities: Technique de Loja (UTPL), Modalidad a Distance.", "• Graduated with outstanding (9.55 out of 10) in the PhD in Law (Ph.D.) of the Andean University Simon Bolivar." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Temas 134 y 143 del programa provisional*", "Proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013", "Administración de justicia en las Naciones Unidas", "Administración de justicia en las Naciones Unidas", "Informe del Secretario General", "* A/66/150.", "Resumen", "En sus resoluciones 61/261, 62/228 y 63/253, la Asamblea General decidió establecer un sistema de administración de justicia para las Naciones Unidas independiente, transparente, profesional, con recursos suficientes y descentralizado. Dicho sistema empezó a funcionar el 1 de julio de 2009.", "El Secretario General se congratula de que la Asamblea General haya valorado positivamente la aplicación del nuevo sistema en su resolución 65/251, en la que la Asamblea observó los logros obtenidos por el nuevo sistema desde su puesta en marcha, incluidas las mejoras en la tramitación de los casos antiguos y los nuevos, y encomió a todos los que participaron en la gestión de la transición del sistema anterior o en la aplicación del actual.", "La Asamblea General también reconoció que el nuevo sistema seguía evolucionando e indicó que era necesario vigilar cuidadosamente sus progresos para garantizar que se siguiera ajustando a los principios rectores contemplados en las resoluciones que lo establecen, esto es, que fuera independiente, transparente, profesional, con recursos suficientes y descentralizado, así como conforme con las normas pertinentes del derecho internacional y con los principios de legalidad y del debido proceso para asegurar que se respeten los derechos y obligaciones de los funcionarios y que los administradores y los funcionarios respondan por igual de sus actos.", "En el presente informe, el Secretario General describe los logros del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011. La tramitación de los casos en todas las fases del sistema formal sigue poniendo de relieve que se ha mejorado considerablemente en lo que respecta a la eficiencia. En el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna recibió 390 solicitudes de examen y cerró o resolvió 281 asuntos. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal resolvió aproximadamente un tercio de los más de 850 asuntos de los que fue responsable en el mismo período. Del 1 de julio de 2010 al 31 de mayo de 2011, las oficinas que representan al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas tramitaron asuntos que culminaron en 195 sentencias, y la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos tramitó asuntos que dieron lugar a 90 sentencias del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas.", "No obstante, el éxito del sistema y la productividad de las oficinas que le prestan servicios han acarreado graves problemas para los recursos financieros y humanos de esas oficinas y dependencias. Como indicó el Secretario General en el informe sobre la administración de justicia que presentó a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones (A/65/373 y Corr.1), es necesario reforzar considerablemente varios aspectos fundamentales para mantener el actual ritmo de trabajo y seguir aplicando todos los mandatos de la Asamblea General en relación con el nuevo sistema.", "En su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que le suministrara datos e información sobre el funcionamiento del nuevo sistema y otros asuntos conexos. El presente informe constituye una respuesta unificada a dichas solicitudes.", "Además, el presente informe contiene una solicitud de recursos adicionales por un total de 8.657.900 dólares (antes del ajuste) en relación con las secciones 1, 8, 19, 29A, 29C, 29D, 29E, 29G y 37 del proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013 teniendo en cuenta la experiencia acumulada hasta el momento.", "Índice", "Página\nI.Sinopsis 4II. Examen 4 del sistema formal de \njusticia A.Dependencia 4 de Evaluación \nInterna B.Tribunal 8 Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones \nUnidas C.Tribunal 16 de Apelaciones de las Naciones \nUnidas D.Oficina 19 de Asistencia Letrada al \nPersonal E.Oficina 22 del Director \nEjecutivo F.Oficinas 26 jurídicas que representan al Secretario General como \ndemandado III. Respuestas 43 a las preguntas relativas a la administración de \njusticia \nA.Introducción 43\nB.Respuestas 44IV. Cuestiones 56 relativas al examen por la Asamblea General de los estatutos de los \nTribunales \nA.Introducción 56B.Reglamentos 56 de los \nTribunales C.Competencia 61 del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre las acciones y omisiones de entidades independientes relacionadas con el desempeño de sus mandatos \noperacionales V.Recursos 67 \nnecesarios VI.Conclusiones 70 y medidas que deberá adoptar la Asamblea \nGeneral \nAnexos \nI.Propuestasparaestablecermecanismosfinanciadosporelpersonalparalafinanciaciónde laOficinadeAsistenciaLetradaalPersonal 71\nII.Propuestademecanismosderecursoparaelpersonalquenoesdeplantilla 77\nIII.IndemnizacionesfijadasporlaDependenciadeEvaluaciónInterna,elTribunalContencioso-AdministrativodelasNacionesUnidasy elTribunaldeApelacionesdelasNacionesUnidas 88", "I. Sinopsis", "1. Por medio de sus resoluciones 61/261, 62/228 y 63/253, la Asamblea General estableció un nuevo sistema de administración de justicia. El sistema cuenta con dos tribunales, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y el Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, que están constituidos por magistrados profesionales y a los que prestan sus servicios las Secretarías de Ginebra, Nairobi y Nueva York. De acuerdo con la opinión de la Asamblea General según la cual se debería prestar asistencia letrada al personal, el nuevo sistema incluye también a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, constituida por oficiales jurídicos profesionales situados en Addis Abeba, Beirut, Ginebra, Nairobi y Nueva York. Para garantizar la independencia del sistema, la Oficina de Administración de Justicia administra los elementos del sistema formal y presta apoyo administrativo, operativo y técnico a los Tribunales, las Secretarías y la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, así como al Consejo de Justicia Interna.", "2. La evaluación interna, que constituye el primer paso obligatorio del sistema formal de administración de justicia, se realiza en el marco del Departamento de Gestión y los fondos y programas administrados por separado. La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna del Departamento de Gestión, que está constituida por oficiales jurídicos profesionales, realiza el primer examen de una decisión impugnada. Dicha Dependencia está concebida para dar a la Administración la oportunidad de corregir una decisión inadecuada o aportar soluciones aceptables en casos en los que la decisión haya sido errónea, de forma que se reduce el número de causas que pasan al sistema formal de resolución de litigios. También existen mecanismos similares en los fondos y programas.", "3. El perfeccionamiento y la profesionalización del sistema, además del mayor volumen de asuntos, han obligado a las oficinas y dependencias que representan al Secretario General como demandado a prestar muchos más servicios a una velocidad considerablemente mayor.", "4. El sistema continúa avanzando en la tramitación del considerable número de causas que recibió de los diversos órganos del antiguo sistema. Con el fin de impedir que estas causas atrasadas saturaran el nuevo sistema, la Asamblea General nombró a tres magistrados ad litem para el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y a funcionarios judiciales para que les prestaran ayuda.", "II. Examen del sistema formal de justicia", "A. Dependencia de Evaluación Interna[1]", "5. La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna está integrada en la Oficina del Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión y constituye el primer paso del sistema formal de administración de justicia. Sus principales funciones son las siguientes: a) realizar evaluaciones internas rápidas de las decisiones administrativas impugnadas relativas a los contratos de trabajo o las condiciones de contratación; b) ayudar al Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión a dar a los funcionarios que soliciten una evaluación interna una respuesta rápida y razonada relativa al resultado de dicha evaluación; y c) ayudar al Secretario General Adjunto a asegurar la rendición de cuentas del personal directivo, cerciorándose de que los administradores cumplan sus responsabilidades en la gestión de los recursos humanos y financieros de la Organización.", "6. Desde su creación el 1 de julio de 2009 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2011, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna recibió un total de 823 casos, a saber, 184 en 2009, 427 en 2010 y 212 en 2011. De los 823 casos recibidos, la Dependencia completó y cerró 665. A 31 de mayo de 2011, la Dependencia había recomendado conceder indemnizaciones en 18 casos, por un total de 183.339,44 dólares. En el anexo III del presente informe figura un desglose de este importe.", "7. El proceso de evaluación interna permite a la Administración evitar litigios innecesarios ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, lo que se traduce en importantes economías para la Organización. Aproximadamente un 36% de los casos recibidos y cerrados por la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna en 2010 fueron resueltos mediante gestiones informales realizadas bien por la propia Dependencia, bien por la Oficina del Ombudsman, o mediante negociaciones bilaterales entre la Administración y los funcionarios.", "8. En aproximadamente el 84% de los casos presentados a la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna que no se resolvieron informalmente, la decisión impugnada fue confirmada por el Secretario General después de que la Dependencia determinara que la decisión se ajustaba a las normas y la jurisprudencia de la Organización.", "9. De conformidad con la decisión de la Asamblea General de establecer, entre otras cosas, un sistema de administración de justicia transparente (resolución 61/261, párr. 4), cuando la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna recomienda la confirmación de una decisión administrativa impugnada, se envía una respuesta motivada por escrito al funcionario en cuestión en la que se exponen los fundamentos de la evaluación interna, incluidos los antecedentes de hecho, un resumen de las observaciones sobre el caso formuladas por la instancia que adoptó la decisión, las normas y la jurisprudencia de la Organización que resultan aplicables, una explicación de los motivos por los que la Dependencia considera que la decisión impugnada se ajusta a las normas y la jurisprudencia aplicables, y la decisión definitiva del Secretario General. Los fondos y programas siguen una metodología similar en su proceso de evaluación interna.", "10. La normativa pertinente reconoce a los funcionarios el derecho a dirigirse al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo para que se pronuncie sobre los casos que les afecten una vez que concluya el proceso de evaluación interna (resolución 62/228 de la Asamblea General, párr. 51). La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna considera que es más probable que los funcionarios que recurren al sistema formal por una presunta falta de transparencia en el proceso de adopción de las decisiones administrativas no hagan uso del derecho que les asiste a recurrir al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo si perciben que el proceso de evaluación interna es imparcial, objetivo y riguroso. La Dependencia también considera que la respuesta motivada por escrito que se facilita a los funcionarios al final del proceso de evaluación interna es un medio importante de garantizar la credibilidad del proceso de evaluación interna en particular y del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia en general. Los fondos y programas comparten esta opinión.", "11. A fin de determinar el número de funcionarios que recurren ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo tras recibir una evaluación interna que confirma una decisión administrativa impugnada, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna está colaborando con la Oficina de Administración de Justicia para aplicar un mecanismo de seguimiento.", "12. A 31 de diciembre de 2010, en el 83% de los asuntos examinados por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo tras una evaluación interna, la sentencia dictada por el Tribunal coincidía con lo recomendado por la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna. Teniendo en cuenta que hay cuestiones de derecho que aún deben ser determinadas por el Tribunal de Apelaciones y que las facultades de investigación de la Dependencia son limitadas, este grado de similitud es elocuente y puede interpretarse como un indicador de la imparcialidad, objetividad y precisión de la Dependencia.", "13. En su labor de asistencia al Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión para asegurar que la Administración rinda cuentas de sus actos, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna examina periódicamente los asuntos que se le plantean para identificar tendencias y cuestiones sistémicas, que se incluyen en sus informes. La Dependencia también presta servicios de secretaría al Secretario General Adjunto para recopilar las experiencias prácticas en que se basa la guía para el personal directivo y las notas orientativas que se distribuyen a todos los jefes de oficinas y departamentos. La guía de experiencias prácticas para el personal directivo incluye un examen de la jurisprudencia de los Tribunales Contencioso-Administrativo y de Apelaciones, y analiza cómo estos interpretan y aplican las normas internas de la Organización. En 2010, el Secretario General Adjunto distribuyó dos volúmenes de la referida guía. En abril de 2011, el Secretario General Adjunto distribuyó una nota orientativa, y está previsto que haga lo propio con otro volumen de la guía de experiencias prácticas a finales de 2011.", "Plazos legales", "14. Las evaluaciones internas deben efectuarse, tras la presentación de la correspondiente solicitud, en un plazo de 30 días civiles para la Sede y de 45 días civiles para las oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede (resolución 62/228 de la Asamblea General, párr. 54). Los plazos pueden ampliarse cuando el asunto se haya remitido a la Oficina del Ombudsman en las condiciones previstas por el Secretario General.", "15. En el informe de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto (A/65/557, párr. 16) se afirmó que debería hacerse todo lo posible por resolver los casos antes de que los funcionarios recurrieran al litigio y que la función de evaluación interna era una oportunidad importante de hacerlo, ya que ofrecía la posibilidad de rectificar decisiones administrativas erróneas.", "16. De conformidad con las indicaciones de la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto, cuando la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna llega a la conclusión de que la decisión impugnada no se ajusta a las normas internas de la Organización, y el Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión apoya una solución informal, la Dependencia trata de facilitar dicha solución directamente entre las partes. Según la experiencia de la Dependencia, la solución informal requiere amplias consultas entre las partes y, a menudo, el proceso se alarga más de lo que permiten los plazos previstos en la normativa para las evaluaciones internas. Sin embargo, no existen disposiciones jurídicas que permitan al Secretario General suspender el proceso de evaluación interna con el consentimiento de las partes en casos en los que la Dependencia facilita una solución informal. Los fondos y programas comparten esta opinión, aunque observan que han podido conseguir este resultado con el consentimiento de las dos partes.", "17. Del mismo modo, no existen disposiciones jurídicas que permitan ampliar los plazos de realización de las evaluaciones internas en casos en los que los funcionarios formulan alegaciones suplementarias después de haber presentado sus solicitudes de evaluación interna, bien por su propia iniciativa o a instancias de la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna.", "18. La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna considera que el cumplimiento escrupuloso de los plazos legales puede hacer que los funcionarios reciban evaluaciones internas incompletas o incorrectas y que, por consiguiente, recurran innecesariamente al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Para evitar este resultado, la práctica actual de la Dependencia consiste en pedir al funcionario una ampliación del plazo para facilitar la solución informal o cuando se necesita que el funcionario o la Administración presenten documentación adicional para completar debidamente el proceso de evaluación interna. La Dependencia considera que los casos se han completado puntualmente cuando finalizan dentro del plazo legal pertinente o cuando terminan en un plazo que el funcionario acepta con el fin de facilitar una solución informal u obtener la información adicional necesaria para asegurar que la evaluación interna es exhaustiva. Los fondos y programas comparten esta opinión y observan que, hasta la fecha, han cumplido los plazos legales en todos los casos.", "19. La dotación de personal de la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna consta de un jefe (P-5), que depende del Director de la Oficina del Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión, dos oficiales jurídicos (P-4), un oficial jurídico (P-4) (personal temporario general) y tres auxiliares jurídicos (Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)). Sin embargo, la dotación actual de personal es inadecuada para cumplir el mandato de la Dependencia y esta se ha visto obligada a cubrir temporalmente un puesto adicional de oficial jurídico financiándolo con cargo a fondos limitados de carácter discrecional desde febrero de 2010.", "20. La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna considera que la adición de un tercer puesto de oficial jurídico de categoría P-3 está justificada atendiendo al volumen de casos recibidos durante los casi dos años que lleva funcionando. Las cifras demuestran que el volumen de usuarios del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia supera ya el del sistema anterior. Además, partiendo de los datos que se desprenden de su volumen de casos, la Dependencia espera recibir en 2011 al menos el mismo número de casos que en 2010 (aproximadamente 427).", "21. En relación con los 184 casos recibidos en 2009, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna observó que se produjo una disminución del 23% en el número de casos presentados en el cuarto trimestre de 2009 en relación con los presentados en el tercer trimestre de ese año. En cuanto a los 427 casos presentados en 2010, la Dependencia observó un incremento estable en el número de casos presentados en los dos primeros trimestres de 2010, seguido de un descenso en el número de los presentados en los trimestres tercero y cuarto de 2010, respectivamente. En este contexto, la Dependencia observó que el 57% de los casos presentados en 2010 lo fueron entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de junio de 2010, mientras que el 43% se presentó entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2010, siendo así que el mayor descenso en el número de casos presentados se produjo entre el 1 de octubre y el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Por último, la Dependencia ha constatado un aumento del número de casos presentados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de mayo de 2011, en relación con los presentados entre el 1 de julio y el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Mientras que en ese último período de 2010 la Dependencia recibió 183 casos, en los cinco primeros meses de 2011 ya había recibido 212, número idéntico al de los casos que se recibieron en los cinco primeros meses de 2010.", "22. La Dependencia de Evaluación Interna considera que la disminución en el número de casos presentados en los últimos trimestres de 2009 y 2010 y el incremento del número de casos en los dos primeros trimestres de 2010 y 2011 podrían indicar la aparición de un patrón cíclico. Sin embargo, se prevé que entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011 se reciba el mismo número total de casos que entre el 1 de julio de 2009 y el 30 de junio de 2010 (aproximadamente 427).", "23. Como se ha indicado anteriormente, la realización de evaluaciones internas rápidas y bien fundamentadas es esencial para que la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna cumpla su mandato con éxito. La Dependencia ha cumplido su mandato gracias a la adición de un puesto temporario de oficial jurídico financiado con cargo a fondos discrecionales desde febrero de 2010. Además, las cifras indican que la Dependencia ha podido cumplir su mandato con su actual dotación de personal porque sus funcionarios han trabajado horas extraordinarias de forma sistemática y han pospuesto o no han tomado vacaciones anuales.", "24. Por consiguiente, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna considera que, dadas las circunstancias, la solicitud de un puesto adicional de oficial jurídico (P-3) es conservadora, ya que ese nuevo puesto de oficial jurídico no permitiría cubrir totalmente el desfase entre el número anual de horas-persona necesario para cumplir el mandato de la Dependencia (1.828) y el número anual de horas-persona que normalmente se exige a los funcionarios que trabajan en la Secretaría (1.463).", "25. Por los motivos anteriormente expuestos, el Secretario General recomienda que se fortalezca la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna con un nuevo puesto de oficial jurídico de categoría P-3.", "B. Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas", "1. Composición del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo", "26. El 2 de marzo de 2009, la Asamblea General eligió a tres magistrados en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y dos magistrados en régimen de media dedicación. Posteriormente, la Asamblea eligió a tres magistrados ad litem para un período de un año con el fin de que ayudaran a resolver las causas acumuladas que procedían del sistema antiguo. En el momento de elaborar el presente informe, la composición del Tribunal era la siguiente:", "a) Magistrado Vinod Boolell (Mauricio), en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y con sede en Nairobi;", "b) Magistrada Memooda Ebrahim-Carstens (Botswana), en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y con sede en Nueva York;", "c) Magistrado Thomas Laker (Alemania), en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y con sede en Ginebra;", "d) Magistrado Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte), en régimen de media dedicación;", "e) Magistrada Coral Shaw (Nueva Zelandia), en régimen de media dedicación;", "f) Magistrado Jean-François Cousin (Francia), magistrado ad litem con sede en Ginebra;", "g) Magistrada Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako (Nigeria), magistrada ad litem con sede en Nairobi;", "h) Magistrada Marilyn Kaman (Estados Unidos de América), magistrada ad litem con sede en NuevaYork[2].", "27. En su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, la Asamblea General decidió prorrogar seis meses el mandato de los tres magistrados ad litem y su personal de apoyo hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011 (véase la resolución 65/251).", "2. Elección del Presidente", "28. En la sesión plenaria celebrada en Nairobi del 28 de junio al 2 de julio de 2010, el Magistrado Thomas Laker fue elegido Presidente por un año, del 1 de julio de 2010 al 30 de junio de 2011.", "3. Sesiones plenarias", "29. Desde el 1 de julio de 2010, los magistrados del Tribunal han celebrado dos sesiones plenarias (del 13 al 17 de diciembre de 2010 en Ginebra y del 27 de junio al 1 de julio de 2011 en Nueva York).", "4. Actividad general del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo", "30. En el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo recibió 170 nuevas causas. A 31 de mayo de 2011, el Tribunal tenía 254 causas pendientes.", "31. De las 170 causas recibidas en este período, 108 procedían de la Secretaría (con exclusión de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y misiones políticas), incluidas las comisiones regionales, las oficinas fuera de la Sede, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda, el Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia y varios departamentos y oficinas; 19 procedían de las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y misiones políticas; y 43 procedían de organismos, incluidos el Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (ACNUR), el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Infancia (UNICEF).", "5. Causas del antiguo sistema transferidas al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo", "32. El 1 de julio de 2009, tras la disolución de la Junta Mixta de Apelación y el Comité Mixto de Disciplina en Ginebra, Nairobi, Nueva York y Viena, se transfirieron al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo 169 causas que estaban pendientes ante dichos órganos: se transfirieron 61 causas a la Secretaría de Ginebra, 55 a la de Nairobi y 53 a la de Nueva York. Del 1 de julio de 2010 al 31 de mayo de 2011 se resolvieron 29 de esas causas.", "33. El 1 de enero de 2010 se transfirieron al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo 143 causas procedentes del Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas. Dichas causas se repartieron entre las Secretarías del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de la siguiente manera: 51 causas para Ginebra, 40 para Nairobi y 52 para Nueva York. Del 1 de julio de 2010 al 31 de mayo de 2011 se resolvieron 76 de esas causas.", "34. A 31 de mayo de 2011, estaban pendientes 65 causas transferidas del sistema anterior: 10 de la Junta Mixta de Apelación o el Comité Mixto de Disciplina y 55 del Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas.", "6. Número de sentencias, órdenes y audiencias", "35. Durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dictó 195 sentencias y 638 órdenes y celebró 229 audiencias.", "7. Causas remitidas a la División de Mediación", "36. Del 1 de julio de 2010 al 31 de mayo de 2011, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo identificó 13 causas idóneas para ser sometidas a mediación y las remitió a la División de Mediación de la Oficina del Ombudsman. De ellas, 6 se habían resuelto satisfactoriamente en el momento de elaborar el presente informe.", "8. Temas de los que son objeto las causas ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo", "37. La naturaleza de las causas planteadas ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo en el período a que se refiere el informe puede dividirse en seis categorías principales: a) cuestiones relacionadas con nombramientos; b) prestaciones y derechos; c) clasificación; d) cuestiones disciplinarias; e) separación del servicio; y f) otros asuntos.", "38. De las 170 causas recibidas durante el período de que se informa, 56 se referían a cuestiones de nombramiento; 19 a prestaciones y derechos; 2 a cuestiones de clasificación; 33 a cuestiones disciplinarias; 28 a casos de separación del servicio; y 32 a otros asuntos.", "9. Cuestiones relativas a la dotación de personal del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y sus Secretarías", "39. Como se ha indicado anteriormente, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo tiene ante sí un número muy elevado de causas y la exigencia de trabajar con rapidez supone una onerosa carga para sus magistrados y su personal. El nombramiento y posterior prórroga del mandato de tres magistrados ad litem ha permitido al Tribunal mejorar considerablemente su situación a la hora de hacer frente a las causas acumuladas heredadas del anterior sistema. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta la tendencia en lo que respecta a la incoación de nuevas causas, está claro que si la capacidad judicial del Tribunal se reduce prácticamente a la mitad por la eliminación de los tres puestos de magistrados ad litem a finales de 2011, inmediatamente comenzará a producirse una nueva acumulación de causas. Esto haría que una de las deficiencias más criticadas del anterior sistema, las dilaciones, se convirtieran en una realidad cotidiana del nuevo sistema.", "40. El Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo está descentralizado deliberadamente para que los demandantes puedan acceder con mayor facilidad a la justicia. Para mantener este acceso es esencial que siga habiendo dos magistrados en régimen de dedicación exclusiva en cada sede del Tribunal. La propia razón de que exista un Tribunal descentralizado se vería desvirtuada si una sede tuviera que dejar de operar por la ausencia de su único magistrado, por ejemplo en casos de licencia, enfermedad o dimisión. De modo similar, la recusación de un magistrado en una sede implicaría automáticamente el traslado de la causa a otra sede, que estaría más alejada del demandante. Solo pueden constituirse con eficacia salas de tres magistrados cuando por lo menos hay dos de ellos en cada sede del Tribunal. Por otra parte, existe la obligación legal de que las solicitudes de suspensión de medidas se resuelvan en cinco días, lo que resultaría prácticamente imposible para un solo magistrado sin poner en peligro la tramitación de las demandas sustantivas. Por último, el Presidente del Tribunal, a quien corresponde dirigir la labor del Tribunal y las Secretarías, depende de la presencia y el apoyo del otro magistrado que presta funciones en esa sede durante su mandato a fin de mantener la continuidad en la tramitación de las causas.", "41. La labor de los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo no se limita a dictar sentencias. Las demás funciones que se les exigen, contempladas en la presente sección, hacen absolutamente fundamental que haya un segundo magistrado en régimen de dedicación exclusiva en cada lugar de destino. Los magistrados del Tribunal siguen de cerca los progresos de todas las causas, desde la interposición de la demanda hasta la sentencia final. Este seguimiento puede incluir: a) la celebración de audiencias para la gestión de las causas; b) la adopción de decisiones sobre mociones anteriores a la audiencia; y c) la emisión de órdenes previas a la audiencia. Además, los magistrados deben pronunciarse sobre las solicitudes de suspensión de medidas en el plazo legalmente previsto de cinco días. Desde el punto de vista administrativo, los magistrados de cada sede (Ginebra, Nairobi y Nueva York) se reúnen periódicamente con el personal de la Secretaría para asegurar la tramitación normal y oportuna de las causas. Asimismo, celebran reuniones bisemanales por videoconferencia para mejorar la comunicación entre los magistrados y adoptar decisiones importantes en materia de armonización de prácticas entre las tres Secretarías. Los magistrados del Tribunal también son los responsables de redactar el reglamento. A este respecto, el Tribunal ha presentado a la Asamblea General propuestas para la modificación del reglamento. Por otra parte, también es función de los magistrados ofrecer directrices prácticas, de modo que las partes en una causa conozcan los procedimientos que deben seguir ante el Tribunal. Dado que hasta la fecha aún no se ha previsto un receso judicial en el calendario del Tribunal, las responsabilidades anteriores se añaden a la función jurisdiccional básica de decidir sobre el fondo de los asuntos y dictar sentencia.", "42. Tras dos años, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo todavía se encuentra en la fase inicial de su desarrollo. Teniendo en cuenta la diversidad de tradiciones jurídicas de los magistrados, es necesario que exista una continuidad de estos y del personal de apoyo para que el Tribunal se convierta en un órgano judicial sistemático con una jurisprudencia coherente en beneficio de la Organización y sus funcionarios.", "43. Por este motivo, se recomienda que la Asamblea General nombre a un segundo magistrado en régimen de dedicación exclusiva para cada una de las sedes del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas. Es también imprescindible que los magistrados reciban el apoyo necesario de los oficiales jurídicos y el personal administrativo. Por consiguiente, el Secretario General recomienda que se regularicen los puestos de oficiales jurídicos de categoría P-3 (1 en Ginebra, 1 en Nairobi y 1 en Nueva York) y auxiliares jurídicos (1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) en Ginebra, 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) en Nueva York y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local) en Nairobi).", "44. También existe una anomalía en la dotación de la Secretaría de Nueva York. Mientras que las Secretarías de Ginebra y Nairobi tienen una plantilla de un Secretario (P-5) y oficiales jurídicos de categoría P-4 y P-3, la Secretaría de Nueva York está compuesta por un Secretario (P-5) y oficiales jurídicos de categoría P-4 y P-2. No existe ningún fundamento operativo para esta discrepancia y, de hecho, sería altamente beneficioso que la Secretaría de Nueva York dispusiera de un segundo oficial jurídico de categoría más alta (P-3). Por este motivo, se recomienda que el puesto de oficial jurídico de categoría P-2 en Nueva York se reclasifique en puesto de categoría P-3.", "10. Cuestiones no relacionadas con la dotación de personal", "a. Salas de audiencia", "45. Dado que el nuevo sistema debe tener carácter profesional y habida cuenta del mandato de que las audiencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sean, en general, públicas, el Tribunal debe disponer en cada una de sus sedes de locales adecuados para un órgano judicial profesional que tengan un tamaño suficiente como para permitir el acceso del público.", "46. Se han puesto locales a disposición del Tribunal en sus tres sedes, aunque aún no se han resuelto las cuestiones relativas a la construcción de salas de audiencia permanentes.", "47. En Nueva York, debido al plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura, se ha facilitado espacio para una sala de audiencias temporal en las instalaciones provisionales de Oficina de Administración de Justicia. La sala está operativa, pero al ser un espacio temporal es de carácter ad hoc y carece de instalaciones para interpretación simultánea. En la fase de planificación se consideró debidamente la necesidad de asegurar que pudiera retirarse e instalarse en los locales permanentes del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo todo el equipo y mobiliario que fuera posible una vez finalizado el plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura. No obstante, no se ha previsto la creación en Nueva York de una sala de audiencias permanente para el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo cuando termine de ejecutarse el plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura. En Ginebra, se ha facilitado un espacio permanente, aunque las instalaciones no permitirán la interpretación si no se realizan labores adicionales de construcción. En Nairobi, está en marcha la construcción de una sala de audiencias permanente y específica. Sin embargo, el presupuesto de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia para 2010-2011 no contempla recursos para la construcción y el acondicionamiento de salas de audiencia. Por consiguiente, en la sección 34 del presupuesto para 2012-2013 se han incluido consignaciones para labores de construcción y acondicionamiento.", "b. Viajes y comunicaciones", "48. Otro mandato esencial en relación con el nuevo sistema, reiterado por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/251, es que sea descentralizado. El Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y sus Secretarías están ubicados en Ginebra, Nairobi y Nueva York. El Tribunal presta sus servicios a funcionarios que trabajan en lugares de destino de todo el mundo y cada sede tiene asignada una amplia región geográfica. El éxito de la descentralización depende en gran medida de la capacidad del Tribunal y sus Secretarías para comunicarse entre sí y con las partes y los testigos en las causas que se le planteen.", "49. Cuando el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo celebra audiencias, es esencial que los participantes puedan intervenir cabalmente en el procedimiento y que los magistrados puedan evaluar la conducta de los testigos que comparecen ante ellos. Puesto que los viajes periódicos para cualquiera de estos fines serían extremadamente caros, se consideró que estas actividades se realizaran principalmente por videoconferencia. Sin embargo, este sistema de comunicación lleva aparejados costos considerables. El actual presupuesto para gastos relacionados con las comunicaciones es insuficiente para permitir un uso eficaz de la videoconferencia por parte del Tribunal. Además, es esencial que las audiencias orales se graben para que quede constancia fiable de todas las manifestaciones de todas las partes y los magistrados con el fin de que exista un registro preciso del procedimiento que pueda ser trascrito si posteriormente se produce una apelación. Por consiguiente, el Secretario General recomienda que el presupuesto de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos se incremente en 25.000 dólares en relación con la partida de comunicaciones a fin de cubrir los gastos de videoconferencia para las audiencias orales y las reuniones con las partes y las reuniones bisemanales de los magistrados y secretarios del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y de permitir la realización de grabaciones de las audiencias orales que reúnan la calidad y fiabilidad suficientes para ser trascritas si ello resulta necesario de cara a una posterior apelación de la sentencia.", "50. Conforme a su Estatuto, el Tribunal puede ordenar la presencia física de una parte o un testigo cuando considere que su comparecencia en persona es esencial para el procedimiento. Por otra parte, hay ocasiones, especialmente en causas que se plantean en lugares de destino de África, en las que es imposible celebrar audiencias en Nairobi por la mala calidad o poca fiabilidad de la conexión de videoconferencia y porque los intérpretes no pueden realizar satisfactoriamente su trabajo mediante conexión telefónica. Aunque es de esperar que esas situaciones sean poco frecuentes, ya se han dado en los dos primeros años de funcionamiento y se prevé que continúen.", "51. Además, los magistrados y los secretarios deben reunirse periódicamente en persona para debatir problemas comunes y elaborar respuestas uniformes al respecto. Por otro lado, un aspecto fundamental del mantenimiento de un sistema profesional es ofrecer a los magistrados y funcionarios jurídicos oportunidades de formación para desarrollar sus conocimientos jurídicos y permitirles participar en el debate intelectual con sus homólogos juristas. El presente presupuesto no contempla la celebración de sesiones plenarias de los magistrados y secretarios del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Asimismo, los magistrados y el personal jurídico de las Secretarías también son invitados habitualmente a simposios jurídicos, pero no pueden asistir debido a las fuertes restricciones presupuestarias que afectan a los viajes oficiales. Esto limita en gran medida su capacidad para mejorar sus competencias, interactuar con sus homólogos e intercambiar conocimientos. Por estos motivos, el Secretario General recomienda que el presupuesto para viajes de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia se incremente en un monto de 155.000 dólares.", "c. Mecanismo para resolver las quejas contra los magistrados", "52. Una cuestión relacionada con el funcionamiento del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, que también afecta al Tribunal de Apelaciones, es la falta de un mecanismo para tramitar las reclamaciones contra los magistrados de los Tribunales. La presentación de reclamaciones válidas contra los magistrados afecta directamente a la independencia, profesionalismo y rendición de cuentas del nuevo sistema de justicia. Sin embargo, actualmente ninguna entidad ni oficina tiene el mandato necesario para realizar las investigaciones correspondientes, determinar la validez de una reclamación, imponer una sanción o proponer a la Asamblea General que la imponga.", "53. El Consejo de Justicia Interna expuso su preocupación por la ausencia de mecanismos para ocuparse de las reclamaciones contra los magistrados en el informe que presentó a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, donde indicó que, en su opinión, era una cuestión que exigía atención urgente (véase A/65/304, párr. 40).", "54. Al Secretario General le consta que el Consejo de Justicia Interna se propone formular una propuesta para tramitar las reclamaciones contra los magistrados de los Tribunales en el informe que presentará a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones. Dado que actualmente no existe ningún mecanismo de este tipo, tal vez la Asamblea desee, como medida provisional hasta que adopte una decisión sobre un mecanismo permanente, autorizar al Consejo para que investigue las reclamaciones que se dirijan contra los magistrados, incluida cualquiera que ya se haya planteado, e informe y presente recomendaciones sobre esas reclamaciones a la Asamblea a fin de que esta tome las medidas que estime oportunas.", "55. En lo que respecta a un posible mecanismo permanente, partiendo de las observaciones preliminares sobre esta cuestión realizadas en un informe anterior (A/63/314, párrs. 73 a 79), el Secretario General formula las siguientes propuestas sobre un mecanismo para tramitar las reclamaciones contra los magistrados de los Tribunales.", "56. En caso de reclamación por falta de conducta o incapacidad de un magistrado, la denuncia se presentaría ante el Presidente del Tribunal en cuestión. A continuación, el Presidente iniciaría la debida investigación de la reclamación, determinando en primer lugar un procedimiento de investigación adecuado y nombrando después un grupo de especialistas para realizar la investigación. Durante la investigación, el magistrado contra el que se hubiera formulado la denuncia gozaría de todas las garantías procesales exigibles, por ejemplo la oportunidad de responder a la denuncia y de presentar pruebas pertinentes. Si la reclamación se dirige contra el Presidente del Tribunal de que se trate, en el caso del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, la denuncia se presentaría ante el magistrado del Tribunal que tuviera mayor antigüedad. Si la reclamación estuviera dirigida contra el Presidente del Tribunal de Apelaciones, la denuncia se presentaría ante su Vicepresidente Primero.", "57. Una vez concluida la investigación, las conclusiones serían examinadas por el Tribunal pertinente al completo, a excepción del magistrado objeto de la investigación. Si los magistrados decidieran por unanimidad que la denuncia de falta de conducta o incapacidad tiene fundamento, y siempre que la cuestión fuera de gravedad suficiente para justificar la separación del magistrado, el Presidente del Tribunal o su sustituto trasladaría el asunto a la Asamblea General, solicitándole que separara al magistrado de su cargo.", "58. Si la denuncia, aunque fundada, se refiriera a una conducta que no fuera lo suficientemente grave para justificar la separación del magistrado, el Presidente o su sustituto estaría facultado para tomar las medidas correctivas adecuadas (por ejemplo, emitir un apercibimiento o advertencia) que considerara apropiadas atendiendo a las circunstancias del caso. Se presentaría a la Asamblea General un informe anual sobre el curso dado a las reclamaciones recibidas. Una alternativa a esta propuesta sería modificar las atribuciones del Consejo de Justicia Interna para otorgar al Consejo la responsabilidad de investigar y hacer recomendaciones sobre cualquier reclamación dirigida contra un magistrado de los Tribunales. Cuando se formulara una denuncia por falta de conducta o incapacidad de un magistrado, la denuncia se remitiría al Presidente del Consejo. A continuación, el Consejo iniciaría la debida investigación de la reclamación, determinando en primer lugar un procedimiento de investigación adecuado en el que el magistrado contra el que se hubiera formulado la denuncia gozaría de todas las garantías procesales exigibles, por ejemplo la oportunidad de responder a la denuncia y de presentar pruebas pertinentes.", "59. Una vez concluida la investigación, las conclusiones serían examinadas por el Consejo de Justicia Interna. Si el Consejo determinara que la denuncia de falta de conducta o incapacidad tiene fundamento, el Presidente trasladaría el asunto a la Asamblea General, recomendándole que adoptara la debida sanción.", "60. En las dos opciones que acaban de describirse, las faltas de conducta que acarrearían la sanción de un magistrado serían la infracción del código de conducta de los magistrados preparado por el Consejo de Justicia Interna y presentado en el documento A/65/86 para su examen por la Asamblea General, conforme a la resolución 62/228, o la infracción del Estatuto relativo a la condición y los derechos y deberes básicos de los funcionarios que no forman parte del personal de la Secretaría y de los expertos en misión, que figura en el boletín del Secretario General ST/SGB/2002/9.", "C. Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas", "1. Composición del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas", "61. El 2 de marzo de 2009, la Asamblea General eligió a los siete magistrados siguientes:", "a) Magistrada Inés Weinberg de Roca (Argentina);", "b) Magistrado Jean Courtial (Francia);", "c) Magistrada Sophia Adinyira (Ghana);", "d) Magistrado Mark P. Painter (Estados Unidos de América);", "e) Magistrado Kamaljit Singh Garewal (India);", "f) Magistrada Rose Boyko (Canadá);", "g) Magistrado Luis María Simón (Uruguay).", "62. El 11 de octubre de 2010, la Magistrada Rose Boyko presentó su dimisión del Tribunal de Apelaciones, por motivos personales, con efecto a partir del 15 de enero de 2011. El 28 de enero de 2011, la Asamblea General nombró a la Magistrada Mary Faherty (Irlanda) para que sustituyera a la Magistrada Boyko tras un proceso de elección.", "2. Elección del Presidente y los Vicepresidentes", "63. El 30 de junio de 2010, el Tribunal de Apelaciones eligió como Presidente al Magistrado Courtial, como Vicepresidenta Primera a la Magistrada Adinyira y como Vicepresidente Segundo al Magistrado Garewal para el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011.", "64. Los magistrados del Tribunal de Apelaciones celebraron sesiones plenarias para tratar cuestiones administrativas y operacionales al principio y al final de cada uno de sus cinco períodos de sesiones.", "3. Estadísticas judiciales", "65. Entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011, se presentaron ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones un total de 105 recursos de apelación: 7 contra el Comité Mixto de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas, 5 contra el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente (OOPS), 1 contra la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional, y 92 contra sentencias y órdenes del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo (65 interpuestos por funcionarios y 27 en nombre del Secretario General contra sentencias y órdenes del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo).", "66. El Tribunal de Apelaciones celebró dos períodos de sesiones en Nueva York en 2010, del 21 de junio al 2 de julio y del 18 al 29 de octubre, y su primer período de sesiones de 2011, también en Nueva York, del 28 de febrero al 11 de marzo. Durante el período que se examina, el Tribunal dictó 96 sentencias. Celebró su segundo período de sesiones de 2011 en Ginebra, del 27 de junio al 8 de julio de 2011, durante el cual examinó 34 causas.", "4. Resultado de las causas resueltas", "67. En el período a que se refiere el presente informe, el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictó 96 sentencias[3], una de ellas en relación con una apelación contra el Comité Mixto de Pensiones, en la que el Tribunal confirmó la decisión del Comité Permanente. Cuatro sentencias confirmaron decisiones tomadas por el Comisionado General del OOPS.", "68. El Tribunal de Apelaciones dictó 83 sentencias con relación a recursos de apelación de sentencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, 54 de los cuales habían sido interpuestos por funcionarios y 29 en nombre del Secretario General. El Tribunal de Apelaciones rechazó 46 de los 54 recursos de apelación presentados por funcionarios, aceptó 3 y remitió 5 al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. De los 29 recursos de apelación interpuestos por el Secretario General, 9 fueron desestimados, 19 fueron aceptados total o parcialmente y 1 fue remitido al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. En 12 causas, el Tribunal de Apelaciones revocó o modificó la indemnización fijada por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo.", "69. Durante el período que se examina, se presentaron ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones 2 solicitudes de interpretación, 2 solicitudes de reconsideración, 2 solicitudes de corrección, 3 solicitudes de revisión y 1 solicitud de desestimación. El Tribunal rechazó las 10 solicitudes.", "70. Al 31 de mayo de 2011, había ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones 95 solicitudes/recursos de apelación pendientes.", "5. Cuestiones relativas al funcionamiento del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas y su Secretaría", "71. Los magistrados del Tribunal de Apelaciones se reúnen en períodos de sesiones, según lo requieran las causas, en general tres veces al año, para deliberar y dictar sentencias. Para este proceso resulta fundamental una preparación sustancial de las causas por parte del personal jurídico y administrativo de la Secretaría. Aunque la estructura de financiación y los métodos operativos del Tribunal de Apelaciones siguen el modelo de los del Tribunal Administrativo de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)[4], el Tribunal Administrativo de la OIT tiene el mismo número de magistrados, pero cuenta con seis funcionarios jurídicos del Cuadro Orgánico en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y tres del Cuadro de Servicios Generales y los servicios de otros funcionarios, cuando se los necesita. En contraste, la Secretaría del Tribunal de Apelaciones presta sus servicios al Tribunal con solo dos funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico y tres del Cuadro de Servicios Generales.", "72. El Tribunal de Apelaciones es un tribunal de revisión judicial que conoce de los recursos de apelación interpuestos tanto por el personal como por la Administración. Conforme al artículo 2.10 del Estatuto de dicho Tribunal, el Secretario General también ha celebrado acuerdos con siete organismos a los que se les proporciona acceso al Tribunal en calidad de tribunal administrativo. Como el sistema es nuevo, ha habido un gran volumen de recursos de apelación tanto de funcionarios como del Secretario General. El número de causas incoadas ante el Tribunal el pasado año es comparable al del Tribunal Administrativo de la OIT, que examina aproximadamente 110 causas al año y no tiene ninguna acumulada.", "73. La dotación de personal de que dispone actualmente la Secretaría no basta para prestar un apoyo pleno al Tribunal y permitirle tramitar las causas con puntualidad. Dos funcionarios jurídicos son insuficientes para preparar más de 100 causas al año. Esta situación llevará inevitablemente a la acumulación de causas y a un retraso cada vez mayor, uno de los aspectos más criticados del sistema anterior. Permitir que esto vuelva a suceder socavaría gravemente la reforma del sistema de administración de justicia. En particular, no es deseable que se produzcan largos retrasos entre el momento en el que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas dicta una sentencia y la decisión en firme sobre el recurso de apelación, puesto que el resultado de una causa de apelación puede sentar jurisprudencia en una esfera en particular, contribuyendo a reducir el número de futuras causas.", "74. Es necesario contar con un oficial jurídico de categoría P-4 adicional para asegurar que la Secretaría funcione con eficacia. La oficina debe disponer de mayor experiencia, dada la complejidad de muchas de las causas y la rapidez con la que deben tramitarse. Un oficial jurídico de categoría P-4 podría supervisar a los funcionarios actuales con relación a los aspectos jurídicos de la labor de la Secretaría, lo que permitiría al Secretario centrarse en la supervisión general, las comunicaciones con los jueces y otras partes interesadas, así como en proporcionar apoyo técnico y administrativo al Tribunal.", "75. Además, un oficial jurídico de una categoría superior podría proporcionar apoyo jurídico más sustantivo a los magistrados y responder de manera independiente a distintas solicitudes, lo que aumentaría la eficiencia y la capacidad de respuesta. Ese oficial jurídico compartiría funciones administrativas con el Secretario y actuaría como oficial encargado en su ausencia. Teniendo en cuenta el volumen de causas y la importancia de proporcionar al Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas un apoyo jurídico suficiente que le permita funcionar de manera óptima, el Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General refuerce la Secretaría del Tribunal de Apelaciones con un oficial jurídico adicional de categoría P-4.", "76. En su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General aprobó una plaza adicional del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) por un año para prestar asistencia al Tribunal de Apelaciones. El Secretario General observa la utilidad del apoyo que ha proporcionado esta plaza. Sin embargo, se necesita urgentemente otro puesto de oficial jurídico de la categoría adecuada para que preste apoyo a los magistrados en su labor. Teniendo en cuenta este hecho, así como las limitaciones presupuestarias actuales, el Secretario General recomienda que no se mantenga esta plaza.", "77. Conforme al artículo 4.2 de su Estatuto, el Tribunal de Apelaciones “celebrará períodos ordinarios de sesiones en las fechas que fije su reglamento, a condición de que, a juicio del Presidente, haya un número suficiente de causas que justifique la celebración de un período de sesiones”. Dada la experiencia adquirida durante el primer año de funcionamiento y teniendo en cuenta el número de causas incoadas ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones, se prevé que este Tribunal tenga suficientes causas como para justificar la celebración de tres períodos de sesiones al año. Sin embargo, el Secretario General observa que el presupuesto para viajes del Tribunal actualmente en vigor es insuficiente para celebrar un tercer período de sesiones. Por lo tanto, el Secretario General recomienda que el presupuesto para 2012-2013 contemple financiación adicional por importe de 230.000 dólares para la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, a fin de que el Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas pueda celebrar un tercer período de sesiones en caso necesario.", "78. En los párrafos 155 a 164 de su informe anterior (A/65/373), el Secretario General informó sobre la situación de los magistrados del Tribunal de Apelaciones y sus emolumentos. En ese informe, el Secretario General recomendó que las prerrogativas de viaje y el nivel de las dietas aplicables anteriormente a los magistrados del antiguo Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas se concediesen también a los del Tribunal de Apelaciones. En el párrafo 50 de su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General decidió volver a examinar la cuestión de las prerrogativas de viaje y el monto de las dietas de los magistrados del Tribunal de Apelaciones en el contexto del presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013. El Secretario General sigue creyendo que esta forma de proceder sería la adecuada, por lo que recomienda que, a tal fin, el presupuesto para viajes de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia se incremente en 50.200 dólares.", "D. Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal", "79. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal continúa enfrentándose a numerosos retos. La Oficina cuenta con siete oficiales jurídicos financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario (tres en Nueva York y uno en cada una de sus cuatro oficinas satélite en Addis Abeba, Beirut, Ginebra y Nairobi) y tres funcionarios del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (destinados todos en Nueva York). A 1 de enero de 2011, se dotó a la Oficina con un nuevo funcionario del Cuadro Orgánico de categoría P-3 en Nairobi para que preste apoyo en las causas relacionadas con personal de las misiones sobre el terreno. Esta plaza ha sido financiada durante un año con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz.", "80. A pesar de contar con un número limitado de funcionarios que se reparten entre múltiples lugares de destino, la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal ha obtenido considerables logros en sus dos primeros años de funcionamiento. La Oficina continúa gestionando satisfactoriamente un gran volumen de solicitudes de asistencia de funcionarios que trabajan en todo el mundo con un pequeño número de oficiales jurídicos y un apoyo administrativo limitado.", "81. A 1 de julio de 2010, la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal tenía 432 asuntos pendientes[5]. Entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 31 de mayo de 2011, se presentaron en la Oficina 425 nuevos asuntos. Teniendo en cuenta el número de asuntos pendientes en la Oficina a 1 de julio de 2010, la Oficina se ocupaba de 857 asuntos, de los cuales ha podido cerrar o solucionar de otra manera 265. A 31 de mayo de 2011, la Oficina tenía cerca de 600 asuntos abiertos. En su segundo año de funcionamiento, aumentó el volumen de asuntos que los funcionarios presentaron a la Oficina, especialmente las solicitudes del personal situado fuera de las tres sedes del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, lo que ha supuesto una carga importante para sus limitados recursos.", "82. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal proporciona numerosas formas de asistencia jurídica a los funcionarios, que van desde la prestación de un breve asesoramiento letrado hasta la representación del funcionario ante los Tribunales. En ocasiones se dedica mucho tiempo a resolver una cuestión por cauces informales o a explicar a un funcionario que es poco probable que una reclamación formal prospere.", "83. El mayor reto al que se enfrenta la Oficina sigue siendo responder al gran volumen de solicitudes de asistencia con un número limitado de funcionarios. Un reto que es particularmente difícil para los oficiales jurídicos situados fuera de Nueva York, que trabajan aislados y sin apoyo administrativo local. Por tanto, estos oficiales jurídicos deben gestionar un gran volumen de asuntos y la mayor parte de la administración de la Oficina por sí solos.", "84. La Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal cuenta con el apoyo de letrados voluntarios afiliados, pasantes y letrados externos que prestan sus servicios de forma gratuita. Desafortunadamente, no son suficientes para resolver el déficit de recursos humanos de la Oficina. Resulta difícil encontrar voluntarios cualificados, pasantes y letrados que ofrezcan gratuitamente sus servicios en oficinas distintas de la Sede, lo que abunda en la preocupación de que su presencia se limita fundamentalmente a Nueva York.", "85. La Asamblea General reiteró su solicitud al Secretario General de que trabajase con las asociaciones del personal para crear incentivos que permitiesen y alentasen a que los funcionarios siguiesen participando en la labor de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. Esta cuestión fue examinada en el período de sesiones del Comité de Coordinación entre el Personal y la Administración, en junio de 2011, y se observó que seguía habiendo diferencias de opinión entre la Administración y los representantes del personal sobre el enfoque a adoptar. En consecuencia, el personal y la Administración decidieron que debían continuar las consultas sobre esta cuestión.", "86. El Fondo Fiduciario para la Asistencia Letrada al Personal, creado por la Oficina de Administración de Justicia en enero de 2010, no ha proporcionado recursos suficientes para contribuir significativamente a que la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal disponga de más recursos humanos, ni siquiera con carácter temporal.", "87. A la luz de la experiencia adquirida en sus dos primeros años de funcionamiento, el Secretario General cree que la actual dotación de personal de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal debe reforzarse para que pueda cumplir su mandato. Como el Secretario General indicó en el informe que presentó a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, la Oficina necesita en particular oficiales jurídicos de categoría más alta, puesto que solo uno de los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico está por encima de la categoría P-3. Por este motivo, el Secretario General recomienda reforzar la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal con dos nuevos puestos de categoría P-4, que estarían situados en Nairobi y Nueva York.", "88. La capacidad de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal de funcionar con eficiencia se ve entorpecida por la falta de apoyo administrativo fuera de Nueva York. Como todo el apoyo administrativo se sitúa en la Sede, los funcionarios, independientemente de su lugar de destino, deben ponerse en comunicación con la Oficina en Nueva York para plantear cualquier asunto. El mensaje claro al personal es que, pese a la promesa de implantar un sistema descentralizado, las actividades básicas se realizan en la Sede. Por este motivo, el Secretario General recomienda reforzar la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal con dos nuevos puestos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) para proporcionar apoyo administrativo en Ginebra y Nairobi.", "89. En su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones, la Asamblea General acordó con el Secretario General que la capacidad de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal de atender a las misiones sobre el terreno debía reforzarse. En consecuencia, la Asamblea aprobó, con carácter temporal una plaza adicional de categoría P-3 situada en Nairobi para prestar apoyo al personal de las misiones sobre el terreno. Esta plaza, financiada con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz durante un año, estará en vigor desde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Dada la tendencia reiterada a que exista un gran número de asuntos relacionados con el personal de las misiones sobre el terreno, lo que demuestra una necesidad constante, y teniendo en cuenta además que el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno y el Departamento de Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz contribuyen sistemáticamente a la financiación del sistema formal en régimen de participación en los gastos, el Secretario General recomienda que la plaza de categoría P-3 en Nairobi dedicada a prestar apoyo al personal de las misiones sobre el terreno se mantenga durante un período de un año y se financie con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz.", "90. Los recursos no relacionados con puestos de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal son también insuficientes para permitir su adecuado funcionamiento. A pesar de que, al tratarse de una oficina descentralizada, toda su labor de coordinación de oficinas y una parte significativa de las consultas de clientes deben realizarse por correo electrónico, teléfono y videoconferencia, el presupuesto para comunicaciones es insuficiente para comunicarse, siquiera mínimamente, por teléfono y videoconferencia. Además, los funcionarios de esta Oficina descentralizada, que tiene dependencias en todo el mundo, deben poder comunicarse entre sí fuera de la oficina y al margen del horario normal de trabajo. Aunque la utilización de dispositivos de telefonía inteligente como las BlackBerries facilita esta comunicación, el presupuesto actual es insuficiente para financiar su uso. Por este motivo, el Secretario General recomienda que la partida de comunicaciones del presupuesto para 2012-2013 se incremente en 11.200 dólares.", "91. Aunque no sucede con frecuencia, hay ocasiones en que no se pueden evitar los desplazamientos físicos. Los oficiales jurídicos que prestan servicio en oficinas fuera de la Sede cubren una gran área geográfica, incluidas numerosas misiones sobre el terreno. Para que los funcionarios, en particular sobre el terreno, tengan un verdadero acceso a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, sus oficiales jurídicos deben visitar periódicamente los lugares de destino a los que prestan servicios, a fin de reunirse con los clientes y entablar negociaciones cara a cara con la administración local, facilitando la resolución informal de controversias. Puede que los oficiales jurídicos de la Oficina en Addis Abeba y Beirut tengan que asistir físicamente a vistas del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo en nombre de sus clientes si así lo ordena el Tribunal. Actualmente, la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal carece de un presupuesto para viajes que permita satisfacer estas exigencias fundamentales. En consecuencia, el Secretario General recomienda que la partida para viajes de la Oficina del presupuesto para 2012-2013 se incremente en 15.000 dólares.", "92. Por último, el presupuesto actual de la Oficina, en particular para las oficinas situadas fuera de Nueva York, es insuficiente para satisfacer necesidades básicas de oficina, como el alquiler o compra de una fotocopiadora y escáner, y la adquisición de suministros de oficina esenciales, como papel, carpetas, clips y bolígrafos. La falta de este material básico de oficina en las oficinas dotadas de un único funcionario agrava las dificultades a las que se enfrentan esos oficiales jurídicos aislados. Por este motivo, el Secretario General recomienda que la partida para suministros y materiales del presupuesto para 2012-2013 se incremente en 9.000 dólares.", "E. Oficina del Director Ejecutivo", "1. Examen de la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo", "93. La Oficina del Director Ejecutivo es responsable de supervisar la administración de todos los elementos del sistema formal salvo la representación del Secretario General en calidad de demandado. La Oficina, que cuenta con un Director Ejecutivo, un auxiliar especial, dos especialistas en tecnología de la información y un funcionario de apoyo administrativo, proporciona apoyo administrativo, operacional y técnico a los Tribunales, las Secretarías y la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. Este apoyo operacional ha incluido la coordinación con otras oficinas pertinentes para facilitar la creación de una sala de audiencia temporal en Nueva York e iniciativas similares de coordinación para proporcionar oficinas y salas de audiencia permanentes a la Oficina de Administración de Justicia tras la finalización del plan maestro de mejoras de infraestructura.", "94. Además de proporcionar apoyo diario a las dependencias antes mencionadas, la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo es responsable de coordinar la preparación de los informes del Secretario General en virtud de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General pertinentes. La Oficina también representa al sistema formal tanto dentro de las Naciones Unidas como ante organismos externos, y en todos los asuntos que requieren la coordinación y consulta entre departamentos.", "95. Entre los demás logros de la Oficina está la creación del sitio web de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, puesto en marcha el 28 de junio de 2010 y disponible en los seis idiomas oficiales. El sitio web (www.un.org/es/oaj) es fácil de utilizar y ofrece información práctica paso a paso sobre todos los aspectos del sistema formal. En mayo de 2011, el sitio web registró 7.690 visitas, lo que representa un incremento del 13% con relación al mes anterior. Desde la puesta en marcha del sitio web, el número medio de visitas mensuales ha sido de aproximadamente 7.000. En general, hay una tendencia creciente a utilizar el sitio web. La Oficina de Administración de Justicia continúa mejorando el sitio, y así por ejemplo ha creado una función de búsqueda de órdenes y sentencias de los Tribunales, que había sido solicitada por los usuarios.", "96. Otro hito importante fue el lanzamiento, el 6 de julio de 2011, del sistema electrónico de tramitación de causas por Internet, que incluye la posibilidad de que funcionarios de cualquier lugar de destino presenten una demanda y hagan su seguimiento de manera electrónica. Se espera que el sistema aumente la eficiencia, reduzca los retrasos y mejore el funcionamiento de las Secretarías. Además, la aplicación del sistema de tramitación de causas permite que los funcionarios que trabajan en todo el mundo accedan con facilidad a los elementos del sistema formal.", "97. La Oficina ha negociado con éxito acuerdos con todas las entidades que tenían acceso al Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas en el sistema anterior, en virtud del artículo 2.10 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones[6]. Esos acuerdos, firmados por el Secretario General, proporcionan a esas entidades acceso al Tribunal de Apelaciones como tribunal administrativo.", "98. Además de la función que desempeña en la elaboración y coordinación de los informes a la Asamblea General sobre la administración de justicia, la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo contribuye de manera significativa a organizar la elección de los magistrados de los Tribunales cuando es necesario.", "99. Otra función importante de la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo consiste en prestar apoyo al Consejo de Justicia Interna en su labor, incluida la elaboración de sus informes a la Asamblea General, según lo dispuesto en la resoluciones 62/228 y 65/251, y la transmisión de sus opiniones sobre la aplicación del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia.", "100. La Oficina también proporciona importante apoyo administrativo y técnico al Consejo de Justicia Interna en relación con la asistencia que este ha de prestar a la Asamblea General para buscar candidatos que cubran las vacantes que se producirán el 30 de junio de 2012, cuando terminen los mandatos de tres años de los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones.", "2. Cuestiones relativas al funcionamiento de la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo", "101. La Oficina del Director Ejecutivo es el centro de coordinación que dentro de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, se encarga de organizar todos los aspectos técnicos, presupuestarios y logísticos de cada una de las oficinas sustantivas. El papel y las funciones que realiza el Director Ejecutivo son sustanciales. El Director Ejecutivo desempeña un papel esencial en el mantenimiento de la independencia del sistema formal y es el encargado de la coordinación de los elementos independientes del sistema formal, incluidas la supervisión y coordinación de las Secretarías y de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. Asimismo el Director Ejecutivo representa al sistema formal tanto en el seno de las Naciones Unidas como ante los órganos externos y hace de enlace con los jefes de otras oficinas de las Naciones Unidas, como la Oficina del Ombudsman y de Servicios de Mediación.", "102. En el párrafo 34 de su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que presentase propuestas sobre la categoría apropiada del puesto de Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia. El Secretario General considera que esa cuestión no debería contemplarse al margen de su corolario, que es la categoría de los magistrados de los Tribunales Contencioso-Administrativo y de Apelaciones y sus mecanismos de remuneración. Los magistrados de los Tribunales no son funcionarios. En el caso de los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, trabajan en régimen de dedicación exclusiva y reciben una remuneración equivalente a la de la categoría D-2, escalón IV. Los magistrados del Tribunal de Apelaciones no trabajan en régimen de dedicación exclusiva, sino que se reúnen cada año en períodos de sesiones para decidir sobre las causas. Su remuneración no refleja ninguna categoría específica, sino que reciben unos honorarios por cada sentencia dictada. El redactor principal percibe 2.400 dólares por sentencia y los demás firmantes 600 dólares. Resulta evidente que tras la experiencia adquirida en los dos últimos años, este mecanismo de remuneración plantea algunas cuestiones con relación a las funciones necesarias entre períodos de sesiones del Tribunal de Apelaciones. En consecuencia, el Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General solicite al Consejo de Justicia Interna que examine la cuestión del nivel y los mecanismos de remuneración con respecto a los magistrados de ambos Tribunales, según corresponda, y que informe sobre la cuestión a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo séptimo período de sesiones, durante el cual la Asamblea examinará el informe del Consejo sobre este particular, junto con la cuestión de la categoría apropiada para el puesto de Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia.", "103. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, las tareas de la Oficina son muy amplias. Necesita contar con un oficial jurídico adicional que ayude a gestionar la gran carga de trabajo. Los funcionarios del Cuadro Orgánico de la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo son especialistas jurídicos y en tecnología de la información y su experiencia en esferas administrativas clave es limitada, en particular en lo que respecta a la presupuestación de las Naciones Unidas.", "104. Es evidente que sería beneficioso que la Oficina dispusiera de un oficial jurídico adicional con experiencia en administración y presupuesto y una nueva plaza de apoyo administrativo. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones financieras en este momento, no se solicitan recursos adicionales en esta esfera.", "105. La Oficina de Administración de Justicia facilita la labor del Consejo de Justicia Interna. Este organismo independiente de juristas experimentados desempeña una función de supervisión fundamental en el nuevo sistema y tiene un mandato sustancial. En el párrafo 52 de su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General destacó que el Consejo podía contribuir a asegurar la independencia, profesionalidad y rendición de cuentas en el sistema de administración de justicia y lo alentó a que siguiese presentando sus opiniones sobre la aplicación del sistema de administración de justicia y la informase en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones sobre la forma de mejorar su contribución.", "106. A pesar de lo anterior, no se ha incluido ninguna disposición expresa en el presupuesto actual o los presupuestos anteriores de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia para la remuneración de los miembros externos del Consejo cuando desempeñan sus importantes funciones. El presupuesto de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia tampoco contiene fondos para personal temporario general que le permitan reemplazar al personal en licencia de maternidad o licencia prolongada de enfermedad. Además, se carece de fondos para contratar personal temporario por proyectos en períodos de volumen máximo de trabajo. En consecuencia, el Secretario General recomienda que se incluyan fondos para personal temporario general por importe de 130.000 dólares en el presupuesto para 2012-2013.", "107. El Director Ejecutivo y su personal deben viajar periódicamente para participar en reuniones, tanto en la Oficina de Administración de Justicia (por ejemplo, con ocasión de las sesiones plenarias de los Tribunales Contencioso-Administrativo y de Apelaciones) como en el ámbito más amplio de la Organización, como la reunión anual del Comité de Coordinación entre el Personal y la Administración. También sigue siendo preciso entrar en contacto con los funcionarios y directivos situados fuera de la Sede, lo que requiere que el Director Ejecutivo y su personal viajen. El presupuesto para viajes de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia debe cubrir todos los viajes del Director Ejecutivo y su personal, así como los viajes de funcionarios relacionados con las sesiones plenarias de los dos Tribunales, los viajes de los funcionarios de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal o de otros participantes en las vistas cuando así lo exijan los Tribunales, y cualquier otro viaje del personal de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia. Como se debe dar prioridad a los viajes relacionados con las funciones judiciales de los Tribunales, el Director Ejecutivo y su personal no disponen de un verdadero presupuesto para viajes. El presupuesto para viajes de la Oficina tampoco es suficiente para permitir viajar a los miembros del Consejo de Justicia Interna que han de desplazarse para sus reuniones anuales o para realizar cualquier otro viaje a fin de desempeñar la función esencial de evaluar el funcionamiento del sistema en todo el mundo e informar a la Asamblea General. Por estos motivos, el Secretario General recomienda que el presupuesto para viajes de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia se incremente en 30.000 dólares en el presupuesto para 2012-2013.", "108. El mandato de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia de ser una oficina descentralizada obliga a depender en gran medida de las soluciones tecnológicas. Dos de los logros de la Oficina en este ámbito a lo largo del último año han sido la creación de un completo sitio web en todos los idiomas oficiales y la aplicación de un sistema de tramitación de causas que permite a todos los funcionarios, independientemente de su lugar de destino, plantear causas ante los Tribunales y darles seguimiento. Aunque estos importantes logros ahorran tiempo, recursos y dinero, deben mantenerse y mejorarse para que sigan respondiendo a lo que se exige de ellos. Además, como se utilizaron soluciones disponibles comercialmente para evitar costosos sistemas a medida, estos productos requieren la renovación anual de licencias y contratos de mantenimiento. Por otra parte, hay gastos de funcionamiento asociados con el almacenamiento de datos, las actualizaciones y los ajustes de los sistemas sobre la base de la experiencia adquirida. El presupuesto de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia no cubre actualmente todos los costos de licencias, mantenimiento y actualizaciones de los sistemas puestos en marcha. Por estos motivos, el Secretario General recomienda que el presupuesto de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia para 2012-2013 en las esferas de los servicios contractuales y la adquisición de programas informáticos se incremente en 75.000 dólares.", "F. Oficinas jurídicas que representan al Secretario General como demandado", "109. Varias oficinas representan al Secretario General como demandado en causas entabladas por funcionarios. Dado que el número de esas causas sigue siendo elevado y que muchas de ellas son de gran complejidad, las oficinas y unidades que representan al Secretario General como demandado están funcionando al máximo, o más allá, de su capacidad, teniendo en cuenta el personal y los recursos de que disponen.", "1. Oficinas jurídicas que representan al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas", "110. En su condición de demandado ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, el Secretario General está representado por personal de la Sede y de las oficinas situadas fuera de ella en Ginebra, Nairobi y Viena.", "111. En respuesta a las necesidades del nuevo sistema de justicia, los administradores redistribuyeron el personal de la Organización y contrataron personal con los conocimientos especializados requeridos para contribuir al funcionamiento del sistema. A raíz de ello la Organización pudo responder a las exigencias del nuevo sistema, que se está introduciendo en todas sus dependencias.", "112. En 2010 se dictaron 218 sentencias. Esas sentencias contienen un análisis de los antecedentes de la controversia, una aplicación fundada del Estatuto y el Reglamento del Personal, y conclusiones sobre las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho planteadas al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Las sentencias reflejan los extensos alegatos sobre aspectos de hecho y de derecho presentados por las partes durante el proceso.", "113. El cumplimiento de los criterios establecidos por el nuevo sistema supone grandes exigencias para las oficinas que representan al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. La presente sección detalla las funciones de cada oficina, los recursos asignados al sistema, las estadísticas que consignan el número de casos tramitados por los representantes del Secretario General, la información sobre los resultados de los procesos, y la respuesta de la Administración a la jurisprudencia.", "114. El nuevo sistema de justicia ha traído consigo nuevas exigencias para la Administración. Además de incorporar cambios estructurales en el sistema, la Administración ha debido responder rápidamente y con determinación a los retos que afronta en materia de recursos y de gestión. Para asegurar que el Secretario General siga disponiendo de una representación sólida y fortalecer su capacidad para responder a las exigencias actuales, es importante preservar y afianzar las iniciativas de los administradores. Además, es importante que la Secretaría global siga desarrollando un enfoque plenamente integrado respecto de la gestión de la representación del Secretario General ante los tribunales, especialmente mediante consultas y sesiones informativas periódicas entre el personal de las oficinas que representan al Secretario General.", "Sección de Derecho Administrativo de la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos", "115. La Sección de Derecho Administrativo, ubicada en la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, consta de una Dependencia de Apelaciones y una Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias. La Sección se encarga de representar al Secretario General, en su calidad de demandado, ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo con respecto a las causas entabladas por funcionarios de la Secretaría global, así como en causas iniciadas por personal del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda y del Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia. La tramitación de causas entabladas por personal de las Oficinas de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, Nairobi y Viena, el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (ONU-Hábitat) incumbe a funcionarios en esos lugares de destino. La Sección se ocupa también de cuestiones disciplinarias remitidas a la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos en relación con el personal de la Secretaría y de los tribunales internacionales, y asesora a los administradores en asuntos concernientes al sistema de justicia en general, así como a casos particulares de apelaciones y disciplina.", "Apelaciones", "116. Al recibir una solicitud del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo debe recabar de los administradores pertinentes sus opiniones respecto de la solicitud, y elaborar una respuesta. El plazo de presentación de las respuestas es de 30 días, lo que requiere la pronta adopción de medidas por parte de los administradores y de la Sección.", "117. Durante el proceso, los oficiales jurídicos de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo comparecen en las vistas preliminares y las vistas sobre el fondo de la cuestión, y presentan los escritos que requiera el Tribunal. Estas comparecencias exigen un tiempo de preparación considerable, necesario para realizar consultas adicionales con las oficinas pertinentes y la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, cuando corresponda, reunirse con los testigos a los que cite el demandado, y preparar el contrainterrogatorio de los testigos citados por el demandante, su asesor jurídico y/o el Tribunal.", "118. Además, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo se encarga de asesorar a la Administración acerca de la conveniencia de intentar una solución informal o proseguir con el litigio. Las recomendaciones incluyen un análisis de las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho que se plantean en la causa, así como asesoramiento sobre el medio más eficaz en función del costo para resolver la controversia. Si se acepta la recomendación de buscar una solución informal, la Sección debe obtener las autorizaciones necesarias, proporcionar asesoramiento durante las negociaciones con el demandante y/o su asesor, colaborar con la Oficina del Ombudsman para ultimar el acuerdo por el que se resuelve la controversia y realizar el seguimiento de su aplicación. Las negociaciones suelen ser prolongadas y difíciles; no obstante, la solución informal de una controversia puede reportar beneficios considerables.", "119. Una vez dictada la sentencia definitiva, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo se comunica con la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, que determina si se recurrirá la sentencia ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones. Por otra parte, la Sección es la responsable de interpretar las sentencias definitivas del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, obtener la información necesaria para la ejecución de las sentencias y comunicar a los funcionarios interesados las sentencias a los fines de su ejecución.", "120. La Sección de Derecho Administrativo también representa al Secretario General en los procesos de suspensión de una medida, en los que una parte solicita la suspensión urgente de la ejecución de una decisión administrativa. Esas solicitudes se deben resolver sin demora. En un plazo de cinco días tras la presentación de la solicitud se elabora una respuesta y se celebra una audiencia oral. Unos días más tarde, el Tribunal emite una orden de aceptación o denegación de la solicitud. Estas audiencias requieren atención urgente e intensos preparativos. Es particularmente difícil cumplir los plazos cuando la oficina afectada y los posibles testigos se encuentran fuera de la Sede y hay diferencias horarias.", "121. Durante el período examinado, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo tramitó 318 causas de apelación. La Sección tiene en todo momento unas 200 causas sometidas al examen del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Aproximadamente un 50% de los expedientes se refieren a cuestiones relacionadas con nombramientos; un 20% a apelaciones relacionadas con cuestiones disciplinarias; un 15% a prestaciones y derechos; un 5% a separaciones del servicio; un 1% a clasificaciones y un 9% a otras cuestiones.", "122. Entre el 1 de julio de 2010 y el 30 de junio de 2011, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dictó sentencias en 114 causas tramitadas por la Sección de Derecho Administrativo. Sesenta y cuatro solicitudes se decidieron sobre el fondo de los asuntos; 17 se desestimaron por motivos de admisibilidad; 14 se solucionaron informalmente y se retiraron; 5 fueron retiradas por los funcionarios; 5 se referían únicamente a indemnizaciones, y en 9 el demandante desistió del procedimiento. Además, el Tribunal falló en 12 peticiones de suspensión de medidas. Tres de ellas fueron admitidas, 4 desestimadas y 5 resueltas o declaradas desistidas.", "123. En cuanto a los asuntos decididos sobre el fondo, 38 fallos fueron favorables al Secretario General y 21 a los funcionarios, y en 5 ocasiones la Administración se defendió con éxito de la demanda principal del funcionario, aunque prosperó una demanda secundaria. Se otorgaron 20 indemnizaciones en relación con demandas que prosperaron sobre el fondo de los asuntos, bien sea total o parcialmente.", "124. Los nuevos métodos de trabajo, el elevado número de apelaciones que se deben tramitar, el acortamiento de los plazos para presentar las respuestas del demandado (de dos meses a 30 días) y la diferencia horaria entre Nueva York y los demás lugares de destino donde están ubicados los departamentos u oficinas clientes, los testigos y las sedes del Tribunal han provocado una enorme carga de trabajo y una mayor presión para el personal de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo.", "Cuestiones disciplinarias", "125. La Sección de Derecho Administrativo también se encarga de tratar las cuestiones disciplinarias remitidas a la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos para que adopte las medidas necesarias. En el período examinado, la Sección abordó 391 cuestiones disciplinarias, incluidos 121 casos nuevos. Los cometidos de la Sección en la tramitación de asuntos disciplinarios se establecen por separado en un informe del Secretario General sobre su práctica en cuestiones disciplinarias y casos de presunta conducta delictiva (véase A/66/135).", "126. Cabe señalar que, debido a la introducción del nuevo sistema de justicia y la consiguiente supresión del Comité Mixto de Disciplina, el análisis de los aspectos de hecho y de derecho de los casos ha pasado a ser responsabilidad de la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos. En el sistema anterior, el Secretario General remitía las cuestiones disciplinarias al Comité Mixto de Disciplina para que este determinara los hechos y prestara asesoramiento sobre las medidas disciplinarias que, en su caso, se deberían imponer. A raíz de la supresión del Comité Mixto de Disciplina, la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos debe realizar análisis cada vez más minuciosos de los casos que tramita. Por lo tanto, se dedica un tiempo considerable al examen pormenorizado de cada aspecto de los casos remitidos para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias, especialmente con el fin de obtener aclaraciones y pruebas adicionales de la entidad que inició la investigación o del funcionario en cuestión. Dependiendo del grado de complejidad del caso, el proceso disciplinario puede durar entre tres meses y dos años, según se trate de casos relativamente sencillos o de cuestiones más complejas.", "Asesoramiento", "127. Por último, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo proporciona asesoramiento específico a las distintas oficinas de la Secretaría. En general, la formulación de una recomendación supone un día de trabajo. La Sección formula cada año unas 600 recomendaciones.", "Recursos de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo", "128. La transición al nuevo sistema ha impuesto a la Sección de Derecho Administrativo exigencias adicionales considerables. Los procedimientos de apelación y tramitación de cuestiones disciplinarias son mucho más complejos y rigurosos y, consiguientemente, entrañan un aumento sustancial del volumen de trabajo. Un cambio fundamental es el paso del procedimiento basado en documentos característico del sistema anterior a las vistas orales y las numerosas comunicaciones por escrito requeridas en el marco del nuevo sistema. El promedio de días de trabajo necesarios para tramitar una apelación se ha triplicado, de 5 días en el marco del sistema anterior a 15 días en el nuevo sistema. Con arreglo al sistema anterior, el demandado presentaba un promedio de dos comunicaciones escritas en cada causa. En las apelaciones, raramente, si acaso, se celebraban audiencias. Con arreglo al nuevo sistema, el Tribunal suele exigir numerosas comunicaciones por escrito. En un número significativo de causas tramitadas por la Sección se celebraron entre dos y tres vistas orales, y en algunas causas, incluso más. La preparación de las vistas puede requerir un tiempo considerable e incluir la celebración de consultas con las oficinas pertinentes y, en el caso de las vistas sobre el fondo de la cuestión, la localización de los testigos a fin de conversar con ellos para familiarizarlos con el proceso y obtener declaraciones.", "129. A 30 de junio de 2009, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo contaba con cuatro puestos: un puesto de categoría P-5 (Jefe) y un puesto de categoría P-4 financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario, y dos puestos de categoría P-4 financiados con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Además, en esa cuenta había fondos especiales destinados a la contratación de personal temporario general. En vista del volumen de trabajo originado por las actividades sobre el terreno y de las exigencias que impone a la Sección el nuevo sistema, el 1 de julio de 2009 la Asamblea General aprobó la creación de tres puestos adicionales de oficiales jurídicos (2 P-3 y 1 P-2) y dos puestos temporarios (1 P-3 y 1 P-2) financiados con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En enero de 2010, la Sección se dividió en una Dependencia de Apelaciones y una Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias. Un puesto de categoría P-5 fue transferido desde una sección del Servicio de Políticas de Recursos Humanos para que dirigiera la Dependencia de Apelaciones. Dado el volumen de trabajo constante originado por las misiones sobre el terreno, en julio de 2010 la Asamblea General aprobó otros dos puestos de oficial jurídico (1 P-4 y 1 P-3) en Nairobi, financiados con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. También en julio de 2010, en el marco de sus facultades discrecionales limitadas, el Secretario General estableció tres nuevos puestos temporarios (1 P-4 y 2 P-3) destinados a la tramitación de las apelaciones y cuestiones disciplinarias de dependencias organizativas no relacionadas con actividades sobre el terreno.", "130. La dotación total de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo es de 15 oficiales jurídicos. En la actualidad, la Sección incluye la Dependencia de Apelaciones, que cuenta con un puesto de categoría P-5 (Jefe), tres puestos de categoría P-4 y dos de categoría P-3 en Nueva York, así como un puesto de categoría P-4 y uno de categoría P-3 en Nairobi; y la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias, cuya plantilla incluye un puesto de categoría P-5 (Jefe), uno de categoría P-4, tres puestos de categoría P-3 y dos de categoría P-2. De esos puestos, tres se financian con cargo al presupuesto ordinario (uno de ellos fue transferido desde el Servicio de Políticas de Recursos Humanos), nueve se financian con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz y tres se financiarán hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011 con recursos temporarios autorizados por el Secretario General en el marco de sus facultades discrecionales limitadas en la ejecución del presupuesto.", "131. Un análisis del número de asuntos tramitados por la Sección demuestra que es preciso establecer nuevos puestos. Con respecto a las apelaciones, en el último año la Dependencia de Apelaciones recibió y tramitó 115 asuntos entablados ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. El proceso de cada causa presentada al Tribunal requiere un promedio de 15 días de trabajo. Esto supone 1.725 días de trabajo por año. Además, la Dependencia de Apelaciones formula anualmente unas 400 recomendaciones que suponen 400 días de trabajo por año. En su conjunto, la labor de la Dependencia de Apelaciones exige unos 2.125 días de trabajo por año. A 27 días de trabajo por mes, o sea, 78,7 meses de trabajo por año, esto equivale a siete puestos. Actualmente, la Dependencia de Apelaciones tiene solo cinco puestos, de los cuales uno es el del Jefe. El Jefe supervisa y dirige las tareas de la Dependencia, y los cuatro oficiales jurídicos tramitan los asuntos. Por consiguiente, se necesitan otros tres puestos de oficiales jurídicos.", "132. Dado que aproximadamente un 35% de las apelaciones corresponden a misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y un 65% a oficinas no relacionadas con actividades de mantenimiento de la paz, seis puestos se deberían consignar con cargo al presupuesto ordinario y tres con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Ahora bien, solo uno de los puestos de oficiales jurídicos se financia en la actualidad con cargo al presupuesto ordinario. Para asegurar un funcionamiento óptimo se deberían establecer en la Dependencia de Apelaciones tres nuevos puestos con cargo al presupuesto ordinario. Sin embargo, a la luz de las actuales restricciones financieras de los Estados Miembros, de momento se propone establecer en la Dependencia de Apelaciones dos nuevos puestos (1 P-4 y 1 P-3).", "133. Sobre la base del número de casos disciplinarios recibidos desde el 1 de julio de 2009 se prevé que, anualmente, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo recibirá unos 150 casos para su tramitación. Dado que la tramitación de un expediente disciplinario requiere un promedio de 20 días de trabajo, ese número de casos exigirá unos 3.000 días de trabajo por año. Además, la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias formula unas 200 recomendaciones por año, que requieren 200 días de trabajo. En total, la labor de la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias exige unos 3.200 días de trabajo por año. A 27 días de trabajo por mes, ello se traduce en 118,5 meses de trabajo, lo que equivale a 10 puestos. Actualmente, la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias solo tiene seis puestos de oficiales jurídicos, de los cuales cuatro son puestos de plantilla y dos son temporarios. Además, la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias tiene un Jefe (P-5) que supervisa y dirige las actividades. Por consiguiente, hacen falta cuatro puestos más para oficiales jurídicos.", "134. Dado que aproximadamente un 60% de los casos disciplinarios tramitados corresponden a misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y un 40% a oficinas ajenas a las actividades de mantenimiento de la paz, cuatro puestos se deberían consignar con cargo al presupuesto ordinario y seis con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Sin embargo, en la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias ningún puesto de oficial jurídico se financia actualmente con cargo al presupuesto ordinario. Se propone que los cuatro puestos de plantilla se mantengan con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En el marco del presupuesto de la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz para el bienio 2012-2013 se propondrá que los dos puestos adicionales necesarios se cubran mediante la conversión de puestos de personal temporario general en puestos de plantilla. Con el fin de tramitar los casos de oficinas no relacionadas con actividades de mantenimiento de la paz, la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias necesita cuatro puestos de oficiales jurídicos con cargo al presupuesto ordinario. Sin embargo, a la luz de las actuales restricciones financieras de los Estados Miembros, de momento se propone establecer en la Dependencia de Cuestiones Disciplinarias tres nuevos puestos (1 P-4 y 2 P-3).", "135. En total, el Secretario General desea establecer cinco nuevos puestos de oficiales jurídicos para la Sección de Derecho Administrativo. Cabe señalar que durante la evaluación de los recursos necesarios para la Sección se tuvieron en cuenta 27 días de trabajo por mes, en vez de los habituales 21,5 días. Esto demuestra una vez más el enorme volumen de trabajo de la Sección y la necesidad de contar con una base de recursos sostenible.", "Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena", "136. En la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, la responsabilidad de representar al Secretario General en las apelaciones y las cuestiones disciplinarias se ha delegado en el Director de la División de Gestión. Las tareas cotidianas relativas a la tramitación de casos disciplinarios antes de su remisión a la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos y de solicitudes de evaluación interna, así como la representación del Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, se han asignado al Servicio de Gestión de Recursos Humanos y están coordinadas por el oficial encargado de políticas de recursos humanos del Servicio.", "137. En la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito se sigue observando un incremento en el número de peticiones de asesoramiento jurídico y de confirmación del cumplimiento de las normas aplicables a los directivos, así como un aumento en el tiempo de preparación de los asuntos que se han de presentar al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. A fin de mantener informado al personal y a los administradores acerca de las características del nuevo sistema de justicia, ambas Oficinas siguen organizando sesiones informativas, foros a la hora del almuerzo y asambleas públicas, y envían mensajes electrónicos a todo el personal en Viena y sobre el terreno, para lo cual el equipo de recursos humanos necesita tiempo adicional.", "138. El creciente número de apelaciones, junto con la extrema brevedad de los plazos previstos en el nuevo sistema, siguen poniendo a prueba la capacidad de apoyo jurídico disponible para la administración de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. La Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena ha asignado un oficial de política de recursos humanos a tiempo completo al Servicio de Gestión de Recursos Humanos con miras a satisfacer las exigencias cada vez mayores del nuevo sistema. No obstante, esa situación no es sostenible a largo plazo, dado que el equipo de recursos humanos está utilizando al máximo sus limitados recursos para cubrir las funciones ordinarias de ese oficial. Por consiguiente, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena necesita puestos específicos para un oficial jurídico de categoría P-4 y un auxiliar jurídico del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) a fin de poder satisfacer apropiadamente las constantes exigencias del sistema. Sin embargo, en vista de las actuales restricciones financieras, se propone que el personal de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra preste apoyo a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena.", "Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra", "139. En la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, un oficial de recursos humanos con formación jurídica representa a la Organización ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo en las causas entabladas por funcionarios de la Oficina y de sus organizaciones clientes (la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH), la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD), la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios, la Comisión Económica para Europa (CEPE) y otras entidades más pequeñas). Además del puesto temporario de categoría P-4, fue necesario agregar un puesto de oficial jurídico de categoría P-3, financiado mediante un régimen de participación en los gastos por las organizaciones clientes (ACNUDH, UNCTAD y Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios), a fin de hacer frente al aumento del volumen de trabajo, en particular de las organizaciones clientes. No obstante, este arreglo solo estará en vigor hasta el final de 2011.", "140. Según se mencionó precedentemente, debido al establecimiento del nuevo sistema de justicia, los escritos de los funcionarios son mucho más detallados y exigen un análisis y un examen jurídico más minuciosos, y se celebran más vistas orales que en el sistema anterior, lo que requiere más tiempo. Además, los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo suelen solicitar que el demandado proporcione información detallada sobre los elementos de una causa, lo que genera más trabajo y más consultas con los administradores pertinentes. El resultado general es que cada causa exige al personal más tiempo de trabajo del que hubiera necesitado con el sistema anterior.", "141. También se pide a los oficiales jurídicos que proporcionen asesoramiento a los administradores en materia de solicitudes de evaluación interna o preparación de decisiones. Además, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra continúa organizando para los administradores actividades de capacitación sobre el sistema de justicia y sesiones informativas sobre las evaluaciones internas y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal. Por último, los oficiales jurídicos prestan apoyo y efectúan contribuciones a la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, que tramita las apelaciones de la Organización ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones.", "142. A pesar del significativo aumento del volumen de trabajo, no se asignaron recursos adicionales a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra en ocasión de la transición al nuevo sistema. Si bien se realizaron arreglos específicos sobre dotación de personal temporario para hacer frente al apremiante volumen adicional de trabajo relacionado con la prestación de asesoramiento jurídico esencial a la Oficina, esto se hizo a expensas de gestionar adecuadamente importantes necesidades planteadas en otras áreas de recursos humanos. Consiguientemente, se determinó que esos arreglos eran insostenibles para el futuro.", "143. A fin de representar apropiadamente al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, es preciso recabar con urgencia el asesoramiento de la Sede respecto de la asignación de nuevos recursos jurídicos específicos. En particular, en vista del actual número de casos, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra necesita un puesto de categoría P-4 para un oficial jurídico con experiencia en litigios y un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) para un auxiliar jurídico. El oficial jurídico de categoría P-4 también deberá prestar servicios a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Viena y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, según se mencionó anteriormente en el párrafo 138. Por otra parte, se deberá mantener el puesto de oficial jurídico de categoría P-3 financiado mediante un régimen de participación en los gastos por las organizaciones clientes (ACNUDH, UNCTAD y Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios).", "Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi", "144. En el período que se examina se cubrió el puesto de oficial jurídico superior en la Oficina del Director General, y para la segunda mitad del período la titular de ese puesto representó a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Al comienzo del período examinado un oficial de recursos humanos con formación jurídica había representado a la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi ante el Tribunal, con la asistencia de colegas de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo. Además, en vista de la limitada experiencia en litigios de la Sección de Recursos Humanos, la Oficina y el PNUMA recurrieron al asesoramiento jurídico externo mediante la contratación de un consultor para que prestara asistencia especializada en los litigios entablados ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo.", "145. Los asuntos relativos a oficinas clientes de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi fueron tramitados por funcionarios del PNUMA o de ONU-Hábitat con formación jurídica, o por la oficial jurídica superior de la Oficina.", "146. El papel confiado a la oficial jurídica superior en relación con el sistema de justicia le impide desempeñar las funciones esenciales de su puesto como asesora jurídica del Director General. Por consiguiente, se solicitan recursos adicionales. En concreto, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi necesita un puesto de categoría P-4 para un oficial jurídico con experiencia en litigios y un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) para un auxiliar jurídico. Los titulares de esos puestos también prestarán servicios a la Comisión Económica para África (CEPA) en la que se han dejado sentir especialmente las exigencias del nuevo sistema.", "Las comisiones regionales y los Tribunales", "147. En el contexto del nuevo sistema, los servicios de gestión de recursos humanos de las distintas comisiones regionales (CEPE, Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico (CESPAP), Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), CEPA y Comisión Económica y Social para Asia Occidental (CESPAO)) y los Tribunales (Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia y Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda) están llamados a desempeñar funciones adicionales y proporcionar más servicios.", "148. Los servicios de gestión de recursos humanos se ocupan de la tramitación ordinaria de casos disciplinarios antes de su remisión a la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos y de las solicitudes de evaluación interna. Además, los administradores recaban su asesoramiento y orientación acerca de la jurisprudencia sentada por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Por otra parte, esos servicios sirven de enlace con la Sección de Derecho Administrativo en relación con causas en curso; responden a peticiones de información adicional cursadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo; contactan con testigos; y facilitan información necesaria para la ejecución de las sentencias. Los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo suelen pedir a las partes información detallada sobre elementos de la causa, lo que genera trabajo adicional y más consultas con los administradores en cuestión. El resultado general es que cada causa exige al personal mucho más tiempo del que hubiera necesitado con el sistema anterior.", "149. Originalmente, las solicitudes de recursos para aplicar el nuevo sistema no preveían ningún recurso adicional para las comisiones regionales. Sin embargo, a raíz de la aplicación del sistema, se ha hecho evidente la necesidad de aumentar los recursos.", "150. Se precisa un oficial de políticas de recursos humanos de categoría P-4 con formación jurídica para que proporcione asesoramiento interno a la administración y los servicios de recursos humanos de la CESPAP y la CESPAO. Ese oficial apoyará a la CESPAP, en la que tendría su base, y a la CESPAO. Además, para prestar asistencia al oficial se necesita un funcionario del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías).", "151. Los oficiales jurídicos de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra apoyarán la labor de la CEPE, y los de la Sede serán los encargados de asesorar a la CEPAL.", "152. Según se menciona en el párrafo 146, el oficial jurídico cuyo puesto se propone establecer en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi prestaría apoyo a la labor de la CEPA.", "Extensión", "153. Es preciso prestar servicios de extensión a las comisiones regionales. La capacitación y la difusión de la información pertinente a los administradores y los oficiales de recursos humanos son factores esenciales para mantener normas uniformes en toda la Organización y abordar cuestiones sistémicas pendientes. Es preciso informar a los administradores sobre las cuestiones clave que motivan las apelaciones, y asesorarlos sobre la manera en que pueden minimizar posibles controversias. Se debe capacitar a los oficiales de recursos humanos en la preparación y presentación de respuestas a las peticiones de evaluación interna, así como en el suministro de información y asistencia a la Sección de Derecho Administrativo durante los procesos. Por último, los administradores y los oficiales de recursos humanos deben tener en cuenta el sistema en su conjunto, y especialmente la posibilidad de solucionar las controversias por cauces informales. A ese respecto, es necesario impartir capacitación en lo concerniente a la celebración de negociaciones y la representación eficaz del Secretario General en las actividades de mediación.", "154. Actualmente, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda y el Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia están aplicando sus estrategias de conclusión. La experiencia muestra que el número de asuntos aumenta cuando se reducen las plantillas de las misiones. Por consiguiente, se prevé que en los próximos tres años aumentará el número de causas entabladas por personal de esos Tribunales. En ese contexto, es importante facilitar las tareas de extensión en los Tribunales para que los administradores y los oficiales de recursos humanos tengan la oportunidad de recibir asistencia en causas concretas, así como información sobre la evolución más reciente de la jurisprudencia que afecte a la aplicación de las estrategias de conclusión.", "155. Se propone la realización de misiones de extensión. La suma requerida para esas misiones asciende a 30.000 dólares. En concreto, se propone que un oficial jurídico de Nairobi viaje a las sedes de la CEPA y del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda (12.500 dólares para la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi), y un oficial jurídico de Ginebra viaje a las sedes de la CESPAO, la CESPAP y el Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia (17.500 dólares para la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra). Por consiguiente, el Secretario General solicita 30.000 dólares para misiones de extensión.", "156. Además, en ocasiones, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo celebra vistas en las sedes de las misiones y otros lugares de destino. El oficial jurídico que representa al Secretario General se debe trasladar a los lugares en los que se celebran esas vistas. Hasta la fecha no se habían previsto asignaciones específicas para esos gastos de viaje. Por lo tanto, el Secretario General solicita 30.000 dólares para gastos de viaje a los emplazamientos de las misiones donde el Tribunal celebre vistas.", "Resumen de los recursos actuales y de las necesidades de recursos", "157. Los recursos actuales y las necesidades de recursos de las oficinas de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo situadas fuera de la Sede, así como de las comisiones regionales, se consignan en el cuadro siguiente.", "Recursos actuales y necesidades de recursos", "Oficina\tRecursos actuales\tRecursosadicionalessolicitados \nSección deDerechoAdministrativo\tPresupuesto ordinario2 P-51 P-43 del Cuadro de ServiciosGenerales\tPresupuestoordinario2 P-43 P-3\n\tCuenta de apoyo a lasoperaciones demantenimiento de la paz3 P-43 P-31 P-21 P-3 (Personaltemporario general)^(a)1 P-2 (Personaltemporario general)^(a)1 del Cuadro de ServiciosGenerales\t\n\tFacultades limitadas parala ejecución delpresupuesto^(b)1 P-42 P-3\t\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidasen Ginebra\tOficial de política derecursos humanos, P-4\t1 P-41 del Cuadro deServiciosGenerales (otrascategorías)\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidasen Viena\tNinguno(Oficial de política derecursos humanostransferido, P-4)\tUtiliza serviciosde un oficialjurídico decategoría P-4basado en la ONUG\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidasen Nairobi\tNinguno(Oficial jurídicosuperior desplegado, P-5)\t1 P-41 del Cuadro deServiciosGenerales (otrascategorías)\nCEPA\tNinguno\tUtiliza serviciosde un oficialjurídico decategoría P-4basado en laOficina de lasNaciones Unidas enNairobi\nCESPAP\tNinguno\t1 P-41 Cuadro deserviciosgenerales (otrascategorías)\nCESPAO\tNinguno\tUtiliza serviciosde un oficialjurídico decategoría P-4basado en laCESPAP", "^(a) La conversión a puestos de plantilla se propondrá en el marco del presupuesto de la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz para 2012-2013.", "^(b) Hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011.", "Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo", "158. La Oficina de Apoyo Jurídico del PNUD es una dependencia jurídica del PNUD y sus fondos afiliados cuya labor abarca todos los aspectos del derecho empresarial, institucional y administrativo, con particular atención a cuestiones relativas a políticas y capacitación. A raíz de la introducción del nuevo sistema de justicia y del aumento de la demanda de consultas y asesoramiento jurídicos, la Oficina tuvo que hacer ajustes en su dotación de personal. Actualmente, el Grupo de Prácticas de Derecho Administrativo de la Oficina está funcionando con todo su personal, integrado por seis oficiales jurídicos, a saber, una Jefa de Prácticas (P-5) que gestiona su propia carga de trabajo, un oficial de categoría P-5, dos de categoría P-4 y dos de categoría P-3, todos ellos asistidos por dos funcionarios de apoyo del Cuadro de Servicios Generales. El Grupo de Prácticas se encarga de todas las solicitudes de evaluación interna, todas las causas presentadas al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y todos los casos disciplinarios, así como del asesoramiento jurídico sobre la labor normativa, la capacitación jurídica y las consultas jurídicas sobre asuntos que abarcan desde las obligaciones jurídicas privadas hasta el asesoramiento en materia de impuestos y pensiones.", "159. La Oficina de Apoyo Jurídico participa en todas las fases, tanto informales como formales, del proceso de resolución de las reclamaciones del personal. En la fase informal, la Oficina proporciona asesoramiento y orientación a los administradores, incluidos los de la Oficina de Recursos Humanos, las oficinas en los países y las direcciones regionales, acerca de la solución de controversias antes de que estas se conviertan en reclamaciones formales. Además, la Oficina puede solicitar la intervención del Ombudsman de los fondos y programas. Esta labor de prevención de la Oficina tiene una significación creciente, dado que desde el 1 de julio de 2009 son cada vez más los administradores que solicitan asistencia jurídica para asegurarse de que sus decisiones se ajustan al marco jurídico del PNUD, lo que obliga a emplear más tiempo y recursos.", "160. Si las cuestiones no se resuelven en la fase informal, la Oficina de Apoyo Jurídico formula recomendaciones al Administrador Auxiliar y Director de la Dirección de Gestión sobre la tramitación de las solicitudes de evaluación interna, representa al PNUD ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, participa en los procedimientos de mediación, y se coordina con la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos en lo que respecta a la representación del Secretario General en las causas que conciernen al PNUD ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones. Además, la Oficina recomienda medidas en materia de rendición de cuentas, cuando ello está justificado. El 1 de agosto de 2010, el PNUD introdujo un nuevo procedimiento para tramitar solicitudes de evaluación interna. Si bien la Oficina continúa examinando esas solicitudes y formulando recomendaciones sobre su tramitación al Administrador Auxiliar y Director de la Dirección de Gestión, se necesitan otros dos administradores superiores, nombrados por el Administrador y seleccionados de una lista, para que transmitan directamente al Administrador Auxiliar y Director de la Dirección de Gestión sus opiniones independientes desde una perspectiva de gestión. Este sistema ha funcionado correctamente, pero en 2011 habrá que nombrar a más administradores para hacer frente al creciente número de solicitudes de evaluación interna. Se prevé que el examen excepcional que actualmente se está efectuando en relación con el otorgamiento de nombramientos permanentes dará lugar a más causas.", "161. La Oficina de Apoyo Jurídico ha organizado periódicamente cursos de capacitación, sesiones informativas y actividades de extensión por todos los medios disponibles para sensibilizar a los funcionarios y administradores del PNUD respecto del nuevo sistema. Por ejemplo, la Oficina puso en marcha un curso jurídico en línea, obligatorio para todos los administradores, que contiene varios capítulos sobre cuestiones jurídicas relacionadas con el sistema de justicia interna. Además, la Oficina ha tenido que adaptarse a plazos más cortos para las respuestas a las solicitudes de evaluación interna y las cursadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, así como al aumento del número de audiencias y alegaciones por escrito exigidas por el Tribunal. Esto ha dado lugar a un aumento general del volumen de trabajo de su personal. Por otra parte, dada la mayor preferencia por las vistas orales y la celebración de juicios completos en el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, se ha debido aumentar la capacitación especializada de los abogados en las esferas de la defensa y los litigios.", "Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia", "162. La Oficina del Asesor Principal del Director Ejecutivo, establecida en la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo, es la responsable general del apoyo y el asesoramiento jurídicos en el UNICEF. La División de Recursos Humanos tramita las solicitudes de evaluación interna y representa al UNICEF ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. El UNICEF ha adaptado las plantillas, las competencias del personal y los procedimientos operativos estándar para absorber el mayor volumen de trabajo resultante de la adopción del nuevo sistema, y presta especial atención a las solicitudes de evaluación interna y las oportunidades de mediación.", "Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados", "163. Antes de la reforma del sistema de administración de justicia, la revisión administrativa de las decisiones referentes al personal del ACNUR era efectuada por la Dependencia de Derecho Administrativo de la Secretaría de las Naciones Unidas. En la actualidad, el ACNUR realiza su propia evaluación interna, que delega en el Alto Comisionado Adjunto. El Servicio de Asuntos Jurídicos, que depende directamente del Alto Comisionado Adjunto, presta asesoramiento en lo relativo a todas las evaluaciones internas.", "164. El ACNUR ha tenido una experiencia muy positiva con el proceso de evaluación interna, ya que ha permitido a los administradores realizar una revisión crítica de sus decisiones, adoptar medidas correctivas antes de que las causas llegasen hasta el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y examinar y mejorar sus procedimientos. En muchos casos, ese proceso también permitió restablecer el diálogo entre el ACNUR y el funcionario.", "165. En el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, el ACNUR está representado por el Director de la División de Gestión de Recursos Humanos. El Servicio de Asuntos Jurídicos asesora al Director de esa División sobre todas las causas pendientes.", "166. En el ACNUR se ha prestado suma importancia a la resolución informal de las reclamaciones en una etapa temprana, y varias causas se pudieron solucionar informalmente mediante la intervención del Ombudsman del ACNUR. No obstante, desde la introducción del nuevo sistema, se ha registrado un notable aumento del número de reclamaciones que los funcionarios tratan de resolver por medio del sistema formal.", "156. El ACNUR sigue respaldando la labor de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal mediante la cesión en préstamo, con carácter no reembolsable, de un oficial jurídico para su oficina en Ginebra.", "Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos", "157. Dado que es una dependencia relativamente pequeña, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos (UNOPS) no ha intervenido en muchas causas. Aunque no dispone de ninguna dependencia jurídica dedicada en exclusiva a esas causas, cuenta en su sede con un oficial jurídico encargado, entre otras cosas, de hacer un seguimiento de cuanto acontece en el sistema de justicia (incluidas la jurisprudencia y las prácticas de los Tribunales Contencioso-Administrativo y de Apelaciones). La tramitación de toda causa presentada ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, así como cualquier cuestión que pueda desembocar en un litigio, en particular las solicitudes de evaluación interna, incumbe al oficial jurídico de la UNOPS en cuya oficina regional se haya planteado el litigio o la cuestión, que recibe el apoyo del oficial jurídico de la Sede antes mencionado. Esa tarea se realiza con la supervisión general del Asesor Jurídico de la UNOPS. De acuerdo con el boletín del Secretario General (ST/SGB/2008/13), la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos tramita todos los recursos concernientes a la UNOPS que se presentan ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones.", "158. Hasta el presente, el nuevo sistema parece ser mucho más estructurado y profesional que el anterior. Con arreglo al nuevo sistema las causas se tramitan de forma similar a la de muchos tribunales nacionales, y el aumento del número de vistas orales es un ejemplo más de ello.", "159. En consecuencia, el tiempo que necesitan los letrados y demás personas intervinientes en una causa ha aumentado significativamente. Además, los funcionarios pueden solicitar que se presente un gran número de documentos. Por lo general, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo ha tendido a acceder a esas solicitudes, cuyo cumplimiento supone un volumen de trabajo considerable para la Organización.", "Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas", "171. El Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) emplea a dos oficiales jurídicos que prestan diversos servicios jurídicos de apoyo y asesoramiento, especialmente la representación del UNFPA ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. El UNFPA sigue prestando particular atención a la evaluación interna, así como a las opciones que incluyen mecanismos alternativos de solución de controversias, incluida la mediación.", "2. Oficina jurídica que representa al Secretario General ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas", "Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos", "172. En su condición de servicio jurídico central de la Organización, la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos presta asesoramiento jurídico al Secretario General, los departamentos y oficinas de la Secretaría y los órganos de las Naciones Unidas en diversas esferas, entre ellas el nuevo sistema de administración de justicia. Dentro de la Oficina, la dependencia orgánica encargada de esa responsabilidad es el Grupo de Administración y Gestión de la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales. Las responsabilidades funcionales de la División en ese ámbito se describen a continuación.", "173. Las responsabilidades de la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales concernientes al sistema de administración de justicia abarcan tanto la etapa informal como la formal del proceso de solución de controversias. La División asesora a las oficinas y departamentos de la Secretaría y a los fondos y programas en las primeras etapas de una reclamación presentada por un funcionario, mucho antes de que la reclamación se transforme en un litigio. Por ejemplo, se ha pedido a la División que intervenga en la fase de evaluación interna y durante las negociaciones para la búsqueda de una solución.", "174. Una vez que una reclamación pasa a la fase formal y el funcionario interpone una demanda ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, la División asesora sistemáticamente a la entidad que representa al Secretario General en la primera instancia del proceso judicial. Entre esas entidades figuran la Sección de Derecho Administrativo y sus homólogas de Ginebra, Viena y Nairobi. En el contexto del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia, ciertos órganos internos de los fondos y programas (PNUD, UNOPS, UNICEF, UNFPA y ACNUR) representan al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo; la División está disponible para prestar asesoramiento a los fondos y programas que lo soliciten. Por otra parte, dado que la División tiene una perspectiva global del modo en que la jurisprudencia evoluciona en el nuevo sistema, informa a todas las entidades que representan al Secretario General ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre las novedades jurídicas del nuevo sistema y les proporciona argumentos jurídicos para su orientación y uso en relación con cuestiones planteadas ante el Tribunal. Ese asesoramiento asegura la coordinación y la coherencia en las estrategias y argumentos jurídicos presentados por el Secretario General en cuestiones de políticas y principios. En ese contexto, la División señala a la atención de todas las oficinas pertinentes las sentencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo que tienen repercusiones importantes para la Organización.", "175. La División representa también al Secretario General ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones. Esa responsabilidad abarca la interposición de recursos de apelación contra las sentencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y la contestación a las apelaciones interpuestas por los funcionarios. La División desempeña esa función con respecto a todas las oficinas y departamentos de la Secretaría, así como los fondos y programas. Para determinar si la apelación de una sentencia concreta es conveniente para la Organización, la División debe examinar y analizar todas las sentencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y consultar con las entidades que representaron al Secretario General ante el Tribunal. El proceso de tramitación de una apelación exige la investigación y el análisis de todas las cuestiones de hecho y de derecho pertinentes planteadas por el Tribunal, y la preparación por escrito de un recurso de apelación o una contestación, según corresponda.", "176. Además de proporcionar asesoramiento en cuestiones relacionadas con el sistema de administración de justicia, la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales asesora a las oficinas y departamentos de la Secretaría, así como a los fondos y programas, en lo concerniente a la interpretación y aplicación del Estatuto y el Reglamento del Personal y otras políticas y prácticas relativas al personal antes de la adopción de una decisión administrativa, por ejemplo, en relación con recomendaciones de destitución de funcionarios. Aunque la mayoría de esas solicitudes se originan en el Departamento de Gestión (en particular en dependencias orgánicas como la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, la Junta Consultiva de Indemnizaciones, la División de Servicios Médicos o la Sección de Seguros), algunas solicitudes presentadas a la División proceden también de los fondos y programas, el ACNUR y las oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede. Por último, la División se encarga de examinar toda publicación administrativa relacionada con las políticas de gestión de los recursos humanos, proporcionar asesoramiento al respecto y darle su aprobación antes de que se promulgue.", "177. Las responsabilidades de la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales en el nuevo sistema de justicia han superado con creces las expectativas y han dado lugar a un incremento imprevisto y sustancial del volumen de trabajo de la División. Cuando el Secretario General presentó su informe sobre las necesidades de recursos para el nuevo sistema, antes de que entrara en funcionamiento, la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto decidió no aprobar ninguno de los puestos solicitados para la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos porque entendió que si tenían éxito las iniciativas para resolver cuanto antes las propuestas por medios informales, tal vez disminuyera el número de casos planteados ante los Tribunales (véase A/62/7/Add.7, párr. 50). Habida cuenta de esas consideraciones, la Comisión Consultiva estimó que la información disponible era insuficiente para apoyar la solicitud de personal adicional en ese momento, y recomendó que no se aprobasen esos puestos hasta que pudieran evaluarse las necesidades reales. La Comisión Consultiva supuso que la inmensa mayoría de los asuntos se resolverían antes de llegar al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. En cambio, según se examina más adelante, las necesidades reales del nuevo sistema obligaron a la División a proporcionar asesoramiento jurídico a una gama más amplia de clientes sobre cuestiones cada vez más complejas, lo que conlleva importantes repercusiones financieras, jurídicas y operacionales para la Organización, y con un carácter aún más urgente.", "178. En el sistema anterior había un nivel de revisión judicial, a saber, el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas. En la actualidad existen dos instancias. En el sistema anterior, el Tribunal Administrativo funcionaba a tiempo parcial y celebraba dos períodos de sesiones por año, mientras que en el nuevo sistema el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo funciona a tiempo completo todo el año y el Tribunal de Apelaciones celebra tres períodos de sesiones por año.", "179. Estos cambios institucionales fundamentales en el sistema han dado lugar a un incremento significativo del número de sentencias que la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales debe revisar y sobre las que debe proporcionar asesoramiento. En el marco del sistema anterior, el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas dictó 65 sentencias en 2009. En cambio, en el nuevo sistema, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dictó 218 sentencias y el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictó 100 sentencias en 2010. Por lo tanto, el número total de sentencias en el nuevo sistema es unas cinco veces superior al de las dictadas conforme al sistema anterior.", "180. Además, desde la introducción del nuevo sistema se ha producido un aumento significativo del número de escritos presentados por la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales. En el marco del sistema anterior, la División presentaba ante el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas un promedio de 63 escritos por año. En cambio, en el nuevo sistema, la División presentó 150 escritos ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones en 2010 (114 en causas originadas en la Secretaría, incluidas las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, y 36 en causas procedentes de los fondos y programas y el ACNUR). Por consiguiente, el número de escritos presentados en el nuevo sistema es aproximadamente un 140% superior al de los presentados con arreglo al sistema anterior.", "181. Las repercusiones del nuevo sistema en la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales no conciernen únicamente al número de apelaciones interpuestas ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones; las características de la labor de la División en esa esfera también han cambiado sustancialmente. En el marco del sistema anterior, la División disponía de un plazo generoso (seis meses) para redactar las respuestas al Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas. En general, esas respuestas se basaban en la jurisprudencia reiterada de ese Tribunal, y por ello el trabajo de la División era más simple y manejable. En cambio, con el nuevo sistema los plazos para interponer apelaciones y presentar escritos de contestación se han reducido a 45 días. Además, y no obstante el plazo de 45 días establecido en su Estatuto, el Tribunal de Apelaciones redujo a 15 días el plazo para interponer una apelación interlocutoria. Por otra parte, a raíz de la introducción del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia, los nuevos Tribunales están volviendo a examinar las prácticas anteriores de la Organización y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Administrativo. En la actualidad, debido a la incertidumbre generada respecto de qué normas y principios jurídicos deben aplicar los administradores, son más frecuentes las peticiones a la División para que asesore a otros departamentos, incluidas las entidades que representan a la Organización ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo antes de sus audiencias ordinarias. Esto contrasta con el sistema anterior, en cuyo contexto los escritos ante la Junta Mixta de Apelación y el Comité Mixto de Disciplina se basaban en la jurisprudencia arraigada del Tribunal Administrativo, y muy raramente se solicitaba a la División que prestara asesoramiento en relación con esos procedimientos.", "182. Todos estos factores se ven agravados por las recientes reformas en muchas áreas de la gestión de recursos humanos, entre ellas la reforma contractual y la armonización de las condiciones de servicio. Además, las iniciativas de reforma han hecho que la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales tenga más trabajo, tanto en lo concerniente al examen de las publicaciones administrativas y a su aprobación por los servicios jurídicos, como al asesoramiento sobre la interpretación y aplicación del Estatuto y el Reglamento del Personal.", "183. Actualmente, la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales cuenta con dos puestos del Cuadro Orgánico (1 P-5 y 1 P-3) y un puesto del Cuadro de Servicios Generales, financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario para cuestiones relacionadas con la administración de justicia y la gestión. Además, a fecha de 1 de julio de 2010, el Secretario General había proporcionado, en el marco de sus facultades discrecionales limitadas para la ejecución del presupuesto, recursos temporarios en forma de seis puestos de categoría P-3 o P-4 y dos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) por un período determinado que finaliza el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Asimismo, la División dispone de un puesto de categoría P-4 financiado con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. Por otra parte, recientemente se notificó a la División que, con efecto a partir del 1 de julio de 2011, la Asamblea General había aprobado la contratación de personal temporario general para un puesto de categoría P-4 y uno de categoría P-3 con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz. En resumen, a menos que se apruebe la asignación de recursos adicionales conforme se solicita más abajo, la División tendrá una plantilla de solo cinco puestos del Cuadro Orgánico y uno del Cuadro de Servicios Generales para abordar las cuestiones relacionadas con la administración de justicia y la gestión.", "184. En última instancia, la carga impuesta a la División como consecuencia de una demanda de servicios cuya amplitud no se había previsto menoscabará su capacidad general para proporcionar asesoramiento jurídico oportuno e integral, no solo en la esfera de la administración de justicia, sino también en lo relativo a otras cuestiones.", "185. Es preciso velar por que la División tenga la capacidad de prestar asesoramiento jurídico en la esfera de la administración y la gestión a fin de evitar repercusiones financieras, jurídicas y operacionales negativas a largo plazo para la Organización en su conjunto. Ello es particularmente importante en esta fase crítica de desarrollo de la jurisprudencia de los Tribunales. Por ejemplo, la labor de la representación de la Organización ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones realizada por la División en 2010 contribuyó al establecimiento de criterios para el otorgamiento de indemnizaciones y a la aclaración de los principios que deben inspirar la revisión de las facultades discrecionales del Secretario General. Las apelaciones no solo han dado lugar a sustanciales ahorros para la Organización, también han permitido desarrollar principios fundamentales que reportarán importantes beneficios a largo plazo para la Organización.", "186. Con objeto de responder a la demanda de servicios de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos en el nuevo sistema, que ha aumentado notablemente, la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales necesita ocho puestos adicionales financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario (6 P-3 o P-4 y 2 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) para abordar las cuestiones relativas a la administración de justicia y la gestión. Sin embargo, el Secretario General es consciente de las actuales limitaciones financieras de los Estados Miembros, por lo que solicita a la Asamblea General que, de momento, apruebe solo tres puestos adicionales con cargo al presupuesto ordinario (2 P-4 y 1 P-3) para la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales. En este contexto, cabe señalar que la División es la única oficina cuya petición supone una reducción de aproximadamente dos tercios con respecto al informe anterior (de ocho puestos a tres) y, al mismo tiempo, es la única oficina que no ha recibido ningún recurso a largo plazo como consecuencia del establecimiento del nuevo sistema (salvo los dos puestos de personal temporario general aprobados con efecto a partir del 1 de julio de 2011 con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo a las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz).", "III. Respuestas a las preguntas relativas a la administración de justicia", "A. Introducción", "187. En la siguiente sección se responde a las preguntas planteadas por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/251.", "B. Respuestas", "1. Mecanismo financiado por el personal para prestar apoyo a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal", "188. La respuesta del Secretario General a las solicitudes contenidas en los párrafos 40 y 41 de la resolución 65/251, con propuestas para establecer mecanismos financiados por el personal que presten asistencia a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal figura en el anexo I del presente informe.", "189. Estas propuestas fueron objeto de consultas con el personal en una reunión del Comité de Coordinación entre el Personal y la Administración celebrada en junio de 2011. En esa reunión, el personal reiteró su opinión de que ninguna de las opciones propuestas para establecer un servicio financiado por el personal era aceptable, dado que el costo de la representación del personal debía ser sufragado por el empleador. El personal señaló que, como lo había establecido la Asamblea General, la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal era parte del sistema interno de administración de justicia de la Organización, por lo que los gastos relacionados con la labor de esa Oficina debían correr por cuenta de la Organización, e instó a la Asamblea General a proporcionar los recursos necesarios para asegurar que ambas partes (el personal y la administración) pudieran actuar en pie de igualdad.", "2. Mecanismos de recurso para el personal que no es de plantilla", "190. La respuesta del Secretario General a la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 55 de la resolución 65/251 de que le presentara propuestas sobre los recursos para el personal que no es de plantilla figura en el anexo II del presente informe.", "3. Delegación de autoridad para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias", "191. El Secretario General responde a continuación a la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 51 de la resolución 65/251 de que le presentara una propuesta detallada de las posibles opciones de delegación de autoridad para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias.", "Antecedentes", "192. La posibilidad de delegar autoridad a los jefes de misiones y oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias fue planteada originalmente por el Secretario General en el sexagésimo segundo período de sesiones de la Asamblea General. La posibilidad de delegar dicha autoridad se basaba en las recomendaciones contenidas en el informe del Grupo de Reforma, así como en las conclusiones del 28° período de sesiones del Comité de Coordinación entre el Personal y la Administración, en que se discutió la cuestión y se elaboró una propuesta. La Asamblea respaldó, en principio, la delegación de autoridad a los jefes de misiones y oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias y pidió al Secretario General que le presentara un informe con posibles opciones.", "187. Teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones del Comité, el Secretario General propuso una delegación limitada de autoridad para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias, conforme a la cual los jefes de misión y oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede tendrían facultades para imponer sanciones menores (es decir, amonestaciones o multas), una vez que dispusieran de la capacidad necesaria para ello. La Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que presentara una nueva propuesta al respecto en su sexagésimo quinto período de sesiones.", "188. Dado que seguían sin cumplirse varios requisitos, el Secretario General propuso suspender su recomendación anterior de que se delegara una autoridad limitada, mientras se continuaba examinando la cuestión. No obstante, la Asamblea General reiteró su solicitud al Secretario General de que presentara, en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones, un informe con las posibles opciones de delegación de autoridad para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias. La propuesta que se esboza en el presente informe se preparó en respuesta a esa solicitud.", "Situación actual de la tramitación de los casos disciplinarios", "189. Si bien no se han producido novedades importantes desde que el Secretario General presentó su informe anterior sobre la administración de justicia, cabe formular varias observaciones. La Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos ha comenzado a reexaminar la instrucción administrativa sobre medidas y procedimientos disciplinarios revisados (ST/AI/371/Amend.1). La jurisprudencia de los Tribunales indica que el Estatuto y el Reglamento del Personal de las Naciones Unidas se están analizando e interpretando desde una nueva perspectiva, que es distinta de la que se desprende de la jurisprudencia del antiguo Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas. En particular, los Tribunales están interpretando las normas procesales y sustantivas exigidas por la Organización para sus fases predisciplinaria y disciplinaria, por ejemplo, la evaluación de las alegaciones y las denuncias, la calidad de los informes de investigación, las garantías procesales del personal durante el proceso y la proporcionalidad de las medidas impuestas. Sin embargo, cabe señalar que los casos disciplinarios apelados ante los Tribunales fueron examinados por la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos sobre la base de la jurisprudencia y los criterios que habían sido establecidos por el Tribunal Administrativo. Por lo tanto, resta por ver cuántos de los asuntos recibidos y concluidos después del 1 de julio de 2009 con el nuevo sistema serán objeto de recurso de apelación y qué se resolverá en ellos.", "190. Desde el 1 de julio de 2009 hasta el final del período sobre el que se informa, la Sección de Derecho Administrativo de la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos concluyó 357 casos, de los cuales 216 correspondían a misiones. Setenta y uno de esos casos concluyeron con la aplicación de sanciones disciplinarias, a saber: 19 destituciones, 17 separaciones del servicio, 4 descensos de categoría; 5 amonestaciones con pérdida de escalón/grado o pérdida del derecho a incrementos de sueldo; 14 amonestaciones con multa, 1 amonestación con asesoramiento y 11 amonestaciones.", "191. Los casos disciplinarios examinados por la Sección de Derecho Administrativo desde el 1 de julio de 2009 relacionados con el personal que presta funciones en las misiones sobre el terreno constituyeron el 70% de su volumen de trabajo en 2009/10 y cerca del 60% en 2011.", "192. El tiempo aproximado que necesita la Sección de Derecho Administrativo para resolver un asunto disciplinario, desde que le es remitido, oscila entre 3 y 11 meses, dependiendo de los hechos y la complejidad del caso. Sin embargo, esta estimación supone que las condiciones sean óptimas y no tiene en cuenta el atraso actual en la resolución de asuntos más antiguos, incluidos los que no se habían concluido con anterioridad a la introducción del nuevo sistema de justicia, a saber: a) 170 casos que la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos todavía no había resuelto cuando se introdujo el nuevo sistema de justicia y b) 30 casos que fueron remitidos nuevamente a la Sección de Derecho Administrativo el 1 de julio de 2009, que estaban sometidos al Comité Mixto de Disciplina o en los que estaba pendiente una decisión de la Vicesecretaria General sobre un informe del Comité. Se prevé que esos casos se concluyan para fines de 2011.", "193. Entre 2006 y 2008, llevó 17 meses en promedio concluir un caso disciplinario. Los asuntos tramitados durante ese período, con la excepción de aquellos en los que se recomendó una destitución, fueron examinados por un panel del Comité Mixto de Disciplina. La Sección de Derecho Administrativo demoró una media de ocho meses en remitir los casos al Comité. Desde la introducción del nuevo sistema, la Sección ha tardado 11 meses en promedio en concluir los asuntos que le fueron remitidos después del 1 de julio de 2009.", "194. La supresión del Comité Mixto de Disciplina, hizo que aumentara la responsabilidad efectiva de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo en el examen de los hechos y el análisis de cada caso con arreglo al capítulo X del Reglamento del Personal, sobre medidas disciplinarias, tareas que anteriormente realizaba en gran parte el Comité. Dado que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, realiza un examen más exhaustivo, la Sección también lleva a cabo análisis más detallados, además de la labor conexa de seguimiento en relación con las entidades encargadas de la investigación en cada etapa del proceso.", "Examen de posibles opciones", "195. La introducción del nuevo sistema de justicia el 1 de julio de 2009 modificó considerablemente los procedimientos de examen de los casos disciplinarios. Entre otras cosas, la eliminación del Comité Mixto de Disciplina, hizo que la evaluación de los hechos en un caso pasara a ser una función de la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos.", "196. Existen tres dificultades fundamentales en el proceso actual, que es un proceso que se compone de varias etapas, y cada una de esas dificultades se relaciona con la necesidad de asegurar un análisis riguroso de los hechos en el que se respeten las garantías procesales del personal: a) la duración del proceso de investigación, el número de entidades que participan en esas investigaciones, y la calidad de las actividades tendientes a establecer los hechos, así como de las investigaciones de otro tipo llevadas a cabo por investigadores no profesionales; b) el tiempo requerido para obtener las observaciones del personal acusado de una falta de conducta y c) el tiempo que insume obtener información adicional de la entidad encargada de la investigación.", "197. La mera delegación de autoridad no eliminará esas dificultades, dado que los procedimientos actuales para tramitar asuntos disciplinarios y la nueva jurisprudencia de los Tribunales seguirán haciendo necesario que los casos se examinen muy rigurosamente. Además, la descentralización hacia el terreno podría aumentar la duplicación de tareas y la falta de uniformidad entre las decisiones.", "Delegación parcial de autoridad", "198. La delegación parcial de autoridad implicaría la delegación de facultades para imponer medidas disciplinarias menos graves (como multas y amonestaciones) a los jefes de misión y oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede.", "199. Sin embargo, las multas y amonestaciones se aplican solo en un número limitado de casos, por lo que esta opción no reduciría considerablemente la duración del proceso disciplinario. Por consiguiente, las dificultades existentes seguirían sin resolverse, en tanto que se duplicaría la labor entre el terreno y la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, lo que restaría eficiencia al proceso. Dado que la delegación parcial de autoridad implicaría un aumento de los gastos, en particular por el despliegue sobre el terreno de oficiales jurídicos del Departamento de Gestión para que prestaran asistencia en relación con los aspectos procesales del proceso disciplinario, la Administración no la considera una opción viable en este momento.", "Delegación plena de autoridad", "200. Si se adoptara la delegación plena de autoridad, los jefes de misión y oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede podrían imponer cualquier medida disciplinaria, con arreglo al proceso disciplinario que se aplica actualmente en la Sede. Si bien la delegación plena de autoridad aumentaría las facultades de las oficinas sobre el terreno y reduciría las comunicaciones entre el terreno y la Sede, la principal desventaja sería la mayor probabilidad de que los funcionarios recibieran un trato desigual y no uniforme en toda la Organización. Si las decisiones no fueran uniformes aumentaría a su vez el número de apelaciones ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, lo que incrementaría los costos. Por consiguiente, la Administración no considera aconsejable adoptar la delegación plena de autoridad.", "No delegación de autoridad", "207. Si la facultad de imponer medidas disciplinarias siguiera estando exclusivamente a cargo del Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión, se continuaría aplicando el sistema centralizado actual. En ese caso, el Departamento de Gestión seguiría teniendo un panorama general de los casos disciplinarios y estaría en condiciones óptimas de asegurar la mayor eficiencia y uniformidad en el examen y la resolución de los asuntos.", "Medidas de corto plazo que se propone adoptar", "208. Aunque en este momento lo más conveniente sería no delegar autoridad parcial ni plena, sí es necesario tomar medidas para resolver las demoras en el examen de los casos disciplinarios. Por lo tanto, se proponen las siguientes medidas para acelerar la investigación y la tramitación de dichos casos:", "a) Se pondría en marcha un proyecto piloto para evaluar si es factible descentralizar elementos fundamentales de la administración de justicia, mediante el establecimiento de una base que prestara servicios a un grupo de misiones. En ese contexto, se dispondría de recursos como oficiales jurídicos y oficiales de conducta y disciplina y de la posibilidad de acceder a otros recursos presentes en la base de servicios o en la región, por ejemplo, investigadores, el Ombudsman y la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. Cada función tendría un mandato y una estructura jerárquica claros para preservar la independencia de las investigaciones, las garantías procesales del personal sujeto a procedimientos disciplinarios y la integridad del propio proceso disciplinario. Si bien la facultad de imponer medidas disciplinarias seguiría correspondiendo al Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión, se espera que acercar los elementos que son fundamentales para las investigaciones y el proceso disciplinario a los lugares en que ocurren los hechos contribuiría a reducir el plazo necesario para resolver los casos. El proyecto piloto abarcaría ciertas misiones sobre el terreno en África (queda por determinar cuáles), y se propone que la base de servicios se establezca en Nairobi, lo que permitiría construir infraestructura que podría utilizarse posteriormente si la experiencia adquirida en el proyecto aconsejara una mayor descentralización, incluso en relación con las oficinas ubicadas en Nairobi (y otras oficinas situadas fuera de la Sede);", "b) Los casos que fueran muy urgentes se tramitarían por una “vía rápida” y recibirían un trato prioritario por todas las oficinas participantes (el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos y la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI)). Teniendo en cuenta las solicitudes de los jefes de misión y las justificaciones que se presentaran, los casos que fueran considerados de suma prioridad se tramitarían por vía rápida, con arreglo a unas directrices que deben elaborarse y en las que se ha de contemplar la independencia operacional de la OSSI y sus procedimientos actuales, como el Comité de Admisión de Casos, aunque respetando en todo lo demás los procedimientos aplicables a la tramitación de asuntos disciplinarios;", "c) La facultad de otorgar al personal licencia administrativa con goce de sueldo pasaría del Subsecretario General de Gestión de Recursos Humanos al Secretario General Adjunto de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno, lo que aceleraría el proceso de otorgamiento de ese tipo de licencia. La decisión de imponer al personal licencias administrativas sin sueldo seguiría siendo facultad del Departamento de Gestión;", "d) Se establecería un grupo de trabajo interdepartamental sobre la delegación de autoridad en relación con asuntos disciplinarios.", "209. El Secretario General presentará un informe completo al respecto a la Asamblea General en su sexagésimo octavo período de sesiones.", "210. Las medidas propuestas se debatieron en el 32° período de sesiones del Comité de Coordinación entre el Personal y la Administración. Se acordó que la Administración compartiría los informes sobre la marcha de los trabajos con el personal y que elaboraría un mecanismo por el que los representantes del personal recibirían información periódica sobre los avances del proyecto.", "Recomendaciones", "211. Se solicita a la Asamblea General que apoye las propuestas del Secretario General que se detallan en el párrafo 208 del presente informe.", "4. Efectos del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia en las relaciones entre el personal y la Administración", "212. Con respecto a la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 54 de su resolución 65/251, la Secretaría, el PNUD y el UNICEF consideran que es demasiado temprano para informar sobre los efectos que el nuevo sistema tiene en las relaciones entre el personal y la Administración, así como sobre la actuación profesional tanto del personal como de los directores, y cree que se necesita más tiempo para determinar correctamente si existen efectos sistémicos. Todos han señalado que las relaciones entre el personal y la Administración han evolucionado. En particular, los directores son cada vez más conscientes de las consecuencias de sus decisiones y desean asegurarse de que estas se adopten con arreglo a las reglas y políticas aplicables, lo que ha tenido como consecuencia que los directores de programas formulen más preguntas y pidan más asesoramiento y orientación a las oficinas jurídicas competentes antes de tomar decisiones. También hay un marcado deseo por parte de los directores de conocer mejor el sistema y, en general, de estar en condiciones de tomar las decisiones correctas en cada caso.", "213. Por lo tanto, podría decirse con carácter preliminar que el nuevo sistema de justicia está dando lugar a un mayor énfasis en la prevención de controversias y que, cuando estas no pueden evitarse, es más habitual que los directores de programas consulten con letrados para asegurarse de que sus decisiones estén bien fundadas desde el punto de vista jurídico y de las políticas. Cuando se trata de evitar controversias o de resolverlas informalmente, a menudo se celebran amplias consultas colectivas con los representantes del personal interesados, así como con el Ombudsman de las Naciones Unidas o el ombudsman de los fondos y programas.", "214. Si bien se han detectado estas nuevas prácticas, es evidente también que no todos los directores están plenamente concienciados sobre los requisitos del nuevo sistema. Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista del desempeño profesional, se necesita más tiempo para determinar si estas nuevas prácticas constituyen una tendencia.", "215. Se espera que los directores tomen muy seriamente en cuenta las evaluaciones sobre la actuación profesional del personal y, en ese contexto, hagan comentarios periódicos al personal que supervisen, asegurando que toda decisión que surja de un informe de evaluación esté documentada adecuadamente. Sin embargo, es demasiado temprano para determinar si estas conductas constituyen una tendencia y es igualmente difícil predecir si el personal y los directores mejorarán efectivamente su propia actuación profesional con el nuevo sistema.", "5. Acuerdos de participación en la financiación de los gastos", "216. En lo que respecta a la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 57 de su resolución 65/251, he aquí la respuesta del Secretario General.", "217. Desde que la Asamblea General decidió establecer el nuevo sistema en su resolución 62/228, la Secretaría participa continuamente en deliberaciones oficiales y oficiosas con representantes de los fondos y programas (PNUD, Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos, UNICEF, UNFPA y ACNUR), con miras a concluir acuerdos de participación en la financiación de los gastos sobre la base del número de funcionarios. Cuando los gastos se calculan sobre la base del número de funcionarios, se prorratean con ese criterio. Teniendo en cuenta esas deliberaciones, la Secretaría distribuyó a los fondos y programas un proyecto de memorando de entendimiento que había preparado para que formularan comentarios. Posteriormente, se celebró una reunión entre las partes para discutir las cuestiones planteadas por los fondos y programas. Tras mantener deliberaciones internas con los principales interesados de la Secretaría, esta distribuyó un proyecto revisado de memorando a los fondos y programas para que formularan nuevos comentarios. El proyecto revisado de memorando también incluía a la recién creada Entidad de las Naciones Unidas para la Igualdad entre los Géneros y el Empoderamiento de las Mujeres (ONU-Mujeres), como parte en los acuerdos. A principios de marzo de 2011, se celebró una nueva reunión con las partes para discutir el proyecto revisado de memorando, tras lo cual, en mayo, los fondos y programas hicieron una comunicación oficial y coordinada en la que figuraba una lista de las cuestiones pendientes. En junio, la Secretaría dio una respuesta oficial a todas las cuestiones pendientes, lo que llevó a que las partes celebraran nuevas negociaciones en julio. A día de hoy, las partes han resuelto la mayoría de las cuestiones pendientes, aunque todavía es necesario aclarar algunos aspectos de la función integrada y descentralizada del Ombudsman (dado que los fondos y programas financian a sus propios ombudsman en la oficina integrada, que rinden cuentas a sus jefes ejecutivos), incluidos los servicios de mediación. Por ejemplo, subsisten interrogantes en relación con cuestiones estructurales (como los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas y de remisión) entre el ombudsman de los fondos y programas y los ombudsman regionales, así como en los servicios de mediación respecto de los casos relativos al personal de los fondos y programas. Las partes acordaron que una vez que se hayan definido las líneas de comunicación entre los servicios de mediación y los ombudsman regionales, por una parte, y el ombudsman de los fondos y programas, por otra, podrán concluirse las deliberaciones sobre la participación en la financiación de los gastos en relación con esos aspectos específicos que quedan pendientes. Las partes son conscientes de que es urgente concluir estos acuerdos de participación y se comprometen a hacerlo lo antes posible.", "6. Formación de agentes en el sistema", "218. En cuanto a la solicitud formulada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 61 de su resolución 65/251, el Secretario General responde lo que a continuación se indica.", "219. En junio de 2009, los magistrados entrantes de los Tribunales participaron en un curso introductorio organizado por la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, que les presentó una síntesis de las estructuras y el marco regulador de la Organización. El personal de las Secretarías participó en cursos de formación sobre la gestión de los tribunales en el Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Rwanda y el Tribunal de la Función Pública de la Unión Europea. El personal de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal asistió a cursos de formación sobre la labor de defensa dictados por el personal del Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia y abogados defensores de La Haya.", "220. El Departamento de Gestión contrató a un asesor jurídico que capacitó a oficiales jurídicos de la Sección de Derecho Administrativo sobre técnicas de redacción. Los oficiales jurídicos también participaron en un curso de capacitación intensivo sobre la labor de defensa, de una semana de duración, organizado por un instituto nacional de formación jurídica. Además, participaron en un curso sobre solución de controversias, organizado por el PNUD y el Ombudsman.", "221. El PNUD organizó un programa de capacitación sobre la labor de defensa orientado a los oficiales jurídicos de ese organismo que actúan ante los Tribunales, que fue dictado por personal muy experimentado del Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia y abogados de alta jerarquía del Reino Unido. Dado que este tipo de capacitación es sumamente importante para los oficiales jurídicos que intervengan en el nuevo sistema formal y profesionalizado, se prevé que a finales de 2011 se dicte un curso similar. El PNUD y la Oficina del Ombudsman y de Servicios de Mediación de las Naciones Unidas organizaron conjuntamente un programa de capacitación sobre solución de controversias en el lugar de trabajo, al que asistieron más de 100 funcionarios, entre ellos algunos funcionarios de alto nivel.", "222. Todos los participantes del sistema, incluidos los magistrados, el personal a su cargo y los oficiales jurídicos que representan al personal y a la Administración, están obligados a asistir periódicamente a programas orientados a mejorar su formación jurídica. Es necesario que los oficiales jurídicos reciban formación periódica sobre técnicas orales y escritas de defensa para mantener y perfeccionar sus conocimientos. Convendría que el personal de las Secretarías del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones recibiera una mayor capacitación sobre prácticas de gestión de los tribunales y participara, en particular, en intercambios educativos con el personal de otros tribunales internacionales. Además, sería beneficioso que se capacitara conjuntamente a los distintos agentes del sistema, ya que ello permitiría no solo realizar economías sino también intercambiar opiniones y mejores prácticas.", "223. Sería conveniente que los magistrados asistieran a conferencias y coloquios sobre temas jurídicos y que participaran en deliberaciones sobre la práctica del derecho y la función judicial con magistrados de otros tribunales internacionales, académicos de alto nivel y otros participantes, en relación con sus actividades profesionales. En la actualidad, el presupuesto de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia no es suficiente para financiar estas actividades.", "224. La creación de una biblioteca judicial con obras de referencia en cada una de las sedes de los Tribunales mejoraría la formación de los magistrados y el personal. Además, sería positivo brindar capacitación continua sobre cuestiones judiciales mediante la celebración de una conferencia plenaria anual de formación, con contribuciones, en su caso, de ponentes y facilitadores externos. Podrían abordarse entre otros, temas relativos a técnicas de comunicación intercultural, novedades en el desarrollo del derecho de la administración pública internacional, la aplicación de normas internacionales, la aplicación de los convenios de la OIT relativos al derecho de la administración pública internacional y enfoques comparados para resolver cuestiones jurídicas.", "225. Por último, quizás convenga considerar la posibilidad de impartir capacitación adicional sobre cuestiones judiciales a los magistrados en relación con los marcos jurídicos de los distintos organismos y entidades de las Naciones Unidas cuyo personal tiene acceso al sistema de administración de justicia de las Naciones Unidas. Además, para que exista un diálogo entre los funcionarios judiciales de los tribunales internacionales, sería aconsejable organizar un seminario conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre cuestiones judiciales dirigido a los magistrados del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones, así como a los magistrados de otros tribunales y, quizás, a académicos sobre cuestiones de derecho administrativo internacional. Asimismo, es necesario capacitar a todos los participantes para promover una mayor uniformidad y coherencia entre los Tribunales en lo que respecta a las normas que se aplican.", "226. A pesar de que el sistema actual funciona desde hace dos años, sigue siendo necesario informar al personal sobre los mecanismos formales e informales de solución de controversias y, en particular, sobre la interrelación que existe entre ellos. La Oficina de Administración de Justicia ha elaborado un manual fácil de usar, en todos los idiomas oficiales de las Naciones Unidas, para asistir al personal. También ha creado un sitio web completo, en todos los idiomas oficiales, en que se describen todos los elementos del sistema formal, con una sección específica para la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal y una base de datos actualizada con la jurisprudencia de los Tribunales.", "227. Las necesidades de capacitación que se refieren específicamente a la solución informal de controversias y la mediación se presentarán en el contexto del informe del Ombudsman de las Naciones Unidas sobre el sistema informal de justicia.", "7. Prontitud en la tramitación de los casos disciplinarios", "228. En su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General apoyó las recomendaciones formuladas por la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto en su informe sobre la administración de justicia en las Naciones Unidas (A/65/557), en que se solicitaba que el Secretario General incluyera información sobre la prontitud en la tramitación de los casos disciplinarios en el informe que presentara a la Asamblea en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones.", "229. La respuesta a esta solicitud está incluida en la respuesta a la solicitud de propuestas sobre la delegación de autoridad para la adopción de medidas disciplinarias, que figura en los párrafos 191 a 210 del presente informe.", "8. Información solicitada por la Asamblea General en el párrafo 53 de la resolución 65/251", "230. En el párrafo 53 de la resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General solicitó al Secretario General que incluyera en el informe sobre la administración de justicia que le presentara en su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones la siguiente información:", "a) Estadísticas claras sobre las causas recibidas y resueltas durante el período por ambos Tribunales, que incluyan información, por categoría, que indique si las sentencias dictadas fueron a favor del demandante o del demandado y las cuestiones administrativas en cuestión;", "b) Un análisis de las tendencias a lo largo de varios períodos de presentación de informes a fin de determinar las cuestiones sistémicas que llevan a que se utilice el sistema de justicia y vigilar si se las está tratando eficazmente a lo largo del tiempo;", "c) Información detallada sobre las indemnizaciones monetarias otorgadas y los gastos indirectos relacionados con cada apelación, por ejemplo, el tiempo de trabajo del personal, con indicación de los aspectos de la administración del personal que dan lugar a un gran número de apelaciones;", "d) Información detallada sobre el pago de indemnizaciones al personal equivalentes a seis meses de sueldo o más, con una indicación de las oficinas o los departamentos afectados, su ubicación y algunos detalles de los hechos del caso.", "231. En cuanto al párrafo 53 a) de la resolución 65/251, el Secretario General ha proporcionado esta información en los párrafos 30 a 41 y 65 a 72 del presente informe, relativos a la labor del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones. En el anexo III se presenta más información al respecto.", "232. En relación con el párrafo 53 b) de la resolución 65/251, el Secretario General ofrece la respuesta que figura a continuación:", "233. Las estadísticas muestran que, en toda la Organización, las decisiones que se impugnan con más frecuencia son aquellas que se refieren a cuestiones relacionadas con la selección y el nombramiento de personal. Las demandas relacionadas con esas decisiones constituyen alrededor del 40% de todas las presentadas. Existen varias razones para ello. En primer lugar, la antigua instrucción administrativa sobre el sistema de selección del personal era ambigua en relación con los derechos de preferencia en favor de los candidatos internos. En segundo lugar, con arreglo a las publicaciones administrativas, es necesario seguir varios procedimientos cuando se llena una plaza: el proceso de selección y contratación se presta a la invocación de errores de procedimiento. En tercer lugar, el personal que no resulta elegido para ocupar una plaza suele alegar que ello se debió a razones ajenas al proceso de selección. En cuarto lugar, el personal puede denunciar incongruencias entre la evaluación de su e-PAS y la evaluación de su candidatura para ocupar una vacante y, por lo tanto, que la evaluación de su candidatura fue injusta. Por último, las decisiones del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo no son uniformes en lo que respecta al margen de discrecionalidad de que goza la Administración en los procesos de selección, ni en lo que se refiere a la parte sobre la que recae la carga de la prueba y los criterios para su valoración cuando se impugnan esos procesos.", "234. La Administración ha adoptado las siguientes medidas respecto de esas cuestiones:", "a) En septiembre de 2009, tan pronto como se detectó que existía ambigüedad en las disposiciones sobre preferencia en la consideración de candidatos internos, la Subsecretaria General de Gestión de Recursos Humanos envió una circular a todas las oficinas, con aclaraciones sobre el procedimiento relativo a la consideración de esos candidatos;", "b) En abril de 2010, se dejó sin efecto la instrucción administrativa sobre el sistema de selección de personal, que fue reemplazada por una nueva instrucción administrativa (ST/AI/2010/3). Las disposiciones sobre la consideración prioritaria que debía darse a los candidatos internos en el proceso de selección ya no son aplicables;", "c) En octubre de 2010, la Secretaria General Adjunta de Gestión publicó una guía sobre la experiencia adquirida en este ámbito, que ofrece orientación sobre el proceso de selección de personal;", "d) La Administración ha apelado las decisiones del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo en casos de incoherencia. La jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones de marzo de 2011 aclara mejor el margen de discrecionalidad que tiene el Secretario General en las decisiones relativas a la selección de personal, así como la parte sobre la que recae la carga de la prueba y los criterios para su valoración;", "e) La jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones servirá para responder a las cuestiones de hecho planteadas por el personal en lo que respecta a cualquier presunta incoherencia entre las evaluaciones de la actuación del personal y las evaluaciones de las candidaturas; también contribuirá a responder a las alegaciones de parcialidad. El Tribunal de Apelaciones ha declarado que, cuando los funcionarios formulan ese tipo de alegaciones, pesa sobre ellos la carga de probarlas de forma clara y convincente.", "235. En lo que respecta al resto de los casos, se ha observado que las decisiones de no renovar contratos se suelen impugnar alegando que no se han respetado los procedimientos establecidos con arreglo al sistema de gestión de la actuación profesional. La Secretaria General Adjunta de Gestión ha abordado esta cuestión en circulares dirigidas a la Administración, en que se detalla la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y se recuerda a los directores la necesidad de seguir los procedimientos relativos al e-PAS.", "236. En agosto de 2010 se publicó una guía sobre la experiencia adquirida en materia de no renovación de los nombramientos de plazo fijo. La guía contiene instrucciones para que los directores se adhieran estrictamente a las normas y los procedimientos, documenten el proceso de adopción de decisiones y respeten los procedimientos relativos a la gestión de la actuación profesional.", "237. Además, el 30 de abril de 2010 se publicó una instrucción administrativa (ST/AI/2010/5) sobre el Sistema de Gestión de la Actuación Profesional y Perfeccionamiento. Ese documento contiene información actualizada sobre las políticas y los procedimientos que deben aplicarse para evaluar la actuación profesional y aborda cuestiones que han provocado demoras en la conclusión de las evaluaciones del e-PAS.", "238. Con frecuencia también se interponen recursos contra medidas disciplinarias. Se trata de otra esfera en la que la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sigue evolucionando. En particular, en varias ocasiones, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo ha reconsiderado el ejercicio por el Secretario General de facultades discrecionales. La Administración ha apelado esas decisiones. A principios de 2011, el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictó una sentencia en que destacaba que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo no era un órgano decisorio, sino que su función se limitaba a examinar judicialmente el ejercicio por el Secretario General de las amplias facultades discrecionales que goza en el plano administrativo.", "239. Una medida que ha sido objeto de varias sentencias es la imposición al personal de licencia especial con sueldo completo en el contexto de una investigación en curso por presuntas faltas de conducta. El Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo decidió que no correspondía aplicar esa medida mientras no hubiera concluido el proceso disciplinario. A raíz de esa decisión, la Administración revisó la norma e introdujo en el Reglamento del Personal la regla 10.4, en que se establece expresamente que podrá imponerse licencia administrativa al funcionario en espera que se realice la investigación. Mientras la regla anterior preveía que el funcionario debía ser acusado antes de ser suspendido en sus funciones, la nueva regla establece que puede imponerse al funcionario una licencia administrativa en cualquier momento en espera de que se realice la investigación y hasta tanto concluya el proceso disciplinario.", "240. Una cuestión que ha dado lugar a numerosos recursos ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha sido el otorgamiento de indemnizaciones. El Tribunal de Apelaciones ha dejado sin efecto un número considerable de decisiones de indemnización, y ha enunciado los principios que debe aplicar el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. En particular, el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha declarado que quienes reciben una sentencia favorable tienen derecho a una indemnización monetaria que, en la medida de lo posible, los deje en la misma posición en la que se encontrarían si se hubieran respetado las cláusulas de su contrato.", "241. Con respecto a lo dispuesto en el párrafo 53 c) de la resolución 65/251, en el anexo III del presente informe se proporciona información detallada sobre las indemnizaciones monetarias otorgadas. En cuanto a los gastos indirectos relacionados con cada apelación, por ejemplo el tiempo de trabajo del personal, y la indicación de los aspectos de la administración del personal que dan lugar a un gran número de apelaciones, el Secretario General responde lo que se señala a continuación.", "242. A los efectos de calcular esos gastos indirectos, todas las partes interesadas del sistema de administración de justicia convinieron en que debía sumarse el número total de horas trabajadas por el personal en relación con las sentencias dictadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones en 2010. También se acordó que se tomaría como promedio el costo de un oficial jurídico de categoría P-4 que trabajara 40 horas por semana, 45 semanas al año y que se agregaría otro 20% para reflejar las horas adicionales empleadas por los directores y el personal directivo superior en revisar casos, así como el apoyo administrativo recibido.", "243. Las Secretarías del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, el PNUD, el UNICEF, la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas de Servicios para Proyectos, el UNFPA, la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna y la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal presentaron cálculos del tiempo de trabajo que habían insumido las causas en que recayó sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. La Secretaría del Tribunal de Apelaciones, la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos y la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal presentaron cálculos sobre el tiempo de trabajo insumido por las causas que tramitaron ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones. A continuación figuran, por separado, los promedios para las causas del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones. La metodología utilizada para obtener estas cifras puede consultarse, previa solicitud de los interesados.", "244. Cabe señalar que el número de horas trabajadas puede variar considerablemente según el caso. Además, las cifras proporcionadas por la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal no reflejan el tiempo de trabajo de los voluntarios, ni la considerable cantidad de tiempo que llevó a esa Oficina prestar asesoramiento breve u ocuparse de asuntos que no culminaron en una apelación formal.", "245. Teniendo en cuenta la información proporcionada por cada una de las distintas oficinas y entidades, el tiempo medio de trabajo del personal en una causa del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo es de 400,3 horas y en una causa del Tribunal de Apelaciones, de 230,5 horas (tomando como referencia un funcionario de categoría P-4 que trabaja 40 horas por semana, 45 semanas por año).", "246. En cuanto al párrafo 53 d) de la resolución 65/251, relativo al pago de indemnizaciones equivalentes a seis meses de sueldo o más, el Secretario General presenta información relativa a dichos pagos en el anexo III del presente informe.", "IV. Cuestiones relativas al examen por la Asamblea General de los estatutos de los Tribunales", "A. Introducción", "247. En el párrafo 46 de su resolución 65/251, la Asamblea General decidió “aplazar hasta su sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones el examen de los estatutos de los Tribunales, teniendo en cuenta la experiencia adquirida, en particular sobre la eficiencia del funcionamiento general de los Tribunales”. Con el fin de prestar asistencia a la Asamblea en su examen de los estatutos de los Tribunales, el Secretario General plantea las cuestiones que siguen a la Asamblea para que las considere. Al plantear estas cuestiones, el Secretario General hace hincapié en que su examen es sin perjuicio del principio de independencia judicial. Puesto que la Asamblea es el órgano que estableció los Tribunales, y aprobó sus estatutos y reglamentos, corresponde a la Asamblea determinar qué medidas, en su caso, habría que adoptar en relación con esas cuestiones.", "B. Reglamentos de los Tribunales", "248. El artículo 7 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dispone que el Tribunal establecerá su reglamento, que estará sujeto a la aprobación de la Asamblea General. Del mismo modo, el artículo 6 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones estipula que el Tribunal de Apelaciones establecerá su reglamento, que estará sujeto a la aprobación de la Asamblea. Como la Asamblea habrá de examinar el informe sobre las enmiendas de los reglamentos del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y del Tribunal de Apelaciones (A/66/86), el Secretario General presenta a la Asamblea para su examen las observaciones sobre los reglamentos que se exponen a continuación.", "1. Consultas para la enmienda de los reglamentos", "249. Actualmente en los estatutos de los Tribunales no se prevé que las partes recomienden la introducción de enmiendas a los reglamentos del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones o que se les consulte al respecto. Como las partes que comparecen ante los Tribunales aportarían una perspectiva importante sobre los efectos de las enmiendas propuestas, la consulta previa de las partes beneficiaría al proceso de enmienda de los reglamentos de los Tribunales. La falta de una disposición expresa en sus estatutos o sus reglamentos no impide a los Tribunales celebrar consultas con las partes antes de enmendar los reglamentos. En particular, aunque ni en el Estatuto ni el Reglamento del Tribunal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia se prevé un proceso de consulta para la enmienda del reglamento, en la práctica, representantes de la Secretaría, la Oficina del Fiscal y los abogados defensores participan en un Comité del Reglamento que se ha establecido para que estudie las propuestas de enmienda del Reglamento del Tribunal antes de que los magistrados las aprueben.", "250. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General aliente a los Tribunales a celebrar consultas con las partes que comparecen ante ellos cuando introduzcan enmiendas a sus reglamentos.", "2. Desestimación de las causas manifiestamente inadmisibles o carentes de fundamento", "251. El artículo 9 del Reglamento del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dispone que “una parte podrá solicitar que se dicte sentencia en procedimiento sumario cuando los hechos de la causa no sean objeto de controversia y esté facultada para obtener una sentencia fundada en consideraciones de derecho”. Con arreglo a dicha disposición, no se puede rechazar una demanda carente de mérito mientras exista una controversia respecto de los hechos de la causa. Por contraste, en los tribunales administrativos de otras organizaciones intergubernamentales existen mecanismos para abordar las demandas carentes de mérito[7]. Por ejemplo, el artículo 76 del Reglamento del Tribunal de la Función Pública de la Unión Europea establece que “cuando la acción es, en todo o en parte, manifiestamente inadmisible o manifiestamente carente de todo fundamento jurídico, el Tribunal podrá, sin más trámite, adoptar una decisión fundada al respecto”. En 2010, diez de las 129 causas que ese Tribunal tuvo ante sí se resolvieron sobre la base de esa disposición.", "252. Además, el Secretario General observa que el Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelaciones no establece mecanismo alguno para abordar de manera expedita las apelaciones carentes de mérito. De los tribunales administrativos de las demás organizaciones intergubernamentales, solo el de la Unión Europea tiene un régimen de apelación. De los fallos del Tribunal de la Función Pública de la Unión Europea se puede apelar ante el Tribunal General. El artículo 111 del Reglamento del Tribunal General establece que, cuando una acción es “manifiestamente inadmisible o manifiestamente carente de todo fundamento jurídico”, el Tribunal General podrá adoptar una decisión al respecto “sin más trámite”.", "253. Con respecto a los tipos de causas que se pueden desestimar porque son manifiestamente inadmisibles o carecen de fundamento, el Secretario General recuerda que ya en julio de 2010 el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictaminó que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo carecía de autoridad para examinar o revisar los fallos del antiguo Tribunal Administrativo. No obstante, hasta la fecha el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha recibido al menos cinco apelaciones en que se solicitaba la revisión de fallos del Tribunal Administrativo[8]. Aunque sería apropiado considerar que esas apelaciones son “manifiestamente carentes de todo fundamento jurídico”, el Tribunal de Apelaciones no tiene un mecanismo que le permita desestimarlas sumariamente. En consecuencia, la Organización carga con los gastos correspondientes a la emisión de un fallo en cada una de esas causas (3.600 dólares por cada fallo), además de los gastos que la Organización debe sufragar para preparar las contestaciones a tales apelaciones.", "254. Para que las causas sin fundamento se puedan desestimar sumariamente a fin de que los recursos del sistema de administración de justicia se puedan utilizar en forma más eficiente, la Asamblea General podría considerar enmendar el artículo 7.2 h) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo para que en su reglamento se incluya una disposición sobre “procedimientos para la desestimación sumaria de las causas que sean manifiestamente inadmisibles o manifiestamente carentes de todo fundamento jurídico”. La Asamblea podría también considerar enmendar el artículo 6 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones de manera que en su reglamento se incluya una disposición similar.", "255. El Secretario general recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 7.2 h) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y el artículo 6 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas a fin de que se incluya un mecanismo en sus respectivos reglamentos que permita la desestimación sumaria de las causas manifiestamente inadmisibles o manifiestamente carentes de todo fundamento jurídico.", "3. Grabación sonora de las audiencias orales", "256. Como se indica en el párrafo 49 del presente informe, el Secretario General ha solicitado recursos presupuestarios para permitir la grabación sonora de las audiencias orales. Aunque el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha dictaminado en un caso que las partes tienen “derecho a que la Secretaría pertinente del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo les facilite la relación de los testimonios prestados en esas actuaciones procesales”[9], esa relación no siempre se ha facilitado a las partes que la solicitan. En junio de 2011, se informó a las partes de que “las Secretarías del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo no están obligadas con arreglo al Estatuto y el Reglamento a realizar grabaciones sonoras de las actuaciones orales”.", "257. El Secretario General observa que, en los casos en que la evaluación de los hechos realizada por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo se basa en gran medida o exclusivamente en las pruebas orales presentadas durante el procedimiento, y el Tribunal no facilita a las partes una relación de dichas pruebas, las partes no pueden ejercer de manera válida su derecho a apelar. Si bien las partes pueden recurrir a sus propias notas sobre las pruebas orales, el Tribunal de Apelaciones no podrá determinar si la versión del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo o la versión de las partes de las pruebas orales es exacta si no existe una relación objetiva de esas pruebas.", "258. Con el fin de que se mantengan grabaciones sonoras de las audiencias orales y que las grabaciones se faciliten a las partes a solicitud de estas, la Asamblea General podría considerar enmendar el artículo 7.2 e) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de modo que en su Reglamento se incluya una disposición sobre las “audiencias orales, incluidas las grabaciones sonoras de las audiencias orales, que se facilitarán a las partes a solicitud de estas”.", "259. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General revise el artículo 7.2 e) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a fin de que estipule que deberán mantenerse grabaciones sonoras de las audiencias orales que se celebren ante el Tribunal, las que deberán facilitarse a las partes a solicitud de estas.", "4. Supresión de los nombres de los funcionarios", "260. El artículo 11.6 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo dispone que “la secretaría del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo publicará y pondrá a disposición del público las sentencias del mismo Tribunal, protegiendo los datos de índole personal”.", "261. El Secretario General observa que en varios casos, los funcionarios involucrados directa o indirectamente en una decisión impugnada han sido identificados por su nombre en la sentencia por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. En algunos casos en que el Tribunal ha determinado que la decisión impugnada estaba viciada, este ha descrito las acciones y el carácter de los funcionarios en términos inmoderados. La identificación de funcionarios por su nombre y la descripción de sus acciones y su carácter en términos inmoderados en las sentencias del Tribunal ha llevado a algunos funcionarios a presentar quejas contra los magistrados y a expresar preocupaciones sobre difamación.", "262. Habida cuenta de lo dispuesto en el artículo 11.6 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y de la necesidad de que no se ponga en entredicho injustamente el nombre o el carácter de los funcionarios en las sentencias del Tribunal, la Asamblea General podría considerar enmendar el artículo 7.2 f) del Estatuto del Tribunal a fin de que en el Reglamento se incluya una disposición sobre “la publicación de las sentencias, incluido un procedimiento para la supresión de los nombres en las sentencias a solicitud de las personas interesadas”.", "263. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 7.2 f) del Estatuto del Tribunal a fin de que en su Reglamento se incluya una disposición sobre “la publicación de las sentencias, incluido un procedimiento para la supresión de los nombres en las sentencias a solicitud de las personas interesadas”.", "5. Efecto de suspensión de las apelaciones de órdenes interlocutorias", "264. En virtud del artículo 11.3 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, las sentencias son “ejecutables tras la expiración del plazo para apelar”. Además, el artículo 7.5 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones dispone que “la interposición de un recurso de apelación tendrá como efecto suspender la ejecución de la sentencia apelada”. Aunque los estatutos de los dos Tribunales se refieren únicamente a la apelación de las sentencias, el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha reconocido que en circunstancias limitadas, son permisibles también las apelaciones de las órdenes interlocutorias. Por consiguiente, parecería conveniente que el artículo 11.3 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el artículo 7.5 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones fuesen aplicables a las apelaciones de las órdenes interlocutorias.", "265. La falta de claridad con respecto a si una apelación suspende la obligación de ejecutar una orden interlocutoria ha llevado al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a prohibir la comparecencia de la parte apelante ante él, resultado que el Tribunal de Apelaciones invalidó posteriormente[10]. La autoridad para imponer tal prohibición está ahora codificada en el artículo 19 enmendado del Reglamento del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, que permite al Tribunal dictar las órdenes que estime necesarias, “incluso una decisión que desestime la demanda o la contestación”, cuando una parte no cumpla una orden interlocutoria. El Secretario General estima que es preciso sopesar el derecho del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a exigir el cumplimiento de las órdenes interlocutorias y el derecho de las partes a apelar de las órdenes interlocutorias de buena fe, especialmente en los casos en que, de no ser así, el Secretario General tendría que ejecutar una orden dictada por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo que es contraria a la jurisprudencia establecida del Tribunal de Apelaciones. La Asamblea General podría considerar enmendar el artículo 11.5 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el artículo 7.5 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones para confirmar que esas disposiciones se aplican por igual a todas las decisiones que dicte el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, ya sea en forma de sentencias o de órdenes.", "266. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 11.3 del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas con el fin de aclarar que las órdenes interlocutorias dictadas por el Tribunal pueden ser objeto de apelación. El Secretario General recomienda además que la Asamblea enmiende el artículo 7.5 del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas para aclarar que la apelación de una orden interlocutoria dictada por el Tribunal de Apelaciones tendrá como efecto suspender la ejecución de la orden impugnada. Sería necesario además enmendar las disposiciones correspondientes de los reglamentos de los Tribunales.", "6. Plazos para interponer apelaciones ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones", "267. En el artículo 7.1 c) del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones se establece un plazo de 45 días para interponer apelaciones[11]. Actualmente no hay plazos establecidos en el estatuto para apelar de las órdenes interlocutorias, aunque en la práctica el Tribunal de Apelaciones ha impuesto un plazo de 15 días[12].", "268. En vista de los limitados recursos de las partes y de las demoras para la transferencia de los expedientes correspondientes entre los distintos lugares de destino, el Secretario General estima que la prórroga del plazo para interponer apelaciones por otros 15 días facilitaría el suministro de información más detallada sobre las cuestiones jurídicas que deberá examinar el Tribunal de Apelaciones. La demora mínima ocasionada por la prórroga del plazo por 15 días más se debería comparar con los beneficios considerables que se derivarían de permitir un examen más exhaustivo de las cuestiones jurídicas planteadas en las apelaciones, especialmente durante este período inicial del Tribunal de Apelaciones, en que muchas cuestiones fundamentales se están examinando por primera vez.", "269. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 7.1 c) del Estatuto del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas a fin de extender el plazo para la interposición de apelaciones de las sentencias del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas de 45 días a 60 días y de establecer un plazo de 30 días para interponer apelaciones de las órdenes interlocutorias. Sería necesario enmendar además las disposiciones correspondientes del Reglamento del Tribunal de Apelaciones.", "C. Competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre las acciones y omisiones de entidades independientes relacionadas con el desempeño de sus mandatos operacionales", "270. El artículo 2.1 a) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo establece la competencia del Tribunal para pronunciarse sobre una demanda entablada con miras a impugnar una “decisión administrativa por presunto incumplimiento de las condiciones de servicio o el contrato de empleo”. Al interpretar la expresión “decisión administrativa”, el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas sostuvo que “las decisiones administrativas se caracterizan por el hecho de que son adoptadas por la administración, son unilaterales y de aplicación individual y acarrean consecuencias jurídicas directas” para las condiciones de empleo del funcionario[13]. Ampliando el primer criterio (que las decisiones administrativas deben ser adoptadas por la administración), el Tribunal Administrativo sostuvo, en su sentencia núm. 1359, Pérez-Soto (2007), que una decisión del Ombudsman de no investigar una denuncia de acoso no constituía una decisión administrativa, ya que las acciones u omisiones del Ombudsman no podían atribuirse a la administración, habida cuenta del carácter independiente de este.", "271. Los tribunales administrativos de otras organizaciones internacionales también han reconocido el principio básico de que cuando una entidad actúa independientemente de la administración, la organización carece de control efectivo sobre la entidad y, por ende, no se la puede considerar responsable de sus acciones u omisiones. Por ejemplo, ha habido dos casos diferentes en que funcionarios del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el Banco Mundial han alegado que las asociaciones de personal de sus respectivas organizaciones eran responsables de publicar información confidencial sobre el personal y entablaron sendas demandas contra esas organizaciones[14]. Tanto el Tribunal Administrativo del FMI como el Tribunal Administrativo del Banco Mundial desestimaron las demandas, y dictaminaron que no se podía responsabilizar a las organizaciones por las acciones de las asociaciones de personal, pues éstas no actuaban “siguiendo instrucciones de la administración ni bajo el control efectivo de la administración”[15].", "272. El Secretario General señala que varias entidades de carácter independiente han sido establecidas en virtud de resoluciones de la Asamblea General. Entre ellas cabe mencionar el Ombudsman, la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (OSSI), la Oficina de Ética y la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, todas las cuales gozan de independencia operacional[16]. La cuestión de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo respecto de las acciones u omisiones de esas entidades independientes plantea cuestiones difíciles, al igual que la posibilidad de responsabilizar al Secretario General por las acciones u omisiones de entidades sobre las que carece de control efectivo.", "273. Hasta la fecha, las entidades independientes cuyas acciones u omisiones han sido impugnadas en el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo son: a) la OSSI; b) la Oficina de Ética; y c) la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal.", "a) En un caso reciente examinado por el Tribunal de Apelaciones, un funcionario impugnó el contenido de un informe de la OSSI y los procedimientos empleados por la Oficina para realizar su auditoría. Al 15 de agosto de 2011, aún no se había dictado sentencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones al respecto. Sin embargo, como se indica en la sinopsis del fallo (que fue publicada por la Secretaría del Tribunal de Apelaciones no como documento oficial, sino con fines de información pública), aparentemente el Tribunal reconoce que, así como el Secretario General carece de autoridad para influir o ingerirse en los asuntos de la OSSI, el Tribunal de Apelaciones tampoco tiene competencia para hacerlo, ya que puede revisar únicamente las decisiones administrativas del Secretario General;", "b) Ha habido por lo menos tres casos de demandas entabladas ante el Tribunal de Apelaciones por funcionarios que impugnaban la determinación de la Oficina de Ética de que no eran objeto de represalias. Al rechazar el argumento de que la solicitud de la Asamblea General de que el Secretario General creara una Oficina de Ética con “carácter independiente” exigía que el Secretario General respetara ese carácter, el Tribunal de Apelaciones opinó que “era necesario considerar seriamente las recomendaciones de la Asamblea General” pero que estas no eran decisivas para determinar si la Oficina de Ética tenía carácter independiente[17]. Como el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo aun no ha dictado sentencia definitiva sobre la cuestión de si la determinación de la Oficina de Ética con respecto a las represalias constituye una decisión administrativa, el Tribunal de Apelaciones aún no se ha pronunciado sobre la cuestión;", "c) En un caso reciente examinado por el Tribunal de Apelaciones, un funcionario impugnó la supuesta falta de divulgación de un conflicto de intereses por parte de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. El Secretario General sostuvo que las acciones y omisiones de la Oficina no constituían decisiones de la administración y que, por ese motivo, escapaban a la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, la que estaba limitada al examen de las “decisiones administrativas”. A ese respecto, el Secretario General señaló que el Tribunal Administrativo del Fondo Monetario Internacional y el Tribunal Administrativo del Banco Mundial habían rechazado el argumento de que se podía responsabilizar a las respectivas organizaciones internacionales por los actos impugnados por las asociaciones de personal, ya que el propósito principal de las asociaciones de personal es defender los intereses de los empleados y “expresar puntos de vista independientes de los de la administración y a veces contrarios a estos”[18]. Este razonamiento se aplicaría todavía con más razón a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, dado que el carácter contencioso de los litigios significa que la Oficina con frecuencia expresa puntos de vista contrarios a los de la administración. Al 15 de agosto de 2011, aun no se había publicado la sentencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones sobre el caso. Sin embargo, como se indica en una sinopsis del fallo, aparentemente el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictaminó que las acciones y omisiones de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal son de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, pues los servicios prestados por la Oficina y la forma en que se lleva a cabo la representación pueden tener consecuencias para las condiciones de empleo. Las consecuencias de considerar al Secretario General jurídica y financieramente responsable de las acciones y omisiones de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal serían que si los funcionarios no logran un resultado favorable de su impugnación de las decisiones administrativas adoptadas por el Secretario General, pueden de todos modos solicitar indemnización a la Organización si pueden demostrar que el asesoramiento jurídico proporcionado por la Oficina fue de alguna manera deficiente.", "274. La jurisprudencia reciente del Tribunal de Apelaciones parece indicar que, si bien las acciones y omisiones de ciertas entidades independientes como la OSSI pueden quedar fuera del alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, las acciones y omisiones de otras entidades independientes como la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal pueden ser examinadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Es más, el Secretario General señala que cualquier orientación del Tribunal de Apelaciones sobre estas cuestiones no necesariamente ha de ser dispositiva, ya que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo ha destacado que considerará que las normas establecidas por el Tribunal de Apelaciones solo serán aplicables si están “conformes a los principios generales del derecho”[19].", "275. En consecuencia, el Secretario General considera que podría ser útil que la Asamblea General aclarara sus intenciones con respecto al alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. A este respecto, el Secretario General recalca que el hecho de excluir de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a las acciones y omisiones de entidades independientes no significaría que los funcionarios quedaran privados de recurso cuando estimaran que esas entidades habían violado sus derechos.", "276. En primer lugar, si el Secretario General adopta una decisión administrativa basada en una acción u omisión de una entidad independiente que ha sido impugnada, se puede impugnar la decisión misma en el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Por ejemplo, si la Oficina de Ética determina que un funcionario aplicó represalias y el Secretario General decide imponer una medida disciplinaria en contra del funcionario sobre la base de la determinación de la Oficina de Ética, el funcionario podría en ese caso entablar una demanda en el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo oponiéndose a la imposición de la medida disciplinaria por el Secretario General y al hecho de que se basara en una determinación supuestamente incorrecta de la Oficina de Ética. Sin embargo, una determinación de la Oficina de Ética sobre represalias no debería ser objeto de impugnación ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. Como el carácter independiente de la Oficina de Ética impide al Secretario General dar instrucciones a la Oficina acerca de cómo determinar si hubo represalias, no se puede considerar responsable al Secretario General por la decisión que tome la Oficina, incluso si posteriormente resulta viciada.", "277. En segundo lugar, si un funcionario impugna una acción u omisión de una entidad independiente relativa al desempeño de sus funciones de gestión, el alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre esos asuntos no plantearía problemas en razón del carácter independiente de la entidad. Por ejemplo, una demanda que impugnara la forma en que se había llevado a cabo el proceso de selección en la OSSI sería claramente de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo.", "278. El ejercicio de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre las acciones y omisiones de entidades independientes es problemático únicamente cuando la reclamación del funcionario se refiere a la forma en que dichas entidades desempeñan sus funciones operacionales. Debido a que la forma en que las entidades independientes desempeñan sus funciones operacionales escapa al control efectivo del Secretario General, este entiende que las acciones y omisiones de las entidades independientes que se relacionan con sus mandatos operacionales no pueden atribuírsele, y que no se le debería considerar jurídica ni financieramente responsable de ellas. En efecto, la imposición de responsabilidad en esas circunstancias no promoverá el objetivo de reforzar la rendición de cuentas, pues el Secretario General no tiene autoridad para influir en las acciones u omisiones de las entidades independientes impugnadas por los funcionarios, ni para corregirlas. La Asamblea General tal vez desee considerar si es apropiado imponer responsabilidad financiera y gastar los fondos públicos de la Organización si no se ha establecido falta alguna de parte del Secretario General.", "279. Si la Asamblea General deseara aclarar que el alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo sobre las decisiones administrativas se limita a las decisiones que han sido adoptadas por el Secretario General o en nombre de este, podría considerar enmendar el artículo 2.1 a) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a fin de que se refiera a “una decisión administrativa adoptada unilateralmente por el Secretario General o en nombre de este por presunto incumplimiento de las condiciones de servicio o del contrato de empleo”.", "280. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 2.1 a) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo para que se refiera a “una decisión administrativa adoptada unilateralmente por el Secretario General o en nombre de este por presunto incumplimiento de las condiciones de servicio o del contrato de empleo”.", "281. Otra cuestión que se ha planteado recientemente es si el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo tiene competencia sobre la aplicación por el Secretario General de las decisiones adoptadas por órganos rectores, como la Asamblea General y sus órganos subsidiarios. Hasta la fecha, los funcionarios han entablado demandas ante el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo en las que impugnaban las medidas adoptadas por el Secretario General para aplicar las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y las decisiones de la Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional (CAPI).", "1. Asamblea General", "282. De conformidad con el Artículo 101 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas, “el personal […] será nombrado por el Secretario General de acuerdo con las reglas establecidas por la Asamblea General”. En virtud de esa disposición, la Asamblea promulga el Estatuto del Personal y puede modificar el Reglamento del Personal. Mediante sus resoluciones, la Asamblea aprueba las políticas de la Organización relativas a la gestión de los recursos humanos.", "283. En 2010, la Asamblea General, en su resolución 65/248, aprobó las recomendaciones de la Comisión sobre la armonización de las condiciones de servicio de los funcionarios de las organizaciones del régimen común de las Naciones Unidas que prestan servicios en lugares de destino no aptos para familias. La consecuencia de esa decisión sería la suspensión de una prestación en particular, el “subsidio personal de transición”. En la misma resolución, la Asamblea solicitó al Secretario General que facilitara la aplicación inmediata de las resoluciones de la Comisión relativas a la armonización de las condiciones de servicio en los lugares de destino no aptos para familias. En consecuencia, el Departamento de Apoyo a las Actividades sobre el Terreno informó a los funcionarios que prestaban servicios sobre el terreno que los cambios aprobados por la Asamblea entrarían en vigor el 1 de julio de 2011. En junio de 2011, se presentó al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo la primera demanda en que se impugnaba la suspensión del subsidio personal de transición. En la demanda se alegaba que la suspensión del subsidio afectaba negativamente a las mujeres solteras, y se sugería que ello constituía una discriminación en razón del género o la situación personal.", "284. La Carta exige que el Secretario General aplique las normas establecidas por la Asamblea General sobre la administración del personal, y como consecuencia, se exige también al Secretario General que aplique las políticas sobre gestión de los recursos humanos establecidas en las resoluciones de la Asamblea. Anteriormente el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas había sostenido que el Tribunal “no era ni la Asamblea General ni el Secretario General y que, en consecuencia, no estaba en condiciones de emplear su propio juicio en decisiones sobre políticas o en cuestiones de personal”[20]. El fundamento jurídico de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General se reafirmó en el párrafo 9 de la resolución 62/251, en el que se destacó que “todos los elementos del nuevo sistema de administración de justicia deben funcionar de conformidad con la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y el marco jurídico y regulatorio aprobado por la Asamblea General”.", "285. Sin embargo, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo ha sostenido que la obligación del Secretario General de cumplir las resoluciones de la Asamblea General no se puede invocar como razón para negarse a realizar una acción determinada si la inacción daría lugar a una violación de las normas de derechos humanos, como el principio de igual remuneración por igual trabajo. Ese dictamen ha sido confirmado por el Tribunal de Apelaciones[21]. En resumen, en los casos en que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo determina que la aplicación de una resolución de la Asamblea General llevará a resultados que no concuerdan con las normas de derechos humanos, el Secretario General podrá ser considerado jurídica y financieramente responsable por el cumplimiento de esa resolución.", "2. Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional", "286. La Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional es un órgano subsidiario de la Asamblea General, y su Estatuto fue aprobado por la Asamblea en su resolución 3357 (XXIX). El artículo 6 del Estatuto prohíbe expresamente a la Comisión recibir instrucciones de una organización del régimen común de las Naciones Unidas y, por lo tanto, es independiente del Secretario General. El artículo 25 3) del Estatuto dispone que las decisiones de la Comisión “serán aplicadas por cada organización interesada a partir de la fecha que determine la Comisión”.", "287. En diciembre de 2009, la Comisión decidió cambiar la clasificación de lugar de destino de Nairobi de la categoría “C” a la categoría “B”. También se cambió la clasificación de lugar de destino de Addis Abeba de la categoría “C” a la categoría “B”. Los dos cambios entraron en vigor el 1 de enero de 2011. La clasificación que hace la Comisión de los lugares de destino, que oscila entre la categoría “A” y la categoría “E”, es indicativa de la dificultad de las condiciones de vida y de trabajo; la categoría “E” se reserva para los lugares de destino más difíciles. Como consecuencia de la reclasificación de Nairobi y Addis Abeba, los funcionarios que prestan servicios en esos lugares de destino perciben una prestación más baja por condiciones de vida difíciles y tienen derecho a vacaciones en el país de origen solo cada 24 meses, en lugar de cada 12 meses. Los funcionarios de ambos lugares de destino han protestado contra la aplicación por el Secretario General de la decisión de la Comisión.", "288. El Secretario General está obligado a aplicar la reclasificación de Nairobi realizada por la Comisión, habida cuenta de lo dispuesto en el artículo 25 3) del Estatuto de la Comisión y en la regla 3.14 b) del Reglamento del Personal, que establece que el Secretario General determinará la cuantía de la prestación por condiciones de vida difíciles “teniendo en cuenta la dificultad de las condiciones de vida y de trabajo en cada lugar de destino sobre la base de la clasificación de los lugares de destino establecida por la Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional”. Es más, el Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas destacó que las decisiones de la Comisión eran vinculantes para el Secretario General. En su sentencia núm. 421 (Chatwani), el Tribunal Administrativo dictaminó que “no corresponde al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas ni a los secretarios generales o directores generales de las demás organizaciones afiliadas al régimen común revisar, modificar o rescindir una decisión de la Comisión adoptada de conformidad con su estatuto”[22].", "3. Aclaración del alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas", "289. El Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo aún está examinando las objeciones a la aplicación de las decisiones de órganos rectores por el Secretario General, incluidas las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y las decisiones de la Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional. Cabe señalar que el Tribunal de Apelaciones ya ha rechazado el argumento presentado en uno de los casos por el Secretario General, de que la adopción de la medida solicitada por el funcionario sería contraria a una resolución de la Asamblea General sobre una cuestión presupuestaria, pues sostiene que las consideraciones presupuestarias “no pueden prevalecer sobre el requisito de igualdad de trato”[23].", "290. Incluso después de que el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones dictan sentencia en determinados casos en los que se ha impugnado la decisión del Secretario General de aplicar resoluciones de la Asamblea General y decisiones de la Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional, sus fallos no necesariamente serán dispositivos para otras situaciones, ya que las decisiones de esos órganos rectores abarcan una amplia variedad de cuestiones relativas a la gestión de los derechos humanos. Es más, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo ha recalcado que considerará aplicables las reglas establecidas por el Tribunal de Apelaciones solo si se ajustan a los principios generales del derecho[24].", "291. En consecuencia, el Secretario General considera que podría ser útil que la Asamblea General aclarara su propósito con respecto al alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo. La Asamblea General tal vez desee considerar si es apropiado imponer responsabilidad financiera y gastar los fondos públicos de la Organización cuando el Secretario General ha adoptado medidas para aplicar las decisiones de órganos rectores como la Asamblea General y la Comisión de Administración Pública Internacional.", "292. Si la Asamblea General deseara aclarar que el alcance de la competencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo no se extiende a la aplicación por el Secretario General de las decisiones de órganos rectores como la Asamblea y la Comisión, podría considerar enmendar el artículo 2.1 a) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo a fin de que se refiera a “una decisión administrativa adoptada unilateralmente por el Secretario General o en nombre de este por presunto incumplimiento de las condiciones de servicio o del contrato de empleo”. Una medida adoptada por el Secretario General para aplicar las decisiones de órganos rectores no constituiría una decisión administrativa adoptada unilateralmente por el Secretario General, ya que este carece de flexibilidad para actuar en forma contraria a las decisiones de esos órganos rectores.", "293. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General enmiende el artículo 2.1 a) del Estatuto del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo para que se refiera a “una decisión administrativa adoptada unilateralmente por el Secretario General o en nombre de este por presunto incumplimiento de las condiciones de servicio o del contrato de empleo”.", "V. Recursos necesarios", "294. El Secretario General ha determinado que existen varias esferas en el sistema de justicia formal que será necesario reforzar a fin de cumplir el mandato de que el nuevo sistema sea “independiente, transparente, profesional, con recursos suficientes y descentralizado”. Los requisitos relativos al sistema informal se presentan separadamente en el informe del Ombudsman de las Naciones Unidas. Por todas las razones expuestas precedentemente, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea General que considere mejorar el sistema de justicia formal con los siguientes recursos relacionados y no relacionados con los puestos, además de los solicitados en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013 (A/66/6):", "a) Con respecto a la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 19 y 20 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que establezca un nuevo puesto de oficial jurídico (P-3) para que preste apoyo a la labor de la Dependencia;", "b) Con respecto al Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo y sus Secretarías, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 42 a 44 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea General que nombre tres magistrados adicionales en régimen de dedicación exclusiva (1 en Ginebra, 1 en Nairobi y 1 en Nueva York) para el Tribunal, que reclasifique un puesto de oficial jurídico de la Secretaría de Nueva York de la categoría P-2 en la categoría P-3, y establezca seis nuevos puestos (3 P-3, 3 P-2, 2 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local)) para apoyar a los magistrados en régimen de dedicación exclusiva adicionales con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012. La capacidad antes mencionada fue aprobada inicialmente por la Asamblea General en su resolución 63/253 por el plazo de un año, con efecto a partir del 1 de julio de 2009, prorrogada hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011 en la resolución 65/251, y financiada mediante el uso de las facultades discrecionales limitadas para la ejecución del presupuesto otorgadas al Secretario General en la resolución 60/283 y prorrogadas en la resolución 64/260. La presente propuesta tiene por objeto regularizar la capacidad provisional de que dispone el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, expuesta más arriba;", "c) Con respecto a los recursos no relacionados con puestos para el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 49 a 51 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que apruebe los recursos solicitados para comunicaciones (25.000 dólares) y viajes (155.000 dólares);", "d) Con respecto a la Secretaría del Tribunal de Apelaciones, el Secretario General recomienda, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 71 a 78 del presente informe, que se la refuerce con un oficial jurídico (P-4) con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012, así como con recursos adicionales para viajes (280.200 dólares) a fin de facilitar la celebración de un tercer período anual de sesiones del Tribunal y de aumentar los derechos de viaje de los magistrados del Tribunal;", "e) Con respecto a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 83 a 92 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda que se la refuerce con cuatro puestos (1 P-4 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local) en Nairobi, 1 P-4 en Nueva York y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) en Ginebra), con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012. El Secretario General recomienda además que la plaza de categoría P-3 establecida por la resolución 65/251, con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2011, financiada actualmente con cargo a la cuenta de apoyo para las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, se mantenga hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. Además, el Secretario General solicita recursos para comunicaciones (11.200 dólares), viajes (15.000 dólares) y suministros (9.000 dólares);", "f) Con respecto a la Oficina del Director Ejecutivo de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 101 a 108 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que autorice recursos para personal temporario general (130.000 dólares) para la remuneración de los miembros externos del Consejo de Justicia Interna y que asigne recursos para el reemplazo del personal con licencia prolongada de enfermedad y de maternidad. Además, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que apruebe los recursos para viajes (30.000 dólares), servicios por contrata (37.500 dólares) y la adquisición de programas informáticos (37.500 dólares);", "g) Con respecto a las oficinas de la Secretaría que representan al Secretario General en el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 115 a 156 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que apruebe 11 nuevos puestos (5 P-4, 3 P-3, 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) y 2 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local)), con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012. Cinco de esos puestos (2 P-4 y 3 P-3) son para la Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, dos puestos (1 P-4 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías)) para la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra, dos puestos (1 P-4 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local)) para la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Nairobi y dos puestos (1 P-4 y 1 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local)) para la Comisión Económica y Social para Asia y el Pacífico. El Secretario General, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 153 a 156 del presente informe, recomienda a la Asamblea que apruebe los recursos (60.000 dólares) para viajes con objeto de realizar misiones de divulgación y de asistir a las audiencias del Tribunal en otros lugares de destino;", "h) Con respecto a la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, por los motivos expuestos en los párrafos 172 a 186 del presente informe, el Secretario General recomienda a la Asamblea que establezca tres puestos (2 P-4 y 1 P-3) en la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales, con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012.", "295. En consecuencia, si la Asamblea General conviniera con las propuestas precedentes, habría que considerar recursos adicionales por un total de 8.657.900 dólares (antes del ajuste), con arreglo a las disposiciones que rigen el fondo para imprevistos según los términos de las resoluciones 41/213 y 42/211 de la Asamblea. En tal sentido, se recuerda que la Asamblea, en su resolución 65/262, aprobó para el bienio 2012-2013 un fondo para imprevistos por un total de 40,5 millones de dólares.", "296. Se propone establecer todos los nuevos puestos que figuran en el presente informe a partir del 1 de enero de 2012. Habida cuenta de que la Comisión Consultiva en Asuntos Administrativos y de Presupuesto, en el párrafo 20 de su primer informe sobre el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2008-2009 (A/62/7), recomendó que en toda nueva propuesta se informara de los efectos retardados de los puestos, la Asamblea tal vez desee tomar nota que en la actualidad se estima que las necesidades adicionales para cubrir el costo íntegro de los 26 puestos nuevos propuestos en el bienio 2014-2015 ascienden a 3.356.400 dólares; en la sección 1, Determinación de políticas, dirección y coordinación generales, 1.072.200 dólares; en la sección 8, Asuntos jurídicos, 432.200 dólares; en la sección 19, Desarrollo económico y social en Asia y el Pacífico, 173.500 dólares; en la sección 29A, Oficina del Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión, 126.200 dólares; en la sección 29C, Oficina de Gestión de los Recursos Humanos, 684.600 dólares; en la sección 29E, Administración, Ginebra, 234.500 dólares; en la sección 29G, Administración, Nairobi, 168.300 dólares; y en la sección 37, Contribuciones del personal, 464.900 dólares, que se compensarán con una suma equivalente en la sección 1 de ingresos, Ingresos por concepto de contribuciones del personal.", "VI. Conclusiones y medidas que deberá adoptar la Asamblea General", "297. El Secretario General considera que las recomendaciones que figuran en el presente informe darán un necesario vigor adicional al nuevo sistema de justicia interna, que ya goza de la confianza del personal y la Administración. Así pues, solicita a la Asamblea General que considere debidamente esas propuestas y que apruebe los recursos necesarios para asegurar su aplicación.", "298. En consecuencia, se solicita a la Asamblea General:", "a) Que apruebe el establecimiento de 26 nuevos puestos (10 P-4, 8 P-3, 4 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (otras categorías) y 4 del Cuadro de Servicios Generales (contratación local)), con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012, en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013;", "b) Que apruebe la reclasificación de un puesto de la categoría P-2 en la categoría P-3, con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012, en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013;", "c) Que consigne la cantidad total de 8.657.900 dólares (antes del ajuste) en el proyecto de presupuesto por programas para el bienio 2012-2013, que comprende aumentos en la sección 1, Determinación de políticas, dirección y coordinación generales (3.889.700 dólares); la sección 8, Asuntos jurídicos (559.700 dólares); la sección 19, Desarrollo económico y social en Asia y el Pacífico (388.400 dólares); la sección 29A, Oficina del Secretario General Adjunto de Gestión (164.300 dólares); la sección 29C, Oficina de Gestión de Recursos Humanos (948.300 dólares); la sección 29D, Oficina de Servicios Centrales de Apoyo (832.700 dólares); la sección 29E, Administración, Ginebra (636.600 dólares); y la sección 29G, Administración, Nairobi (577.200 dólares); y un aumento en la sección 37, Contribuciones del personal (661.000 dólares), que se compensa con una suma equivalente en la sección 1 de ingresos, Ingresos por concepto de contribuciones del personal. Esta consignación se imputaría al fondo para imprevistos;", "d) Que apruebe la continuación de una plaza de categoría P-3 en Nairobi, con efecto a partir del 1 de enero de 2012, por un año más, que se financiaría con cargo al presupuesto de la cuenta de apoyo para las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz, y de los costos conexos se informaría en el contexto del informe de ejecución relativo a la cuenta de apoyo para las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz para el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2011 y el 30 de junio de 2012 y se incluirían en las propuestas para el presupuesto por programas para el período comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2012 y el 30 de junio de 2013.", "Anexo I", "Propuestas para establecer mecanismos financiados por el personal para la financiación de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal", "Mecanismo de financiación de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal a cargo del personal: documento de concepto", "I. Introducción", "1. En el presente documento de concepto figuran varios mecanismos financiados por el personal para prestar asistencia a la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal de la Oficina de Administración de Justicia, como solicitó la Asamblea General en los párrafos 40 y 41 de su resolución 65/251. Asimismo, en el documento de concepto se aborda la solicitud de la Asamblea de que se presenten propuestas basadas en los modelos de contribución tanto obligatoria como voluntaria.", "2. Existen elementos comunes a las opciones obligatorias y voluntarias que figuran en el presente documento. En concreto, la Asamblea General seguiría determinando la plantilla de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal y sus demás necesidades financieras teniendo en cuenta las propuestas presupuestarias del Secretario General. Además, el Secretario General señala que en todas las medidas relativas a las necesidades de la dotación de personal de la Oficina se deben tomar en consideración las decisiones adoptadas por la Asamblea en relación con el mandato y el funcionamiento de la Oficina. Los puestos de la Oficina creados conforme a la resolución 63/253 seguirían estando financiados con cargo al presupuesto ordinario. Los mecanismos propuestos de financiación por el personal servirían para cubrir parte de los costos de la mejora de la actual plantilla de la Oficina, como propuso el Secretario General. El último elemento común consiste en que las aportaciones del personal propuestas, tanto las obligatorias como las voluntarias, se deducirían mensualmente de la nómina correspondiente.", "3. En concreto, en relación con la opción obligatoria, cabe señalar que, tal como indicó la Asamblea General, puesto que la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal forma parte del sistema interno de administración de justicia, los gastos asociados a su funcionamiento constituyen gastos de la Organización. Conforme al Artículo 17, párrafo 2, de la Carta de la Naciones Unidas, “los Miembros sufragarán los gastos de la Organización en la proporción que determine la Asamblea General”. La intención de este párrafo de requerir que los Estados Miembros sufraguen los gastos de la Organización es clara si se considera el proceso de formación de esta disposición[25].", "4. Por consiguiente, la petición de que los funcionarios se hagan cargo de parte de un “gasto” de la Organización, que, conforme a la Carta, debe ser sufragado por los Estados Miembros, suscita algunas dudas jurídicas. La introducción de servicios financiados por el personal para las actividades de la Organización ordenadas por la Asamblea abre la puerta a que en el futuro otros “gastos” de la Organización que puedan considerarse beneficiosos para el personal pasen a ser financiados parcial o totalmente mediante un gravamen impuesto a los funcionarios.", "II. Mecanismos obligatorios de financiación de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal a cargo del personal", "5. Existen tres posibles modelos obligatorios de un mecanismo de financiación de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal a cargo del personal: a) un modelo universal conforme al cual todos los funcionarios contribuirían con un porcentaje de su sueldo; b) un modelo conforme al cual solo el personal que realmente utilice los servicios de la Oficina tendría que efectuar un pago por ello; y c) un modelo conforme al cual se destinaría un porcentaje de las cuotas cobradas por los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal a financiar las actividades de la Oficina. Estos tres modelos se examinan a continuación.", "6. A 30 de junio de 2010, el personal de la Secretaría y de los fondos y programas con acceso al sistema de administración de justicia comprendía aproximadamente 45.000 funcionarios del Cuadro de Servicios Generales, alrededor de 30.000 del Cuadro Orgánico y del Servicio Móvil y unos 1.525 con categoría de director o categoría superior (véanse A/65/350 y CEB/2010/HLCM/HR/24).", "A. Modelo obligatorio universal", "7. Conforme al modelo obligatorio universal, se fijaría la cantidad que debería pagar cada funcionario. Un elemento importante que habría que tener en cuenta para fijar el importe que debería pagar el personal es que las escalas de sueldos, en particular las locales, varían considerablemente de un lugar de destino a otro. Por tanto, las cantidades que se fijaran deberían guardar relación con las diferentes escalas de sueldos a fin de que fueran equitativas y proporcionales al sueldo real de cada funcionario. Una posibilidad consistiría en fijar un porcentaje del sueldo de cada funcionario que tuviera acceso al sistema de administración de justicia (por ejemplo, un 0,001%). Como alternativa, la suma que se pagara podría ser fija, pero depende de la determinación de la categoría y el lugar de destino de cada funcionario. El importe se deduciría mensualmente de la nómina.", "8. Las cuotas cobradas al personal se destinarían a cubrir parte de los gastos de los puestos, distintos de los indicados actualmente en la plantilla de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal establecida conforme a la resolución 63/253 de la Asamblea General (1 P-5, 5 P-3, 1 P-2 y 3 puestos del Cuadro de Servicios Generales).", "9. Este modelo tiene varias ventajas. La principal es que si el grupo de funcionarios es numeroso, incluso con la aportación de cuotas individuales mínimas se obtendría una cantidad de dinero importante para financiar la Oficina. Asimismo, un sistema universal y obligatorio sería la fuente de ingresos más sólida y estable.", "10. Sin embargo, el sistema obligatorio también plantea problemas. El primer problema es que, en general, se prevé que los servicios de la Oficina sean utilizados por un porcentaje muy reducido de funcionarios. En la actualidad, menos del 1% del personal ha presentado una denuncia en el sistema formal. Por tanto, aproximadamente el 99% del personal contribuiría al pago de unos servicios utilizados por menos del 1%. Ello suscita dudas acerca de la justicia de imponer un pago general en el contexto de un sistema obligatorio universal.", "11. Otro problema que se plantea se refiere al hecho de que, según la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas[26], la Oficina puede negarse a prestar asistencia cuando considere que la causa carece de fundamento jurídico o tiene escasas posibilidades de éxito ante los tribunales. Esta jurisprudencia se adecúa al principio generalmente aceptado de que los funcionarios judiciales no deberían incoar una causa cuando crean de buena fe que carece de fundamento jurídico. Asimismo, no se deberían despilfarrar los recursos de la Organización en asuntos cuyas probabilidades de llegar a buen puerto son reducidas o nulas. Sin embargo, si se impone un pago obligatorio a todo el personal, cada funcionario puede pensar que tiene derecho a ser representado por la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, con independencia de que su causa tenga o no fundamento jurídico o cuente o no con posibilidades de tener éxito. Por consiguiente, existe el riesgo de que si la Oficina se niega a prestar sus servicios a un funcionario, a pesar de haber abonado los pagos correspondientes, este presente una reclamación o incluso recurra formalmente la decisión, con los costos adicionales, posiblemente significativos, que ello supondría para la Organización.", "12. Esta situación puede darse tanto en el caso de un sistema obligatorio como voluntario, puesto que, teóricamente todos los funcionarios que abonen su cuota, obligatoria o voluntaria, pueden alegar que el pago genera el derecho a recibir servicios.", "13. Por último, si a los funcionarios se les exige financiar los servicios de una Oficina establecida por la Asamblea General, pueden considerarlo una violación de sus condiciones de servicio o de nombramiento y recurrir esa decisión. Si algún funcionario tuviera éxito en su reclamación, la Organización estaría obligada a reembolsar a todos los funcionarios a posteriori las cuotas que hubieran pagado con los intereses correspondientes y posiblemente con los pagos compensatorios adicionales pertinentes.", "B. Pago obligatorio para los usuarios de los servicios de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal", "14. Una segunda opción posible de financiación obligatoria a cargo del personal consistiría en exigir que solamente paguen los funcionarios que utilicen los servicios de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. Este modelo resolvería el problema de que a los funcionarios que no utilicen los servicios de la Oficina no se les debería exigir que sufraguen su financiación.", "15. Si se aceptara esta opción, habría que fijar la cuota exigida. Una cuota fija sería esencialmente un pago por utilizar los servicios de la Oficina. Se podrían contemplar otras modalidades, como exigir a los demandantes cuya demanda prospere que donen un porcentaje de la indemnización que se les otorgue.", "16. Sin embargo, puesto que el porcentaje de funcionarios que utilizan los servicios de la Oficina es muy reducido (aproximadamente 1.000 funcionarios al año), el pago exigido a cada usuario tendría que ser superior a la cuota mínima del modelo obligatorio universal. Por ejemplo, el costo anual de un puesto de P-4 en Ginebra es de 227.300 dólares. Por tanto, para poder financiar íntegramente un solo puesto de P-4 en Ginebra para la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal, el pago que debería exigirse a los usuarios de la Oficina sería de 227.300 dólares por persona. Si se concluyera que el sistema solo debería sufragar un porcentaje de los costos asociados a los puestos adicionales de la Oficina, el importe fijo que se pagaría sería superior o inferior, dependiendo del número de puestos y el porcentaje que se deba cubrir.", "17. Cabe destacar que este modelo también plantearía el problema mencionado anteriormente en relación con el sistema de cuotas universales, de que los funcionarios que hubieran pagado una cuota obligatoria podrían solicitar constantemente asistencia letrada y presentar reclamaciones o incluso recurrir si la Oficina se negara a representarlos. No obstante, se podría mitigar este problema si el pago exigido a los funcionarios variara en función de los servicios que preste la Oficina. Por ejemplo, se les podría exigir un pago de 300 dólares por la negociación y la resolución de su causa por parte de la Oficina o de tan solo 50 dólares si esta ofreciera asesoramiento por teléfono.", "C. Pago obligatorio con cargo a las cuotas cobradas por los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal", "18. Un tercer posible modelo obligatorio sería aquel en que se exigiera a las asociaciones y sindicatos del personal que contribuyeran una parte de las cuotas que cobran a los funcionarios para financiar la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal.", "19. La cuota pagada a los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal está destinada a promover y salvaguardar los derechos e intereses de los funcionarios. Por tanto, exigirles que destinen una parte de las cuotas que cobren a financiar la Oficina equivaldría a imponer a los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal la obligación de proporcionar, a su costa, algún tipo de seguro de asistencia letrada al personal al que representan.", "20. Los problemas que suscita la imposición de una deducción obligatoria de los recursos financieros de los sindicatos serían similares a los derivados de imponer una deducción obligatoria a cada funcionario.", "21. En la actualidad, los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal de las Naciones Unidas no pueden imponer el pago de cuotas obligatorias a los funcionarios a los que representan. Por tanto, existen grandes disparidades entre los sindicatos y asociaciones del personal en lo que se refiere a sus recursos financieros. Hay varias posibilidades para fijar la cantidad que se ha de pagar. Una de ellas consistiría en establecer un porcentaje de las cuotas cobradas por cada sindicato o asociación del personal. Otra posibilidad sería fijar la cantidad que se ha de pagar en función del número de funcionarios representados. Una tercera opción sería establecer una cantidad fija que deberían abonar todos los sindicatos y asociaciones. El importe que se obtendría en los dos primeros modelos para cubrir los costos de la Oficina dependería de varios factores (la cantidad derivada de las cuotas cobradas en el primer modelo y el número de funcionarios representados y el importe cobrado por persona en el segundo). En el tercer modelo, por ejemplo, teniendo en cuenta que existen 14 sindicatos, una aportación de 20.000 dólares por cada sindicato o asociación del personal generaría la cantidad de 280.000 dólares netos al año. No obstante, existe la posibilidad de que distintos sindicatos y asociaciones, en particular los que no están bien financiados, se quejen de que la imposición de un pago obstaculizaría su capacidad de prestar servicios básicos a sus miembros.", "III. Mecanismos voluntarios de financiación de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal a cargo del personal", "22. Existen dos posibles modelos para establecer un mecanismo de financiación a cargo del personal basado en aportaciones voluntarias. Uno de ellos sería un sistema conforme al cual se deduciría automáticamente un porcentaje fijo del sueldo del funcionario para financiar los servicios prestados por la Oficina, pero los funcionarios podrían decidir dejar de participar en el sistema. El segundo permitiría a los funcionarios elegir la opción de contribuir con un porcentaje fijo de su sueldo.", "23. Estos dos modelos voluntarios ofrecen la ventaja de que las contribuciones se efectúan con el consentimiento (expreso o implícito) de los funcionarios que participan en ellos. Sin embargo, los ingresos generados por un modelo voluntario dependerían del número de funcionarios que decidieran contribuir y, por tanto, resulta difícil estimar su cuantía sin contar con los datos reales obtenidos durante varios ciclos anuales de contribuciones que puedan utilizarse como referencia.", "24. En ambos modelos, sería necesario aportar a los funcionarios algún tipo de incentivo para que participaran en el sistema. Una forma de alentar la participación podría ser que la Oficina diera prioridad a las causas de los funcionarios que se integren en el sistema y en el supuesto de que la Oficina tuviera demasiadas causas abiertas que tramitar de forma eficiente en un momento determinado, podría negarse a prestar asistencia a los funcionarios que se hubieran salido del sistema de financiación voluntaria.", "25. Otro medio de fomentar la participación sería crear dos niveles de servicios de la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal. La participación de los funcionarios en el mecanismo de financiación voluntaria a cargo del personal les permitiría el acceso a todos los servicios de la Oficina. Los funcionarios que no hicieran aportaciones voluntarias únicamente tendrían acceso a los servicios básicos de la Oficina, es decir, una breve orientación o un breve asesoramiento letrado sobre la legislación aplicable y un examen limitado de los documentos o las alegaciones presentados por el funcionario en apoyo de su causa. En este sentido, un incentivo más para participar en el sistema voluntario podría consistir en incorporar el concepto de que “el usuario paga” del sistema obligatorio: los funcionarios que hayan decidido no participar en el sistema voluntario o salirse de él pueden verse obligados a pagar por utilizar los servicios de la Oficina.", "26. Al igual que ocurre con el modelo obligatorio, existe la posibilidad de que puedan presentarse reclamaciones y apelaciones en caso de que la Oficina se niegue a ocuparse de la causa de un funcionario que abona sus contribuciones cuando considere que existen escasas o nulas posibilidades de que llegue a buen puerto. No obstante, estos problemas se pueden mitigar dejando claro que la Oficina tendrá en cuenta los fundamentos de la demanda para decidir si presta asistencia letrada.", "27. Asimismo, los sistemas voluntarios suscitan otras cuestiones relativas a los límites de las contribuciones que se requieren para prestar mejores servicios. Por ejemplo, si los funcionarios pudieran decidir pagar la cuota fija inmediatamente antes de solicitar los servicios de la Oficina y salirse del sistema en cuanto hayan recibido esos servicios, los ingresos serían mínimos. Una solución a este problema sería permitir a los funcionarios cambiar su situación relativa a la participación o no en el sistema solamente una vez al año, por ejemplo.", "IV. Conclusiones", "28. Todos los modelos anteriormente presentados requieren un examen más amplio antes de ser aplicados. Tal como se ha debatido, la imposición de los modelos obligatorios suscita problemas jurídicos.", "29. Además, existen intereses contrapuestos en relación con la justicia y la generación de ingresos que también se deben abordar. Los modelos obligatorios, si se determinara que son aceptables, ofrecen una mayor probabilidad de generar ingresos considerables con los que compensar los costos de los recursos adicionales de la Oficina. Sin embargo, la cuantía de los ingresos que se generarían, incluso en los modelos obligatorios, dependería del número de personas o entidades que hicieran pagos y del monto o porcentaje exigido.", "30. Es probable que el concepto de que “el usuario paga” y los modelos voluntarios sean considerados más justos, ya que no imponen costos, ni siquiera nominales, a quienes no utilizan los servicios de la Oficina o no consideran útil contribuir en el supuesto de que puedan utilizarlos en el futuro. Este problema es especialmente significativo, ya que el 99% de los funcionarios no han utilizado los servicios de la Oficina ni se prevé que lo hagan. Sin embargo, es más difícil predecir la cuantía de los ingresos que se generarían con cualquiera de los mecanismos voluntarios. En el modelo basado en el concepto de que “el usuario paga” la cuestión que se suscitaría sería cómo asegurar que la contribución sea equitativa y suficiente, sin reducir excesivamente la utilización de los servicios de la Oficina. Por consiguiente, se necesitaría un examen más amplio a fin de lograr el equilibrio apropiado entre la disponibilidad con carácter general de los servicios de la Oficina y la generación de ingresos.", "V. Recomendación", "31. El Secretario General recomienda que la Asamblea General tome nota de esta presentación de propuestas de sistemas de financiación obligatoria o mixta e indique qué modelo específico, si lo hubiere, considera adecuado para servir como base de una propuesta más detallada que deberá presentar la Secretaría para su examen.", "Anexo II", "Propuesta de mecanismos de recurso para el personal que no es de plantilla", "Esbozo para un reglamento de procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado relativo a los contratos de las Naciones Unidas con consultores y contratistas particulares: documento de concepto", "I. Introducción", "1. En el presente documento de concepto[27] se ofrecen posibles medios para establecer un procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado para la solución de controversias entre las Naciones Unidas y determinadas categorías de personal que no es de plantilla, es decir, consultores y contratistas particulares, incorporando al Reglamento de Arbitraje de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (CNUDMI) elementos simplificados. A este método se hizo una alusión genérica en el informe del Secretario General sobre la administración de justicia en las Naciones Unidas (A/65/373 y Corr.1, párr. 171). En este documento de concepto no se pretende abordar los otros posibles métodos de solución de controversias con el personal que no es de plantilla a los que se hace referencia en el párrafo 9 de la resolución 64/233 de la Asamblea General ni sugerir medios de solución de las controversias con categorías del personal que no es de plantilla no cubiertas por los procedimientos examinados en él (véase la resolución 65/251 de la Asamblea General, párr. 55).", "2. Al mecanismo contemplado en el párrafo 171 del informe del Secretario General se hizo referencia en el contexto de los arbitrajes llevados a cabo bajo los auspicios de las asociaciones de arbitraje locales, nacionales y regionales para reclamaciones por un monto inferior a 25.000 dólares. Sin embargo, en el informe se concluyó que “poner en marcha un arbitraje formal, incluso con procedimientos especiales, para las reclamaciones por un monto inferior a 25.000 dólares no necesariamente resultaría eficiente y eficaz para la Organización” (A/65/373 y Corr.1, párr. 172). Por tanto, el procedimiento acelerado que se esboza a continuación no presupone ninguna limitación financiera.", "3. Los procedimientos contemplados en el presente documento de concepto se podrían utilizar para arbitrajes ad hoc y para arbitrajes bajo los auspicios de una asociación de arbitraje, si esta conviniera en celebrarlos siguiendo ese procedimiento.", "4. Al simplificar los procedimientos de arbitraje, hay que tener en cuenta que, conforme al artículo VIII, sección 29, de la Convención sobre Prerrogativas e Inmunidades de las Naciones Unidas, las Naciones Unidas tomarán las medidas adecuadas para la solución de las disputas originadas por contratos en los que sean parte. Por tanto, los procedimientos contemplados en el presente documento de concepto tienen por objeto preservar las características esenciales del procedimiento reglamentario.", "5. Las características esenciales de los procedimientos expuestos en el presente documento de concepto son las siguientes:", "• Un proceso de dos etapas, constituido por una fase de solución informal de la controversia y un procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado en caso de que fracase la fase de solución informal de la controversia.", "• Plazos irrenunciables para presentar las demandas de arbitraje.", "• Un único árbitro.", "• El árbitro debe ser elegido de una lista de árbitros acordados por la Organización y los contratistas particulares o los consultores (véase el párr. 7 d) infra).", "• Limitación de los honorarios del árbitro.", "• Eliminación de una autoridad nominadora, si bien determinadas funciones de esta autoridad son desempeñadas por una entidad neutral (por ejemplo, la selección o el nombramiento del árbitro o la decisión cuando una parte recuse a un árbitro).", "– La entidad neutral podría ser una institución internacional de solución de controversias, en cuyo caso, tanto la Organización como los demandantes tendrían que sufragar su parte respectiva de los costos administrativos de la institución.", "• Envío de las notificaciones y otras comunicaciones por vía electrónica siempre que sea posible.", "• Uso de modelos estándar para las exposiciones de las partes.", "• Simplificación y limitación del número de escritos y otra documentación.", "• Restricciones a la modificación de los escritos y otra documentación.", "• Los testigos intervienen mediante declaraciones juradas escritas, a menos que el árbitro decida que algún testigo deba declarar verbalmente (por ejemplo, para permitir que la parte contraria interrogue a su vez al testigo).", "• Las comunicaciones y las consultas entre el árbitro y las partes sobre temas administrativos preliminares u otros asuntos se harán por teleconferencia o videoconferencia.", "• Con carácter excepcional, alguna de las partes podrá solicitar que se celebre una audiencia para interrogar a un testigo o el árbitro puede ordenar que se celebre una audiencia si fuera necesario para resolver una cuestión sustantiva de hecho o de derecho; esa audiencia normalmente se hará por teleconferencia o videoconferencia, estará limitada en cuanto a su alcance y no durará más de dos días.", "• En la mayoría de los casos, el laudo arbitral se basará en las alegaciones y exposiciones presentadas por las partes por escrito (proceso basado únicamente en los documentos).", "• El árbitro deberá dictar el laudo en un plazo determinado, por ejemplo, de 30 días.", "• Toda indemnización que se conceda deberá restringirse a las pérdidas económicas y tener un tope.", "• Dependiendo del número de arbitrajes que se pongan en marcha contra la Organización conforme al procedimiento de arbitraje simplificado propuesto, se podrán requerir recursos adicionales para defenderla y limitar al máximo su responsabilidad jurídica.", "II. Marco", "6. Utilizando como marco el Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI, se elaboraría un nuevo conjunto de normas denominadas Reglamento de procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado relativo a los contratos de consultoría de las Naciones Unidas (en adelante, el “Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado”). Este Reglamento se basaría en las disposiciones del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI, con las modificaciones necesarias para incorporar el procedimiento acelerado examinado en el presente documento. En este documento de concepto se indica el contenido de esas modificaciones, aunque no necesariamente su redacción o su ubicación. Además, se indican las disposiciones del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI que son relevantes para el procedimiento propuesto o que se verían afectadas por este. Cabe destacar que además de los puntos que figuran en el presente documento de concepto, se necesitarían algunos otros cambios importantes en el Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI (por ejemplo, para explicar el hecho de que haya un único árbitro).", "Sinopsis del proceso de solución de controversias", "7. En el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se contempla un proceso de dos etapas, constituido por una fase de solución informal de la controversia y un procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado. En caso de que fracase la fase de solución informal de la controversia, las partes podrían iniciar la fase de solución formal, es decir, un procedimiento de arbitraje acelerado cuyas principales características se examinan en las siguientes secciones.", "III. Ámbito de aplicación del Reglamento de Arbitraje Acelerado (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 1)", "8. El Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se aplicaría a los consultores y otras personas vinculadas a las Naciones Unidas por un contrato de servicios de consultores y contratistas particulares (véase ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1, anexo) o mediante formas de contrato análogas utilizadas por los fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas para contratar a consultores y contratistas particulares (véanse, por ejemplo, A/62/748 y Corr.1, párr. 13, y A/65/373 y Corr.1, anexo IV, párr. 3). A estas categorías de personal se hace referencia en conjunto como “contratistas particulares” en el presente documento de concepto.", "Observaciones", "a) Según este planteamiento, el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se aplicaría a todas las personas que tuvieran un contrato de prestación de servicios de consultores o contratistas particulares o un contrato análogo. Ello incluye, por ejemplo, a los expertos en misión y los trabajadores con los que se firman esos contratos (véanse A/62/748 y Corr.1, párrs. 33 y 40, y A/62/782, párrs. 31 a 35 y 37 a 39), pero quedan excluidos los voluntarios de las Naciones Unidas (véanse A/62/748 y Corr.1, párrs. 23 y 24, y A/62/782, párrs. 22 y 23), los funcionarios que no forman parte del personal de la Secretaría (véanse A/62/748 y Corr.1, párrs. 29 a 31, y A/62/782, párrs. 27 a 29) y otras personas que no tengan esos contratos;", "b) Se modificaría la cláusula de solución de controversias en los contratos con contratistas particulares a fin de que establezca que las controversias no resueltas de forma amistosa en la fase informal se someterán a arbitraje de conformidad con el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado;", "c) En el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se indicarían los tipos concretos de demanda contractual a la que se aplicaría, por ejemplo, la demanda por incumplimiento de contrato o por rescisión improcedente del contrato. Además, el Reglamento excluiría expresamente determinadas categorías de controversias del ámbito de la competencia por razón de la materia, como la demanda basada en que al contratista se le debería otorgar la condición de funcionario. Con respecto a lo dispuesto en el apéndice D, el papel del árbitro se limitaría a verificar que el proceso seguido para determinar su derecho a una indemnización equivalente es el que se contempla en el apéndice D del Reglamento del Personal de las Naciones Unidas. Asimismo, en el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se establecerían plazos irrenunciables para interponer la demanda;", "d) Puesto que, a diferencia del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI, el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado no tendría necesariamente que ser conocido por los contratistas particulares o los consultores ni estar a su entera disposición, este Reglamento debería adjuntarse a cada contrato (incluido el nombre de la entidad de la cual los contratistas particulares o los consultores pueden obtener la lista de árbitros vigente) o entregarse a cada contratista particular o consultor antes de la firma del contrato. El contratista particular o el consultor debe firmar una declaración reconociendo lo siguiente: i) que se le ha entregado el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado; ii) que el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado forma parte integrante del contrato; y iii) que acepta la lista de árbitros.", "IV. Notificaciones y otras comunicaciones (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 2)", "9. Las partes y el árbitro transmitirán por vía electrónica todas las notificaciones, comunicaciones o propuestas realizadas conforme al Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado, a menos que este medio de transmisión no esté disponible o no resulte posible utilizarlo por razones técnicas. [Observación: Se incluyen aquí, por ejemplo, los casos en los que resulta imposible utilizar los medios electrónicos o estos funcionan mal, o un escrito o una exposición son demasiado voluminosos para ser enviados por este medio, etc.]", "V. Alegatos y otras presentaciones (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23 2), 24 y 25)", "Observación preliminar", "Según las disposiciones que figuran a continuación, no se exigiría al demandado que presentara su contestación de la demanda hasta después de que se hubiera designado al árbitro. La razón es que es posible que el demandado desee presentar una excepción de incompetencia del árbitro (por ejemplo, basándose en que la controversia no debería someterse a arbitraje conforme a la cláusula de arbitraje alegada por el demandante o en que el árbitro carece de competencia por alguna otra causa) o solicitar que la demanda no sea admitida a trámite por carecer manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico. El demandado no tendría que presentar su contestación de la demanda íntegra y los documentos adjuntos hasta que un árbitro decidiera acerca de la excepción de incompetencia o acerca de la solicitud del demandado de que no se admitiera a trámite la demanda por carecer de fundamento jurídico.", "10. El demandante pone en marcha el procedimiento de arbitraje presentando una solicitud de arbitraje y un escrito de demanda. En este escrito figuraría información análoga a la que se contempla en el Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI para la notificación del arbitraje y el escrito de demanda. En su escrito el demandante describiría su demanda y resumiría los fundamentos y los argumentos que la respaldan.", "11. En el plazo de 60 días contados desde la recepción de la solicitud de arbitraje y el escrito de demanda del demandante, el demandado deberá presentar una contestación a la solicitud. En la contestación se debería incluir una excepción de incompetencia y abordar otras cuestiones, como la identificación de cada uno de los demandados y una respuesta a la información que figure en la solicitud de arbitraje del demandante. Se deberían utilizar modelos estándar para las exposiciones de las partes.", "12. Si el demandado presentara una excepción de incompetencia, incluirá en su contestación a la solicitud de arbitraje todos los hechos y argumentos que desee alegar en su apoyo y, en la medida de lo posible, adjuntará a su contestación todos los documentos en que se base o hará referencia a ellos.", "13. Si el demandado solicitara la no admisión a trámite de la demanda basándose en que esta carece manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico, incluirá en su contestación a la solicitud de arbitraje todos los hechos y argumentos que desee alegar en su apoyo y, en la medida de lo posible, adjuntará a su contestación todos los documentos en que se base o hará referencia a ellos.", "14. Después de la designación del árbitro:", "a) Si el demandado ha presentado una excepción de incompetencia, el árbitro, después de consultar con las partes, fijará un plazo para que el demandante presente una contestación a la excepción. A continuación, el árbitro decidirá acerca de la excepción de incompetencia presentada por el demandado [observación: no se celebraría ninguna audiencia —véase la sección XIII infra] y, si el árbitro decide que tiene competencia, fijará el plazo para que el demandado presente su contestación a la demanda;", "b) Si el demandado ha solicitado que no se admita a trámite la demanda basándose en que esta carece manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico, el árbitro, después de consultar con las partes, fijará un plazo para que el demandante presente una contestación a la solicitud. A continuación, el árbitro decidirá acerca de la solicitud del demandado de no admisión a trámite de la demanda por carecer manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico [observación: no se celebraría ninguna audiencia —véase la sección XIII infra] y si el árbitro decide admitir la demanda a trámite, fijará un plazo para que el demandado presente su contestación a la demanda;", "c) Si el demandado no ha presentado una excepción de incompetencia ni ha solicitado que no se admita a trámite la demanda basándose en que esta carece manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico, el árbitro fijará el plazo para que el demandado presente su contestación a la demanda.", "15. En la contestación de la demanda figuraría información análoga a la que se contempla en el Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI para ese escrito. En su contestación, el demandado daría respuesta a los puntos suscitados en el escrito de demanda y se podría incluir una reconvención o una compensación, así como una excepción de incompetencia, a menos que ya se haya presentado anteriormente. En la medida de lo posible, la contestación de la demanda debería ir acompañada de todos los documentos u otras pruebas en que se base el demandado o incluir referencias a ellos.", "VI. Prórroga o reducción de los plazos (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 17 2))", "16. Todos los plazos establecidos en el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado o convenidos por las partes podrán ser prorrogados o abreviados en cualquier momento si las partes así lo acuerdan o si el árbitro lo decide tras invitar a las partes a expresar su parecer.", "VII. Modificación de un escrito (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 22)", "17. Una vez que el árbitro ha sido seleccionado y este acepta su designación, ninguna de las partes podrá modificar su escrito a menos que la parte contraria convenga en ello o el árbitro se lo permita. La solicitud de modificación de un escrito presentada al árbitro irá acompañada del texto de la propuesta de modificación y sus razones y justificación. Para decidir si permite esa modificación, el árbitro considerará si los beneficios que conlleva son superados por el inconveniente que supone la demora en el procedimiento, los perjuicios que se puedan causar a la parte contraria o cualquier otra circunstancia. Si permite la modificación de un escrito, el árbitro fijará un plazo para que la parte contraria conteste. Si se modificara el escrito, la parte contraria solo podrá contestar a la modificación efectuada.", "VIII. Presentaciones adicionales (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 24)", "18. Tras consultar con las partes, el árbitro fijará un plazo para que cada una de las partes presente, por una sola vez, hechos, argumentos jurídicos o documentos adicionales. Esas presentaciones se harán por escrito. Una vez transcurrido el plazo, no se permitirán nuevas presentaciones. No obstante, no se permitirá a las partes que introduzcan en sus presentaciones adicionales hechos o documentos que en el momento de presentar su alegato o hacer sus presentaciones adicionales ya eran conocidos o debían haber sido conocidos o estaban a disposición de la parte que busca introducirlos.", "IX. Proposición de prueba (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 27 3))", "19. A petición de una de las partes o a iniciativa del árbitro, este podrá ordenar a las partes que presenten pruebas en cualquier momento y podrá exigir a cualquier persona que aporte los documentos o la información que estime necesarios para la tramitación rápida e imparcial del procedimiento. Sin embargo, el árbitro no exigirá la presentación o el suministro de pruebas, documentos o información que sean confidenciales o estén protegidos por prerrogativas.", "20. Cualquier parte que desee presentar pruebas que no estén cubiertas por prerrogativas ni tengan carácter confidencial y que obren en poder de la parte contraria o de cualquier otra entidad podrá solicitar al árbitro que ordene su presentación.", "21. El árbitro podrá, a instancia de cualquiera de las partes, imponer medidas para mantener la confidencialidad de las pruebas cuando existan motivos de seguridad u otras circunstancias excepcionales que lo justifiquen.", "Observación", "Estas disposiciones se basan en el artículo 18 del Reglamento del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas.", "X. Testimonio de los testigos (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 27 2))", "22. El testimonio de los testigos, incluidos el demandante y el demandado, se prestará mediante declaración jurada por escrito, ante notario o legalizada por cualquier otro medio, a menos que el árbitro, en aras de la justicia, decida que se preste en una audiencia.", "Observación", "Véase la sección XIII infra, relativa a las audiencias. Con ciertas excepciones, la audiencia tendría lugar por teleconferencia o videoconferencia. La declaración escrita de los testigos debería presentarse como elemento integrante del alegato o la presentación adicional de la parte (véase la sección VIII supra).", "XI. Autoridad nominadora (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 6)", "23. No habría ninguna autoridad nominadora.", "24. Sin embargo, seguirían siendo necesarias determinadas funciones de esa autoridad, por ejemplo, con respecto a la selección o el nombramiento de los árbitros, su recusación, etc. Esas funciones podrían ser desempeñadas por una entidad neutral.", "25. La entidad neutral podría ser una institución internacional de solución de controversias que se debería seleccionar mediante un procedimiento de licitación pública.", "26. Las ventajas de contar con una institución internacional de solución de controversias como entidad neutral son las siguientes: a) esa institución permitiría tener acceso a conocimientos especializados en la administración de todos los aspectos del procedimiento arbitral; b) esa institución, seleccionada mediante un procedimiento de licitación pública, reflejaría el carácter mercantil del contrato subyacente; y c) una institución externa que administre el arbitraje desvincularía a la entidad neutral de la Organización y eliminaría toda percepción de parcialidad. Sin embargo, tanto el demandante como el demandado tendrían que sufragar su parte respectiva de los gastos administrativos de la institución.", "XII. Árbitro (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 7 a 15)", "27. Número y nombramiento (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 7 a 10):", "a) Habría un único árbitro;", "b) La entidad neutral indicada en la sección XI supra establecería y mantendría una lista de posibles árbitros;", "c) Como condición para estar incluido en la lista, se exigiría que el árbitro firmara un documento en el que confirmaría que conviene en llevar a cabo el arbitraje de conformidad con el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado, si fuera nombrado árbitro en un caso, y que conviene además en la limitación de sus honorarios (véase la sección XVI infra);", "d) Nombramiento del árbitro: la entidad neutral indicada en la sección XI supra seleccionaría a un árbitro de los incluidos en la lista anteriormente mencionada. Con el fin de que el proceso sea más predecible, se podría utilizar un procedimiento de selección basado en la lista, en virtud del cual las partes señalarían sus preferencias de una lista de varios candidatos, que serían comunicadas por la entidad neutral a cada una de ellas por separado y con carácter confidencial.", "28. Recusación del árbitro (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 11 a 15): el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado mantendría disposiciones del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI relativas a la recusación del árbitro, pero en él se estipularía que si las partes no estuvieran de acuerdo en la recusación o si el árbitro no se retirara voluntariamente, la decisión sobre la recusación sería tomada por la entidad neutral a la que se hace referencia en la sección XI supra. El acuerdo de las partes sobre la recusación o la decisión del árbitro de retirarse serían concluyentes y desencadenarían automáticamente un nuevo proceso de selección.", "XIII. Procedimiento arbitral (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 17, 27 2), 28, 29 y 31)", "29. El procedimiento se llevará a cabo sobre la base de las alegaciones y presentaciones escritas de las partes, excepto lo indicado a continuación.", "30. Todas las comunicaciones y las consultas entre el árbitro y las partes sobre temas administrativos u otros asuntos previos al procedimiento sobre el fondo del caso se llevarán a cabo en general por correo electrónico o teleconferencia.", "31. No se celebrarán audiencias sobre la excepción de incompetencia ni sobre la solicitud de que la demanda no sea admitida a trámite por carecer manifiestamente de fundamento jurídico. El árbitro decidirá acerca de esas cuestiones basándose en las presentaciones escritas de las partes.", "32. No se celebrarán audiencias sobre el fondo del caso para la presentación de pruebas, testimonios o argumentos orales, a menos que: a) alguna de las partes solicite una audiencia para interrogar a un testigo, o b) el árbitro decida que se ha planteado una cuestión importante de hecho o de derecho que solamente se puede resolver con justicia y equidad celebrando una audiencia. Las audiencias se limitarán al interrogatorio del testigo o a la cuestión de hecho o de derecho. Las audiencias se realizarán por teleconferencia o videoconferencia, excepto cuando el árbitro decida, en circunstancias excepcionales, que una cuestión de hecho solamente se puede resolver celebrando una audiencia en la que estén presentes las personas afectadas. Las audiencias no deberían durar más de dos días.", "33. Se eliminaría el artículo 29 del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI (que establece que el tribunal arbitral nombra a sus propios peritos independientes).", "XIV. Ley aplicable (artículo correspondiente del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículo 35 1))", "34. En el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se establecería que, a menos que las partes acuerden otra cosa, las decisiones del tribunal arbitral se basarán en las disposiciones contractuales expresas, incluidas las condiciones generales a las que se hace referencia en ellas. No se aplicarán a la controversia ni el Estatuto y el Reglamento del Personal de las Naciones Unidas ni las leyes nacionales.", "XV. El laudo (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 33 y 34)", "35. El árbitro no estará facultado para conceder una indemnización punitiva ni decidir como amigable componedor o ex aequo et bono. Además, a menos que se disponga expresamente otra cosa en el contrato, el árbitro no estará facultado para ordenar el pago de intereses superiores al tipo de oferta interbancaria de Londres (“LIBOR”) en vigor en ese momento, y se fijará en todos los casos solamente un interés simple. Las partes quedarán obligadas por el laudo que resulte de ese arbitraje, que constituirá la decisión definitiva de ese conflicto, controversia o reclamación.", "Observación", "Estas disposiciones se han tomado de la cláusula de arbitraje de las Condiciones generales para la contratación de las Naciones Unidas.", "36. El árbitro dictará el laudo en el plazo de 30 días contados desde la finalización del procedimiento. Toda indemnización que se conceda deberá restringirse a las pérdidas económicas y tener un tope [que se determinará].", "XVI. Costas y honorarios (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 40, 41 y 43)", "37. Honorarios del árbitro: el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado limitaría los honorarios del árbitro. La limitación de los honorarios del árbitro debería figurar tanto en el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado como en el documento que ha de firmar el árbitro como condición para ser incluido en la lista (véase la sección XII supra, párr. 27 c)).", "38. Determinación y asignación de los honorarios y las costas: con independencia de cuál sea el resultado del caso, cada una de las partes correrá con sus propias costas y honorarios y las partes compartirán las costas y honorarios del árbitro por igual. Sin embargo, en circunstancias excepcionales, el árbitro podrá decidir que es justa y equitativa una distribución diferente de las costas y los honorarios de las partes o del árbitro.", "XVII. Confidencialidad (artículos correspondientes del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI: artículos 28 3) y 34 5))", "39. Todo el procedimiento arbitral, incluidas todas las notificaciones, las comunicaciones, las alegaciones, los documentos, las presentaciones, las audiencias y los laudos tendrán carácter confidencial, a menos que las partes acuerden otra cosa por escrito. Sin embargo, las Naciones Unidas, o sus fondos o programas, podrán comunicar a sus órganos rectores la información relativa al procedimiento que estos les puedan solicitar.", "Otros asuntos", "Prerrogativas e inmunidades", "40. Puesto que, a diferencia del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI, el Reglamento de arbitraje acelerado se establecería específicamente para los casos de arbitraje de las Naciones Unidas, sería conveniente que figurara en él una cláusula relativa a las prerrogativas e inmunidades:", "“Nada de lo dispuesto en el presente [utilizar el nombre completo del Reglamento] o relativo a él se interpretará o aplicará de manera incompatible con las prerrogativas e inmunidades de las Naciones Unidas, incluidos sus órganos subsidiarios, ni se considerará una renuncia a esas prerrogativas e inmunidades. Para evitar dudas, ningún arbitraje llevado a cabo conforme al presente [utilizar el nombre completo del Reglamento] estará sujeto a las leyes locales y la referencia a un ‘lugar de arbitraje’ no se considerará ni interpretará como una renuncia a esas prerrogativas e inmunidades ni un acuerdo de las Naciones Unidas de someterse a ninguna jurisdicción nacional.”", "Anexo III", "Indemnizaciones fijadas por la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y el Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas", "A. Indemnizaciones monetarias fijadas por la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna (1 de julio de 2009-31 de mayo de 2011)", "Desglose de las indemnizaciones pagadas (del 1 de julio de 2009 al 31 de mayo de 2011)", "Departamento que tomólacorrespondientedecisión\tCuantía delaindemnización\tCategoríadelosfuncionarios\tRazón de laindemnización \nOficina de lasNaciones Unidas enGinebra\t500.000dólares\tP-4\tNo se notificó alfuncionario elresultado delproceso deselección\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidas enGinebra\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tP-3\tIncumplimiento dela norma de los 15días\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidas enGinebra\tUn mes desueldobásiconeto(7.040,50francossuizos)\tG-5\tIncumplimiento dela norma de los 15días\nOficina deCoordinación deAsuntos Humanitarios(Ginebra)\t2.127dólares\tP-4\tReembolso de lacantidad obtenidapor concepto devacaciones en elpaís de origen(pago de suma fija)\nOficina del AltoComisionado de lasNaciones Unidas paralos Derechos Humanos(Ginebra)\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto(17.680dólares)\tP-4\tIncumplimiento dela norma de los 15días\nDepartamento de Apoyoa las Actividadessobre el Terreno\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tFS-4\tIrregularidades enla contratación\nDepartamento de Apoyoa las Actividadessobre el TerrenoMisión deAdministraciónProvisional de lasNaciones Unidas enKosovo\tSietemeses desueldobásiconeto\tG-5\tSupresión delpuesto\nDepartamento de Apoyoa las Actividadessobre el TerrenoMisión deAdministraciónProvisional de lasNaciones Unidas enKosovo\t5.154,76dólares\tFS-6\tReembolso de lacantidad obtenidapor concepto desuma fija\nDepartamento de Apoyoa las Actividadessobre el TerrenoMisión deObservadores de lasNaciones Unidas enGeorgia\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tFS-4\tTrato injusto\nDepartamento de Apoyoa las Actividadessobre el TerrenoMisión deAdministraciónProvisional de lasNaciones Unidas enKosovo\tDos mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tP-3\tIncumplimiento delas garantíasprocesales\nOficina de lasNaciones Unidas enNairobi\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tG-4\tExpectativalegítima derenovación\nPrograma de lasNaciones Unidas parael Medio Ambiente\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tD-1\tRetrasoinjustificado\nPrograma de lasNaciones Unidas parael Medio Ambiente\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tG-7\tRetrasoinjustificado\nPrograma de lasNaciones Unidas parael Medio Ambiente\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tP-5\tRetrasoinjustificado\nDepartamento deGestión\tTres mesesde sueldobásiconeto\tP-3\tRetirada de unofrecimientoaceptado denombramiento\nDepartamento de laAsamblea General y deGestión deConferencias\t5.473,09dólares\tG-7\tIrregularidades enel proceso deselección\nDepartamento de laAsamblea General y deGestión deConferencias\t12.891,00dólares\tG-5\tIrregularidades enel proceso deselección\nOficina de Serviciosde SupervisiónInterna (Viena)\t1.044,89dólares\tP-3\tImpago del subsidiopor funcionesespeciales", "B. Indemnizaciones monetarias fijadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas y el Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas (1 de julio de 2009-31 de mayo de 2011)", "[TABLE]", "Nota: El término “N/D” indica que no se adoptó ninguna medida tras la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas o que la sentencia está aún siendo apelada.", "NúmerodesentenciadelTribunaldeApelacionesde lasNacionesUnidas^(a)\tApellidodeldemandante\tEntidad\tProcedenciade laapelación\tIndemnización\tCantidadnetapagada(dólaresEE.UU.)\tFecha \n2010-UNAT-021\tAsaad\tOrganismodeObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tOrganismode ObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidaspara losRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tIndemnizaciónequivalentea ladiferenciaentrelossueldosde lascategorías8 y 14(períodocomprendidoentreel 1dejuliode2003 yel 20deenerode2004)eindemnizaciónequivalentea unmes desueldoen lacategoría14;\t9.000,00dólares\tN/D \n además,reposicióno pagodeseismesesdesueldobásiconeto \n2010-UNAT-022\tAbuHamda\tOrganismodeObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tOrganismode ObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidaspara losRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tReembolsodelsueldopercibidocomoconsecuenciadeldescensodecategoría\t7.600,00dólares\tN/D\n2010-UNAT-025\tDoleh\tOrganismodeObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tOrganismode ObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidaspara losRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tReposicióno pagode dosmesesdesueldobásiconeto\t19.000,00dólares\tN/D\n2010-UNAT-030\tTabari\tOrganismodeObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tOrganismode ObrasPúblicasySocorrode lasNacionesUnidaspara losRefugiadosdePalestinaen elCercanoOriente\tPagoretroactivodelsubsidioporfuncionesespeciales\t22.000,00dólares\tN/D\n2010-UNAT-087\tLiyanarachchige\tOperaciónde lasNacionesUnidasen Côted’Ivoire/DepartamentodeOperacionesdeMantenimientode laPaz\tAnulacióndelfallonúm.UNDT/2010/041\t12mesesdesueldobásiconeto apartirde lafechade laseparación\t47.440,00dólares\t07/03/2011", "Nota: El término “N/D” indica que no se adoptó ninguna medida tras la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas o que la sentencia está aún siendo apelada.", "^(a) Sentencia del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas en las que se fija una indemnización en causas no examinadas por el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas o en las que dicho Tribunal no fijó ninguna indemnización.", "C. Sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas con una indemnización igual o superior a seis meses de sueldo básico neto (1 de julio de 2009 a 31 de mayo de 2011)", "Númerodesentencia\tDemandante\tRegistro\tBrevesinopsis\tEntidad\tAnulaciónocomportamientoconcretoordenado\tIndemnizaciónordenada\tSumatotalpagadaendólaresEE.UU.\tSentenciaconfirmadaoanuladaenapelaciónal31de mayode \n 2011Númerodelfallo\tDemandante\tRegistró\tBrevesinopsis\tEntidad\tAnulaciónocomportamientoconcretoordenado\tIndemnizaciónordenada\tSumatotalpagadaendólaresEE.UU.\tFalloconfirmadooanuladoenapelaciónal31demayode \n 2011UNDT/2010/070\tFarraj\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónimpugnadaderescindirelnombramientode\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tAnulacióndeladecisiónimpugnada(alternativamente,45.000dólares)\tN/D\t45.000dólares\tN/D duración limitadano sehabía ajustadoa los \n términosdelnombramiento UNDT/2010/106\tEid\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque laAdministracióndeberíahaberpagadoaldemandanteunaindemnizaciónporrescisiónapartirde lafechaen quela\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(FuerzaProvisionaldelasNacionesUnidasenelLíbano)\tN/D\t29.991,23dólaresy9.552.660libraslibanesas(indemnizaciónporrescisiónyprestacionesconexas)\tN/D\tN/D rescisiónhabíasido \n efectiva UNDT/2010/120\tOstensson\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque elprocesodeselecciónsehabíavistoafectadopor unagraveirregularidad\tConferenciadelasNacionesUnidassobreComercioyDesarrollo\tAnulacióndeladecisiónimpugnada(alternativamente,4.900dólares)\t48.000dólares(alteraciónemocional,menoscabodelareputaciónprofesional)\t52.900dólares\tN/D procesalque infringíaelderechodeldemandantea unexamen completoe \n imparcialde sucandidaturaa unpuestode D-1 UNDT/2010/122\tZerezghi\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque lamedidadisciplinariaimpuesta,consistenteen ladestitución,no eraproporcionala lafaltadeconductadeterminada\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndeAdministraciónProvisionaldelasNacionesUnidasenKosovo)\t1)Reposiciónretroactiva(alternativamente,ochomesesdesueldobásiconeto);2) censuraporescrito;3)eliminacióndesuexpedientedelmaterial\t60.000dólares(dañomoral)\t99.936,18dólares\tN/D relacionadoconla \n destitución \nUNDT/2010/128\tIkpa\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndeseparacióndelserviciohabíasidounamedidadisciplinariailegal\tOficinadelasNacionesUnidasenGinebra\tSeissemanasdesueldobásiconetoensustitucióndelanotificación(menosunasemanayapagada)\tUnañodesueldobásiconeto(menoscualquiersumaqueyahubierasidopagada)\t59.592dólares\tN/D\nUNDT/2010/129\tValleFischer\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndeseparacióndelserviciohabíasidounamedidadisciplinariailegal\tOficinadelasNacionesUnidasenGinebra\tSeissemanasdesueldobásiconetoensustitucióndelanotificación(menosunasemanayapagada)\tUnañodesueldobásiconeto(menoscualquiersumaqueyahubierasidopagada)\t54.697dólares\tN/DUNDT/2010/130\tDemandante\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque lasdecisionesderescindirelnombramientodeldemandanteyamonestarlohabíaentrañadounainfracciónde susderechos\tTribunalPenalInternacionalparalaexYugoslavia\tAnulacióndelaamonestación\t1)Tresmesesdesueldobásiconeto(perjuicioresultantedeunarescisiónilegal)(ademásdeochomesesya\t50.263,50dólares\tN/D pagados);2) tres mesesdesueldobásico \n neto(amonestaciónilegal) \nUNDT/2010/133\tEldam\tGinebra\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde norenovarelcontratopordesempeñoinsatisfactorioy deemitirunaamonestaciónhabíasidoirregulareinadecuada\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndeObservadoresdelasNacionesUnidasenGeorgia)\t1)Anulacióndelanorenovacióndelnombramiento(alternativamente,tresmesesdesueldobásiconeto);2) retiradadelaamonestación\tTresmesesdesueldobásiconeto(dañomoral)\t26.204,40dólares\tN/DUNDT/2009/088\tNogueira\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde norenovarelnombramientoporrazonesdeldesempeñohabíaadolecidode\tOficinadelasNacionesUnidasenNairobi/ProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelMedioAmbiente\tN/D\t24mesesdesueldobásiconeto\t210.794dólares\tN/D \n defectosprocesalesy nopodíamantenerse \nUNDT/2010/002\tXu\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde noseleccionaraldemandantepara unpuestode lacategoríaP-4habíasidoilegal\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas\tN/D\tSeismesesdesueldobásiconeto(dañosufrido)\tN/D\tAnuladoporelTribunaldeApelacionesenXu2010-UNAT-053yreenviadoalTribunalContencioso-Administrativo\nUNDT/2010/053\tMmata\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque laimputacióndefaltadeconductagravenoestabadebidamentefundamentaday quelaseparacióndelserviciohabíasidounamedidadesproporcionada\tFondodelasNacionesUnidasparalaInfancia\tAnulacióndeladecisiónimpugnadayreposición\t1)Ingresosnopercibidosapartirdelafechadelaseparación;2)dosañosdesueldobásiconeto\t222.453,57dólares\tInteréspreferencialsobrelaindemnizaciónfijada(véaseMmata2010-UNAT-092)UNDT/2010/056\tMasri\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque lamedidadisciplinariaconsistenteen ladestituciónsumariahabíasidodesproporcionada\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndelasNacionesUnidasenlaRepúblicaDemocráticadelCongo)\t1)Reposiciónconpagodelosingresosnopercibidos(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto);2) descensodecategoríaen\tN/D\tN/D\tAnuladoporelTribunaldeApelacionesenMasri2010-UNAT-098 \n cuatroescalones \nUNDT/2010/057\tIanelli\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque eldemandanteteníaderechoa laprimadeasignacióny otrasprestacionesreconocidasalpersonaldecontratacióninternacional\tOficinadelasNacionesUnidasdeServiciosparaProyectos\tN/D\tPagodelasprimasdeasignaciónydereinstalaciónaplicablesconlosinteresespertinentes\t51.395,35dólares\tElTribunaldeApelacionesmodificólasórdenesrelativasalpagodeintereses(véase2010-UNAT-093)\nUNDT/2010/061\tSanwidi\tNairobi\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeSanwidiUNDT/2010/036,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndedestituciónsumariahabíasidodesproporcionada\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndelasNacionesUnidasenlaRepúblicaDemocráticadelCongo)\t1)Reposición(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto);2)amonestaciónporescrito\tIngresosnopercibidosdesdelafechadeladestituciónsumariaalafechadelareposición,menos2.600dólaresalmes\tN/D\tLasentenciadel TribunalContencioso-AdministrativoseanulaenSanwidi2011-UNAT-104UNDT/2010/097\tLutta\tNairobi\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeLuttaUNDT/2010/052,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideró,entreotrascosas,que lainvestigacióndeldemandantey lasmedidasadoptadascontraélhabíansidoprocesalmenteirregulareseindebidas\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(OperacióndelasNacionesUnidasenCôted’Ivoire)\tN/D\t1)Tresmesesdesueldobásiconeto(pérdidadeoportunidadesrespectodelasperspectivasdecarrera);2)4.760dólares(gastosdeviaje);3)seismesesdesueldobásico\t46.339,86dólares\tConfirmadaporelTribunaldeApelacionesenLutta2011-UNAT-117 \n neto(dañosmorales) UNDT/2010/118\tCohen\tNairobi\tLademandanteimpugnóladestituciónsumaria.ElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque laactuaciónde lademandantenoequivalíaa unafaltade\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndelasNacionesUnidasenlaRepúblicaDemocráticadelCongo)\tAnulacióndeladecisiónimpugnadayreposicióndelademandante(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto)\t1)Pagodelsueldoyprestacionesdesdelafechadeladestituciónhastalafechadelfallo;2)dos\t101.624dólares\tN/D \n conductay quesehabíaninfringidosusderechosprocesales mesesdesueldobásiconeto(violacióndelosderechosprocesales) UNDT/2010/119\tGaskins\tNairobi\tEldemandanteimpugnóladecisiónderescindirsunombramiento.ElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque elcontratodeempleodeldemandantehabíasidoinfringido,lo quehabíaentrañadoun\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tN/D\tSeismesesdesueldobásiconeto(violacióndelosderechosprocesales,humillación,alteraciónmentalydañosalareputación)\t40.420,98dólares\tN/D \n menoscabopara suimageny sureputación UNDT/2010/124\tFrechon\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque sehabíarescindidoindebidamenteelcontratodeempleodeldemandanteporrazonesmédicas\tTribunalPenalInternacionalparaRwanda\tAnulacióndeladecisiónderescindirelcontratodeempleodeldemandante,reposición(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto)\t1)Pagodelosingresosnopercibidosdesdelafechadelarescisiónalafechadelareposición;2)pagodelasprestacionescorrespondientesalperíodocomprendido\tN/D\tN/D entre marzoy juliode \n 2007 UNDT/2010/153\tVerschuur\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque sehabíainterferidoindebidamenteen elprocesodeseleccióny quesehabía\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparalosAsentamientosHumanos\tN/D\tSeismesesdesueldobásiconeto(menoscabodeladelantoprofesional)\tN/D\tN/D denegadoaldemandanteunexamen \n completoyequitativode sucandidaturaa unpuestode P-5 UNDT/2010/154\tContreras\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque sehabíainterferidoindebidamenteen elprocesodeseleccióny quesehabía\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparalosAsentamientosHumanos\tN/D\t1)Seismesesdesueldobásiconeto(menoscabodeladelantoprofesional);2)suma\tN/D\tN/D denegadoaldemandanteunexamen simbólicade1dólar \n completoyequitativode sucandidaturaalpuesto (dañomoral) \nUNDT/2010/173\tParkes\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladestituciónsumariaimpugnadahabíasidodesproporcionada\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndelasNacionesUnidasenlaRepúblicaDemocráticadelCongo)\tAnulacióndeladecisión(alternativamente,indemnizaciónequivalentealasprestacionesporrescisión)\tN/D\t57.503,39dólares\tN/DUNDT/2010/175\tBekele\tNairobi\tEldemandanteimpugnóladecisióndesepararlodelservicioyvariasdecisionesconexas.El\tComisiónEconómicaparaÁfrica\tN/D\t1)Sueldodesdenoviembrede2007amarzode2009;2)seis\tN/D\tN/D \n TribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque sehabíanvioladolosderechosdeldemandante mesesdesueldobásiconeto(infraccióndelosderechosprocesales) UNDT/2010/185\tM’Bra\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndedestituciónsumariahabíasidoilegal\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndelasNacionesUnidasenla\tReposición(alternativamente,pagodedosañosdesueldobásiconeto)\t1)Sueldoyprestacionesdesdelafechadesudestituciónsumaria\t377.257,92dólares\tN/D RepúblicaDemocráticadelCongo) hastalafechadelfallo;2)dos mesesdesueldobásico \n neto(infraccióndelosderechosprocesales) UNDT/2010/197\tBowen\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque larescisiónbasadaen undesempeñoinsatisfactoriohabíasidoilícita\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tAnulacióndeladecisiónimpugnada\t1)Tresmesesdesueldobásiconetoyprestaciones(menoscualquier\tN/D\tN/D pago efectuadoensustitucióndela notificación);2)dos añosdesueldobásico \n neto \nUNDT/2010/214\tKamunyi\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróquehabíansidoilegaleslasdecisionesimpugnadasdesuspenderdelservicioaldemandante,otorgarleunalicenciaespecialconplenogoce desueldoyemitirunaamonestación\tOficinadelasNacionesUnidasenNairobi\tAnulacióndetresdecisionesilícitas(suspensiónilícita,otorgamientodeunalicenciaespecialconplenogocedesueldoduranteunañoyochomesesyamonestación)\tDosañosyseismesesdesueldobásiconeto(dañoemocionalyfísicoydañoalareputación)\tN/D\tN/DUNDT/2011/017\tHarding\tNairobi\tEldemandanteimpugnóladestituciónsumaria.Una vezque eldemandadoadmitiósuresponsabilidad,estacausasereferíaúnicamentea síhabíasidoadecuadala sumapagadade dosaños desueldobásiconeto\tOficinadelAltoComisionadodelasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiados\tAnulacióndeladestituciónsumaria(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto)\t1)Seismesesdesueldobásiconeto(infraccióndelosderechosprocesales);2)subsidioporfuncionesespecialesdurantecuatromeses;3)\tN/D\tSehapagadoelsubsidioporfuncionesespecialesconintereses;hayotrosconceptospendientesenapelación seis mesesdesueldobásico neto(alteración emocionalyhumillación);4)sueldoyprestacionesdela categoríaG-6 desde juniode 2005a diciembrede \n 2010 UNDT/2011/060\tFinniss\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque losderechosdeldemandantehabíasidovioladosenrelacióncon losprocesosdeselecciónparadospuestosde P-5\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(OficinadeServiciosdeSupervisiónInterna)\tN/D\t1)18mesesdesueldobásiconeto(nohaberlotenidodebidamenteencuentaenlaselecciónparaelprimerpuesto);2)\tN/D\tN/D seis mesesdesueldobásico neto(nohaberlotenidodebidamenteencuenta \n paraelsegundopuesto) UNDT/2011/067\tBorhom\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndeprocedera ladestituciónsumariahabíasidoilegal\tOficinadelAltoComisionadodelasNacionesUnidasparalosRefugiados\tAnulacióndeladestituciónsumariay reposición(alternativamente,dosañosdesueldobásiconeto)\t1)Seismesesdesueldobásiconeto(dañomoral);2)seismesesdesueldobásico\t27.660dólares\tN/D neto \n (violacióndelosderechosprocesales) UNDT/2011/092\tXu\tNairobi\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque elprocesodeselecciónhabíasufridoirregularidadesprocesalesy quesehabíadenegadoaldemandanteunexamencompletoeimparcialde sucandidaturaa unpuestode P-4\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(DepartamentodelaAsambleaGeneralydeGestióndeConferencias)\tN/D\t1)Dosmesesdesueldobásiconeto(violacionesprocesales);2)cuatromesesdesueldobásiconeto(nohaberlotenidoencuentademaneracompletaeimparcial);3)500dólares(no\tN/D\tN/D haber informadodelano \n selección) UNDT/2010/026\tKasyanov\tNuevaYork\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque nosehabíatenidocuentaaldemandanteparallenarunavacantede P-4deconformidadcon lasnormasaplicables\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(DepartamentodelaAsambleaGeneralydeGestióndeConferencias)\tSeconsignaquehatenidolugareltrasladolateral(alternativamente,20.000dólares)\t59.932dólares(pérdidaeconómicaefectiva,violacióndederechos,retrasoenlasexpectativasdeascenso,\t13.969,83dólares(pagadosrealmentedosmesesdesueldo\tLaindemnizaciónconcedidasemodificóparaquefueradedosmesesdesueldobásiconeto(Kasyanov \n alteraciónemocional) 2010-UNAT-076)UNDT/2010/040yOrdennúm.57(NuevaYork/2010)\tKoh\tNuevaYork\tFallo yordenrelativosa laindemnizacióndespuésde KohUNDT/2009/078,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque laOrganizaciónhabíaincumplidoel\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tN/D\t1)2.000dólares(pérdidadelderechoasercandidato);2)107.107,60dólares(indemnizacióneconómica)\t2.000dólares;y107.107,60dólares\tN/D contratodeempleodeldemandanteal no prestarleasistenciapara encontrarunempleo \n adecuado UNDT/2010/055\tAbbasi\tNuevaYork\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque elprocesodeselecciónhabíasidodiscriminatorioy habíaextrañadounaviolaciónde losderechosdeldemandante\tFondodelasNacionesUnidasparalaInfancia\tN/D\t1)12mesesdesueldobásiconeto(pérdidadelaoportunidaddesernombrado,pérdidadelapromocióndelasperspectivasde\tN/D\tAnuladaporelTribunaldeApelacionesenAbbasi2011-UNAT-112 carrera);2)30.000dólares(alteración \n emocional) UNDT/2010/068\tChen\tNuevaYork\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde noreclasificarelpuestodeldemandantede lacategoríaP-3 alacategoríaP-4había\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(DepartamentodelaAsambleaGeneralydeGestióndeConferencias)\tN/D\t1)Seismesesdesueldobásiconeto(dañosnomateriales;frustración,humillaciónyretraso);2)\t36,256.94dólares\tSostenidaporelTribunaldeApelacionesenChen2011-UNAT-107 entrañadounaviolacióndel diferenciadelsueldo Estatutodel entrelas Personaly delprincipiode categoríasP-3yP-4 igualdadderemuneraciónpor untrabajodeigualvalor desdeagostode2006hastala jubilación(pérdida económica \n efectiva) UNDT/2010/117\tBertucci\tNuevaYork\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeBertucciUNDT/2010/080,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde nodesignaraldemandanteparaocuparelcargodeSubsecretarioGeneralhabía\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(DepartamentodeAsuntosEconómicosySociales)\tN/D\t655.000dólares(dañoseconómicosynoeconómicos)\tN/D\tAnuladaporelTribunaldeApelacionesenBertucci2011-UNAT-121yasuntoremitidoal TribunalContencioso-Administrativo entrañadouna violaciónde sus \n derechos UNDT/2010/146\tBeaudry\tNuevaYork\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeBeaudryUNDT/2010/039,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónde norenovarel\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(MisióndeEstabilizacióndelasNacionesUnidasenHaití)\tN/D\t112.082dólares(pérdidaeconómicaefectiva,perturbaciónyviolacionesprocesales)\tN/D\tInvalidadaporelTribunaldeApelacionesderesultasdeBeaudry2010-UNAT-085 \n contratodeldemandantehabíasidoilegal \nUNDT/2010/156\tShkurtaj\tNuevaYork\tEldemandanteimpugnó,entreotrascosas,ladecisiónde nocumplirlarecomendaciónde laOficinadeÉticade quese lepagaraunaindemnizaciónpor laviolaciónde susderechos.ElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoseinclinóenparteenfavordeldemandanteyconsideróque, enrelaciónconalgunasde suspretensiones,sehabíaninfringidosusderechos\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tN/D\t1)14mesesdesueldobásiconeto(violacióndelasgarantíasprocesales,menoscabodelacarreraydelareputaciónyalteraciónemocional);2)5.000dólares(retrasoprocesalalosefectosdetenerencuentalarecomendacióndelaOficinadeÉtica)\tN/D\tN/DUNDT/2010/200\tAlauddin\tNuevaYork\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeAlauddinUNDT/2010/114,en elque elTribunalContencioso-Administrativo\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tN/D\t1)Sueldobásiconeto,incluidasprestaciones,correspondientea11meses,\tN/D\tN/D consideróque sehabíaninfringidolosderechosdeldemandantecuandolaOrganizaciónno lehabía menoslosingresosdeldemandanteduranteelmismoperíodo(pérdida renovadoel económica contrato efectiva);2)30.000dólares (daño \n emocional) UNDT/2011/012\tTolstopiatov\tNuevaYork\tSentenciarelativaa laindemnizacióndespuésdeTolstopiatovUNDT/2010/147,en elque elTribunal\tFondodelasNacionesUnidasparalaInfancia\tN/D\t97.324,04dólares(ingresosyprestacionesnopercibidos)\t97.324dólares\tN/D determinóque elFondode las NacionesUnidaspara la Infancianohabía cumplidosusobligacionescon eldemandanteconmotivode la \n supresióndelpuesto UNDT/2011/032\tObdeijn\tNuevaYork\tEldemandadose negóadivulgarlasrazonesde lanorenovaciónimpugnada.Porello,el\tFondodePoblacióndelasNacionesUnidas\tN/D\t1)Seismesesdesueldobásiconetoyprestaciones(pérdida\tN/D\tN/D \n TribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisiónimpugnadaerailegal económicaefectiva);2)8.000dólares(alteraciónemocional) \nUNDT/2011/068\tGarcía\tNuevaYork\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque elProgramade lasNacionesUnidaspara elDesarrollonohabíacumplidosucontratocon eldemandanteal noponerenprácticalarelaciónlaboral\tProgramadelasNacionesUnidasparaelDesarrollo\tEliminacióndelmaterialnegativodelexpedientepersonaldeldemandante\t1)89.128,48dólares(sueldoyprestacionesnopercibidos);2) 241 dólares(indemnizaciónporelexamenmédico);3)50.000dólares(pérdidanopecuniaria)\t109.619,26dólares\tN/DUNDT/2011/081\tCabrera\tNuevaYork\tElTribunalContencioso-Administrativoconsideróque ladecisióndeotorgarunalicenciaespecialaldemandanteconplenogoce desueldohabíasidoilícita\tSecretaríadelasNacionesUnidas(DepartamentodeGestión)\tN/D\tDosañosdesueldobásiconetoporviolacióndelasgarantíasprocesales,humillaciónyalteración\tN/D\tN/D \n emocional", "Nota: El término “N/D” indica que no se adoptó ninguna medida tras la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas o que la sentencia está aún siendo apelada.", "[1] Los fondos y programas administrados por separado realizan independientemente sus propias evaluaciones internas.", "[2] La Magistrada Marilyn Kaman presentó su dimisión del Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo con efecto a partir del 30 de junio de 2011.", "[3] El número de solicitudes/recursos de apelación presentados no se corresponde necesariamente con el número de sentencias dictadas. En ocasiones puede que varios recursos de apelación se resuelvan mediante una única sentencia o que una causa se cierre sin que se dicte sentencia.", "[4] Los honorarios del redactor principal son de 2.400 dólares por sentencia y los demás firmantes reciben 600 dólares.", "[5] Un “asunto” hace referencia a lo siguiente: prestar asistencia o actuar como abogado oficial ante órganos del sistema formal de justicia (la Dependencia de Evaluación Interna, el Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo o el Tribunal de Apelaciones); prestar asesoramiento jurídico y asistencia letrada breve; asistir a un funcionario en la resolución informal de una controversia, lo que puede suponer consultas con el funcionario y debates y negociaciones con terceras partes, o la remisión a otros agentes del sistema, incluida la Oficina del Ombudsman o las asociaciones del personal.", "[6] Esas entidades son: el Tribunal Internacional del Derecho del Mar; la Caja Común de Pensiones del Personal de las Naciones Unidas; la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional; la Organización Marítima Internacional; el Organismo de Obras Públicas y Socorro de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados de Palestina en el Cercano Oriente; la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos; y la Corte Internacional de Justicia.", "[7] Véase la norma 7 11) del Reglamento del Tribunal Administrativo del Banco Mundial (que dispone la desestimación sumaria de las causas que sean consideradas “claramente inadmisibles o carentes de mérito”) y el artículo VIII del Estatuto del Tribunal Administrativo de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (que permite la desestimación de un recurso “por falta de competencia […], por incumplimiento de los requisitos de admisibilidad […], o por no tratarse de una reclamación con respecto a la cual puedan acordarse remedios jurídicos”).", "[8] Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 2010-UNAT-57 (Fagundes).", "[9] Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, orden núm. 49 (2011) (Finniss).", "[10] Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 2011-UNAT-121 (Bertucci).", "[11] El Secretario General observa que el plazo para apelar de las sentencias del Tribunal de la Función Pública de la Unión Europea es de dos meses (véase el Estatuto del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, anexo I).", "[12] Sentencia núm. 2010-UNAT-62 (Bertucci) del Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas.", "[13] Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 1157, Andronov (2003), párr. V.", "[14] Tribunal Administrativo del Fondo Monetario Internacional, sentencia núm. 1999-2 (Umr. “V” c. Fondo Monetario Internacional), párrs. 104-114.", "[15] Tribunal Administrativo del Banco Mundial, decisión núm. 384, (UAA c. BIRF) (2008), párrs. 49 y 50.", "[16] Resoluciones de la Asamblea General 48/218 B (sobre la OSSI), 60/1 (sobre la Oficina de Ética) y 62/228 (sobre la Oficina de Asistencia Letrada al Personal).", "[17] Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, orden núm. 19 (NY/2010), párr. 23.", "[18] Tribunal Administrativo del Banco Mundial, decisión núm. 384 (AA c. BIRF) (2008), párrs. 49 y 50.", "[19] Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, orden núm. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), párr. 60.", "[20] Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 1396 (2008) (Wielechowski), párr. VIII.", "[21] Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo, sentencia núm. 2010/68 (Chen) y Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen).", "[22] Tribunal Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 421 (Chatwani), párr. VIII.", "[23] Tribunal de Apelaciones de las Naciones Unidas, sentencia núm. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chea), párr. 1.", "[24] Tribunal Contencioso-Administrativo de las Naciones Unidas, orden núm. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), párr. 60.", "[25] Las actas de la Conferencia de San Francisco indican que se debería incluir en la Carta una declaración expresa de la obligación de los Miembros de sufragar los gastos de la Organización. Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Organización Internacional, Documentos, vol. VIII, pág. 487.", "[26] Véase, por ejemplo, UNDT/2010/025 (Kita).", "[27] El documento de concepto fue elaborado por la División de Asuntos Jurídicos Generales de la Oficina de Asuntos Jurídicos, en consulta con los fondos y programas de las Naciones Unidas. Cabe destacar que el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia se ha reservado el derecho a quedarse al margen del procedimiento de arbitraje simplificado propuesto." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 134 and 143 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, by its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, decided to establish an independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized system of administration of justice for the United Nations, which entered into operation on 1 July 2009.", "The Secretary-General is gratified by the General Assembly’s positive recognition of the implementation of the new system in its resolution 65/251, in which the Assembly noted the achievements of the new system since its inception, including improved disposition of old and new cases, and commended all those involved in managing the transition from the prior system or in the implementation of the present one.", "The General Assembly also acknowledged the evolving nature of the new system and indicated that its progress would need to be carefully monitored to ensure that the system remained consistent with the governing principles set down in the establishing resolutions, namely that the system must be independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized, and with the relevant rules of international law and the principles of the rule of law and due process to ensure respect for the rights and obligations of staff members and the accountability of managers and staff members alike.", "In the present report, the Secretary-General describes the accomplishments of the new system of administration of justice during the reporting period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011. The processing of cases through all phases of the formal system continues to demonstrate a marked improvement in efficiency. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Management Evaluation Unit received 390 requests for review and closed or resolved 281 matters. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance resolved approximately one third of the more than 850 cases for which it was responsible during the same period. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal handled cases that resulted in 195 judgements, and the Office of Legal Affairs handled cases that resulted in 90 judgements of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal.", "However, the success of the system and the productivity of the offices that service it have resulted in serious strains upon the financial and human resources of those offices and units. As the Secretary-General indicated in his report on the administration of justice to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/373 and Corr.1), there is a need for significant strengthening in a number of key areas in order to maintain the current pace of work and continue to implement all of the Assembly’s mandates for the new system.", "In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide data and information on the functioning of the new system and related matters. The present report provides a consolidated response to those requests.", "In addition, the present report contains a request for additional resources amounting to $8,657,900 (before recosting) under sections 1, 8, 19, 29A, 29C, 29D, 29E, 29G and 37 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 in the light of the experience to date.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Overview 4II. Review 4 of the formal system of \njustice A.Management 4 Evaluation \n Unit B.United 8 Nations Dispute \nTribunal C.United 14 Nations Appeals \nTribunal D.Office 17 of Staff Legal \nAssistance E.Office 20 of the Executive \nDirector F. Legal 23 offices representing the Secretary-General as \nrespondent III. Responses 39 to questions relating to administration of \njustice \nA.Overview 39\nB. Responses 39IV. Issues 49 relevant to the review by the General Assembly of the statutes of the \nTribunals \nA.Introduction 49B. Rules 50 of Procedure of the \nTribunals C.Jurisdiction 54 of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions by independent entities in connection with the performance of their operational \nmandates V.Resource 60 \nrequirements VI.Conclusions 62 and actions to be taken by the General \nAssembly \nAnnexes I. Proposals 63 for staff-funded mechanisms to fund the Office of Staff Legal \nAssistance II.Proposal 69 for recourse mechanisms for non-staff \npersonnel III.Compensation 79 awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals \nTribunal", "I. Overview", "1. The General Assembly, by its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, established a new system of administration of justice. The system has two Tribunals, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, which are staffed by professional judges and supported by Registries in Geneva, Nairobi and New York. In accordance with the General Assembly’s view that legal assistance should be provided to staff, the new system also includes the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, staffed by professional legal officers in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi and New York. In order to ensure that the system is independent, the Office of Administration of Justice administers the elements of the formal system, providing administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, the Registries and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, as well as to the Internal Justice Council.", "2. Management evaluation, which constitutes the mandatory first step of the formal system of administration of justice, is conducted within the Department of Management and the separately administered funds and programmes. The Management Evaluation Unit of the Department of Management, staffed by professional legal officers, conducts the first review of a contested decision. The Unit is designed to give management a chance to correct an improper decision or provide acceptable remedies in cases where the decision has been flawed, thereby reducing the number of cases that proceed to formal litigation. Similar mechanisms also exist in the funds and programmes.", "3. The enhancement and professionalization of the system, in addition to the increased number of cases, have required that the offices and units representing the Secretary-General as respondent provide significantly more services at a greatly increased pace.", "4. The system continues to make progress on processing the considerable number of cases that were transferred from the various organs of the old system. In order to prevent the backlog of cases from overwhelming the new system, the General Assembly appointed three ad litem judges for the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and judicial staff to support them.", "II. Review of the formal system of justice", "A. Management Evaluation Unit[2]", "5. The Management Evaluation Unit is located in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management and is the first step in the formal system of administration of justice. The core functions of the Unit are: (a) to conduct prompt management evaluations of contested administrative decisions relating to contracts of employment or terms and conditions of appointment; (b) to assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in providing staff members requesting management evaluation with a prompt and reasoned response regarding the outcome of the evaluation; and (c) to assist the Under-Secretary-General in ensuring managerial accountability by ensuring the compliance of managers with their responsibilities in the management of the human and financial resources of the Organization.", "6. From the time of its inception on 1 July 2009 to 31 May 2011, the Management Evaluation Unit received a total of 823 cases, including 184 cases in 2009, 427 cases in 2010 and 212 in 2011. Of the 823 cases received, the Unit completed and closed 665 cases. As at 31 May 2011, it had recommended compensation in 18 cases, which amounted to $183,339.44. A breakdown of this figure is contained in annex III to the present report.", "7. The management evaluation process provides the Administration with the opportunity to prevent unnecessary litigation before the Dispute Tribunal, resulting in significant cost savings to the Organization. Approximately 36 per cent of cases received and closed by the Unit in 2010 were settled through informal resolution efforts either by the Unit itself, by the Office of the Ombudsman or through bilateral negotiations between the Administration and the staff members.", "8. In approximately 84 per cent of the cases submitted to the Management Evaluation Unit that were not resolved informally, the contested decision was upheld by the Secretary-General following a determination by the Unit that the decision was consistent with the Organization’s rules and jurisprudence.", "9. In conformity with the decision of the General Assembly to establish, inter alia, a transparent system of administration of justice (resolution 61/261, para. 4), where the Management Evaluation Unit has recommended that a contested administrative decision be upheld, a written reasoned response is sent to the staff member concerned setting out the basis for the management evaluation, including the facts of the case, a summary of the comments on the case provided by the decision maker, the applicable rules and jurisprudence of the Organization, an explanation of the reasons why the Unit considered that the contested decision comported with the applicable rules and jurisprudence, and the final decision of the Secretary-General. The funds and programmes follow a similar methodology in their management evaluation process.", "10. Staff members have the statutory right to take their cases to the Dispute Tribunal for a trial of the matter following the conclusion of the management evaluation process (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 51). The Management Evaluation Unit considers that staff members who have sought recourse to the formal system owing to a perceived lack of transparency in the administrative decision-making process are more likely to decide not to pursue their statutory recourse to the Dispute Tribunal when they perceive the management evaluation process to be impartial, objective and accurate. The Unit also considers the written reasoned response provided to staff members at the conclusion of the management evaluation process to be an important means of establishing the credibility of the management evaluation process, in particular, and the new system of administration of justice in general. The funds and programmes share this view.", "11. In order to determine the number of staff members who seek recourse to the Dispute Tribunal following the receipt of a management evaluation upholding a contested administrative decision, the Management Evaluation Unit is working with the Office of Administration of Justice to implement a tracking mechanism.", "12. As at 31 December 2010, in 83 per cent of the cases considered by the Dispute Tribunal following management evaluation, the Tribunal’s disposition of the case was the same as that recommended by the Management Evaluation Unit. Although there are key issues of law that have yet to be determined by the Appeals Tribunal, and the Unit has limited fact-finding capability, this degree of similitude is instructive and can be construed as indicative of the impartiality, objectivity and accuracy of the Unit.", "13. In providing assistance to the Under-Secretary-General for Management to ensure managerial accountability, the Management Evaluation Unit regularly reviews its caseload to identify trends and systemic issues, which are set out in its reports. The Unit also provides secretariat support to the Under-Secretary-General in the compilation of the lessons-learned guide for managers and guidance notes that are circulated to all heads of offices and departments. The lessons-learned guide for managers includes a review of the jurisprudence of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals and examines how they interpret and apply the internal rules of the Organization. In 2010, the Under-Secretary-General circulated two volumes of the lessons-learned guide for managers. In April 2011, he circulated a guidance note and is expected to circulate another volume of the lessons-learned guide in the latter part of 2011.", "Statutory time limits", "14. Management evaluations are required to be completed within a limit of 30 calendar days for Headquarters and 45 calendar days for offices away from Headquarters after the submission of such a request (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 54). Deadlines may be extended in cases where the matters have been referred to the Office of the Ombudsman under conditions specified by the Secretary-General.", "15. In the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/557, para. 16), it was stated that every effort should be made to resolve cases before staff members resort to litigation and that the management evaluation function was an important opportunity to do so by allowing for faulty administrative decisions to be addressed.", "16. In conformity with the direction of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in cases where the Management Evaluation Unit has concluded that the contested decision does not comport with the internal rules of the Organization, and the Under-Secretary-General for Management has endorsed an informal resolution, the Management Evaluation Unit will seek to facilitate the resolution directly between the parties. It has been the experience of the Unit that informal resolution involves extensive consultations between the parties and is often a lengthier process than is permitted by the statutory time frames provided for management evaluations. However, there are no statutory provisions that allow the Secretary-General to place the management evaluation process in abeyance with the consent of the parties involved in cases where the Management Evaluation Unit facilitates an informal resolution. The funds and programmes agree with this view but note that they have been successful in achieving this outcome with the consent of both parties.", "17. Similarly, there are no statutory provisions for extending the deadlines for completing management evaluations in cases where staff members make supplementary submissions after they file their requests for management evaluation, either on their own initiative or at the request of the Management Evaluation Unit.", "18. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that stringent adherence to statutory time frames could cause staff members to receive incomplete or inaccurate management evaluations and, as a result, to unnecessarily seek recourse to the Dispute Tribunal. To avoid this result, the current practice of the Unit is to seek an extension of the deadline from the staff member in order to facilitate informal resolution or where additional submissions from the staff member and/or the Administration are required to properly conclude the management evaluation process. The Unit considers cases to be concluded in a timely manner either when they have been concluded within the relevant statutory time frame or when they have been concluded within a time frame to which the staff member has consented for the purpose of facilitating informal resolution or obtaining additional information necessary to ensure a comprehensive management evaluation. The funds and programmes share this view and note that they have been successful in meeting the statutory deadline in all cases to date.", "19. The staffing complement of the Management Evaluation Unit comprises a Chief (P-5), who reports to the Director of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, two Legal Officers (P-4), one Legal Officer (P-4) (general temporary assistance) and three Legal Assistants (General Service (Other level)). However, the current staffing resources of the Unit are inadequate to meet its mandate, and it has been obliged to temporarily fill an additional legal officer post by way of limited budgetary discretionary funding since February 2010.", "20. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that the addition of a third legal officer post at the P-3 level is warranted based on the volume of cases received during the nearly two years of its operations. The figures demonstrate that the number of users of the new system of administration of justice is already greater than that of the previous system. Furthermore, on the basis of data gleaned from its caseload, the Unit expects to receive at least the same number of cases in 2011 as it did in 2010 (approximately 427).", "21. With regard to the 184 cases received in 2009, the Management Evaluation Unit observed that there was a 23 per cent decrease in the number of cases submitted in the fourth quarter of 2009 compared with the number of cases submitted in the third quarter of that year. With respect to the 427 cases submitted in 2010, the Unit observed a steady increase in the number of cases submitted in the first two quarters of 2010, followed by a decrease in cases submitted in the third and fourth quarters of 2010, respectively. In this regard, the Unit observed that 57 per cent of the cases submitted in 2010 were submitted between 1 January and 30 June 2010 and 43 per cent between 1 July and 31 December 2010, with the most significant decrease in cases submitted between 1 October and 31 December 2010. Finally, the Unit has noted an upswing in the number of cases submitted between 1 January and 31 May 2011 compared with the number of cases submitted between 1 July and 31 December 2010. While the Unit received 183 cases in the latter period of 2010, it had already received 212 cases in the first five months of 2011, which is the same number of cases received in the first five months of 2010.", "22. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that the decrease in the number of cases submitted in the final quarters of 2009 and 2010 and the increase in the number in the first two quarters in 2010 and 2011 could be indicative of an emerging cyclical pattern. However, the total number of cases received between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2010 is expected to be the same as the number received between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 (approximately 427).", "23. As noted above, timely, well-reasoned management evaluations are essential to the successful fulfilment of the Management Evaluation Unit’s mandate. The Unit has met its mandate as a result of the addition of a temporary Legal Officer post, funded through discretionary funds since February 2010. Furthermore, the figures show that the Unit has been able to meet its mandate with its current staffing arrangements because its staff members have consistently worked overtime and have deferred or have not taken annual leave.", "24. The Management Evaluation Unit considers that a request for one additional Legal Officer (P-3) post is therefore conservative in the circumstances, since an additional Legal Officer will not fully cover the shortfall between the number of person-hours required per year to fulfil the Unit’s mandate (1,828) and the number of person-hours per year that staff members working in the Secretariat are normally required to work (1,463).", "25. For the reasons set forth above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Management Evaluation Unit be strengthened with an additional Legal Officer at the P-3 level.", "B. United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "1. Composition of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "26. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected three full-time judges and two half-time judges. Subsequently, the Assembly elected three ad litem judges for a period of one year to assist in handling the backlog of cases transferred from the old system. At the time of the preparation of the present report, the composition of the Tribunal was as follows:", "(a) Judge Vinod Boolell (Mauritius), full-time judge based in Nairobi;", "(b) Judge Memooda Ebrahim-Carstens (Botswana), full-time judge based in New York;", "(c) Judge Thomas Laker (Germany), full-time judge based in Geneva;", "(d) Judge Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), half-time judge;", "(e) Judge Coral Shaw (New Zealand), half-time judge;", "(f) Judge Jean-François Cousin (France), ad litem judge based in Geneva;", "(g) Judge Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako (Nigeria), ad litem judge based in Nairobi;", "(h) Judge Marilyn Kaman (United States of America), ad litem judge based in New York.[3]", "27. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to extend the tenure of the three ad litem judges and their support staff for an additional six months until 31 December 2011 (see resolution 65/251).", "2. Election of the President", "28. At the plenary meeting held in Nairobi from 28 June to 2 July 2010, Judge Thomas Laker was elected President for one year, from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "3. Plenary meetings", "29. Since 1 July 2010, the judges of the Tribunal have held two plenary meetings (from 13 to 17 December 2010 in Geneva and from 27 June to 1 July 2011 in New York).", "4. General activity of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "30. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal received 170 new cases. As at 31 May 2011, the Tribunal had 254 pending cases.", "31. Of the 170 cases received during the reporting period, 108 originated from the Secretariat (excluding peacekeeping and political missions), including the regional commissions, offices away from Headquarters, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and various departments and offices; 19 originated from peacekeeping and political missions; and 43 originated from agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).", "5. Cases transferred to the United Nations Dispute Tribunal from the former system", "32. On 1 July 2009, following the abolition of the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee in Geneva, Nairobi, New York and Vienna, 169 cases pending before those entities were transferred to the Dispute Tribunal. Sixty-one cases were transferred to the Registry in Geneva, 55 to the Registry in Nairobi and 53 to the Registry in New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 29 of these cases were disposed of.", "33. On 1 January 2010, 143 cases were transferred from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal to the Dispute Tribunal. They were distributed among the branches of the Dispute Tribunal as follows: 51 cases to Geneva, 40 to Nairobi and 52 to New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 76 of these cases were disposed of.", "34. As at 31 May 2011, 65 cases transferred from the former system were pending: 10 cases from the Joint Appeals Board or the Joint Disciplinary Committee and 55 from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.", "6. Number of judgements, orders and hearings", "35. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal issued 195 judgements and 638 orders, and held 229 hearings.", "7. Cases referred to the Mediation Division", "36. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal identified 13 cases suitable for mediation and referred them to the Mediation Division of the Office of the Ombudsman. Of these, six cases were successfully mediated at the time of the preparation of the present report.", "8. Subject matter of cases before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "37. The nature of the cases before the Dispute Tribunal that were received during the reporting period may be divided into six main categories: (a) appointment-related matters; (b) benefits and entitlements; (c) classification; (d) disciplinary matters; (e) separation from service; and (g) other.", "38. Of the 170 cases received during the reporting period, 56 related to appointment; 19 to benefits and entitlements; 2 to classification; 33 to disciplinary matters; 28 to separation from service; and 32 to other matters.", "9. Issues relating to staffing of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and its Registries", "39. As detailed above, the volume of cases before the Dispute Tribunal is very heavy, and the requirement to work expeditiously has placed an enormous burden on the judges and staff of the Tribunal. The appointment and subsequent extension of three ad litem judges have allowed the Dispute Tribunal to make significant progress in addressing the backlog of cases inherited from the former system. However, in the light of the trend of new cases filed, it is apparent that if the judicial capacity of the Dispute Tribunal is almost halved by the elimination of the ad litem judge positions at the end of 2011, a new backlog will immediately start to emerge. This would result in one of the most strongly criticized shortcomings of the former system, delay, becoming a daily reality in the new one.", "40. The Tribunal is deliberately decentralized to ensure easier access to justice for the applicants. To maintain this access, it is essential that there continue to be two full-time judges at each location of the Dispute Tribunal. The whole point of having a decentralized Tribunal would be defeated if one location had to stop functioning owing to the absence of its sole judge, for example in cases of leave, sickness or resignation. Similarly, the recusal of a judge at one location would automatically entail the transfer of the case to another location farther away from the applicant. Three-judge panels can be established in an effective way only when at least two judges are present in each Tribunal location. Furthermore, there is a statutory requirement for applications for suspension of action to be disposed of in five days, which would be almost impossible for a single judge to achieve without compromising the disposal of substantive applications. Finally, the President of the Dispute Tribunal, who has to direct the work of the Tribunal and the Registries, is reliant on the presence and support of the other judge at his or her location during his or her term of office in order to maintain the flow of cases.", "41. The work of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal is not restricted to rendering judgements. The additional required functions, mentioned in the present section, mean that a second full-time judge per duty station is absolutely essential. Judges of the Dispute Tribunal closely monitor the progress of all cases from the receipt of an application to final judgement. This monitoring may include: (a) holding case management hearings; (b) ruling on pre-hearing motions; and (c) issuing pre‑hearing orders. In addition, judges are required to consider applications for suspension of action within a statutory five-day time limit. From an administrative standpoint, judges at each location (Geneva, Nairobi and New York) meet regularly with Registry staff to ensure the regular and timely processing of cases. They also hold biweekly meetings by means of videoconference in order to improve the communication among the judges and make important decisions with respect to the harmonization of practices among the three Registries. The judges are also responsible for drafting rules of procedure; the Tribunal has submitted proposals to the General Assembly for the amendment of the rules of procedure. Furthermore, the judges are committed to issuing practice directions so that the parties to a case are aware of the procedures expected by the Tribunal. As a judicial recess has not been implemented on the calendar of the Dispute Tribunal to date, all of the responsibilities above are in addition to the core judicial function of deciding the merits of a case and issuing a judgement.", "42. After two years, the Tribunal is still in its “start-up” phase. Given the different legal backgrounds of the judges, the Tribunal requires continuity of judges and supporting staff to ensure that it becomes a coherent judicial body with a consistent jurisprudence to the benefit of the Organization and its staff members.", "43. For that reason, it is recommended that the General Assembly appoint a second full-time judge to each of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal locations. It is also imperative that the judges receive the necessary support from legal officers and administrative staff. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends that the P-3 Legal Officers (1 each in Geneva, Nairobi and New York) and the Legal Assistants (1 General Service (Other level) in Geneva, 1 General Service (Other level) in New York and 1 General Service (Local level) in Nairobi) be regularized.", "44. In addition, there is an anomaly in the staffing of the Registry in New York. While the Registries located in Geneva and Nairobi are staffed with a Registrar (P‑5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-3 levels, the Registry in New York is staffed with a Registrar (P-5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-2 levels. There is no operational basis for this discrepancy, and in fact, the Registry in New York would greatly benefit from having a second legal officer at the more senior level of P-3. For this reason, it is recommended that the P-2 Legal Officer post in New York be reclassified as a P-3 post.", "10. Non-staffing-related issues", "a. Courtrooms", "45. As the new system must be professional in nature, and given the mandate that the hearings of the Dispute Tribunal, in general, be open to the public, the Tribunal must have facilities adequate for a professional court, of sufficient size to permit public access, at each of its locations.", "46. Premises have been made available in all three locations of the Tribunal; however, issues relating to the construction of permanent courtrooms remain to be addressed.", "47. In New York, because of the capital master plan, a temporary courtroom space has been provided in the temporary premises of the Office of Administration of Justice. The courtroom is operational, but as a temporary space, it is ad hoc in nature and has no capacity for simultaneous interpretation. Due consideration in the planning phase was given to ensuring that as much of the equipment and furnishings of the temporary space would be able to be removed and installed in the Tribunal’s permanent premises upon completion of the capital master plan. No provision has been made, however, for the creation of a permanent courtroom for the Dispute Tribunal in New York after the capital master plan is completed. In Geneva, a permanent space has been provided, but the space does not permit interpretation without additional construction. In Nairobi, the construction of a permanent, dedicated courtroom is under way. However, the 2010-2011 budget of the Office of Administration of Justice provided for no resources for courtroom construction and outfitting. Accordingly, provisions for construction and outfitting have been included in section 34 of the 2012-2013 budget.", "b. Travel and communications", "48. Another critical mandate for the new system, reiterated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251, is that it be decentralized. The Dispute Tribunal and its Registries are located in Geneva, Nairobi and New York. The Tribunal serves staff located in duty stations around the world, with each location serving a substantial geographic region. The success of the Tribunal’s decentralization relies heavily on the ability of the Tribunal and its Registries to communicate among themselves and with the parties and witnesses in cases before the Tribunal.", "49. When the Dispute Tribunal holds hearings, it is critical that participants be able to fully engage in the proceedings and that the judges be able to assess the demeanour of witnesses appearing before them. Regular travel for either of those purposes would be prohibitively expensive; thus, it was envisaged that those activities would be accomplished primarily by means of videoconference. However, there are significant costs associated with videoconferencing. The current budget for costs associated with communications is inadequate to allow for the Tribunal’s effective use of videoconferencing. In addition, it is essential that oral hearings be recorded in a manner that reliably captures all of the input of all parties and the judiciary so that there is an accurate record of the proceedings that can be transcribed if there is a subsequent appeal. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends increasing the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice by $25,000 under the line item for communications to cover the costs of videoconferencing for oral hearings and status conferences and biweekly meetings of the judges and registrars of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and to permit recording of oral hearings of sufficient quality and reliability to be transcribed if required for a subsequent appeal of the judgement.", "50. Under the statute, the Tribunal may order the physical presence of a party or witness when it deems his or her personal appearance to be essential to the proceedings. In addition, there are instances, particularly in cases arising in duty stations in Africa, where it is impossible to hold hearings in Nairobi because of the poor quality or unreliability of the videoconference connection and the fact that interpreters are not able to successfully interpret through telephonic connection. While such situations are expected to be limited in number, they have occurred in the first two years of operation and are expected to continue.", "51. Moreover, the judges and the registrars must meet in person periodically to discuss common problems and develop uniform responses to these problems. In addition, one critical aspect of maintaining a professional system is providing the judges and legal staff with training opportunities to enhance their legal skills and enable them to take part in intellectual discourse among their juristic peers. The present budget does not contemplate the Dispute Tribunal judges and registrars holding any plenary sessions. Furthermore, the judges and legal staff of the Registries are routinely invited to legal symposiums but are unable to attend them owing to severe budgetary restrictions on official travel. This greatly impedes their ability to enhance their skills, interact with their peers and exchange knowledge. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends an increase in the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice in the amount of $155,000.", "c. Mechanism for addressing complaints against judges", "52. An issue relating to the functioning of the Dispute Tribunal, which also has an impact on the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, is the absence of a mechanism for handling complaints made against judges of the Tribunals. Valid complaints against judges would directly affect the independence, professionalism and accountability of the new system of justice. However, at present, no entity or office has a mandate to engage in the requisite fact-finding, make a determination as to the validity of a claim, impose a sanction or propose one to the General Assembly.", "53. The Internal Justice Council reported its concerns regarding the absence of any mechanism for dealing with complaints against judges in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, indicating that it believed this to be a matter requiring urgent attention (see A/65/304, para. 40).", "54. The Secretary-General understands that the Internal Justice Council intends to present a proposal for handling complaints against judges of the Tribunals in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. As there is currently no mechanism in place, the Assembly may wish, as an interim measure pending its decision on a permanent mechanism, to authorize the Council to investigate complaints that arise against judges, including any complaints that have already arisen, and to provide its report and recommendations on those complaints to the Assembly for any action that it may deem appropriate.", "55. As for a possible permanent mechanism, building upon the preliminary observations on the subject made in his earlier report (A/63/314, paras. 73-79), the Secretary-General offers the following proposals for a mechanism to handle complaints against judges of the Tribunals.", "56. When an allegation regarding misconduct or incapacity of a judge is made, the allegation would be reported to the President of the Tribunal in question. The President would then undertake an appropriate investigation of the claim, first determining an appropriate investigative process and subsequently appointing a panel of specialists to conduct the investigation. The investigation would afford the judge against whom the allegations were made all requisite due process, for example, the opportunity to respond to the allegation and submit relevant evidence. If the allegation is made against the President of the relevant Tribunal, in the case of the Dispute Tribunal, the allegation would be directed to the most senior of the other judges of the Tribunal. In the case of an allegation against the President of the Appeals Tribunal, the allegation would be directed to its First Vice-President.", "57. Once an investigation has been conducted, the findings would be reviewed by the entire relevant Tribunal, with the exception of the judge under investigation. In cases where it is the unanimous opinion of the judges that the allegation of misconduct or incapacity is well founded, and where the matter is of sufficient severity to suggest that the removal of the judge would be warranted, the President of the Tribunal or his or her alternate would report the matter to the General Assembly and request the removal of the judge.", "58. In cases where the alleged conduct, even if determined to be well founded, does not rise to a level that would warrant the removal of the judge, the President or his or her alternate would be given the authority to take appropriate corrective action (for example, issuing a warning or reprimand) that he or she deems appropriate under the circumstances of the case. A report on the disposition of complaints would be submitted annually to the General Assembly. An alternative to this proposal would be that the terms of reference of the Internal Justice Council be amended to provide the Council with the responsibility to investigate and make recommendations regarding any complaint against a judge of the Tribunals. When an allegation regarding misconduct or incapacity of a judge is made, the allegation would be forwarded to the Chair of the Council. The Council would then undertake an appropriate investigation of the claim, first determining an appropriate investigative process that would afford the judge against whom the allegations were made all requisite due process, for example, the opportunity to respond to the allegation and submit relevant evidence.", "59. Once an investigation has been conducted, the findings would be reviewed by the Internal Justice Council. When the Council has determined that the allegations of misconduct or incapacity are well founded, the Chair would report the matter to the General Assembly and make a recommendation as to the appropriate sanction.", "60. For both options above, the types of misconduct that would warrant the sanctioning of a judge would be violations of the code of conduct for the judges, prepared by the Internal Justice Council and submitted in document A/65/86 for the General Assembly’s consideration, in accordance with resolution 62/228, or violations of the Regulations Governing the Status, Basic Rights and Duties of Officials other than Secretariat Officials, and Experts on Mission, as set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2002/9.", "C. United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "1. Composition of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "61. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected the following seven judges:", "(a) Judge Inés Weinberg de Roca (Argentina);", "(b) Judge Jean Courtial (France);", "(c) Judge Sophia Adinyira (Ghana);", "(d) Judge Mark P. Painter (United States of America);", "(e) Judge Kamaljit Singh Garewal (India);", "(f) Judge Rose Boyko (Canada);", "(g) Judge Luis María Simón (Uruguay).", "62. On 11 October 2010, Judge Rose Boyko tendered her resignation from the Appeals Tribunal, for personal reasons, effective 15 January 2011. On 28 January 2011, the General Assembly appointed Judge Mary Faherty (Ireland) to replace Judge Boyko following an election process.", "2. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents", "63. On 30 June 2010, the Appeals Tribunal elected Judge Courtial as President and Judge Adinyira and Judge Garewal as First and Second Vice-Presidents, respectively, for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "64. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal have held plenary meetings to deal with administrative and operational questions at the beginning and at the end of each of its five sessions.", "3. Judicial statistics", "65. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, a total of 105 new appeals were filed with the Appeals Tribunal: 7 appeals against the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, 5 against the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 1 against the International Civil Aviation Organization and 92 cases appealing judgements and orders of the Dispute Tribunal (65 by staff members and 27 appeals on behalf of the Secretary-General against judgments and orders of the Dispute Tribunal).", "66. The Appeals Tribunal held two sessions in New York in 2010, from 21 June to 2 July and from 18 to 29 October, and its first session in 2011, also in New York, from 28 February to 11 March. During the reporting period, the Tribunal rendered 96 judgements. It held its second session in 2011 in Geneva, from 27 June to 8 July, at which it considered 34 cases.", "4. Outcome of disposed cases", "67. During the period covered by the present report, the Appeals Tribunal issued 96 judgements.[4] Of these, one related to an appeal against the Pension Board, in which the Tribunal upheld the Standing Committee’s decision. Four judgements upheld decisions taken by the Commissioner-General of UNRWA.", "68. Eighty-three judgements were rendered in appeals against Dispute Tribunal judgements. These judgements decided on 54 appeals filed by staff members and 29 appeals filed on behalf of the Secretary-General. The Appeals Tribunal rejected 46 of the 54 appeals filed by staff members, accepted 3 and remanded 5 to the Dispute Tribunal. Of the 29 appeals filed by the Secretary-General, 9 were dismissed, 19 were accepted, either in full or in part, and 1 was remanded to the Dispute Tribunal. In 12 cases, the Appeals Tribunal overturned or modified the Dispute Tribunal’s award of compensation.", "69. During the reporting period, 2 requests for interpretation, 2 requests for reconsideration, 2 requests for correction, 3 requests for revision and 1 request to set aside a judgement were filed with the Appeals Tribunal which rejected all 10 requests.", "70. As at 31 May 2011, 95 applications/appeals were pending before the Appeals Tribunal.", "5. Issues relating to the functioning of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal and its Registry", "71. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal meet in sessions, as required by its caseload, generally three times annually, to deliberate and render judgements. Critical to this process is substantial preparation of the cases by the legal and administrative staff of the Registry. While the funding structure and operating methods of the Appeals Tribunal are patterned after those of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization (ILO),[5] the ILO Administrative Tribunal has the same number of judges but functions with six full-time Professional legal staff, three General Service staff and other staff on an as-needed basis. In contrast, the Appeals Tribunal Registry has only two Professionals and three General Service staff to support the Tribunal.", "72. The Appeals Tribunal is a court of review that considers appeals from both staff and management. Pursuant to article 2.10 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal, the Secretary-General has also concluded agreements with seven agencies providing them with access to the Tribunal as an administrative tribunal. As the system is new, there has been a high volume of appeals from both staff members and the Secretary-General. The number of cases filed with the Tribunal during the past year is comparable to the workload of the ILO Administrative Tribunal, which considers approximately 110 cases annually and does not accumulate a backlog.", "73. The Registry’s current staffing is inadequate to fully support the Tribunal and allow it to process cases in a timely way. Two legal officers are insufficient to prepare more than 100 cases annually. This situation will lead inevitably to the accumulation of a backlog and to ever-increasing delay, one of the most highly criticized aspects of the former system. To allow this to occur again would crucially undermine the reform of the system of administration of justice. It is particularly undesirable for lengthy delays to exist between the rendering of a judgement by the dispute tribunal and the final appellate decision, as the outcome of an appealed case may settle the law in a particular area, reducing the number of future cases.", "74. There is a need for an additional P-4 Legal Officer to guarantee the Registry’s ability to function effectively. There is a need for greater experience in the office, given the complexity of many of the cases and the speed with which they must be processed. A Legal Officer at the P-4 level could supervise the current staff on legal aspects of the work of the Registry, freeing the Registrar to focus on overall supervision, communications with the judges and other stakeholders, and the provision of technical and administrative support to the Tribunal.", "75. In addition, a more senior Legal Officer would be capable of providing more substantive legal support to the judges and responding to queries independently, which would increase efficiency and responsiveness. Such a Legal Officer would share administrative functions with the Registrar and act as Officer-in-Charge in his or her absence. In the light of the volume of cases and the importance of providing the United Nations Appeals Tribunal with sufficient legal support to permit it to function optimally, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly strengthen the Registry of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal with an additional Legal Officer at the P-4 level.", "76. In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly approved, for one year, an additional General Service (Other level) position to support the Appeals Tribunal. The Secretary-General notes that the support provided by this position has been useful. However, there is an urgent need for an additional Legal Officer with adequate seniority to support the judges in their work. In the light of this fact and mindful of the prevailing budgetary constraints, the Secretary-General recommends that this position not be continued.", "77. Under article 4.2 of its statute, the Appeals Tribunal “shall hold ordinary sessions at dates to be fixed by its rules of procedure, subject to the determination of its President that there is a sufficient number of cases to justify holding the session.” Given the experience gained during the Tribunal’s first year of operations, and taking into account the number of cases filed with the Tribunal, it is envisioned that the Appeals Tribunal will have sufficient cases to justify meeting in three sessions annually. The Secretary-General notes, however, that the current budget for travel of the Tribunal is insufficient to accommodate a third session. Therefore, the Secretary-General recommends that additional funding in the amount of $230,000 be made available in the 2012-2013 budget for the Office of Administration of Justice to permit the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to hold a third session if required.", "78. In paragraphs 155 to 164 of his previous report (A/65/373), the Secretary-General reported on the status of the judges of the Appeals Tribunal and their entitlements. In that report, the Secretary-General recommended that the travel privileges and the level of daily subsistence allowance previously provided to the judges of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal should also be accorded to the judges of the Appeals Tribunal. In paragraph 50 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to revert to the issue of travel privileges and the level of daily subsistence allowance of the judges of the Appeals Tribunal in the context of the 2012‑2013 budget. The Secretary-General continues to believe that this course of action would be appropriate and therefore recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $50,200 to reflect this.", "D. Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "79. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance continues to face many challenges. The Office consists of seven Legal Officers funded through the regular budget (three located in New York and one at each of four satellite offices, in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva and Nairobi) and three General Service staff (all located in New York). As of 1 January 2011, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance was provided with an additional Professional staff member at the P-3 level in Nairobi to support cases involving staff in field missions. This position has been funded for one year through the peacekeeping support account.", "80. Despite the limited staffing spread over multiple duty stations, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance has made considerable accomplishments in its first two years of operation. It continues to successfully handle a high volume of requests for assistance from staff around the world with a small number of legal officers and limited administrative support.", "81. As at 1 July 2010, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance had 432 pending cases.[6] Between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011, 425 new cases were filed with the Office. Taking into account the number of cases pending with the office as at 1 July 2010, it was involved in 857 matters. The Office has been able to close or otherwise find solutions for 265 of these cases. As at 31 May 2011, the Office had close to 600 active cases. In the second year of its operation, the volume of matters brought to the Office by staff, especially requests from staff located away from the three branches of the Dispute Tribunal, increased, placing significant strains on its limited resources.", "82. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance provides many forms of legal assistance to staff, ranging from the provision of summary legal advice to the representation of the staff member before the Tribunals. Significant time may be expended in resolving a matter informally or helping the staff member understand that he or she is unlikely to succeed in a formal claim.", "83. The greatest challenge for the Office continues to be responding to the high volume of requests for assistance with a limited number of staff. This is particularly difficult for the legal officers away from New York who work in isolation and without local administrative support. Thus, these legal officers must manage a heavy caseload and the majority of the administration of the office alone.", "84. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance is assisted by affiliated volunteer counsel, legal interns and external pro bono counsel. Unfortunately, their numbers are insufficient to resolve the human resources deficit of the Office. It is difficult to identify qualified volunteer, intern and pro bono assistance in offices away from Headquarters, which contributes to the concern that its presence is substantially limited to New York.", "85. The General Assembly has reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to work with staff associations in developing incentives to enable and encourage staff to continue to participate in the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This matter was considered at the session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee in June 2011, and it was noted that there continue to be differences in opinion between management and staff representatives as to the approach to be taken. Accordingly, staff and management decided that consultations on the issue should continue.", "86. The Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance, established by the Office of Administration of Justice in January 2010, has not provided sufficient resources to meaningfully assist the Office in augmenting its human resources, even on a temporary basis.", "87. In the light of the experience gained during its first two years of operation, the Secretary-General believes that the present staffing of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance must be strengthened in order for it to fulfil its mandate. As the Secretary-General indicated in his report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, the Office suffers in particular from a lack of legal officers at a more senior level, as only one of its Professional staff members is above the P-3 level. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance through the addition of two P-4 posts, to be located in Nairobi and New York.", "88. The ability of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to function efficiently is impaired by the absence of administrative support outside New York. As all administrative support is located at Headquarters, staff members, regardless of their duty station, must initiate their cases through communication with the Office in New York. The clear message to staff is that despite the promise of a decentralized system, core business takes place at Headquarters. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance through the addition of two General Service (Other level) posts to provide administrative support in Geneva and Nairobi.", "89. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly agreed with the Secretary-General that the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to serve field missions should be strengthened. Accordingly, the Assembly approved, on a temporary basis, an additional P-3 position located in Nairobi to support staff in field missions. This position, funded through the peacekeeping support account for one year, runs from 1 January to 31 December 2011. In the light of the continuing trend of a large number of cases involving staff from field missions, which demonstrates ongoing need, and further considering that the Department of Field Support and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations participate in the ongoing funding of the formal system on a cost-shared basis, the Secretary-General recommends that the P-3 position in Nairobi dedicated to supporting staff in field missions be continued for a period of one year and funded through the peacekeeping support account.", "90. The non-post resources allocated to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance are also insufficient to permit it to function properly. Despite the fact that, because it is a decentralized office, all its office coordination and a significant portion of client consultation must be conducted by e-mail, telephone and video link, the Office has a communications budget that is insufficient to permit even modest amounts of telephone and video-link communication. In addition, the staff of this decentralized office, which has locations around the globe, must be able to communicate with one another outside the office and outside normal business hours. While the use of smartphone devices such as BlackBerries facilitates this, the current budget is insufficient to fund their use. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that there be an increase of $11,200 in the communications line item in the 2012-2013 budget.", "91. Although they are rare, there are times when physical travel cannot be avoided. The legal officers serving in offices away from Headquarters serve a wide geographic area, including many field missions. If staff are to have meaningful access to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, particularly in the field, its legal officers must periodically visit the duty stations that they serve in order to meet with clients and engage in face-to-face negotiations with local administration, facilitating informal dispute resolution. Legal officers of the Office in Addis Ababa and Beirut may be required to physically attend hearings of the Dispute Tribunal on behalf of clients, as ordered by the Tribunal. At present, there is no travel budget for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to meet any of these critical requirements. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the Office’s travel line item be increased by $15,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "92. Finally, the current budget of the Office, particularly for those offices located away from New York, is insufficient to provide for basic office requirements, such as the rental or purchase of a photocopier and scanner, and the purchase of key office supplies such as paper, binders, paper clips and pens. The lack of these basic office necessities in the one-person offices away from Headquarters compounds the difficulties faced by these isolated legal officers. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that the line item for supplies and materials be increased by $9,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "E. Office of the Executive Director", "1. Review of the Office of the Executive Director", "93. The Office of the Executive Director is responsible for overseeing the administration of all of the elements of the formal system other than the representation of the Secretary-General as respondent. The Office, consisting of the Executive Director, the Special Assistant, two information technology specialists and one administrative support staff member, provides administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, Registries and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This operational support has included coordinating with other relevant offices to facilitate the creation of a temporary courtroom facility in New York and similar coordinating efforts to provide for permanent office and courtroom facilities for the Office of Administration of Justice upon the completion of the capital master plan.", "94. In addition to providing daily support to the above-mentioned units, the Office of the Executive Director is responsible for coordinating the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General pursuant to relevant General Assembly resolutions. The Office also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and before external bodies, and in all matters requiring interdepartmental coordination and consultation.", "95. Among the other accomplishments of the Office is the establishment of the website of the Office of Administration of Justice, which was launched on 28 June 2010 and is available in all six official languages. The website (www.un.org/en/oaj) is easy to navigate and provides practical step-by-step information on all aspects of the formal system. In May 2011, there were 7,690 visits to the website, which represents a 13 per cent increase in visits compared with the previous month. Since the website was launched, the average number of visits per month has been approximately 7,000. Overall, there is a trend of increasing use of the website. The Office of Administration of Justice continues to improve the website, including by creating functionality for searching orders and judgements of the Tribunals, which has been requested by users.", "96. Another major milestone was the launching, on 6 July 2011, of the web-based electronic case management system, which includes the capacity to enable staff members from any duty station to file and monitor their cases electronically. The system is expected to increase efficiency, reduce delays and improve the functioning of the Registries. In addition, the implementation of the case management system provides an easy-to-access gateway to the elements of the formal system for staff members around the world.", "97. The Office has successfully negotiated agreements with all of the entities that had access to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in the prior system, pursuant to article 2.10 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal.[7] Those agreements, signed by the Secretary-General, provide those entities with access to the Appeals Tribunal as an administrative tribunal.", "98. In addition to its role in preparing and coordinating reports to the General Assembly on the administration of justice, the Office of the Executive Director provides substantial assistance in organizing the election of judges to the Tribunals when necessary.", "99. Another important function of the Office of the Executive Director is to provide support to the Internal Justice Council in its work, including in preparing its reports to the General Assembly, as requested in resolutions 62/228 and 65/251, and in transmitting its views on the implementation of the new system of administration of justice.", "100. The Office also provides significant administrative and technical support to the Internal Justice Council as it undertakes to assist the General Assembly in identifying candidates for judicial vacancies that will occur at the expiration of the three-year terms of judges in the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals on 30 June 2012.", "2. Issues relating to the functioning of the Office of the Executive Director", "101. The Office of the Executive Director is the focal point for organizing all of the technical, budgetary and logistical aspects of each of the substantive units within the Office of Administration of Justice. The role and functions of the Executive Director are substantial. The Executive Director plays a pivotal role in maintaining the independence of the formal system and is responsible for the coordination of the independent elements of the formal system, including oversight and coordination of the Registries and of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. The Executive Director also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and before external bodies, and liaises with the heads of other United Nations offices, including the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "102. In paragraph 34 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals on the appropriate post level for the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice. The Secretary-General considers that this issue should not be viewed in isolation from a corollary issue, which is the level of judges of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals and the mechanisms for remunerating them. The judges of the Tribunals are non-staff officials. In the case of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal, they work on a full-time basis and are remunerated at the equivalent of the D-2, step IV, level. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal do not work full time, but meet in sessions every year to decide cases. Their remuneration does not reflect any specific post level, and they receive an honorarium per judgement rendered. The principal drafter of a judgement receives $2,400 and additional signatories $600 per judgement. It is apparent, after two years of experience gained, that this mechanism for remuneration raises some issues with respect to necessary intersessional functions of the Appeals Tribunal. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly request the Internal Justice Council to examine the issue of the level of remuneration and remuneration mechanisms with respect to the judges of both Tribunals, as appropriate, and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, when the Assembly will consider the report of the Council on this matter, in conjunction with the issue of the appropriate post level for the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice.", "103. As described above, the tasks of the Office are very extensive. There is a need for an additional legal officer to assist with the high volume of work. The Professional staff of the Office of the Executive Director are legal, and information technology specialists and have only limited experience in key administrative areas, in particular United Nations budgeting.", "104. It is clear that the Office would benefit from the addition of a legal officer with experience in administration and budget and of an administrative support position. However, in the light of financial constraints, no additional resources are currently requested in this area.", "105. The Office of Administration of Justice facilitates the work of the Internal Justice Council. This independent body of senior jurists has a critical oversight function in the new system and has a substantial mandate. In paragraph 52 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly stressed that the Council could help to ensure independence, professionalism and accountability in the system of administration of justice and encouraged the Council to continue to provide its views on the implementation of the system of administration of justice and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on ways in which its contributions might be enhanced.", "106. Despite this, no express provision has been made in the current or prior budgets of the Office of Administration of Justice for remuneration of the external members of the Council when they carry out their considerable functions. Nor does the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice contain funds for general temporary assistance to accommodate maternity leave or long-term sick leave of staff members. Furthermore, there are no funds to hire temporary staff on a project basis or to cover periods of peak workload. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that funds for general temporary assistance in the amount of $130,000 be included in the 2012-2013 budget.", "107. The Executive Director and members of his staff must travel periodically to participate in meetings, both within the Office of Administration of Justice (for example, to the plenary sessions of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals) and in the wider organizational context, such as the annual meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. There also continues to be a need for outreach to staff and managers located away from Headquarters, which necessitates travel by the Executive Director and his staff. The travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice must accommodate all travel by the Executive Director and his staff and also accommodate the travel of staff relating to the plenary sessions of both Tribunals, the travel of staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance or other participants in the hearings when required by the Tribunals, and any other travel of staff of the Office of Administration of Justice. Because travel related to the judicial functions of the Tribunals must be prioritized, there is no meaningful travel budget for the Executive Director and his staff. The Office’s travel budget is also insufficient to permit the members of the Internal Justice Council, who are not co‑located, to travel to meet on an annual basis or to undertake any other travel to perform their essential task of evaluating the functioning of the system globally and reporting back to the General Assembly. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $30,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "108. The mandate of the Office of Administration of Justice to be a decentralized office requires substantial dependence on technological solutions. Two of the Office’s accomplishments in this area over the past year have been the establishment of a comprehensive website in all official languages and the implementation of a case management system with the capacity to allow all staff members, regardless of location, to file cases with the Tribunals and monitor them. While these important accomplishments save time, resources and money, they must be maintained and improved to keep pace with requirements. In addition, as off-the-shelf solutions were utilized to avoid costly bespoke systems, these products involve the renewal of annual licences and maintenance contracts. Furthermore, there are operating costs associated with data storage, system updates and adjustments based on lessons learned. The budget of the Office of Administration of Justice does not currently cover all of the licence, maintenance and upgrade costs associated with the systems that have been put in place. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends an increase of $75,000 in the 2012-2013 budget of the Office of Administration of Justice in the areas of contractual services and acquisition of software packages.", "F. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General as respondent", "109. Several offices represent the Secretary-General as the respondent in cases brought by staff members. Owing to the continued high volume of cases filed by staff members and the complexity of many of them, the offices and units representing the Secretary-General as respondent are functioning at or beyond capacity, given their existing staff and resources.", "1. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "110. In his role as respondent before the Dispute Tribunal, the Secretary-General is represented by staff located at Headquarters and in offices away from Headquarters located in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna.", "111. In response to the needs of the new justice system, managers have redeployed staff within the Organization and recruited staff with the requisite skills to serve the system. As a result, the Organization has responded to the demands of the new system, which is being implemented throughout the Organization.", "112. In 2010, 218 judgements were issued. The judgements provide an analysis of the background of the dispute, a reasoned application of the relevant staff regulations and rules, and findings on the factual and legal issues before the Dispute Tribunal. The judgements reflect the extensive submissions on the facts and the law presented by the parties during the course of the proceedings.", "113. In order to fulfil the standards set by the new system, acute demands are placed on the offices representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal. This section details the roles of the respective offices, the resources dedicated to the system, the statistics reflecting the volume of cases handled by the representatives of the Secretary-General, information on the outcome of the proceedings, and the Administration’s response to the jurisprudence.", "114. The new justice system has brought with it new demands on the Administration. Together with the structural changes to the system, the Administration has been required to respond quickly and decisively to the resource and management challenges that it faces. In order to maintain the strength of the representation of the Secretary-General and enhance the capacity of the Secretary-General to respond to ongoing demands, it is important that the initiatives taken by management be preserved and consolidated. Furthermore, it is important that the global Secretariat continue to develop a fully integrated approach to the management of the representation of the Secretary-General before the Tribunals, which includes regular consultation and briefings among the staff of the offices representing the Secretary-General.", "Administrative Law Section, Office of Human Resources Management", "115. The Administrative Law Section, located in the Office of Human Resources Management, comprises an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. The Section is responsible for representing the Secretary-General in his role as respondent before the Dispute Tribunal with respect to cases filed by staff serving across the global Secretariat, as well as cases from staff of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Cases brought by staff of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) are handled by officials at those duty stations. The Section also handles disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management relating to all Secretariat staff and staff of the International Tribunals, and provides advice to managers on the justice system in general, as well as on aspects of individual appeals and disciplinary cases.", "Appeals", "116. Upon the receipt of an application from the Dispute Tribunal, the Administrative Law Section is responsible for obtaining comments on the application from managers involved and for drafting a reply. The time limit for submitting a reply is 30 days, requiring prompt action from both the managers involved and the Section.", "117. During the course of the proceedings, the legal officers of the Administrative Law Section participate in directions hearings and hearings on the merits, and make further written submissions as ordered by the Tribunal. Attendance at hearings requires substantial time for preparation, which includes consulting with the offices concerned and with the Office of Legal Affairs, where appropriate; meeting with witnesses to be called by the respondent; and preparing for the cross-examination of witnesses called by the applicant or his or her counsel and/or by the Tribunal.", "118. The Administrative Law Section is also responsible for advising the Administration as to whether efforts towards informal resolution should be pursued or whether the litigation should be continued. The recommendations provide an analysis of the factual and legal issues arising in the case, and advice as to the most cost-effective way of resolving the dispute. If the recommendation to seek informal resolution is accepted, the Section is responsible for obtaining the necessary approvals, providing advice in the course of the negotiations with the applicant and/or his or her counsel, working with the Office of the Ombudsman to finalize the settlement agreement and following up on its implementation. The negotiations are frequently protracted and demanding; however, the potential benefit of resolving the dispute informally is substantial.", "119. When a final judgement is issued, the Administrative Law Section liaises with the Office of Legal Affairs, which determines whether to appeal the judgement to the Appeals Tribunal. The Section is also responsible for interpreting the final judgements of the Dispute Tribunal, obtaining information necessary for the implementation of the judgements and conveying the judgements to the relevant officials for implementation.", "120. The Section also represents the Secretary-General in suspension-of-action proceedings, in which a party seeks the urgent suspension of the implementation of an administrative decision. These applications must be resolved without delay. Within five days of the request, a response is filed, and an oral hearing is conducted. The Tribunal issues an order either accepting or rejecting the request within days of the hearing. These hearings require urgent attention and intensive preparation. It is particularly difficult to meet the deadlines when the office concerned and potential witnesses are located away from Headquarters and time differences are at issue.", "121. During the reporting period, the Administrative Law Section handled 318 appeals cases; at any given time, it has approximately 200 files pending before the Dispute Tribunal. Approximately 50 per cent of the files concern appointment-related issues; 20 per cent are disciplinary appeals; 15 per cent relate to benefits and entitlements; 5 per cent relate to separation from service; 1 per cent relate to classification; and 9 per cent relate to other matters.", "122. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, the Dispute Tribunal issued judgements in 114 cases handled by the Section. Sixty-four applications were decided on the merits; 17 were dismissed on grounds of receivability; 14 were informally settled and withdrawn; 5 were withdrawn by the staff member; 5 related solely to compensation; and 9 were abandoned by the applicant. In addition, 12 requests for suspension of action were determined by the Tribunal. Three were granted, four were dismissed and five were either settled or abandoned.", "123. Of the cases decided on the merits, 38 were decided in favour of the Secretary-General and 21 in favour of the staff member, and on 5 occasions the Administration successfully defended the staff member’s principal claim; however, a minor claim succeeded. Where the Applicant succeeded on the merits either fully or partially, compensation was awarded in 20 cases.", "124. The new working methods, the high number of appeals to be addressed, the shortened deadlines for the submission of the respondent’s replies (from two months to 30 days) and the time differences between New York and the other duty stations where client departments/offices, witnesses and the Tribunal branches are located have resulted in a heavy workload and increased pressure for staff of the Section.", "Disciplinary matters", "125. The Administrative Law Section is also responsible for handling disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management for action. During the reporting period, the Section was responsible for 391 disciplinary matters, including 121 new cases received during the reporting period. The Section’s role in processing disciplinary cases is set out in a separate report of the Secretary-General on his practice in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour (see A/66/135).", "126. It is noted that the new justice system and the concomitant abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee have shifted the responsibility for conducting the factual and legal analysis of a case to the Office of Human Resources Management. In the former system, the Secretary-General referred disciplinary matters to the Joint Disciplinary Committee for the establishment of the facts and for advice as to what disciplinary measures, if any, should be imposed. With the abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee, the Office of Human Resources Management is required to perform increasingly detailed analyses of the cases before it. Consequently, substantial time is spent scrutinizing every aspect of a referral for disciplinary action, including obtaining clarifications and additional evidence from the investigating entity or the staff member concerned. Depending on the complexity of the matter, the disciplinary process can last from three months in a relatively straightforward case to up to two years in a more complex matter.", "Advice", "127. Finally, the Administrative Law Section provides ad hoc advice to offices throughout the Secretariat. Generally, one piece of advice requires one working day. Each year, the Section provides approximately 600 pieces of advice.", "Resources of the Administrative Law Section", "128. The transition to the new system has placed substantial additional demands on the Administrative Law Section. The procedures for both the appeals and disciplinary work are considerably more complex and demanding, resulting in a substantial increase in the volume of work. One fundamental change is the shift from document-based proceedings under the former system to oral hearings and the demand for numerous written submissions under the new system. The average number of working days required to process an appeal has tripled, from 5 days under the former system to 15 days under the new one. Under the former system, the respondent made, on average, two written submissions in each case. Hearings in appeals cases were held rarely, if at all. Under the new system, the Tribunal often requires numerous written submissions. In a significant number of the cases handled by the Section, between two and three oral hearings were held, in some cases even more. Preparation time for hearings can be substantial, requiring consultation with the offices concerned, and for merits hearings, preparation requires locating and speaking with witnesses in order to familiarize them with the process and to obtain statements.", "129. As at 30 June 2009, the Administrative Law Section comprised four posts: one P-5 (Chief) post funded from the regular budget; one P-4 post also funded from the regular budget; and two P-4 posts funded from the peacekeeping support account. In addition, there were ad hoc funds from the peacekeeping support account for general temporary assistance. Owing to the volume of work coming from the field and the demands placed on the Section by the new system, on 1 July 2009 the General Assembly authorized an additional three legal officer posts (2 P-3 and 1 P-2) and two temporary positions (1 P-3 and 1 P-2) financed from the peacekeeping support account. In January 2010, the Section was divided into an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. A P-5 post was redeployed from another section within the Human Resources Policy Service to head the Appeals Unit. In view of the sustained workload from the field missions, in July 2010 two additional legal officer posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) located in Nairobi were approved by the General Assembly and financed from the peacekeeping support account. Also in July 2010, three additional temporary positions (1 P-4 and 2 P-3) were made available by the Secretary-General under his limited discretionary authority, for handling appeals and disciplinary cases from non-field-related organizational units.", "130. The Administrative Law Section has a staffing complement of 15 legal officers. At present, the Section comprises an Appeals Unit with one P-5 (Chief), three P-4 and two P-3 staff in New York and one P-4 and one P-3 in Nairobi; and a Disciplinary Unit with one P-5 (Chief), one P-4, three P-3 and two P-2 staff. Of those positions, three are financed from the regular budget (one of which was redeployed from within the Human Resources Policy Service), nine are financed from the peacekeeping support account and three are financed until 31 December 2011 by temporary resources provided by the Secretary-General under his limited budgetary discretion.", "131. An analysis of the Section’s caseload demonstrates the need for additional posts. With regard to appeals, over the past year approximately 115 appeals filed with the Dispute Tribunal were received and handled by the Appeals Unit. Each case before the Dispute Tribunal takes on average 15 working days to process. This requires 1,725 working days per year. In addition, the Appeals Unit provides approximately 400 pieces of advice per year, requiring 400 working days per year. In total, the Appeals Unit performs approximately 2,125 days of work per year. Based on 27 working days per month, that is, 78.7 work months per year, this translates to seven posts. The Appeals Unit currently has only five posts, one of which is the post of the Chief. The Chief oversees and directs the work of the Unit, and the four legal officers handle the caseload. Three additional legal officer posts are therefore required.", "132. Given that approximately 35 per cent of appeals are from peacekeeping missions and 65 per cent are from non-peacekeeping offices, six posts should be allocated from the regular budget and three from the peacekeeping support account. However, only one legal officer post in the Unit is currently funded from the regular budget. In order to ensure optimal functioning, three additional regular budget posts would need to be established in the Appeals Unit. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is proposed that two additional posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) be established in the Appeals Unit at this time.", "133. On the basis of the number of disciplinary cases received since 1 July 2009, it is expected that approximately 150 cases will be received by the Administrative Law Section for action each year. As a disciplinary file takes an average of 20 working days to process, the caseload requires 3,000 working days per year. In addition, the Disciplinary Unit provides approximately 200 pieces of advice per year, requiring 200 working days. In total, the Disciplinary Unit must perform approximately 3,200 days of work per year. Based on 27 working days per month, this translates to 118.5 work months, which is equivalent to 10 posts. The Disciplinary Unit currently has only six legal officer posts, comprising four established legal officer posts and two temporary positions. In addition, the Unit has a Chief (P-5) who oversees and directs the work. Therefore, there is a shortfall of four legal officer posts.", "134. Given that approximately 60 per cent of disciplinary cases handled are from peacekeeping missions and 40 per cent are from non-peacekeeping offices, four posts should be allocated from the regular budget and six from the peacekeeping support account. Currently, however, no legal officer post in the Disciplinary Unit is funded by the regular budget. It is proposed that the four established posts be maintained under the peacekeeping support account. The conversion of the two additional required posts from general temporary assistance to established posts will be proposed in the 2012-2013 budget of the peacekeeping support account. In order to handle the workload from non-peacekeeping offices, the Disciplinary Unit requires four regular budget legal officer posts. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is proposed that three additional posts (1 P-4 and 2 P-3) be established in the Disciplinary Unit at this time.", "135. In total, the Secretary-General seeks an additional five legal officer posts for the Administrative Law Section. Notably, in the assessment of the resources required for the Section, 27 working days per month were allowed for, rather than the standard 21.5 days. This further demonstrates the heavy workload that the Section is carrying and the need for a sustainable resource base.", "United Nations Office at Vienna", "136. At the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, overall responsibility for acting as representative of the Secretary-General in appeal and disciplinary matters has been delegated to the Director of the Division for Management. Day-to-day responsibility for handling disciplinary cases prior to their referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for management evaluation, as well as for representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, is assigned to the Human Resources Management Service and coordinated by the Human Resources Policy Officer within the Service.", "137. The United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continues to observe an increase in requests for legal advice and for confirmation of compliance with the applicable law from managers, as well as an increase in the time required to prepare for each case before the Dispute Tribunal. To keep staff and management informed of the features of the new justice system, the United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continues to hold briefings, lunchtime forums and town hall meetings and sends electronic messages to staff at large in Vienna and in the field, all of which requires additional time from the human resources team.", "138. The increasing number of appeals, coupled with the very short deadlines in the new system, continues to overstretch the legal support capacity available for United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime management. The United Nations Office at Vienna has deployed one Human Resources Policy Officer in the Human Resources Management Service on a full-time basis to respond to the increased demands of the new system. However, this is not viable in the long term, since the human resources team is stretching its limited resources to cover for the regular functions of this officer. Accordingly, the United Nations Office at Vienna requires the dedicated posts of a legal officer at the P-4 level and a General Service (Other level) legal assistant to ensure adequate coverage of the continuing demands of the system. Given the financial constraints, however, it is proposed that the United Nations Office at Vienna be supported by staff at the United Nations Office at Geneva.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "139. At the United Nations Office at Geneva, a Human Resources Officer with a legal background acts as the representative of the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal in cases filed by staff members at the Office and in its client organizations (the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and other, smaller entities). In addition to the temporary P-4 resource, it became necessary to add a P-3 Legal Officer post, funded on a cost-shared basis by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) in order to cope with the increase in the workload, in particular from the client organizations. However, this arrangement will be in place only until the end of 2011.", "140. As noted above, owing to the establishment of the new justice system, staff members’ submissions are more detailed and require more analytical work and legal research, and there are more oral hearings than in the prior system, which are time-consuming. In addition, the Dispute Tribunal judges often request the respondent to provide detailed information on elements of a case, thus creating additional work and more consultation with managers involved. The overall result is that each case requires more staff time than a case would have taken in the former system.", "141. The legal officers are also requested to provide legal advice to managers regarding management evaluation requests or the preparation of decisions. Furthermore, the United Nations Office at Geneva continues to organize training for managers on the justice system and holds briefings for managers on management evaluation decisions and Tribunal jurisprudence. Finally, the legal officers provide support/input to the Office of Legal Affairs, which handles appeals for the Organization before the Appeals Tribunal.", "142. Despite the significant increase in work, no additional resources were allocated to the United Nations Office at Geneva in conjunction with the transition to the new system. While temporary staffing arrangements were made on an ad hoc basis to address the time-critical extra workload relating to the rendering of essential legal expertise to the Office, this was done at the expense of adequately managing the significant demands placed on other areas of human resources. Those arrangements were therefore determined to be unsustainable for the future.", "143. In order to effectively provide proper representation of the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, it has become crucial to seek advice from Headquarters on the provision of additional dedicated legal resources. Specifically, given the current caseload, the United Nations Office at Geneva requires a P-4 post for a Legal Officer with litigation experience and a General Service (Other level) post for a Legal Assistant. The P-4 Legal Officer would also be required to provide services to the United Nations Office at Vienna/United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as indicated in paragraph 138 above. The P-3 Legal Officer post, funded on a cost-shared basis by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), would need to be retained.", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "144. During the reporting period, the position of Senior Legal Officer to the Director-General was filled, and for the latter half of the period the Senior Legal Officer represented the United Nations Office at Nairobi before the Dispute Tribunal. Early in the reporting period, the Office had been represented before the Dispute Tribunal by a Human Resources Officer with a legal background, assisted by colleagues from the Administrative Law Section. Furthermore, in the light of the limited experience in litigation of the Human Resources Section, the Office and UNEP engaged outside legal expertise on a consultant contract to assist with litigation matters before the Dispute Tribunal.", "145. Cases concerning the client offices of the United Nations Office at Nairobi were handled either by staff of UNEP or UN-Habitat who had a legal background or by the Office’s Senior Legal Officer.", "146. The reliance placed on the Senior Legal Officer before the justice system means that she is unable to attend to the core functions of her post as legal adviser to the Director-General. Accordingly, additional resources are requested. Specifically, the United Nations Office at Nairobi seeks a P-4 post for a Legal Officer with litigation experience and a post for a General Service (Other level) staff member to serve as a Legal Assistant. These posts would also serve the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), where the demands of the new system have been particularly acute.", "Regional commissions and the Tribunals", "147. The respective Human Resources Management Services of the regional commissions (ECE, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), ECA and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)) and the Tribunals (the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) are called upon to perform additional functions and provide additional services under the new system.", "148. The Human Resources Management Services are responsible for the day-to-day handling of disciplinary cases prior to their referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for management evaluations. Furthermore, they are called on to give advice and guidance to managers on the jurisprudence emerging from the Dispute Tribunal. In addition, they liaise with the Administrative Law Section regarding ongoing cases; respond to requests for additional information sought by the Dispute Tribunal; establish contact with witnesses; and provide information required for the implementation of judgements. The judges of the Dispute Tribunal often request the parties to provide detailed information on elements of a case, thus creating additional work and more consultation with the managers involved. The overall result is that each case requires substantially more staff time than a case would have required in the former system.", "149. The original requests for resources to implement the new system did not include any provision for additional resources in the regional commissions. However, following the implementation of the system, it has become apparent that resources are needed.", "150. There is a need for a P-4 Human Resources Policy Officer with a legal background to give internal advice to management and Human Resources Services at ESCAP and ESCWA. The Officer would be based in ESCAP and would support both ESCAP and ESCWA. A General Service (Other level) post is also required in order to support the Officer.", "151. The legal officers at the United Nations Office at Geneva will support the work of ECE, while the legal officers based at Headquarters will be responsible for advising ECLAC.", "152. As indicated in paragraph 146 above, the proposed Legal Officer post in the United Nations Office at Nairobi would support the work of ECA.", "Outreach", "153. There is a need for outreach to the regional commissions. Training and the dissemination of relevant information to managers and human resource officers are crucial components in maintaining uniform standards across the Organization and addressing ongoing systemic issues. Managers require briefings on the key issues giving rise to appeals and advice on how they may minimize potential disputes. Human resources officers require training on the preparation and presentation of responses to requests for management evaluation and the provision of information and assistance to the Administrative Law Section during the course of proceedings. Finally, managers and human resources officers need to be aware of the overall system, with an emphasis on the possibility of pursuing the informal resolution of disputes. Training on the conduct of negotiations and on effective representation of the Secretary-General in mediations is required.", "154. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia are currently implementing their completion strategies. Experience demonstrates that the caseload increases when missions are downsizing. Accordingly, it is expected that there will be an increase in the number of cases brought by staff from the Tribunals over the next three years. In this context, it is important that outreach to the Tribunals be facilitated to ensure that managers and human resources officers have the opportunity to receive assistance with specific cases and briefings on the latest developments in the jurisprudence affecting the implementation of their completion strategies.", "155. It is proposed that outreach missions be conducted. The sum required to conduct these missions is $30,000. Specifically, it is proposed that a legal officer from Nairobi travel to ECA and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ($12,500 to the United Nations Office at Nairobi); a legal officer from Geneva travel to ESCWA, ESCAP and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ($17,500 to the United Nations Office at Geneva). Accordingly, the Secretary-General requests $30,000 for outreach missions.", "156. In addition, at times, the Dispute Tribunal conducts hearings in missions and other duty stations. The legal officer representing the Secretary-General is required to travel to the locations where the hearing is conducted. To date, there has been no specific allowance made for these travel costs. Accordingly, the Secretary-General requests $30,000 for travel to Tribunal hearings in mission locations.", "Summary of current resources and resource requirements", "157. The current resources and the resource requirements of the Administrative Law Section, offices away from headquarters and the regional commissions are set out in the table below.", "Current resources and resource requirements", "Office\tCurrent resources\tAdditional resourcessought \nAdministrativeLaw Section\tRegular budget2 P-51 P-42 General Service\tRegular budget2 P-43 P-3 Peacekeeping supportaccount3 P-43 P-31 P-21 P-3 (general temporaryassistance)^(a)1 P-2 (general temporaryassistance)^(a)1 General Service \n\tLimited budgetaryauthority^(b)1 P-42 P-3\t\nUnitedNationsOffice atGeneva\tP-4 Human ResourcesPolicy Officer\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nUnitedNationsOffice atVienna\tNo resources(P-4 Human ResourcesPolicy Officerreassigned)\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in UnitedNations Office atGeneva\nUnitedNationsOffice atNairobi\tNo resources(P-5 Senior LegalOfficer deployed)\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nECA\tNo resources\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in UnitedNations Office atNairobi\nESCAP\tNo resources\t1 P-41 General Service(Other level)\nESCWA\tNo resources\tUtilize services ofP-4 Legal Officerbased in ESCAP", "^(a) Conversion to established posts will be proposed in the support account budget for 2012-2013.", "^(b) Until 31 December 2011.", "United Nations Development Programme", "158. The UNDP Legal Support Office is an integrated legal office for UNDP and its affiliated funds whose legal work spans all aspects of corporate, institutional and administrative law, with an added focus on policy and training. In the light of the new system of justice, along with an increased demand for legal consultation and advice, the Office has had to adjust its staffing. The Administrative Law Practice Group of the Office is currently operating at full staffing capacity, with one Head of Practice (P-5) who carries her own workload and one P-5, two P-4 and two P-3 Legal Officers, totalling six Legal Officers, who are assisted by two General Service support staff. The Practice Group is responsible for handling all management evaluation requests, all cases before the Dispute Tribunal, all disciplinary cases, legal advice relating to policy work, legal training and all legal queries, on issues ranging from private legal obligations to advice on tax and pension matters.", "159. The Legal Support Office is engaged in all stages of both informal and formal resolution of staff grievances. At the informal stage, the Office provides advice and guidance to managers, including the Office of Human Resources, country offices and regional bureaux, on the resolution of differences prior to their maturing into a formal complaint. The Office may also seek the intervention of the Ombudsman for funds and programmes. This preventive work by the Office has increased significantly since 1 July 2009 as more managers seek legal guidance to ensure that their decisions are taken in compliance with the UNDP legal framework, resulting in greater expenditure of time and resources.", "160. Where issues are not resolved at the informal stage, the Legal Support Office makes recommendations to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management on the disposition of requests for management evaluation; represents UNDP before the Dispute Tribunal; participates in mediation proceedings; and coordinates with the Office of Legal Affairs in respect of its representation of the Secretary-General concerning UNDP cases before the Appeals Tribunal. The Office also recommends action from an accountability perspective where warranted. On 1 August 2010, UNDP introduced a new procedure for handling requests for management evaluation. While the Office continues to review such requests and to make recommendations to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management regarding their disposition, two additional senior managers, appointed by the Administrator and selected from a roster, are requested in order to provide their independent views from a management perspective directly to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Bureau of Management. This system has worked well, although more managers need to be appointed in 2011 to cope with the increased number of requests for management evaluation. It is anticipated that the ongoing implementation of the one-time review linked to the granting of permanent appointments will generate more cases.", "161. The Legal Support Office has provided training courses, briefings and outreach activities on a regular basis and through all available media to raise awareness among UNDP staff members and managers of the new system. For example, the Office launched an online legal course, compulsory for all managers, which contains several chapters on legal issues related to the internal justice system. In addition, the Office has had to adjust to shorter deadlines for management evaluations and from the Dispute Tribunal, as well as to the increased number of hearings and written submissions required by the Tribunal. This has resulted in an overall increase in the workload of its staff. Moreover, in view of the increased focus on oral hearings and full trials at the Dispute Tribunal, specialized training for lawyers in the area of advocacy and litigation has been required.", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "162. The Office of the Principal Adviser to the Executive Director, within the Office of the Executive Director, has overall responsibility for legal support and advice within UNICEF. The Division of Human Resources handles requests for management evaluation and represents UNICEF before the Dispute Tribunal. UNICEF has adjusted staffing levels, competencies and standard operating procedures to accommodate the increased workload resulting from the new system, and special attention is paid to management evaluation requests and to mediation opportunities.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "163. Prior to the reform of the system of administration of justice, the administrative review of decisions concerning the staff of UNHCR was carried out by the Administrative Law Unit of the Secretariat. At present, UNHCR conducts its own management evaluation, which is delegated to the Deputy High Commissioner. The Legal Affairs Service, reporting directly to the Deputy High Commissioner, provides advice on all management evaluations.", "164. UNHCR has had a very positive experience with the management evaluation process, which has enabled management to critically review its decisions, take remedial action before cases escalate to the Dispute Tribunal and review and improve its procedures. In many cases, the process has also re-established dialogue between UNHCR and the staff member.", "165. At the Dispute Tribunal, UNHCR is represented by the Director of the Division of Human Resources Management. The Legal Affairs Service advises the Director on all pending cases.", "166. At UNHCR, significant emphasis has been placed on the informal resolution of grievances at an early stage, and a number of cases have been resolved informally through the involvement of the UNHCR Ombudsman. Nevertheless, since the introduction of the new system, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of grievances that staff members seek to address through the formal system.", "167. UNHCR continues to support the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance with the non-reimbursable loan of a Legal Officer to its Geneva office.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "168. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), being relatively small, has not received many cases. Although it has no legal unit working solely on such cases, it has a legal officer at its headquarters who is responsible, inter alia, for monitoring developments in the justice system (including the jurisprudence and practices of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals). Each case filed with the Dispute Tribunal, as well as any issue that may lead to a case, including requests for management evaluations, is managed by the UNOPS legal officer in whose regional office the case or issue arose, supported by the above-mentioned legal officer at headquarters. This work is conducted under the overall supervision of the UNOPS General Counsel. In line with Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2008/13, the Office of Legal Affairs manages all appeals concerning UNOPS to the Appeals Tribunal.", "169. Thus far, the new system seems to be much more formal and professional than the previous system. In the new system, cases are conducted in a manner similar to that employed by many national courts, the increased number of oral hearings being just one example of this.", "170. The time required of both lawyers and non-lawyers involved in a case has, accordingly, increased significantly. Furthermore, staff may make requests for the production of a large number of documents. The Dispute Tribunal has generally been inclined to grant such requests, the fulfilment of which requires considerable work on the part of the Organization.", "United Nations Population Fund", "171. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) employs two legal officers, who provide a range of legal support and advisory services to the Fund, including the representation of UNFPA before the Dispute Tribunal. UNFPA continues to pay special attention to management evaluation, as well as to options involving alternative dispute resolution, including mediation.", "2. Legal office representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "Office of Legal Affairs", "172. As the central legal service of the Organization, the Office of Legal Affairs provides legal advice to the Secretary-General, Secretariat departments and offices and United Nations organs in a number of areas, including the new system of administration of justice. Within the Office of Legal Affairs, the organizational unit entrusted with this responsibility is the administration and management cluster in the General Legal Division. The functional responsibilities of the Division in this area are described below.", "173. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division in relation to the system of administration of justice pertain to both the informal and the formal stages of dispute resolution. The Division provides advice to offices and departments of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes during the early stages of a claim advanced by a staff member, well before such a claim has progressed to litigation. For example, the Division has been requested to provide input during the management evaluation stage and during settlement negotiations.", "174. Once a claim has advanced to the formal stage and a staff member has filed an application with the Dispute Tribunal, the General Legal Division regularly provides advice to the entity representing the Secretary-General at the first level of the judicial process. Such entities include the Administrative Law Section and its counterparts in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi. Under the new system of administration of justice, entities within the funds and programmes (UNDP, UNOPS, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR) represent the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal; the Division is available to advise the funds and programmes as requested. In addition, since the Division has a comprehensive view of the evolving jurisprudence of the new system, it briefs all entities representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal on legal developments in the new system and shares legal arguments for their guidance and use in relation to issues that arise before the Tribunal. Such advice ensures coordination and consistency in the legal strategies and arguments advanced by the Secretary-General on issues of policy and principle. In that context, the Division brings judgements of the Dispute Tribunal that have significant implications for the Organization to the attention of all the relevant offices.", "175. The General Legal Division also represents the Secretary-General before the Appeals Tribunal. This responsibility encompasses both the filing of appeals against judgements of the Dispute Tribunal and responding to appeals filed by staff members. The Division performs this function with respect to all offices and departments of the Secretariat, as well as the funds and programmes. In order to determine whether appealing a given judgement is in the interest of the Organization, the Division must review and analyse each and every Dispute Tribunal judgement and consult with the entities that represented the Secretary-General before the Tribunal. The process of handling an appeal requires research into and analysis of all necessary factual and legal issues raised by the Dispute Tribunal and the preparation of a written appeal or answer, as appropriate.", "176. In addition to providing advice on matters related to the system of administration of justice, the General Legal Division provides advice to offices and departments of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes concerning the interpretation or implementation of the Staff Regulations and Rules or other personnel policies and practices before an administrative decision is taken, such as in relation to recommendations for the dismissal of staff members. Although the majority of such requests originate from the Department of Management (including organizational entities such as the Office of Human Resources Management, the Advisory Board on Compensation Claims, the Medical Services Division or the Insurance Section), requests also come to the Division from the funds and programmes, UNHCR and offices away from Headquarters. Finally, the Division is responsible for reviewing, providing advice on and legally clearing every administrative issuance relating to human resources management policy prior to its promulgation.", "177. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division in connection with the new system of justice have greatly exceeded expectations and have resulted in an unexpected and substantial increase in the Division’s workload. When the Secretary-General submitted his report on the resource requirements for the new system before it became operational, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions declined to approve any of the posts that were requested for the Office of Legal Affairs on the assumption that the efforts for the early resolution of disputes through informal means might result in fewer cases being brought to the Tribunals (see A/62/7/Add.7, para. 50). In the light of that consideration, the Advisory Committee found that there was insufficient information to support the requested additional staff at that time, recommending against the approval of those posts until the real needs could be assessed. The Advisory Committee assumed that the substantial majority of cases would be resolved before they reached the Dispute Tribunal. Contrary to those assumptions, as discussed below, the real needs of the new system have required the provision of legal advice by the General Legal Division to a broader range of clients, on increasingly complex issues, that entail significant financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization, and on an even more urgent basis.", "178. Under the previous system, there was one tier of judicial review, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. At present, there are two tiers of review. Under the previous system, the Administrative Tribunal operated on a part-time basis and met in two sessions per year, while under the new system, the Dispute Tribunal operates on a full-time, year-round basis and the Appeals Tribunal meets in three sessions per year.", "179. As a consequence of the fundamental institutional changes in the system, there has been a significant increase in the number of judgements that the General Legal Division must review and provide advice on. Under the previous system, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal issued 65 judgements in 2009. By contrast, under the new system, the Dispute Tribunal issued 218 judgements and the Appeals Tribunal issued 100 judgements in 2010. Thus, the total number of judgements under the new system is approximately five times the number under the previous system.", "180. There has also been a significant increase in the number of submissions filed by the General Legal Division under the new system. Under the previous system, the Division filed an average of 63 submissions with the United Nations Administrative Tribunal per year. By contrast, under the new system, it filed 150 submissions with the Appeals Tribunal in 2010 (114 in cases arising from the Secretariat, including peacekeeping missions, and 36 in cases arising from the funds and programmes and UNHCR). Thus, the number of submissions filed under the new system is approximately 140 per cent higher than the number filed under the previous system.", "181. The impact of the new system on the General Legal Division is not related solely to the number of appeals filed with the Appeals Tribunal; the nature of the work undertaken by the Division in this area has also substantially changed. Under the previous system, the Division had a generous time frame (six months) for drafting responses to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Generally, those responses were based on the well-established jurisprudence of that Tribunal, and the Division’s work was thus simpler and more manageable. However, under the new system, the deadlines for filing and responding to appeals have been shortened to 45 days. Moreover, notwithstanding the 45-day deadline established in the statute of the Appeals Tribunal, the Tribunal has shortened the deadline for filing an interlocutory appeal to 15 days. In addition, the introduction of the new system of administration of justice has meant that past practices of the Organization and jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal are being re-examined by the new Tribunals. The resulting uncertainty regarding which legal norms and principles should be applied by managers has meant that the Division is now being requested on a more frequent basis to provide advice to other departments, including those entities representing the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal in advance of its regular hearings. This is in contrast to the previous system, in which submissions to the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee were based on the well-established jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal, and it was only rarely that the Division was requested to provide advice in connection with those proceedings.", "182. All of these factors are compounded by the recent reforms in many areas of human resources management, such as contractual reform and the harmonization of conditions of service. These reform initiatives have also resulted in greater demands on the General Legal Division with respect to reviewing and providing legal clearance for administrative issuances and providing advice on the interpretation and implementation of the Staff Regulations and Rules.", "183. At present, the General Legal Division has two Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P‑3) and one General Service post funded under the regular budget for administration of justice and management issues. As at 1 July 2010, the Secretary-General had also provided, under his limited budgetary discretion, temporary resources in the form of six P-3/P-4 and two General Service (Other level) posts for a limited period that ends on 31 December 2011. The Division also has one P-4 post funded under the peacekeeping support account. In addition, the Division was recently informed that the General Assembly had approved, as at 1 July 2011, general temporary assistance in the form of one P-4 post and one P-3 post under the peacekeeping support account. In sum, unless additional resources are approved, as requested below, the Division will have a total of only five Professional posts and one General Service post to deal with administration of justice and management issues.", "184. Ultimately, the strains placed on the Division as a result of the unforeseen extent of the demand for its services will undermine its overall ability to provide legal advice on a timely basis and in a comprehensive manner not only in the area of administration of justice but also regarding other matters.", "185. Ensuring that the Division has the capacity to provide legal advice in the area of administration and management will ensure that there are no adverse long-term financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization as a whole. This is particularly the case during this critical stage of the development of the Tribunals’ jurisprudence. For example, the Division’s representation of the Organization before the Appeals Tribunal in 2010 contributed to the establishment of parameters for awarding compensation and clarifying the principles for reviewing the Secretary-General’s discretionary authority. Not only have those appeals resulted in substantial cost savings for the Organization, but the development of fundamental principles will have significant long-term benefits for the Organization.", "186. In order to meet the substantially increased demand for the services of the Office of Legal Affairs in the new system, the General Legal Division requires eight additional regular budget posts (6 P-3/P-4 and 2 General Service (Other level)) for administration of justice and management issues. However, the Secretary-General is mindful of the current financial constraints of Member States and is therefore seeking the General Assembly’s approval at this time of only three additional regular budget posts (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) for the General Legal Division. In this regard, it should be noted that the Division is the only office with a request that reflects a reduction of approximately two thirds compared with the previous report (from eight posts to three), while at the same time, it is the only office that has not received any long-term resources as a consequence of the establishment of the new system (other than the two posts under general temporary assistance approved as of 1 July 2011 under the peacekeeping support account).", "III. Responses to questions relating to administration of justice", "A. Overview", "187. The following section responds to the queries set out by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251.", "B. Responses", "1. Staff-funded mechanism to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "188. The Secretary-General’s response to paragraphs 40 and 41 of resolution 65/251, setting out proposals for staff funding mechanisms to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, is set out in annex I to the present report.", "189. These proposals were the object of consultations with staff at a meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee held in June 2011. At the meeting, staff reiterated their view that none of the options for the staff-funded scheme was acceptable, as the cost of the representation of staff rested with the employer. Staff noted that, as the General Assembly had established the Office of Staff Legal Assistance as part of the Organization’s internal system of administration of justice, expenses associated with the operation of the Office constituted an expense of the Organization, and called upon the General Assembly to provide the resources necessary to ensure that both sides (staff and management) were equally armed.", "2. Recourse mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "190. The Secretary-General’s response to the request, made by the General Assembly in paragraph 55 of resolution 65/251, for proposals for resource mechanisms for non-staff personnel is set out in annex II to the present report.", "3. Delegation of authority for disciplinary measures", "191. The Secretary-General responds below to the request, made by the General Assembly in paragraph 51 of resolution 65/251, for a detailed proposal for the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures.", "Background", "192. The possibility of delegating the authority to impose disciplinary measures to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters was initially raised by the Secretary-General at the sixty-second session of the General Assembly. It was based on the recommendations contained in the report of the Redesign Panel, as well as on the results of the twenty-eighth session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee, at which the issue was discussed and a proposal developed. The Assembly endorsed, in principle, the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters and requested the Secretary-General to submit a report containing possible options.", "193. Taking into account the recommendations of the Committee, the Secretary-General proposed a limited delegation of authority for disciplinary measures, whereby heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters would be given the authority to impose minor sanctions (i.e., censures and fines) once the capacity necessary to do so was in place. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a new proposal in that regard at its sixty-fifth session.", "194. Given that a number of prerequisites remained unfulfilled, the Secretary-General proposed to put on hold the previous recommendation for limited delegation of authority, pending further analysis. The General Assembly, however, reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a report setting out possible options for the delegation of authority for disciplinary measures. The proposal summarized herein was prepared in connection with that request.", "Current status of the handling of disciplinary cases", "195. While no significant developments have occurred since the Secretary-General’s previous report on administration of justice, a number of observations may be made. The revision of the administrative instruction on revised disciplinary measures and procedures (ST/AI/371/Amend.1) has been initiated by the Office of Human Resources Management. The jurisprudence emerging from the Tribunals indicates that the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations are being analysed and interpreted from a new perspective compared with the jurisprudence from the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal. In particular, the Tribunals are interpreting the procedural and substantive standards required by the Organization throughout the pre-disciplinary and disciplinary phases, for example, the assessment of the allegations and complaints, the quality of the investigation reports, the due-process rights of staff members during the process and the proportionality of measures imposed. It must be noted, however, that the disciplinary cases appealed to the Tribunals relate to cases reviewed by the Office of Human Resources Management on the basis of the jurisprudence and criteria set by the Administrative Tribunal. It therefore remains to be seen how many of the cases received and completed after 1 July 2009, under the new system, will be appealed and how they will be disposed of.", "196. From 1 July 2009 to the end of the reporting period, the Administrative Law Section of the Office of Human Resources Management closed 357 cases, of which 216 were mission cases. Of these, 71 were closed with disciplinary measures, as follows: 19 dismissals, 17 separations, 4 demotions, 5 censures with loss of step/grade or deferment, 14 censures with fines, 1 censure with counselling, and 11 censures.", "197. The disciplinary cases handled by the Administrative Law Section since 1 July 2009 involving staff members serving in field missions constituted 70 per cent of its caseload in 2009/10 and close to 60 per cent in 2011.", "198. The estimated time required by the Administrative Law Section to handle a disciplinary case, from the time of its referral, ranges from 3 to 11 months, depending on the facts and complexity of the case. However, this time estimate reflects optimum conditions and does not take into account the current backlog of older cases, including those that were not completed prior to the introduction of the new justice system, namely (a) 170 cases that were pending with the Office of Human Resources Management prior to the introduction of the new justice system and (b) 30 cases, referred back to the Section, on 1 July 2009, that were pending before the Joint Disciplinary Committee or pending a decision by the Deputy Secretary-General on a Committee report. It is anticipated that those cases will be completed by the end of 2011.", "199. Between 2006 and 2008, it took an average of 17 months to close a disciplinary case. The cases, handled during that period, with the exception of those in which dismissals were recommended, were considered by a Joint Disciplinary Committee panel. The Administrative Law Section took an average of eight months to refer cases to the Committee. Since the introduction of the new system, it has taken the Section an average of 11 months to close cases referred after 1 July 2009.", "200. The abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee effectively increased the responsibility of the Administrative Law Section for reviewing of the facts of and analysing each case in the light of chapter X of the Staff Rules, on disciplinary measures, which tasks had been formerly carried out in large part by the Committee. In view of the increased scrutiny by the Dispute Tribunal, the Section likewise increased the level of the detail of its analyses, as well as the related follow-up work with investigative entities at every stage of the process.", "Review of the range of options", "201. The introduction of the new justice system on 1 July 2009 significantly changed the procedures for handling disciplinary cases. Among other things, the abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee shifted the responsibility for conducting the factual assessment of a case to the Office of Human Resources Management.", "202. There are three critical bottlenecks in the current multistep process, each of which is related to ensuring that the factual analysis is robust and respects the due-process rights of staff members: (a) the length of the investigation process and the number of entities involved in investigations, as well as the quality of fact-finding and other inquiries conducted by non-professional investigators; (b) the time required to obtain comments from staff members charged with misconduct; and (c) the time taken to obtain additional information from the investigating entity.", "203. Simply delegating authority would not eliminate existing bottlenecks, as current procedures for handling disciplinary matters and the jurisprudence emerging from the Tribunals would continue to require high levels of scrutiny. Moreover, decentralization to the field might increase duplication of effort and the inconsistency of decisions.", "Partial delegation of authority", "204. Partial delegation of authority would involve the delegation of authority to impose less serious disciplinary measures (such as fines and censures) to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters.", "205. However, only a limited number of cases result in fines and censures, so this option would not significantly reduce the timeline of the disciplinary process. Therefore, existing bottlenecks would remain unaddressed, while the resulting duplication of effort between the field and the Office of Human Resources Management would introduce inefficiencies. Given the cost increases resulting from the partial delegation of authority, including outposting of Department of Management legal officers to assist in the procedural aspects of the disciplinary process, the Administration does not consider it to be a viable option at this stage.", "Full delegation of authority", "206. With full delegation of authority, heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters could impose any disciplinary measure, following the disciplinary process currently employed at Headquarters. While full delegation would increase authority at the field level and reduce communication between the field and Headquarters, the major disadvantage would be the increased likelihood of inconsistent and unequal treatment of staff members across the Organization. Inconsistent decisions would, in turn, increase the number of appeals to the Dispute Tribunal and increase costs. Consequently, the Administration is of the view that it would not be advisable to implement full delegation of authority.", "No delegation of authority", "207. If the authority to impose disciplinary measures continues to rest exclusively with the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the current, centralized system would continue. Under this scenario, the Department of Management would continue to have a global view of disciplinary cases and would be optimally placed to ensure the most efficient and consistent analysis and disposition thereof.", "Proposed short-term measures", "208. While neither partial nor full delegation of authority would be optimal at present, it is clear that action is required to address the delays in handling disciplinary cases. Accordingly, the following measures are being proposed in order to expedite the investigation and processing of disciplinary cases:", "(a) A pilot project to test the feasibility of decentralizing critical elements of the administration of justice would be implemented, through the establishment of a service base that would cover a cluster of missions. Resources would include legal officers, conduct and discipline officers and access to resources available either at the service base or in the region, such as investigators, the Ombudsman and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Each function would have clear terms of reference and reporting lines in order to preserve the independence of investigations, due process for staff members subject to disciplinary procedures and the integrity of the disciplinary process. While the authority to impose disciplinary measures would remain with the Under-Secretary-General for Management, it is expected that placing critical elements of the investigations and disciplinary process closer to the locations where the cases occur would help to shorten the time required to handle them. The pilot would cover certain field missions in Africa (to be identified), and it is proposed that the service base be located in Nairobi. That would allow for the building of an infrastructure that could be used in the future should the experience gained from the pilot support further decentralization, including with respect to offices away from Headquarters located in Nairobi (as well as other offices away from Headquarters);", "(b) High-priority cases would be handled through a “fast-track” approach that would involve the prioritization of the case by all offices involved (the Department of Field Support, the Office of Human Resources Management and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)). Taking into account requests from heads of mission and proper justifications, cases identified as high-priority would be processed on an expedited basis, according to guidelines to be developed acknowledging the operational independence of OIOS and its existing procedures, such as the Case Intake Committee, but would otherwise follow applicable procedures for the handling of disciplinary matters;", "(c) The authority to place staff on administrative leave with pay would be transferred from the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management to the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support. This would shorten the process of placing staff on administrative leave with pay. The placement of staff on administrative leave without pay would remain within the authority of the Department of Management;", "(d) The establishment of an interdepartmental working group on the delegation of authority with regard to disciplinary matters.", "209. The Secretary-General will submit a comprehensive report in this regard to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session.", "210. The proposed measures were discussed at the thirty-second session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. It was agreed that management would share progress reports with staff and would develop a mechanism whereby staff representatives could be briefed periodically on the progress of the project.", "Recommendation", "211. The General Assembly is requested to endorse the proposals of the Secretary-General detailed in paragraph 208 above.", "4. Impact of the new system of administration of justice on staff-management relations", "212. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 54 of resolution 65/251, the Secretariat, UNDP and UNICEF believe that it is too early to report on the impact that the new system is having on staff/management relations and on the performance of both staff and managers, and believe that more time is required in order to properly determine if there is any systemic impact. All have noted an evolution in the area of staff-management relations. In particular, managers are becoming increasingly aware of the consequences of their decisions and want to ensure that these are made in accordance with the applicable rules and policies. This has resulted in more queries, requests for advice and guidance from programme managers for the relevant legal offices prior to the taking of decisions. There is also a notable desire on the part of managers to learn more about the system and to generally be able to make the correct decisions in cases.", "213. Thus, on a preliminary basis, one may state that the new system of justice is creating an emphasis on the prevention of disputes and, where these cannot be avoided, programme managers are more routinely consulting with the lawyers in order to ensure that their decisions are well informed from a legal and policy standpoint. In the process of either avoiding or informally resolving disputes, extensive and collegial consultations sometimes take place with the representatives of the staff concerned, as well as with the United Nations Ombudsman or the Ombudsman for funds and programmes.", "214. While these emerging practices have been identified, it is also clear that not all managers have developed an acute awareness of the requirements of the new system. Thus, from a performance standpoint, more time is required in order to determine whether these emerging practices are coalescing into a trend.", "215. It is expected that managers will take staff performance assessment very seriously and provide regular feedback to supervisees in that context, thus ensuring that any decision flowing from an appraisal report is properly documented. However, it is too early to comment on whether this constitutes a trend. It is equally difficult to predict whether staff and managers will positively increase their own performance in the light of the new system.", "5. Cost-sharing arrangements", "216. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 57 of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "217. Since the General Assembly decided, in its resolution 62/228, to establish the new system, the Secretariat has engaged in ongoing formal and informal discussions with representatives of the funds and programmes (UNDP, the United Nations Office for Project Services, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR), with a view to concluding a cost-sharing arrangement based on headcount. Where costs are shared on a headcount basis, they are apportioned according to the number of staff members. On the basis of those discussions, an initial draft memorandum of understanding, prepared by the Secretariat, was circulated to the funds and programmes for their comments. Subsequently, a joint meeting was held among the parties to discuss the issues raised by the funds and programmes. Further to internal deliberations with key stakeholders in the Secretariat, a revised draft memorandum was circulated by the Secretariat to the funds and programmes for additional comments. The revised draft memorandum also included the new United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as part of the arrangement. In early March 2011, an additional meeting with the parties was held to discuss the revised draft memorandum, pursuant to which, in May, the funds and programmes provided a formal coordinated communication containing a list of pending issues. In June, the Secretariat provided a formal response on all the pending issues, which led to further negotiation among the parties in July. To date, the parties have resolved most of the pending issues, although certain clarifications are still required regarding some elements of the integrated and decentralized Ombudsman function (given that the funds and programmes fund their own Ombudsmen in the integrated office, who report to their executive heads), including mediation services. For example, there are questions concerning structural issues (including accountability and referral mechanisms) between the Ombudsman for funds and programmes and the Regional Ombudsmen as well as the mediation services with regard to cases emanating from staff of the funds and programmes. The parties agreed that once communication lines between the mediation services and the Regional Ombudsmen, on the one hand, and the Ombudsman for funds and programmes, on the other, have been clarified, the discussion on cost-sharing with respect to these remaining, specific aspects can be concluded. The parties are cognizant of the urgency of concluding the cost-sharing arrangement and are committed to doing so as soon as possible.", "6. Training of actors in the system", "218. With respect to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 61 of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "219. In June 2009, the incoming judges of the Tribunals participated in an induction course, organized by the Office of Administration of Justice, which provided them with an overview of the structures and regulatory framework of the Organization. Staff of the Registries participated in training courses on court management at the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. Staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance participated in advocacy training courses conducted by staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and practitioners of the defence bar in The Hague.", "220. The Department of Management engaged a legal consultant who coached legal officers of the Administrative Law Section on drafting techniques. The legal officers also participated in an intensive week-long advocacy training course organized by a national legal training institute. In addition, they participated in a dispute resolution training course organized by UNDP and the Ombudsman.", "221. UNDP organized an advocacy training programme for its legal officers appearing before the Tribunals, conducted by very experienced staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and senior members of the United Kingdom bar. Because such training is of paramount importance for legal officers in the new, professionalized formal system, a similar training course is envisaged for later in 2011. UNDP and the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services jointly organized a workplace dispute resolution training programme, which was attended by more than 100 staff members, including senior officials.", "222. Regular participation in training programmes aimed at the enhancement of legal education is required for all participants in the system, including judges, their staff and the legal officers representing staff and management. Legal officers require periodic training in oral and written advocacy to maintain and enhance their skills. Staff of the Registries of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal would benefit from enhanced training on court management practices, including educational exchanges with staff of other international tribunals. Additionally, benefits are to be gained from joint training of the various actors in the system, both in terms of cost savings and because of the opportunity to share views and best practices.", "223. It would be beneficial for judges to attend legal conferences and colloquia at which the judges of other international tribunals, high-level scholars and other participants engage in discussions on law and judicial practice related to their professional activities. Currently, the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice is insufficient to permit this.", "224. The creation of a judicial library of reference books at each Tribunal location would enhance the education of judges and staff. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to provide for ongoing judicial education through an annual plenary education conference, which would include inputs from outside presenters and facilitators as appropriate. Topics to be explored could include cross-cultural communication skills, updates on the development of the law of the international civil service, the application of international norms, the application of ILO Conventions to the law of the international civil service, and comparative approaches to legal issues.", "225. Finally, it may be appropriate to consider additional judicial training for judges in the legal frameworks of the various United Nations agencies and bodies whose staff have access to the United Nations system of administration of justice. Furthermore, in order to ensure that there is dialogue among the judiciaries of international tribunals, it may be advisable to organize a United Nations joint judicial seminar for the judges of both the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal, as well as judges of other tribunals and, perhaps, legal academics, focusing on issues of international administrative law. In addition, the training of all participants is required in order to promote greater uniformity and consistency across the Tribunals in terms of the standards applied.", "226. After two years of operation of the current system, there continues to be a need to provide outreach to staff on the informal and formal means of dispute resolution and, in particular, on the interrelationship between the two. The Office of Administration of Justice has produced a user-friendly handbook, in all official United Nations languages, to assist staff. It has also set up a comprehensive website in all official languages that includes descriptions of all the elements of the formal system, including a dedicated web presence for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and an up-to-date database of the jurisprudence of the Tribunals.", "227. Training requirements relating specifically to informal dispute resolution and mediation will be presented in the context of the report of the United Nations Ombudsman on the informal system of justice.", "7. The timeliness of the handling of disciplinary cases", "228. In resolution 65/251, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions in its report on the administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/557), which included a request that the Secretary-General include information on the timeliness of the handling of disciplinary cases in his report on the administration of justice to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "229. The response to that request has been agglomerated with the response to the request for proposals on the delegation of disciplinary authority contained in paragraphs 191 to 210 above.", "8. Information requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251", "230. In paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include, in his report on the administration of justice to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, the following information:", "(a) Clear statistics on the cases received and disposed of during the period by both Tribunals, including information, by category, on whether the judgements rendered found for the applicant or for the respondent and on the administrative issues involved;", "(b) Analysis of trends over a number of reporting periods in order to identify systemic issues leading to usage of the system of justice and to monitor whether they are being effectively addressed over time;", "(c) Detailed information on monetary compensation awarded and indirect costs associated with an appeal, for example, in staff time, including identification of those aspects of staff administration that give rise to large numbers of appeals;", "(d) Detailed information on payments of compensation to staff equal to six months of salary or more, with an indication of the offices or departments concerned, the location of these offices or departments and some details of the facts of the case.", "231. With respect to paragraph 53 (a) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General has provided this information in paragraphs 30-41 and 65-72 above, relating to the work of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal. Additional information is provided in annex III to the present report.", "232. With respect to paragraph 53 (b) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General provides the following response.", "233. The statistics reveal that across the Organization, the most frequently disputed decisions are those on issues related to selections and appointments. Claims related to such decisions constitute around 40 per cent of all claims submitted. There are various reasons for this. First, there was ambiguity in the former administrative instruction on the staff selection system with regard to priority rights for internal candidates. Second, there are a number of procedures that, in accordance with the administrative issuances, need to be followed when a position is being filled: the recruitment/selection process provides scope for allegations of procedural error. Third, staff members who are not selected for positions frequently allege that this is due to extraneous considerations. Fourth, staff members have alleged that there is a conflict between their e‑PAS assessments and the evaluation of their candidacies for vacancies, and thus that the assessment of their candidacy was unfair. Finally, there is inconsistent jurisprudence from the Dispute Tribunal with regard to the breadth of the discretion vested in the Administration in selection exercises as well as the burden and standard of proof in challenges to such exercises.", "234. These issues have been addressed by the Administration as follows:", "(a) In September 2009, as soon as the ambiguity in the provisions regarding priority consideration had been identified, the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management sent a circular to all offices clarifying the procedure for the consideration of internal candidates;", "(b) In April 2010, the administrative instruction on the staff selection system was abolished and was replaced with a new administrative instruction (ST/AI/2010/3). The provisions on priority consideration are no longer part of the policy;", "(c) In October 2010, a “lessons-learned guide”, providing guidance on the staff selection process, was issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management;", "(d) Inconsistent decisions of the Dispute Tribunal have been appealed by the Administration. Jurisprudence from the Appeals Tribunal handed down in March 2011 provides greater clarity with regard to the breadth of the discretion of the Secretary-General in selection decisions and the burden and standards of proof;", "(e) The jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal will assist in responding to factual arguments made by staff members concerning any perceived inconsistency between performance evaluations and candidacy evaluations; it will also assist in addressing allegations of bias. The Appeals Tribunal has found that when staff members make such allegations, the onus is on them to produce clear and convincing evidence to support their claims.", "235. As regards the other categories of cases, it has been recognized that non‑renewal decisions are frequently impugned on the basis that the procedures mandated under the performance management system have not been followed. The Under-Secretary-General for Management has addressed this issue in circulars to management detailing the jurisprudence of the Dispute Tribunal and impressing on managers the need to follow e-PAS procedures.", "236. A “lessons-learned guide” focusing on the non-renewal of fixed-term appointments was issued in August 2010. The guide instructs managers on strictly adhering to rules and procedures, documenting the decision-making process and adhering to performance management procedures.", "237. In addition, on 30 April 2010, an administrative instruction entitled “Performance Management and Development System” (ST/AI/2010/5) was issued. This issuance updates the policies and procedures for performance evaluation and addresses issues that have led to delay in the completion of e-PAS appraisals.", "238. Disciplinary measures are also frequently appealed. This is another area in which the jurisprudence arising from the Dispute Tribunal continues to evolve. Specifically, on a number of occasions the Dispute Tribunal has reconsidered the exercise of the Secretary-General’s discretion. The Administration has appealed those decisions. In early 2011, the Appeals Tribunal issued a judgement emphasizing that the Dispute Tribunal was not the decision maker and that its role was limited to the judicial review of the exercise by the Secretary-General of his broad administrative discretion.", "239. One measure that has been the subject of a number of judgements is the placement of staff members on special leave with full pay in the context of an ongoing investigation into allegations of misconduct. The Dispute Tribunal ruled that this measure was not suitable where disciplinary proceedings were pending. As a result, the Administration has revised the rule, enacting staff rule 10.4, which specifically provides for the placement of a staff member on administrative leave pending an investigation. Whereas the former staff rule required that a staff member be charged prior to being suspended from duty, the new staff rule provides that a staff member may be placed on administrative leave at any time pending an investigation until the completion of the disciplinary process.", "240. A significant subject matter of appeals of judgements to the Appeals Tribunal has been the awarding of compensation. A number of substantial awards have been overturned by the Appeals Tribunal, and principles to be applied by the Dispute Tribunal have been enunciated. Specifically, the Appeals Tribunal has found that successful claimants are entitled to be compensated in a sum that, as far as money can do so, places them in the same position as they would have been in had their terms of appointment been observed.", "241. With respect to paragraph 53 (c) of resolution 65/251, detailed information on monetary compensation awarded is provided in annex III to the present report. As regards the indirect costs associated with an appeal, such as staff time, including the identification of those aspects of staff administration that give rise to large numbers of appeals, the Secretary-General responds as follows.", "242. In order to calculate such indirect costs, it was agreed by all stakeholders of the system of administration of justice that the total number of hours spent by staff in relation to judgements rendered in 2010 by the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal would be added up. It was also agreed that the cost of a P-4 legal officer working 40 hours a week, 45 weeks per year, would be used as an average. An additional 20 per cent would be added to reflect the additional staff hours spent by management and senior management in reviewing cases, as well as administrative support.", "243. Submissions calculating the time spent on cases in which the Dispute Tribunal had rendered judgements were received from the Dispute Tribunal Registries, the Office of Legal Affairs, the Office of Human Resources Management, UNDP, UNICEF, the United Nations Office for Project Services, UNFPA, the Management Evaluation Unit and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Submissions calculating the time spent on the Appeals Tribunal cases were provided by the Appeals Tribunal Registry, the Office of Legal Affairs and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Averages for Dispute Tribunal and Appeals Tribunal cases are provided separately below. The methodology by which these figures were obtained can be made available upon request.", "244. It should be noted that the number of hours spent on individual cases may vary widely. In addition, the numbers provided by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance do not reflect time spent on cases by volunteers, nor do they reflect the large amount of time spent by the Office providing summary advice or working on cases that do not result in a formal appeal.", "245. Taking into account the information provided by each of the various offices and entities, the average staff time spent on a Dispute Tribunal case is 400.3 hours, and on an Appeals Tribunal case, 230.5 hours (calculated on the basis of a P-4 staff member working 40 hours a week, 45 weeks per year).", "246. With respect to paragraph 53 (d) of resolution 65/251, relating to payments of compensation of six months or more, the Secretary-General provides information on such payments in annex III to the present report.", "IV. Issues relevant to the review by the General Assembly of the statutes of the Tribunals", "A. Introduction", "247. In paragraph 46 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to “defer until its sixty-sixth session a review of the statutes of the Tribunals, in the light of experience gained, including on the efficiency of the overall functioning of the Tribunals”. In order to assist the Assembly with its review of the statutes of the Tribunals, the Secretary-General raises the following issues for the consideration of the Assembly. In raising these issues, the Secretary-General emphasizes that the discussion of them is without prejudice to the principle of judicial independence. As the Assembly is the body that established the Tribunals, adopted their statutes and approved their rules of procedure, it is for the Assembly to determine what action, if any, should be taken in relation to these issues.", "B. Rules of procedure of the Tribunals", "248. Article 7 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that the Dispute Tribunal shall establish its own rules of procedure, which are subject to approval by the General Assembly. Similarly, article 6 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides that the Appeals Tribunal shall establish its own rules of procedure, which are subject to approval by the Assembly. As the Assembly will be considering the report on amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal (A/66/86), the Secretary-General submits to the Assembly for its consideration the following observations related to the rules of procedure.", "1. Consultation for the amendment of the rules of procedure", "249. The statutes of the Tribunals do not currently provide for the parties to recommend or to be consulted on amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal. As the parties that appear before the Tribunals would provide an important perspective regarding the impact of the proposed amendments, prior consultation with the parties would benefit the process of amending the rules of procedure of the Tribunals. The absence of an express provision in their statutes or in the rules of procedure does not prevent the Tribunals from undertaking consultation with the parties prior to amending their rules of procedure. Notably, while the statute and the rules of procedure of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia do not provide for a consultative process for the amendment of the rules of procedure, in practice, representatives of the Registry, the Office of the Prosecutor and defence counsel participate in a “rules committee” that has been established to consider proposed amendments of the Tribunal’s rules of procedure before those amendments are adopted by the judges.", "250. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly encourage the Tribunals to consult with the parties appearing before them when making amendments to their rules of procedure.", "2. Dismissal of manifestly inadmissible or unfounded cases", "251. Article 9 of the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal states, “A party may move for summary judgement when there is no dispute as to the material facts of the case and a party is entitled to judgement as a matter of law”. Under this provision, a non‑meritorious claim cannot be dismissed so long as there is a dispute as to the material facts. By contrast, the administrative tribunals of other intergovernmental organizations provide for mechanisms to address non-meritorious claims.[8] For example, article 76 of the rules of procedure of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal states that “where the action is, in whole or in part, manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law, the Tribunal may, without taking further steps in the proceedings, give a decision by way of reasoned order”. In 2010, 10 of the 129 cases before the European Union Civil Service Tribunal were resolved on the basis of that provision.", "252. Furthermore, the Secretary-General notes that the rules of procedure of the Appeals Tribunal do not provide for any mechanism to address non-meritorious appeals expeditiously. Of the other intergovernmental organizations with administrative tribunals, only the European Union provides for appellate review. Judgements of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal may be appealed to the General Court. Article 111 of the rules of procedure of the General Court states that where an action is “manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law”, the General Court may decide on an action “without taking further steps in the proceedings”.", "253. Regarding the types of cases that may be dismissed on the grounds that they are manifestly inadmissible or unfounded, the Secretary-General recalls that the Appeals Tribunal ruled as early as in July 2010 that the Dispute Tribunal did not have the authority to review or revise judgements of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal.[9] Nevertheless, to date, the Appeals Tribunal has received at least five appeals seeking revision of judgements by the Administrative Tribunal. Although these submissions may be appropriately considered to be “manifestly lacking any foundation in law”, the Appeals Tribunal has no mechanism to dismiss such cases expeditiously. Consequently, the Organization bears the costs of issuing a full judgement for each of these cases ($3,600 per judgement), in addition to the costs incurred by the Organization in preparing the responses to such appeals.", "254. In order to ensure that frivolous cases can be dismissed expeditiously so that the resources of the system of administration of justice can be used more efficiently, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (h) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “procedures for the summary dismissal of cases, including cases that are manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law”. The Assembly may also consider amending article 6 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a similar provision.", "255. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (h) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and article 6 of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to provide for a mechanism in their rules of procedure to dismiss expeditiously cases that are manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any foundation in law.", "3. Audio recording of oral hearings", "256. As indicated in paragraph 49 above, the Secretary-General has requested budgetary resources to permit the audio recordings of oral hearings to be maintained. While the Appeals Tribunal has ruled in one case that a party is “entitled to the record of the testimonies made at those proceedings from the relevant Dispute Tribunal Registry”,[10] such records have not always been made available to the parties upon request. In June 2011, the parties were informed that the “Registries of the Dispute Tribunal are not required under the statute and rules of procedure to make audio recordings of oral proceedings”.", "257. The Secretary-General notes that, in cases where the Dispute Tribunal’s assessment of the facts is based extensively or exclusively on the oral evidence presented during the proceedings, and the Dispute Tribunal fails to provide the parties with a record of such oral evidence, the parties are unable to exercise their right to appeal in any meaningful manner. While the parties may rely on their own notes of the oral evidence, the Appeals Tribunal will be unable to make an assessment as to whether the Dispute Tribunal’s account of the oral evidence or the parties’ account is accurate if there is no objective record of that evidence.", "258. In order to ensure that audio recordings of oral hearings are maintained and made available to the parties upon request, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (e) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “oral hearings, including the audio recordings of oral hearings, which shall be made available to the parties upon request”.", "259. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly revise article 7.2 (e) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to provide that audio recordings of oral hearings before the Tribunal are to be maintained and made available to the parties upon request.", "4. Redaction of names of staff members", "260. Article 11.6 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that the “judgements of the Dispute Tribunal shall be published, while protecting personal data, and made generally available by the Registry of the Tribunal”.", "261. The Secretary-General notes that in a number of cases, staff members either directly or indirectly involved in a contested decision have been identified by name by the Dispute Tribunal in the judgements. In some cases, in which the contested decision has been determined by the Dispute Tribunal to be vitiated, the actions and character of such staff members have been described by the Tribunal in intemperate terms. The identification of staff members by name and the description of their actions and characters in intemperate terms in Dispute Tribunal judgements have led some staff members to file complaints against the judges and raise concerns about defamation.", "262. In view of article 11.6 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal and the need to ensure that the names and character of staff members are not unfairly impugned in Dispute Tribunal judgements, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (f) of the statute of the Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “publication of judgements, including a procedure for the redaction of names from judgements upon the request of the individuals concerned”.", "263. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (f) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal so that its rules of procedure will include a provision concerning “publication of judgements, including a procedure for the redaction of names from judgements upon the request of the individuals concerned”.", "5. Suspensory effect of appeals of interlocutory orders", "264. Pursuant to article 11.3 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal, judgements are “executable following the expiry of the time provided for appeal”. Moreover, article 7.5 of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides that the “filing of appeals shall have the effect of suspending the execution of the judgement contested”. Although the statutes of the two Tribunals refer only to the appeal of judgements, the Appeals Tribunal has recognized that in limited circumstances, appeals of interlocutory orders are also permissible. Therefore, it would seem appropriate for article 11.3 of the Dispute Tribunal statute and article 7.5 of the Appeals Tribunal statute to apply to appeals of interlocutory orders.", "265. A lack of clarity regarding whether an appeal suspends the obligation to execute a contested interlocutory order has led the Dispute Tribunal to prohibit the appealing party from appearing before it, an outcome that was subsequently nullified by the Appeals Tribunal.[11] The authority to impose such a prohibition is now codified in the amended article 19 of the Dispute Tribunal’s rules of procedure, which allows the Tribunal to issue any order that it considers appropriate, “including a decision dismissing the application or response”, where a party fails to comply with an interlocutory order. The Secretary-General believes that the right of the Dispute Tribunal to enforce compliance with interlocutory orders must be balanced against the right of the parties to appeal interlocutory orders in good faith, particularly in cases in which the Secretary-General would otherwise be required to execute an interlocutory order issued by the Dispute Tribunal that contradicts the established jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal. The General Assembly may consider amending article 11.5 of the Dispute Tribunal statute and article 7.5 of the Appeals Tribunal statute to confirm that these provisions apply equally to all decisions issued by the Dispute Tribunal, whether in the form of judgements or orders.", "266. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 11.3 of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to clarify that the interlocutory orders issued by the Tribunal may be subject to appeal. The Secretary-General also recommends that the Assembly amend article 7.5 of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to clarify that appealing an interlocutory order issued by the Dispute Tribunal shall have the effect of suspending the execution of the contested order. The related provisions of the rules of procedure of the Tribunals would also need to be amended.", "6. Deadlines for filing appeals with the Appeals Tribunal", "267. Article 7.1 (c) of the statute of the Appeals Tribunal establishes a 45-day deadline for filing appeals.[12] There are currently no deadlines set out in the statute for appealing interlocutory orders, although in practice the Appeals Tribunal has imposed a 15-day deadline.[13]", "268. In view of the limited resources of the parties and the delays encountered in transferring relevant files between duty stations, the Secretary-General considers that extending the deadline for filing appeals by an additional 15 days would facilitate a fuller briefing on the legal issues to be examined by the Appeals Tribunal. The minimal delay occasioned by extending the deadline by an additional 15 days should be weighed against the significant gains that would result from allowing for a more thorough examination of the legal issues raised in the appeals, particularly during this initial period of the Appeals Tribunal, when many fundamental issues are being examined for the first time.", "269. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.1 (c) of the statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to extend the deadline for filing appeals of United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgements from 45 days to 60 days and to establish a 30-day deadline for filing appeals of interlocutory orders. The related provisions of the rules of procedure of the Appeals Tribunal would also need to be amended.", "C. Jurisdiction of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions by independent entities in connection with the performance of their operational mandates", "270. Article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal establishes the Tribunal’s jurisdiction over an “administrative decision that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”. In interpreting the term “administrative decision”, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal held that “administrative decisions are characterized by the fact that they are taken by the Administration, they are unilateral and of individual application, and they carry direct legal consequences” for the terms and conditions of employment of the staff member.[14] Elaborating on the first criterion (that administrative decisions must be taken by the Administration), the Administrative Tribunal held, in its judgement No. 1359, Perez-Soto (2007), that a decision made by the Ombudsman not to investigate a harassment complaint did not constitute an administrative decision, since any acts or omissions on the part of the Ombudsman could not be attributed to the Administration in view of the Ombudsman’s independent status.", "271. The administrative tribunals of other international organizations have also recognized the basic principle that when an entity acts independently from management, the organization does not have effective control over the entity and therefore cannot be held liable for its acts or omissions. For example, there have been two separate cases in which staff members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have alleged that the staff associations of their organizations were responsible for publishing confidential personnel information and filed claims against those organizations.[15] Both the IMF Administrative Tribunal and the World Bank Administrative Tribunal dismissed those claims, ruling that the organizations could not be held liable for actions of the staff associations, which did not act “at the instruction of management or under the effective control of management”.[16]", "272. The Secretary-General notes that a number of entities with an independent status have been established pursuant to General Assembly resolutions. These entities include the Ombudsman, OIOS, the Ethics Office and the Office of Administration of Justice, all of which enjoy operational independence.[17] The issue of the competence of the Dispute Tribunal over acts or omissions by these independent entities raises difficult questions, as does the possibility of holding the Secretary-General liable for acts and omissions by entities over which he has no effective control.", "273. To date, the independent entities whose acts and omissions have been challenged before the Dispute Tribunal include: (a) OIOS; (b) the Ethics Office; and (c) the Office of Staff Legal Assistance:", "(a) In a recent case examined by the Appeals Tribunal, a staff member challenged the content of an OIOS report and the procedures employed by the Office in conducting its audit. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal in that case had not been issued. However, as indicated in a synopsis of the judgement (which was issued by the Appeals Tribunal Registry not as an official document, but for public information purposes), the Tribunal appears to recognize that, as the Secretary-General has no power to influence or interfere with OIOS, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal also has no jurisdiction to do so, as it can only review the Secretary-General’s administrative decisions;", "(b) In at least three cases, staff members have filed applications with the Dispute Tribunal challenging a determination made by the Ethics Office that they were not subject to retaliation. In rejecting the argument that the General Assembly’s request that the Secretary-General create an Ethics Office with an “independent status” required the Secretary-General to respect that status, the Dispute Tribunal opined that “recommendations of the General Assembly must be given serious consideration” but are not dispositive for assessing whether the Ethics Office enjoys an independent status.[18] As the Dispute Tribunal has not yet issued a final judgement addressing the issue of whether a determination made by the Ethics Office regarding retaliation constitutes an administrative decision, the Appeals Tribunal has not yet pronounced itself on that issue;", "(c) In a recent case examined by the Appeals Tribunal, a staff member challenged the alleged failure of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to disclose a conflict of interest. The Secretary-General maintained that acts and omissions of the Office did not constitute decisions by the Administration and, as such, fell outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, which was limited to reviewing “administrative decisions”. In that connection, the Secretary-General noted that the IMF Administrative Tribunal and the World Bank Administrative Tribunal had rejected the argument that the respective international organizations could be held liable for the contested acts by the staff associations, since the primary purpose of staff associations was to advocate on behalf of staff interests and to “express viewpoints independent from, and sometimes in opposition to … management”.[19] This reasoning would apply with even greater force to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, given that the adversarial nature of litigation means that the Office often expresses viewpoints in opposition to management. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal in that case had not been issued. However, as indicated in a synopsis of the judgement, the Appeals Tribunal appears to have ruled that acts and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance fall within the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, as the services provided by the Office and the manner in which the representation is implemented can have an impact on the terms of appointment. The implication of holding the Secretary-General legally and financially liable for acts and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance would be that if staff members are unable to prevail in their challenges of administrative decisions taken by the Secretary-General, they may nevertheless claim compensation from the Organization if they are able to establish that the legal advice provided by the Office was somehow deficient.", "274. The jurisprudence emerging from the Appeals Tribunal appears to indicate that, while the acts and omissions of certain independent entities such as OIOS may fall outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, the acts and omissions of other independent entities such as the Office of Staff Legal Assistance may be reviewed by the Dispute Tribunal. Furthermore, the Secretary-General notes that any guidance of the Appeals Tribunal on these issues may not necessarily be dispositive, as the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider rules established by the Appeals Tribunal to be applicable only where they are “in conformity with general principles of law”.[20]", "275. Accordingly, the Secretary-General considers that it may be helpful for the General Assembly to clarify its intent regarding the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal. In that connection, the Secretary-General emphasizes that excluding the acts and omissions of independent entities from the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal would not mean that staff members would be deprived of recourse where they believed that their rights had been violated by such entities.", "276. First, in a situation in which the Secretary-General takes an administrative decision based on an impugned act or omission by an independent entity, the decision itself can be challenged before the Dispute Tribunal. For example, if the Ethics Office determines that a staff member engaged in retaliation and the Secretary-General decides to impose a disciplinary measure against the staff member on the basis of the determination made by the Ethics Office, the staff member could then file an application with the Dispute Tribunal challenging the Secretary-General’s imposition of the disciplinary measure and his reliance on an allegedly faulty determination by the Ethics Office. However, a determination by the Ethics Office regarding retaliation should not be subject to challenge before the Dispute Tribunal. As the independent status of the Ethics Office prevents the Secretary-General from instructing the Office how to make its determination of retaliation, the Secretary-General cannot be held liable for determinations made by the Office, even if they subsequently prove to be flawed.", "277. Secondly, where a staff member challenges an act or omission by an independent entity related to the performance of its managerial functions, the extension of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over such matters would not raise any problems in terms of the entity’s independent status. For example, an application challenging the manner in which a selection process in OIOS had been conducted would clearly fall within the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction.", "278. The exercise of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over acts and omissions of independent entities is problematic only where a staff member’s claims relate to the manner in which such entities carry out their operational responsibilities. As the manner in which independent entities carry out their operational responsibilities lies outside the effective control of the Secretary-General, the Secretary-General is of the view that any acts and omissions by the independent entities in relation to their operational mandates cannot be attributed to him, and that he should not be held legally or financially liable for them. Indeed, the imposition of liability under these circumstances will not advance the goal of strengthening accountability, as the Secretary-General has no authority to influence or correct the acts and omissions by the independent entities challenged by the staff members. The General Assembly may wish to consider the appropriateness of imposing financial liability and expending the public funds of the Organization where no fault on the part of the Secretary-General has been established.", "279. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over administrative decisions is limited to those decisions that have been taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Dispute Tribunal’s statute to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "280. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "281. Another emerging issue is whether the Dispute Tribunal has jurisdiction over the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions taken by governing bodies, such as the General Assembly or its subsidiary bodies. To date, staff members have filed applications with the Dispute Tribunal challenging actions taken by the Secretary-General to implement Assembly resolutions and decisions of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC).", "1. General Assembly", "282. Under Article 101 of the Charter of the United Nations, “staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assembly”. Pursuant to that provision, the Assembly promulgates the Staff Regulations and may modify the Staff Rules. Through its resolutions, the Assembly approves the Organization’s policies relating to human resources management.", "283. In 2010, the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/248, approved the recommendations of the International Civil Service Commission on the harmonization of the conditions of service of staff of the organizations of the United Nations common system serving in non-family duty stations. The consequence of that decision was that a particular benefit, called the “personal transitional allowance”, would be discontinued. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to facilitate the immediate implementation of the recommendations of the Commission concerning the harmonization of the conditions of service in non-family duty stations. Accordingly, the Department of Field Support informed staff members serving in the field that the changes approved by the Assembly would become effective on 1 July 2011. In June 2011, the first application challenging the discontinuation of the personal transitional allowance was filed with the Dispute Tribunal. The application alleged that the discontinuation of the personal transitional allowance had an adverse impact on single women, suggesting that it constituted discrimination on the basis of gender or personal status.", "284. The Charter requires the Secretary-General to implement the regulations established by the General Assembly on the administration of staff, and, as a consequence, the Secretary-General is also required to implement policies on human resources management as set out in Assembly resolutions. The United Nations Administrative Tribunal had previously held that “the Tribunal is neither the General Assembly nor the Secretary-General, and therefore it is not in a position to substitute its judgement for policy decisions on personnel matters”.[21] The legal authority of the resolutions of the General Assembly was reaffirmed in paragraph 9 of resolution 65/251, in which the Assembly stressed that “all elements of the new system of administration of justice must work in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the legal and regulatory framework approved by the General Assembly”.", "285. However, the Dispute Tribunal has held that the Secretary-General’s obligation to comply with General Assembly resolutions cannot be invoked as a reason for declining to take a particular action when inaction would lead to a violation of human rights norms, such as the principle of equal pay for equal work. Such a ruling has been confirmed by the Appeals Tribunal.[22] In short, in cases where the Dispute Tribunal determines that the implementation of an Assembly resolution will lead to outcomes inconsistent with human rights norms, then the Secretary-General may be held legally and financially liable for complying with that resolution.", "2. International Civil Service Commission", "286. The International Civil Service Commission is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly, and its statute was approved by the Assembly in its resolution 3357 (XXIX). Article 6 of its statute expressly prohibits the Commission from taking any instructions from an organization that is participating in the common system and is therefore independent of the Secretary-General. Article 25 (3) of the statute provides that the decisions of the Commission “shall be applied by each organization with effect from a date to be determined by the Commission”.", "287. In December 2009, the Commission decided to change the duty-station classification of Nairobi from category “C” to category “B”. The duty-station classification of Addis Ababa was also changed from category “C” to category “B”. Both of these changes took effect on 1 January 2011. The Commission’s classifications of duty stations, ranging from category “A” to category “E”, reflect the difficulty of conditions of life and work, with category “E” reserved for the most difficult duty stations. As a consequence of the reclassification of the duty stations, in Nairobi and Addis Ababa, staff members serving there receive a lower amount of hardship allowance and are entitled to home leave only once every 24 months, as opposed to once every 12 months. Staff members at both duty stations have contested the Secretary-General’s implementation of the Commission’s decision.", "288. The Secretary-General is obliged to implement the Commission’s reclassification of Nairobi, in view of article 25 (3) of the Commission’s statute and staff rule 3.14, which requires the Secretary-General to determine the amount of the hardship allowance “taking into account the degree of difficulty of life and work at each duty station as per the classification of duty stations established by the International Civil Service Commission”. Moreover, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal emphasized that Commission decisions were binding on the Secretary-General. In Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 421 (Chatwani), the Tribunal ruled that “it is not for the United Nations Secretary-General or for the Secretaries-General or Directors-General of the other organizations in the common system to revise, modify or rescind a decision adopted by the Commission in accordance with its statute”.[23]", "3. Clarification of the scope of the jurisdiction of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "289. Challenges to the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions by governing bodies, including General Assembly resolutions and decisions by the International Civil Service Commission, are still being reviewed by the Dispute Tribunal. Notably, the Appeals Tribunal has already rejected the argument, made by the Secretary-General in one case, that taking the action requested by the staff member would be contrary to a General Assembly resolution on a budgetary matter, holding that budgetary considerations “may not trump the requirement of equal treatment”.[24]", "290. Even after the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal rule on particular cases in which the Secretary-General’s implementation of General Assembly resolutions and International Civil Service Commission decisions has been challenged, such judgements will not necessarily be dispositive for other situations, as the decisions of those governing bodies cover a broad range of issues relating to human resources management. Moreover, the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider rules established by the Appeals Tribunal to be applicable only where they are “in conformity with general principles of law”.[25]", "291. Accordingly, the Secretary-General considers that it may be helpful for the General Assembly to clarify its intent regarding the scope of the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction. The Assembly may wish to consider the appropriateness of imposing financial liability and expending the public funds of the Organization where the Secretary-General has taken action to implement the decisions of governing bodies such as the Assembly and the International Civil Service Commission.", "292. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the Dispute Tribunal’s jurisdiction would not extend to the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions of governing bodies such as the Assembly and the Commission, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Dispute Tribunal’s Statute to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”. An action taken by the Secretary-General to implement decisions of governing bodies would not constitute an administrative decision unilaterally taken by the Secretary-General, since he does not have the latitude to act in a manner contrary to decisions by those governing bodies.", "293. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally taken by or on behalf of the Secretary-General that is alleged to be in non-compliance with the terms of appointment or the contract of employment”.", "V. Resource requirements", "294. The Secretary-General has identified various areas in the formal justice system requiring strengthening in order to fulfil the mandate that the new system be “independent, transparent, professionalized, adequately resourced and decentralized”. The requirements for the informal system are presented separately in the report of the United Nations Ombudsman. For all of the reasons set out above, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly consider enhancing the formal justice system with the following post and non-post resources, besides those requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6):", "(a) With respect to the Management Evaluation Unit, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 19 and 20 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish an additional post of Legal Officer (P-3) to support the work of the Unit;", "(b) With respect to the Dispute Tribunal and its Registries, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 42-44 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly appoint three additional full-time judges (one each in Geneva, Nairobi and New York) to the Tribunal, reclassify one P-2 Legal Officer post in the Registry in New York as a P-3 post and establish six new posts (3 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level) and 1 General Service (Local level)) to support the additional full-time judges, effective 1 January 2012. The aforementioned capacity was initially approved by the Assembly in its resolution 63/253 for a period of one year effective 1 July 2009 and extended until 31 December 2011 by resolution 65/251, and funded through the use of the limited budgetary discretion granted to the Secretary-General in resolution 60/283 and extended in resolution 64/260. The present proposal is aimed at regularizing the temporary capacity available to the Dispute Tribunal, as set out above;", "(c) With respect to non-post resources for the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 49-51 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve the resources for communications ($25,000) and travel ($155,000);", "(d) With respect to the Registry of the Appeals Tribunal, the Secretary-General recommends, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 71-78 above, that it be strengthened with one Legal Officer (P-4), effective 1 January 2012, as well as additional resources for travel ($280,200) to facilitate a third annual session of the Tribunal and for increased travel privileges of the Tribunal’s judges;", "(e) With respect to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 83-92 above, the Secretary-General recommends that it be strengthened with four posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level) in Nairobi, 1 P-4 in New York and 1 General Service (Other level) in Geneva), effective 1 January 2012. The Secretary-General also recommends that the P-3 position established by resolution 65/251, effective 1 January 2011, currently funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations until 31 December 2011, be continued until 31 December 2012. In addition, the Secretary-General requests resources for communications ($11,200), travel ($15,000) and supplies ($9,000);", "(f) With respect to the Office of the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 101-108 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly authorize general temporary assistance ($130,000) for remuneration for the external members of the Internal Justice Council and to provide for the replacement of staff during extended sick and maternity leave. In addition, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve the resources for travel ($30,000), contractual services ($37,500) and the acquisition of software packages ($37,500);", "(g) With respect to Secretariat offices representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 115-156 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly approve 11 new posts (5 P-4, 3 P‑3, 1 General Service (Other level) and 2 General Service (Local Level)), effective 1 January 2012. These include five posts (2 P-4 and 3 P-3) in the Office of Human Resources Management, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Other level)) in the United Nations Office at Geneva, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level)) in the United Nations Office at Nairobi and two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level)) in the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. The Secretary-General, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 153-156 above, recommends that the Assembly approve the resources ($60,000) for travel to conduct outreach missions and for travel to Tribunal hearings at other duty stations;", "(h) With respect to the Office of Legal Affairs, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 172-186 above, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish three posts (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) in the General Legal Division, effective 1 January 2012.", "295. Accordingly, should the General Assembly agree with the above proposals, additional resource requirements in the amount of $8,657,900 (before recosting) would be considered in accordance with the provisions governing the contingency fund in accordance with the terms of Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. In this regard, it is recalled that the Assembly, in its resolution 65/262, approved a contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $40.5 million.", "296. All new posts reflected in the present report are proposed to be established as from 1 January 2012. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in paragraph 20 of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/7) recommended that information on the delayed impact of posts be reflected in any new proposals, the Assembly may wish to note that the additional requirements for the full costing of the proposed 26 new posts in the biennium 2014-2015 are currently estimated at $3,356,400 under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, $1,072,200; section 8, Legal affairs, $432,200; section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific, $173,500; section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, $126,200; section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management, $684,600; section 29E, Administration, Geneva, $234,500; section 29G, Administration, Nairobi, $168,300; and section 37, Staff assessment, $464,900, to be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "VI. Conclusions and actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "297. The Secretary-General considers that the recommendations contained in the present report will provide necessary additional strength to the new internal justice system, which already enjoys the confidence of both staff and management. He requests the General Assembly to give due consideration to these proposals and to approve the resources necessary to strengthen its implementation.", "298. Accordingly, the General Assembly is requested to:", "(a) Approve the establishment of 26 new posts (10 P-4, 8 P-3, 4 General Service (Other level) and 4 General Service (Local level)), effective 1 January 2012, under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(b) Approve the reclassification of one P-2 post as a P-3 post, effective 1 January 2012, under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Appropriate a total amount of $8,657,900 (before recosting) under the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, comprising increases under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination ($3,889,700); section 8, Legal affairs ($559,700); section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific ($388,400); section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management ($164,300); section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management ($948,300); section 29D, Office of Central Support Services ($832,700); section 29E, Administration, Geneva ($636,600); and section 29G, Administration, Nairobi ($577,200), and an increase under section 37, Staff assessment ($661,000), to be offset by a corresponding amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment. The provision would represent a charge against the contingency fund;", "(d) Approve the continuation of a P-3 position in Nairobi, effective 1 January 2012, for an additional one year, to be funded from the budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations, and the related costs to be reported in the context of the performance report relating to the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and reflected in the budget proposals for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013.", "Annex I", "Proposals for staff-funded mechanisms to fund the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "Staff funding mechanism for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper presents various staff funded mechanisms for supporting the Office of Staff Legal Assistance (OSLA) of the Office of Administration of Justice (OAJ), as requested by the General Assembly in paragraphs 40 and 41 of its resolution 65/251. The concept paper addresses the Assembly’s request for the submission of proposals based on both mandatory and voluntary contribution models.", "2. There are elements common to both the mandatory and the voluntary options presented in the present paper. Specifically, the General Assembly would continue to determine the staffing table of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and its other financial needs upon the consideration of budgetary proposals by the Secretary-General. In addition, the Secretary-General notes that any decisions regarding the staffing requirements of the Office must take into account any decision taken by the Assembly regarding the mandate and functioning of the Office. The Office posts created pursuant to resolution 63/253 would continue to be funded through the regular budget. The staff funding mechanisms proposed would serve to offset some of the costs of enhancements to the Office’s current staffing table as proposed by the Secretary-General. The final common element is that the proposed contributions from staff, either mandatory or voluntary, would be deducted monthly through payroll.", "3. Specifically, regarding the mandatory option, it bears noting that, as the General Assembly established the Office of Staff Legal Assistance as part of the Organization’s internal system of administration of justice, the expenses associated with its operation constitute expenses of the Organization. Pursuant to Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations, “expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly”. The intention of this paragraph, to require the Member States to bear the expenses of the Organization, is clear from the legislative history of this provision.[26]", "4. Accordingly, requiring staff members to bear part of the costs of an “expense” of the Organization, which, under the Charter is to be borne by the Member States, raises legal concerns. Introducing staff-funded schemes for activities of the Organization mandated by the Assembly raises the possibility that in future, other “expenses” of the Organization that might be seen to benefit staff would be underwritten in whole or in part through a levy on staff members.", "II. Mandatory mechanisms for staff funding of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "5. There are three possible mandatory models for a staff funding mechanism for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: (a) a universal model under which all staff members would contribute a percentage of salary; (b) a model under which only the staff actually using services of the Office would be charged a fee for their use; and (c) a model under which a percentage of dues collected by staff unions and associations would be used to fund activities of the Office. All three models are discussed below.", "6. As at 30 June 2010, the population of staff members of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes comprised approximately 45,000 General Service staff members, approximately 30,000 Professional and Field Service staff members, and approximately 1,525 staff members at the Director level and above who have access to the system of administration of justice (see A/65/350 and CEB/2010/HLCM/HR/24).", "A. Universal mandatory model", "7. Under a universal mandatory model, a fee would be assessed against each staff member. An important consideration for assessing any fee against staff is that salary scales, in particular local salary scales, differ greatly from duty station to duty station. Thus, any fee assessed would need to reflect the various salary scales to ensure that it was equitable and proportionate to the actual salary of each staff member. One possibility would be to assess a percentage of the salary of each staff member having access to the system of administration of justice (for example, .001 per cent). Alternatively, the amount of the fee could be fixed, but dependent upon a determination of the level, grade and duty station of the staff member. The fee would be deducted monthly by payroll.", "8. Staff contributions collected would be used to offset some of the expenses of posts other than those currently reflected in the Office of Staff Legal Assistance staffing table established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/253 (1 P-5, 5 P-3, 1 P-2 and 3 General Service posts).", "9. There are several benefits associated with this model. Principally, with a large staff population, even de minimus individual contributions would result in a significant amount of money to fund the Office. Equally, a universal and mandatory scheme would be the most consistent and stable source of revenue.", "10. However, there are also concerns with respect to a mandatory scheme. The first is that, generally, a very small percentage of staff members are expected to avail themselves of the services of the Office. Currently, the percentage of staff who are filing complaints in the formal system is less than 1 per cent. Therefore, approximately 99 per cent of staff would help to pay for services used by less than 1 per cent. This raises concerns as to the fairness of imposing a general levy in the form of a universal mandatory scheme.", "11. Another concern relates to the fact that, pursuant to jurisprudence of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal,[27] the Office may decline to provide assistance in a case when it determines that the case lacks legal merit or has sufficiently little possibility of success before the Tribunals. This jurisprudence accords with the generally accepted principle that an officer of the court may not bring before a court a case that he or she does not believe in good faith to have legal merit. Additionally, organizational resources should not be squandered on matters with little or no likelihood of having a positive outcome. However, if a mandatory levy is imposed on all staff, individual staff members may feel that they have a right to representation by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, irrespective of whether their cases have legal merit or a reasonable likelihood of success. There is a risk, therefore, that if a staff member is denied services despite having paid a levy, he or she might make a complaint or even formally appeal the decision, with additional and possibly significant cost implications for the Organization.", "12. This scenario might occur under either a mandatory or a voluntary scheme, as, theoretically, any staff member making a contribution, either mandatory or voluntary, might argue that the payment creates an entitlement to services.", "13. Finally, staff members mandated to contribute to the services of an Office established by the General Assembly may consider this a violation of their terms of appointment and conditions of service and appeal it. If a staff member succeeds with such a claim, the Organization will be obliged to reimburse the staff contributions, possibly with additional compensatory payments, at a later stage, to all staff members, with interest.", "B. Mandatory assessment for users of services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "14. A second possible mandatory staff-funding option would be to mandate that only those staff members who avail themselves of the services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance would be required to make a contribution. This model would address the concern that staff members who do not avail themselves of the services of the Office would not be required to bear the costs of its funding.", "15. If this option is accepted, the required contribution would need to be determined. A fixed contribution would be, essentially, the assessment of a fee for the use of the Office. Other modalities could be contemplated, such as requiring successful applicants to donate a percentage of any compensation awarded.", "16. However, because the number of staff members making use of the services of the Office constitutes a very small percentage of the total staff population (approximately 1,000 staff members per year seek the services of the Office), the fee assessed against individual users would need to be higher than the de minimus contribution considered under the universal mandatory model. For example, the annual cost of a P-4 post in Geneva is $227,300. Thus, in order to fully fund a single P-4 post for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance in Geneva, the fee assessed against users of the Office would have to be $227.30 per user. If it were determined that the scheme should only offset a percentage of the costs associated with additional Office posts, the fixed fee would be larger or smaller, depending on the number of posts and the percentage to be offset.", "17. Notably, the concern that staff members who have made a mandatory contribution would demand continued legal services and complain or even appeal if the Office declined to represent them, as mentioned above in relation to the universal contribution model, would also apply to this model. However, it could be mitigated if the fee charged to the staff member varied according to the range of services provided to the staff member by the Office. For example, staff members could be charged a fee of $300 for the negotiation and settlement of their case by the Office, but incur a fee of only $50 for telephone advice from the Office.", "C. Mandatory assessment against dues collected by staff unions and associations", "18. A third possible mandatory model would be one under which staff associations and staff unions would be required to contribute a portion of the staff dues remitted to them to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance.", "19. The remit of staff unions and associations is to promote and safeguard the rights and interests of staff. Thus, requiring a portion of the dues collected to be contributed to the Office would be analogous to imposing a mandate that staff unions and associations provide, at their expense, some form of legal insurance for the staff whom they represent.", "20. Concerns regarding the imposition of a mandatory deduction from unions’ financial resources would be similar to those regarding the imposition of a mandatory deduction on individual staff members.", "21. Currently, United Nations staff unions and associations may not impose a mandatory dues levy on the staff whom they represent. Accordingly, there are great disparities among individual unions and associations in terms of their financial resources. Several possibilities exist for determining the fee to be paid. One would be to assess a percentage of assessed dues against each staff union or association. Another would be to base the fee on the number of staff represented. A third option would be to assess a fixed amount against all unions and associations. The amount of funds that could be generated under the first two models to offset Office costs would depend on a number of factors (the amount of dues collected under the first model, and the number of staff represented and the amount assessed per person under the second). Under the third model, for example, an assessed contribution of $20,000 per staff union/association (there are 14 unions) would net $280,000 annually. There is a concern, however, that individual unions and associations, in particular those who are not well funded, might complain that the imposition of a levy would impede their ability to provide basic services to their members.", "III. Voluntary mechanisms for staff funding of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "22. There are two possible models for establishing a staff funding mechanism based on voluntary contributions. One would be a system under which a fixed percentage of a staff member’s salary would be automatically deducted to support the services provided by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, but the staff member could elect to opt out of the system. The second would permit staff members to choose the option of contributing a fixed percentage of their salary.", "23. Both voluntary models offer the advantage that contributions are made at the consent (express or implied) of participating staff members. However, the amount of revenue that a voluntary model would generate would depend on the number of staff deciding to make contributions, and is therefore difficult to estimate without the actual experience of several annual cycles of contributions that can be assessed as a benchmark.", "24. Under both models, it would be necessary to provide staff members with some form of incentive to participate in the scheme. One possible means of encouraging participation would be for the Office to prioritize the cases of staff opting into the scheme and, should it have too many cases to handle effectively at any given time, to decline to provide assistance to a staff member opting out of the voluntary funding scheme.", "25. Another way to encourage participation would be to create two levels of Office of Staff Legal Assistance services. Staff participating in the voluntary staff funding mechanism would have access to all Office services. Staff not making voluntary contributions would have access to only basic Office services, namely, summary legal guidance/advice on the operative law and limited review of any document or pleading that the staff member has drafted in support of his or her case. In this connection, an additional incentive for participation in the voluntary scheme could be the addition of the user-pays concept under the mandatory scheme: staff members who did not opt into or have opted out of the voluntary scheme may be obliged to pay for the use of the Office.", "26. As with the mandatory model, there is a possibility that complaints and appeals could arise should the Office decline to take the case of a contributing staff member when it concludes that there is little or no chance of a successful outcome. However, these concerns can be mitigated by making it clear to staff members that the Office’s decision to provide legal assistance would take into account the merits of their claim.", "27. Furthermore, voluntary schemes raise additional questions about contribution thresholds required for the provision of enhanced services. For example, if staff members could opt into the payment of the fixed contribution immediately before they desired the services of the Office and could then opt out as soon as they had received those services, the revenues would be minimal. One solution to this problem would be to allow changes to a staff member’s opt-in/opt-out status only, for example, once a year.", "IV. Conclusions", "28. All models presented above require further consideration before implementation. As discussed above, there are legal concerns relating to the imposition of mandatory models.", "29. In addition, there are competing interests of fairness and revenue generation that must be addressed. Mandatory models, if determined to be acceptable, offer a greater likelihood of producing appreciable revenue with which to offset the costs of additional Office resources. However, the amount of revenue that would be generated, even under mandatory models, would depend on the number of paying individuals or entities and the amount or percentage assessed.", "30. “User-pays” and voluntary models are likely to be viewed as more fair, as they do not impose costs, even nominal ones, on those who do not use the services of the Office or see no value in contributing in the event that they might use them in the future. This concern is particularly salient, given that 99 per cent of staff members have not been making use, and are not expected to make use, of the Office’s services. However, it is more difficult to predict the amount of revenue that would be generated by any voluntary mechanism. Under a “user-pays” model, the issue would arise as to how to ensure that a contribution would be equitable yet sufficient without excessively decreasing the use of the Office. Therefore, further consideration would be required in order to strike an appropriate balance between making the services of the Office generally available and generating revenue.", "V. Recommendation", "31. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly take note of this presentation of proposals for mandatory or mixed-funding schemes, and indicate which specific model, if any, it considers to be suitable to serve as the basis for a more detailed proposal from the Secretariat to be submitted for its consideration.", "Annex II", "Proposal for recourse mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "Outline of Rules for Expedited Arbitration Procedures under United Nations contracts with consultants and individual contractors: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper[28] presents possible means of establishing expedited arbitration procedures for the resolution of disputes between the United Nations and certain categories of non-staff personnel, i.e., consultants and individual contractors, by incorporating streamlined elements into the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This approach was generally alluded to in the report of the Secretary-General on administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 171). The concept paper does not purport to address the other possible approaches to the resolution of disputes with non-staff personnel referred to in paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 64/233, or suggest means of resolving disputes with categories of non-staff personnel not covered by the procedures discussed herein (see General Assembly resolution 65/251, para. 55).", "2. The approach set out in paragraph 171 of the Secretary-General’s report was raised in the context of arbitrations under the auspices of local, national or regional arbitration associations for claims amounting to less than $25,000. However, the report concluded that “initiating a formal arbitration even under special procedures, for claims valued at $25,000 or less, would not necessarily be efficient or effective for the Organization” (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 172). Thus, the expedited procedures outlined below do not presuppose a financial limitation.", "3. The procedures set out in the present concept paper could be used for ad hoc arbitrations and for arbitrations under the auspices of an arbitration association, if the association agreed to administer arbitrations under the procedures.", "4. In simplifying arbitration procedures, it must be borne in mind that, pursuant to article VIII, section 29, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the United Nations must provide an appropriate mode of settlement of disputes arising out of its contracts. Thus, procedures set out in the present concept paper seek to preserve essential features of due process.", "5. The following are the essential features of the procedures set out in the present concept paper:", "• A two-stage process, consisting of an informal dispute resolution phase and an expedited arbitral proceeding in case the informal dispute resolution phase fails", "• Non-waivable time limits for filing arbitration claims", "• Sole arbitrator", "• Arbitrator to be chosen from a roster of arbitrators agreed upon by the Organization and the individual contractors/consultants (see para. 7 (d) below)", "• Limitation of arbitrator’s fees", "• Elimination of an appointing authority, but exercise of certain functions of an appointing authority (e.g., selecting/appointing the arbitrator, deciding on a party’s challenge to an arbitrator) by a neutral entity", "– The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution (in which case both the Organization and the claimants would have to bear their respective share of the institution’s administrative fees)", "• Transmittal of arbitration notices and other communications by electronic means, whenever feasible", "• Use of standard templates for the parties’ submissions", "• Simplification and limitation of the number of pleadings and other submissions", "• Restrictions on the amendment of pleadings and submissions", "• Testimony of witnesses to be by written affidavit, unless the arbitrator decides that the testimony of a witness should be given orally (e.g., to enable the opposing party to cross-examine the witness)", "• Conferences and consultations among the arbitrator and parties on preliminary administrative and other matters to be by teleconference or videoconference", "• Exceptionally, a party may request a hearing to cross-examine a witness, or the arbitrator may order a hearing if necessary to resolve a substantial issue of fact or law; such hearings normally to be by teleconference or videoconference, to be restricted in scope, and not to exceed two days", "• In most cases, arbitrator’s award to be based on the parties’ written pleadings and submissions (documents-only process)", "• Arbitrator to issue the award within a specified time frame, e.g., 30 days", "• Any compensation awarded to be limited to economic loss and subject to a cap", "• Depending on the number of arbitrations that will be initiated against the Organization under the proposed simplified arbitration procedures, additional resources may be required to defend the Organization and minimize its legal liability.", "II. Framework", "6. A new set of rules, called the Rules for Expedited Arbitration Procedures under United Nations Consultancy Contracts (hereinafter the “Expedited Rules”), would be prepared, using the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as a framework. The Expedited Rules would be based on the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, modified as necessary to incorporate the expedited procedures discussed herein. The present concept paper indicates the substance (although not necessarily the wording or placement) of such modifications. It also indicates the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules that are relevant to or would be affected by the proposed procedures. It should be noted that, in addition to the points contained in this concept paper, various other consequential changes to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules would be needed (for example, to account for the fact that there would be only one arbitrator).", "Overview of the dispute resolution process", "7. The Expedited Rules contemplate a two-stage process, consisting of an informal dispute resolution phase and an expedited arbitration proceeding. In the event that the informal dispute resolution phase fails, the parties could proceed to the formal dispute resolution phase, i.e., an expedited arbitration proceeding whose key features are discussed in the following sections.", "III. Scope of Expedited Rules (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 1)", "8. The Expedited Rules would apply to consultants and other individuals engaged by the United Nations under a contract for the services of a consultant or individual contractor (see ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1, annex), or under analogous contract forms used by United Nations funds and programmes to contract with consultants and individual contractors (see, e.g., A/62/748 and Corr.1, para. 13 and A/65/373 and Corr.1, annex IV, para. 3). These categories of personnel are collectively referred to in the present concept paper as “individual contractors”.", "Comments", "(a) Under this approach, the Expedited Rules would apply to all individuals engaged pursuant to contracts for the services of a consultant or individual contractor, or analogous contracts. This includes, for example, those experts on mission and workers who are issued such contracts (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 33 and 40, and A/62/782, paras. 31-35 and 37-39), but not United Nations Volunteers (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 23 and 24, and A/62/782, paras. 22 and 23), officials other than Secretariat officials (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 29-31, and A/62/782, paras. 27-29) or other individuals who do not hold such contracts.", "(b) The dispute settlement clause in contracts with individual contractors would be changed to provide that disputes not resolved amicably at the informal dispute resolution phase shall be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the Expedited Rules.", "(c) The Expedited Rules would set out the specific types of contractual claims to which they would apply, e.g., claims alleging a breach of contract or the improper termination thereof. In addition, the Rules would expressly exclude certain categories of disputes from the scope of the subject-matter jurisdiction, such as claims that a contractor should be accorded the status of a staff member. With respect to the appendix D provision, the arbitrator’s role would be limited to verifying that the process accorded the claimant for determining his or her right to equivalent compensation was the one provided for under appendix D to the Staff Rules of the United Nations. In addition, the Expedited Rules would establish non-waivable time limits for filing claims.", "(d) Since, in contrast to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the Expedited Rules would not necessarily be familiar or readily available to individual contractors or consultants, the Expedited Rules should either be attached to each contract (including the name of the entity from which individual contractors or consultants can obtain the current list of arbitrators) or provided to each individual contractor or consultant prior to contract signature. The individual contractor or consultant must sign an acknowledgement that (i) he or she has been provided with the Expedited Rules, (ii) the Expedited Rules form an integral part of the contract and (iii) the list of arbitrators is acceptable to him or her.", "IV. Notices and other communications (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 2)", "9. The parties and the arbitrator shall transmit any notice, communication or proposal under the Expedited Rules by electronic means, unless such a mode of transmission is not available or possible for technical reasons. [Comment: These might include, for example, the non-availability or malfunctioning of electronic means of transmission, the bulkiness of a pleading or submission, etc.]", "V. Pleadings and other submissions (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23 (2), 24 and 25)", "Preliminary comment", "Under the following provisions, the respondent would not be required to submit its statement of defence until after the arbitrator had been appointed. The reason for this is that the respondent might wish to raise a plea as to the jurisdiction of the arbitrator (e.g., that the dispute is not arbitrable under the arbitration clause asserted by the claimant or that for some other reason the arbitrator lacks jurisdiction) or request an early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit. The respondent should not have to present its full statement of defence and accompanying documents until an arbitrator rules on the issue of jurisdiction or on the respondent’s challenge on the merits.", "10. The claimant initiates arbitration proceedings by issuing a request for arbitration and statement of claim. This pleading would contain information analogous to that provided under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for the notice of arbitration and the statement of claim. In it, the claimant would describe the claim and summarize the grounds and arguments supporting it.", "11. Within 60 days after receiving the claimant’s request for arbitration and statement of claim, the respondent must issue a response to the request for arbitration. The response should include a plea as to jurisdiction and should address other matters, such as the identification of each respondent and a response to information set out in the claimant’s request for arbitration. Standard templates should be used for the parties’ submissions.", "12. If the respondent raises a plea as to jurisdiction, it shall include in its response to the request for arbitration all facts and arguments that it wishes to present in support of the plea and, as far as possible, attach to its response all documents relied upon or provide references to them.", "13. If the respondent raises a plea for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, it shall include in its response to the request for arbitration all facts and arguments that it wishes to present in support of the plea and, as far as possible, attach to its response all documents relied upon or provide references to them.", "14. After the appointment of the arbitrator:", "(a) If the respondent has raised a plea as to jurisdiction, the arbitrator shall, after consulting with the parties, establish a time limit within which the claimant must submit any response to the plea. The arbitrator then rules on the respondent’s plea as to jurisdiction [comment: there would be no hearing — see section XIII below] and, if the arbitrator rules that jurisdiction exists, establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence;", "(b) If the respondent has raised a plea for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, the arbitrator shall, after consulting the parties, establish a time limit within which the claimant must submit any response to the plea. The arbitrator then rules on the respondent’s plea to dismiss the claim because it is manifestly without legal merit [comment: there would be no hearing — see section XIII below] and, if the arbitrator nevertheless upholds the claim, establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence;", "(c) If the respondent has not raised a plea as to jurisdiction or for early dismissal of the claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit, the arbitrator establishes the time limit within which the respondent must issue a statement of defence.", "15. The statement of defence would contain information analogous to that provided under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for the statement of defence. In it, the respondent would reply to the particulars set out in the statement of claim, and may include a counterclaim or set-off and raise a plea as to jurisdiction, unless such a plea has previously been raised. The statement of defence should, as far as possible, be accompanied by all documents or other evidence relied upon by the respondent, or contain references to them.", "VI. Extensions or abridgements of time limits (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 17 (2))", "16. Any time limits established by the Expedited Rules or agreed by the parties may, at any time, be extended or abridged if the parties so agree, or if the arbitrator so decides after inviting the parties to express their views.", "VII. Amendment of a pleading (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 22)", "17. After an arbitrator has been selected and accepts appointment, a party may not amend its pleading unless the opposing party agrees or the arbitrator allows the party to amend its pleading. A request to the arbitrator to amend a pleading shall be accompanied by the text of the proposed amendment, and the reasons and justification for the amendment. In deciding whether to allow an amendment, the arbitrator shall consider whether the interests served by allowing it are outweighed by any delay in the proceedings, prejudice to the opposing party or any other circumstance. In allowing an amendment to a pleading, the arbitrator shall establish a deadline within which the opposing party may respond to the amendment. If a pleading is amended, the opposing party may respond solely to the amendment.", "VIII. Additional submissions (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 24)", "18. After consulting with the parties, the arbitrator shall establish a deadline within which each party may make one additional submission of facts, legal arguments or documents. Such submissions shall be in writing. After this deadline, no further submissions shall be permitted. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a party shall not be allowed to present in its additional submission a fact or document that was or should have been known to, or that was available to, the party seeking to submit it at the time of submission of its pleading or additional submission.", "IX. Discovery (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (3))", "19. At the request of a party or upon the arbitrator’s own initiative, the arbitrator may order the production of evidence for either party at any time and may require any person to disclose any document or provide any information that appears to the arbitrator to be necessary for a fair and expeditious disposal of the proceedings. However, the arbitrator shall not order the production or disclosure of any evidence, document or information that is confidential or protected by privilege.", "20. A party wishing to submit non-privileged or non-confidential evidence that is in the possession of the opposing party or of any other entity may request the arbitrator to order the production of the evidence.", "21. The arbitrator may, at the request of either party, impose measures to preserve the confidentiality of evidence, where warranted by security interests or other exceptional circumstances.", "Comment", "These provisions are based on article 18 of the rules of procedure of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal.", "X. Witness testimony (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (2))", "22. The statement or testimony of any witnesses, including any individual claimant or respondent, shall be made by the witness in a written and sworn affidavit, which shall be notarized or otherwise legally authenticated, unless the arbitrator decides that the interests of justice necessitate that the testimony be given at a hearing.", "Comment", "See section XIII below, regarding hearings. Subject to certain exceptions, the hearing would be by teleconference or videoconference. The written witness statement would have to be submitted as part of the party’s pleading or additional submission (see section VIII above).", "XI. Appointing authority (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 6)", "23. There would be no appointing authority.", "24. However, certain functions of the appointing authority would remain necessary, e.g., with regard to the selection or appointment of arbitrators, challenges of arbitrators, etc. These could be performed by a neutral entity.", "25. The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution to be selected through a competitive procurement exercise.", "26. The benefits of having an international dispute settlement institution as the neutral entity are the following: (a) such an institution would provide access to existing expertise in administering all aspects of arbitration proceedings; (b) such an institution, selected through a competitive procurement exercise, would reflect the commercial nature of the underlying contract; and (c) having an outside institution administer the arbitration would de-link the neutral entity from the Organization and eliminate any perception of partiality. However, both the claimants and the respondent would have to bear their respective share of the institution’s administrative fees.", "XII. Arbitrator (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7-15)", "27. Number and appointment (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7-10):", "(a) There would be a sole arbitrator;", "(b) The neutral entity discussed in section XI above would establish and maintain a roster of potential arbitrators;", "(c) As a condition for being included in the roster, the arbitrator would be required to sign a document confirming that it agrees, if appointed as arbitrator in a case, to conduct the arbitration in accordance with the Expedited Rules, and agrees also to the limitation of the arbitrator’s fees (see section XVI below);", "(d) Appointment of the arbitrator: the neutral entity discussed in section XI above would select an arbitrator from the aforementioned roster of potential arbitrators. To make the process more predictable, a list procedure could be used, whereby the parties would pick their top choices from a list of several candidates, which would be communicated to each of them separately and in confidence by the neutral entity.", "28. Challenge to the arbitrator (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 11-15): the Expedited Rules would retain provisions in the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules regarding challenge of the arbitrator, but provide that, if the parties do not agree on the challenge or if the arbitrator does not withdraw voluntarily, a decision on the challenge shall be made by the neutral entity referred to in section XI above. The parties’ agreement on a challenge or the arbitrator’s decision to step down would be dispositive and would automatically trigger a new selection process.", "XIII. Arbitral proceedings (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 17, 27 (2), 28, 29 and 31)", "29. The proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of the written pleadings and submissions of the parties, except as provided below.", "30. All conferences and consultations among the arbitrator and parties on administrative and other matters preliminary to the proceedings on the merits of the case shall be generally conducted by e-mail or teleconference.", "31. There shall be no hearings on a plea as to jurisdiction or on a plea for early dismissal of a claim because the claim is manifestly without legal merit. The arbitrator shall decide such pleas on the basis of the written submissions of the parties.", "32. There shall be no hearings on the merits of the case for the presentation of evidence, testimony or oral argument, unless (a) a party requests a hearing in order to cross-examine a witness, or (b) the arbitrator decides that there is a substantial issue of fact or law that can be fairly and justly resolved only with a hearing. Any hearing shall be limited to the cross-examination of the witness or such issue of fact or law. Such hearings shall be by teleconference or videoconference, except where the arbitrator decides, in exceptional circumstances, that an issue of fact can be resolved only with an in-person hearing. Any such hearing(s) should not exceed two days.", "33. Article 29 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (which provides for the arbitral tribunal to appoint its own independent experts) would be deleted.", "XIV. Applicable law (affected article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 35 (1))", "34. The Expedited Rules would provide that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the decisions of the arbitral tribunal shall be based on the express contractual terms, including any general terms and conditions referred to therein. Neither the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations nor national laws will apply to the dispute.", "XV. The award (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 33 and 34)", "35. The arbitrator shall have no authority to award punitive damages, or to decide as amiable compositeur or ex aequo et bono. In addition, unless otherwise expressly provided in the contract, the arbitrator shall have no authority to award interest in excess of the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) then prevailing, and any such interest shall be simple interest only. The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of any such dispute, controversy or claim.", "Comment", "These provisions have been taken from the arbitration clause in the United Nations General Conditions of Contract.", "36. The arbitrator shall issue the award within 30 days after the closure of the proceedings. Any compensation to be awarded shall be limited to economic loss and shall be subject to a cap [to be determined].", "XVI. Costs and fees (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 40, 41 and 43)", "37. Arbitrator’s fee: the Expedited Rules would limit the fee of the arbitrator. The limitation on arbitrator’s fees should be set forth in both the Expedited Rules and the document to be signed by an arbitrator as a condition to being placed on the roster (see section XII above, para. 27 (c)).", "38. Determination and allocation of fees and costs: regardless of the outcome of the case, each party shall bear its own costs and fees, and the parties shall share the costs and fees of the arbitrator equally. However, in exceptional circumstances, the arbitrator may decide that a different allocation of the parties’ costs and fees or the costs and fees of the arbitrator would be just and equitable.", "XVII. Confidentiality (affected articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 28 (3) and 34 (5))", "39. The entire arbitration proceedings, including all notices, communications, pleadings, documents, submissions, hearings and awards, shall be kept confidential, unless the parties otherwise agree in writing. However, the United Nations, or its fund or programme, may communicate to its governing bodies such information concerning the proceedings as the governing body may require.", "Other matters", "Privileges and immunities", "40. Since, unlike the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, these Expedited Rules would be established specifically for United Nations arbitration cases, it would be desirable for the Rules to contain a privileges and immunities clause:", "“Nothing in or related to these [use full name of Rules] shall be interpreted or applied in a manner inconsistent with the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, including its subsidiary organs, or be deemed a waiver of such privileges and immunities. For the avoidance of doubt, any arbitration conducted under these [use full name of Rules] shall not be subject to any local laws, and any reference to a ‘place of arbitration’ shall not be deemed or construed as a waiver of such privileges and immunities or an agreement of the United Nations to subject itself to any national jurisdiction.”", "Annex III", "Compensation awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "A. Monetary compensation awarded by the Management Evaluation Unit (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "Breakdown ofcompensation paid(from 1 July 2009to 31 May 2011) \nDepartment ofdecision maker\tAmount ofcompensation\tLevelofstaffmember\tReason forcompensation \nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t$500.00\tP-4\tFailure to notifystaff member ofoutcome ofselection process\nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nUnited Nations Officeat Geneva\t1 month’s netbase salary(SwF 7,040.50)\tG-5\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nOffice for theCoordination ofHumanitarian Affairs(Geneva)\t$2,127.00\tP-4\tReimbursement ofrecovered homeleave (lump-sumpayment)\nOffice of the UnitedNations HighCommissioner forHuman Rights (Geneva)\t3 months’ netbase salary($17,680)\tP-4\tBreach of 15-dayrule\nDepartment of FieldSupport\t3 months’ netbase salary\tFS-4\tMishandling ofrecruitment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t7 months’ netbase salary\tG-5\tAbolition of post\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t$5,154.76\tFS-6\tReimbursement forrecovery oflump-sum payment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations ObserverMission in Georgia\t3 months’ netbase salary\tFS-4\tUnfair treatment\nDepartment of FieldSupport-UnitedNations InterimAdministrationMission in Kosovo\t2 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tLack of due process\nUnited Nations Officeat Nairobi\t3 months’ netbase salary\tG-4\tLegitimateexpectation ofrenewal\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tD-1\tInordinate delay\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tG-7\tInordinate delay\nUnited NationsEnvironment Programme\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-5\tInordinate delay\nDepartment ofManagement\t3 months’ netbase salary\tP-3\tWithdrawal ofaccepted offer ofappointment\nDepartment forGeneral Assembly andConference Management\t$5,473.09\tG-7\tMishandling ofselection process\nDepartment forGeneral Assembly andConference Management\t$12,891.00\tG-5\tMishandling ofselection process\nOffice of InternalOversight Services(Vienna)\t$1,044.89\tP-3\tNon-payment ofspecial postallowance", "B. Monetary compensation awarded by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and United Nations Appeals Tribunal (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "[TABLE]", "Note: “N/A” indicates either that no action was taken following the United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement or that the judgement is still under appeal.", "UnitedNationsAppealsTribunaljudgementNo.^(a)\tApplicant’slastname\tEntity\tAppealfrom\tCompensation\tNetamountpaid(UnitedStates\tDate \n dollars) \n2010-UNAT-021\tAsaad\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tCompensationequivalentto thedifferencebetweensalariesat grades8 and 14(periodfrom 1July 2003to20 January2004) andcompensationequivalentto onemonth’ssalary atgrade 14;inaddition,reinstatementor paymentof sixmonths’net basepay\t9000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-022\tAbuHamda\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tRefund ofloss ofsalarysufferedas aresult ofdemotion\t7600.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-025\tDoleh\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tReinstatementor paymentof twoyears’ netbase pay\t19000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-030\tTabari\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgency forPalestineRefugeesin theNear East\tRetroactivepayment ofspecialoccupationallowance\t22000.00\tN/A\n2010-UNAT-087\tLiyanarachchige\tUnitedNationsOperationin Côted’Ivoire/DepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations\tReversingjudgementNo. UNDT/2010/041\t12 months’net basesalary asat thedate ofseparation\t47440.00\t07/03/2011", "^(a) United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgements awarding compensation in cases not considered by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or where the Dispute Tribunal made no award for compensation.", "C. United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgements with compensation equal to or more than six months’ net base salary (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "JudgementNo.\tApplicant\tRegistry\tBriefsynopsis\tEntity\tRescissionorspecificperformanceordered\tCompensationordered\tTotalamountpaidinUnitedStatesdollars\tAffirmedoroverturnedonappealasat31May2011 \nUNDT/2010/070\tFarraj\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontesteddecisiontoterminateappointmentoflimited\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision(alternatively,$45,000)\tN/A\t45,000\tN/A \n durationhad notbeen incompliancewithtermsofappointment UNDT/2010/106\tEid\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheAdministrationshouldhavepaidtheapplicantterminationindemnitiesas fromthedatethathisterminationbecame\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanon)\tN/A\t$29,991.23andLL9,552.660(terminationindemnityandrelatedentitlements)\tN/A\tN/A \n effective \nUNDT/2010/120\tOstensson\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeentaintedbyseriousproceduralirregularity,violatingtheapplicant’srightto fullandfairconsiderationfor aD-1post\tUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision(alternatively,$4,900)\t$48,000(emotionaldistress,harmtoprofessionalreputation)\t52,900\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/122\tZerezghi\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheimposeddisciplinarymeasureofdismissalhadbeendisproportionateto theestablishedmisconduct\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsInterimAdministrationMissioninKosovo)\t(1)Retroactivereinstatement(alternatively,eightmonths’netbasesalary);(2)writtencensure;(3)removalofmaterialrelatingtodismissalfromhisfile\t$60,000(moraldamage)\t99,936.18\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/128\tIkpa\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofseparationfromservicehadbeen anunlawfuldisciplinarymeasure\tUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva\tSixweeks’netbasesalaryinlieuofnotice(lessoneweekalreadypaid)\tOneyear’snetbasesalary(lessanymoneyalreadypaid)\t59,592\tN/A\nUNDT/2010/129\tValleFischer\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofseparationfromservicehadbeen anunlawfuldisciplinarymeasure\tUnitedNationsOfficeatGeneva\tSixweeks’netbasesalaryinlieuofnotice(lessoneweekalreadypaid)\tOneyear’snetbasesalary(lesstwomonthsalreadypaid)\t54,697\tN/AUNDT/2010/130\tApplicant\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionstoterminatetheapplicant’sappointmentand toissue a\tInternationalCriminalTribunalfortheFormerYugoslavia\tRescissionofreprimand\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalary(prejudiceresulting\t50,263.50\tN/A reprimandhadbeen inbreachof hisrights fromtheunlawful termination) (in additiontoeightmonthspreviouslypaid); (2)three months’ net \n basesalary(unlawfulreprimand) UNDT/2010/133\tEldam\tGeneva\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionsofnon-renewalofcontractforunsatisfactoryperformanceand toissue areprimandhadbeenflawedand\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsObserverMissioninGeorgia)\t(1)Rescissionofnon-renewalofappointment(alternatively,three months’netbasesalary);(2) withdrawalofreprimand\tThreemonths’netbasesalary(moraldamage)\t26,204.40\tN/A \n improper UNDT/2009/088\tNogueira\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfound thatthedecisionnot torenewappointmentongroundsofperformancehadbeenprocedurally\tUnitedNationsOfficeatNairobi/UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme\tN/A\t24months’netbasesalary\t210,794\tN/A defectiveandcouldnot be \n sustained UNDT/2010/002\tXu\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toselecttheapplicantfor aP-4levelposthadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(injurysuffered)\tN/A\tSetasidebyAppealsTribunalinXu2010-UNAT-053andremandedto Dispute \n Tribunal\nUNDT/2010/053\tMmata\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthechargeofseriousmisconductwas notwellfoundedandthatseparationfromservicehadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tRescissionofthecontesteddecisionandreinstatement\t(1)Lostearningsfromthedateofseparation;(2)2 years’netbasesalary\t222,453.57\tPrimerateinterestontheawardedcompensation(seeMmata2010-UNAT-092)\nUNDT/2010/056\tMasri\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedisciplinarymeasureofsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\t(1)Reinstatementwithpaymentoflost earnings(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary);(2)demotionbyfoursteps\tN/A\tN/A\tOverturnedbyAppealsTribunalinMasri2010-UNAT-098\nUNDT/2010/057\tIanelli\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicantwasentitledtoassignmentgrantandotherentitlementsaffordedtointernationallyrecruitedstaff\tUnitedNationsOfficeforProject Services\tN/A\tPaymentofapplicableassignmentandrelocationgrantswithappropriateinterest\t51,395.35\tAppealsTribunalamendedtheordersonthepaymentofinterest(see2010-UNAT-093)UNDT/2010/061\tSanwidi\tNairobi\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingSanwidiUNDT/2010/036,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\t(1)Reinstatement(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary);(2)writtenreprimand\tLostearningsfromthedateofsummarydismissaltothedateofreinstatement,less$2,600\tN/A\tDisputeTribunaljudgementisvacatedinSanwidi2011-UNAT-104 \n permonth UNDT/2010/097\tLutta\tNairobi\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingLuttaUNDT/2010/052,in whichtheDisputeTribunalfound,interalia,thattheinvestigationof theapplicantand theactionstakenagainsthim hadbeenprocedurallyflawedandimproper\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOperationinCôted’Ivoire)\tN/A\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalary(lossofcareeradvancementopportunities);(2)$4,760(travelcosts);(3)\t46,339.86\tAffirmedbyAppealsTribunalinLutta2011-UNAT-117 six months’ net basesalary(moral \n damages) UNDT/2010/118\tCohen\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthesummarydismissal.TheDisputeTribunalfoundthatheractionshad notamountedtomisconductandthatherdue-processrightshadbeenviolated\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tRescissionofthecontesteddecisionandreinstatementoftheapplicant(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Paymentofsalariesandentitlementsfromthedateofdismissaltothedateofjudgement;\t101,624\tN/A (2)two months’ net basesalary (breachof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/119\tGaskins\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthedecisiontoterminatehisappointment.TheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’scontractofemploymenthadbeenbreached,whichhad\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(violationofdue-processrights,humiliation,distressanddamageto\t40,420.98\tN/A \n resultedindamageto hisself-imageandreputation reputation) UNDT/2010/124\tFrechon\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’semploymenthadbeenimproperlyterminatedformedicalreasons\tInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\tRescissionofthedecisiontoterminatetheapplicant’semployment,reinstatement(alternatively,two\t(1)Paymentoflostearningsfromthedateofterminationto\tN/A\tN/A years’netbasesalary)\tthedateofreinstatement; (2) paymentof entitlements for theperiod fromMarch 2007to July \n 2007 \nUNDT/2010/153\tVerschuur\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeenimproperlyinterferedwithandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor aP-5post\tUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme\tN/A\tSixmonths’netbasesalary(detrimenttocareerprogression)\tN/A\tN/AUNDT/2010/154\tContreras\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeenimproperlyinterferedwithandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor thepost\tUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(detrimenttocareerprogression);(2) tokensumof$1(moral\tN/A\tN/A \n injury). \nUNDT/2010/173\tParkes\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontestedsummarydismissalhadbeendisproportionate\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tRescissionofthedecision(alternatively,compensationequivalentterminationbenefits)\tN/A\t57,503.39\tN/AUNDT/2010/175\tBekele\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedthedecisionto\tEconomicCommissionforAfrica\tN/A\t(1)SalaryfromNovember\tN/A\tN/A separatehimfromservice,as wellasseveralrelateddecisions.TheDispute 2007toMarch2009;(2)sixmonths’ Tribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen netbasesalary(breachof violated. due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/185\tM’Bra\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionofsummarydismissalhadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo)\tReinstatement(alternatively,paymentoftwoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Salaryandentitlementsfromthedateofhissummarydismissaltothe\t377,257.92\tN/A dateofjudgement; (2)two months’ net basesalary (breachof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2010/197\tBowen\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheterminationbasedonunsatisfactoryperformancehadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRescissionofthecontesteddecision\t(1)Threemonths’netbasesalaryandbenefits(less\tN/A\tN/A any payments madein lieuof notice); (2) twoyears’ net \n basesalary \nUNDT/2010/214\tKamunyi\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthecontesteddecisionstosuspendtheapplicantfromservice,toplacehim onspecialleavewithfullpay andtoissue areprimandhadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsOfficeatNairobi\tRescissionofthreeunlawfuldecisions(unlawfulsuspension,placementonspecialleavewithfullpayforoneyear andeightmonths,andreprimand)\tTwoyearsandsixmonths’netbasesalary(emotionalandphysicalharmanddamagetoreputation)\tN/A\tN/AUNDT/2011/017\tHarding\tNairobi\tTheapplicantcontestedsummarydismissal.Liabilitybeingadmittedby therespondent,thiscaseconcernedonlywhethertheamountof twoyears’netbasesalarypaidwasadequate\tOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerfor Refugees\tRescissionofsummarydismissal(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(breachofdue-processrights);(2)specialpostallowance\tN/A\tSpecialpostallowancewithinteresthasbeenpaid;otheritemsarependingonappeal for four months; (3)six months’ net basesalary(emotional distress andhumiliation); (4)salaries and entitlementsat the G-6level from June 2005to December \n 2010 UNDT/2011/060\tFinniss\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(OfficeofInternal\tN/A\t(1)18months’netbasesalary\tN/A\tN/A violatedwithrespectto twoP-5selectionexercises\tOversightServices) (failuretoaffordproperconsiderationinselection for thefirstpost); (2)six months’ net basesalary (failuretoaffordproperconsiderationinselection for \n thesecondpost) UNDT/2011/067\tBorhom\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisiontosummarilydismisshadbeenunlawful\tOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees\tRescissionofsummarydismissalandreinstatement(alternatively,twoyears’netbasesalary)\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(moraldamage);(2)six\t27,660\tN/A months’ net basesalary(violationof due-process \n rights) UNDT/2011/092\tXu\tNairobi\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionexercisehadbeentaintedwithproceduralirregularitiesandthattheapplicanthadbeendeniedfullandfairconsiderationfor aP-4post\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tN/A\t(1)Twomonths’netbasesalary(proceduralviolations);(2)fourmonths’netbasesalary(failureto\tN/A\tN/A give full and fair consideration); (3) $500 \n (failuretoinformofnon-selection) \nUNDT/2010/026\tKasyanov\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheapplicanthad notbeenconsideredfor aP-4vacancyinaccordancewiththeapplicablerules\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tLateralmoverecordedashavingtakenplace(alternatively,$20,000)\t$59,932(actualeconomicloss,breachofrights,delayedprospectofpromotion,emotionaldistress)\t13,969.83(twomonths’salaryactuallypaid)\tAwardedcompensationwasamendedtotwomonths’netbasesalary(Kasyanov2010-UNAT-076)UNDT/2010/040andOrderNo.57(NY/2010)\tKoh\tNewYork\tJudgementandorderoncompensationfollowingKohUNDT/2009/078,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)$2,000(lossoftherighttocandidacy);\t2,000and107,107.60\tN/A TribunalfoundthattheOrganizationhadbreachedtheapplicant’s (2)$107,107.60(economiccompensation) contractofemploymentby not assistinghim infinding \n suitableemployment UNDT/2010/055\tAbbasi\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheselectionprocesshadbeendiscriminatoryand inbreachof theapplicant’srights\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tN/A\t(1)12months’netbasesalary(lossofopportunityofbeingappointed,\tN/A\tOverturnedbyAppealsTribunalinAbbasi2011-UNAT-112 lossofcareerdevelopment); (2) \n $30,000(emotionaldistress) UNDT/2010/068\tChen\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toreclassifytheapplicant’spostfromthe P-3to theP-4levelhadbeen inbreachofStaffRegulationsand theprincipleofequalpay forwork ofequalvalue\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagement)\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalary(non-materialdamages:frustration,humiliationanddelay);(2) differenceinsalary\t36,256.94\tUpheldbyAppealsTribunalinChen2011-UNAT-107 between the P-3 and the P-4levels fromAugust 2006untilretirement (actual \n economicloss) UNDT/2010/117\tBertucci\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingBertucciUNDT/2010/080,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot toappointthe\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs)\tN/A\t$655,000(economicandnon-economicdamages)\tN/A\tSetasidebyAppealsTribunalinBertucci2011-UNAT-121andremandedto applicantto thepost ofAssistant DisputeTribunal \n Secretary-Generalhadbeen inbreachof hisrights UNDT/2010/146\tBeaudry\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingBeaudryUNDT/2010/039,inwhichtheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisionnot torenewtheapplicant’s\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(UnitedNationsStabilizationMissioninHaiti)\tN/A\t$112,082(actualeconomicloss,distressandproceduralviolations)\tN/A\tVacatedbyAppealsTribunalasaresultofBeaudry2010-UNAT-085 contracthadbeen \n unlawful UNDT/2010/156\tShkurtaj\tNewYork\tTheapplicantcontested,interalia,thedecisionnot toimplementtherecommendationof theEthicsOfficeto payhimcompensationfor theviolationof hisrights.TheDisputeTribunalheldfor theapplicantinpart,findingthat,inrelationto someof hisclaims,hisrightshadbeenviolated\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)14months’netbasesalary(due-processviolations,damagetocareerandreputation,andemotionaldistress);(2) $5,000(proceduraldelayinaddressing\tN/A\tN/A theEthics Office’s \n recommendation) UNDT/2010/200\tAlauddin\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingAlauddinUNDT/2010/114,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tN/A\t(1)netbasepay,includingentitlements,\tN/A\tN/A Tribunalfoundthattheapplicant’srightshadbeen for11months,lessthe breachedwhentheOrganizationhadfailedtorenewhiscontract applicant’sincomeforthesameperiod (actual economicloss); (2) \n $30,000(emotionalharm) UNDT/2011/012\tTolstopiatov\tNewYork\tJudgementoncompensationfollowingTolstopiatovUNDT/2010/147,inwhichtheDispute\tUnitedNationsChildren’sFund\tN/A\t$97,324.04(lostincomeandentitlements)\t97,324\tN/A TribunaldeterminedthattheUnitedNationsChildren’sFundhad breacheditsobligationsto the applicant \n followingtheabolishmentof post UNDT/2011/032\tObdeijn\tNewYork\tRespondentrefusedtodisclosethereasonsfor thecontestednon-renewal.TheDispute\tUnitedNationsPopulationFund\tN/A\t(1)Sixmonths’netbasesalaryand\tN/A\tN/A Tribunalthereforefoundthatthe entitlements(actual \n contesteddecisionhadbeenunlawful economicloss);(2)$8,000(emotionaldistress) UNDT/2011/068\tGarcia\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthattheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammehadbreachedits\tUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\tRemovalofadversematerialfromtheapplicant’spersonnelfile\t(1)$89,128.48(lostsalaryandentitlements);(2)\t109,619.26\tN/A contractwiththeapplicantbyfailingtoexecutetheemploymentrelationship $241(compensationformedicalexamination); (3) \n $50,000(non-pecuniaryloss) UNDT/2011/081\tCabrera\tNewYork\tTheDisputeTribunalfoundthatthedecisiontoplacetheapplicantonspecialleavewithfullpay hadbeenunlawful\tUnitedNationsSecretariat(DepartmentofManagement)\tN/A\tTwoyears’netbasesalaryfordue-processviolations,humiliation\tN/A\tN/A andemotional \n distress", "Note: “N/A” indicates either that no action was taken following the United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement or that the judgement is still under appeal.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The separately administered funds and programmes handle management evaluations independently.", "[3] Judge Marilyn Kaman tendered her resignation from the Dispute Tribunal effective 30 June 2011.", "[4] The number of applications/appeals filed does not necessarily correspond to the number of judgements rendered. There may be occasions where several appeals are disposed of in one judgement or where a case is closed without the issuance of a judgement.", "[5] The honorarium for the principal drafter of a judgement is $2,400. Additional signatories receive $600 per judgement.", "[6] “Case” refers to any of the following: providing assistance or acting as counsel of record before bodies of the formal system (Management Evaluation Unit, Dispute Tribunal, Appeals Tribunal), providing legal guidance and summary legal advice, assisting a staff member in achieving the informal resolution of a dispute, which may involve consultations with the staff member and discussions and negotiations with third parties, or referral to other actors in the system, including the Office of the Ombudsman or staff unions.", "[7] These entities are: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund; the International Civil Aviation Organization; the International Maritime Organization; the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; the International Seabed Authority; and the International Court of Justice.", "[8] See rule 7 (11) of the rules of procedure of the Administrative Tribunal of the World Bank (providing for the summary dismissal of cases that are considered to be “clearly irreceivable or devoid of merit”) and article VIII of the statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States (allowing the dismissal of a claim “based on lack of jurisdiction …, failure to satisfy the requirements of admissibility, or failure to make a claim upon which relief can be granted”).", "[9] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2010-UNAT-57 (Fagundes).", "[10] United Nations Appeals Tribunal order No. 49 (2011) (Finniss).", "[11] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2011-UNAT-121 (Bertucci).", "[12] The Secretary-General notes that the deadline for appealing judgements of the European Union Civil Service Tribunal is two months (see statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, annex I).", "[13] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2010-UNAT-62 (Bertucci).", "[14] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1157, Andronov (2003), para. V.", "[15] International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1999-2 (Mr. “V” v. International Monetary Fund), paras. 104-114.", "[16] World Bank Administrative Tribunal decision No. 384, (AA v. IBRD) (2008), paras. 49-50.", "[17] General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (on OIOS), 60/1 (on the Ethics Office) and 62/228 (on the Office of Staff Legal Assistance).", "[18] United Nations Dispute Tribunal order No. 19 (NY/2010), para. 23.", "[19] World Bank Administrative Tribunal decision No. 384 (AA v. IBRD) (2008), paras. 49-50.", "[20] United Nations Dispute Tribunal order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[21] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 1396 (2008) (Wielechowski), para. VIII.", "[22] United Nations Dispute Tribunal judgement No. 2010/68 (Chen) and United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgment No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen).", "[23] United Nations Administrative Tribunal judgement No. 421 (Chatwani), para. VIII.", "[24] United Nations Appeals Tribunal judgement No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen), para. 1.", "[25] United Nations Dispute Tribunal Order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[26] The records of the San Francisco Conference indicate that “a clear statement of the obligation of Members to meet the expenses of the Organization should be found in the Charter”. United Nations Conference on International Organization, Documents, Vol. VIII, p. 487.", "[27] See, for example, UNDT/2010/025 (Kita).", "[28] The present concept paper was prepared by the General Legal Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, in consultation with the United Nations funds and programmes. It should be noted that the United Nations Children’s Fund has reserved its right to opt out of the proposed simplified arbitration procedures." ]
A_66_275
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 134 and 143 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Report of the Secretary-General", "* A/66/150.", "Summary", "In its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, the General Assembly decided to establish an independent, transparent, professional system of administration of justice with adequate and decentralized resources. The system began to operate on 1 July 2009.", "The Secretary-General welcomes the positive assessment by the General Assembly of the implementation of the new system in its resolution 65/251, in which the Assembly noted the achievements of the new system since its inception, including improvements in the processing of old and new cases, and commended all those involved in managing the transition of the previous system or in implementing the current system.", "The General Assembly also recognized that the new system continued to evolve and indicated that it was necessary to carefully monitor its progress in ensuring that it was consistent with the guiding principles set out in the resolutions that set out it, that is, to be independent, transparent, professional, with adequate and decentralized resources, as well as with the relevant rules of international law and with the principles of legality and due process to ensure that the rights and obligations of officials are respected and that managers and staff members are equal.", "In the present report, the Secretary-General describes the achievements of the new system of administration of justice for the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011. The processing of cases at all phases of the formal system continues to highlight the significant improvement in efficiency. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Internal Evaluation Unit received 390 requests for review and closed or resolved 281 cases. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance resolved approximately one third of the more than 850 matters of which it was responsible during the same period. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal dealt with matters leading to 195 judgements, and the Office of Legal Affairs dealt with matters leading to 90 judgements of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal.", "However, the success of the system and the productivity of the service offices has posed serious challenges to the financial and human resources of those offices and units. As indicated by the Secretary-General in his report on the administration of justice submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/373 and Corr.1), it is necessary to significantly strengthen a number of key areas in order to maintain the current pace of work and to continue to implement all General Assembly mandates in relation to the new system.", "In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide it with data and information on the functioning of the new system and other related matters. The present report constitutes a unified response to such requests.", "In addition, the present report contains a request for additional resources totalling $8,657,900 (before recosting) under sections 1, 8, 19, 29A, 29C, 29D, 29E, 29G and 37 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 taking into account the experience gained so far.", "Contents", "Page I.Sinopsis 4II. Review 4 of the formal justice system A.Dependence 4 of Internal Evaluation B.Tribunal 8 United Nations Disputes C.Tribunal 16 of United Nations Appeals D.Office 19 of Staff Legal Assistance E.Office 22 of Executive Director F.Offices 26 legal entities representing the Secretary-General as respondent III. Answers 43 to questions concerning the administration of justice A.Introduction 43 B. Replies 44IV. Matters relating to the consideration by the General Assembly of the statutes of the Tribunals A.Introduction 56B.Regulations 56 of the Tribunals C. Competence 61 of the Dispute Tribunal on the actions and omissions of independent entities related to the performance of their operational mandates V.Resources 67 necessary VI.Conclusions 70 and measures to be taken by the General Assembly Annexes I.Proposalsessable", "I. Overview", "1. Through its resolutions 61/261, 62/228 and 63/253, the General Assembly established a new system of administration of justice. The system has two courts, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, which are composed of professional judges and those serving the Geneva, Nairobi and New York Secretariats. In accordance with the General Assembly &apos; s view that legal assistance should be provided to staff, the new system also includes the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, composed of professional legal officers in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi and New York. To ensure the independence of the system, the Office of Administration of Justice administers the elements of the formal system and provides administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, the Secretariats and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, as well as to the Internal Justice Council.", "2. The internal evaluation, which constitutes the first mandatory step in the formal system of administration of justice, is carried out within the framework of the Department of Management and the funds and programmes administered separately. The Internal Evaluation Unit of the Department of Management, which consists of professional legal officers, conducts the first review of a contested decision. The Unit is designed to give the Administration the opportunity to correct an inappropriate decision or provide acceptable solutions in cases where the decision has been wrong, thus reducing the number of cases that go to the formal dispute resolution system. Similar mechanisms also exist in funds and programmes.", "3. The development and professionalization of the system, in addition to the increased number of issues, have forced offices and units representing the Secretary-General to provide much more services at a significantly higher rate.", "4. The system continues to make progress in handling the considerable number of cases it received from the various bodies of the former system. In order to prevent these backlogs from saturating the new system, the General Assembly appointed three ad litem judges for the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and judicial officials to assist them.", "II. Review of the formal justice system", "A. Internal Evaluation Unit[1]", "5. The Internal Evaluation Unit is integrated into the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management and is the first step in the formal system of administration of justice. Its main functions are: (a) to conduct rapid internal evaluations of challenged administrative decisions relating to work contracts or recruitment conditions; (b) to assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in providing staff members with a prompt and reasoned response to the outcome of such evaluation; and (c) to assist the Under-Secretary-General in ensuring accountability for management, ensuring that managers fulfil their responsibilities in the management of financial resources.", "6. Since its establishment on 1 July 2009 through 31 May 2011, the Internal Evaluation Unit received a total of 823 cases, namely, 184 in 2009, 427 in 2010 and 212 in 2011. Of the 823 cases received, the Unit completed and closed 665. As at 31 May 2011, the Unit had recommended awards in 18 cases totalling $183,339.44. A breakdown of this amount is provided in annex III to the present report.", "7. The internal assessment process allows the Administration to avoid unnecessary litigation before the Dispute Tribunal, resulting in significant savings for the Organization. Approximately 36 per cent of cases received and closed by the Internal Evaluation Unit in 2010 were resolved through informal efforts either by the Unit itself, either by the Office of the Ombudsman, or through bilateral negotiations between the Administration and staff.", "8. In approximately 84 per cent of cases submitted to the Internal Evaluation Unit that were not resolved informally, the challenged decision was confirmed by the Secretary-General after the Unit determined that the decision was in line with the Organization &apos; s rules and jurisprudence.", "9. In accordance with the decision of the General Assembly to establish, inter alia, a transparent system of administration of justice (resolution 61/261, para. 4), when the Internal Evaluation Unit recommends confirmation of a contested administrative decision, a written-motivated response is sent to the staff member in question setting out the basis for the internal assessment, including the factual background, a summary of the comments on the case taken by the relevant authority of the decision, the rules and the reasons for the explanation Funds and programmes follow a similar methodology in their internal evaluation process.", "10. The relevant legislation recognizes staff members the right to address the Dispute Tribunal to adjudicate cases affecting them after the completion of the internal assessment process (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 51). The Internal Evaluation Unit considers that it is more likely that staff members who resort to the formal system for an alleged lack of transparency in the administrative decision-making process will not use the right to appeal to the Dispute Tribunal if they perceive that the internal assessment process is impartial, objective and rigorous. The Unit also considers that the written-motivated response provided to staff at the end of the internal assessment process is an important means of ensuring the credibility of the internal evaluation process in particular and the new system of administration of justice in general. The funds and programmes share this view.", "11. In order to determine the number of staff who appeal to the Dispute Tribunal after receiving an internal evaluation confirming a challenged administrative decision, the Internal Evaluation Unit is working with the Office of Administration of Justice to implement a follow-up mechanism.", "12. As at 31 December 2010, 83 per cent of cases reviewed by the Dispute Tribunal following an internal assessment, the judgement rendered by the Tribunal coincided with the recommendation of the Internal Evaluation Unit. In view of the fact that there are still issues of law that should be determined by the Appeals Tribunal and that the investigative powers of the Unit are limited, this degree of similarity is eloquent and can be interpreted as an indicator of the impartiality, objectivity and accuracy of the Unit.", "13. In its work in assisting the Under-Secretary-General for Management to ensure that the Administration is accountable for its actions, the Internal Evaluation Unit regularly reviews its issues in identifying trends and systemic issues, which are included in its reports. The Unit also provides secretariat services to the Under-Secretary-General to compile practical experiences underpinning the leadership guide and guidance notes that are distributed to all heads of offices and departments. The practical experience guide for management includes a review of the jurisprudence of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals, and analyses how they interpret and apply the Organization &apos; s internal rules. In 2010, the Under-Secretary-General distributed two volumes of the guide. In April 2011, the Under-Secretary-General circulated a guidance note and is expected to do the same with another volume of the practical experience guide by the end of 2011.", "Legal terms", "14. Internal evaluations should be conducted, following the submission of the request, within 30 calendar days for Headquarters and 45 civilian days for offices away from Headquarters (General Assembly resolution 62/228, para. 54). Time limits may be extended when the matter has been referred to the Office of the Ombudsman under the conditions provided by the Secretary-General.", "15. The report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/557, para. 16) stated that every effort should be made to resolve cases before staff resort to litigation and that the internal evaluation function was an important opportunity to do so, as it offered the possibility of rectifying wrong administrative decisions.", "16. In accordance with the indications of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, when the Internal Evaluation Unit concludes that the challenged decision does not conform to the internal standards of the Organization, and the Under-Secretary-General for Management supports an informal solution, the Unit seeks to facilitate such a solution directly among the parties. According to the experience of the Unit, the informal solution requires extensive consultations between the parties and, often, the process extends more than the time frames provided for in the internal assessments policy. However, there are no legal provisions allowing the Secretary-General to suspend the internal assessment process with the consent of the parties in cases where the Unit facilitates an informal solution. The funds and programmes share this view, although they note that they have been able to achieve this result with the consent of the two parties.", "17. Similarly, there are no legal provisions to extend the timeliness of conducting internal assessments in cases where staff make supplementary claims after they have submitted their requests for internal evaluation, either on their own initiative or at the request of the Internal Evaluation Unit.", "18. The Internal Evaluation Unit believes that scrupulous compliance with legal time frames can cause staff to receive incomplete or incorrect internal assessments and therefore to make the Dispute Tribunal unnecessary. In order to avoid this result, the current practice of the Unit is to request the staff member to extend the time limit to facilitate the informal settlement or when additional documentation is required from the staff member or the Administration to complete the internal evaluation process properly. The Unit considers that cases have been completed on time when they are completed within the relevant legal time frame or when they end within a time frame that the staff member agrees to facilitate an informal solution or to obtain additional information necessary to ensure that the internal assessment is comprehensive. The funds and programmes share this view and note that, to date, they have complied with legal deadlines in all cases.", "19. The staffing of the Internal Evaluation Unit consists of one Chief (P-5), who is under the Director of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, two Legal Officers (P-4), one Legal Officer (P-4) (general temporary assistance) and three Legal Assistants (General Service (Other level)). However, the current staffing level is inadequate to fulfil the mandate of the Unit and has been forced to temporarily fill an additional legal officer post by funding it from limited funds of a discretionary nature since February 2010.", "20. The Internal Evaluation Unit believes that the addition of a third P-3 Legal Officer post is justified in the light of the volume of cases received during the nearly two years it has been operating. The figures show that the volume of users of the new system of administration of justice already exceeds that of the previous system. In addition, based on the data from its caseload, the Unit expects to receive in 2011 at least the same number as in 2010 (approximately 427).", "21. With regard to the 184 cases received in 2009, the Internal Evaluation Unit noted that there was a decrease of 23 per cent in the number of cases submitted in the fourth quarter of 2009 in relation to those submitted in the third quarter of that year. With regard to the 427 cases submitted in 2010, the Unit noted a steady increase in the number of cases submitted in the first two quarters of 2010, followed by a decrease in the number of cases reported in the third and fourth quarters of 2010, respectively. In this context, the Unit noted that 57 per cent of the cases submitted in 2010 were between 1 January and 30 June 2010, while 43 per cent were submitted between 1 July and 31 December 2010, thus the largest drop in the number of cases reported occurred between 1 October and 31 December 2010. Finally, the Unit has noted an increase in the number of cases submitted between 1 January and 31 May 2011, in relation to those submitted between 1 July and 31 December 2010. While in the last period of 2010, the Unit received 183 cases, in the first five months of 2011 it had already received 212 cases identical to that of the cases received in the first five months of 2010.", "22. The Internal Evaluation Unit considers that the decrease in the number of cases reported in the last quarters of 2009 and 2010 and the increase in the number of cases in the first two quarters of 2010 and 2011 could indicate the emergence of a cyclical pattern. However, the same total number of cases between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2011 is expected to be received between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2010 (approximately 427).", "23. As noted above, rapid and well-substantiated internal assessments are essential for the successful implementation of the Internal Evaluation Unit. The Unit has fulfilled its mandate through the addition of a temporary Legal Officer post funded from discretionary funds since February 2010. In addition, the figures indicate that the Unit has been able to fulfil its mandate with its current staffing level because its staff have worked overtime on a systematic basis and have postponed or have not taken annual leave.", "24. Accordingly, the Internal Evaluation Unit considers that, given the circumstances, the request for an additional Legal Officer (P-3) post is conservative, as that new Legal Officer post would not fully cover the gap between the annual number of person-hours required to fulfil the mandate of the Unit (1,828) and the annual number of person-hours normally required for staff working in the Secretariat (1,463).", "25. For the above reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the Internal Evaluation Unit be strengthened with a new P-3 Legal Officer post.", "B. United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "1. Composition of the Dispute Tribunal", "26. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected three full-time judges and two half-time judges. Subsequently, the Assembly elected three ad litem judges for a period of one year to help resolve the cumulative cases arising from the old system. At the time of writing the present report, the composition of the Tribunal was as follows:", "(a) Judge Vinod Boolell (Mauritius), on an exclusive and Nairobi-based basis;", "(b) Judge Memooda Ebrahim-Carstens (Botswana), on a full-time and New York-based basis;", "(c) Judge Thomas Laker (Germany), on an exclusive and Geneva-based basis;", "(d) Judge Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), on a half-time basis;", "(e) Half-time Judge Coral Shaw (New Zealand);", "(f) Judge Jean-François Cousin (France), Geneva-based ad litem judge;", "(g) Judge Nkemdilim Amelia Izuako (Nigeria), Judge ad litem based in Nairobi;", "(h) Judge Marilyn Kaman (United States of America), New York-based ad litem judge[2].", "27. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to extend the mandate of the three ad litem judges and their support staff by 31 December 2011 for six months (see resolution 65/251).", "2. Election of the President", "28. At the plenary meeting held in Nairobi from 28 June to 2 July 2010, Judge Thomas Laker was elected President for one year from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "3. Plenary meetings", "29. Since 1 July 2010, the judges of the Tribunal have held two plenary meetings (from 13 to 17 December 2010 in Geneva and from 27 June to 1 July 2011 in New York).", "4. General activity of the Dispute Tribunal", "30. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal received 170 new cases. As at 31 May 2011, the Tribunal had 254 pending cases.", "31. Of the 170 cases received during this period, 108 were from the Secretariat (excluding peacekeeping missions and political missions), including the regional commissions, offices away from Headquarters, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and several departments and offices; 19 were from the peacekeeping missions and political missions; and 43 were from agencies, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees).", "5. Cases of the former system transferred to the Dispute Tribunal", "32. On 1 July 2009, following the dissolution of the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee in Geneva, Nairobi, New York and Vienna, 169 pending cases were transferred to the Dispute Tribunal: 61 cases were transferred to the Geneva Secretariat, 55 to Nairobi and 53 to New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 29 of these cases were resolved.", "33. On 1 January 2010, 143 cases were transferred to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. These cases were dealt with among the secretariats of the Dispute Tribunal as follows: 51 cases for Geneva, 40 for Nairobi and 52 for New York. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, 76 of these cases were resolved.", "34. As at 31 May 2011, 65 cases were pending from the previous system: 10 from the Joint Appeals Board or the Joint Disciplinary Committee and 55 from the United Nations Administrative Tribunal.", "6. Number of judgements, orders and hearings", "35. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal rendered 195 judgements and 638 orders and held 229 hearings.", "7. Cases referred to the Mediation Division", "36. From 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal identified 13 cases suitable for mediation and referred them to the Mediation Division of the Office of the Ombudsman. Of these, 6 had been satisfactorily resolved at the time of the preparation of the present report.", "8. Items addressed to the Dispute Tribunal", "37. The nature of the cases before the Dispute Tribunal during the reporting period may be divided into six main categories: (a) appointment issues; (b) benefits and rights; (c) classification; (d) disciplinary matters; (e) separation from service; and (f) other matters.", "38. Of the 170 cases received during the reporting period, 56 related to appointment issues; 19 to benefits and rights; 2 to classification issues; 33 to disciplinary matters; 28 to separation cases; and 32 to other matters.", "9. Issues relating to the staffing of the Dispute Tribunal and its Secretariats", "39. As indicated above, the Dispute Tribunal has before it a very high number of cases and the requirement to work expeditiously represents a burden on its judges and staff. The appointment and subsequent extension of the term of office of three ad litem judges has enabled the Tribunal to significantly improve its situation in dealing with the accumulated cases inherited from the former system. However, taking into account the trend in the initiation of new cases, it is clear that if the judicial capacity of the Tribunal is almost halved by the elimination of the three ad litem judges at the end of 2011, a new backlog of cases will immediately begin. This would make one of the most critical deficiencies of the previous system, delays, become a daily reality of the new system.", "40. The Dispute Tribunal is deliberately decentralized so that claimants can more easily access justice. To maintain this access, it is essential that two full-time judges remain at each seat of the Tribunal. The very reason for the existence of a decentralized court would be reversed if a headquarters had to stop operating because of the absence of its sole judge, for example in cases of leave, disease or resignation. Similarly, the recusal of a judge at a headquarters would automatically involve the transfer of the case to another headquarters, which would be further removed from the plaintiff. Only three judges can effectively be established at least two of them at each seat of the Tribunal. On the other hand, there is a legal obligation that requests for suspension of measures should be settled in five days, which would be virtually impossible for a single judge without jeopardizing the handling of substantive claims. Finally, the President of the Tribunal, who is responsible for directing the work of the Tribunal and the Secretariats, depends on the presence and support of the other judge serving at that headquarters during his term of office in order to maintain continuity in the handling of cases.", "41. The work of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal is not limited to judgements. The other functions required of them, as envisaged in the present section, make it absolutely essential for a second full-time judge at each duty station. The Tribunal &apos; s judges closely follow the progress of all cases, from the filing of the lawsuit to the final judgement. This follow-up may include: (a) hearings for case management; (b) decision-making on pre-trial motions; and (c) issuing pre-trial orders. In addition, judges should decide on requests for suspension of action within the legally prescribed five-day period. Administratively, judges at each headquarters (Geneva, Nairobi and New York) meet regularly with Secretariat staff to ensure the normal and timely handling of cases. They also hold biweekly meetings by videoconference to improve communication among judges and make important decisions on harmonization of practices between the three Secretariats. The judges of the Tribunal are also responsible for drafting the rules of procedure. In this regard, the Tribunal has submitted proposals to the General Assembly for the amendment of the rules of procedure. On the other hand, it is also the role of judges to provide practical guidelines, so that the parties to a case are aware of the procedures to be followed before the Tribunal. Since a judicial recess in the Tribunal &apos; s schedule has not been foreseen to date, the above responsibilities are added to the basic jurisdictional function of deciding on the merits of the case and sentencing.", "42. After two years, the Dispute Tribunal is still in the initial phase of its development. Taking into account the diversity of legal traditions of judges, there is a need for continuity of judges and support staff to make the Tribunal a systematic judicial body with consistent case law for the benefit of the Organization and its officials.", "43. For this reason, it is recommended that the General Assembly appoint a second full-time judge for each headquarters of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal. It is also imperative that judges receive the necessary support from legal officers and administrative staff. The Secretary-General therefore recommends that the posts of Legal Officers at the P-3 level be regularized (1 in Geneva, 1 in Nairobi and 1 in New York) and legal assistants (1 in the General Service (Other level) in Geneva, 1 in the General Service (Other level) in New York and 1 in the General Service (Local level) in Nairobi.", "44. There is also anomaly in the staffing of the New York Secretariat. While the Secretariats of Geneva and Nairobi have a staffing table of one Secretary (P-5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-3 levels, the Secretariat of New York is composed of one Secretary (P-5) and Legal Officers at the P-4 and P-2 levels. There is no operational basis for this discrepancy and, in fact, it would be highly beneficial for the New York Secretariat to have a second highest-level legal officer (P-3). For this reason, it is recommended that the P-2 Legal Officer post in New York be reclassified to the P-3 post.", "10. Non-staff issues", "a. Hearing rooms", "45. Since the new system should be professional and in view of the mandate that the hearings of the Dispute Tribunal should generally be public, the Tribunal should have at each of its headquarters adequate premises for a professional judicial body that had a sufficient size to allow access to the public.", "46. Facilities had been made available to the Tribunal at its three headquarters, although issues relating to the construction of permanent courtrooms had not yet been resolved.", "47. In New York, owing to the capital master plan, space has been provided for a temporary hearing room at the Office of the Administration of Justice interim facilities. The room is operational, but being a temporary space is of an ad hoc character and lacks facilities for simultaneous interpretation. The planning phase duly considered the need to ensure that all equipment and furniture that is possible after the completion of the capital master plan could be withdrawn and installed in the permanent premises of the Dispute Tribunal. However, the establishment of a permanent courtroom for the Dispute Tribunal in New York is not envisaged when the capital master plan is completed. In Geneva, a permanent space has been provided, although facilities will not allow interpretation if additional construction work is not done. In Nairobi, the construction of a permanent and specific courtroom is under way. However, the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice for 2010-2011 does not provide for the construction and construction of courtrooms. Accordingly, appropriations for construction and conditioning have been included in section 34 of the 2012-2013 budget.", "b. Travel and communications", "48. Another essential mandate for the new system, reiterated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251, is that it be decentralized. The Dispute Tribunal and its Secretariats are located in Geneva, Nairobi and New York. The Tribunal provides its services to staff working at duty stations around the world and each headquarters has a wide geographical region. The success of decentralization depends to a large extent on the ability of the Tribunal and its Secretariats to communicate with each other and with the parties and witnesses in their cases.", "49. When the Dispute Tribunal holds hearings, it is essential that participants be able to fully intervene in the proceedings and that judges be able to evaluate the conduct of witnesses appearing before them. Since regular travel for any of these purposes would be extremely expensive, these activities were considered primarily by videoconference. However, this communication system has significant costs. The current budget for communications-related costs is insufficient to allow for the effective use of videoconference by the Tribunal. In addition, it is essential that oral hearings be recorded to ensure that all manifestations of all parties and judges are recorded in a reliable manner in order to ensure that there is a precise record of the procedure that can be processed if an appeal is subsequently made. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the budget of the Office of Legal Affairs be increased by $25,000 under communications to cover videoconferencing costs for oral hearings and meetings with the parties and biweekly meetings of the judges and secretaries of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and to allow for recordings of oral hearings that meet the quality and reliability of a subsequent appeal.", "50. In accordance with its Statute, the Court may order the physical presence of a party or a witness when it considers that its appearance in person is essential to the proceedings. On the other hand, there are occasions, especially in cases at African duty stations, where it is impossible to hold hearings in Nairobi because of the poor quality or low reliability of the videoconferencing connection and because interpreters cannot successfully perform their work through telephone connection. While it is to be hoped that such situations will be rare, they have already been in the first two years of operation and are expected to continue.", "51. In addition, judges and secretaries must meet regularly in person to discuss common problems and develop uniform responses thereon. On the other hand, a fundamental aspect of maintaining a professional system is to provide judges and legal officials with training opportunities to develop their legal knowledge and to enable them to participate in the intellectual debate with their jurist counterparts. The present budget does not include plenary meetings of the judges and secretaries of the Dispute Tribunal. Judges and legal staff of the Secretariats are also routinely invited to legal symposiums, but cannot attend because of strong budgetary constraints affecting official travel. This largely limits your ability to improve your skills, interact with your peers and exchange knowledge. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $155,000.", "c. Mechanism for resolving complaints against judges", "52. A matter related to the operation of the Dispute Tribunal, which also affects the Appeals Tribunal, is the absence of a mechanism to deal with claims against the judges of the Tribunals. The presentation of valid claims against judges directly affects the independence, professionalism and accountability of the new justice system. However, no entity or office currently has the mandate to carry out the relevant investigations, determine the validity of a claim, impose a sanction or propose it to the General Assembly.", "53. The Internal Justice Council expressed its concern at the absence of mechanisms to deal with claims against judges in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, where it indicated that, in its view, it was an issue requiring urgent attention (see A/65/304, para. 40).", "54. The Secretary-General is aware that the Internal Justice Council intends to make a proposal to deal with claims against the judges of the Tribunals in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. Since there is currently no such mechanism, the Assembly may wish, as an interim measure until it takes a decision on a permanent mechanism, to authorize the Council to investigate claims against judges, including any that have already been raised, and to report and submit recommendations on such claims to the Assembly in order to take such action as it deems appropriate.", "55. With regard to a possible standing mechanism, based on the preliminary observations on this issue in a previous report (A/63/314, paras. 73-79), the Secretary-General makes the following proposals on a mechanism for handling claims against the judges of the Tribunals.", "56. In the event of a claim for misconduct or incapacity of a judge, the complaint would be submitted to the President of the Tribunal in question. The President would then initiate the proper investigation of the claim, first determining an appropriate investigation procedure and then appointing a panel of specialists to conduct the investigation. During the investigation, the judge against whom the complaint had been made would enjoy all the required procedural guarantees, such as the opportunity to respond to the complaint and to present relevant evidence. If the claim is directed against the President of the Tribunal concerned, in the case of the Dispute Tribunal, the complaint would be submitted to the Tribunal &apos; s higher-ranking judge. If the claim was directed against the President of the Appeals Tribunal, the complaint would be submitted to his First Vice-President.", "57. Upon completion of the investigation, the findings would be considered by the Tribunal in full, except for the judge under investigation. If the judges unanimously decide that the allegation of misconduct or incapacity is based, and provided that the matter is of sufficient gravity to justify the separation of the judge, the President of the Tribunal or his replacement would transfer the matter to the General Assembly, requesting him to separate the judge from his post.", "58. If the complaint, although well-founded, referred to conduct that was not serious enough to justify the separation of the judge, the President or his replacement would be entitled to take appropriate corrective measures (e.g., to issue an apprehension or warning) which he considered appropriate in the circumstances of the case. An annual progress report on the claims received would be submitted to the General Assembly. An alternative to this proposal would be to modify the powers of the Internal Justice Council to give the Council the responsibility to investigate and make recommendations on any claim directed against a judge of the Tribunals. When a complaint was made for a judge &apos; s misconduct or incapacity, the complaint would be forwarded to the President of the Council. The Council would then initiate the proper investigation of the claim, first of all determining an appropriate investigation procedure in which the judge against whom the complaint was made would enjoy all the required procedural guarantees, such as the opportunity to respond to the complaint and to present relevant evidence.", "59. Upon completion of the investigation, the conclusions would be considered by the Internal Justice Council. If the Council determined that the allegation of misconduct or incapacity was based, the President would transfer the matter to the General Assembly, recommending that it adopt the appropriate sanction.", "60. In the two options described above, misconduct involving the sanction of a judge would be the violation of the code of conduct of the judges prepared by the Internal Justice Council and presented in document A/65/86 for consideration by the General Assembly, pursuant to resolution 62/228, or the violation of the Statute on the status and basic rights and duties of staff members other than Secretariat staff and of experts on mission,", "C. United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "1. Composition of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "61. On 2 March 2009, the General Assembly elected the following seven judges:", "(a) Inés Weinberg de Roca (Argentina);", "(b) Judge Jean Courtial (France);", "(c) Judge Sophia Adinyira (Ghana);", "(d) Judge Mark P. Painter (United States of America);", "(e) Judge Kamaljit Singh Garewal (India);", "(f) Judge Rose Boyko (Canada);", "(g) Judge Luis María Simón (Uruguay).", "62. On 11 October 2010, Judge Rose Boyko submitted her resignation from the Court of Appeal for personal reasons, effective 15 January 2011. On 28 January 2011, the General Assembly appointed Judge Mary Faherty (Ireland) to replace Judge Boyko after a process of election.", "2. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents", "63. On 30 June 2010, the Appeals Tribunal elected Judge Courtial as First Vice-President to Judge Adinyira and as Second Vice-President to Judge Garewal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "64. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal held plenary meetings to discuss administrative and operational issues at the beginning and end of each of its five sessions.", "3. Judicial statistics", "65. Between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011, a total of 105 appeals appeals were filed with the Appeals Tribunal: 7 against the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, 5 against the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 1 against the International Civil Aviation Organization, and 92 against judgements and orders of the Dispute Tribunal (65 interposed).", "66. The Appeals Tribunal held two sessions in New York in 2010, from 21 June to 2 July and from 18 to 29 October, and its first session in 2011, also in New York from 28 February to 11 March. During the period under review, the Tribunal rendered 96 judgements. It held its second session in 2011 in Geneva from 27 June to 8 July 2011, during which it considered 34 cases.", "4. Outcome of cases resolved", "67. During the reporting period, the Appeals Tribunal rendered 96 judgements[3], one of them in connection with an appeal against the Pension Board, in which the Tribunal confirmed the decision of the Standing Committee. Four sentences confirmed decisions made by the UNRWA Commissioner-General.", "68. The Appeals Tribunal rendered 83 judgements in respect of appeals for judgements of the Dispute Tribunal, 54 of which had been filed by staff and 29 on behalf of the Secretary-General. The Appeals Tribunal rejected 46 of the 54 appeals filed by staff, accepted 3 and referred 5 to the Dispute Tribunal. Of the 29 appeals filed by the Secretary-General, 9 were dismissed, 19 were fully or partially accepted and 1 was forwarded to the Dispute Tribunal. In 12 cases, the Appeals Tribunal revoked or amended the compensation set by the Dispute Tribunal.", "69. During the period under review, 2 applications for interpretation, 2 requests for reconsideration, 2 requests for correction, 3 requests for review and 1 request for dismissal were submitted to the Appeals Tribunal. The Court rejected the 10 applications.", "70. As at 31 May 2011, 95 pending appeals were before the Appeals Tribunal.", "5. Issues relating to the functioning of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal and its Secretariat", "71. Judges of the Appeals Tribunal meet at sessions, as required, in general three times a year, to discuss and issue judgements. A substantial preparation of cases by the legal and administrative staff of the Secretariat is essential for this process. Although the funding structure and operational methods of the Appeals Tribunal follow the model of those of the International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal (ILO)[4], the ILO Administrative Tribunal has the same number of judges, but has six full-time legal staff and three General Service and other staff services, where required. In contrast, the Registry of the Appeals Tribunal provides its services to the Tribunal with only two Professional and three General Service staff.", "72. The Appeals Tribunal is a court of judicial review that hears appeals filed by both the staff and the Administration. Pursuant to article 2.10 of the Statute of the Tribunal, the Secretary-General has also entered into agreements with seven agencies that are provided with access to the Tribunal as an administrative tribunal. As the system is new, there has been a large volume of appeals from both staff and the Secretary-General. The number of cases brought before the Tribunal last year is comparable to that of the ILO Administrative Tribunal, which examines approximately 110 cases per year and has none accumulated.", "73. The current staffing level of the Secretariat is not sufficient to provide full support to the Tribunal and enable it to deal with cases on time. Two legal officers are insufficient to prepare more than 100 cases per year. This situation will inevitably lead to the accumulation of causes and an increasing delay, one of the most critical aspects of the previous system. Allowing this to happen again would seriously undermine the reform of the system of administration of justice. In particular, it is not desirable that there be long delays between the time the United Nations Dispute Tribunal renders a judgement and a firm decision on appeal, since the outcome of an appeal case may lay case law in a particular area, contributing to the reduction of the number of future cases.", "74. An additional P-4 legal officer is required to ensure that the Secretariat operates effectively. The office should have greater experience, given the complexity of many of the causes and the speed with which they should be handled. A P-4 legal officer could monitor current staff on the legal aspects of the work of the Secretariat, which would allow the Registrar to focus on overall oversight, communications with judges and other stakeholders, as well as providing technical and administrative support to the Tribunal.", "75. In addition, a senior legal officer could provide more substantive legal support to judges and respond independently to different requests, thereby enhancing efficiency and responsiveness. That legal officer would share administrative functions with the Registrar and act as an officer in charge in his absence. Taking into account the volume of cases and the importance of providing the United Nations Appeals Tribunal with sufficient legal support to enable it to function optimally, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly strengthen the Registry of the Appeals Tribunal with an additional legal officer at the P-4 level.", "76. In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly approved an additional General Service (Other level) position for one year to assist the Appeals Tribunal. The Secretary-General notes the usefulness of the support provided by this position. However, another post of appropriate legal officer is urgently required to support judges in their work. Taking into account this fact, as well as the current budgetary constraints, the Secretary-General recommends that this position not be retained.", "77. Pursuant to rule 4.2 of its Statute, the Appeals Tribunal shall “celebrate regular sessions on the dates set by its rules of procedure, provided that, in the opinion of the President, there are sufficient cases justifying the holding of a session.” Given the experience gained during the first year of operation and taking into account the number of cases brought before the Appeals Tribunal, it is envisaged that the Tribunal will have sufficient cases to justify the holding of three sessions per year. However, the Secretary-General notes that the current travel budget of the Tribunal is insufficient to hold a third session. The Secretary-General therefore recommends that the 2012-2013 budget provide additional funding in the amount of $230,000 for the Office of Administration of Justice, so that the United Nations Appeals Tribunal may hold a third session if necessary.", "78. In paragraphs 155 to 164 of his previous report (A/65/373), the Secretary-General reported on the situation of the judges of the Appeals Tribunal and their emoluments. In that report, the Secretary-General recommended that travel prerogatives and the level of daily subsistence allowance for judges of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal also be granted to those of the Appeals Tribunal. In paragraph 50 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to revert to the question of travel privileges and the amount of daily subsistence allowance for the judges of the Appeals Tribunal in the context of the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Secretary-General continues to believe that this manner of action would be adequate, and therefore recommends that, to that end, the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $50,200.", "D. Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "79. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance continues to face many challenges. The Office has seven regular budget legal officers (three in New York and one in each of its four satellite offices in Addis Ababa, Beirut, Geneva and Nairobi) and three General Service staff (all in New York). As at 1 January 2011, the Office was provided with a new Professional Officer at the P-3 level in Nairobi to support cases involving field mission personnel. This position has been funded for one year from the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "80. In spite of a limited number of staff being distributed across multiple duty stations, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance has achieved significant achievements in its first two years of operation. The Office continues to successfully manage a large number of requests for assistance from staff working around the world with a small number of legal officers and limited administrative support.", "81. As at 1 July 2010, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance had 432 outstanding matters[5]. Between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011, 425 new cases were presented at the Office. Taking into account the number of outstanding issues in the Office as at 1 July 2010, the Office dealt with 857 matters, of which it had been able to close or otherwise settle 265. As at 31 May 2011, the Office had about 600 open issues. In its second year of operation, the volume of matters that staff submitted to the Office increased, especially requests from staff outside the three headquarters of the Dispute Tribunal, which has placed an important burden on its limited resources.", "82. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance provides many forms of legal assistance to staff members, ranging from short legal advice to staff representation to the Tribunals. A long time is sometimes spent on resolving an issue through informal channels or explaining to a staff member that a formal claim is unlikely to prosper.", "83. The greatest challenge facing the Office remains to respond to the large number of requests for assistance with a limited number of staff. A challenge that is particularly difficult for legal officers outside New York, who work in isolation and without local administrative support. These legal officers must therefore manage a large volume of affairs and most of the Office &apos; s administration alone.", "84. The Office of Staff Legal Assistance has the support of affiliated volunteer counsel, interns and external counsel who provide their services free of charge. Unfortunately, they are not sufficient to resolve the Office &apos; s human resources deficit. It is difficult to find qualified volunteers, interns and lawyers who offer their services free of charge in offices other than Headquarters, which is a source of concern that their presence is limited primarily to New York.", "85. The General Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to work with staff associations to create incentives that would enable and encourage staff to continue to participate in the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This issue was discussed at the session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee in June 2011, and it was noted that differences of opinion remained between the Administration and staff representatives on the approach to be taken. Accordingly, staff and the Administration decided that consultations on this issue should continue.", "86. The Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance, established by the Office of Administration of Justice in January 2010, has not provided sufficient resources to significantly contribute to the increased availability of human resources by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, even on a temporary basis.", "87. In the light of the experience gained in its first two years of operation, the Secretary-General believes that the current staffing of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance should be strengthened to enable it to fulfil its mandate. As the Secretary-General indicated in his report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, the Office in particular needs higher-level legal officers, since only one Professional staff is above the P-3 level. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance with two new P-4 posts, which would be located in Nairobi and New York.", "88. The ability of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to operate efficiently is hampered by the lack of administrative support outside New York. Since all administrative support is at Headquarters, staff members, regardless of their duty station, should contact the Office in New York to raise any issues. The clear message to staff is that, despite the promise of a decentralized system, core activities are being carried out at Headquarters. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends strengthening the Office of Staff Legal Assistance with two new General Service (Other level) posts to provide administrative support in Geneva and Nairobi.", "89. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly agreed with the Secretary-General that the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance to attend field missions should be strengthened. Accordingly, the Assembly approved, on a temporary basis, an additional position at the P-3 level in Nairobi to support staff in field missions. This position, funded from the support account for peacekeeping missions for one year, will be in force from 1 January to 31 December 2011. Given the repeated trend towards the existence of a large number of matters relating to field mission personnel, which demonstrates a continuing need, and taking into account further that the Department of Field Support and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations systematically contribute to the financing of the formal cost-sharing system, the Secretary-General recommends that the P-3 post in Nairobi for the maintenance of one-year field missions.", "90. Non-post resources of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance are also insufficient to allow for proper functioning. Despite the fact that, as a decentralized office, all of its office coordination work and a significant part of customer consultations should be carried out by e-mail, telephone and videoconference, the communications budget is insufficient to communicate, even minimally, by telephone and videoconference. In addition, staff members of this decentralized Office, which has units worldwide, should be able to communicate with each other outside the office and outside the normal working hours. Although the use of smart phone devices such as BlackBerries facilitates this communication, the current budget is insufficient to finance its use. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that the budget submission for 2012-2013 be increased by $11,200.", "91. Although it does not happen frequently, there are times when physical displacements cannot be avoided. Legal officers serving in offices away from Headquarters cover a large geographical area, including numerous field missions. In order for staff members, particularly in the field, to have real access to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, their legal officers should regularly visit the duty stations to which they serve, in order to meet with clients and engage in negotiations with the local administration, facilitating informal dispute resolution. Legal officers of the Office in Addis Ababa and Beirut may have to physically attend hearings of the Dispute Tribunal on behalf of their clients if ordered by the Tribunal. Currently, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance lacks a travel budget to meet these fundamental requirements. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the travel line for the 2012-2013 budget Office be increased by $15,000.", "92. Finally, the Office &apos; s current budget, particularly for offices away from New York, is insufficient to meet basic office requirements, such as the rental or purchase of a photocopier and scanner, and the acquisition of essential office supplies, such as paper, folders, clips and pens. The lack of this core office material in offices with a single staff member aggravates the difficulties faced by these isolated legal officers. For this reason, the Secretary-General recommends that the provision for supplies and materials in the budget for 2012-2013 be increased by $9,000.", "E. Office of the Executive Director", "1. Review of the Office of the Executive Director", "93. The Office of the Executive Director is responsible for supervising the administration of all elements of the formal system except for the representation of the Secretary-General as respondent. The Office, which has an Executive Director, a special assistant, two information technology specialists and an administrative support officer, provides administrative, operational and technical support to the Tribunals, the Secretariats and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. This operational support has included coordination with other relevant offices to facilitate the establishment of a temporary hearing room in New York and similar coordination initiatives to provide permanent offices and courtrooms to the Office of Administration of Justice following the completion of the capital master plan.", "94. In addition to providing daily support to the above-mentioned units, the Office of the Executive Director is responsible for coordinating the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General under the relevant General Assembly resolutions. The Office also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and external agencies, and in all matters requiring coordination and consultation between departments.", "95. Other achievements of the Office include the creation of the website of the Office of Legal Affairs, launched on 28 June 2010 and available in the six official languages. The website (www.un.org/en/oaj) is easy to use and provides step-by-step practical information on all aspects of the formal system. In May 2011, the website registered 7,690 visits, representing an increase of 13% over the previous month. Since the launch of the website, the average number of monthly visits has been approximately 7,000. In general, there is a growing tendency to use the website. The Office of Administration of Justice continues to improve the site, and for example it has created a court order and judgement search function, which had been requested by users.", "96. Another important milestone was the launch, on 6 July 2011, of the electronic case-processing system on the Internet, which includes the possibility for officials from any duty station to file a lawsuit and to track it electronically. The system is expected to increase efficiency, reduce delays and improve the functioning of the Secretariats. In addition, the application of the case-processing system allows staff working around the world to easily access the elements of the formal system.", "97. The Office has successfully negotiated agreements with all entities that had access to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in the previous system, pursuant to article 2.10 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal[6]. These agreements, signed by the Secretary-General, provide such entities with access to the Appeals Tribunal as an administrative tribunal.", "98. In addition to its role in the development and coordination of reports to the General Assembly on the administration of justice, the Office of the Executive Director contributes significantly to the organization of the election of judges of the Tribunals where necessary.", "99. Another important role of the Office of the Executive Director is to support the Internal Justice Council in its work, including the preparation of its reports to the General Assembly, in accordance with resolutions 62/228 and 65/251, and the transmission of its views on the implementation of the new system of administration of justice.", "100. The Office also provides important administrative and technical support to the Internal Justice Council in connection with its assistance to the General Assembly in seeking candidates to fill vacancies on 30 June 2012, when the three-year terms of office of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal are over.", "2. Issues relating to the functioning of the Office of the Executive Director", "101. The Office of the Executive Director is the focal point within the Office of Administration of Justice to organize all technical, budgetary and logistical aspects of each of the substantive offices. The role and functions of the Executive Director are substantial. The Executive Director plays an essential role in maintaining the independence of the formal system and is responsible for coordinating the independent elements of the formal system, including the supervision and coordination of the Secretariats and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. The Executive Director also represents the formal system both within the United Nations and external bodies and liaises with the heads of other United Nations offices, such as the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "102. In paragraph 34 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals on the appropriate level of the post of Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice. The Secretary-General considers that this issue should not be considered outside his corollary, which is the category of judges of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals and their compensation mechanisms. The judges of the Tribunals are not staff members. In the case of the judges of the Dispute Tribunal, they work on a full-time basis and are paid at the D-2 level, step IV. The judges of the Appeals Tribunal do not work on a full-time basis, but meet each year at sessions to decide on cases. Their remuneration does not reflect any specific category, but they receive fees for each sentence issued. The principal editor receives $2,400 per sentence and the other signatories $600. It is clear that, following the experience gained over the past two years, this compensation mechanism raises some issues regarding the intersessional functions of the Appeals Tribunal. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly request the Internal Justice Council to consider the question of the level and compensation mechanisms with respect to the judges of both Tribunals, as appropriate, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, during which the Assembly will consider the report of the Council on this issue, together with the question of the appropriate level for the post of Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice.", "103. As described above, the tasks of the Office are very broad. It needs an additional legal officer to help manage the heavy workload. Professional staff of the Office of the Executive Director are legal and information technology specialists and their expertise in key administrative areas is limited, particularly with regard to United Nations budgeting.", "104. It was clear that it would be beneficial for the Office to have an additional legal officer with experience in administration and budget and a new administrative support position. However, given the financial constraints at this time, no additional resources are requested in this area.", "105. The Office of Administration of Justice facilitates the work of the Internal Justice Council. This independent agency of experienced jurists plays a key oversight role in the new system and has a substantial mandate. In paragraph 52 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly stressed that the Council could contribute to ensuring independence, professionalism and accountability in the system of administration of justice and encouraged it to continue to present its views on the implementation of the system of administration of justice and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on how to improve its contribution.", "106. Despite the above, no express provision has been included in the current budget or previous budgets of the Office of Administration of Justice for the remuneration of external members of the Council when they perform their important functions. The budget of the Office of Administration of Justice also does not contain funds for general temporary assistance to replace staff on maternity leave or extended sick leave. In addition, there is no funding to recruit temporary assistance for projects in peak workload periods. Accordingly, the Secretary-General recommends the inclusion of general temporary assistance funds of $130,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "107. The Executive Director and his staff should travel on a regular basis to participate in meetings, both at the Office of Administration of Justice (e.g. on the occasion of the plenary meetings of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals) and at the broader level of the Organization, such as the annual meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. There is also a need to contact staff and managers away from Headquarters, which requires the Executive Director and his staff to travel. The travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice should cover all travel of the Executive Director and his staff, as well as travel of staff related to the plenary meetings of the two Tribunals, travel of staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance or other participants in the hearings when required by the Tribunals, and any other travel of staff of the Office of Administration of Justice. As travel related to the judicial functions of the Tribunals should be prioritized, the Executive Director and his staff do not have a real travel budget. The travel budget of the Office is not sufficient to enable the members of the Internal Justice Council to travel to their annual meetings or to undertake any other journey in order to play the essential role of assessing the functioning of the system worldwide and reporting to the General Assembly. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the travel budget of the Office of Administration of Justice be increased by $30,000 in the 2012-2013 budget.", "108. The Office of Administration of Justice &apos; s mandate to be a decentralized office requires that technological solutions be largely dependent. Two of the Office &apos; s achievements in this area over the past year have been the establishment of a comprehensive website in all official languages and the implementation of a case-processing system that allows all staff, regardless of their duty station, to file cases with the Tribunals and to follow up on them. Although these important achievements save time, resources and money, they must be maintained and improved to continue to respond to their demands. Moreover, as commercially available solutions were used to avoid costly custom systems, these products require annual renewal of licenses and maintenance contracts. On the other hand, there are operating expenses associated with data storage, updates and system adjustments based on lessons learned. The budget of the Office of Administration of Justice does not currently cover all the costs of licences, maintenance and updates of the systems in place. For these reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice for 2012-2013 in the areas of contractual services and the acquisition of software be increased by $75,000.", "F. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General as respondent", "109. Several offices represent the Secretary-General as a respondent in cases involving staff. Given that the number of such cases remains high and that many of them are of great complexity, offices and units representing the Secretary-General as respondent are operating to the maximum, or beyond, capacity, taking into account the staff and resources available to them.", "1. Legal offices representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "110. As a respondent to the Dispute Tribunal, the Secretary-General is represented by Headquarters and offices away from the Tribunal in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna.", "111. In response to the needs of the new justice system, managers redeployed the staff of the Organization and engaged staff with the expertise required to contribute to the functioning of the system. As a result, the Organization was able to respond to the demands of the new system, which is being introduced in all its units.", "112. In 2010, 218 sentences were handed down. These judgements contain an analysis of the background of the dispute, a substantial application of the Staff Regulations and Rules, and conclusions on the factual and law issues raised to the Dispute Tribunal. The judgements reflect the extensive allegations of factual and law aspects submitted by the parties during the proceedings.", "113. Compliance with the criteria established by the new system poses great demands for offices representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal. The present section details the functions of each office, the resources allocated to the system, the statistics on the number of cases handled by the representatives of the Secretary-General, information on the results of the proceedings, and the Administration &apos; s response to case law.", "114. The new justice system has brought with it new demands for the Administration. In addition to incorporating structural changes in the system, the Administration has had to respond quickly and with determination to the challenges it faces in terms of resources and management. In order to ensure that the Secretary-General continues to have strong representation and to strengthen his capacity to respond to current demands, it is important to preserve and strengthen management initiatives. In addition, it is important that the global Secretariat continue to develop a fully integrated approach to the management of the representation of the Secretary-General before the courts, especially through regular consultations and briefings among the staff of the offices representing the Secretary-General.", "Administrative Law Section, Office of Human Resources Management", "115. The Administrative Law Section, located in the Office of Human Resources Management, consists of an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. The Section is responsible for representing the Secretary-General, in his capacity as a respondent, before the Dispute Tribunal with respect to cases involving officials of the global Secretariat, as well as cases initiated by staff of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The processing of cases by staff of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) is incumbent on staff at those duty stations. The Section also deals with disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management in relation to staff of the Secretariat and international tribunals, and advises managers on matters relating to the justice system in general, as well as on particular cases of appeals and discipline.", "Appeals", "116. Upon receipt of a request from the Dispute Tribunal, the Administrative Law Section must seek from the relevant administrators its views on the request, and develop a response. The deadline for submission of responses is 30 days, requiring prompt action by managers and the Section.", "117. During the proceedings, the legal officers of the Administrative Law Section appear in the preliminary hearings and hearings on the merits of the matter, and submit the writings required by the Tribunal. These appearances require considerable preparation time, necessary for further consultations with the relevant offices and the Office of Legal Affairs, where appropriate, to meet with the witnesses to whom the defendant is summoned, and to prepare the counter-interrogatory of the witnesses cited by the plaintiff, his legal adviser and/or the Tribunal.", "118. In addition, the Administrative Law Section is responsible for advising the Administration on the desirability of attempting an informal solution or continuing the dispute. The recommendations include an analysis of the factual and law issues raised in the case, as well as advice on the most cost-effective means of resolving the dispute. If the recommendation to seek an informal solution is accepted, the Section must obtain the necessary authorizations, provide advice during the negotiations with the claimant and/or its adviser, collaborate with the Office of the Ombudsman to finalize the agreement to resolve the dispute and follow up on its implementation. Negotiations are often protracted and difficult; however, the informal settlement of a dispute may yield considerable benefits.", "119. Following the final judgement, the Administrative Law Section communicates with the Office of Legal Affairs, which determines whether the judgement will be appealed to the Appeals Tribunal. Furthermore, the Section is responsible for interpreting the final judgements of the Dispute Tribunal, obtaining the information necessary for the execution of the judgements and communicating to the officials concerned the sentences for the purpose of their execution.", "120. The Administrative Law Section also represents the Secretary-General in the suspension of a measure, in which a party requests the urgent suspension of the implementation of an administrative decision. Such requests must be resolved without delay. A reply is prepared within five days of the application and an oral hearing is held. A few days later, the Court issues an order of acceptance or refusal of the application. These hearings require urgent attention and intensive preparations. It is particularly difficult to meet the deadlines when the affected office and potential witnesses are away from Headquarters and there are time differences.", "121. During the period under review, the Administrative Law Section handled 318 appeal cases. The Section has at all times some 200 cases under review by the Dispute Tribunal. Approximately 50 per cent of the files relate to appointment issues; 20 per cent to disciplinary appeals; 15 per cent to benefits and rights; 5 per cent to separations; 1 per cent to classifications and 9 per cent to other issues.", "122. Between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, the Dispute Tribunal rendered judgements in 114 cases handled by the Administrative Law Section. Sixty-four applications were decided on the merits of the cases; 17 were dismissed on grounds of admissibility; 14 were settled informally and withdrawn; 5 were withdrawn by staff; 5 concerned only compensation; and 9 the plaintiff left the proceedings. In addition, the Court ruled in 12 requests for suspension of action. Three of them were admitted, 4 dismissed and 5 resolved or declared dismissed.", "123. On matters decided on the merits, 38 judgements were favourable to the Secretary-General and 21 to staff, and on 5 occasions the Administration successfully defended the staff member &apos; s main claim, although a secondary demand was successful. Twenty awards were made in respect of claims that thrived on the merits, either in whole or in part.", "124. The new working methods, the high number of appeals to be processed, the shortening of the deadlines for filing the respondent &apos; s responses (two months to 30 days) and the time difference between New York and the other duty stations where the client departments or offices, witnesses and the Tribunal &apos; s headquarters are located have resulted in a huge workload and increased pressure on the staff of the Administrative Law Section.", "Disciplinary matters", "125. The Administrative Law Section is also responsible for dealing with disciplinary matters referred to the Office of Human Resources Management for the necessary action. During the reporting period, the Section addressed 391 disciplinary matters, including 121 new cases. The tasks of the Section in the handling of disciplinary matters are set out separately in a report of the Secretary-General on its practice in disciplinary matters and cases of alleged criminal conduct (see A/66/135).", "126. It should be noted that, due to the introduction of the new justice system and the consequent abolition of the Joint Disciplinary Committee, the analysis of the factual and law aspects of cases has become the responsibility of the Office of Human Resources Management. In the previous system, the Secretary-General referred disciplinary matters to the Joint Disciplinary Committee to determine the facts and provide advice on the disciplinary measures that, if any, should be imposed. As a result of the discontinuation of the Joint Disciplinary Committee, the Office of Human Resources Management should conduct an increasingly thorough analysis of the cases it handled. Therefore, considerable time is devoted to the detailed review of each aspect of the cases referred for disciplinary action, especially in order to obtain further clarification and evidence from the entity that initiated the investigation or the staff member concerned. Depending on the degree of complexity of the case, the disciplinary process may last between three months and two years, depending on relatively simple cases or more complex issues.", "Advice", "127. Finally, the Administrative Law Section provides specific advice to the various offices of the Secretariat. Overall, the formulation of a recommendation represents a day of work. The Section makes about 600 recommendations each year.", "Resources of the Administrative Law Section", "128. The transition to the new system has placed considerable additional requirements on the Administrative Law Section. The procedures for appealing and processing disciplinary matters are much more complex and rigorous and therefore entail a substantial increase in workload. A fundamental change is the passage of the procedure based on documents characteristic of the system prior to oral hearings and the numerous written communications required under the new system. The average working days required to process an appeal has tripled, 5 days under the system prior to 15 days in the new system. Under the previous system, the respondent presented an average of two written submissions in each case. In appeals, rarely, if any, hearings were held. Under the new system, the Tribunal usually requires numerous written submissions. In a significant number of cases handled by the Section, between two and three oral hearings were held, and in some cases even more. The preparation of the hearings may require considerable time and include consultations with the relevant offices and, in the case of hearings on the merits of the matter, the tracing of witnesses to discuss with them to familiarize them with the process and obtain statements.", "129. As at 30 June 2009, the Administrative Law Section had four posts: one P-5 (Jefe) and one P-4 post funded from the regular budget, and two P-4 posts funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations. In addition, there were special funds for the recruitment of general temporary assistance. In view of the workload arising from field activities and the demands placed on the Section by the new system, on 1 July 2009, the General Assembly approved the establishment of three additional posts of legal officers (2 P-3 and 1 P-2) and two temporary posts (1 P-3 and 1 P-2) funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations. In January 2010, the Section was divided into an Appeals Unit and a Disciplinary Unit. One P-5 post was transferred from a section of the Human Resources Policy Service to lead the Appeals Unit. Given the continuing workload of field missions, in July 2010, the General Assembly approved two additional Legal Officer posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3) in Nairobi, funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations. Also in July 2010, within its limited discretion, the Secretary-General established three new temporary posts (1 P-4 and 2 P-3) for the handling of appeals and disciplinary matters of non-field organizational units.", "130. The total strength of the Administrative Law Section is 15 legal officers. At present, the Section includes the Appeals Unit, which has one P-5 (Jefe), three P-4 and two P-3 posts in New York, as well as one P-4 and one P-3 post in Nairobi; and the Disciplinary Issues Unit, with one P-5 (Jefe), one P-4, three P-3 and two P-2 posts. Of these posts, three are funded from the regular budget (one was transferred from the Human Resources Policy Service), nine are funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations and three will be funded until 31 December 2011 with temporary resources authorized by the Secretary-General under his limited budgetary discretion.", "131. An analysis of the number of matters dealt with by the Section shows that new posts need to be established. With regard to appeals, in the past year the Appeals Unit received and processed 115 cases before the Dispute Tribunal. The process of each case submitted to the Tribunal requires an average of 15 working days. This means 1,725 work days per year. In addition, the Appeals Unit makes an annual of about 400 recommendations representing 400 working days per year. As a whole, the work of the Appeals Unit requires approximately 2.125 working days per year. To 27 days of work per month, i.e. 78.7 months of work per year, this is equivalent to seven posts. The Appeals Unit currently has only five posts, of which one is the Chief. The Chief oversees and directs the tasks of the Unit, and the four legal officers deal with matters. Three additional posts of legal officers are therefore required.", "132. Since approximately 35 per cent of appeals are for peacekeeping missions and 65 per cent for non-peacekeeping offices, six posts should be appropriated from the regular budget and three from the support account for peacekeeping operations. However, only one legal officer post is currently funded from the regular budget. Three new regular budget posts should be established in the Appeals Unit to ensure optimal functioning. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is currently proposed to establish two new posts (1 P-4 and 1 P-3).", "133. Based on the number of disciplinary cases received since 1 July 2009, the Administrative Law Section is expected to receive approximately 150 cases annually for processing. Since the processing of a disciplinary case requires an average of 20 working days, this number of cases will require about 3,000 working days per year. In addition, the Disciplinary Issues Unit makes some 200 recommendations per year, which require 200 working days. In total, the work of the Disciplinary Unit requires some 3,200 working days per year. At 27 working days per month, this results in 118.5 work-months, equivalent to 10 jobs. At present, the Disciplinary Unit has only six legal officer posts, of which four are established and two are temporary. In addition, the Disciplinary Unit has a Chief (P-5) who oversees and directs the activities. Accordingly, four additional posts are required for legal officers.", "134. Since approximately 60 per cent of the disciplinary cases dealt with were for peacekeeping missions and 40 per cent for non-peacekeeping offices, four posts should be appropriated from the regular budget and six from the support account for peacekeeping operations. However, in the Disciplinary Unit, no legal officer post is currently funded from the regular budget. It is proposed that the four established posts be maintained from the support account for peacekeeping operations. Under the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the biennium 2012-2013, it will be proposed that the two additional posts required be filled through the conversion of general temporary assistance posts to established posts. In order to deal with cases of non-peacekeeping offices, the Disciplinary Unit requires four posts of legal officers from the regular budget. However, in the light of the current financial constraints of Member States, it is currently proposed that three new posts (1 P-4 and 2 P-3).", "135. In total, the Secretary-General wishes to establish five new posts of legal officers for the Administrative Law Section. It should be noted that during the assessment of the resources required for the Section, 27 days of work per month were taken into account, rather than the usual 21.5 days. This once again demonstrates the enormous workload of the Section and the need for a sustainable resource base.", "United Nations Office at Vienna", "136. At the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, responsibility for representing the Secretary-General in appeals and disciplinary matters has been delegated to the Director of the Division of Management. The day-to-day tasks relating to the processing of disciplinary cases prior to referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for internal evaluation, as well as the representation of the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, have been assigned to the Human Resources Management Service and are coordinated by the Human Resources Policy Officer of the Service.", "137. The United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime continue to note an increase in the number of requests for legal advice and confirmation of compliance with the rules applicable to managers, as well as an increase in the time to prepare matters to be submitted to the Dispute Tribunal. In order to keep staff and managers informed about the features of the new justice system, both Offices continue to organize briefings, lunchtime forums and public assemblies, and send electronic messages to all staff in Vienna and on the ground, for which the human resources team needs additional time.", "138. The growing number of appeals, together with the extreme shortfall in the time frames provided for in the new system, continue to test the legal support capacity available for the administration of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The United Nations Office at Vienna has assigned a full-time human resources policy officer to the Human Resources Management Service with a view to meeting the growing demands of the new system. However, this situation is not sustainable in the long term, as the human resources team is making the most of its limited resources to cover the regular functions of that officer. Accordingly, the United Nations Office at Vienna needs specific posts for a P-4 Legal Officer and a Legal Assistant to the General Service (Other level) to be able to adequately meet the system &apos; s continuing requirements. However, in view of the current financial constraints, it is proposed that the staff of the United Nations Office at Geneva support the United Nations Office at Vienna.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "139. At the United Nations Office at Geneva, a human resources officer with legal training represents the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal in cases involving officials of the Office and its client organizations (the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and other smaller entities). In addition to the P-4 temporary post, it was necessary to add one P-3 Legal Officer post, funded through cost-sharing by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), in order to address the increase in workload, in particular by client organizations. However, this arrangement will only be in force until the end of 2011.", "140. As mentioned above, due to the establishment of the new justice system, staff writings are much more detailed and require more thorough analysis and legal review, and more oral hearings are held than in the previous system, which requires more time. In addition, the judges of the Dispute Tribunal typically request that the respondent provide detailed information on the elements of a case, which generates more work and more consultation with the relevant administrators. The overall result is that each cause requires staff more work time than it would have needed with the previous system.", "141. Legal officers are also requested to provide advice to managers on requests for internal evaluation or decision-making. In addition, the United Nations Office at Geneva continues to organize for managers training on the justice system and briefings on the internal assessments and jurisprudence of the Tribunal. Finally, legal officers provide support and contributions to the Office of Legal Affairs, which deals with the appeals of the Organization to the Appeals Tribunal.", "142. Despite the significant increase in workload, no additional resources were allocated to the United Nations Office at Geneva on the occasion of the transition to the new system. While specific temporary assistance arrangements were made to address the pressing additional workload related to the provision of essential legal advice to the Office, this was done at the expense of adequately managing important needs in other areas of human resources. Consequently, those arrangements were determined to be unsustainable for the future.", "143. In order to properly represent the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal, the advice of Headquarters on the allocation of new specific legal remedies is urgently needed. In particular, in view of the current number of cases, the United Nations Office at Geneva needs a P-4 post for a litigation legal officer and a General Service (Other level) post for a legal assistant. The P-4 legal officer should also serve the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as mentioned above in paragraph 138. On the other hand, the P-3 Legal Officer post should be maintained funded through cost-sharing by client organizations (OHCHR, UNCTAD and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs).", "United Nations Office at Nairobi", "144. During the period under review, the post of Senior Legal Officer was filled in the Office of the Director-General, and for the second half of the period the incumbent of that post represented the United Nations Office at Nairobi before the Dispute Tribunal. At the beginning of the period under review, a human resources officer with legal training had represented the United Nations Office at Nairobi before the Tribunal, with the assistance of colleagues from the Administrative Law Section. In addition, in view of the limited experience in litigation of the Human Resources Section, the Office and UNEP resorted to external legal advice through the recruitment of a consultant to provide specialized assistance in litigation before the Dispute Tribunal.", "145. Matters relating to client offices of the United Nations Office at Nairobi were handled by UNEP or UN-Habitat staff with legal training, or by the Office &apos; s senior legal officer.", "146. The role of the Senior Legal Officer in relation to the justice system prevents him from performing the essential functions of his post as a legal adviser to the Director-General. Additional resources are therefore requested. Specifically, the United Nations Office at Nairobi requires a P-4 post for a litigation legal officer and a General Service (Other level) post for a legal assistant. The incumbents of these posts will also serve the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in which the demands of the new system have been particularly felt.", "Regional commissions and Tribunals", "147. In the context of the new system, the human resources management services of the various regional commissions (ECE, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), ECA and Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) and the Tribunals (International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) are called to perform additional functions and provide more services.", "148. Human resources management services deal with the regular processing of disciplinary cases prior to their referral to the Office of Human Resources Management and requests for internal evaluation. In addition, the administrators sought advice and guidance on the jurisprudence of the Dispute Tribunal. On the other hand, these services liaise with the Administrative Law Section in connection with ongoing cases; they respond to requests for additional information from the Dispute Tribunal; contact witnesses; and provide information necessary for the execution of judgements. The judges of the Dispute Tribunal often request the parties to provide detailed information on elements of the case, which generates additional work and further consultations with the administrators concerned. The overall result is that each cause requires staff much longer than it would have needed with the previous system.", "149. Originally, requests for resources to implement the new system did not provide for any additional resources for the regional commissions. However, following the implementation of the system, the need to increase resources has become evident.", "150. A P-4 Human Resources Policy Officer is required with legal training to provide internal advice to the human resources administration and services of ESCAP and ESCWA. That officer will support ESCAP, which would have its base, and ESCWA. In addition, a General Service (Other level) staff is required to assist the officer.", "151. The legal officers of the United Nations Office at Geneva will support the work of ECE, and those at Headquarters will be responsible for advising ECLAC.", "152. As mentioned in paragraph 146, the legal officer proposed to establish at the United Nations Office at Nairobi would support the work of ECA.", "Extension", "153. Extension services must be provided to the regional commissions. Training and dissemination of relevant information to human resources managers and officers are essential factors in maintaining uniform standards throughout the Organization and addressing outstanding systemic issues. Managers need to be informed about key issues that motivate appeals, and advised on how they can minimize potential disputes. Human resources officers should be trained in the preparation and presentation of responses to internal evaluation requests, as well as in the provision of information and assistance to the Administrative Law Section during the proceedings. Finally, human resources managers and officers should take into account the system as a whole, and especially the possibility of resolving disputes by informal channels. In that regard, training was needed in the conduct of negotiations and the effective representation of the Secretary-General in mediation efforts.", "154. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia are currently implementing their completion strategies. Experience shows that the number of issues increases when mission templates are reduced. It is therefore expected that the next three years will increase the number of cases brought by staff of those Tribunals. In this context, it is important to facilitate outreach efforts at the Tribunals so that human resources managers and officers have the opportunity to receive assistance in specific cases, as well as information on the latest developments in case law affecting the implementation of completion strategies.", "155. Extension missions are proposed. The amount required for those missions amounts to $30,000. Specifically, it is proposed that a Nairobi legal officer travel to ECA headquarters and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ($12,500 for the United Nations Office at Nairobi) and a Geneva legal officer travel to ESCWA, ESCAP and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ($17,500 for the United Nations Office at Geneva). The Secretary-General therefore requests $30,000 for outreach missions.", "156. In addition, the Dispute Tribunal sometimes holds hearings at mission headquarters and other duty stations. The legal officer representing the Secretary-General should be transferred to places where such views are held. To date, no specific allocations had been made for those travel expenses. The Secretary-General therefore requests $30,000 for travel to mission locations where the Tribunal is hearing.", "Summary of current resources and resource requirements", "157. The current resources and resource requirements of the offices of the Administrative Law Section away from Headquarters, as well as the regional commissions, are reflected in the table below.", "Current resources and resource requirements", "Official resources", "^(a) The conversion to established posts will be proposed under the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for 2012-2013.", "^(b) Until 31 December 2011.", "United Nations Development Programme", "158. The UNDP Legal Support Office is a UNDP legal unit and its affiliated funds whose work covers all aspects of business, institutional and administrative law, with particular attention to policy and training issues. Following the introduction of the new justice system and the increased demand for legal consultations and advice, the Office had to make adjustments to its staffing. At present, the Office &apos; s Administrative Law Practice Group is functioning with all its staff, comprising six legal officers, namely, one Chief of Practices (P-5) that manages its own workload, one P-5 officer, two P-4 and two P-3 staff, all assisted by two General Service support staff. The Practice Group is responsible for all requests for internal evaluation, all cases submitted to the Dispute Tribunal and all disciplinary cases, as well as legal advice on policy work, legal training and legal consultations on matters ranging from private legal obligations to tax and pension advice.", "159. The Office of Legal Support participates in all phases, both informal and formal, of the staff claims resolution process. In the informal phase, the Office provides advice and guidance to managers, including those of the Office of Human Resources, country offices and regional bureaux, on dispute resolution before they become formal claims. In addition, the Office may request the intervention of the Ombudsman of funds and programmes. This Office &apos; s prevention work has a growing significance, as since 1 July 2009 managers are increasingly seeking legal assistance to ensure that their decisions are in line with the UNDP legal framework, which requires more time and resources.", "160. If issues are not resolved in the informal phase, the Office of Legal Support makes recommendations to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Management Directorate on the processing of internal evaluation requests, represents UNDP to the Dispute Tribunal, participates in mediation procedures, and coordinates with the Office of Legal Affairs on the representation of the Secretary-General in cases involving UNDP to the Appeals Tribunal. In addition, the Office recommends accountability measures where this is justified. On 1 August 2010, UNDP introduced a new procedure for handling requests for internal evaluation. While the Office continues to review these requests and make recommendations on their processing to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Management Directorate, two additional senior managers, appointed by the Administrator and selected from a roster, are required to transmit their independent views directly to the Assistant Administrator and Director of the Management Directorate from a management perspective. This system has worked well, but in 2011 more managers will have to be appointed to address the growing number of requests for internal evaluation. It is anticipated that the exceptional review currently under way in connection with the granting of permanent appointments will lead to more cases.", "161. The Office of Legal Support has regularly organized training courses, briefings and outreach activities by all available means to sensitize UNDP staff and managers to the new system. For example, the Office launched an online legal course, mandatory for all managers, which contains several chapters on legal issues related to the internal justice system. In addition, the Office has had to adapt to shorter timelines for responses to requests for internal evaluation and those submitted by the Dispute Tribunal, as well as the increase in the number of written hearings and allegations required by the Tribunal. This has led to an overall increase in the workload of your staff. On the other hand, given the highest preference for oral hearings and full trial in the Dispute Tribunal, specialized training of lawyers in the areas of defence and litigation should be increased.", "United Nations Children &apos; s Fund", "162. The Office of the Chief Executive Adviser, established in the Office of the Executive Director, is the overall responsibility for legal support and advice in UNICEF. The Human Resources Division processes requests for internal evaluation and represents UNICEF to the Dispute Tribunal. UNICEF has adapted the staffing tables, staff competencies and standard operating procedures to absorb the increased workload resulting from the adoption of the new system, paying particular attention to requests for internal evaluation and mediation opportunities.", "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "163. Prior to the reform of the system of administration of justice, the administrative review of decisions relating to UNHCR staff was carried out by the Administrative Law Unit of the United Nations Secretariat. At present, UNHCR conducts its own internal evaluation, which it delegates to the Deputy High Commissioner. The Legal Affairs Service, which is directly dependent on the Deputy High Commissioner, provides advice on all internal assessments.", "164. UNHCR has had a very positive experience with the internal evaluation process, as it has enabled managers to conduct a critical review of their decisions, take remedial action before the cases reached the Dispute Tribunal and review and improve its procedures. In many cases, this process also enabled the re-establishment of dialogue between UNHCR and the staff member.", "165. At the Dispute Tribunal, UNHCR is represented by the Director of the Division for Human Resources Management. The Legal Affairs Service advises the Director of that Division on all outstanding cases.", "166. UNHCR had attached great importance to the informal resolution of claims at an early stage, and several cases could be resolved informally through the intervention of the UNHCR Ombudsman. However, since the introduction of the new system, there has been a significant increase in the number of complaints that staff seek to resolve through the formal system.", "156. UNHCR continues to support the work of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance through the non-reimbursable assignment of a legal officer to its Geneva office.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "157. Since it is a relatively small unit, the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) has not intervened in many cases. Although there is no legal unit dedicated exclusively to such cases, it has at its headquarters a legal officer responsible, inter alia, for monitoring the justice system (including the jurisprudence and practices of the Dispute and Appeals Tribunals). The processing of any case before the Dispute Tribunal, as well as any matter that may lead to a dispute, in particular requests for internal evaluation, is the responsibility of the UNOPS legal officer in whose regional office the dispute or issue has been raised, which is supported by the above-mentioned Headquarters legal officer. This is done with the overall oversight of the UNOPS Legal Counsel. In accordance with the Secretary-General &apos; s bulletin (ST/SGB/2008/13), the Office of Legal Affairs deals with all UNOPS appeals before the Appeals Tribunal.", "158. To date, the new system seems to be much more structured and professional than the previous one. According to the new system, cases are handled in a similar manner as in many national courts, and the increase in the number of oral hearings is another example.", "159. Consequently, the time required by counsel and other persons involved in a case has increased significantly. In addition, staff members may request a large number of documents. The Dispute Tribunal has generally tended to have access to such applications, which is a significant workload for the Organization.", "United Nations Population Fund", "171. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) employs two legal officers who provide various legal support and advisory services, especially the representation of UNFPA to the Dispute Tribunal. UNFPA continues to pay particular attention to internal evaluation, as well as to options including alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, including mediation.", "2. Legal office representing the Secretary-General before the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "Office of Legal Affairs", "172. As a central legal service of the Organization, the Office of Legal Affairs provides legal advice to the Secretary-General, departments and offices of the Secretariat and United Nations bodies in various areas, including the new system of administration of justice. Within the Office, the organizational unit responsible for this responsibility is the Administration and Management Group of the General Legal Affairs Division. The functional responsibilities of the Division in this area are described below.", "173. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division concerning the system of administration of justice cover both the informal and the formal stage of the dispute settlement process. The Division advises the offices and departments of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes in the early stages of a claim filed by a staff member long before the claim is transformed into a dispute. For example, the Division has been requested to intervene in the internal assessment phase and during the negotiations for a solution.", "174. Once a claim passes to the formal phase and the staff member lodges a lawsuit with the Dispute Tribunal, the Division systematically advises the entity representing the Secretary-General in the first instance of the judicial process. These entities include the Administrative Law Section and its counterparts in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi. In the context of the new system of administration of justice, certain internal bodies of funds and programmes (UNDP, UNOPS, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR) represent the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal; the Division is available to provide advice to funds and programmes as requested. On the other hand, since the Division has a global perspective on how case law evolves in the new system, it informs all entities representing the Secretary-General before the Dispute Tribunal on the legal developments of the new system and provides them with legal arguments for their guidance and use on issues before the Tribunal. Such advice ensures coordination and coherence in the legal strategies and arguments presented by the Secretary-General on policy and principles. In this context, the Division draws the attention of all relevant offices to the judgements of the Dispute Tribunal that have a significant impact on the Organization.", "175. The Division also represents the Secretary-General before the Appeals Tribunal. This responsibility encompasses the filing of appeals against the judgements of the Dispute Tribunal and the appeals filed by officials. The Division plays this role with respect to all offices and departments of the Secretariat, as well as funds and programmes. To determine whether the appeal for a specific judgement is appropriate for the Organization, the Division should review and analyse all judgements of the Dispute Tribunal and consult with entities representing the Secretary-General before the Tribunal. The process of processing an appeal requires the investigation and analysis of all relevant factual and law issues raised by the Tribunal, and the written preparation of an appeal or a reply, as appropriate.", "176. In addition to providing advice on issues related to the system of administration of justice, the General Legal Affairs Division advises the offices and departments of the Secretariat, as well as funds and programmes, on the interpretation and application of the Staff Regulations and Rules and other personnel policies and practices prior to the adoption of an administrative decision, for example, on recommendations for the dismissal of staff. Although most of these requests originate from the Department of Management (particularly in organizational units such as the Office of Human Resources Management, the Advisory Board on Compensation, the Medical Services Division or the Insurance Section), some requests submitted to the Division also come from funds and programmes, UNHCR and offices away from Headquarters. Finally, the Division is responsible for reviewing any administrative publication related to human resources management policies, providing advice and approval before promulgation.", "177. The responsibilities of the General Legal Division in the new justice system have exceeded expectations and led to an unforeseen and substantial increase in the workload of the Division. When the Secretary-General submitted his report on the resource requirements for the new system, before it became operational, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions decided not to approve any of the posts requested for the Office of Legal Affairs because it understood that if the initiatives to resolve the proposals as soon as possible by informal means, the number of cases brought before the Tribunals might be reduced (see A/62/7/Add.7, para. 50). In view of those considerations, the Advisory Committee felt that the information available was insufficient to support the request for additional staff at that time, and recommended that those posts should not be approved until actual requirements could be assessed. The Advisory Committee assumed that the vast majority of matters would be resolved before reaching the Dispute Tribunal. On the other hand, as discussed below, the actual needs of the new system forced the Division to provide legal advice to a wider range of clients on increasingly complex issues, which entails significant financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization, and even more urgent.", "178. In the previous system, there was a level of judicial review, namely the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. There are currently two instances. In the previous system, the Administrative Tribunal operated part-time and held two sessions per year, while in the new system the Dispute Tribunal operates full-time all year and the Appeals Tribunal holds three sessions per year.", "179. These fundamental institutional changes in the system have resulted in a significant increase in the number of judgements that the General Legal Division should review and on which it should provide advice. Under the previous system, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal issued 65 judgements in 2009. In the new system, the Dispute Tribunal rendered 218 judgements and the Appeals Tribunal rendered 100 judgements in 2010. Therefore, the total number of sentences in the new system is about five times higher than those issued under the previous system.", "180. Moreover, since the introduction of the new system there has been a significant increase in the number of written submissions by the General Legal Division. Under the previous system, the Division submitted an average of 63 written per year to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. On the other hand, in the new system, the Division submitted 150 papers to the Appeals Tribunal in 2010 (114 cases originated in the Secretariat, including peacekeeping missions, and 36 cases from funds and programmes and UNHCR). Therefore, the number of written submissions in the new system is approximately 140% higher than those submitted under the previous system.", "181. The impact of the new system on the General Legal Division does not concern only the number of appeals filed with the Appeals Tribunal; the characteristics of the Division &apos; s work in that area have also changed substantially. Under the previous system, the Division had a generous time (six months) to draft responses to the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. In general, these responses were based on the repeated jurisprudence of that Tribunal, and the work of the Division was more simple and manageable. On the other hand, with the new system, the deadlines for filing appeals and filing replies have been reduced to 45 days. In addition, and despite the 45-day period established in its Statute, the Appeals Tribunal reduced to 15 days the time limit for filing an interlocutory appeal. On the other hand, following the introduction of the new system of administration of justice, the new Tribunals are re-examining previous practices of the Organization and the jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal. At present, due to the uncertainty generated regarding which legal rules and principles should be applied by managers, requests to the Division are more frequent to advise other departments, including entities representing the Organization before the Dispute Tribunal before its ordinary hearings. This contrasts with the previous system, in which context the written submissions to the Joint Appeals Board and the Joint Disciplinary Committee were based on the established jurisprudence of the Administrative Tribunal, and the Division was rarely requested to provide advice on those procedures.", "182. All these factors are compounded by recent reforms in many areas of human resources management, including contractual reform and harmonization of conditions of service. In addition, the reform initiatives have made the General Legal Affairs Division more work, both with regard to the review of administrative publications and their adoption by legal services, as well as advice on the interpretation and application of the Staff Regulations and Rules.", "183. Currently, the General Legal Division has two Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-3) and one General Service post funded from the regular budget for matters related to the administration of justice and management. Furthermore, as at 1 July 2010, the Secretary-General had provided, within his limited budgetary discretion, temporary resources in the form of six P-3 or P-4 and two General Service (Other level) posts for a specified period ending 31 December 2011. The Division also has a P-4 post funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, the Division was recently notified that, effective 1 July 2011, the General Assembly had approved general temporary assistance for one P-4 and one P-3 post from the support account for peacekeeping operations. In summary, unless the allocation of additional resources is approved as requested below, the Division will have a staffing establishment of only five Professional and one General Service posts to address issues related to the administration of justice and management.", "184. Ultimately, the burden placed on the Division as a result of a demand for services whose scope had not been envisaged would undermine its overall capacity to provide timely and comprehensive legal advice, not only in the area of the administration of justice, but also on other issues.", "185. It is necessary to ensure that the Division has the capacity to provide legal advice in the area of administration and management in order to avoid long-term negative financial, legal and operational implications for the Organization as a whole. This is particularly important in this critical phase of developing the jurisprudence of the Tribunals. For example, the work of the Organization &apos; s representation in the Appeals Tribunal carried out by the Division in 2010 contributed to the establishment of criteria for awards and to the clarification of the principles underlying the revision of the Secretary-General &apos; s discretion. Appeals have not only resulted in substantial savings for the Organization, they have also led to the development of fundamental principles that will bring significant long-term benefits to the Organization.", "186. In order to respond to the demand for services of the Office of Legal Affairs in the new system, which has increased significantly, the General Legal Division needs eight additional posts funded from the regular budget (6 P-3 or P-4 and 2 General Service (Other level)) to address the issues of administration of justice and management. However, the Secretary-General is aware of the current financial constraints of Member States, and he therefore requests the General Assembly to approve only three additional posts from the regular budget (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) for the General Legal Division. In this context, it should be noted that the Division is the only office whose request represents a reduction of approximately two thirds in respect of the previous report (from eight to three) and, at the same time, is the only office that has not received any long-term resources as a result of the establishment of the new system (except the two general temporary assistance posts approved with effect from 1 July 2011 under the support account for peacekeeping operations).", "III. Responses to questions concerning the administration of justice", "A. Introduction", "187. The following section responds to questions raised by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/251.", "B. Replies", "1. Staff-funded mechanism to support the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "188. The Secretary-General &apos; s response to the requests contained in paragraphs 40 and 41 of resolution 65/251, with proposals for the establishment of staff-funded mechanisms to assist the Office of Staff Legal Assistance is contained in annex I to the present report.", "189. These proposals were consulted with staff at a meeting of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee held in June 2011. At that meeting, staff reiterated their view that none of the proposed options for establishing a staff-funded service was acceptable, as the cost of staff representation should be borne by the employer. Staff noted that, as established by the General Assembly, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance was part of the Organization &apos; s internal system of administration of justice, and that the costs related to the work of that Office should be borne by the Organization, and urged the General Assembly to provide the necessary resources to ensure that both parties (staff and administration) could act on an equal basis.", "2. Resource mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "190. The response of the Secretary-General to the request of the General Assembly in paragraph 55 of resolution 65/251 to submit proposals on resources for non-staff personnel is contained in annex II to the present report.", "3. Delegation of authority for disciplinary action", "191. The Secretary-General then responds to the request of the General Assembly in paragraph 51 of resolution 65/251 to submit a detailed proposal for possible options for delegation of authority for disciplinary action.", "Background", "192. The possibility of delegating authority to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters for disciplinary action was originally raised by the Secretary-General at the sixty-second session of the General Assembly. The possibility of delegating such authority was based on the recommendations contained in the report of the Reform Group, as well as on the conclusions of the twenty-eighth session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee, which discussed the issue and drafted a proposal. The Assembly endorsed, in principle, the delegation of authority to heads of missions and offices away from Headquarters for disciplinary action and requested the Secretary-General to submit a report with possible options.", "187. Taking into account the Committee &apos; s recommendations, the Secretary-General proposed a limited delegation of authority for disciplinary action, whereby heads of mission and offices away from Headquarters would have the authority to impose minor sanctions (i.e., admonitions or fines), once they had the capacity to do so. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a further proposal thereon at its sixty-fifth session.", "188. Since a number of requirements remained unfulfilled, the Secretary-General proposed suspending his previous recommendation that a limited authority be delegated, while the matter was still under consideration. However, the General Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a report containing possible options for delegation of authority for disciplinary action. The proposal outlined in the present report was prepared in response to that request.", "Current status of disciplinary cases", "189. While there had been no significant developments since the Secretary-General had submitted his previous report on the administration of justice, a number of comments could be made. The Office of Human Resources Management has begun to review the administrative instruction on revised disciplinary measures and procedures (ST/AI/371/Amend.1). The jurisprudence of the Tribunals indicates that the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations are being analysed and interpreted from a new perspective, which is different from the case law of the former United Nations Administrative Tribunal. In particular, the Tribunals are interpreting the procedural and substantive standards required by the Organization for its predisciplinary and disciplinary phases, for example, the assessment of allegations and complaints, the quality of investigation reports, the procedural guarantees of staff during the process and the proportionality of the measures imposed. However, it should be noted that disciplinary cases appealed to the Tribunals were reviewed by the Office of Human Resources Management on the basis of case law and criteria established by the Administrative Tribunal. Therefore, it remains to see how many of the cases received and concluded after 1 July 2009 with the new system will be appealed and what will be resolved in them.", "190. From 1 July 2009 to the end of the reporting period, the Administrative Law Section of the Office of Human Resources Management concluded 357 cases, of which 216 were for missions. Seventy-one of these cases concluded with the application of disciplinary sanctions, namely: 19 dismissals, 17 separations, 4 drops of category; 5 warnings with loss of step/degree or loss of the right to salary increments; 14 warnings with fine, 1 admonition with advice and 11 warnings.", "191. Disciplinary cases reviewed by the Administrative Law Section since 1 July 2009 relating to staff serving in field missions accounted for 70 per cent of its workload in 2009/10 and about 60 per cent in 2011.", "192. The approximate time required by the Administrative Law Section to resolve a disciplinary matter, since it is referred to it, ranges from 3 to 11 months, depending on the facts and complexity of the case. However, this estimate assumes that the conditions are optimal and does not take into account the current backlog in the resolution of older matters, including those that had not been completed prior to the introduction of the new justice system, namely: (a) 170 cases that the Office of Human Resources Management had not yet resolved when the new justice system was introduced and (b) 30 cases that were remitted to the Administrative Law Section on 1 July 2009, which were pending. These cases are expected to be completed by the end of 2011.", "193. Between 2006 and 2008, it took 17 months on average to conclude a disciplinary case. The cases dealt with during that period, with the exception of those in which a dismissal was recommended, were reviewed by a panel of the Joint Disciplinary Committee. The Administrative Law Section delayed an average of eight months to refer cases to the Committee. Since the introduction of the new system, the Section has taken 11 months on average to complete the issues referred to it after 1 July 2009.", "194. The discontinuation of the Joint Disciplinary Committee led to an increase in the effective responsibility of the Administrative Law Section in the examination of the facts and analysis of each case under chapter X of the Staff Rules on disciplinary measures, tasks previously undertaken by the Committee largely. As the Dispute Tribunal undertakes a more comprehensive review, the Section also conducts more detailed analysis, in addition to the related follow-up work on investigations entities at each stage of the process.", "Consideration of possible options", "195. The introduction of the new justice system on 1 July 2009 significantly changed the disciplinary review procedures. Among other things, the elimination of the Joint Disciplinary Committee made the assessment of the facts in one case a function of the Office of Human Resources Management.", "196. There are three fundamental difficulties in the current process, which is a process that consists of several stages, and each of these difficulties relates to the need to ensure a rigorous analysis of the facts in which the procedural guarantees of the staff are respected: (a) the duration of the investigation process, the number of entities involved in such investigations, and the quality of the activities aimed at establishing the facts, as well as of the investigations of other types carried out by non-profesional researchers;", "197. The mere delegation of authority would not eliminate such difficulties, given that the current procedures for dealing with disciplinary matters and the new jurisprudence of the Tribunals would continue to make it necessary for cases to be considered very rigorously. In addition, decentralization to the ground could increase duplication of work and lack of uniformity between decisions.", "Partial delegation of authority", "198. The partial delegation of authority would involve delegation of authority to impose less severe disciplinary measures (such as fines and admonitions) on heads of mission and offices away from Headquarters.", "199. However, fines and admonitions are applied only in a limited number of cases, so this option would not significantly reduce the length of the disciplinary process. The existing difficulties would therefore remain unresolved, while the work between the field and the Office of Human Resources Management would double, thereby detracting efficiency from the process. Since the partial delegation of authority would entail increased costs, in particular through the deployment of legal officers from the Department of Management to assist in the procedural aspects of the disciplinary process, the Administration does not consider it a viable option at this time.", "Full delegation of authority", "200. If the full delegation of authority was adopted, the heads of mission and offices away from Headquarters could impose any disciplinary action, in accordance with the disciplinary process currently being applied at Headquarters. While the full delegation of authority would enhance the powers of the field offices and reduce communications between the field and Headquarters, the main disadvantage would be the increased likelihood of staff receiving uneven and uneven treatment throughout the Organization. If the decisions were not uniform, it would increase the number of appeals to the Dispute Tribunal, which would increase costs. Accordingly, the Administration does not consider it advisable to adopt the full delegation of authority.", "No delegation of authority", "207. If the authority to impose disciplinary measures remained exclusively with the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the current centralized system would continue to be implemented. In that case, the Department of Management would continue to have an overview of disciplinary cases and would be in an optimal position to ensure greater efficiency and uniformity in the review and resolution of matters.", "Short-term measures proposed for adoption", "208. Although at this time it would be best not to delegate partial or full authority, it is necessary to take steps to resolve the delays in the examination of disciplinary cases. Accordingly, the following steps are proposed to expedite the investigation and processing of such cases:", "(a) A pilot project would be put in place to assess whether it is feasible to decentralize key elements of the administration of justice through the establishment of a service base for a group of missions. In that context, resources would be available as legal officers and officers of conduct and discipline and the possibility of accessing other resources present at the service base or in the region, for example, researchers, the Ombudsman and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. Each function would have a clear mandate and hierarchical structure to preserve the independence of investigations, procedural guarantees of personnel subject to disciplinary procedures and the integrity of the disciplinary process itself. While the authority to impose disciplinary measures would continue to be vested in the Under-Secretary-General for Management, it is hoped that bringing the elements that are critical to investigations and disciplinary proceedings to the places where the facts occur would help to reduce the time frame required to resolve the cases. The pilot project would cover certain field missions in Africa (to be identified), and it is proposed that the service base be established in Nairobi, which would allow for the construction of infrastructure that could be used later if the experience gained in the project advised further decentralization, including with regard to offices located in Nairobi (and other offices away from Headquarters);", "(b) Cases that were very urgent would be handled by a “fast road” and would receive priority treatment by all participating offices (the Department of Field Support, the Office of Human Resources Management and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)). Taking into account the requests of the heads of mission and the justifications presented, cases considered to be of the utmost priority would be handled expeditiously, in accordance with guidelines to be developed and which should include the operational independence of OIOS and its current procedures, such as the Case Admission Committee, while respecting in all other respect the procedures for the handling of disciplinary matters;", "(c) The authority to grant staff administrative leave with pay would move from the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management to the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, which would expedite the process of granting such leave. The decision to impose unpaid administrative leave on staff would remain the authority of the Department of Management;", "(d) An interdepartmental working group on the delegation of authority on disciplinary matters would be established.", "209. The Secretary-General will submit a full report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session.", "210. The proposed actions were discussed at the thirty-second session of the Staff-Management Coordination Committee. It was agreed that the Administration would share progress reports with staff and develop a mechanism whereby staff representatives would receive regular information on the progress of the project.", "Recommendations", "211. The General Assembly is requested to support the proposals of the Secretary-General detailed in paragraph 208 of the present report.", "4. Effects of the new system of administration of justice on staff-management relations", "212. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 54 of its resolution 65/251, the Secretariat, UNDP and UNICEF consider it too early to report on the impact of the new system on staff-management relations, as well as on the performance of both staff and managers, and believe that more time is needed to determine whether systemic effects exist. All have noted that staff-management relations have evolved. In particular, managers are increasingly aware of the implications of their decisions and wish to ensure that they are made in accordance with applicable rules and policies, which has resulted in programme managers asking more questions and requesting further advice and guidance to the relevant legal offices prior to decision-making. There is also a strong desire on the part of the directors to know the system better and, in general, to be in a position to make the right decisions in each case.", "213. It could therefore be said on a preliminary basis that the new justice system is giving rise to a greater emphasis on the prevention of disputes and that, when they cannot be avoided, it is more common for programme managers to consult with lawyers to ensure that their decisions are well-founded from a legal and policy perspective. When it comes to avoiding disputes or resolving them informally, extensive collective consultations are often held with interested staff representatives, as well as with the United Nations Ombudsman or the ombudsman of funds and programmes.", "214. While these new practices have been identified, it is also clear that not all managers are fully aware of the requirements of the new system. Therefore, from the standpoint of professional performance, more time is needed to determine whether these new practices constitute a trend.", "215. Directors are expected to take very seriously the evaluations of staff performance and, in this context, make regular comments to the staff they monitor, ensuring that any decisions arising from an evaluation report are adequately documented. However, it is too early to determine whether these conducts constitute a trend and it is equally difficult to predict whether staff and managers will effectively improve their own performance with the new system.", "5. Cost-sharing arrangements", "216. With regard to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 57 of its resolution 65/251, here is the response of the Secretary-General.", "217. Since the General Assembly decided to establish the new system in its resolution 62/228, the Secretariat is continuously engaged in formal and informal discussions with representatives of the funds and programmes (UNDP, United Nations Office for Project Services, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNHCR), with a view to concluding cost-sharing arrangements on the basis of the number of staff. When expenditures are calculated on the basis of the number of staff, they are assessed on that basis. Taking these discussions into account, the Secretariat distributed to the funds and programmes a draft memorandum of understanding that it had prepared for comments. Subsequently, a meeting between the parties was held to discuss issues raised by funds and programmes. Following internal discussions with key stakeholders in the Secretariat, it circulated a revised draft memorandum to the funds and programmes for further comments. The revised draft memorandum also included the newly established United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as part of the agreements. In early March 2011, a new meeting was held with the parties to discuss the revised draft memorandum, after which, in May, funds and programmes made an official and coordinated communication containing a list of outstanding issues. In June, the Secretariat gave an official response to all outstanding issues, leading the parties to further negotiations in July. Today, the parties have resolved most of the outstanding issues, although it is still necessary to clarify some aspects of the integrated and decentralized role of the Ombudsman (since funds and programmes finance their own ombudsman in the integrated office, which are accountable to their executive heads), including mediation services. For example, questions remain on structural issues (such as accountability and referral mechanisms) between the ombudsman of funds and programmes and regional ombudsman, as well as in mediation services on cases involving fund and programme staff. The parties agreed that once the lines of communication between the mediation services and the regional ombudsman have been defined, on the one hand, and the ombudsman of the funds and programmes, on the other hand, discussions on cost-sharing in relation to those specific outstanding aspects may be concluded. The parties are aware that it is urgent to conclude these participation agreements and undertake to do so as soon as possible.", "6. Training of agents in the system", "218. As to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 61 of its resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General responds to the following points.", "219. In June 2009, the incoming judges of the Tribunals participated in an introductory course organized by the Office of Administration of Justice, which presented them with a synthesis of the structures and regulatory framework of the Organization. Secretariat staff participated in training courses on court management at the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the European Union Public Service Tribunal. Staff of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance attended training courses on defence work by staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and defence counsel at The Hague.", "220. The Department of Management recruited a legal adviser who trained legal officers of the Administrative Law Section on drafting techniques. Legal officers also participated in a one-week intensive training course on defence work organized by a national legal training institute. They also participated in a course on dispute resolution organized by UNDP and the Ombudsman.", "221. UNDP organized a training programme on advocacy for the legal officers of that agency acting before the Tribunals, which was conducted by highly experienced staff of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and United Kingdom high-ranking lawyers. Since this type of training is extremely important for legal officers involved in the new formal and professionalized system, a similar course is expected at the end of 2011. UNDP and the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services jointly organized a training programme on dispute resolution at the workplace, which was attended by more than 100 staff, including some high-level officials.", "222. All participants in the system, including judges, their staff and legal officers representing staff and the Administration, are required to regularly attend programmes aimed at improving their legal training. Legal officers need regular training on oral and written defence techniques to maintain and improve their knowledge. It would be useful for the staff of the Secretariats of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal to receive further training on court management practices and to participate, in particular, in educational exchanges with staff of other international tribunals. In addition, it would be beneficial for the joint training of the various actors of the system, as that would allow not only to make economies but also to exchange views and best practices.", "223. It would be useful for judges to attend conferences and colloquiums on legal issues and to participate in discussions on the practice of law and judicial function with judges of other international tribunals, high-level academics and other participants in their professional activities. Currently, the budget of the Office of Administration of Justice is not sufficient to finance these activities.", "224. The establishment of a judicial library with reference works at each of the Tribunals &apos; headquarters would improve the training of judges and staff. In addition, it would be positive to provide continuous training on judicial issues through the holding of an annual plenary conference on training, with contributions, as appropriate, from external speakers and facilitators. Issues relating to intercultural communication techniques, developments in the development of the law of the international civil service, the application of international standards, the implementation of ILO conventions relating to the law of the international civil service and comparative approaches to resolving legal issues could be addressed.", "225. Finally, it may be appropriate to consider providing additional judicial training to judges in relation to the legal frameworks of the various United Nations agencies and entities whose staff have access to the United Nations system of administration of justice. In addition, a joint United Nations workshop on judicial matters for judges of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal, as well as for judges of other tribunals, and perhaps for academics on issues of international administrative law, would be advisable for dialogue among judicial officials of the international tribunals. It is also necessary to train all participants to promote greater uniformity and coherence among the Tribunals with regard to the standards applied.", "226. Although the current system has been operating for two years, it remains necessary to inform staff about formal and informal dispute resolution mechanisms and, in particular, the interrelationship between them. The Office of Administration of Justice has developed an easy-to-use manual, in all official languages of the United Nations, to assist staff. It has also established a full website, in all official languages, which describes all elements of the formal system, with a specific section for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and an updated database with the jurisprudence of the Tribunals.", "227. The training needs specifically related to informal dispute resolution and mediation will be presented in the context of the report of the United Nations Ombudsman on the informal justice system.", "7. Prompt handling of disciplinary cases", "228. In its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions in its report on the administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/557), which requested that the Secretary-General include information on the speedy handling of disciplinary cases in his report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "229. The response to this request is included in the reply to the request for proposals on the delegation of authority for disciplinary action, contained in paragraphs 191 to 210 of the present report.", "8. Information requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251", "230. In paragraph 53 of resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include in the report on the administration of justice, the following information should be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session:", "(a) Clear statistics on cases received and resolved during the period by both Tribunals, including information, by category, indicating whether the judgements rendered were in favour of the claimant or the respondent and the administrative matters in question;", "(b) An analysis of trends over a number of reporting periods in order to identify systemic issues leading to the use of the justice system and to monitor their effectiveness over time;", "(c) Detailed information on monetary awards and indirect costs related to each appeal, for example, the time of staff work, indicating aspects of staff administration resulting in a large number of appeals;", "(d) Detailed information on the payment of compensation to staff equivalent to six months &apos; salary or more, with an indication of the offices or departments concerned, their location and some details of the facts of the case.", "231. With regard to paragraph 53 (a) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General has provided this information in paragraphs 30 to 41 and 65 to 72 of the present report on the work of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal. Further information is provided in annex III.", "232. In connection with paragraph 53 (b) of resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General provides the following reply:", "233. Statistics show that, throughout the Organization, the most frequently challenged decisions are those that deal with issues related to the selection and appointment of staff. The demands related to those decisions constitute about 40 per cent of all those submitted. There are several reasons for this. First, the former administrative instruction on the staff selection system was ambiguous in relation to preference rights for internal candidates. Secondly, according to administrative publications, it is necessary to follow several procedures when a position is filled: the selection and recruitment process is given to the invocation of procedural errors. Thirdly, staff who are not elected to occupy a position often claim that this was due to reasons beyond the selection process. Fourthly, staff may report inconsistencies between the evaluation of their e-PAS and the assessment of their candidacy for a vacancy and, therefore, that the evaluation of their candidacy was unfair. Finally, the decisions of the Dispute Tribunal are not uniform in respect of the discretionary margin enjoyed by the Administration in the selection processes, nor in respect of the part on which the burden of proof falls and the criteria for its valuation when such proceedings are challenged.", "234. The Administration has taken the following steps on these issues:", "(a) In September 2009, as soon as it was found that there was ambiguity in the provisions on preference for the consideration of internal candidates, the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management sent a circular to all offices, with clarification on the procedure for considering such candidates;", "(b) In April 2010, administrative instruction on the staff selection system was discontinued, which was replaced by a new administrative instruction (ST/AI/2010/3). The provisions on priority consideration to be given to internal candidates in the selection process are no longer applicable;", "(c) In October 2010, the Under-Secretary-General for Management issued a guide on lessons learned in this area, which provides guidance on the staff selection process;", "(d) The Administration has appealed the decisions of the Dispute Tribunal in cases of incoherence. The jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal of March 2011 further clarifies the Secretary-General &apos; s discretion in decisions concerning the selection of staff, as well as the part on which the burden of proof and the criteria for its assessment rests;", "(e) The case law of the Appeals Tribunal will respond to the factual issues raised by staff with regard to any alleged inconsistency between the evaluations of the performance of staff and the evaluations of the nominations; it will also help to respond to allegations of bias. The Appeals Tribunal has stated that, when officials make such allegations, they bear the burden of clearly and convincingly proving them.", "235. With regard to the rest of the cases, it has been noted that decisions to avoid renewing contracts are often challenged on the grounds that the procedures established under the performance management system have not been respected. The Under-Secretary-General for Management has addressed this issue in circulars addressed to the Administration, detailing the jurisprudence of the Dispute Tribunal and reminding directors of the need to follow the e-PAS procedures.", "236. A guide on lessons learned on non-renewal of fixed-term appointments was published in August 2010. The guide contains instructions to ensure that managers adhere strictly to rules and procedures, document the decision-making process and respect procedures for performance management.", "237. In addition, an administrative instruction (ST/AI/2010/5) was issued on 30 April 2010. This document contains up-to-date information on policies and procedures to be applied to evaluate performance and addresses issues that have led to delays in the completion of e-PAS assessments.", "238. Resources against disciplinary measures are also frequently instituted. This is another area in which the jurisprudence of the Dispute Tribunal continues to evolve. In particular, on several occasions, the Dispute Tribunal has reconsidered the exercise by the Secretary-General of discretionary powers. The Administration has appealed these decisions. In early 2011, the Appeals Tribunal issued a judgement stressing that the Dispute Tribunal was not a decision-making body, but that its role was limited to judicially reviewing the Secretary-General &apos; s exercise of the broad administrative discretion.", "239. A measure that has been subject to several sentences is the imposition of special leave staff with full pay in the context of an ongoing investigation for alleged misconduct. The Dispute Tribunal decided that this measure should not be implemented until the disciplinary process had been completed. Following that decision, the Administration revised the rule and introduced rule 10.4 in the Staff Rules, which expressly states that administrative leave may be imposed on the staff member pending the investigation. While the previous rule provided that the staff member should be charged before being suspended in office, the new rule provides that an administrative licence may be imposed on the staff member at any time pending the investigation and until the disciplinary process is completed.", "240. An issue that has resulted in numerous appeals to the Appeals Tribunal has been the award of compensation. The Appeals Tribunal has left no effect a significant number of compensation decisions, and has set out the principles to be applied by the Dispute Tribunal. In particular, the Appeals Tribunal has declared that those receiving a favourable judgement have the right to monetary compensation which, to the extent possible, leaves them in the same position where they would be found if the terms of their contract had been respected.", "241. With regard to paragraph 53 (c) of resolution 65/251, detailed information on monetary compensation awarded is provided in annex III to the present report. With regard to indirect costs related to each appeal, for example, staff time, and the indication of aspects of staff administration resulting in a large number of appeals, the Secretary-General responds to the following.", "242. For the purpose of calculating these indirect costs, all stakeholders in the administration of justice system agreed that the total number of hours worked by staff in connection with the judgements handed down by the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal in 2010. It was also agreed that an average cost of a P-4 legal officer working 40 hours per week, 45 weeks per year would be taken and that another 20 per cent would be added to reflect the additional hours employed by managers and senior management in reviewing cases, as well as administrative support received.", "243. The Secretariats of the Dispute Tribunal, the Office of Legal Affairs, the Office of Human Resources Management, UNDP, UNICEF, the United Nations Office for Project Services, UNFPA, the Internal Evaluation Unit and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance provided estimates of the time of work that had taken up the cases in which the Dispute Tribunal was sentenced. The Registry of the Appeals Tribunal, the Office of Legal Affairs and the Office of Staff Legal Assistance provided estimates of the time of work incurred by the cases before the Appeals Tribunal. The averages for cases of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal are set out below separately. The methodology used to obtain these figures is available upon request.", "244. It should be noted that the number of hours worked may vary considerably depending on the case. In addition, the figures provided by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance do not reflect the time of work of the volunteers, nor the considerable amount of time that led the Office to provide short advice or to deal with matters that did not culminate in a formal appeal.", "245. Taking into account the information provided by each of the different offices and entities, the average time of staff work in a Dispute Tribunal case is 400.3 hours and in a Appeals Tribunal case of 230.5 hours (taking as a reference a P-4 staff member working 40 hours per week, 45 weeks per year).", "246. With regard to paragraph 53 (d) of resolution 65/251, on the payment of compensation equivalent to six months &apos; salary or more, the Secretary-General provides information on such payments in annex III to the present report.", "IV. Questions relating to the consideration by the General Assembly of the statutes of the Tribunals", "A. Introduction", "247. In paragraph 46 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly decided to &quot; defer consideration of the statutes of the Tribunals to its sixty-sixth session, taking into account the experience gained, in particular on the efficiency of the overall functioning of the Tribunals &quot; . In order to assist the Assembly in its consideration of the statutes of the Tribunals, the Secretary-General raises the issues that follow the Assembly for consideration. In raising these issues, the Secretary-General emphasizes that its review is without prejudice to the principle of judicial independence. Since the Assembly is the body established by the Tribunals, and approved its statutes and regulations, it is up to the Assembly to determine what action, if any, should be taken on those matters.", "B. Rules of Procedure of the Tribunals", "248. Rule 7 of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that the Tribunal shall establish its rules of procedure, which shall be subject to the approval of the General Assembly. Similarly, article 6 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal stipulates that the Appeals Tribunal shall establish its rules of procedure, which shall be subject to the approval of the Assembly. As the Assembly will have to consider the report on amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal (A/66/86), the Secretary-General submits to the Assembly for consideration the comments on the rules of procedure set out below.", "1. Consultations for the amendment of regulations", "249. At present, the statutes of the Tribunals do not provide for the parties to recommend amendments to the rules of procedure of the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal or to be consulted thereon. Since the parties appearing before the Tribunals would provide an important perspective on the effects of the proposed amendments, the prior consultation of the parties would benefit the process of amending the rules of procedure of the Tribunals. The absence of an express provision in its statutes or regulations does not preclude the Tribunals from consulting the parties before amending the regulations. In particular, although neither the Statute nor the Rules of Procedure of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia provide for a consultative process for the amendment of the rules of procedure, in practice, representatives of the Secretariat, the Office of the Prosecutor and defence counsel participate in a Rules of Procedure Committee that has been established to consider the proposed amendments to the Rules of Procedure before the judges approve them.", "250. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly encourage the Tribunals to consult with the parties appearing before them when they make amendments to their regulations.", "2. Dismissal of manifestly inadmissible or unfounded cases", "251. Article 9 of the Rules of Procedure of the Dispute Tribunal provides that “a party may apply for a judgement in summary proceedings when the facts of the case are not subject to controversy and is empowered to obtain a judgement based on legal considerations.” Under this provision, a claim without merit cannot be rejected as long as there is a dispute over the facts of the case. By contrast, there are mechanisms in the administrative courts of other intergovernmental organizations to deal with claims lacking merit.[7] For example, article 76 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Public Service of the European Union states that “when the action is, in whole or in part, manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any legal basis, the Court may, without further action, make a substantial decision in this regard.” In 2010, 10 of the 129 cases before the Tribunal were resolved on the basis of that provision.", "252. Furthermore, the Secretary-General notes that the Rules of Procedure of the Appeals Tribunal do not establish any mechanism to deal expeditiously with appeals lacking merit. Of the administrative courts of other intergovernmental organizations, only that of the European Union has an appeal regime. The judgements of the Court of Public Service of the European Union may be appealed to the General Court. Article 111 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court states that, when an action is “manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any legal basis”, the General Court may take a decision on this matter “without further proceedings”.", "253. With regard to the types of cases that may be dismissed because they are manifestly inadmissible or unfounded, the Secretary-General recalls that in July 2010, the Appeals Tribunal ruled that the Dispute Tribunal lacked the authority to review or review the judgements of the former Administrative Tribunal. However, to date, the Appeals Tribunal has received at least five appeals requesting the review of Administrative Tribunal judgements[8]. While it would be appropriate to consider that such appeals are “manifestly lacking any legal basis”, the Appeals Tribunal does not have a mechanism that would enable it to summarily dismiss them. Accordingly, the Organization charges the costs of issuing a judgement in each of these cases ($3,600 per judgement), in addition to the costs to be borne by the Organization in preparing responses to such appeals.", "254. In order for unfounded cases to be dismissed in a summary manner so that the resources of the system of administration of justice can be used more efficiently, the General Assembly could consider amending article 7.2 (h) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal to include in its rules of procedure a provision on “procedures for the summary dismissal of cases which are manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any legal basis”. The Assembly may also consider amending rule 6 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal so that its rules of procedure include a similar provision.", "255. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (h) of the Statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and article 6 of the Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in order to include a mechanism in their respective regulations that would allow the summary dismissal of cases manifestly inadmissible or manifestly lacking any legal basis.", "3. Sound recording of oral hearings", "256. As indicated in paragraph 49 of the present report, the Secretary-General has requested budgetary resources to enable sound recording of oral hearings. Although the Appeals Tribunal has ruled in a case that the parties have “right to have the relevant Registry of the Dispute Tribunal facilitate the relationship of the evidence provided in such proceedings”[9], that relationship has not always been made available to the parties requesting it. In June 2011, the parties were informed that “the secretariats of the Administrative Dispute Tribunal are not bound under the Statute and the Rules to make sound recordings of oral proceedings”.", "257. The Secretary-General notes that, in cases where the assessment of the facts carried out by the Dispute Tribunal is largely or exclusively based on oral evidence submitted during the proceedings, and the Tribunal does not provide the parties with a relationship of such evidence, the parties cannot validly exercise their right to appeal. While the parties may resort to their own notes on oral evidence, the Appeals Tribunal may not determine whether the version of the Dispute Tribunal or the version of the parts of oral evidence is accurate if there is no objective relation to such evidence.", "258. In order for sound recordings of oral hearings to be maintained and for recordings to be made available to the parties at their request, the General Assembly could consider amending article 7.2 (e) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal to include in its Rules a provision on “oral audits, including sound recordings of oral hearings, to be made available to the parties at their request”.", "259. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly review article 7.2 (e) of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal in order to ensure that sound recordings of oral hearings to be held before the Tribunal should be maintained, which should be made available to the parties at their request.", "4. Deletion of staff names", "260. Article 11.6 of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides that “the secretariat of the Dispute Tribunal shall publish and make available to the public the judgements of the same Tribunal, protecting personal data”.", "261. The Secretary-General notes that in several cases, staff members directly or indirectly involved in a contested decision have been identified by name in the judgement of the Dispute Tribunal. In some cases where the Tribunal has determined that the challenged decision was unclear, it has described the actions and nature of the staff in immoderate terms. The identification of officials by name and the description of their actions and their character in immoderate terms in the judgements of the Tribunal has led some officials to complain against the judges and to express concerns about defamation.", "262. In view of the provisions of article 11.6 of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal and the need not unjustly question the name or character of officials in the judgements of the Tribunal, the General Assembly may consider amending article 7.2 (f) of the Statute of the Tribunal to include in the Rules a provision on &quot; the publication of judgements, including a procedure for deleting names in the decisions concerned &quot; .", "263. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.2 (f) of the Statute of the Tribunal to include in its Rules a provision on &quot; publication of judgements, including a procedure for deleting names in judgements at the request of interested persons &quot; .", "5. Effect of suspension of interlocutory order appeals", "264. Under article 11.3 of the statute of the Dispute Tribunal, the judgements are “executable after the expiry of the appeal period”. Furthermore, article 7.5 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides that “the filing of an appeal shall have the effect of suspending the execution of the appealed judgement”. Although the statutes of the two Tribunals refer only to appeals of judgements, the Appeals Tribunal has recognized that in limited circumstances, appeals from interlocutory orders are also permissible. It would therefore appear desirable that article 11.3 of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal and article 7.5 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal be applicable to appeals from interlocutory orders.", "265. The lack of clarity as to whether an appeal suspends the obligation to execute an interlocutory order has led the Dispute Tribunal to prohibit the appearance of the appellant party before it, resulting in the subsequent invalidation of the Appeals Tribunal[10]. The authority to impose such a prohibition is now codified in amended article 19 of the Rules of Procedure of the Dispute Tribunal, which allows the Tribunal to issue such orders as it deems necessary, “even a decision that dismisses the claim or the answer”, when a party fails to comply with a interlocutory order. The Secretary-General believes that the right of the Dispute Tribunal to require the enforcement of interlocutory orders and the right of the parties to appeal interlocutory orders in good faith, especially in cases where, if not, the Secretary-General would have to execute an order issued by the Dispute Tribunal that is contrary to the established jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal. The General Assembly may consider amending article 11.5 of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal and article 7.5 of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal to confirm that these provisions apply equally to all decisions rendered by the Dispute Tribunal, either in the form of judgements or orders.", "266. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 11.3 of the Statute of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal to clarify that interlocutory orders issued by the Tribunal may be appealed. The Secretary-General further recommends that the Assembly amend article 7.5 of the Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal to clarify that the appeal of an interlocutory order issued by the Appeals Tribunal will have the effect of suspending the enforcement of the contested order. It would also be necessary to amend the corresponding provisions of the rules of procedure of the Tribunals.", "6. Deadline for appeals to the Appeals Tribunal", "267. Article 7.1 (c) of the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal provides for a period of 45 days for appeals.[11] There are currently no deadlines set out in the statute for appealing interlocutory orders, although in practice the Appeals Tribunal has imposed a period of 15 days[12].", "268. In view of the limited resources of the parties and the delays in the transfer of records between the various duty stations, the Secretary-General considers that the extension of the time limit for appeals for another 15 days would facilitate the provision of more detailed information on the legal issues to be considered by the Appeals Tribunal. The minimum delay caused by the extension of the 15-day deadline should be compared to the significant benefits that would result from allowing a more comprehensive review of the legal issues raised in appeals, especially during this initial period of the Appeals Tribunal, where many key issues are being considered for the first time.", "269. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 7.1 (c) of the Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in order to extend the time limit for the filing of appeals from the judgements of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal from 45 days to 60 days and to establish a 30-day appeals period for interlocutory orders. It would also be necessary to amend the corresponding provisions of the Rules of Procedure of the Appeals Tribunal.", "C. Competence of the Dispute Tribunal on the actions and omissions of independent entities related to the performance of their operational mandates", "270. Article 2.1(a) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal provides for the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to rule on a lawsuit filed with a view to challenging an “administrative decision for alleged breach of conditions of service or employment contract”. In interpreting the term &quot; administrative decision &quot; , the United Nations Administrative Tribunal held that &quot; administrative decisions are characterized by the fact that they are adopted by the administration, are unilateral and of individual application and have direct legal consequences &quot; for the conditions of employment of the staff member. Extending the first criterion (that administrative decisions should be taken by the administration), the Administrative Court held in its decision No. 1359, Pérez-Soto (2007), that a decision by the Ombudsman not to investigate a complaint of harassment did not constitute an administrative decision, since the actions or omissions of the Ombudsman could not be attributed to the administration, given the independent nature of it.", "271. The administrative courts of other international organizations have also recognized the basic principle that when an entity acts independently of the administration, the organization lacks effective control over the entity and therefore cannot be held responsible for its actions or omissions. For example, there have been two different cases in which officials of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have alleged that the staff associations of their respective organizations were responsible for publishing confidential staff information and filed lawsuits against those organizations.[14] Both the IMF Administrative Court and the World Bank Administrative Court dismissed the demands, and ruled that organizations could not be held accountable for the actions of the staff associations, as they did not act “following instructions from the administration or under the effective control of the administration.”[15]", "272. The Secretary-General points out that several entities of an independent nature have been established by resolutions of the General Assembly. These include the Ombudsman, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), the Ethics Office and the Office of Administration of Justice, all of which enjoy operational independence.[16] The issue of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal with respect to the actions or omissions of these independent entities raises difficult issues, as well as the possibility of holding the Secretary-General accountable for the actions or omissions of entities on which he lacks effective control.", "273. To date, independent entities whose actions or omissions have been challenged at the Dispute Tribunal are: (a) OIOS; (b) the Ethics Office; and (c) the Staff Legal Assistance Office.", "(a) In a recent case reviewed by the Appeals Tribunal, one staff member challenged the content of an OIOS report and the procedures used by the Office to conduct its audit. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal had not yet been rendered. However, as indicated in the judgement synopsis (which was published by the Appeals Tribunal Secretariat not as an official document, but for public information purposes), the Tribunal apparently acknowledges that, as well as the Secretary-General lacks authority to influence or ingest the affairs of OIOS, the Appeals Tribunal is not competent to do so, as it may review only the administrative decisions of the Secretary-General;", "(b) There have been at least three cases of appeals filed with the Appeals Tribunal by staff who challenged the determination of the Ethics Office that they were not subject to reprisals. In rejecting the argument that the General Assembly &apos; s request for the Secretary-General to establish an Ethics Office with an “independent nature” required the Secretary-General to respect that character, the Appeals Tribunal expressed the view that “serious consideration should be given to the recommendations of the General Assembly” but that they were not decisive in determining whether the Ethics Office was independent[17]. Since the Dispute Tribunal has not yet rendered a final judgement on whether the determination of the Ethics Office with respect to reprisals constitutes an administrative decision, the Appeals Tribunal has not yet ruled on the matter;", "(c) In a recent case reviewed by the Appeals Tribunal, a staff member challenged the alleged lack of disclosure of a conflict of interest by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. The Secretary-General argued that the actions and omissions of the Office did not constitute administrative decisions and that, for that reason, they escaped the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, which was limited to the review of “administrative decisions”. In this regard, the Secretary-General noted that the International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal and the World Bank Administrative Tribunal had rejected the argument that the respective international organizations could be held accountable for the acts challenged by staff associations, as the main purpose of staff associations is to defend the interests of employees and to “express independent views of those of the administration and sometimes contrary to them”[18]. This reasoning would be further applied to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, since the contentious nature of disputes means that the Office often expresses views contrary to those of the administration. As at 15 August 2011, the judgement of the Appeals Tribunal on the case had not yet been issued. However, as indicated in an overview of the judgement, the Appeals Tribunal apparently ruled that the actions and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance are within the competence of the Dispute Tribunal, as the services provided by the Office and the manner in which the representation is carried out may have implications for the conditions of employment. The implications of considering the Secretary-General legally and financially responsible for the actions and omissions of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance would be that if staff fail to achieve a favourable outcome of their challenge to the administrative decisions adopted by the Secretary-General, they may nevertheless seek compensation from the Organization if they can prove that the legal advice provided by the Office was in some way deficient.", "274. Recent jurisprudence of the Appeals Tribunal appears to indicate that, while actions and omissions of certain independent entities such as OIOS may be outside the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal, actions and omissions of other independent entities such as the Office of Staff Legal Assistance may be considered by the Dispute Tribunal. Moreover, the Secretary-General points out that any guidance of the Appeals Tribunal on these issues should not necessarily be operative, as the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider that the rules established by the Appeals Tribunal will only be applicable if they are “conformed to the general principles of law”[19].", "275. The Secretary-General therefore believes that it might be useful for the General Assembly to clarify its intentions with regard to the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal. In this regard, the Secretary-General emphasizes that the exclusion from the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal from the actions and omissions of independent entities would not mean that officials were deprived of recourse when they felt that those entities had violated their rights.", "276. First, if the Secretary-General takes an administrative decision based on an action or omission of an independent entity that has been challenged, the decision itself can be challenged in the Dispute Tribunal. For example, if the Ethics Office determines that a staff member applied reprisals and the Secretary-General decides to impose a disciplinary measure against the staff member on the basis of the determination of the Ethics Office, the staff member may in that case file a lawsuit in the Dispute Tribunal against the imposition of the disciplinary measure by the Secretary-General and the fact that it was based on a supposedly incorrect determination of the Ethics Office. However, a determination of the Ethics Office on Retaliation should not be challenged to the Dispute Tribunal. Since the independent character of the Ethics Office prevents the Secretary-General from instructing the Office on how to determine whether there were reprisals, the Secretary-General cannot be held responsible for the decision taken by the Office, even if it is subsequently vitiated.", "277. Secondly, if a staff member contests an action or omission of an independent entity on the performance of its management functions, the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal on such matters would not pose problems on the basis of the independent nature of the entity. For example, a lawsuit challenging the way in which the selection process had been conducted in OIOS would be clearly within the competence of the Dispute Tribunal.", "278. The exercise of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal on the actions and omissions of independent entities is problematic only when the staff member &apos; s claim relates to the manner in which such entities perform their operational functions. Because the way in which independent entities perform their operational functions escapes the effective control of the Secretary-General, the latter understands that the actions and omissions of independent entities that relate to their operational mandates cannot be attributed to him, and that he should not be considered legal or financially responsible for them. In fact, the imposition of responsibility in such circumstances will not promote the objective of strengthening accountability, as the Secretary-General has no authority to influence the actions or omissions of independent entities challenged by staff, or to correct them. The General Assembly may wish to consider whether it is appropriate to impose financial responsibility and to spend the Organization &apos; s public funds if no fault has been established by the Secretary-General.", "279. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal over administrative decisions is limited to decisions taken by the Secretary-General or on behalf of the Secretary-General, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision taken unilaterally by the Secretary-General or on behalf of the Secretary-General for alleged non-compliance with the conditions of service or employment contract”.", "280. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision taken unilaterally by the Secretary-General or on behalf of the Secretary-General for alleged breach of conditions of service or employment contract”.", "281. Another issue that has recently been raised is whether the Dispute Tribunal has jurisdiction over the implementation by the Secretary-General of decisions taken by governing bodies, such as the General Assembly and its subsidiary bodies. To date, staff have filed complaints with the Dispute Tribunal challenging the actions taken by the Secretary-General to implement General Assembly resolutions and decisions of the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC).", "1. General Assembly", "282. In accordance with Article 101 of the Charter of the United Nations, “the staff [...] shall be appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with the rules established by the General Assembly.” Under this provision, the Assembly promulgates the Staff Regulations and may amend the Staff Rules. Through its resolutions, the Assembly adopted the Organization &apos; s policies on human resources management.", "283. In 2010, the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/248, adopted the recommendations of the Commission on the harmonization of conditions of service for staff members of United Nations common system organizations serving in non-family duty stations. The consequence of that decision would be the suspension of a particular benefit, the “personal transition grant”. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to facilitate the immediate implementation of Commission resolutions on the harmonization of conditions of service in non-family duty stations. Accordingly, the Department of Field Support informed staff that the changes approved by the Assembly would enter into force on 1 July 2011. In June 2011, the first lawsuit challenging the suspension of personal transitional allowance was filed with the Dispute Tribunal. The claim alleged that the suspension of the grant adversely affected single women, and suggested that it constituted discrimination on the basis of gender or personal status.", "284. The Charter requires the Secretary-General to implement the rules established by the General Assembly on the administration of staff, and as a result, the Secretary-General is also required to implement the human resources management policies set out in Assembly resolutions. Previously, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal had held that the Tribunal “was neither the General Assembly nor the Secretary-General and therefore was not in a position to use its own judgement in policy decisions or in personnel matters”. The legal basis for General Assembly resolutions was reaffirmed in paragraph 9 of resolution 62/251, which stressed that “all elements of the new system of administration of justice should operate in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the legal and regulatory framework adopted by the General Assembly.”", "285. However, the Dispute Tribunal has held that the obligation of the Secretary-General to comply with General Assembly resolutions cannot be invoked as a reason for refusing to take a particular action if the inaction would result in a violation of human rights standards, such as the principle of equal pay for equal work. This judgement has been confirmed by the Court of Appeal[21]. In summary, in cases where the Dispute Tribunal determines that the implementation of a General Assembly resolution will lead to results that do not conform to human rights standards, the Secretary-General may be legally and financially responsible for the implementation of that resolution.", "2. International Civil Service Commission", "286. The International Civil Service Commission is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly, and its Statute was adopted by the Assembly in its resolution 3357 (XXIX). Article 6 of the Statute expressly prohibits the Commission from receiving instructions from an organization of the United Nations common system and is therefore independent of the Secretary-General. Article 25 (3) of the Statute provides that the decisions of the Commission shall “be implemented by each organization concerned from the date determined by the Commission.”", "287. In December 2009, the Commission decided to change the Nairobi duty station classification from category “C” to category “B”. The Addis Ababa duty station classification of category “C” was also changed to category “B”. The two changes entered into force on 1 January 2011. The classification by the Commission of duty stations, which ranges between category “A” and category “E”, is indicative of the difficulty of living and working conditions; the category “E” is reserved for the most difficult duty stations. As a result of the reclassification of Nairobi and Addis Ababa, staff serving at those duty stations receive a lower allowance for difficult living conditions and are entitled to leave in the country of origin only every 24 months, instead of every 12 months. Staff at both duty stations have protested against the Secretary-General &apos; s implementation of the Commission &apos; s decision.", "288. The Secretary-General is obliged to apply the reclassification of Nairobi carried out by the Commission, in view of the provisions of article 25 (3) of the Statute of the Commission and staff rule 3.14 (b), which states that the Secretary-General shall determine the amount of hardship allowance &quot; taking into account the difficulty of living and working conditions at each duty station on the basis of the classification of duty stations established by the Civil Service Commission &quot; . Moreover, the United Nations Administrative Tribunal stressed that the decisions of the Commission were binding on the Secretary-General. In sentencing No. 421 (Chatwani), the Administrative Tribunal ruled that “it is not for the Secretary-General of the United Nations or for the general secretaries or directors of the other organizations affiliated with the common system to review, modify or rescind a decision of the Commission adopted in accordance with its statute”[22].", "3. Clarification of the scope of the jurisdiction of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal", "289. The Dispute Tribunal is still considering objections to the implementation of decisions of governing bodies by the Secretary-General, including General Assembly resolutions and decisions of the International Civil Service Commission. It should be noted that the Appeals Tribunal has already rejected the argument presented in one of the cases by the Secretary-General that the action requested by the staff member would be contrary to a General Assembly resolution on a budgetary issue, since it submits that budgetary considerations “cannot prevail over the requirement of equal treatment.”[23]", "290. Even after the Dispute Tribunal and the Appeals Tribunal render judgement in certain cases where the decision of the Secretary-General to implement General Assembly resolutions and decisions of the International Civil Service Commission has been challenged, their judgements will not necessarily be devices for other situations, as decisions of those governing bodies cover a wide range of human rights management issues. Moreover, the Dispute Tribunal has emphasized that it will consider the rules established by the Appeals Tribunal only applicable if they conform to the general principles of law.[24]", "291. Accordingly, the Secretary-General considers that it might be useful for the General Assembly to clarify its purpose with respect to the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal. The General Assembly may wish to consider whether it is appropriate to impose financial responsibility and spend the public funds of the Organization when the Secretary-General has taken steps to implement decisions of governing bodies such as the General Assembly and the International Civil Service Commission.", "292. Should the General Assembly wish to clarify that the scope of the jurisdiction of the Dispute Tribunal does not extend to the application by the Secretary-General of decisions of governing bodies such as the Assembly and the Commission, it may consider amending article 2.1 (a) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision unilaterally adopted by the Secretary-General or on behalf of the Secretary-General for alleged non-compliance with the conditions of service or employment contract”. A measure taken by the Secretary-General to implement the decisions of governing bodies would not constitute an administrative decision taken unilaterally by the Secretary-General, since the latter lacked the flexibility to act contrary to the decisions of those governing bodies.", "293. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly amend article 2.1 (a) of the Statute of the Dispute Tribunal to refer to “an administrative decision taken unilaterally by the Secretary-General or on behalf of the Secretary-General for alleged breach of conditions of service or employment contract”.", "V. Resource requirements", "294. The Secretary-General has determined that there are several areas in the formal justice system that will need to be strengthened in order to fulfil the mandate that the new system be “independent, transparent, professional, with adequate and decentralized resources”. The requirements for the informal system are presented separately in the report of the United Nations Ombudsman. For all the above reasons, the Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly consider improving the formal justice system with the following non-post and related resources, in addition to those requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6):", "(a) With regard to the Internal Evaluation Unit, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 19 and 20 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish a new Legal Officer (P-3) post to support the work of the Unit;", "(b) With respect to the Dispute Tribunal and its Secretariats, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 42 to 44 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of three additional full-time judges (1 in Geneva, 1 in Nairobi and 1 in New York) to the Tribunal, the reclassification of one Legal Officer post from the New York Secretariat at the P-2 level, and the establishment of six additional posts (3 P-3, The above-mentioned capacity was initially approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/253 for the period of one year, effective 1 July 2009, extended until 31 December 2011 in resolution 65/251, and funded by the use of limited budgetary discretion granted to the Secretary-General in resolution 60/283 and extended in resolution 64/260. The present proposal is aimed at regularizing the provisional capacity of the Dispute Tribunal, as set out above;", "(c) With regard to non-post resources for the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 49 to 51 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends to the Assembly the approval of the requested resources for communications ($25,000) and travel ($155,000);", "(d) With regard to the Registry of the Appeals Tribunal, the Secretary-General recommends, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 71 to 78 of the present report, that it be strengthened with a legal officer (P-4) effective 1 January 2012, as well as additional travel resources ($280,200) to facilitate the holding of a third annual session of the Tribunal and to increase the travel rights of the Tribunal &apos; s judges;", "(e) With regard to the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 83 to 92 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends that it be strengthened by four posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level) in Nairobi, 1 P-4 in New York and 1 General Service (Other level) in Geneva), effective 1 January 2012. The Secretary-General further recommends that the P-3 position established by resolution 65/251, effective 1 January 2011, currently funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations until 31 December 2011, be maintained until 31 December 2012. In addition, the Secretary-General requests communications ($11,200), travel ($15,000) and supplies ($9,000);", "f) With regard to the Office of the Executive Director of the Office of Administration of Justice, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 101 to 108 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly authorize resources for general temporary assistance ($1300,000) for the remuneration of external members of the Internal Justice Council and allocate resources for the replacement of staff on extended sick leave and maternity leave. In addition, the Secretary-General recommends to the Assembly the approval of travel resources ($30,000), contractual services ($37,500) and the acquisition of software ($37,500);", "(g) With regard to the offices of the Secretariat representing the Secretary-General in the Dispute Tribunal, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 115 to 156 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends to the Assembly the approval of 11 new posts (5 P-4, 3 P-3, 1 General Service (Other level) and 2 General Service (Local level)), effective 1 January 2012. Five of those posts (2 P-4 and 3 P-3) are for the Office of Human Resources Management, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Other level)) for the United Nations Office at Geneva, two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Local level)) for the United Nations Office at Nairobi and two posts (1 P-4 and 1 for the Economic and Social Commission (Local level) The Secretary-General, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 153 to 156 of the present report, recommends to the Assembly the approval of the resources ($60,000) for travel to carry out outreach missions and to attend Tribunal hearings at other duty stations;", "(h) With regard to the Office of Legal Affairs, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 172 to 186 of the present report, the Secretary-General recommends that the Assembly establish three posts (2 P-4 and 1 P-3) in the General Legal Division, effective 1 January 2012.", "295. Accordingly, should the General Assembly agree with the above proposals, additional resources totalling $8,657,900 (before recosting) should be considered in accordance with the provisions governing the contingency fund under the terms of Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. In this regard, it is recalled that the Assembly, in its resolution 65/262, approved for the biennium 2012-2013 a contingency fund totalling $40.5 million.", "296. It is proposed to establish all new posts in the present report beginning on 1 January 2012. In view of the fact that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in paragraph 20 of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/7), recommended that any new proposal should report on the delayed impact of posts, the Assembly may wish to take note that the additional requirements for the full cost of the 26 new posts proposed in the biennium 2014-2015 are currently estimated at 1,356.", "VI. Conclusions and actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "297. The Secretary-General considers that the recommendations contained in the present report will give additional vigor to the new internal justice system, which already enjoys the trust of staff and the Administration. He therefore requested the General Assembly to give due consideration to those proposals and to approve the necessary resources to ensure their implementation.", "298. Accordingly, the General Assembly is requested:", "(a) To approve the establishment of 26 new posts (10 P-4, 8 P-3, 4 General Service (Other level) and 4 General Service (Local level)), effective 1 January 2012, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(b) To approve the reclassification of one P-2 post at the P-3 level, effective 1 January 2012, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Total amount of $8,657,900 (before recosting) in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, comprising increases in section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination ($3,889,700); section 8, Legal affairs ($59,700); section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific ($388,400); section 29,300 This appropriation would be charged to the contingency fund;", "(d) To approve the continuation of one P-3 position in Nairobi, effective 1 January 2012, for one additional year, to be funded from the support account budget for peacekeeping operations, and related costs would be reported in the context of the implementation report on the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and to be included in the budget for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and", "Annex I", "Proposals for the establishment of staff-funded mechanisms for the funding of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "Financing mechanism of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper contains a number of staff-funded mechanisms to assist the Office of Staff Legal Assistance of the Office of Administration of Justice, as requested by the General Assembly in paragraphs 40 and 41 of its resolution 65/251. The concept paper also addresses the Assembly &apos; s request for proposals based on both mandatory and voluntary contribution models.", "2. There are elements common to the mandatory and voluntary options contained in this document. Specifically, the General Assembly would continue to identify the staffing table of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance and its other financial requirements in the light of the Secretary-General &apos; s budget proposals. In addition, the Secretary-General points out that all actions relating to the staffing requirements of the Office should take into account the decisions taken by the Assembly regarding the mandate and functioning of the Office. The posts of the Office established pursuant to resolution 63/253 would continue to be funded from the regular budget. The proposed staff funding mechanisms would cover some of the costs of improving the current staffing establishment of the Office, as proposed by the Secretary-General. The last common element is that the contributions of the proposed staff, both mandatory and voluntary, would be deducted monthly from the corresponding payroll.", "3. Specifically, with regard to the mandatory option, it should be noted that, as indicated by the General Assembly, since the Office of Staff Legal Assistance is part of the internal system of administration of justice, the costs associated with its functioning constitute expenses of the Organization. In accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations, “Members shall bear the expenses of the Organization as determined by the General Assembly.” The intention of this paragraph to require Member States to bear the expenses of the Organization is clear whether the process of forming this provision is considered.[25]", "4. Therefore, the request for staff to take part in a “expenditure” of the Organization, which, under the Charter, should be borne by Member States, raises some legal doubts. The introduction of staff-funded services for the activities of the Organization mandated by the Assembly opens the door to the future other “expenditures” of the Organization that may be considered beneficial to staff becoming partially or fully funded by a staff tax.", "II. Mandatory funding mechanisms of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "5. There are three possible mandatory models of a funding mechanism of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance: (a) a universal model whereby all staff would contribute to a percentage of their salaries; (b) a model whereby only staff actually using the Office &apos; s services would have to pay for it; and (c) a model whereby a percentage of assessed contributions from trade unions and staff associations would be used to finance the activities of the Office. These three models are discussed below.", "6. As at 30 June 2010, the staff of the Secretariat and the funds and programmes with access to the system of administration of justice comprised approximately 45,000 General Service staff, approximately 30,000 Professional and Field Service staff and some 1,525 Director or Senior Officers (see A/65/350 and CEB/2010/HLCM/HR/24).", "A. Universal compulsory model", "7. Under the universal mandatory model, the amount to be paid by each staff member would be set. An important element that should be taken into account in determining the amount to be paid by staff is that the salary scales, in particular the premises, vary considerably from one duty station to another. The amounts to be set should therefore be related to the different salary scales in order to be equitable and proportional to the actual salary of each staff member. One possibility would be to establish a percentage of the salary of each staff member who had access to the system of administration of justice (e.g., 0.001%). As an alternative, the amount to be paid could be fixed, but depends on the determination of the category and duty station of each staff member. The amount would be deducted monthly from the payroll.", "8. Staff assessment would cover part of post costs, other than those currently indicated in the staffing table of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/253 (1 P-5, 5 P-3, 1 P-2 and 3 General Service).", "9. This model has several advantages. The main point is that if the staff group is large, even with the provision of minimum individual contributions, an important amount of money would be made to finance the Office. Furthermore, a universal and compulsory system would be the strongest and most stable source of income.", "10. However, the compulsory system also poses problems. The first problem is that the Office &apos; s services are generally expected to be used by a very small percentage of staff. Currently, less than 1 per cent of staff have filed a complaint in the formal system. Thus, approximately 99 per cent of staff would contribute to the payment of services used by less than 1 per cent. This raises doubts about the justice of imposing a general payment in the context of a universal compulsory system.", "11. Another problem is the fact that, according to the case law of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal[26], the Office may refuse to provide assistance when it considers that the case has no legal basis or has little chance of success in the courts. This case law is generally accepted at the outset that judicial officials should not prosecute when they believe in good faith that they have no legal basis. Similarly, the Organization &apos; s resources should not be wasted in matters of which the likelihood of reaching a good port is reduced or void. However, if a mandatory payment is imposed on all staff, each staff member may think that he or she has the right to be represented by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, irrespective of whether or not his or her case has a legal basis or is likely to succeed. Accordingly, there is a risk that if the Office refuses to provide its services to a staff member, despite payment of the corresponding payments, the staff member submits a claim or even formally resorts to the decision, with the additional costs, possibly significant, that would be for the Organization.", "12. This situation may occur both in the case of a compulsory and voluntary system, since, theoretically, all staff members who pay their quota, compulsory or voluntary, may claim that payment generates the right to receive services.", "13. Finally, if staff are required to finance the services of an Office established by the General Assembly, they may consider it a violation of their conditions of service or appointment and resort to that decision. If a staff member succeeds in its claim, the Organization would be obliged to reimburse all staff members at a later stage of their assessed contributions with the corresponding interest and possibly with the relevant additional compensatory payments.", "B. Compulsory payment for users of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "14. A second possible option of mandatory staff funding would be to require that only staff members who use the services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance be paid. This model would address the problem that staff members who do not use the Office &apos; s services should not be required to suffer from funding.", "15. If this option was accepted, the required quota should be set. A fixed fee would be essentially a payment for using the services of the Office. Other modalities could be envisaged, such as requiring claimants whose claim prospers to give a percentage of the compensation awarded to them.", "16. However, since the percentage of staff using the Office &apos; s services is very low (approximately 1,000 staff per year), the payment required for each user would have to be higher than the minimum rate of the universal mandatory model. For example, the annual cost of one P-4 post in Geneva is $227,300. Therefore, in order to be able to fully finance a single P-4 post in Geneva for the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, the payment that should be required for the Office &apos; s users would be $227,300 per person. If it was concluded that the system should cover only a percentage of the costs associated with the additional posts in the Office, the fixed amount to be paid would be higher or lower, depending on the number of posts and the percentage to be filled.", "17. It should be noted that this model would also raise the above-mentioned problem in relation to the universal quota system, that staff who had paid a mandatory quota could constantly request legal aid and file claims or even resort to the Office &apos; s refusal to represent them. However, this problem could be mitigated if the required payment to staff varied depending on the services provided by the Office. For example, they could be required to pay $300 for the negotiation and resolution of their cause by the Office or only $50 if it offered advice on the telephone.", "C. Compulsory payment from assessed contributions by trade unions and staff associations", "18. A third possible mandatory model would be that in which staff associations and trade unions were required to contribute a portion of the contributions paid to staff members to finance the Office of Staff Legal Assistance.", "19. The quota paid to trade unions and staff associations is aimed at promoting and safeguarding the rights and interests of officials. Therefore, requiring them to allocate a portion of the contributions they receive to finance the Office would amount to imposing on the trade unions and staff associations the obligation to provide, at their expense, some form of legal aid insurance to the staff they represent.", "20. Problems arising from mandatory deduction of trade union financial resources would be similar to those resulting from mandatory deduction to each staff member.", "21. At present, United Nations trade unions and associations cannot impose mandatory quotas on their staff. Therefore, there are large disparities between trade unions and staff associations in terms of their financial resources. There are several possibilities to fix the amount to be paid. One would be to establish a percentage of assessed contributions collected by each trade union or staff association. Another possibility would be to set the amount to be paid on the basis of the number of staff represented. A third option would be to establish a fixed amount to be paid by all trade unions and associations. The amount to be obtained in the first two models to cover the costs of the Office would depend on a number of factors (the amount derived from assessed contributions in the first model and the number of staff represented and the amount charged per person in the second model). In the third model, for example, given that there are 14 trade unions, a contribution of $20,000 per trade union or staff association would generate the amount of $2800,000 net per year. However, there is a possibility that different trade unions and associations, particularly those that are not well funded, complain that the imposition of a payment would hinder their ability to provide basic services to their members.", "III. Voluntary funding mechanisms of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance", "22. There are two possible models for the establishment of a voluntary-based funding mechanism. One would be a system whereby a fixed percentage of the staff member &apos; s salary would be automatically deducted to finance the services provided by the Office, but staff members could decide to stop participating in the system. The second would allow staff to choose the option of contributing with a fixed percentage of their salaries.", "23. These two voluntary models offer the advantage that contributions are made with the consent (express or implied) of staff members participating in them. However, the income generated by a voluntary model would depend on the number of staff who decided to contribute and, therefore, it is difficult to estimate its level without the actual data obtained during several annual cycles of contributions that may be used as a reference.", "24. In both models, it would be necessary to provide staff with some incentive to participate in the system. One way of encouraging participation could be that the Office prioritized the causes of staff members integrated into the system and where the Office had too many open cases to deal efficiently at a given time, it could be refused to assist staff members who had left the voluntary funding system.", "25. Another means of encouraging participation would be to create two levels of services of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance. The participation of staff in the voluntary funding mechanism by staff would allow them access to all the services of the Office. Staff members who did not make voluntary contributions would only have access to the core services of the Office, i.e. brief guidance or brief legal advice on applicable legislation and a limited review of documents or allegations submitted by the staff member in support of their case. In this regard, an additional incentive to participate in the voluntary system could be to incorporate the concept that “the user pays” of the mandatory system: staff members who have decided not to participate in or leave the voluntary system may be obliged to pay for using the Office’s services.", "26. As with the mandatory model, there is a possibility that claims and appeals may be filed in the event that the Office refuses to deal with the cause of a staff member who pays his contributions when it considers that there are few or no possibilities for him to arrive at the port. However, these problems can be mitigated by making it clear that the Office will take into account the basis of the demand to decide whether to provide legal aid.", "27. In addition, voluntary systems raise other issues regarding the limits of contributions required to provide better services. For example, if staff members could decide to pay the fixed fee immediately before requesting the Office &apos; s services and leaving the system as soon as they had received such services, the income would be minimal. A solution to this problem would be to allow staff to change their situation regarding participation or not in the system only once a year, for example.", "IV. Conclusions", "28. All the above models require a wider review before applied. As discussed, the imposition of mandatory models raises legal problems.", "29. In addition, there are competing interests in relation to justice and income generation that should also be addressed. Mandatory models, if determined to be acceptable, offer a greater likelihood of generating substantial income to offset the costs of the Office &apos; s additional resources. However, the amount of income that would be generated, even in mandatory models, would depend on the number of persons or entities making payments and the amount or percentage required.", "30. The concept that “user pays” and voluntary models are likely to be considered fairer, as they do not impose costs, even nominal ones, to those who do not use the Office’s services or do not consider it useful to contribute to the assumption that they can use them in the future. This problem is particularly significant, as 99 per cent of staff have not used the Office &apos; s services or are expected to do so. However, it is more difficult to predict the amount of income that would be generated with any of the voluntary mechanisms. The concept-based model that “user pays” would raise the issue would be how to ensure that the contribution is equitable and sufficient, without overly reducing the use of the Office &apos; s services. A wider review would therefore be required to achieve the appropriate balance between the overall availability of the Office &apos; s services and income generation.", "V. Recommendation", "31. The Secretary-General recommends that the General Assembly take note of this submission of proposals for mandatory or joint funding systems and indicate which specific model, if any, it considers appropriate to serve as the basis for a more detailed proposal to be submitted by the Secretariat for consideration.", "Annex II", "Proposed resource mechanisms for non-staff personnel", "Scope for an expedited arbitration procedure regulation relating to United Nations contracts with consultants and individual contractors: concept paper", "I. Introduction", "1. The present concept paper[27] provides possible means of establishing an expedited arbitration procedure for dispute settlement between the United Nations and certain categories of non-staff personnel, i.e. consultants and individual contractors, incorporating into the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) simplified elements. This approach was made a generic reference in the report of the Secretary-General on the administration of justice at the United Nations (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 171). This concept paper does not intend to address any other possible methods of dispute resolution with non-staff personnel referred to in paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 64/233 or to suggest ways of resolving disputes with categories of staff not covered by the procedures discussed therein (see General Assembly resolution 65/251, para. 55).", "2. The mechanism envisaged in paragraph 171 of the report of the Secretary-General was referred to in the context of arbitration under the auspices of local, national and regional arbitration associations for claims of less than $25,000. However, the report concluded that “to launch formal arbitration, including with special procedures, for claims of less than $25,000 would not necessarily be efficient and effective for the Organization” (A/65/373 and Corr.1, para. 172). Therefore, the accelerated procedure outlined below does not imply any financial limitation.", "3. The procedures envisaged in this concept paper could be used for ad hoc arbitration and arbitration under the auspices of an arbitration association, if it agreed to hold them in accordance with that procedure.", "4. In simplifying arbitration procedures, it should be borne in mind that, under article VIII, section 29, of the United Nations Convention on the Privileges and Immunities, the United Nations will take appropriate measures to resolve disputes arising from contracts to which they are a party. Therefore, the procedures envisaged in this concept paper are intended to preserve the essential characteristics of the regulatory procedure.", "5. The essential characteristics of the procedures set out in this concept paper are as follows:", "• A two-stage process, consisting of an informal settlement phase of the dispute and an expedited arbitration procedure in case the informal settlement phase of the dispute fails.", "• Unrenunciable terms for filing arbitration claims.", "• A single referee.", "• The arbitrator should be elected from a list of arbitrators agreed upon by the Organization and individual contractors or consultants (see para. 7 (d) below).", "• Limitation of arbitrator fees.", "• Elimination of an appointing authority, although certain functions of this authority are performed by a neutral entity (e.g., the selection or appointment of the arbitrator or the decision when a party requests an arbitrator).", "- The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution, in which case both the Organization and the claimants would have to bear their respective share of the administrative costs of the institution.", "• Sending notifications and other communications electronically whenever possible.", "• Use of standard models for presentations of the parts.", "• Simplification and limitation of the number of writings and other documentation.", "• Restrictions on the modification of writings and other documentation.", "• Witnesses intervene through written affidavits, unless the arbitrator decides that a witness should testify verbally (e.g., to allow the opposing party to intervene in turn to the witness).", "• Communications and consultations between the arbitrator and the parties on preliminary administrative or other matters shall be made by teleconference or videoconference.", "• On an exceptional basis, either party may request a hearing to be held to interrogate a witness or the arbitrator may order a hearing if it is necessary to resolve a substantive matter of fact or law; that hearing will normally be made by teleconference or videoconference, shall be limited as far as its scope and not longer than two days.", "• In most cases, the arbitral award shall be based on the allegations and presentations made by the parties in writing (process based solely on documents).", "• The arbitrator shall issue the award within a specified period of 30 days.", "• Any compensation awarded shall be restricted to economic losses and a ceiling.", "• Depending on the number of arbitrations against the Organization under the proposed simplified arbitration procedure, additional resources may be required to defend it and to limit its legal responsibility to the maximum.", "II. Framework", "6. Using the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as a framework, a new set of rules entitled &quot; Accelerated Arbitration Rules on United Nations Consulting Contracts &quot; would be developed (hereinafter referred to as the &quot; Accelerated Arbitration Rules &quot; ). These Rules would be based on the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, with the necessary amendments to incorporate the expedited procedure discussed in this document. This concept paper indicates the content of such modifications, although not necessarily their wording or location. In addition, the provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules that are relevant to or affected by the proposed procedure are indicated. It should be noted that in addition to the points contained in the present concept paper, some other important changes would be required in the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (for example, to explain the fact that there is a single arbitrator).", "Overview of dispute resolution", "7. The expedited arbitration rules provide for a two-stage process consisting of an informal settlement of the dispute and an expedited arbitration procedure. If the informal settlement phase of the dispute fails, the parties could initiate the formal settlement phase, i.e. an accelerated arbitration procedure whose main features are discussed in the following sections.", "III. Scope of application of the expedited Arbitration Rules (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 1)", "8. The expedited arbitration rules would be applied to consultants and other persons associated with the United Nations under a contract for consultants and individual contractors (see ST/AI/1999/7/Amend.1, annex) or through similar forms of contract used by United Nations funds and programmes to hire consultants and individual contractors (see, for example, A/62/748 and Corr.1, para. 13, and A/65/373 and Corr.1, annex IV, para. 3). These categories of staff are referred together as “private contractors” in the present concept paper.", "Comments", "(a) Under this approach, the expedited arbitration rules would apply to all persons who have a contract for the provision of consultants or individual contractors or a similar contract. This includes, for example, experts on mission and workers with whom such contracts are signed (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 33 and 40, and A/62/782, paras. 31 to 35 and 37 to 39), but United Nations Volunteers are excluded (see A/62/748 and Corr.1, paras. 23 and 24, and A/62/782, paras. 22 and 23), non-staff members", "(b) The dispute settlement clause in contracts with individual contractors would be amended to establish that unresolved disputes in amicable manner in the informal phase shall be subject to arbitration in accordance with the expedited arbitration rules;", "(c) The expedited arbitration rules would indicate the specific types of contractual claim to which the claim for breach of contract or for termination of contract would be applied. In addition, the Rules would expressly exclude certain categories of competition disputes on the basis of the matter, such as the demand on the basis that the contractor should be granted the status of an official. With respect to appendix D, the role of the arbitrator would be limited to verifying that the process followed to determine his right to equivalent compensation is as envisaged in appendix D to the United Nations Staff Rules. In addition, the expedited arbitration rules would establish irrenunciable deadlines for filing the claim;", "(d) Since, unlike the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the expedited arbitration rules would not necessarily need to be known by individual contractors or consultants or to be fully available, the Rules should be attached to each contract (including the name of the entity from which individual contractors or consultants may obtain the list of existing arbitrators) or be submitted to each individual contractor or consultant prior to the signing of the contract. The individual contractor or consultant should sign a statement recognizing the following: (i) that the expedited arbitration rules have been submitted to him; (ii) that the expedited arbitration rules are an integral part of the contract; and (iii) that accepts the list of arbitrators.", "IV. Notifications and other communications (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 2)", "9. The parties and the arbitrator shall electronically transmit all notifications, communications or proposals made in accordance with the expedited arbitration rules unless this means of transmission is not available or may not be used for technical reasons. [Observation: These include here, for example, cases where it is impossible to use electronic media or these work badly, or a writing or an exhibition are too bulky to be sent through this medium, etc.]", "V. Delegates and other presentations (relevant articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 3, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23 (2), 24 and 25)", "Preliminary comment", "According to the following provisions, the respondent would not be required to file a complaint until after the arbitrator had been appointed. The reason is that the respondent may wish to present an exception for incompetence of the arbitrator (e.g., based on the fact that the dispute should not be submitted to arbitration under the arbitration clause alleged by the claimant or that the arbitrator lacks jurisdiction for any other case) or to request that the claim be not admitted to proceedings for manifest lack of legal basis. The respondent would not have to submit his reply to the full claim and the attached documents until an arbitrator decided on the exception of incompetence or on the defendant &apos; s request that the claim for lack of legal basis be not accepted.", "10. The claimant initiates the arbitration procedure by filing a request for arbitration and a written claim. This writing would contain information similar to that provided for in the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for the notification of arbitration and the written claim. In his writing the plaintiff would describe his claim and summarize the grounds and arguments that support it.", "11. Within 60 days from the receipt of the request for arbitration and the plaintiff &apos; s claim, the respondent must file a reply to the request. The reply should include an exception for incompetence and address other issues, such as the identification of each respondent and a response to the information contained in the claimant &apos; s request for arbitration. Standard models should be used for party exposures.", "12. If the respondent submits an exception for incompetence, he shall include in his reply to the request for arbitration all the facts and arguments he wishes to plead in his support and, to the extent possible, shall attach to his reply all the documents on which he is based or shall refer to them.", "13. If the respondent applied for the non-release of the claim on the grounds that it was manifestly without a legal basis, he would include in his reply to the request for arbitration all the facts and arguments he wished to claim in his support and, to the extent possible, he would attach to his reply all the documents on which it was based or would refer to them.", "14. After the appointment of the arbitrator:", "(a) If the respondent has submitted an exception for incompetence, the arbitrator, after consulting with the parties, shall set a time limit for the claimant to file a reply to the exception. The arbitrator will then decide on the exception of incompetence submitted by the respondent [observation: no hearing would be held — see section XIII below] and, if the arbitrator decides that he has jurisdiction, he shall set the time limit for the respondent to submit his reply to the claim;", "(b) If the respondent has requested that the application be not admitted on the basis that the complaint is manifestly without legal grounds, the arbitrator shall, after consultation with the parties, set a time limit for the claimant to file a reply to the request. The arbitrator shall then decide on the request of the respondent not to enter the proceedings for manifestly lack of legal basis [observation: no hearing would be held — see section XIII below] and if the arbitrator decides to admit the application to the proceedings, it shall set a time limit for the respondent to submit his reply to the complaint;", "(c) If the defendant has not submitted an exception for incompetence or has requested that the complaint be not admitted on the basis that the complaint is manifestly without legal basis, the arbitrator shall set the time limit for the respondent to submit his reply to the complaint.", "15. The response to the claim would contain similar information to that contained in the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules for that writing. In its reply, the respondent would respond to the points raised in the claim form and could include a reconvention or compensation, as well as an exception for incompetence, unless it has already been submitted. To the extent possible, the response of the claim should be accompanied by all documents or other evidence on which the respondent is based or include references to them.", "VI. Extension or reduction of time limits (article 17 (2))", "16. All deadlines set out in the expedited arbitration rules or agreed by the parties may be extended or abbreviated at any time if the parties so agree or if the arbitrator decides to do so after inviting the parties to express their views.", "VII. Modification of a writing (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 22)", "17. Once the arbitrator has been selected and the arbitrator accepts his designation, none of the parties may modify his writing unless the opposing party agrees to do so or the arbitrator permits it. The request for modification of a written submission to the arbitrator shall be accompanied by the text of the proposed amendment and its reasons and justification. In deciding whether to allow such a modification, the arbitrator will consider whether the benefits it entails are overcome by the inconvenience of the delay in the proceedings, the damages that may be caused to the opposing party or any other circumstance. If it allows the modification of a writing, the arbitrator shall set a time limit for the opposing party to reply. If the writing is amended, the contrary party may only answer the modification made.", "VIII. Additional submissions (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 24)", "18. After consultation with the parties, the arbitrator shall set a time limit for each party to submit, for one time, facts, legal arguments or additional documents. Those presentations will be made in writing. After the deadline, no new presentations will be allowed. However, it is not possible for parties to enter into their additional presentations made or documents that at the time of their submission or making their additional submissions were already known or should have been known or available to the party seeking to introduce them.", "IX. Proposition of evidence (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (3))", "19. At the request of one of the parties or at the initiative of the arbitrator, the arbitrator may order the parties to submit evidence at any time and may require any person to provide the documents or information he deems necessary for the prompt and impartial processing of the proceedings. However, the arbitrator will not require the presentation or provision of evidence, documents or information that are confidential or protected by prerogatives.", "20. Any party wishing to submit evidence that is not covered by prerogative or confidential and that is in possession of the opposing party or any other entity may request the arbitrator to order his presentation.", "21. The arbitrator may, at the request of any party, impose measures to maintain the confidentiality of evidence where there are grounds for security or other exceptional circumstances justifying it.", "Observation", "These provisions are based on article 18 of the Rules of Procedure of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal.", "X. Witness testimony (relevant article of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 27 (2))", "22. The testimony of witnesses, including the plaintiff and the defendant, shall be provided by a written affidavit, before notary or legalized by any other means, unless the arbitrator, for the sake of justice, decides to be provided at a hearing.", "Observation", "See section XIII below on hearings. With certain exceptions, the hearing would take place by teleconference or videoconference. The written witness statement should be presented as an integral element of the claim or the additional submission of the party (see section VIII above).", "XI. Nominating authority (article 6 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules)", "23. There would be no appointing authority.", "24. However, certain functions of that authority would continue to be necessary, for example, with regard to the selection or appointment of arbitrators, their challenge, etc. Such functions could be performed by a neutral entity.", "25. The neutral entity could be an international dispute settlement institution that should be selected through a public tendering procedure.", "26. The advantages of having an international dispute settlement institution as a neutral entity are: (a) that institution would allow access to expertise in the administration of all aspects of the arbitral proceedings; (b) that institution, selected through a public tendering procedure, would reflect the commercial nature of the underlying contract; and (c) an external institution administering the arbitration would delink the neutral entity of the Organization and eliminate any partiality perception. However, both the plaintiff and the defendant would have to bear their respective share of the administrative expenses of the institution.", "XII. Arbitrator (articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7 to 15)", "27. Number and appointment (articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 7 to 10):", "(a) There would be one arbitrator;", "(b) The neutral entity indicated in section XI above would establish and maintain a list of potential arbitrators;", "(c) As a condition to be included in the list, the arbitrator would be required to sign a document in which he would confirm that he would agree to carry out the arbitration in accordance with the expedited arbitration rules, if he was appointed arbitrator in a case, and that he would also agree to limit his fees (see section XVI below);", "(d) Appointment of the arbitrator: the neutral entity indicated in section XI above would select an arbitrator from those listed above. In order to make the process more predictable, a roster-based selection procedure could be used, whereby the parties would indicate their preferences for a list of several candidates, which would be communicated by the neutral entity to each of them separately and confidentially.", "28. Recusation of the arbitrator (relevant articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: Articles 11 to 15): the expedited arbitration rules would retain provisions of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules relating to the recusal of the arbitrator, but it would stipulate that if the parties did not agree on the challenge or if the arbitrator did not voluntarily withdraw, the decision on the challenge would be made by the neutral entity in section XI above. The parties &apos; agreement on the challenge or decision of the arbitrator to withdraw would be conclusive and would automatically trigger a new selection process.", "XIII. Arbitration procedure (articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 17, 27 (2), 28, 29 and 31)", "29. The proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of the written submissions and claims of the parties, except as indicated below.", "30. All communications and consultations between the arbitrator and the parties on administrative or other matters prior to the proceedings on the merits of the case shall be carried out in general by e-mail or teleconference.", "31. No hearings will be held on the exception of incompetence or on the request that the demand be not admitted to proceedings for manifestly lack of legal basis. The arbitrator shall decide on such matters on the basis of the written submissions of the parties.", "32. No hearings will be held on the merits of the case for the presentation of oral evidence, testimonies or arguments, unless: (a) one of the parties requests a hearing to question a witness, or (b) the arbitrator decides that an important matter of fact or law has been raised that can only be resolved with justice and equity by holding a hearing. The hearings shall be limited to the questioning of the witness or to the question of fact or law. The hearings shall be conducted by teleconference or videoconference, except when the arbitrator decides, in exceptional circumstances, that a matter of fact can only be resolved by holding a hearing in which the persons concerned are present. The hearings should not last longer than two days.", "33. Article 29 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (which states that the arbitral tribunal appoints its own independent experts) would be deleted.", "XIV. Applicable law (article corresponding to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: article 35 (1))", "34. The expedited arbitration rules would provide that, unless the parties agree otherwise, the decisions of the arbitral tribunal shall be based on the express contractual provisions, including the general conditions referred to therein. They shall not apply to the dispute or the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations or national laws.", "XV. The award (articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 33 and 34)", "35. The arbitrator shall not be entitled to award punitive compensation or decide as a friendly combo or ex aequo et bono. In addition, unless otherwise expressly provided in the contract, the arbitrator shall not be entitled to order the payment of interest above the type of interbank offer in London (“LIBOR”) in force at that time, and only a simple interest shall be set in all cases. The parties shall be bound by the award resulting from that arbitration, which shall constitute the final decision of that conflict, dispute or claim.", "Observation", "These provisions have been taken from the arbitration clause of the General Conditions for the Recruitment of the United Nations.", "36. The arbitrator shall issue the award within 30 days of the termination of the proceedings. Any compensation awarded shall be restricted to economic losses and a ceiling [to be determined].", "XVI. Costs and fees (relevant articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 40, 41 and 43)", "37. The arbitrator's fees: the expedited arbitration rules would limit the arbitrator's fees. Limiting the arbitrator &apos; s fees should be included in both the expedited arbitration rules and the document to be signed by the arbitrator as a condition for inclusion in the list (see section XII above, para. 27 (c)).", "38. Determination and allocation of fees and costs: regardless of the outcome of the case, each party will run with its own costs and fees and the parties will share the costs and fees of the arbitrator alike. However, in exceptional circumstances, the arbitrator may decide that a different distribution of the costs and fees of the parties or the arbitrator is fair and equitable.", "XVII. Confidentiality (articles of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: articles 28 (3) and 34 (5))", "39. All arbitral proceedings, including all notifications, communications, claims, documents, presentations, hearings and awards, shall be confidential unless the parties agree otherwise in writing. However, the United Nations, or its funds or programmes, may communicate to its governing bodies information on the procedure they may request.", "Other matters", "Privileges and immunities", "40. Since, unlike the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the expedited arbitration rules would be specifically established for United Nations arbitration cases, it would be desirable to include a clause on privileges and immunities:", "“None of the provisions of this [use the full name of the Rules] or relating thereto shall be interpreted or applied in a manner incompatible with the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, including its subsidiary organs, nor shall such privileges and immunities be regarded as waiver. In order to avoid doubts, no arbitration carried out pursuant to this [use the full name of the Rules] shall be subject to local laws and the reference to a ‘referral place’ shall not be regarded or interpreted as a waiver of such privileges and immunities or a United Nations agreement to submit to any national jurisdiction. ”", "Annex III", "Compensation established by the Internal Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal", "A. Monetary compensation set by the Internal Evaluation Unit (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "Disaggregation of compensation paid (from 1 July 2009 to 31 May 2011)", "General Service", "B. Monetary compensation fixed by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal (1 July 2009-31 May 2011)", "[TABLE]", "Note: The term “N/D” indicates that no action was taken after the judgement of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or that the judgement is still being appealed.", "Numbers", "Note: The term “N/D” indicates that no action was taken after the judgement of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or that the judgement is still being appealed.", "^(a) Judgement of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal setting compensation in cases not considered by the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or where the United Nations Dispute Tribunal established no compensation.", "C. Judgement of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal with compensation equal to or more than six months of net base salary (1 July 2009 to 31 May 2011)", "Number of sensitence Claimant Registration Brevesinopsis Entity Annulment-concrete-ordered undemnized sub-painted U.S. Sentenceconfirmedoanuladanapelaciónal31de mayode 2011Number of thefall Complainant Registered Brevesinopsis Entity Cancellationcomport concretoordened Indemnizaciónordenada SumatotalpagadaendólaresUSA. Overnight Overnight Of course.", "Note: The term “N/D” indicates that no action was taken after the judgement of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal or that the judgement is still being appealed.", "[1] Separate funds and programmes independently carry out their own internal assessments.", "[2] Judge Marilyn Kaman submitted her resignation from the Dispute Tribunal effective 30 June 2011.", "[3] The number of appeals filed does not necessarily correspond to the number of judgements rendered. A number of appeals may sometimes be settled by a single sentence or a case closed without a judgement.", "[4] The principal redactor &apos; s fees are $2,400 per sentence and the other signatories receive $600.", "[5] One &quot; brief &quot; refers to the following: providing assistance or acting as an official lawyer to organs of the formal justice system (the Internal Evaluation Unit, the Dispute Tribunal or the Appeals Tribunal); providing legal advice and short legal assistance; assisting a staff member in the informal resolution of a dispute, which may involve consultations with the staff member and discussions and negotiations with third parties, or referral to other actors of the system, including the Office of the Ombudsman.", "[6] These entities are: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea; the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund; the International Civil Aviation Organization; the International Maritime Organization; the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; the International Seabed Authority; and the International Court of Justice.", "[7] See regulation 7 (11) of the Administrative Tribunal Regulations of the World Bank (which provides for the summary dismissal of cases which are considered “clearly inadmissible or lacking merit”) and article VIII of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States (which allows the dismissal of a remedy “for lack of competence [...], for non-compliance with the requirements of admissibility [...], or for non-treatment of a legal claim with respect to which they may be agreed).", "[8] United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Judgement No. 2010-UNAT-57 (Fagundes).", "[9] United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Order No. 49 (2011) (Finniss).", "[10] United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Judgement No. 2011-UNAT-121 (Bertucci).", "[11] The Secretary-General notes that the deadline for appealing judgements of the European Union Public Service Tribunal is two months (see the Statute of the European Union Court of Justice, annex I).", "[12] Judgement No. 2010-UNAT-62 (Bertucci) of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal.", "[13] United Nations Administrative Tribunal, judgement No. 1157, Andronov (2003), para. V.", "[14] International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal, Judgement No. 1999-2 (Umr. “V” v. International Monetary Fund), paras. 104-114.", "[15] World Bank Administrative Tribunal, decision No. 384, (UAA v. BIRF) (2008), paras. 49 and 50.", "[16] General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (on OIOS), 60/1 (on the Ethics Office) and 62/228 (on the Office of Staff Legal Assistance).", "[17] United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Order No. 19 (NY/2010), para. 23.", "[18] World Bank Administrative Tribunal, decision No. 384 (AA v. BIRF) (2008), paras. 49 and 50.", "[19] Dispute Tribunal, Order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[20] United Nations Administrative Tribunal, judgement No. 1396 (2008) (Wielechowski), para. VIII.", "[21] Dispute Tribunal, Judgement No. 2010/68 (Chen) and United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Judgement No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chen).", "[22] United Nations Administrative Tribunal, judgement No. 421 (Chatwani), para. VIII.", "[23] United Nations Appeals Tribunal, Judgement No. 2011-UNAT-107 (Chea), para. 1.", "[24] United Nations Dispute Tribunal, Order No. 010 (NBI/2011) (Abosedra), para. 60.", "[25] The records of the San Francisco Conference indicate that an express statement of the obligation of Members to bear the expenses of the Organization should be included in the Charter. United Nations Conference on the International Organization, Documents, vol. VIII, p. 487.", "[26] See, for example, UNDT/2010/025 (Kita).", "[27] The concept paper was prepared by the General Legal Division of the Office of Legal Affairs in consultation with United Nations funds and programmes. It should be noted that the United Nations Children &apos; s Fund has reserved the right to remain outside the proposed simplified arbitration procedure." ]
[ "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "* A/66/150.", "Tema 114 b) del programa provisional*", "Elecciones para llenar vacantes en órganos subsidiarios y otras elecciones", "Elección de los miembros de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional", "Nota del Secretario General", "Adición", "1. En una nota verbal de fecha 29 de julio de 2011, la Misión Permanente del Ecuador ante las Naciones Unidas informó al Secretario General de que, debido a circunstancias excepcionales, ha decidido, en consonancia con el artículo 5 del estatuto de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional, sustituir la candidatura del Sr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez por la del Sr. Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza.", "2. Los antecedentes personales del Sr. Salgado Espinoza figuran en el documento A/66/90/Add.2." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of the members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. In a note verbale dated 29 July 2011, the Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations informed the Secretary-General that, owing to exceptional circumstances, it has decided, in accordance with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, to substitute its nomination of Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez with that of Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza.", "2. The statement of qualifications of Mr. Salgado Espinoza is to be found in document A/66/90/Add.2." ]
A_66_88_ADD.3
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 114 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of members of the International Law Commission", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. In a note verbale dated 29 July 2011, the Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations informed the Secretary-General that, due to exceptional circumstances, it has decided, consistent with article 5 of the statute of the International Law Commission, to replace the candidature of Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez for that of Mr. Carlos Oswaldo Salgado Espinoza.", "2. Mr.'s personal record. Salgado Espinoza is contained in document A/66/90/Add.2." ]
[ "Informe de evaluación del Secretario General sobre el estado de las negociaciones en Chipre", "I. Introducción", "1. El presente informe contiene una evaluación actualizada del estado de las negociaciones en Chipre desde mi último informe, de fecha 4 de marzo de 2011 (S/2011/112).", "2. Este es el tercer informe de evaluación que presento al Consejo de Seguridad desde que me reuní con los dirigentes de las comunidades grecochipriota y turcochipriota en Nueva York en noviembre de 2010, ocasión en que estos se comprometieron a acelerar el ritmo de las negociaciones y a centrar sus esfuerzos en llegar a una convergencia de opinión sobre las cuestiones básicas. El presente informe se preparó después de mi última reunión con los dos dirigentes, celebrada en Ginebra el 7 de julio.", "3. Ha sido para mí motivo de preocupación que las conversaciones hubieran empezado a perder rumbo y que se hubieran alcanzado escasos progresos tangibles. En abril se decidió postergar nuestra reunión de seguimiento hasta que se lograran nuevos avances. En la reunión celebrada el 7 de julio en Ginebra reiteré mi preocupación por la lentitud de los avances y examiné con los dos dirigentes las formas en que se podría rectificar la situación. Los dirigentes convinieron en acelerar el ritmo de las negociaciones, mejorar la metodología de estas y empeñarse en llegar a una conclusión lo antes posible. También acordaron reunirse conmigo nuevamente en octubre en Nueva York y espero que para entonces puedan comunicar que hay convergencia de opinión sobre todas las cuestiones básicas.", "4. Las conversaciones están tomando más tiempo de lo que habíamos esperado. Han transcurrido casi tres años desde el inicio de las negociaciones propiamente dichas, en septiembre de 2008. Desde entonces los dirigentes se han reunido más de un centenar de veces, pero aun quedan por resolver muchas de las cuestiones básicas. Después de que me reuní con los dirigentes en noviembre de 2010, en un principio las partes prestaron atención cuidadosa y productiva a las cuestiones básicas, lo que dio lugar a una convergencia de opinión sobre los capítulos relativos a la economía y a la Unión Europea. En varias oportunidades ambas partes han presentado propuestas para acercar posiciones sobre una serie de cuestiones objeto de negociación. También han aumentado la frecuencia de sus reuniones en los últimos meses, aunque lamentablemente con resultados limitados. Los avances siguen siendo demasiado lentos. Al ritmo actual, es poco probable que se llegue a un acuerdo por un buen tiempo. Está claro que las partes en esta negociación conocen todos los elementos de una federación bizonal y bicomunal en Chipre. Sin embargo, tal como viene sucediendo desde hace décadas, las partes no han podido llegar a una solución integral.", "5. Es evidente que hemos llegado a un momento decisivo en las conversaciones, en que se deben desplegar todos los esfuerzos para que el proceso siga siendo viable y capaz de llevar a una solución mutuamente beneficiosa. Espero que los dos dirigentes puedan plasmar tal solución lo antes posible.", "II. Antecedentes", "6. El presente informe de evaluación se preparó después de mi cuarta reunión con los dirigentes grecochipriota y turcochipriota. Cuando visité la isla en enero de 2010, Dimitris Christofias, el dirigente grecochipriota, y Mehmet Ali Talat, que en ese entonces era el dirigente turcochipriota, emitieron una declaración conjunta en la que expresaban su confianza en que podrían alcanzar una solución a la mejor brevedad. Tras el cambio de liderazgo en la parte turcochipriota y una interrupción de las negociaciones que duró varias semanas, en mayo de 2010 pude anunciar que las conversaciones proseguirían conforme a la misma base y desde el punto en que se habían interrumpido. El Sr. Christofias y el nuevo dirigente turcochipriota, Dervis Eroglu, también formularon declaraciones en ese momento, reconocieron que cuanto más tiempo pasase más difícil sería alcanzar un acuerdo y se declararon plenamente comprometidos con el proceso de negociar un acuerdo mutuamente beneficioso. Seis meses más tarde, en noviembre de 2010, me reuní con los dos dirigentes en Nueva York y les pedí que centraran sus esfuerzos en las cuestiones básicas. La reunión siguiente se celebró el 26 de enero de 2011 en Ginebra, y nuevamente focalizamos nuestra atención en alcanzar una convergencia de opinión sobre las cuestiones básicas y los dirigentes convinieron en intensificar las negociaciones. Después de la reunión de enero, señalé que pronto convocaría a otra reunión para examinar la evolución de la situación. En abril hablé con ambos dirigentes y les informé de mi decisión de que no nos volveríamos a reunir hasta que hubiera habido mayores avances. Hice hincapié en la necesidad de acelerar el proceso. En mayo invité a los dirigentes a que se reunieran conmigo en Ginebra en julio para determinar las dificultades que impedían llegar a un acuerdo general y para discutir estrategias dirigidas a acelerar significativamente el ritmo de las negociaciones.", "7. Cuando me reuní con el Sr. Christofias y el Sr. Eroglu en Ginebra el 7 de julio les reiteré que seguía convencido de que si existía suficiente voluntad política era posible llegar a un acuerdo. Señalé que sus predecesores y los míos habían pasado varias décadas buscando formas de unir la isla, y que ambas partes sabían donde era necesario transar.", "8. He señalado a los dirigentes en repetidas ocasiones, como hice en mi último informe, que las Naciones Unidas esperan que las dos partes asuman la responsabilidad principal de impulsar el proceso. El proceso chipriota dirigido por los chipriotas tiene el pleno apoyo de las Naciones Unidas, pero son los dos dirigentes los que deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para conciliar las diferencias entre las dos comunidades.", "9. En apoyo del proceso, he aprovechado el período transcurrido desde mi último informe para mantener el carácter prioritario de la solución de la cuestión de Chipre en la agenda de las Naciones Unidas y en la de los principales dirigentes regionales e internacionales. Esto ha adquirido particular importancia puesto que otras cuestiones acuciantes han asumido mayor urgencia en la región. Seguí examinando la cuestión de Chipre con diversos Jefes de Estado y altos funcionarios, entre ellos el Presidente de Turquía, Abdullah Gül; el Primer Ministro del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, David Cameron, y el Viceprimer Ministro, Nick Clegg; así como con el Presidente de la Comisión Europea, José Manuel Barroso. Mi Asesor Especial siguió colaborando con autoridades fundamentales para el proceso, en particular las autoridades de las tres Potencias garantes, a saber Grecia, Turquía y el Reino Unido.", "III. Estado del proceso", "10. En los cinco meses transcurridos desde mi último informe ha disminuido el ritmo de los avances en las conversaciones, pese a la regularidad de las reuniones celebradas por los dirigentes y sus representantes. Durante este período, los dirigentes se reunieron 17 veces y sus representantes, 28 veces. Ambas partes siguen procurando presentar propuestas para acercar posiciones, pero el método para llegar a soluciones de avenencia no siempre ha sido productivo ni ha dado resultados. Se ha dedicado un tiempo considerable a aclarar posturas, en lugar de avanzar hacia la convergencia de opinión.", "11. A fines de marzo, las partes comenzaron a examinar los aspectos internos de la seguridad. Las deliberaciones se centraron en los mecanismos policiales y de aplicación de la ley en un Chipre unido, tanto a nivel federal como a nivel de las entidades federadas o Estados constituyentes. Las partes se han aproximado a un acuerdo sobre los detalles de la cuestión, aunque quedan por resolver varios importantes aspectos pendientes.", "12. Con respecto a los bienes, me complace informar que ambas partes han recurrido a los expertos técnicos internacionales cuyos servicios ofrecí cuando me reuní con los dirigentes en Ginebra en enero. Cada parte ha podido así analizar una serie de cuestiones técnicas y seguir detallando propuestas al respecto. Sin embargo, ya es hora de que se reanuden las negociaciones oficiales sobre los bienes. Sigue habiendo un desacuerdo básico sobre la cuestión de las condiciones para la restitución y la modalidad de intercambio. También deben iniciarse negociaciones sobre la cuestión del territorio, ya que sigue siendo uno de los capítulos que menos se ha examinado hasta el momento. Esto se puede hacer sin perjuicio de que ambas partes hayan acordado que la cuestión de los mapas y las cifras relativas a ese capítulo solo debería examinarse durante la última etapa del proceso antes de la celebración de una reunión multilateral.", "13. Desde mi último informe, las conversaciones sobre la gobernanza se han centrado en la capacidad de suscribir tratados internacionales y el procedimiento para hacerlo, así como en el procedimiento para la toma de decisiones a nivel federal respecto de las relaciones exteriores. A raíz de esas conversaciones se ha llegado a una convergencia sobre el principio de la representación en el exterior. Reviste importancia el hecho de que las partes hayan llegado a un acuerdo sobre tratados internacionales vinculantes para un Chipre unido. A consecuencia de ello, la Subcomisión de Tratados Internacionales ha reanudado su labor y se ha reunido en dos oportunidades.", "14. Se mantienen los importantes acuerdos relativos a la economía alcanzados antes de que se publicara mi último informe. Durante este período no se examinó ninguna otra cuestión relativa a la Unión Europea. La principal divergencia no resuelta se refiere a la forma de incorporar el acuerdo de solución en la legislación de la Unión Europea a fin de garantizar su seguridad jurídica. La cuestión de la ciudadanía no se ha examinado a fondo desde que me reuní con los dirigentes en enero. En respuesta al llamamiento de la parte grecochipriota de que se levantara un censo de población, puse a disposición de los interesados la capacidad de especializados de las Naciones Unidas en ese ámbito. Sin embargo, el proceso del censo es solo una cuestión conexa. Mientras se lleva a cabo el proceso del censo, las partes deben resolver la cuestión básica de quienes deben considerarse ciudadanos del Chipre unido.", "15. Los comités técnicos, establecidos en 2008, siguieron celebrando reuniones relativas a la aplicación de medidas de fomento de la confianza para mejorar la vida cotidiana de los chipriotas. Tres de los siete comités técnicos, que permanecían inactivos desde julio de 2008, han reanudado su labor.", "16. Según las últimas encuestas, si bien ambas comunidades están perdiendo confianza en la posibilidad de un Chipre unido, no ha disminuido su deseo de que se llegue a una solución. Los organismos y programas de las Naciones Unidas en Chipre colaboran estrechamente con los asociados locales en apoyo del proceso de paz. Con la colaboración de Cyprus 2015 y ENGAGE, un grupo de organizaciones no gubernamentales chipriotas que recibe el apoyo del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, se organizaron diversos eventos para propiciar el diálogo público sobre cuestiones relativas a las conversaciones. La apertura en la zona de amortiguación de la Casa de la Cooperación por la Asociación para el Diálogo Histórico y la Investigación marcó un hito trascendente: se trata de un espacio para la educación, el diálogo y la investigación a nivel de ambas comunidades. En el marco del proyecto de interdependencia económica, la Cámara de Comercio e Industria de Chipre y la Cámara de Comercio Turcochipriota publicaron el primer informe conjunto sobre los niveles actuales de interdependencia económica de las dos comunidades. Las conclusiones confirmaron que el arreglo beneficiaría económicamente a ambas comunidades. El Equipo de Asesoramiento en Cuestiones de Género presentó a los dirigentes recomendaciones sobre cuestiones de género relativas a la propiedad y la ciudadanía, que se sumaron a sus anteriores recomendaciones sobre la gobernanza. Los grupos de jóvenes de los dos principales partidos políticos de las dos partes me enviaron una carta conjunta en que me pedían que alentara a los dirigentes a llegar a una solución inmediatamente. Reitero mi llamamiento al Sr. Christofias y al Sr. Eroglu a que incorporen a la sociedad civil en la tarea de alcanzar un acuerdo general y a que tengan en cuenta estos y otros importantes esfuerzos de la sociedad civil para contribuir al proceso de paz.", "17. Por lo que respecta a la evaluación más amplia de la presencia de las Naciones Unidas en Chipre, que anuncié en informes anteriores, prosiguen las deliberaciones internas sobre el posible alcance y el calendario.", "IV. Reunión del 7 de julio", "18. El 7 de julio me reuní con ambos dirigentes en la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra. Expresé mi decepción ante la falta de avances. Señalé que aunque ambas partes habían trabajado constantemente desde nuestra reunión de enero, no habían abordado aspectos importantes en las negociaciones, pese a su acuerdo previo de concentrarse en resolver las cuestiones básicas. Observé que el ritmo de las negociaciones se había vuelto demasiado lento. Destaqué la importancia de que ambos dirigentes dedicaran sus energías a alcanzar acuerdos amplios, en lugar de detenerse en los detalles más mínimos de problemas concretos, y señalé que debía mejorarse la metodología de las negociaciones. Pedí a los dirigentes que dejaran de lado todos los demás asuntos de las negociaciones y se concentraran en encontrar una solución a las cuestiones básicas difíciles.", "19. Pese a mi evaluación severa, la reunión se desarrolló en una atmósfera constructiva y positiva. Ambas partes reconocieron las dificultades. Ambas examinaron sus posturas respecto de todos los capítulos de las negociaciones y, presentaron propuestas para acercar posiciones en una serie de ámbitos. La reunión sirvió para explicar más detalladamente, y en algunos casos, aclarar las posturas de las partes respecto de diversos capítulos de la negociación. Lo que es más importante, la reunión contribuyó significativamente a marcar el camino a seguir, y por lo tanto, constituyó algo más que un balance del proceso.", "20. Con los dos dirigentes pude determinar algunos de los obstáculos que han impedido hasta el momento llegar a un acuerdo general. Concordamos en que era necesario acelerar significativamente el ritmo de las conversaciones y pasar a la etapa de las negociaciones intensas, así como concentrarse en las cuestiones básicas. A ese respecto, los dirigentes aceptaron mi recomendación de celebrar negociaciones dos días completos por semana. También convenimos en que, sin perjuicio del principio central de que se trata de un proceso chipriota dirigido por los chipriotas, habría mayor participación de las Naciones Unidas.", "21. Los dirigentes aceptaron también mi invitación a reunirnos nuevamente en octubre en Nueva York; para entonces espero que puedan comunicarme su convergencia de opinión sobre todas las cuestiones básicas. De esa forma las negociaciones sobre Chipre se acercarían a su fin y yo podría presentar un informe positivo al Consejo de Seguridad sobre el asunto. Además, esto allanaría el camino para que colaborase con las partes con miras a la celebración de una conferencia internacional final. Ambos dirigentes dejaron en claro que se esforzarían en llegar a una solución general lo antes posible.", "22. Los dirigentes reconocieron también la necesidad de comenzar a recabar apoyo para un acuerdo general a fin de renovar en toda la isla la esperanza y el entusiasmo por una solución. Ello incluye la tarea decisiva de preparar a sus respectivas comunidades para las concesiones recíprocas necesarias para un acuerdo y para la perspectiva de convivir en un Chipre unido.", "V. Observaciones", "23. Me complace observar que los dos dirigentes han convenido en intensificar las negociaciones, mejorar la metodología de las conversaciones y redoblar sus esfuerzos para llegar a una convergencia de opinión sobre todas las cuestiones básicas. Ello aumentará las posibilidades de llegar a un acuerdo. Para acelerar el ritmo de las negociaciones y lograr resultados significativos, las partes deben emprender un proceso de negociación más dinámico y pasar inequívocamente a la próxima etapa de las negociaciones. Esta nueva etapa supondría un enfoque amplio acerca de todas las cuestiones básicas y concesiones mutuas importantes en cada capítulo y a nivel de todos los capítulos.", "24. Para que este proceso renovado se arraigue y tenga éxito, deben también darse otros elementos. Las partes deben actuar claramente dentro de los parámetros convenidos de una solución y esforzarse por alcanzar un objetivo común y compartido dentro de esos parámetros. Los dirigentes han de desistir de culparse uno a otro y centrarse en lo que puede hacer cada uno para facilitar la solución. Como he reiterado en numerosas oportunidades, y como señaló recientemente el Consejo de Seguridad en su resolución 1986 (2011), las partes deben abstenerse de emplear una retórica negativa acerca del proceso y acerca de cada una y deben procurar crear apoyo a un arreglo convenido. Por último, las partes deben salvaguardar con urgencia la integridad y la confidencialidad de las conversaciones poniendo fin a la filtración de información sobre posturas y de otra información delicada.", "VI. Conclusiones", "25. La clave para resolver la cuestión de Chipre es que ambas partes se empeñen, con voluntad política y determinación, en lograr los mismos objetivos claros y comunes, y cuya finalidad última es un Chipre unido. Para que Chipre se vuelva a unir, debe haber una federación bizonal y bicomunal conformada por dos partes en condiciones de igualdad, con una soberanía única y una personalidad internacional única, tal como se dispone en las resoluciones pertinentes del Consejo de Seguridad.", "26. Constaté con satisfacción el compromiso demostrado por ambas partes en Ginebra, así como el hecho de que los dirigentes se comprometieron a llegar a una convergencia de opinión sobre todas las cuestiones básicas antes de nuestra próxima reunión en octubre. Espero poder informar más adelante al Consejo de Seguridad acerca de los logros de las partes y que, siempre que para esa fecha se hayan realizado los avances necesarios, podamos entonces comenzar a considerar la celebración de una conferencia multilateral para concluir los aspectos internacionales del acuerdo.", "27. Para octubre de 2011 las negociaciones en curso habrán durado más de tres años. Es bien sabido que cuanto más tiempo pase más difícil será alcanzar una solución, y sucesivas encuestas entre los ciudadanos de Chipre lo han confirmado. Las comunidades grecochipriota y turcochipriota merecen que se les presente a la mayor brevedad posible una propuesta de acuerdo viable y mutuamente beneficiosa. Los dirigentes deben responder a esta realidad." ]
[ "Assessment report of the Secretary-General on the status of the negotiations in Cyprus", "I. Introduction", "1. This report provides an updated assessment of the state of the negotiations in Cyprus since my last report of 4 March 2011 (S/2011/112).", "2. This is my third assessment report to the Security Council since I met with the leaders of the Greek Cypriot community and the Turkish Cypriot community in New York in November 2010, when they committed themselves to increase the tempo of negotiations and to focus their efforts on identifying and reaching convergence on the core issues. This report also comes after my latest meeting with the two leaders in Geneva on 7 July.", "3. I have been concerned that the talks were beginning to drift and that little tangible progress was being made. In April, it was decided to postpone our follow‑up meeting until more progress could be achieved. At the meeting on 7 July in Geneva, I reiterated my concern that progress was sluggish and discussed with the two leaders ways in which the situation could be addressed. The leaders agreed to intensify the pace of negotiations, improve the methodology of the talks, and push for a conclusion as soon as possible. They also agreed to meet me again in October in New York, by which time I expect that they will be able to report convergence on all core issues.", "4. These talks are taking longer than we had hoped. Almost three years have elapsed since the start of the full-fledged negotiations in September 2008. Since then, the leaders have met well over 100 times and, still, many of the core issues remain unresolved. After I met with the leaders in November 2010, the sides initially gave focused and productive attention to the core issues, which resulted in convergences on the economy and European Union-related chapters. Both sides have presented bridging proposals on various occasions on a number of issues under negotiation. They have also increased the frequency of their meetings in recent months, but unfortunately with limited results. Progress continues to be far too slow. At the current pace, it is not likely that an agreement can be reached for quite some time. It is clear that all the elements of a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation in Cyprus are known to the sides in this negotiation, yet a comprehensive solution has so far eluded the parties, as it has for decades.", "5. We have clearly reached a defining moment in the talks, when all efforts must be employed to keep the process viable and capable of delivering a mutually beneficial solution. I expect the two leaders to reach such a solution as soon as possible.", "II. Background", "6. This assessment report follows my fourth meeting with the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leaders. When I visited the island in January 2010, Dimitris Christofias, the Greek Cypriot leader, and the then Turkish Cypriot leader, Mehmet Ali Talat, issued a joint statement expressing confidence that they could achieve a solution in the shortest possible time. Following the change of leadership on the Turkish Cypriot side and a several-week hiatus in negotiations, I was able to announce in May 2010 that the talks would continue on the same basis and from where they had left off. Mr. Christofias and the new Turkish Cypriot leader, Dervis Eroglu, also made statements at that juncture, recognizing that time was not on the side of a settlement and committing themselves to the process of negotiating a mutually beneficial settlement. Six months later, in November 2010, I met with the two leaders in New York and asked them to concentrate their efforts on the core issues. Our next meeting was held on 26 January 2011 in Geneva, where we again focused on the goal of reaching convergence on the core issues, and the leaders agreed to intensify the negotiations. After the January meeting, I indicated that I would call another meeting soon to review developments. In April, I spoke with both the leaders and informed them of my decision that more progress should be made before we met again. I stressed the need to accelerate the process. In May, I invited the leaders to meet with me in Geneva in July to identify the difficulties standing in the way of reaching a comprehensive agreement and to discuss strategies for significantly picking up the pace of the negotiations.", "7. When I met Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu in Geneva on 7 July, I reiterated to them my continuing belief that, with enough political will, a deal should be possible. I pointed out that several decades had been spent by their predecessors and mine exploring ways of uniting the island, and that both sides knew where the compromises needed to be made.", "8. I have repeatedly pointed out to the leaders, as I did in my last report, that the United Nations expects the two sides to assume primary responsibility for driving the process forward. The Cypriot-led and Cypriot-owned process has the full support of the United Nations, but it is the two leaders who must take the necessary actions to reconcile the differences between their two communities.", "9. In support of the process, I have used the period since my last report to keep the solution of the Cyprus question high on the agenda of the United Nations, as well as on the agenda of key regional and international leaders. This has become particularly important as a number of other pressing issues in the region have taken on greater immediacy. I continued to discuss the Cyprus question with various Heads of State and senior officials, including the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, David Cameron, and the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg; as well as the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso. My Special Adviser continued to engage with senior officials who are pivotal to the process, particularly those of the three guarantor Powers, namely Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.", "III. Status of the process", "10. In the five months since my last report, the rate of progress in the talks has slowed, despite the regularity of the meetings between the leaders and their representatives. The leaders met 17 times and their representatives met 28 times during this period. Both sides continue to make efforts at putting forward bridging proposals, but the approach to achieving compromise has not always been productive or yielded results. A considerable amount of time has been spent in clarifying positions instead of moving towards convergences.", "11. Late in March, the sides began discussing the internal aspects of security. The discussions focused on policing and law enforcement arrangements in a united Cyprus at both the federal level and that of the federated units or constituent States. The sides have come close to agreement on the details of this issue, although several important outstanding aspects remain to be resolved.", "12. On property, I am pleased that both sides made use of the international technical experts whose services I offered when I met with the leaders in Geneva in January. This has enabled each side to explore a range of technical issues and to further develop proposals in this area. However, the return to formal negotiations on property is long overdue. There remains fundamental disagreement on the issue of conditions for restitution and the mode for exchange. Negotiations on the matter of territory should also be initiated as it remains one of the chapters least explored to date. This can be done without prejudice to the fact that both sides have agreed that the issue of maps and figures related to this chapter should be discussed only during the last phase of the process prior to a multilateral meeting.", "13. Since my last report, the discussions on governance have focused on the capacity to conclude international treaties and the procedure for doing so, and the federal-level decision-making procedure with regard to foreign affairs, and have led to convergence on the principle of representation abroad. Importantly, the sides reached agreement on international treaties binding on the united Cyprus. As a result, the Subcommittee on International Treaties has resumed its work and has met twice.", "14. The important agreements on the economy that were reached before the issuance of my last report remain in place. Nothing further was discussed in relation to the European Union in this period. The primary remaining divergence concerns how the settlement agreement will be incorporated into European Union law in order to ensure its legal certainty. The issue of citizenship has not been discussed substantively since I met with the leaders in January. In response to the Greek Cypriot call for a demographic census, I made available the expertise of the United Nations in this area. The census process is only a related matter, however. While the census process is being carried out, the sides must resolve the core issue of who should be considered citizens of the united Cyprus.", "15. The technical committees, established in 2008, continued to meet on the implementation of confidence-building measures intended to improve the daily lives of Cypriots. Three of the seven technical committees, which were dormant since July 2008, have now resumed their work.", "16. According to the latest polls, while both communities are losing confidence in the possibility of a united Cyprus, their desire for a solution has not faltered. United Nations agencies and programmes in Cyprus are working closely with local partners in support of the peace process. With the collaboration of Cyprus 2015 and ENGAGE, a group of Cypriot non-governmental organizations supported by the United Nations Development Programme, various events were organized to facilitate public dialogue on issues related to the talks. The opening in the buffer zone of the “Home for Cooperation” by the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research was a landmark event; the facility will provide a space for inter-communal education, dialogue and research. Under the Economic Interdependence project, the Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce launched the first joint report on current levels of economic interdependence between the two communities. Their findings confirmed that a settlement would be economically beneficial to both communities. The Gender Advisory Team provided the leaders with recommendations on gender issues relating to property and citizenship, in addition to a previous submission on governance. The youth groups of the two leading political parties on either side sent me a joint letter, asking me to encourage the leaders to reach a solution now. I reiterate my call to Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu to engage civil society in the task of reaching a comprehensive settlement and to take into account these and other important civil society efforts to contribute to the peace process.", "17. Regarding the broader assessment of the United Nations presence in Cyprus, which I have announced in previous reports, internal discussions continue as to the potential scope and timing of such an exercise.", "IV. Meeting of 7 July", "18. On 7 July, I met with both leaders at the United Nations Office at Geneva. I explained that I was disappointed in the lack of progress. I noted that although both sides had worked steadily since our meeting in January, they had not touched important areas in the negotiations despite the prior agreement to concentrate on resolving core issues. I pointed out that the pace of the negotiations had become far too slow. I stressed the importance of the two leaders focusing their energies on reaching broad agreements rather than dwelling on individual problems in minute detail, and said that the methodology of the negotiations needed to be improved. I asked the leaders to put aside all other matters in the negotiations and to concentrate on finding a way through the difficult core issues.", "19. Despite my sobering assessment, the meeting was held in a constructive and positive atmosphere. Both sides acknowledged the difficulties. They both canvassed their positions across all chapters in the negotiations and put forward bridging proposals in a range of areas. This exercise helped to further explain, and in some cases clarify, the positions of the sides across the various negotiating chapters. Most importantly, the meeting contributed significantly to tracing a way forward, and thus succeeded in becoming more than a “stock-taking exercise” of the process.", "20. With the two leaders, I was able to identify some of the stumbling blocks that have stood in the way of reaching a comprehensive settlement thus far. We agreed on the need to significantly accelerate the pace of the talks and move into intensive negotiations and to focus on the core issues. In that regard, the leaders accepted my recommendation to engage in negotiations for two full days each week. We also agreed that, without prejudice to the central principle of a Cypriot-owned and Cypriot-led process, there would be enhanced United Nations involvement.", "21. The leaders also accepted my invitation to meet again in October in New York, by which time I expect they will be able to report convergence on all core issues. This would take the Cyprus negotiations closer to their conclusion and would allow me to give a positive report to the Security Council on the matter. It would also pave the way for me to work with the parties towards convening a final, international conference. Both leaders made it clear that they will strive to reach a comprehensive solution as soon as possible.", "22. The leaders also acknowledged the need to begin building support for a comprehensive agreement in order to renew hope and enthusiasm for a solution across the island. This includes the critical task of preparing their respective communities for the compromises required for a settlement and the prospect of living together in a united Cyprus.", "V. Observations", "23. I am pleased that the two leaders have agreed to intensify the negotiations, improve the methodology of the talks and redouble their efforts to reach convergence on all core issues. This will increase the prospects of reaching an agreement. In order to increase the tempo and achieve significant results, the sides must engage in a more dynamic negotiating process and enter unequivocally into the next phase of the negotiations. This new phase would entail a comprehensive approach on all core issues and substantive trade-offs within and across chapters.", "24. In order for a reinvigorated process to fully take root and be successful, other elements must also be present. The sides must work clearly within the agreed parameters of a solution, and work to reach a common, shared objective within those parameters. The leaders must desist from playing the “blame game” and each focus on what more they can do to pave the way for a solution. As I have reiterated on various occasions, and as the Security Council recently stated in its resolution 1986 (2011), the sides should refrain from negative rhetoric about the process and about each other and work to build support for a settlement deal. Finally, the sides urgently need to safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of the talks by stopping leaks on positions and other sensitive information.", "VI. Conclusions", "25. The key to solving the Cyprus issue is the two sides working with political will and determination towards the same clear and common objectives, with a united Cyprus as the end result. To reunite Cyprus, there must be a bi-zonal, bi-communal federation with two equal constituent parts, with a single sovereignty and single international personality, as laid out in relevant Security Council resolutions.", "26. I was pleased with the demonstrated commitment of both sides in Geneva and that the leaders committed themselves to the endeavour of reaching convergence on all core issues by our next meeting in October. It is my hope that I can subsequently report their achievements to the Security Council and that, provided the necessary progress has been made by that time, we could then begin discussing the convening of a multilateral conference to conclude the international aspects of the agreement.", "27. By October 2011, the current negotiations will have been going on for more than three years. It is well understood that time is definitely not on the side of a solution, and successive polling on citizens’ views in Cyprus has confirmed this all too clearly. The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities deserve to be presented with a viable, mutually beneficial settlement proposal in the shortest time possible. The leaders must rise to the occasion." ]
S_2011_498
[ "Assessment report of the Secretary-General on the status of negotiations in Cyprus", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report contains an updated assessment of the status of negotiations in Cyprus since my last report, dated 4 March 2011 (S/2011/112).", "2. This is the third assessment report I have submitted to the Security Council since I met with the leaders of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in New York in November 2010, when they pledged to accelerate the pace of negotiations and to focus their efforts on reaching a convergence of views on the core issues. The present report was prepared after my last meeting with the two leaders, held in Geneva on 7 July.", "3. It has been a matter of concern to me that the talks had begun to lose course and that little tangible progress had been made. In April it was decided to postpone our follow-up meeting until further progress was made. At the 7 July Geneva meeting, I reiterated my concern at the slow pace of progress and discussed with the two leaders the ways in which the situation could be rectified. Leaders agreed to accelerate the pace of negotiations, improve the methodology of the negotiations and strive to reach a conclusion as soon as possible. They also agreed to meet with me again in October in New York and I hope that by then they will be able to communicate that there is convergence of opinion on all basic issues.", "4. The conversations are taking longer than we had expected. Almost three years have passed since the start of the negotiations themselves, in September 2008. Since then the leaders have met more than a hundred times, but many of the basic issues remain to be resolved. After I met with the leaders in November 2010, the parties initially paid careful and productive attention to basic issues, leading to a convergence of opinion on the economic and European Union chapters. On a number of occasions both parties have submitted proposals to approach positions on a number of issues under negotiation. The frequency of their meetings has also increased in recent months, although unfortunately with limited results. Progress remains too slow. At the current rate, agreement is unlikely for a good time. It is clear that the parties to this negotiation know all the elements of a bizonal and bicommunal federation in Cyprus. However, as has been going on for decades, the parties have been unable to reach a comprehensive solution.", "5. It is clear that we have reached a decisive moment in the talks, where all efforts must be made to ensure that the process remains viable and capable of leading to a mutually beneficial solution. I hope the two leaders can make such a solution as soon as possible.", "II. Background", "6. The present evaluation report was prepared after my fourth meeting with the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leaders. When I visited the island in January 2010, Dimitris Christofias, the Greek Cypriot leader, and Mehmet Ali Talat, who at that time was the Turkish Cypriot leader, issued a joint statement expressing their confidence that they could reach a solution at the best possible time. Following the change of leadership in the Turkish Cypriot side and a interruption of the negotiations that lasted several weeks, in May 2010 I was able to announce that the talks would continue on the same basis and from the point where they had been interrupted. Mr. Christofias and the new Turkish Cypriot leader, Dervis Eroglu, also made statements at that time, recognized that the longer it would be more difficult to reach an agreement and declared themselves fully committed to the process of negotiating a mutually beneficial agreement. Six months later, in November 2010, I met the two leaders in New York and asked them to focus their efforts on basic issues. The next meeting was held on 26 January 2011 in Geneva, and we again focused our attention on reaching a convergence of opinion on basic issues and the leaders agreed to intensify the negotiations. After the January meeting, I noted that I would soon convene another meeting to discuss developments. In April I spoke to both leaders and informed them of my decision that we would never meet again until there had been further progress. I emphasized the need to accelerate the process. In May, I invited the leaders to meet with me in Geneva in July to determine the difficulties that prevented a general agreement and to discuss strategies to significantly accelerate the pace of negotiations.", "7. When I met Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu in Geneva on 7 July I reiterated to them that I remained convinced that if there was sufficient political will it was possible to reach agreement. I pointed out that his predecessors and mine had spent several decades searching for ways to unite the island, and that both sides knew where it was necessary to transfer.", "8. I have repeatedly pointed out to the leaders, as I have done in my last report, that the United Nations hopes that the two sides will assume the primary responsibility for advancing the process. The Cypriot process led by Cypriots has the full support of the United Nations, but it is the two leaders who must take the necessary steps to reconcile the differences between the two communities.", "9. In support of the process, I have taken advantage of the period since my last report to maintain the priority of the settlement of the Cyprus question on the United Nations agenda and of the major regional and international leaders. This has become particularly important since other pressing issues have taken on greater urgency in the region. I continued to examine the question of Cyprus with various Heads of State and senior officials, including the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, David Cameron, and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg; as well as the Chairman of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso. My Special Adviser continued to work with key authorities for the process, in particular the authorities of the three guarantor Powers, namely Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom.", "III. Status of the process", "10. In the five months since my last report, the pace of progress in the talks has decreased, despite the regularity of meetings held by leaders and their representatives. During this period, the leaders met 17 times and their representatives, 28 times. Both sides continue to seek to present proposals for approaching positions, but the approach to compromise solutions has not always been productive and has not yielded results. Considerable time has been devoted to clarifying positions rather than moving towards convergence of opinion.", "11. At the end of March, the parties began to examine the internal aspects of security. The discussions focused on police and law enforcement mechanisms in a united Cyprus, both at the federal level and at the level of federated entities or constituent States. The parties have approached an agreement on the details of the issue, although several important outstanding aspects remain to be resolved.", "12. With regard to goods, I am pleased to report that both parties have resorted to international technical experts whose services I offered when I met with the leaders in Geneva in January. Each party has thus been able to discuss a number of technical issues and continue to discuss proposals thereon. However, it is time for formal negotiations on assets to be resumed. There remains a basic disagreement on the issue of conditions for restitution and the mode of exchange. Negotiations on the issue of territory should also be initiated, as it remains one of the chapters that has been least discussed so far. This can be done without prejudice to the fact that both parties have agreed that the issue of maps and figures relating to that chapter should only be considered during the final stage of the process before a multilateral meeting.", "13. Since my last report, the governance talks have focused on the ability to sign international treaties and the procedure to do so, as well as on the federal decision-making procedure for foreign relations. These discussions have led to convergence on the principle of representation abroad. It is important that the parties have reached an agreement on international treaties binding on a united Cyprus. As a result, the Sub-Commission on International Treaties has resumed its work and met twice.", "14. Important economic agreements reached are maintained before my last report was issued. During this period, no other issue concerning the European Union was discussed. The main unresolved divergence refers to how to incorporate the settlement agreement into European Union legislation in order to ensure its legal security. The issue of citizenship has not been thoroughly examined since I met with the leaders in January. In response to the Greek Cypriot side &apos; s call for a population census, I made available to stakeholders the United Nations specialized capacity in this area. However, the census process is only a related issue. While the census process is being conducted, the parties must resolve the basic issue of those who are to be considered citizens of the united Cyprus.", "15. The technical committees, established in 2008, continued to hold meetings on the implementation of confidence-building measures to improve the daily lives of Cypriots. Three of the seven technical committees, which remained inactive since July 2008, have resumed their work.", "16. According to the latest surveys, while both communities are losing confidence in the possibility of a united Cyprus, their desire for a solution has not diminished. United Nations agencies and programmes in Cyprus work closely with local partners in support of the peace process. With the collaboration of Cyprus 2015 and ENGAGE, a group of Cypriot non-governmental organizations supported by the United Nations Development Programme, various events were organized to promote public dialogue on issues related to the talks. The opening in the buffer zone of the House of Cooperation by the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research marked a momentous milestone: it is a space for education, dialogue and research at the level of both communities. As part of the economic interdependence project, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cyprus and the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce published the first joint report on the current levels of economic interdependence of the two communities. The findings confirmed that the arrangement would benefit both communities economically. The Gender Advisory Team presented to leaders recommendations on gender issues relating to ownership and citizenship, which were added to their previous governance recommendations. The youth groups of the two major political parties on both sides sent me a joint letter asking me to encourage the leaders to reach a solution immediately. I reiterate my appeal to Mr. Christofias and Mr. Eroglu will incorporate civil society into the task of reaching a general agreement and taking into account these and other important civil society efforts to contribute to the peace process.", "17. With regard to the wider assessment of the United Nations presence in Cyprus, which I announced in previous reports, internal discussions on the possible scope and timetable continue.", "IV. Meeting of 7 July", "18. On 7 July, I met both leaders at the United Nations Office at Geneva. I expressed my disappointment at the lack of progress. I pointed out that although both parties had worked constantly since our January meeting, they had not addressed important aspects in the negotiations, despite their prior agreement to focus on resolving the core issues. I noted that the pace of negotiations had become too slow. I stressed the importance of both leaders dedicating their energies to comprehensive agreements, rather than stopping in the slightest detail of specific problems, and noted that the methodology of the negotiations should be improved. I asked the leaders to put aside all the other issues in the negotiations and to focus on finding a solution to the difficult core issues.", "19. Despite my severe assessment, the meeting developed in a constructive and positive atmosphere. Both sides recognized the difficulties. Both discussed their positions on all the chapters of the negotiations and submitted proposals to bring forward positions in a number of areas. The meeting served to explain in more detail, and in some cases clarify the parties &apos; positions on various chapters of the negotiation. What is more important, the meeting contributed significantly to making the way forward, and thus constituted more than a balance of the process.", "20. With the two leaders I was able to identify some of the obstacles that have so far prevented a general agreement. We agreed that there was a need to significantly accelerate the pace of the talks and move to the stage of the intensive negotiations, as well as focus on the core issues. In that regard, the leaders accepted my recommendation to negotiate two full days per week. We also agree that, without prejudice to the central principle of a Cypriot process led by Cypriots, there would be greater involvement of the United Nations.", "21. The leaders also accepted my invitation to meet again in October in New York; I hope that they will be able to communicate their convergence of opinion on all basic issues. That way the negotiations on Cyprus would come to an end and I could submit a positive report to the Security Council on the matter. Moreover, this would pave the way for it to collaborate with the parties with a view to holding a final international conference. Both leaders made it clear that they would strive to reach a comprehensive solution as soon as possible.", "22. Leaders also recognized the need to begin seeking support for a general agreement to renew hope and enthusiasm for a solution throughout the island. This includes the crucial task of preparing their respective communities for the mutual concessions necessary for an agreement and for the prospect of living together in a united Cyprus.", "V. Comments", "23. I am pleased to note that the two leaders have agreed to intensify the negotiations, improve the methodology of the talks and redouble their efforts to reach a convergence of opinion on all core issues. This will increase the possibility of reaching agreement. To accelerate the pace of negotiations and achieve significant results, the parties must undertake a more dynamic negotiating process and unequivocally move to the next stage of the negotiations. This new phase would involve a comprehensive approach to all major core issues and mutual concessions in each chapter and at the level of all chapters.", "24. For this renewed process to be rooted and successful, other elements must also be given. The parties should act clearly within the agreed parameters of a solution and strive to achieve a common and shared objective within those parameters. Leaders must stop blaming each other and focus on what they can do to facilitate the solution. As I have reiterated on numerous occasions, and as the Security Council recently pointed out in its resolution 1986 (2011), the parties should refrain from using a negative rhetoric about the process and about each and should seek to create support for an agreed settlement. Finally, the parties must urgently safeguard the integrity and confidentiality of the talks by ending the leakage of posture and other sensitive information.", "VI. Conclusions", "25. The key to resolving the Cyprus question is that both parties are committed, with political will and determination, to achieving the same clear and common objectives, and whose ultimate purpose is a united Cyprus. For Cyprus to rejoin, there must be a bizonal and bicommunal federation made up of two equal parties, with a unique sovereignty and a unique international personality, as provided for in the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "26. I was pleased to note the commitment of both parties to Geneva, as well as the commitment of the leaders to reach a convergence of opinion on all the basic issues before our next meeting in October. I look forward to informing the Security Council later on about the achievements of the parties and that, provided that the necessary progress has been made, we can then begin to consider holding a multilateral conference to conclude the international aspects of the agreement.", "27. By October 2011, the ongoing negotiations will have lasted more than three years. It is well known that the longer it takes to reach a solution, and successive surveys among the citizens of Cyprus have confirmed it. The Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities deserve to be presented as soon as possible with a viable and mutually beneficial agreement proposal. Leaders must respond to this reality." ]
[ "12", "Sexagésimo sexto período de sesiones", "Tema 69 a) del programa provisional*", "Promoción y protección de los derechos humanos: aplicación de los instrumentos de derechos humanos", "* A/66/150.", "Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las víctimas de la tortura", "Informe del Secretario General", "Resumen", "Este informe, que se presenta en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General 36/151 y 65/205, describe las recomendaciones en materia de subvenciones destinadas a las organizaciones beneficiarias que la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas de contribuciones voluntarias para las víctimas de la tortura aprobó en sus períodos de sesiones 33° y 34°. También recoge información sobre las decisiones de política adoptadas por la Junta en respuesta a las recomendaciones formuladas por la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna con miras a seguir mejorando las actividades del Fondo.", "I. Introducción", "A. Presentación del informe", "1. El presente informe se ha preparado de conformidad con las disposiciones aprobadas por la Asamblea General en su resolución 36/151, en la que estableció el Fondo de contribuciones voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las víctimas de la tortura. En el informe se presentan las recomendaciones aprobadas por la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo en sus períodos de sesiones 33° y 34°, celebrados en Ginebra del 18 al 22 de octubre de 2010 y del 31 de enero al 4 de febrero de 2011, respectivamente. La Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos aprobó las recomendaciones en nombre del Secretario General. El presente documento complementa el informe sobre las actividades del Fondo presentado al Consejo de Derechos Humanos en su 16° período de sesiones (A/HRC/16/31), celebrado en marzo de 2011.", "B. Mandato del Fondo", "2. El Fondo recibe contribuciones voluntarias de gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales y particulares. De acuerdo con la práctica establecida por su Junta de Síndicos desde 1982, el Fondo otorga subvenciones a las organizaciones no gubernamentales que presentan proyectos de asistencia médica, psicológica, social, financiera, jurídica, humanitaria y de otro tipo a las víctimas de la tortura y sus familiares.", "C. Junta de Síndicos", "3. El Secretario General administra el Fondo por conducto de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos con el asesoramiento de una Junta de Síndicos integrada por cinco miembros que prestan servicios a título personal y son nombrados por el Secretario General teniendo debidamente en cuenta el criterio de distribución geográfica equitativa y previa consulta con sus gobiernos respectivos. En octubre de 2008, el Secretario General renovó el nombramiento de Krassimir Kanev (Bulgaria), Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka), Joseph Oloka-Onyango (Uganda) y Derrick Pounder (Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte) para un último mandato de tres años, y nombró a Mercedes Doretti (Argentina) para un mandato de tres años, renovable por una sola vez.", "4. La Junta celebró su 33° período de sesiones en Ginebra, del 18 al 22 de octubre de 2010, con el fin de examinar las solicitudes de financiación y formular recomendaciones sobre las subvenciones que se concederán a las organizaciones beneficiarias para el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2011. En su 34° período de sesiones, celebrado del 31 de enero al 4 de febrero de 2011, trató fundamentalmente cuestiones de política. En ese período, la Junta también aprobó subvenciones para proyectos de regiones prioritarias, que habían quedado pendientes en el 33° período de sesiones porque en ese momento no se disponía de información suficiente, así como para proyectos de regiones prioritarias que habían presentado su solicitud en el lapso entre los dos períodos de sesiones.", "D. Criterios de admisibilidad", "5. Los criterios de admisibilidad de los proyectos se definen en las directrices del Fondo, conforme a los cuales estos deben ser presentados por organizaciones no gubernamentales. Los beneficiarios deben ser víctimas directas de la tortura y/o familiares directos de víctimas. Tienen prioridad los proyectos de asistencia directa a las víctimas de la tortura, que puede consistir en asistencia médica o psicológica, ayuda para la reinserción social o económica de las víctimas mediante la formación profesional o diversas formas de asistencia jurídica para que las víctimas o sus familiares puedan ser resarcidas o solicitar asilo, entre otras cosas. Si los recursos disponibles lo permiten, el Fondo puede financiar proyectos para organizar programas de capacitación, seminarios o conferencias dirigidos a los profesionales de la salud o a otros proveedores de servicios para que expongan sus mejores prácticas. No obstante, se deniegan las solicitudes de subvención para proyectos relacionados con encuestas, investigaciones, estudios, publicaciones o actividades similares.", "6. El Fondo puede conceder asistencia de emergencia a particulares en países donde no haya proyectos subvencionados. Ese tipo de solicitudes se estudia en el marco de un procedimiento especial que se describe en las directrices del Fondo. El informe presentado por el Secretario General a la Asamblea General en su quincuagésimo octavo período de sesiones (A/58/284, párrs. 27 a 34) contiene información detallada sobre las distintas modalidades de asistencia que se presta por conducto de los proyectos financiados por el Fondo y sobre sus efectos en los beneficiarios.", "II. Situación financiera del Fondo", "7. De 2006 a 2010, la Junta aumentó progresivamente el monto destinado a las subvenciones para proyectos en todo el mundo. Ese incremento fue posible porque los ingresos utilizados durante ese período comprendían, además de las contribuciones anuales voluntarias, saldos no asignados arrastrados de años anteriores. Esos saldos eran el resultado de una gestión más eficiente del Fondo, incluido el cambio del ciclo, de una supervisión más estrecha de los destinatarios de las subvenciones y de la aplicación de requisitos más estrictos de presentación de informes. La Junta decidió utilizar los saldos arrastrados para incrementar el nivel de financiación de proyectos, en particular en las regiones prioritarias.", "8. Para 2011, sin embargo, la Junta debía hacer frente a un déficit de ingresos de más de 2 millones de dólares para seguir atendiendo las solicitudes de subvenciones a los niveles de 2010, motivo por el cual decidió efectuar recortes estratégicos para el ciclo de subvenciones de 2011. De no recibirse contribuciones adicionales en 2011, la Junta seguirá enfrentándose en 2012 a un déficit considerable y tal vez deba mantener o aumentar los recortes estratégicos para el ciclo de subvenciones de ese año, y limitar más su apoyo a nuevos proyectos.", "9. Sobre la base de las solicitudes recibidas para 2011, se prevé que las organizaciones necesitarán alrededor de 22 millones de dólares para 2012.", "Contribuciones y promesas de contribuciones recibidas", "10. El cuadro recoge las contribuciones y promesas de contribuciones que se han recibido desde el último informe que presentó el Secretario General a la Asamblea General sobre las actividades del Fondo (A/65/265). Estas permitirán a la Junta formular recomendaciones sobre subvenciones en su 35° período de sesiones, que se celebrará del 17 al 21 de octubre de 2011. Las subvenciones recomendadas en el próximo período de sesiones de la Junta se desembolsarán en enero de 2012 para el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2012.", "Contribuciones y promesas de contribuciones recibidas entre el 5 de agosto de 2010 y el 22 de julio de 2011", "Estados donantes\tCantidad(DólaresEE.UU)\tFecha de recepción \nAlemania\t498 218\t19 de agosto de2010\n Alemania 407 407 11 de mayo de 2011 \nAndorra\t28 550\t21 de diciembre de2010\n Argentina 3 405 31 de enero de 2011\n Canadá 61 170 24 de marzo de 2011\n Emiratos Árabes Unidos 9 982 9 de mayo de 2011 \nEspaña\t334 672\t29 de diciembre de2010\nEstados Unidos de América\t7 100 000\t13 de septiembre de2010\nFinlandia\t180 025\t3 de septiembre de2010\n Grecia 39 422 3 de enero de 2011 \nIrlanda\t111 402\t25 de agosto de2010\n Irlanda 119 718 20 de abril de 2011\n Kuwait 10 000 7 de abril de 2011 \n Liechtenstein 27 115 20 de abril de 2011\nLuxemburgo\t34 722\t19 de noviembre de2010\n Marruecos 3 000 23 de marzo de 2011\nNoruega\t164 826\t24 de agosto de2010\n Noruega 183 688 27 de junio de 2011\nQatar\t10 000\t18 de febrero de2011\nRepública Checa\t10 272\t27 de diciembre de2010\nRepública de Corea\t95 000\t21 de noviembre de2010\n República de Corea 95 000 25 de abril de 2011\n Sudáfrica 15 015 24 de enero de 2011\nTurquía\t10 000\t23 de agosto de2010\n Total de contribuciones 9 552 609 \nPromesas de contribucionesen 2011 \n Afganistán 500 \n Bélgica 284 900 \n Dinamarca 383 656 \nTotal de promesas decontribuciones\t669 056", "III. Períodos de sesiones 33° y 34° de la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo", "11. El 33° período de sesiones de la Junta de Síndicos se celebró en Ginebra del 18 al 22 de octubre de 2010. En su transcurso, se examinó la información preparada por su secretaría en relación con 327 proyectos, incluidas las nuevas solicitudes para 2011, y el análisis de los informes descriptivos, financieros y de auditoría sobre la utilización de las subvenciones desembolsadas en años anteriores. La Junta también examinó solicitudes de nuevas subvenciones por un importe de 20.688.284 dólares para más de 300 proyectos destinados a prestar asistencia directa a las víctimas de la tortura y sus familiares en 2011, y solicitudes para 25 proyectos que ascendían a 858.754 dólares para ofrecer capacitación y seminarios a los profesionales que asisten a las víctimas con el fin de intercambiar información sobre experiencias y mejores prácticas.", "12. Como ya se previó en el 32° período de sesiones, celebrado en febrero de 2010, debido a la disminución del nivel de contribuciones y a la ausencia de promesas de contribuciones en 2010 la Junta no pudo mantener los niveles de financiación de 2010 y se vio obligada a hacer recortes estratégicos para el ciclo de subvenciones de 2011. Se aplicaron reducciones del 20% a todas las subvenciones para proyectos ubicados en los países del Grupo de los Estados de Europa Occidental y otros Estados, y del 10% a las relativas a proyectos de otras regiones. En general, se impuso un límite máximo de 20.000 dólares, en lugar de los 50.000 dólares habituales, a las nuevas subvenciones. También se aplazó hasta el 34° período de sesiones, que se celebraría en febrero de 2011, la consideración de la asignación de fondos a los programas de capacitación y seminarios para los profesionales dedicados a prestar ayuda a las víctimas, con sujeción a la disponibilidad de recursos.", "13. La Junta de Síndicos recomendó subvencionar, entre enero y diciembre de 2011, más de 280 proyectos en curso y 23 nuevos proyectos de asistencia directa en más de 70 países, por un importe total de 9.525.050 dólares, que se desembolsarían en enero de 2011. El 22 de noviembre de 2010, la Alta Comisionada aprobó las recomendaciones en nombre del Secretario General.", "14. La Junta recomendó reservar 1.116.950 dólares para los proyectos que no hubiera podido examinar en su 33° período de sesiones por no haberse recibido la información necesaria de los solicitantes o no haberse efectuado aún ninguna visita de funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas, y que examinaría en su 34° período de sesiones.", "15. El 34° período de sesiones de la Junta de Síndicos, celebrado del 31 de enero al 4 de febrero de 2011, se dedicó principalmente a abordar distintas cuestiones sobre políticas y a evaluar las experiencias adquiridas para transmitirlas a los nuevos miembros de la Junta que el Secretario General designaría en agosto de 2011. La Junta también examinó otras solicitudes de subvenciones para 2011 referidas a proyectos ubicados en regiones prioritarias y concedió 906.300 dólares para 27 proyectos de asistencia directa (15 ya en curso, 7 nuevos y 5 también nuevos cuyas solicitudes se recibieron entre períodos de sesiones) y 9 destinados a cursos de capacitación y seminarios. Además, la Junta celebró reuniones con los Estados Miembros, los donantes institucionales en el ámbito de la asistencia a las víctimas de la tortura y los representantes de las organizaciones no gubernamentales.", "16. Entre febrero de 2010 y agosto de 2011, miembros de la secretaría del Fondo, de la Junta y de las misiones de las Naciones Unidas realizaron visitas de evaluación y seguimiento a las organizaciones subvencionadas por el Fondo, así como a los potenciales destinatarios, en los siguientes países: Albania, Alemania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaiyán, Bangladesh, Bélgica, Burundi, Canadá, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egipto, España, Estados Unidos de América, Francia, Guinea, Hungría, India, Irlanda, Italia, Kazajstán, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistán, Paraguay, Perú, Reino Unido, República de Corea, República Democrática del Congo, República Unida de Tanzanía, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudáfrica, Tailandia, Turquía, Uganda y Zimbabwe,.", "A. Recomendaciones adoptadas por la Junta", "17. En sus períodos de sesiones 33° y 34°, la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo recomendó conceder subvenciones para el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2011 a más de 330 proyectos en más de 70 países por un importe total de 10.431.350 dólares. La Junta recomendó también que se reservaran 270.000 dólares para subvenciones de emergencia o entre períodos de sesiones para 2011. El gráfico muestra la distribución de subvenciones por región.", "Subvenciones concedidas en 2011 por región", "(En dólares de los Estados Unidos)", "[]", "B. Decisiones sobre políticas", "Trigésimo cuarto período de sesiones de la Junta de Síndicos", "18. Durante su 34° período de sesiones, la Junta examinó cuestiones relativas al intercambio de información con otros donantes institucionales, las misiones de seguimiento y evaluación y las actividades de extensión.", "19. La Junta decidió crear un mecanismo para poner a disposición de otros donantes institucionales, a nivel tanto oficial como oficioso y de forma periódica, información y conclusiones sobre los proyectos con graves problemas financieros y/o de gestión, entre ellos los casos de mala gestión y posible fraude.", "20. La Junta acordó que la secretaría del Fondo participaría en las misiones conjuntas de seguimiento y evaluación que se realizarán con el personal de la Comisión Europea.", "21. La Junta debatió el programa de actos para conmemorar el 30° aniversario del Fondo el 26 de junio de 2011 y formuló una serie de recomendaciones a su secretaría. La Junta deseaba aprovechar la ocasión como una oportunidad memorable para promocionar la labor del Fondo. En ese contexto, se creó un sitio especial en Internet dedicado a los 30 años del Fondo.", "C. Reuniones con agentes pertinentes en el ámbito de la asistencia a las víctimas de la tortura", "Trigésimo cuarto período de sesiones de la Junta de Síndicos", "22. Durante su 34° período de sesiones, la Junta continuó con su práctica de reunirse con otros donantes institucionales dedicados a asistir a las víctimas de la tortura, más concretamente con el representante del Instrumento Europeo para la Democracia y los Derechos Humanos de la Comisión Europea, a fin de intercambiar información sobre sus políticas de financiación, mecanismos y resultados de evaluación y seguimiento e iniciativas para desarrollar la capacidad de los beneficiarios.", "23. Además, la Junta celebró una reunión con los Estados Miembros a la que asistieron unas 12 delegaciones. La Junta invitó a la reunión a dos beneficiarios para que informaran a la Junta y a los Estados Miembros sobre la asistencia proporcionada a las víctimas por medio del Fondo. La Junta informó detalladamente sobre las últimas novedades del Fondo, incluidos los problemas que presenta la actual situación financiera del Fondo y su preocupación por el significativo descenso de las contribuciones frente al constante aumento de la demanda de fondos.", "IV. Recomendaciones pendientes de la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna", "24. En vista de la labor realizada durante el período que abarca el informe, la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna considera que solo una recomendación, la núm. 9, sobre el reforzamiento de los sistemas de gestión, aún no ha terminado de aplicarse.", "Recomendación 9: Reforzar los sistemas de gestión", "25. Las solicitudes de subvenciones para 2012, así como la revisión de estas en el presupuesto para 2011, continuaron presentándose por medio del sistema electrónico de subvenciones del Fondo. Además, se completó y se puso en funcionamiento el nuevo módulo externo de presentación de informes para beneficiarios, que les permite presentar por vía electrónica los informes sobre el uso de las subvenciones de 2010. La secretaría continuó brindando asistencia técnica directa por correo electrónico a todas las organizaciones que utilizan el sistema y respondió a numerosas consultas de proyectos nuevos y en marcha así como de posibles beneficiarios.", "26. Durante el período que abarca el informe, la secretaría continuó desarrollando el módulo de administración interna del sistema electrónico de subvenciones del Fondo. El módulo se está perfeccionado y probando con funciones de preguntas múltiples que permiten buscar datos y generar informes internos. Una vez finalizado, el módulo introducirá un sistema de gestión electrónica del Fondo y se dará por concluida la aplicación plena de la última recomendación pendiente contenida en el informe de la Oficina de Servicios de Supervisión Interna (E/CN.4/2005/55).", "V. Día Internacional de las Naciones Unidas en Apoyo a las Víctimas de la Tortura", "27. El 26 de junio de 2011, el Comité contra la Tortura, el Subcomité para la Prevención de la Tortura, el Relator Especial sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes y la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas de Contribuciones Voluntarias para las Víctimas de la Tortura hicieron la siguiente declaración en ocasión del Día Internacional en Apoyo de las Víctimas de la Tortura y el 30° aniversario del Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias para las Víctimas de la Tortura:", "Los Estados deben velar por que todas las víctimas de la tortura obtengan reparación y reciban asistencia humanitaria a través del Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas", "La tortura y el maltrato siguen siendo prácticas generalizadas, como ha quedado patente en las últimas manifestaciones públicas que se han sucedido en distintos países del mundo. Es esencial reiterar que los Estados tienen la obligación de prevenir, prohibir, investigar y castigar todos los actos de tortura y cualquier forma de trato cruel, inhumano o degradante. Asimismo, tienen la obligación de respetar la integridad física y mental de todas las personas, velar por que se haga justicia y se rindan cuentas a las víctimas y a la comunidad en su conjunto, y hacer que los responsables de tales violaciones comparezcan ante la justicia.", "Los Estados también deben velar por que las víctimas de la tortura o de otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes obtengan reparación, sean resarcidas y reciban una indemnización justa y adecuada, así como servicios de rehabilitación integrales y apropiados. En este contexto, si bien el derecho y la práctica internacionales exigen unas normas y unos principios mínimos para resarcir y compensar a las víctimas de la tortura, observamos con preocupación que algunos Estados se limitan a reconocer formalmente derechos que suelen ser modestos y secundarios dentro del sistema de justicia.", "Nos decepciona igualmente la falta de progreso advertida en el proceso de institucionalización de los principios y directrices básicos que tratan de establecer unas normas mínimas de resarcimiento y reparación a las víctimas. Creemos firmemente que las víctimas deberían ocupar un lugar central a la hora de exigir responsabilidad a los torturadores por sus acciones. Deseamos destacar la función preventiva del resarcimiento y la reparación como parte de la obligación legal de prevenir la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes. Por lo tanto, continuaremos apoyando a los Estados, las organizaciones y otros órganos de la sociedad civil comprometidos a erradicar la tortura y resarcir a todas sus víctimas.", "Este año, el Día Internacional de las Naciones Unidas en Apoyo de las Víctimas de la Tortura coincide con el 30° aniversario del Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las Víctimas de la Tortura. En los últimos 30 años, el Fondo ha destinado más de 120 millones de dólares a proyectos que proporcionan asistencia médica, psicológica, jurídica, social y financiera a las víctimas y sus familiares, velando por su resarcimiento y su derecho a recibir una compensación justa y adecuada, incluso para rehabilitarse en la mayor medida posible. Con el respaldo que les presta el Fondo, médicos, psicólogos, expertos forenses, trabajadores sociales, abogados y otras personas o grupos interesados orientan su trabajo hacia las víctimas para prestarles asistencia durante los años que dura el largo camino hacia la reconstrucción de sus vidas, documentando, al mismo tiempo, el uso y los efectos de la tortura.", "Expresamos nuestra gratitud a todos los donantes del Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las Víctimas de la Tortura, que actualmente subvenciona la labor de más de 300 organizaciones en más de 70 países, y confiamos en que las contribuciones al Fondo continuarán incrementándose para hacer posible que las víctimas de la tortura y los miembros de sus familias reciban la asistencia que necesitan. Exhortamos a todos los Estados a que contribuyan generosamente al Fondo como parte de un compromiso universal con la rehabilitación de las víctimas de la tortura y sus familiares, para que el Fondo pueda continuar ofreciendo recursos a las organizaciones que prestan asistencia psicológica, médica, social, jurídica y económica. Asimismo, exhortamos a todos los Estados a que apoyen la labor de las organizaciones nacionales por la vía financiera, entre otras, y a que creen un entorno propicio para que las organizaciones puedan resarcir y rehabilitar a las víctimas de la tortura.", "Instamos también a todos los Estados a que se adhieran a la Convención contra la Tortura y hagan las declaraciones previstas en los artículos 21 y 22 de la Convención sobre comunicaciones individuales y entre Estados, así como al Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura con el fin de maximizar la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas en su lucha contra la tortura.", "28. Para celebrar el 30° aniversario del Fondo el 26 de junio de 2011, la Junta de Síndicos decidió organizar una exposición de obras de arte y artefactos hechos por víctimas de la tortura en el Palacio de las Naciones de Ginebra del 21 al 30 de junio de 2011. En ella se expusieron cuadros, esculturas y otro tipo de creaciones artísticas realizadas por las víctimas como parte de su proceso de rehabilitación. El Director General de la ONUG, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, Navanethem Pillay, y la Presidenta de la Junta de Síndicos, Mercedes Doretti, inauguraron la muestra el 27 de junio de 2011.", "VI. Cómo hacer una contribución al Fondo", "29. En las contribuciones al Fondo siempre se deberá indicar lo siguiente: “beneficiario: Fondo de Contribuciones Voluntarias de las Naciones Unidas para las Víctimas de la Tortura, cuenta CH”. Los pagos pueden hacerse mediante transferencia bancaria: a) en dólares de los Estados Unidos a: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, cuenta núm. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, International Agencies Banking, 1166 Avenue of the Americas, 17th floor, New York, NY 10036-2708, United States of America (código swift: CHAS US 33; código ABA: 021000021); b) en euros a: “United Nations Office at Geneva”, cuenta núm. 23961901, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (código swift: CHAS GB 2L, código de clasificación: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01); c) en libras esterlinas a: “United Nations Office at Geneva”, cuenta núm. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (código swift: CHAS GB 2L, código de clasificación: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); d) en francos suizos a: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, cuenta núm. 240-C0590160.0, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (código swift: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); e) en otras monedas a: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, cuenta núm. 240-C0590160.1, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (código swift: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1); o mediante cheque a nombre de “United Nations”, dirigido a: Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Los donantes deberán comunicar a la secretaría del Fondo y a la Dependencia de Movilización de Recursos de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos que han efectuado el pago (se agradecerá que envíen copia de la orden de transferencia o del cheque) para facilitar el seguimiento efectivo del proceso de registro oficial y la preparación de los informes del Secretario General.", "VII. Conclusiones y recomendaciones", "30. De conformidad con los llamamientos formulados por la Asamblea General en su resolución 65/205, y por la Junta de Síndicos del Fondo, como se señala en el anterior informe del Secretario General (A/65/265), se invita a los donantes a que abonen sus contribuciones al Fondo antes de que comience el 35° período de sesiones de la Junta (que tendrá lugar del 17 a 21 de octubre de 2011), a fin de poder tenerlas en cuenta durante dicho período de sesiones.", "31. A la luz de la difícil situación financiera prevista para 2011, la Asamblea General y la Junta también han reiterado su llamamiento a los donantes habituales del Fondo para que, en la medida de lo posible, aumenten sus contribuciones a fin de proporcionar a la Junta los recursos necesarios para atender las necesidades cada vez mayores de las víctimas de la tortura y de sus familiares en todo el mundo.", "32. La Junta insta encarecidamente a los gobiernos que aún no hayan aportado contribuciones al Fondo a que lo hagan, preferiblemente antes de septiembre de 2011." ]
[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 36/151 and 65/205. It describes the recommendations for grants to beneficiary organizations that were adopted by the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions. The report also provides information on policy decisions adopted by the Board in implementation of the recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services with a view to further enhancing the activities of the Fund.", "I. Introduction", "A. Submission of the report", "1. The present report was prepared in accordance with the arrangements approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 36/151, by which it established the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. It presents the recommendations adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Fund at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, which were held in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010 and from 31 January to 4 February 2011, respectively. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights approved the recommendations on behalf of the Secretary-General. The present report complements the report on the activities of the Fund submitted to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/31) in March 2011.", "B. Mandate of the Fund", "2. The Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, non‑governmental organizations and individuals. In accordance with the practice established by its Board of Trustees in 1982, the Fund provides grants to non‑governmental organizations that submit projects involving medical, psychological, social, financial, legal, and humanitarian or other forms of assistance to victims of torture and members of their families.", "C. Board of Trustees", "3. The Secretary-General administers the Fund through the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with the advice of a Board of Trustees composed of five members acting in their personal capacity and appointed by the Secretary-General with due regard to equitable geographical distribution and in consultation with their Governments. In October 2008, the Secretary-General reappointed the following members for a final period of three years: Krassimir Kanev (Bulgaria), Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka), Joseph Oloka-Onyango (Uganda) and Derrick Pounder (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and appointed Mercedes Doretti (Argentina) for a three-year term, renewable once.", "4. The Board held its thirty-third session in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010 to examine applications for funding and make recommendations on grants to be allotted to beneficiary organizations for the period from January to December 2011. It held its thirty-fourth session from 31 January to 4 February 2011 to discuss mainly policy issues. At that session, the Board also awarded grants to projects from priority regions which had not been decided upon at its thirty-third session because insufficient information was available at that time, as well as to projects from priority regions which had applied in the period between sessions.", "D. Admissibility criteria", "5. Project admissibility criteria are outlined in the Fund’s guidelines. They require a project to be presented by a non-governmental organization. The beneficiaries must be direct victims of torture and/or direct family members. Priority is given to projects providing direct assistance to torture victims, which could consist in medical or psychological assistance, help with social or financial reintegration through vocational training for victims, and various forms of legal assistance for victims or members of their families, including assistance in seeking redress or applying for asylum. Depending on the resources available, the Fund may finance projects to organize training programmes, seminars or conferences to allow health-care professionals or other service providers to exchange best practices. However, grant requests for projects involving investigation, research, studies, publications or similar activities are not admissible.", "6. The Fund can provide emergency assistance to individuals in countries where no project is receiving support. This type of request is examined according to a specific procedure outlined in the Fund’s guidelines. Detailed information on the various types of assistance provided through the projects financed by the Fund, as well as their impact on beneficiaries, can be found in the report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its fifty-eighth session (A/58/284, paras. 27-34).", "II. Financial situation of the Fund", "7. From 2006 to 2010, the Board had progressively increased the amount awarded in grants to projects worldwide. This had been possible because the income used during that period included both the yearly voluntary contributions and unallocated amounts carried over from previous years. Those amounts resulted from more efficient management of the Fund, including the change in cycle, closer monitoring of grantees and stricter reporting requirements. The Board had decided to use the carry-overs to increase the level of funding to projects, particularly in priority regions.", "8. For 2011, however, the Board faced a shortfall of over US$ 2 million to continue to meet requests from grantees at the 2010 level, and thus decided on strategic cuts for the 2011 grants cycle. If no additional contribution is received in 2011, for 2012, the Board will still face a significant shortfall and might have to maintain or increase the strategic cuts for the 2012 grants cycle and place additional limits on the support it provides to new projects.", "9. On the basis of the requests received for 2011, it is expected that approximately $22 million will be requested by organizations for 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received", "10. The table shows the contributions and pledges received since the last report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly on the activities of the Fund (A/65/265). These contributions will enable the Board to make recommendations for grants at its thirty-fifth session, to be held from 17 to 21 October 2011. Grants recommended at the next session of the Board will be disbursed in January 2012 for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received from 5 August 2010 to 22 July 2011", "Donor States\tAmount(United Statesdollars)\tDate of receipt \n Andorra 28 550 21 December 2010 \n Argentina 3 405 31 January 2011 \n Canada 61 170 24 March 2011 \n Czech Republic 10 272 27 December 2010 \n Finland 180 025 3 September 2010 \n Germany 498 218 19 August 2010 \n Germany 407 407 11 May 2011 \n Greece 39 422 3 January 2011 \n Ireland 111 402 25 August 2010 \n Ireland 119 718 20 April 2011 \n Kuwait 10 000 7 April 2011 \n Liechtenstein 27 115 20 April 2011 \n Luxembourg 34 722 19 November 2010 \n Morocco 3 000 23 March 2011 \n Norway 164 826 24 August 2010 \n Norway 183 688 27 June 2011 \n Qatar 10 000 18 February 2011 \n Republic of Korea 95 000 21 November 2010 \n Republic of Korea 95 000 25 April 2011 \n South Africa 15 015 24 January 2011 \n Spain 334 672 29 December 2010 \n Turkey 10 000 23 August 2010 \n United Arab Emirates 9 982 9 May 2011 \nUnited States ofAmerica\t7 100 000\t13 September 2010\n Total contributions 9 552 609 \n Pledges 2011 \n Afghanistan 500 \n Belgium 284 900 \n Denmark 383 656 \n Total pledges 669 056", "III. Thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions of the Board of Trustees of the Fund", "11. The thirty-third session of the Board of Trustees was held in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010. During that session, the Board examined information prepared by its secretariat concerning 327 projects, including new applications for 2011, and the analysis of narrative, financial and audit reports on the use of grants paid in previous years. It considered requests for new grants amounting to $20,688,284 for more than 300 projects providing direct assistance to victims of torture and their family members in 2011, as well as requests for 25 projects amounting to $858,754 for training and seminars for professionals assisting victims to exchange information on experiences and best practices.", "12. As foreseen at its thirty-second session in February 2010, because of the decrease in the level of contributions received and the absence of pledges made in 2010, the Board was not in a position to maintain the level of funding of 2010 and had to decide on strategic cuts for the 2011 grants cycle. A decrease of 20 per cent was applied to all grants for projects located in countries in the group of Western European and other States, while all grants for projects located in other regions were reduced by 10 per cent. As a rule, support to new grantees was capped at a maximum of $20,000 instead of the usual $50,000. In addition, consideration of funding for training and seminars for professionals assisting victims was postponed to the thirty-fourth session in February 2011, subject to the availability of resources.", "13. The Board of Trustees made recommendations for grants for the period from January to December 2011 for over 280 ongoing and 23 new projects of direct assistance in more than 70 countries, for a total amount of $9,525,050, to be paid in January 2011. The High Commissioner approved the recommendations on 22 November 2010 on behalf of the Secretary-General.", "14. The Board recommended that $1,116,950 be set aside for projects that the Board could not consider at its thirty-third session because information to be submitted by the applicants was pending or visits had not yet been undertaken by a United Nations staff member, and which would be considered by the Board at its thirty-fourth session.", "15. The thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees, held from 31 January to 4 February 2011, was devoted mainly to the discussion of policy issues, as well as a lessons-learned exercise to be used as a handover tool for the new members of the Board to be designated in August 2011 by the Secretary-General. The Board also considered additional grant requests for 2011 from projects in priority regions, and awarded $906,300 for 27 direct assistance projects, including 15 ongoing projects, 7 new projects, 5 new projects for which applications were received in the intersessional period, and 9 projects for training and seminars. In addition, the Board held meetings with Member States, institutional donors in the field of assistance to victims of torture, and representatives of non-governmental organizations.", "16. From February 2010 to August 2011, evaluation and monitoring visits of organizations already funded by the Fund or of potential grantees were undertaken by the members of the Fund secretariat, Board members and United Nations field presences in the following countries: Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Burundi, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mozambique, Nepal, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Republic of Korea, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America and Zimbabwe.", "A. Recommendations adopted by the Board", "17. At its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, the Board of Trustees of the Fund made recommendations for grants for the period from January to December 2011 for more than 330 projects in over 70 countries, for a total amount of $10,431,350. The Board also recommended that $270,000 be set aside for intersessional and/or emergency grants for the year 2011. The figure shows the allocation of grants by region.", "Grants awarded in 2011 by region", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "B. Policy decisions", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "18. At its thirty-fourth session, the Board discussed issues related to information-sharing with other institutional donors, monitoring and evaluation missions and outreach.", "19. The Board decided to establish a mechanism to make available to other institutional donors, formally and informally, and on a regular basis, information and findings regarding projects experiencing serious managerial and/or financial problems, including mismanagement and possible fraud.", "20. The Board agreed to have the secretariat of the Fund participate in joint monitoring and evaluation missions with staff of the European Commission.", "21. The Board discussed and made recommendations to the secretariat on a programme of events to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the Fund around the date of 26 June 2011. The Board wanted to seize this occasion as a memorable opportunity to promote the work of the Fund. In that context a special website on the 30 years of the Fund was created.", "C. Meetings with relevant actors in the field of assistance to victims of torture", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "22. During the thirty-fourth session, the Board continued its practice of meeting with other institutional donors in the field of assistance to victims of torture, in particular with the representative of the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights of the European Commission, with a view to sharing information on their funding policies, evaluation and monitoring mechanisms and results and initiatives to build the capacity of grantees.", "23. In addition, the Board held a meeting with Member States which was attended by some 12 delegations. In the context of that meeting, the Board invited two grantees to brief the Board and Member States on the assistance provided to victims with the support of the Fund. The Board provided extensive information on the Fund’s recent developments, including the challenge of the current financial situation of the Fund and its concern about the significant decrease in contributions in the face of an ever-increasing demand for funding.", "IV. Outstanding recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "24. As a result of the work undertaken during the reporting period, the Office of Internal Oversight Services considers that only one recommendation, No. 9, on a strengthened management system, is still being implemented.", "Recommendation 9: strengthened management system", "25. Applications for grants for 2012, as well as revisions of grants under the budget for 2011, continued to be submitted through the online grants system of the Fund. Moreover, the new external reporting module for grantees has been completed and put into service, enabling grantees to submit reports on the use of 2010 grants online. The secretariat continued to offer a direct technical assistance service via e‑mail to all organizations using the system and replied to multiple queries from new and ongoing projects as well as potential grantees.", "26. During the reporting period, the secretariat continued working on the further development of the internal administration module of the online grant system of the Fund. As a result, the internal administration module is currently being refined and tested with multiple query functions enabling the search of data and the generation of internal reports. The finalization of the internal administration module will bring to completion the introduction of an electronic management system for the Fund, resulting in the full implementation of the last remaining recommendation made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its report (E/CN.4/2005/55).", "V. International Day in Support of Victims of Torture", "27. On 26 June 2011, the Committee against Torture, the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture made the following statement to commemorate the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture and the thirtieth anniversary of the Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture:", "States must ensure that all victims of torture obtain reparation, including humanitarian support through the United Nations Voluntary Fund", "We have seen torture and ill-treatment continue to be widely practised in recent public demonstrations that have been held in numerous countries around the world. It is essential to reiterate that it is the obligation of States to prevent, prohibit, investigate and punish all acts of torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. It is the obligation of States to respect the physical and mental integrity of all persons, ensure justice and accountability for victims and for the community as a whole, and bring those responsible for violations to justice.", "Moreover, States must ensure that victims of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment obtain reparation, including redress, and are awarded fair and adequate compensation and receive appropriate and comprehensive rehabilitation services. In this context, while international law and practice requires certain minimum standards and principles in relation to redress and reparations for victims of torture, we are concerned that some States only award formal rights which are often modest and peripheral to the justice systems.", "We are equally dissatisfied by the lack of progress in institutionalizing basic principles and guidelines which seek to provide minimum standards for redress and reparations to victims. It is our conviction that victims must have a central role in holding torturers accountable for their actions. We would like to underline the preventive function of redress and reparation for victims of torture as part of the legal obligation to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. We therefore continue to support those States, organizations and other organs of civil society that are committed to eradicating torture and securing redress for all torture victims.", "This year, the United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture coincides with the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. During the past 30 years, the Fund has distributed over US$ 120 million to projects providing medical, psychological, legal, social and financial assistance to victims of torture and their family members, enabling victims to obtain redress and exercise their enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including as full a rehabilitation as possible. With the Fund’s support, physicians, psychologists, forensics experts, social workers, lawyers and other concerned individuals or groups have employed a victim-centred approach to assist their clients for years on their long journey rebuilding their lives, while at the same time documenting the use and effects of torture.", "We express our gratitude to all donors to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, which currently supports the work of over 300 organizations in more than 70 countries, and hope that contributions to the Fund will continue to increase to make it possible for victims of torture and members of their families to receive the assistance they need. We call on all States to contribute generously to the Voluntary Fund as part of a universal commitment for the rehabilitation of torture victims and their families so as to enable it to continue providing organizations with funds for psychological, medical, social, legal and economic assistance. We also call upon States to support the work of the domestic organizations through financial and other means, as well as create an enabling environment for the organizations to provide redress and rehabilitation for torture victims.", "We further urge all States to become parties to the Convention against Torture and make the declarations provided under articles 21 and 22 of the Convention, on inter-State and individual complaints, as well as become parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture, in order to maximize transparency and accountability in their fight against torture.", "28. With the view to celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the Fund on 26 June 2011, the Board of Trustees decided to organize an exhibition of artwork and artefacts made by victims of torture. The exhibition was held at the Palais des Nations in Geneva from 21 to 30 June 2011 and presented paintings, sculptures and other types of artistic expression created by the victims as part of their rehabilitation process. The exhibition was opened on 27 June 2011 by the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev; the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay; and the Chair of the Board of Trustees, Mercedes Doretti.", "VI. How to make a contribution to the Fund", "29. Contributions to the Fund should always be marked as follows: “payee: United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, account CH”. Payments may be made either by bank transfer (a) in United States dollars to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, International Agencies Banking, 1166 Ave. of the Americas, 17th floor, New York, NY 10036-2708, United States of America (Swift code: CHAS US 33; ABA code: 021000021); (b) in euros to “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961901, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, sort code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01); (c) in pounds sterling to “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (Swift code: CHAS GB 2L, sort code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); (d) in Swiss francs to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 0); (e) in any other currency to “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (Swift code: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1); or by cheque payable to “United Nations” addressed to: Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Donors are requested to inform the secretariat of the Fund and the Resource Mobilization Unit of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights when a payment has been made (a copy of the bank transfer order or of the cheque would be appreciated) to facilitate effective follow-up on the official recording procedure and preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "30. Pursuant to the appeals made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205 and by the Board of Trustees of the Fund as included in the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/65/265), donors are invited to pay their contributions to the Fund before the opening of the thirty-fifth session of the Board (to be held from 17 to 21 October 2011), in order that the contributions may be taken into account at that session.", "31. In the light of the difficult financial situation faced in 2011, the General Assembly and the Board have also reiterated their call to regular donors to increase, as much as possible, their contributions to the Fund in order to provide the Board with the necessary resources to meet the growing needs of victims of torture and members of their families worldwide.", "32. The Board strongly encourages Governments that have not yet contributed to the Fund to do so for the first time, preferably before September 2011." ]
A_66_276
[ "12", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "* A/66/150.", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 36/151 and 65/205, describes the recommendations on grants for beneficiary organizations that the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture adopted at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions. It also collects information on policy decisions taken by the Board in response to recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services with a view to further improving the Fund &apos; s activities.", "I. Introduction", "A. Introduction of the report", "1. The present report has been prepared in accordance with the provisions adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 36/151, in which it established the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. The report presents the recommendations adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Fund at its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, held at Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010 and from 31 January to 4 February 2011, respectively. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights adopted the recommendations on behalf of the Secretary-General. The present document complements the report on the activities of the Fund submitted to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/31), held in March 2011.", "B. Mandate of the Fund", "2. The Fund receives voluntary contributions from Governments, non-governmental organizations and individuals. In accordance with the practice established by its Board of Trustees since 1982, the Fund provides grants to non-governmental organizations that submit medical, psychological, social, financial, legal, humanitarian and other assistance projects to victims of torture and their families.", "C. Board of Trustees", "3. The Secretary-General administers the Fund through the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with the advice of a Board of Trustees of five members serving in their personal capacity and are appointed by the Secretary-General with due regard to the criterion of equitable geographical distribution and after consultation with their respective Governments. In October 2008, the Secretary-General renewed the appointment of Krassimir Kanev (Bulgaria), Savitri Goonesekere (Sri Lanka), Joseph Oloka-Onyango (Uganda) and Derrick Pounder (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) for a final three-year term, and appointed Mercedes Doretti (Argentina) for a three-year term, renewable for one time.", "4. The Board held its thirty-third session in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010, to review requests for funding and to make recommendations on grants to beneficiary organizations for the period from January to December 2011. At its thirty-fourth session, held from 31 January to 4 February 2011, it dealt primarily with policy issues. At that session, the Board also approved grants for priority region projects, which had been outstanding at the thirty-third session because at that time insufficient information was available, as well as for projects from priority regions that had submitted their request in the period between the two sessions.", "D. admissibility criteria", "5. The criteria for admissibility of projects are defined in the Fund &apos; s guidelines, according to which they must be submitted by non-governmental organizations. The beneficiaries must be victims of torture and/or direct relatives of victims. Priority is given to projects of direct assistance to victims of torture, which may include medical or psychological assistance, assistance for the social or economic reintegration of victims through vocational training or various forms of legal assistance so that victims or their families may be resold or apply for asylum, among other things. If available resources permit, the Fund can fund projects to organize training programmes, seminars or conferences for health professionals or other service providers to demonstrate their best practices. However, requests for grants for projects related to surveys, research, studies, publications or similar activities are denied.", "6. The Fund may grant emergency assistance to individuals in countries where there are no subsidized projects. Such requests are considered under a special procedure described in the Fund &apos; s guidelines. The report submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its fifty-eighth session (A/58/284, paras. 27-34) contains detailed information on the different modalities of assistance provided through projects funded by the Fund and its impact on beneficiaries.", "II. Financial position of the Fund", "7. From 2006 to 2010, the Board gradually increased the amount for project grants worldwide. This increase was possible because the income used during that period included, in addition to voluntary annual contributions, unearmarked balances carried out from previous years. These balances were the result of a more efficient management of the Fund, including the change in the cycle, of closer monitoring of recipients of grants and the application of stricter reporting requirements. The Board decided to use drag balances to increase the level of project funding, particularly in priority regions.", "8. By 2011, however, the Board was faced with a shortfall in income of more than $2 million to continue to respond to requests for grants at the 2010 levels, which was why it decided to make strategic cuts for the 2011 grant cycle. Should additional contributions not be received in 2011, the Board will continue to face a significant deficit in 2012 and may need to maintain or increase the strategic cuts for that year &apos; s grant cycle, and further limit its support to new projects.", "9. Based on requests received for 2011, organizations are expected to require approximately $22 million by 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received", "10. The table reflects the contributions and pledges received since the last report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly on the activities of the Fund (A/65/265). These will enable the Board to make recommendations on grants at its thirty-fifth session, from 17 to 21 October 2011. The grants recommended at the next session of the Board will be disbursed in January 2012 for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2012.", "Contributions and pledges received between 5 August 2010 and 22 July 2011", "19 April 2011", "III. Thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions of the Board of Trustees of the Fund", "11. The thirty-third session of the Board of Trustees was held in Geneva from 18 to 22 October 2010. In its course, the information prepared by its secretariat on 327 projects, including new applications for 2011, and the analysis of descriptive, financial and audit reports on the use of the disbursed grants in previous years, were discussed. The Board also reviewed requests for new grants in the amount of $20,688,284 for more than 300 projects aimed at providing direct assistance to victims of torture and their families in 2011, and requests for 25 projects amounting to $858,754 to provide training and seminars to victims &apos; professionals in order to exchange information on experiences and best practices.", "12. As already envisaged at the thirty-second session, in February 2010, owing to the decline in the level of contributions and the absence of pledges in 2010, the Board was unable to maintain funding levels for 2010 and was forced to make strategic cuts for the 2011 grant cycle. 20 per cent reductions were applied to all project grants located in the countries of the Group of Western European and other States, and 10 per cent to projects in other regions. Overall, a ceiling of $20,000 was imposed, rather than the usual $50,000, on new subsidies. It was also postponed to the thirty-fourth session, to be held in February 2011, consideration of the allocation of funds to training programmes and seminars for professionals involved in providing assistance to victims, subject to the availability of resources.", "13. The Board of Trustees recommended subsidizing, between January and December 2011, more than 280 ongoing projects and 23 new direct assistance projects in more than 70 countries, totalling $9,525,050, to be disbursed in January 2011. On 22 November 2010, the High Commissioner adopted the recommendations on behalf of the Secretary-General.", "14. The Board recommended that $1,116,950 be reserved for projects that could not have been considered at its thirty-third session for the absence of the necessary information from applicants or for the absence of any visits by United Nations staff, and that it should consider at its thirty-fourth session.", "15. The thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees, held from 31 January to 4 February 2011, focused primarily on addressing various policy issues and assessing lessons learned to be shared with the new members of the Board to be appointed by the Secretary-General in August 2011. The Board also reviewed other requests for grants for 2011 for projects located in priority regions and granted $906,300 for 27 direct assistance projects (15 already in progress, 7 new and 5 new ones whose applications were received between sessions) and 9 for training courses and seminars. In addition, the Board held meetings with Member States, institutional donors in the area of assistance to victims of torture and representatives of non-governmental organizations.", "16. From February 2010 to August 2011, members of the secretariat of the Fund, the Board and the United Nations missions conducted evaluation and follow-up visits to the organizations subsidized by the Fund, as well as to potential recipients, in the following countries: Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Burundi, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Guinea, Hungary, Ireland, United States of America", "A. Recommendations adopted by the Board", "17. At its thirty-third and thirty-fourth sessions, the Board of Trustees of the Fund recommended granting grants for the period from January to December 2011 to more than 330 projects in more than 70 countries totalling $10,431,350. The Board also recommended that $270,000 be reserved for emergency or intersessional grants for 2011. The chart shows the distribution of subsidies by region.", "Grants granted in 2011 by region", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "B. Policy decisions", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "18. During its thirty-fourth session, the Board discussed issues relating to information-sharing with other institutional donors, monitoring and evaluation missions and outreach activities.", "19. The Board decided to establish a mechanism to make available to other institutional donors, both formally and informally and on a regular basis, information and conclusions on projects with serious financial and/or management issues, including mismanagement and possible fraud.", "20. The Board agreed that the Fund secretariat would participate in the joint monitoring and evaluation missions to be undertaken with European Commission staff.", "21. The Board discussed the programme of events to commemorate the Fund &apos; s thirtieth anniversary on 26 June 2011 and made a number of recommendations to its secretariat. The Board wished to take this opportunity as a memorable opportunity to promote the work of the Fund. In that context, a special web site dedicated to the Fund &apos; s 30 years was created.", "C. Meetings with relevant actors in the area of assistance to victims of torture", "Thirty-fourth session of the Board of Trustees", "22. During its thirty-fourth session, the Board continued its practice of meeting with other institutional donors dedicated to assisting victims of torture, more specifically with the representative of the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights of the European Commission, in order to exchange information on its funding policies, mechanisms and results of evaluation and follow-up and initiatives to build the capacity of beneficiaries.", "23. In addition, the Board held a meeting with Member States which was attended by some 12 delegations. The Board invited two beneficiaries to report to the Board and Member States on the assistance provided to victims through the Fund. The Board reported in detail on the Fund &apos; s latest developments, including the challenges of the Fund &apos; s current financial situation and its concern at the significant decline in contributions to the continuing increase in the demand for funds.", "IV. Outstanding recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "24. In view of the work undertaken during the reporting period, the Office of Internal Oversight Services considers that only one recommendation, No. 9, on strengthening management systems, has not yet been implemented.", "Recommendation 9: Strengthening management systems", "25. Requests for grants for 2012, as well as the revision of these in the 2011 budget, continued to be submitted through the Fund &apos; s electronic grant system. In addition, the new external reporting module for beneficiaries was completed and implemented, which allows them to submit electronic reports on the use of grants for 2010. The secretariat continued to provide direct technical assistance by e-mail to all organizations using the system and responded to numerous consultations on new and ongoing projects as well as potential beneficiaries.", "26. During the reporting period, the secretariat continued to develop the internal management module of the Fund &apos; s electronic grant system. The module is refined and tested with multiple query functions that allow data to be searched and internal reporting. Once completed, the module will introduce an electronic management system of the Fund and complete implementation of the last outstanding recommendation contained in the report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (E/CN.4/2005/55).", "V. United Nations International Day in Support of Torture Victims", "27. On 26 June 2011, the Committee against Torture, the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture made the following statement on the occasion of the International Day in Support of Torture Victims and the thirtieth anniversary of the Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture:", "States should ensure that all victims of torture obtain redress and receive humanitarian assistance through the United Nations Voluntary Fund", "Torture and ill-treatment continue to be widespread practices, as has been evident in recent public demonstrations in different countries around the world. It is essential to reiterate that States have an obligation to prevent, prohibit, investigate and punish all acts of torture and any form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. They also have an obligation to respect the physical and mental integrity of all persons, to ensure justice and accountability to victims and the community as a whole, and to bring those responsible for such violations to justice.", "States should also ensure that victims of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment obtain redress, be redressed and receive fair and adequate compensation, as well as comprehensive and appropriate rehabilitation services. In this context, while international law and practice require minimum standards and principles for redress and compensation for victims of torture, we note with concern that some States are limited to formally recognizing rights that are often modest and secondary within the justice system.", "We are also disappointed by the lack of progress noted in the process of institutionalizing basic principles and guidelines that seek to establish minimum standards of redress and reparation for victims. We strongly believe that the victims should be at the centre of responsibility for their actions. We wish to highlight the preventive role of reparation and reparation as part of the legal obligation to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Therefore, we will continue to support States, organizations and other civil society bodies committed to eradicating torture and rescuing all their victims.", "This year, the United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture coincides with the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. Over the past 30 years, the Fund has earmarked more than $120 million for projects providing medical, psychological, legal, social and financial assistance to victims and their families, ensuring their restitution and their right to fair and adequate compensation, including to be rehabilitated to the maximum extent possible. With the support provided by the Fund, doctors, psychologists, forensic experts, social workers, lawyers and other interested individuals or groups guide their work towards the victims to assist them during the long road to the reconstruction of their lives, documenting, at the same time, the use and effects of torture.", "We express our gratitude to all donors of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, which currently subsidizes the work of more than 300 organizations in more than 70 countries, and trust that contributions to the Fund will continue to increase to enable victims of torture and members of their families to receive the assistance they need. We call on all States to contribute generously to the Fund as part of a universal commitment to the rehabilitation of victims of torture and their families, so that the Fund can continue to provide resources to organizations providing psychological, medical, social, legal and economic assistance. We also call on all States to support the work of national organizations on a financial basis, inter alia, and to create an enabling environment for organizations to rehabilitate and rehabilitate victims of torture.", "We also urge all States to accede to the Convention against Torture and to make the declarations provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Convention on Individual and Inter-State Communications and the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture with a view to maximizing transparency and accountability in its fight against torture.", "28. To mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Fund on 26 June 2011, the Board of Trustees decided to organize an exhibition of works of art and artifacts by victims of torture at the Palais des Nations in Geneva from 21 to 30 June 2011. It presented paintings, sculptures and other artistic creations made by the victims as part of their rehabilitation process. The Director-General of UNOG, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, and the President of the Board of Trustees, Mercedes Doretti, opened the exhibition on 27 June 2011.", "VI. How to make a contribution to the Fund", "29. Contributions to the Fund should always indicate: “beneficiary: United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, account CH”. Payments can be made by bank transfer: (a) in United States dollars to: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 485001802, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, International Agencies Banking, 1166 Avenue of the Americas, 17th floor, New York, NY 10036-2708, United States of America (codigo swift: CHAS US 33; code ABA: 021000021); b) in euros a: “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961901, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (code swift: CHAS GB 2L, classification code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 01); c) in pounds sterling to: “United Nations Office at Geneva”, account No. 23961903, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AJ, United Kingdom (code swift: CHAS GB 2L, classification code: 60-92-42, IBAN: GB25 CHAS 6092 4223 9619 03); d) in Swiss francs to: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.0, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (codigo swift: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 C059 0160 0); e) in other currencies: “United Nations Geneva General Fund”, account No. 240-C0590160.1, UBS, rue du Rhône 8, Geneva 2, Switzerland (codigo swift: UBSW CH ZH 12A; IBAN: CH65 0024 0240 CO59 0160 1); or by cheque to name “United Nations”, addressed to: Trésorerie, Nations Unies, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Donors should notify the Fund secretariat and the Resource Mobilization Unit of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights that they have made the payment (received copies of the transfer or cheque order) to facilitate the effective follow-up to the formal registration process and the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "30. In accordance with the appeals made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/205, and by the Board of Trustees of the Fund, as noted in the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/65/265), donors are invited to pay their contributions to the Fund before the beginning of the thirty-fifth session of the Board (to be held from 17 to 21 October 2011), in order to be able to take them into account during that session.", "31. In the light of the difficult financial situation envisaged for 2011, the General Assembly and the Board have also reiterated their appeal to the Fund &apos; s regular donors to increase their contributions to the extent possible in order to provide the Board with the necessary resources to meet the increasing needs of victims of torture and their families worldwide.", "32. The Board strongly urges Governments that have not yet contributed to the Fund to do so, preferably before September 2011." ]